Full text of Monthly Labor Review : April 1963, Vol. 86, No. 4

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Monthly
Labor
Review

KALAMAZOO
U»y X 1 1963

PUBLIC LIBRARY

mm

A PR IL

1963

VOL.

86

NO.

Unionism Among Professional Engineers
Cultural Activities of European Unions
Public School Teachers’ Salaries
Estimates of Work Injuries in 1962

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

W. Willard Wir t z , Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w an C lague,

Commissioner of Labor Statistics

R obert J. M yer s,
P h il ip A r n o w ,

W . D ua n e E v ans,
P aul

R.

Deputy Commissioner of Labor Statistics

Associate Commissioner for Program Planning and Publications
Associate Commissioner for Systems Analysis and Economic Growth

K er sc h ba u m ,

H erm an B . B yer,

Associate Commissioner for Management and Field Operations

Assistant Commissioner

J ack Alterman, Chief, D ivision of Economic G row th
G ertrude Bancroft, Special A ssistant to th e Commissioner
A rnold E. C hase , A ssistant Commissioner for Prices and Living Conditions
H. M. D outy, A ssistant Commissioner for Wages and In d u strial Relations
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special A ssistant to th e Commissioner
H arold G oldstein, A ssistant Commissioner for M anpow er an d E m ploym ent Statistics
L eon G reenberg , A ssistant Commissioner for P ro d u ctiv ity and Technological D evelopm ents
P eter H enle , Special A ssistant to the Commissioner
R ichard F. J ones, Deputy Associate Commissioner for M anagem ent
W alter G. K eim , D ep u ty Associate Commissioner for Field O perations
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Division of Publications (on leave)
H yman L. L ewis , Economic C onsultant to th e Commissioner
L eonard R. L insenmayer , D ep u ty Associate Commissioner for Program Planning a nd Publications
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, D ivision of In d u strial H azards
A be R othman, Chief, Division of Statistical Standards
W illiam C. S helton, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
R obert B. Steppes , D epartm ental Statistical Officer

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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
R. K l e in , Editor-in-Chief (on leave)
S. B e d e l l , Executive Editor

Law rence
M ary

CONTENTS

Special Articles
365
370
378
378

Unionism as a Social Choice: The Engineers’ Case
Cultural Activities of West European Organized Labor
Union Disciplinary Powers and Procedures
III. Selected Due Process Safeguards and Appeals

Summaries of Studies and Reports
385
388
394
399
409
411
415
418

Trends in Soviet Personal Income Components
Impact of Office Automation in the Internal Revenue Service
Labor and Material Requirements: Highway Construction, 1958 and 1961
Wage Chronology: Armour and Co.—Supplement No. 7—1961-63
Wage Chronology: Railroads—Nonoperating Employees—Supplement No.
1—1961-62
City Public School Teachers’ Salaries, 1959-61
Labor Relations Aspects of Plant Relocation
Preliminary Estimates of Work Injuries in 1962

Departments
in
421
424
426
431
445


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The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in IndustrialRelations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics

April 1903 • Vol. 86 • No. 4


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The Labor Month
in Review
S t u d ie s from 1960 Census data on income, edu­
cation, and unemployment levels in 38 urban
areas, currently being published by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics of the U .S . Department of
Labor, make it possible to identify and describe
social and economic conditions in neighborhoods
of high unemployment. One of the neighbor­
hoods so identified in the Chicago, 111., report,1
was also recently the focus of a Cook County
Public Aid Department survey designed, through
interviews and testing, to reveal characteristics of
welfare recipients which could underlie the grow­
ing dependency of employable persons in Chicago.
Giving impetus to the Chicago program to raise
the level of employability of its welfare recipients
through literacy training, was the finding that
although 94 percent of the persons studied had
completed the fifth grade, and thus were literate
according to Census Bureau information, test re­
sults showed that less than 50 percent were
actually functioning at or above this level.
Until 1959, Cook County welfare rolls, particu­
larly for general assistance, rose and fell with the
business cycle. The continued increase in the
general assistance rolls even after the end of
the 1957-58 recession convinced the Cook County
Department of Public Aid of the likelihood that
factors other tnan economic downturns underlay
much of the growing welfare problem. The Pub­
lic Aid Department thereupon undertook the
study of a central section of the Woodlawn area
of Chicago, which was published late in 1962 as
A Study to Determine the Literacy Level of AbleBodied Persons Receiving Public Assistance.
The Woodlawn area, where approximately 25
percent of the population was receiving relief in
February 1962, was selected for several reasons,
the most important being that unemployment,
rather than old age or other disability, appeared
to cause most of its dependency. The median
unemployment rate for Woodlawn men over 14
1
Income, Education, and Unemployment in Neighborhoods: Chicago, Illinois
(U .S. D ep artm en t of Labor, 1963).


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was 12.4 during April 1960, according to the BLS
report, while the equivalent rate at that time for
Chicago, as well as for the Nation, was only 5.2.
Although the area ranked among Chicago’s lowest
in median family income, the recorded educational
attainment level of its population was only slightly
lower than that of the city’s population as a whole.
Even though Woodlawn had a larger concentration
of nonwhites than did the total recipient popula­
tion, the Public Aid staff felt that the information
secured from a study of this area would approxi­
mate the educational and employment character­
istics of most people on the welfare rolls.
F or t h e p u r p o s e s of the Woodlawn study,
recipients of General Assistance (GA), Aid to
Dependent Children (ADC), and Aid to Depend­
ent Children of Unemployed Parents (ADC-U),
age 16 to 64 and out of school, were regarded as
employable individuals. Caseworker interviews
with a random sample of Woodlawn residents who
met these criteria indicated that 68 percent were
ADC recipients, 21 percent GA recipients, and
11 percent ADC-U recipients.
The typical Woodlawn relief recipient is a
young Negro woman, unemployed and thus un­
able to support her young dependents without
public assistance. Almost 98 percent of the per­
sons in the sample group were Negro, and 84
percent were female. According to the study, the
predominance of female recipients is a basic char­
acteristic of Chicago’s able-bodied welfare popu­
lation 16 years and over even on the GA rolls,
where it is assumed that most recipients are
dependent as a direct result of unemployment.
Approximately two-thirds of the families in the
sample had only one parent present, most fre­
quently a mother.
Half of the sample group was under 33 years of
age; the median age of ADC and ADC-U recipi­
ents was 31 years, while the median age of GA
recipients was almost 42 years, demonstrating
the value of a successful program to reduce the
dependency of this relatively young group during
their prime working years.
T h e g rade l e v e l co m pleted , as reported by the
interviewees, was for all grades substantially
higher than the grade-level achievement revealed
by a reading test administered to the group.
The average level of achievement for persons
in

IV

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

taking the tests was 5.9 years, compared with an
average reported educational level of 8.8 years.
Only 6.6 percent of the group reported failure to
complete the fifth grade, but 50.7 percent achieved
less than the fifth grade level ou the test. It was
not until the 1 percent of the sample which had
completed 1 or more years of college was reached
that every person was functionally literate.
Paradoxically, of the 29 percent of the welfare
recipients who reported that they had dropped
out of school in order to find work, 71 percent
were found to be reading at less than the fifth
grade level and thus were unqualified for most
employment except unskilled labor or domestic
work.
“We have today the appalling aspect of a
steadily growing group of persons who will be long­
term dependents unless something is done to im­
prove their employability status in our present
day labor market,” concludes Raymond Hilliard,
Director of the Public Aid Department. “These
adults are . . . dependents at a time of life when
they should be at the peak of economic pro­
ductivity.”

been in the district with the most thorough screen­
ing and case worker followup, and where the pupils
lived nearest the school. Those who travel far­
thest to school have the lowest attendance records.
Public aid officials ascribe absenteeism, for the
most part, to illness, lack of adequate child care
arrangements, moving, and closing of cases when
the recipient finds a job. Although the few cases
followed up show instances of individual recipients
who received jobs after literacy training had given
them improved employment qualifications, suffi­
cient funds for complete pupil followups have not
been available.
At present, 1,867 recipients are enrolled in high
school classes and 124 recipients are attending
vocational school in the city-wide adult education
program. These are persons who have attained
high school level either through their childhood
education or through upgrading by the literacy
program. Building on the basic education pro­
gram, Cook County officials expect eventually to
cover more of those who have not completed high
school and those who show an interest in receiving
specific vocational instruction.

As il l u s t r a t e d by the foregoing discussion, the
Woodlawn study buttressed the need for the Cook
County program, begun in March 1962 by the
Department of Public Aid and the Chicago Board
of Education, to provide specially designed read­
ing and arithmetic classes at an elementary level
for recipients referred by welfare officials. Per­
sons selected for training are referred in groups
to the 10 participating schools; the non-English
speaking, the functionally illiterate, and those
who have not successfully completed the eighth
grade are given priority in referrals.
During the current semester, 4,803 recipients
are learning basic reading and arithmetic skills
in the literacy program. Twice a week, public
school teachers direct 2-hour long evening classes,
which range in size from an average of 22 pupils
at two facilities to 41 at another.
Although attendance records for the spring term
last yeai averaged 70 percent, attendance for the
week ending on March 2 averaged only 50 percent.
However, the program’s administrators are en­
couraged that the average stability factor, an in­
dicator of those pupils who attend continuously,
has remained 80 percent of the average daily at­
tendance. The highest attendance rates have

of the program report that
one of their principal difficulties has been the
lack of teaching material suitable for adult
elementary students. At the beginning, teachers
found that they had to use newspapers, magazines,
and similar material to interest their pupils.
During the summer of 1962, however, Board of
Education officials assigned 40 teachers to design
appropriate material.
The summer recess presented another problem.
Since the Board of Education could not assume the
expense of operating facilities during evening
hours, the program had to be shifted to afternoons.
Child care arrangements and unalterable work
relief schedules caused many students to drop out
of the program temporarily. Only 6 weeks of
classes were held during the summer.
Welfare officials hope to operate the program
year round, and to expand it to include the 50,000
able-bodied relief recipients who lack the training
the program provides. This would cost, they
estimate, $2,000,000 a year, a little over 2 percent
of Cook County’s yearly relief bill. At present,
the Board of Education provides the money for
the literacy program, even though it has not yet
been allocated specific funds for it.


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T h e a d m in ist r a t o r s

Unionism as
a Social Choice:
The Engineers’ Case
B e r n a r d G o ldstein an d B ern a r d P . I n d ik *

M u c h t im e and e f f o r t has been spent by re­
searchers on the question, "Why do workers join
unions?” and the closely related one, “What
distinguishes those who join from those who do
not?” We are here interested in the latter ques­
tion, especially in the situation where a significant
choice is available.
By and large in a union shop situation, union
membership ceases to be a voluntary choice and
becomes simply a prerequisite for continued
employment. On the other hand, we would expect
that when no union shop exists, union member­
ship would be selective and would tend to draw
workers with similar characteristics. Under
such circumstances, union members can be ex­
pected to differ significantly from nonmembers at
a particular bargaining site in both work-related
attitudes and objective background character­
istics to which the attitudes may be related. It
is our purpose to translate these expectations
into testable propositions, using data collected
from the professional engineers in two plants
where engineering unions have bargaining rights
but not a union shop contract.
Acceptance of unions as legitimate instruments
in industrial relations rulemaking is higher among
industrial workers than among engineers em­
ployed in industry. A liberal estimate of the
proportion of engineers in trade unions is 5 per­
cent, whereas the proportion among manual


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workers ranges up to 50 percent and better in our
industrial cities. Moreover, engineering unions
are essentially a post-World War II phenomenon,
while manual worker unions are considerably
older and better established. Finally, the union
shop provision is quite rare among engineering
unions, while it is the usual form of union security
among manual workers’ unions.1
If we accept Kornhauser’s thesis 2 and its im­
plications we would expect to find, where engi­
neering unions exist, differences between members
and nonmembers that can be explained by dif­
ferences in social background and in attitudes
relating to the immediate situation, reflecting a
present socially based choice.
More specifically, we might expect that members
would have background characteristics more
usually associated with prounionism than non­
members. Thus, members would be more likely
to have less education (based on the usual assump­
tion that the more educated are less likely to be
union members or that the process of higher edu­
cation tends to decrease identification with
unionism) ; to show lower socioeconomic origins
(since they all are now engineers, those who have
come from working class backgrounds, where
unionism is most influential, are also more up­
wardly mobile); to have fathers who were union
members; and to have a more liberal political
outlook than nonmembers.
With reference to pragmatic aspects of the
engineer’s situation, where a union is present and
the engineer has a choice, we might expect union
members to express more dissatisfaction with
reference to their work environment than non*Of T he Research Program of the In stitu te of M anagem ent and Labor
R elations, R utgers—T he State U niversity.
1 For example, among 11 engineering unions for which d ata were available
in one stu d y , 1 union (less th a n 50 members) h ad a union shop, 2 had modified
union shops, and 2 h ad maintenance-of-membership clauses in th eir con­
tracts. Among the same unions, 7 h ad dues checkoffs revocable a t a ny tim e,
while the other 4 h ad checkoffs th a t ra n a t least a full year. See In dustrial
U nion D epartm ent, A F L -C IO , Selected Provisions in 13 Professional and
Technical Contracts (W ashington, December 1959,m im eographed).
On the other hand, the B ureau of Labor Statistics found the union shop
provision in 71 percent of 1,631 m ajor contracts (each covering 1,000 or more
workers) in effect in 1958-59 and for 74 percent of the 7.5 million workers under
those contracts. See “ Union Security Provisions in M ajor U nion C ontracts,
1958-59,” M onthly Labor Review, December 1959, pp. 1348-1356. A compa­
rable B LS stu d y of contracts in effect in 1961 showed th a t 91 percent applied
to bargaining units comprised entirely, or alm ost entirely, of production or
blue-collar workers. See “ M ajor U nion C ontracts in th e U nited States,
1961,” M onthly Labor Review, October 1962, p. 1136.
2 R u th K ornhauser, “ Some Social D eterm inants a nd Consequences of
Union M em bership,” Labor History, W inter 1961, pp. 30-61.

365

366

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

members and to bave more positive attitudes
toward unionism in general and toward their
union and its leadership. Members would also
be expected to differ from nonmembers in their
attitudes toward the appropriateness of engi­
neering unions and the relationship between
unionism and professional ethics.
Methodology

All of these notions were tested with data
gathered as part of an ongoing study of unionism
among engineers.3 The engineers are located in
two large firms in the electronics industry in the
metropolitan Middle Atlantic area. Though the
survey was broader, the data here are restricted
to male engineers doing professional engineering
work as mutually defined by the company and the
union. At Site A, the bargaining unit contained
some 3,000 people. The union was organized
after World War II, and was a member of the
Engineers and Scientists of America, an indepen­
dent national federation of engineering unions that
dissolved in 1960. At Site B, the unit contained
some 1,200 engineers; the union, including engi­
neers and technicians, was organized before the
war and is affiliated with the AFL-CIO.
An identical mail questionnaire was sent to en­
gineers in both bargaining units. Using a onethird random sample at Site A, a response rate of
31.8 percent was obtained. At Site B, close to
one-third of the unit responded to our question­
naire, which was sent to all engineers. The union
at Site A claimed a membership of barely 50 per­
cent of eligibles, so that, as can be seen from table
1, members are slightly overrepresented in the re­
turns from Site A and are somewhat underrepre­
sented in returns from Site B, where the union
claimed about 75 percent of those eligible. In
both groups, slightly more than one-third of the
respondents claimed never to have been a member
of their respective engineering unions.
T able

1.

U n io n

Two

M e m b e r s h ip A m o n g E n g in e e r s
E l e c t r o n i c s P l a n t s , 1961

M em bership status
All engineers studied:

Site A

in

Site B

N u m b er..........................................
Percen t........... ......................................

318
100.0

387
100.0

N ever in the union_____
Once in the union b u t n o t a m em ber a t tim e of survey___
M em ber a t tim e of survey_______

37.4
10.9
51.7

38.6
2.3
59.1


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T a b l e 2. D ist r ib u t io n of E n g in e e r U n io n M e m b e r s
a n d N o n m e m b e r s at T wo E lec tro nic s P l a n t s , by
F a t h e r ’s U n io n is m , 1961
Site A

Site B

F a th e r’s unionism 1
M em ­
N on.
bers
members
All engineers studied:

M em ­
N on­
bers
members

N u m b e r____
P ercen t_____

164
100.0

154
100.0

229
100.0

158
100.0

M em ber__________________________
N onm em ber______________________
D nn’f know

43.3
52.4
4.3

46.1
48.7
5.2

1,9.3
1,5.0
5.7

29.7
61.4
8.9

1 T he category “ F ath er M em ber” includes both “ F a th e r was a m em ber
p a rt of his work life,” a nd “ F a th e r was a m em ber m ost of his w ork life.”

N ote: Differences betw een italicized pairs of figures for m em bers and
nonm em bers are statistically significant, using the chi square test, a t
P<.001 level; th a t is, differences of the indicated m agnitude w ould occur
b y chance less th a n once in a thousand times.

The Engineers’ Social Background

We expected that union members would be
distinguished by characteristics usually associated
with individuals more likely to join unions.
Three characteristics were used to test this hy­
pothesis. The first was educational attainment,
with the members and nonmembers being divided
into two groups; those who had only a bachelor’s
degree and those who had done graduate work or
had received a graduate degree. While at both
sites union members were more educated than
nonmembers, the differences were not statistically
significant.
The second idea, that union members would
show lower social origins than nonmembers, was
tested by using father’s occupation as an index of
social origin. The fathers’ occupations were
divided into three groupings: Low—laborer, semi­
skilled worker, and farmer; moderate—skilled
worker, foreman, and clerical or sales worker;
high—professional or technical salaried worker,
owner, manager, official, and fee professional.
There was no statistically significant difference in
the social origins pattern between members and
nonmembers at Site A or at Site B, though higher
social origins were more common among nonmem­
bers at Site B.
Third, it was postulated that members were
more likely to come from families in which the
father had been a union member. As shown in
table 2, there was no difference between members
and nonmembers at Site A. However, at Site
3
T he larger s tu d y of engineers a nd unions w ill be presented in a forth­
coming book covering a m uch w ider and more detailed stu d y of collective
bargaining organizations of engineers.

367

UNIONISM AS A SOCIAL CHOICE : THE ENGINEER’S CASE

B, a higher proportion of members (49.3 percent)
than nonmembers (29.7 percent) had fathers who
were union members, and this difference was
statistically significant.
Generally then, the expectations of differences
in social background do not hold, except for one
of the three criteria used, father’s union member­
ship, among the respondents from Site B.
In addition, even though engineers as an occu­
pational group show generally conservative poli­
tical leanings, we expected that union members
would have a more liberal political outlook than
nonmembers. Four items from the questionnaire
were used as a measure of general political out­
look. These items were selected from those which
we used in earlier unpublished studies of union
and management personnel, whose responses to
these items differed significantly.
The scores on the four questionnaire items, in
general, do not, however, support the hypothesis.
There was no statistically significant difference
T a b l e 3. S atisfa c tio n a n d D issa tisfac tio n w ith th e
W o r k E n v ir o n m e n t 1 A mong E n g in e e r U nio n M em ­
b e r s a n d N on m em bers at T wo E lectro nics P la n t s ,
1961

T a ble 4. A t t it u d e s T ow ard U n io n ism 1 of E n g in e e r
U n io n M e m b e r s a nd N on m em bers at T wo E lec ­
t ronics P l a n t s , 1961
Site A
Q uestionnaire a ttitu d e s ta te m e n t1

Site B

M em ­ Non- M em­ Nonbers m em ­ bers mem ­
bers
bers

1. U nions m ust bear the m ajor responsibility for
the inflation during the past 10 years........... ....... 3.63

2.67

2.92

2.17

2. R ecent Senate investigations have shown
m ost unions to be corrupt___________________

4.01

3.47

4.23

3.80

3. In the long ru n , unions w ill do more for employees than will m anagem ent............................... 3.88

2.81

3.45

2.80

4. As compared w ith m anagem ent and govern­
m ent, the labor m ovem ent represents the best
interests of m ost people............................................ 3.34

2.69

3.24

2.81

5. The grievance m achinery is one of the m ost
im portant benefits of the collective bargaining
contract___________________________________

4.14

3.40

3.81

3.27

6. N o union can afford to publicly renounce the
use of the strike as a collective bargaining
w eapon__________________________________ . 4.39

3.79

4.32

4.09

i Each item was scored b y using a 5-point scale for respondents’ opinions
on the questionnaire statem ent, w ith “ strongly agree” being given a score of
1.00 a nd “ strongly disagree” a score of 5.00 on item s 1 and 2, and the reverse
on item s 3-6, a nd “no opinion” a m iddle score of 3.00 in all cases. Thus,
1.00 means the strongest negative a ttitu d e and 5.00 the strongest positive
a ttitu d e tow ard unionism in general. T he scores shown here are the means.

N ote: Differences betw een italicized pairs of figures for m em bers and non­
m em bers are statistically significant, using the chi square test, a t P<.01
level; th a t is, differences of the indicated m agnitude w ould occur b y chance
less th a n once in a hundred times.
For n um ber of engineers studied, see tables 1 a nd 2.

Intrinsic aspects of the job:
1. C urren t work assignm ent,
....................... 4.75
2. Interchange of technical inform ation_____ 4.15

5.06
4.43

4.99
3.70

5.44

E xtrinsic rew ards of the job:
3. Pension plan___________________________
4. O ther fringe benefits........................................
5. Prom otions____________________________
6. Salaries................................................................
7. Security of em ploym ent..................................
8. Special consideration w hen i l l . . . .................
9. V a c a tio n s ........................................................

S. 80
4.56
4.29
4.76
5.42
5.90
4.17

4-48
5.23
4.55
5.05
5. 58
6.04
4.24

4 .10

5.34
4.86
5. 49
5.68
5.38
4. 89

4.50
5. 43
4. 87
5. 60
5. 58
5. 20
5.04

between members and nonmembers at either site
on three of the political items. On the other hand,
there was a significant difference between the two
groups at both sites, with members taking the
more liberal position in their opinions on the
fourth item; that is, more members “strongly
agreed” that “Unions should attempt to influence
the outcome of national and local elections.”
One might argue that the more liberal attitude of
members as reflected by this item was a result of
their membership rather than an attitude that
predisposed them to become members.

Interpersonal relations:
10. Nonprofessional assistants........................... 3.95
11. T reatm en ts by supervisors........................... 5.10

4.13
5.46

4.99
5.43

4.74
5.80

Work-Related Attitudes

A ttitu d e tow ard the company:
12. C om pany policy on absence for personal
reasons__________ ________- ...................... 4-48
13. C om pany’s p ro d u c t...................................... 5.74
14. Consideration appropriate to education
and training.................................................... 4-41

5.38
5.62

S.99
5.30

4.65
5.74

4.58

5.55

5.69

A dequacy of facilities:
15. L aboratory eq u ip m en t...... ................ ........... 4.46
16. Supplies................................... ........................ 4 .IS

4.40
4-57

4-64
4.98

4.88

Site A
F eature of w ork environm ent

Site B

M em­ N on­ M em ­ Nonbers m em ­ bers m em ­
bers
bers

4.20

5.10

1 A 7-point scale was used for scoring respondents’ opinions on each item . A
score of 7.00 represents the highest endorsem ent as a source of satisfaction and
a score of 1.00 represents the strongest endorsem ent as a source of dissatisfac­
tion. A score of 4.00 was given to endorsem ents reflecting “ of no concern” or
“ no opinion.” T he scores shown here are the means for m em bers and non­
m em bers. (P<.05).

N ote: Differences between italicized pairs of figures for m em bers and non­
m em bers are statistically significant, using a critical ratio for th a t item com­
parison.
F or num ber of engineers studied, see tables 1 and 2.


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It was held that union members would express
greater dissatisfaction with their work environ­
ment than nonmembers. In order to test this, 16
items of the questionnaire were used to explore
the sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction of
the respondents. The items covered (1) intrinsic
aspects of the job, (2) extrinsic rewards of the job,
(3) interpersonal relations, (4) attitudes toward
the company, and (5) adequacy of facilities.
As will be seen from table 3, the hypothesis is
strongly upheld at Site A, where union members

368

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

T a ble
and
and

5. A t t it u d e s T oward T h e ir L ocal U nio n
I ts L e a d e r s h ip 1 of E n g in e e r U n io n M e m b e r s
N on m em bers at T wo E lectro nics P l a n t s , 1961
Site A

Questionnaire a ttitu d e statem en t >

Site B

M em­ N on­ M em­ Nonbers m e m ­ bers m em ­
bers
bers

1. On the whole, the local union leadership rep ­
resents the best interests of the engineers a t X
com pany....... .............................................................. 3.99

2.31

3.59

2.15

2. T he local union has done as well as can be
expected in contracts w ith the com pany______

3.48

2.75

3.65

3.30

3.

T he local union has m ade it more difficult for
the superior employee to get ahead on his ow n. 1 4 6

3.15

3.4 1

2.33

4.

M anagem ent w ould look w ith favor on the
dissolution of the local u n io n______ __________ 3.68

3.44

3.99

3.62

5. T he local union has m ade little difference as
far as salaries paid to engineering personnel___

3.96

2.95

4.16

3.14

6. N onsupervisory engineering personnel a t X
com pany w ould be little concerned if the local
union ceased to exist____________ ___________

4.13

3.20

3.89

3.10

7. T he local union has n o t taken a forceful
enough position w ith m anagem ent in the nego­
tiation of collective bargaining contracts2-.......... 2. 89

2.98

3.44

3. 55

8. There is no need for an organization such as
the local union a t this com pany............................ 4.73

3.18

3.89

2.4 1

1 Each item was scored by using a 5-point scale for respondents’ opinions
on the questionnaire statem ent, w ith “ strongly agree” being given a score of
1.00 and “ strongly disagree” a score of 5.00 on item s 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8, and
the reverse on item s 1, 2, and 4, and “no opinion” a m iddle score of 3.00
in all cases. Thus, 1.00 means the strongest negative attitu d e and 5.00 the
strongest positive attitu d e tow ard the local union and its leadership. The
scores shown here are th e means.
2 This item is probably the w eakest conceptually of those used to measure
attitudes.
N ote: See note on table 4.

expressed greater dissatisfaction on 11 items, and
there was no difference between members and
nonmembers on 5 items. At Site B, our expec­
tations are upheld to some degree, union members
being more dissatisfied on seven items, there being
no difference between the two groups on eight
items, and nonmembers being more dissatisfied on
one item. It is, of course, impossible to tell from
these data whether dissatisfaction led to union
membership or union membership led to dissatis­
faction.
Further, we expected that union members would
show a more positive attitude toward unionism in
general than nonmembers. The items used to
test this idea (again indicators of significant dif­
ferences in our earlier studies of union and man­
agement personnel), as well as the results, can be
seen in table 4. For all six items, union members
at both sites showed a more positive attitude
toward unionism in general than did nonmembers.
Furthermore, for 11 of the 12 score comparisons,
the differences were statistically significant.


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It was also hypothesized that union members
would have a more positive attitude toward their
particular union and its leaders than nonmembers.
The items used to explore this idea and the results
are shown in table 5. These items were selected
as indicators of “attitude toward the local union
and its leadership” since they all related in con­
tent to this general area.
Finally, we found that engineers who feel it
contrary to professional ethics to join a trade
union were much less likely to join engineering
unions. Members at both sites much more
strongly endorsed the statement, “There is no
conflict between professional ethics and member­
ship in an organization such as the local union,”
than did nonmembers.4 This seems to indicate
that feelings of conflict with professional ethics
works against having potential members join the
union.
Summary and Conclusions

Summarizing the data at hand, we found that
unionized engineers at the two sites did not differ
markedly from their nonunion colleagues with
reference to certain background social character­
istics. Nor did the two groups differ on the basis
of a general political orientation. However, there
were significant differences between members and
nonmembers with regard to degree of satisfaction
with the job and company, feelings of conflict
between professionalism and unionism, attitudes
toward unionism in general, and attitudes toward
the particular unions involved. - Thus, engineers
who were union members were more likely to be
dissatisfied with their work environment, to re­
gard joining a professional union as compatible
with professionalism, and to have a more positive
attitude toward unionism, as well as toward the
union in their company and its leadership.
While there was little systematic difference in
the selected social background factors, union mem­
bership was not simply the acceptance of routinized and legitimized behavior structure, because
there were differences of outlook relating directly
to the pattern of behavior concerned. This sug4 Using a 5-point scale to score th e a ttitu d e s tow ard th is statem en t, w ith
5.00 representing th e highest positive endorsem ent a nd 1.00 th e strongest
disagreem ent a nd 3.00 assigned to “ no opinion,” th e m ean scares were as
follows: Site A, m em bers 4.26 a nd nonm em bers 2.62; Site B , m em bers 3.77
a nd nonm em bers 1.99. These differences were statistically significant using
the chi square test, a t P < .0 1 level; see note, table 4.

UNIONISM AS A SOCIAL CHOICE : THE ENGINEER’S CASE

gests that union membership is more related to
ideological and attitudinal considerations as well
as to the immediate features of the work world.
It appears to be a rather pragmatic adjustment
to an immediate situation, consonant with ideo­
logical beliefs and attitudes, rather than a func­
tion of the social background factors that were
tested.
If we take the position that engineering unions
are an occurrence of a pragmatic nature rather
than of an institutionalized nature at present,
then we are led to the following type of general
conception. Engineering unions will tend to
appear where a large number of engineers at a
particular site share common problems, where
8 See B ernard M ichael, “ T he Long-Kange D em and for Scientists and
E ngineers,” M onthly Labor Review, A pril 1962, pp. 418-422; and E v erett M .
Kassalow, “ N ew U nion Frontier: W hite Collar W orkers,” Harvard Business
Review, Jan u a ry -F e b ru a ry , 1982, p p. 41-52.
8 See, for example, N ational Society of Professional Engineers, The Engi­
neer in Industry in the 1960's (W ashington, 1961). See also D aniel H . Kruger,
“ B argaining and th e N ursing Profession,” M onthly Labor Review, Ju ly 1961,
pp. 699-705, for a description of the policy of the Am erican N urses Associa­
tion on collective bargaining.

unions of other employees of the company or
engineering trade unions have been effective in
dealing with similar problems, and where unionism
is seen as a method of solving their problems
compatible with both their attitudes and their
ideals.
With the growth of employment of professional
engineers in industry,5 and especially with larger
concentrations of engineers becoming more prev­
alent, the challenge to both organized labor and
effective management is clear. It is clear that
white-collar and professional employees are some­
thing less than enthusiastic about union member­
ship. Certainly, American management has made
no secret of its hostility to such a development,
and some professional societies are active in
efforts to dissuade professional employees from
taking such a step.6 The evidence presented here
suggests that engineers who become union mem­
bers do so in an attempt to remedy present dis­
satisfactions in the face of a generally conservative
orientation.

A bachelor’s degree in engineering is usually the minimum educational
requirement for young people seeking careers as engineers. Some engineers,
however, have entered the profession with training in physics or one of the
other natural sciences, or mathematics. Others have been able to enter the
field without a degree, but only after long experience as semiprofessional
workers . . . and some college-level training. The proportion of engineers
with advanced degrees is still small in most branches of the profession, but
graduate training is being emphasized in the selection of personnel for an
ever-increasing number of jobs. Furthermore, training in some engineering
specialties, such as nuclear engineering, is available chiefly at the graduate
level.
Training in engineering leading to a bachelor’s or higher degree was offered
in 1960 by 238 universities and engineering schools. . . .
In the typical 4-year engineering curriculum, the first 2 years are spent
mainly in studying preengineering subjects such as mathematics, chemistry,
and physics, and taking courses in the liberal arts—the humanities, social
sciences, and English. The last 2 years are devoted chiefly to engineering and
advanced mathematics and science courses, with some differences in courses
depending on the branch of engineering in which the student is specializing.
— From O c c u p a tio n a l
pp. 102-103.

6 7 9 5 8 2 — 63

2


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O u tlo o k

369

H andbook,

1961 Edition (BLS Bulletin 1300),

Cultural Activities
of West European
Organized Labor
K urt B r a u n *

A s u b s t a n t i a l n u m b e r of European trade unions,
other labor organizations, and associations not
made up exclusively of employees but cooperating
with organized labor provide services designed to
broaden the workingman’s knowledge, to train him
in exercising social power and responsibility, and
to refine his taste, appraisal of values, and mode of
living and thinking. These noneconomic and nonoccupational activities are intended to enable wage
and salary earners to participate more effectively
in the social and cultural life of modern national
and international society and, thereby, to further
general progress.
Basic Concepts

European labor movements agree that adult
education must include measures to raise the in­
tellectual level of wage and salary earners and that
the working people must have access to facilities
which will improve their cultural status. Opin­
ions, however, differ among and within European
labor movements as to whether these matters fall
within their sphere of action or are the responsi­
bility of governments, outside organizations, or
each individual himself.
British labor leaders, for example, have said
that organized labor should refrain from directly
promoting large-scale cultural undertakings.
Apart from pointing out that most unions could
not bear the costs involved, the General Council’s
report to the 1961 Trades Union Congress stated
that there should not be a “division of society into
two separate cultures corresponding largely with
social class divisions, one culture catering for and
370

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sustained by an educated and discriminating mi­
nority and the other a popular culture generated
and purveyed by mass media.” British trade
union leaders, accordingly, have tended to consider
patronage of cultural pursuits primarily a matter
of the individual union members and local and
national public authorities and have, by and large,
been content with urging trade unionists to co­
operate with those directly concerned and to exert
pressures on public authorities to secure increased
public support for the arts and cultural facilities.
A number of French works committees, whose stat­
utory duties include advancement of social and
cultural activities, have paid little attention to the
latter because, in their opinion, the surroundings
where workers spend their leisure hours rather
than the enterprise are the hub of the cultural life
of employees. They have also argued that, be­
cause culture is a personal matter, they should not
attempt to impose a specific culture on their con­
stituents but should rather strive for wages and
salaries high enough to enable employees to ac­
quire the culture of their own choice. Finally,
some continental union leaders have taken the
position that labor education should deal with
more practical matters than with what they regard
as academic ambitions.
These views, however, are not shared by what
appears to be the majority of major European
labor movements. Many trade unions and other
labor organizations regard it essential to make
courses available aimed at helping workers whose
basic education has remained incomplete as well
as courses designed to educate employees as mem­
bers of the community rather than only as mem­
bers of their organizational and occupational
groups. A vice president of the (West) German
Trade Union Federation has stated that, in the
last analysis, the European trade unions developed
out of the old educational societies of workers
which were conceived as a tool to change the
social order of their time. To bring about this
change, he said, the workers had first to acquire
an intimate knowledge of that order. They
gained it through the persistent educational efforts
of the labor movement which, according to him,
otherwise could not have become the most
important pillar of liberal democracy.
*Of th e D ivision of Foreign L abor C onditions, B ureau of L abor Statistics.
T h is article is based largely on inform ation collected in E urope b y interview s
an d personal observations.

CULTURAL ACTIVITIES OF WEST EUROPEAN ORGANIZED LABOR

Many European labor organizations, moreover,
deem it their duty to provide not only formal
educational courses but also services and facilities
helping the worker to develop his personality and
to enrich his life by keener appreciation of cul­
tural values. In some countries, full employ­
ment, higher earnings, and modern industry have
reduced cultural isolation and sociological pecu­
liarities of the laboring class by making consumer
goods, as well as recreation, communication, and
information services available to all employees,
but these developments have eliminated neither
lack of education or culture of workers nor
dissatisfaction with their social status.
Some European labor leaders favor separate,
broad workers’ education because they doubt that
public institutions are suited to take care of the
special needs of the workers and their social aspi­
rations. In their opinion, only voluntary move­
ments can do that by operating programs which
the workers themselves can help to shape and
which therefore will have their full confidence
and support. Instructors teaching workers should
be persons connected with the labor movement
who are alive to the special requirements of work­
ers’ education. These requirements, they argue,
include the ability to instruct students with vari­
ous mental levels and educational backgrounds,
who may already be tired by their day’s or week’s
work, and whose knowledge of elementary, gen­
eral subjects is sketchy and of doubtful value,
but who, on the other hand, have in their daily
life and work acquired knowledge which ought
to be used as the starting point for instruction.
Because it is impossible to teach everything that
is desirable, the instructors must be able to imbue
the workers with the desire to learn for themselves
and the confidence that they can do so.
Although the system of cultural activities oper­
ated or supported by Swedish organized labor is
especially comprehensive and the cultural activ­
ities of the various European labor movements
differ in scope and character, the Swedish prac­
tices shed much light on the history, objectives,
and guiding principles of such activities in other
European countries. The Swedish system was ini­
tiated by rather poorly educated members of the
oppositional “popular [labor] movement,” which
includes bodies such as the “free church” operating
independently of the state church, the socialist
party, and the trade union, consumers’ coopera­

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371

tive, and temperance movements. The system
has at all times sought to provide the members
with their own means of self-education, so that
they do not have to depend on outside services.
During the formative period, their efforts were
focused on establishing and strengthening the ideo­
logical foundation of unionism and worker soli­
darity. As the labor movement became stronger,
the programs were broadened, first, to make the
workers able and willing to assume greater civic
responsibilities and, subsequently, when democ­
racy improved economic status, and increased
leisure time opened the field of culture to the
laboring class, to instruct workers in appreciation
of cultural values and their use in order to arouse a
desire to take advantage of this new opportunity.
Swedish labor leaders, for various reasons,
still believe that governmental or other outside
bodies should not be entrusted with the cultural
advancement of the workers. They maintain
no reason exists to break with the sound tradition
of their own separate educational system. They
also pointed out that the indispensable active
contact between the unions and the masses has
been maintained to a larger extent by cultural
rather than by other activities, because many
members have shown more interest in attending
classes and study and hobby groups than union
business meetings. Moreover, operation of the
cultural services by members of the labor move­
ment has created a proprietary interest in them,
as evidenced by the experience that many fewer
workers have participated in similar municipal
programs. Though no pressure is exerted to join
study and leisure time groups or to attend their
meetings, the number of such groups is large and
the feeling prevails among members that regular
participation is a “must” to maintain their own
system.
The activities here discussed may also serve
desired purposes other than those avowed. Many
organizations, especially trade unions in countries
with relatively few unionized workers, expect
that their lectures and courses, cultural services,
and social clubs will attract more members.
Apart from that, cultural programs conducted
by or in connection with labor, political, and
religious organizations are obviously liable to be
influenced by their own social or political philos­
ophies. Thus many, if not most, educational
programs and cultural activities also seek to

372
imbue the participants, directly or indirectly,
with the specific broad sociopolitical ideology
embraced by the organization concerned. A
number of organizations emphasize that efforts
to improve the workers’ knowledge and cultural
status can be effective only if they are undertaken
in an atmosphere of completely free inquiry and
discussion and must not be influenced by any
(party) political, religious, or similar considera­
tion.
Sociocivic Education

A considerable number of European union
organizations include in their educational cur­
riculum basic education and subjects such as
economics, literature, history, psychology, philos­
ophy, comparative religion, social and political
science, civics, law, foreign languages, art, and the
humanities. Instruction is provided through
their own workers’ schools, formal courses,
evening classes, correspondence courses, lectures,
study groups, and the like, or cooperation with
other private organizations. With increased in­
terest in a broader workers’ education, the border­
line between trade union and vocational education
on the one hand and additional education on the
other hand has become highly flexible.
Although the educational programs of B r itis h
organized labor are focused on “training those
who are to serve as officers and active members
of the trade union movement,” some curricula
include additional subjects of the kind just men­
tioned. British unions also support adult edu­
cation and workers’ colleges.
In F rance, cultural centers of regional Christian
union organizations offer lectures, and the General
Confederation of Labor employs similar methods
to indoctrinate workers with Communist doctrines,
especially by making literature available at low
cost. The Paris Workers’ Education Center of
the non-Communist, nondenominational General
Confederation of Labor-Workers’ Force and
its branches in the provinces operate evening
classes designed not only to produce active trade
unionists and to help union members to advance
vocationally but also to give workers the op­
portunity to develop “social conscience” and
complete their basic education. The center
also sets up labor colleges under the control of


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

the regional federations for the same type of
services.
Educational officers of French trade union
centers are consulted by the Institute of Labor
of the Faculty of Law and Political Science of the
University of Strasbourg regarding its courses.
The institute’s courses seek to extend worker
education provided by trade union bodies without
duplication and at a higher level. The curricu­
lum focuses on the schooling of union leaders and
the study of social security, but a cultural program
of talks, film shows, visits to museums, and ex­
cursions is also provided trade union students.
The courses are free of charge, being financed by
subsidies from the Ministries of Labor, Education,
and Social Security and contributions from the
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cul­
tural Organization (UNESCO) and the Inter­
national Labor Organization (ILO).
To facilitate participation in programs of
workers’ education, a French law of July 23, 1957,
entitles workers and apprentices to 12 days of
unpaid educational leave a year.1
In G erm an y, the German Trade Union Federa­
tion (DGB) provides education at its local, district,
and central levels and in special institutions,
primarily to train present and potential func­
tionaries for service in union offices and in enter­
prises. The DGB local and district councils
arrange evening, 1-day, or weekend courses under
guidance of the educational secretariats of the
DGB regional (state) organizations. These
courses deal not only with subjects important to
union officers and worker representatives but
also, to a considerable extent, with matters of
significance for the sociopolitical education of
workers. Examples are problems of European
integration, automation, nuclear energy, the
reunification of Germany, east-west policy, world
policy, and developing countries. Gifted employ­
ees or children of employees may obtain financial
help from the Foundation Codetermination to
continue their education at a university, especially
to study law, social science, or economics. This
foundation receives a share in the salaries or fees
i France is a t present th e only European country providing for such statu ­
to ry leave. A bill to introduce it is pending in th e W est German city-state
B rem en, and th e Germ an organization W ork and Life su bm itted a motion
to dem and its introduction in additional countries a t the Sixth General
Conference of the International Federation of W orkers’ Educational Associ­
ations held in D üsseldorf on A ugust 22-25, 1962.

CULTURAL ACTIVITIES OF WEST EUROPEAN ORGANIZED LABOR

373

of DGB union members who serve on a managing
eral program for 1962 included subjects such as
or supervisory board of a corporation pursuant
European Integration and Atlantic Community,
to the legal provisions regulating codetermination.
German and European Partnership With the
The DGB is also a partner in the organization
Developing Countries, Critical Analysis of Com­
Work and Life. The other partner is the People’s
munism, Democracy and the Economy, Opportu­
Colleges, which is a popular German institution
nities and Pitfalls for Freedom in a Scientific
of higher learning operated for purposes similar
Civilization, Psychological and Sociological Pre­
to those of university extension services in the
mises in Modern Politics, Man and Business Enter­
United States. Work and Life consists of state­
prise, The Working Man and the Family, Current
wide associations, the first of which was formed
Problems of Small Communities, and Youth in a
in 1948. Its main purpose is to provide the mem­
Reunited Germany. A large proportion of the
bers of the working class with social and political
foundation’s activities is now devoted to training
education designed to enable them to participate
programs for young trade union leaders, members
actively in public life. Beyond that, Work and
of cooperative movements, adult educators, and
Life is a tool to interest in adult education those
others from developing countries.
portions of society which have not yet partici­
The Worker’s Educational Association, operat­
pated in it. Subjects of greatest interest to stu­
ing in S w eden since 1912, seeks to educate workers
dents are recent German history, foreign policy,
as members of Swedish society at large as well as
economics, sociology, local government, cultural
of the labor movement and to make cultural
and educational problems, European integration,
values available to all citizens by means of a
and communism. Work and Life seeks to act
free and voluntary, nonparty, and nondenominawith party-political, religious, and other ideo­
tional educational service. It is composed of
logical neutrality-—the common basic principle
trade union, political, cooperative, youth, and
of both partners in the undertaking. Its courses
welfare organizations belonging to the Swedish
are open to all workers irrespective of affiliation
labor movement. Its 17 affiliates have an aggre­
or nonaffiliation with a religious group, trade
gate membership of about 3.5 million, and persons
union, political party, or other organization.
directly involved in its activities total about
The programs are financed through contributions
1,800,000. Its work is financed by the member­
from the DGB and the People’s Colleges, mem­
ship fees of the affiliated organizations, grants
bership subscriptions, and grants from the national
from the national government, provinces, and
and state governments.
municipalities, and small fees paid for participa­
The German trade unions are also involved in
tion in study circles and lecture courses. The
the operation of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation,
programs of the association are largely carried out
established in 1925 by a bequest of Friedrich Ebert,
through its 30 district organizations and its nearly
for many years chairman of the Social-Democratic
1,000 local branches. The subjects of study
Party and later first president of the Weimar Re­
circles, which are considered the most important
public. The foundation is now maintained pri­
activity, include such matters as foreign languages,
marily by the Federal President and Government,
fine arts, literature, the film, the theater, music,
the unions, and large cities, without political or
painting, and sculpture. In 1959-60, 31,029 study
religious ties. Its purpose is the advancement of
circles with 294,817 students were reportedly
the democratic education of the German people
active. Social science, civics, and law were
and of democratic international cooperation. It
studied in 28.5 percent of them, languages in
offers opportunities of study at universities or
15.9 percent, technology and crafts in 11.3 per­
institutions of university rank as well as in courses,
cent, economic geography in 8.2 percent, natural
seminars, and meetings at its own People’s College
science in 2.9 percent, and religion and philosophy
in the town of Bergneustadt. In cooperation
in 1.4 percent. In accordance with the basic
with universities and other People’s Colleges, it
principle of the association that education of
also conducts special programs for foreign visitors.
workers should be performed by workers, most
The foundation claims that it has more than 4,000
study circle leaders are not experts in the fields
native and foreign students each year. Its gen­
concerned, so that both the worker-members and


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374
leaders have to do their own exploring. In keep­
ing with the association’s professed principle of
freedom from political propaganda and any bias,
drafts of possibly controversial study material
prepared, for example, by a social-democratic
economist are to be circulated among liberal and
conservative economists. The rules provide that
unless the author accepts the reviewers’ views,
their dissenting opinions shall be printed separately
and, at any rate, not be suppressed.
The Swedish Central Organization of Salaried
Employees, whose membership includes persons
with considerable formal schooling, has, since 1935,
conducted educational activities through its own
education association. Although the advance­
ment of unionism is strongly emphasized, general
economic studies and the humanities, such as
Swedish culture, are a part of the program. About
20 percent of the cost is financed by state subsidies
and the rest by assessments levied on the members
of affiliated unions. The participants pay for
courses in the humanities, the unions for other
courses.
In B elgiu m , a Center of Workers’ Education,
organized by the Socialist Party, the socialistoriented General Federation of Labor, the General
Cooperative Society, and the National Union of
Socialist Mutual Benefit Societies, has operated
since 1911. Each organization is represented in
the executive committee and contributes to its
upkeep. In addition, the center receives grants
for certain approved purposes from municipal and
provincial governments as well as from the
Ministry of Education. Two secretaries are em­
ployed, one for the French and one for the Flemish­
speaking community of Belgium. To take care
of regional differences in language, tradition,
culture, and other characteristics, regional and
local centers play an important role in the ad­
ministration of the center’s programs. In addi­
tion to providing trade union and socialist educa­
tion, the center seeks to advance the general
education and culture of the worker. Its objec­
tive in the field of general education is to give the
workers as broad a basic culture as possible,
arouse their interest in matters to which they are
not used, and show them how they can improve
their personality. The organization’s lectures,
discussion clubs, study circles, and the like thus
deal also with general subjects such as French,


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

history, geography, economics, political and social
problems, arts, and literature.
On the in tern a tio n a l level, 27 private voluntary
organizations of working people active in 21
countries of five continents belonged in 1962 to
the International Federation of Workers’ Educa­
tional Associations, which was founded in 1947
and has its headquarters in London. Its major
function is promotion of understanding and
cooperation among the affiliates through its
publications, including the periodical In te rn a tio n a l
B u lle tin o f W o rk ers’ E d u ca tio n , exchange of
literature and information, and conferences. It
represents the interests of workers’ education
before the ILO and the UNESCO, with which it
has consultative status, and takes, with the
consent of its member organizations, such steps
on an international scope as national associations
could not take individually. One of its activities
is to develop workers’ educational associations in
countries where they do not exist. The constitu­
tion of the federation precludes interference with
the domestic affairs of the affiliates or imposition
of any kind of uniformity. All member organiza­
tions, however, have the same basic concept of
workers’ education and share, in particular, the
view that it must include efforts to assist workers
in developing their personalities and enriching
their lives through a keener appreciation of cul­
tural values. The federation’s work is financed
through membership fees and occasional subsidies
from the UNESCO and the ILO.
Other Cultural Activities
Local, regional, and central labor organizations
in many European countries promote the for­
mation of theater and concert groups, provide
opportunities for members to buy inexpensive
tickets for performances of good plays, concerts,
and film shows, and may even arrange private
shows and concerts for members at reduced
admission fees. To the bodies offering such
services belong also the French works committees.
The Austrian Trade Union Federation operates a
theater of its own and an auxiliary workers’ club,
which enable workers to see good plays at lower
prices. A similar purpose is served by the German
Association of People’s Theaters, an association
of repertoire theaters operating on a cooperative

CULTURAL ACTIVITIES OF WEST EUROPEAN ORGANIZED LABOR

basis. The trade unions are represented on its
managing board of trustees, together with the
People’s Colleges, private, state, and municipal
theaters, ministries of culture, and other interested
organizations. Membership is open to the public.
After the introduction of the 8-hour day in
1921, the Center of Workers’ Education, operated
by the Belgian Socialist Party, entered into con­
tracts with theatrical companies to perform at
specified locations and show plays chosen by the
center. The plays deal chiefly with modern social
problems but include also classics. Admission to
the performances, frequently subsidized by public
authorities, is either free or inexpensive. Con­
certs of well-known orchestras have also been
arranged, occasionally in plants during the midday
break.
In Sweden, so-called People’s Parks provide
open-air facilities where workers and their families
may enjoy wholesome entertainment, especially
good theater and concerts, at moderate cost. The
236 parks now in existence are owned and oper­
ated by local labor organizations (trade unions,
cooperatives, and Social-Democratic Party) and
are members of the Central Organization of
People’s Parks. The latter arranges their pro­
grams, advises the local managements, handles
publicity, and acts as an international employment
agency for the needed artists. In 1961, nearly 4.5
million persons attended the events and 577 per­
formances in 1962 were arranged at a cost of
approximately 2.5 million kronors (about
US$482,500). Subsidies by the national govern­
ment, local authorities, and the income from an
annual lottery help defray the expenses.
An outstanding union undertaking in the field
of the performing arts is the Ruhr Festival, which
takes place each year for 2 months in the city of
Recklinghausen. Its origin goes back to the bleak
postwar winter of 1946, when actors in Hamburg
who could not play because there was no coal to
heat the theaters drove a truck to the Ruhr min­
ing district in search of fuel and gave free shows
on the spot when some mine workers offered to
give them a part of their precious coal allowances
without payment in cash. It is now financed
jointly by the German Trade Union Federation,
the state government, and the city; the DGB’s
Department for Educational Matters is in charge
of programing. In selecting the plays, some


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375

stress is laid on themes marked by social criticism.
Besides theatrical performances by leading thea­
ters and its own ensemble, the festival offers
symphony concerts, art exhibitions, and holds
seminars and discussion meetings on sociopolitical
and art matters. The events are open to the
public and have become quite popular. DGB
members pay lower admission fees. Regional
DGB organizations also arrange group travel, at
prorated costs of the trips, for participation in
specific events. The seats are apportioned to the
individual participants by lot.
In addition to the devices mentioned so far, a
considerable number of European labor organiza­
tions use educational group outings and trips,
guided tours of museums, literary, art, and handi- s
craft exhibitions, labor festivals, and the like as
means of familiarizing wage and salary earners
with the important currents of our time and
arousing their interest in the arts. Moreover, to
stimulate individual artistic activity and appre­
ciation and to activate latent talents, they pro­
mote hobby groups, as well as amateur orchestras,
bands, and other leisure time activities.
The rights of the French works committees
under the decree of February 22, 1945, include
participation in welfare programs established in
individual enterprises for the benefit of the em­
ployees and their families, which have included
libraries, study circles, and measures to promote
general culture. The most conspicuous cultural
activity of the committees is probably the opera­
tion of libraries, which now appear to exist in any
important enterprise. Although they have been
used by only 10 to 30 percent of the personnel in
some firms, up to 80 percent of the work force
have taken advantage of them in others. Works
committees, especially those in big enterprises,
have also organized exhibitions of cultural interest,
conferences on scientific and general subjects,
visits to museums, film shows, guided trips, festi­
vals, amateur groups, and the like. Owing to the
above-mentioned differences of opinion regarding
the committees’ proper role in the field of culture,
some of them have been content with running a
library and helping hobby groups which interested
employees formed on their own initiative. Others,
however, seek to play a more active role either
directly or by utilizing and occasionally subsidiz­
ing the work of other private organizations engaged

376
in the dissemination of popular culture. Not a
few French students of the subject have expressed
the view that the committees have acquainted
many workers with the theater, the classical rec­
ord, and the book and have made them aware of
their responsibilities in the cultural domain.
Educational and cultural services of types here
discussed are also provided by a number of Euro­
pean organizations which are closely associated
with the Catholic Church as, for example, the
Associations of Italian Christian Workers (ACLI)
and the Belgian Christian Workers’ Movement
(MOC). Although the ACLI is not a labor
organization, most of the approximately 1 million
members of this lay association of the Catholic
Church are workers, and many of its functionaries
are officers of the anti-Communist Italian Con­
federation of Labor. This, however, has not
prevented occasional dissension between the ACLI
and unions, caused largely by the former’s churchinspired claim that the political, social, and moral
orientation of the workers is exclusively its busi­
ness, whereas the legitimate function of trade
unionism is limited to collective bargaining. The
activities of the educational branch of the MOC
are coordinated with those of its economic and
social branches, the latter including the Christian
union movement.
Related Services

Various additional facilities and organizations
are operated or supported by European organized
labor in carrying through or supplementing its
cultural programs.
In many countries, union book and record
libraries, book stores, publishing houses, and
book clubs serve the purpose of stimulating the
interest of workers in reading books which the
organizations concerned want them to read and,
generally, in good literature. The Swedish Work­
ers’ Association, for example, operates 500 libraries
in towns and rural villages, and the Confederation
of Swedish Trade Unions, the Swedish SocialDemocratic Party, and various national trade
unions are joint owners of the Publishing House
Tiden, Inc., which publishes inexpensive editions
of good books.
The Austrian Trade Union Federation is a
member of the Book Guild Gutenberg, which is
80-percent sponsored by the German Trade Union

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

Federation in the Federal Republic of Germany.
The guild sells literature of any kind at lower
prices and credits the membership fee to purchases.
The book club sponsored by the Belgian Socialist
Party’s Center of Workers’ Education is the
equivalent of the Belgian branch of the Book
Guild of Lausanne (Switzerland).
Film services to supply films as audio-visual
aids in workers’ education and for local meetings
are provided by a considerable number of Euro­
pean labor organizations. In some countries as,
for example, Sweden, the labor movement owns
companies which produce, distribute, sell, or lend
documentary films, film strips, or film equipment
for meetings, lectures, and the like, or operate a
chain of theaters. The International Labor Film
Institute, associated with the International Con­
federation of Free Trade Lhiions, is engaged in
acquiring, producing, and distributing labor films
on an international scope. It also organizes
International Labor Film Festivals, whose pri­
mary objective is to provide an opportunity to
compare labor films produced in the various
countries of the free world and to show films on
social and human questions which are considered
to be of interest to labor organizations.
The People’s House Movement provides many
localities, particularly in Sweden, with a kind of
community center where members of the laboring
class and their organizations can meet; conference,
exhibition, and banquet rooms and theater and
restaurant facilities are available. The Swedish
National Organization of People’s Houses gives
advice to the local members regarding construction
and equipment of such houses and coordination
of programing.
A large number of Swedish organizations active
in the fields of labor, education, or the arts main­
tain the Art Promotion Association of the Popular
Movements, which specializes in disseminating
information about art, selling good art at moderate
prices, and supplying study circles with pictures
and slides together with instructions for their use
and explanatory remarks. Its activities are
financed not only by the contributions of the
sponsoring organizations but also by an annual
subsidy from the national government. The
association claims that it organized about 3,000
exhibitions visited by approximately 1 million
persons between 1947 and 1960, and that its an­
nual sales of paintings, wood engravings, litho-

CULTURAL ACTIVITIES OF WEST EUROPEAN ORGANIZED LABOR

graphs, and sculptures now amount to 1 million
kronors (roughly US$193,000). In addition to
the Art Promotion Association, employees of many
major Swedish enterprises have formed art clubs
which organize special exhibitions, frequently
during the lunch break. The membership fee
buys a chance to win, at a yearend lottery, 1 of
the 20 to 30 works of art annually bought by the
clubs.
Many of the services discussed above help wage
and salary earners to make beneficial use of their
leisure hours. The introduction of a statutory or
contractual right to annual leave and repeated
extensions of its duration have led to the establish­
ment of special vacation and travel services de­
signed to serve the same purpose. The three
major Belgian central trade union organizations,
for example, provide such services. Seeking, as
all such organizations do, to eliminate financial
and psychological factors preventing workers and
other persons of limited means from getting the
full physical and mental benefits out of their leave
and leisure and from spending their vacations
away from home, they operate inexpensive sum­
mer resorts for the benefit of any member of the
working class. Their facilities are also used by
study groups for other cultural activities. The
Belgian government contributes substantial
amounts to the acquisition of the needed land as
well as the construction, upkeep, and expansion
of such resorts; it also establishes rules and
ceiling prices for their use.
Numerous labor organizations such as trade
unions, political parties, cooperative societies,
workers’ and other cultural societies, labor banks,
workers’ insurance institutions, and the labor press
have promoted the formation of workers’ vacation
and travel associations. This movement has also
been supported by employers’ associations, in­
dividual firms, public leave funds, and other out­
side institutions and individuals. Although the
organizational structure and operational methods
of the various associations are not necessarily the


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377

same, they are for the most part nonpolitical and
nondenominational independent enterprises in
which interested organizations own shares. They
seek to meet their expenses by their own revenues,
but they may receive financial grants from labor
organizations and central or local governments for
special projects. No membership is required for
use of their services.
The latter may be divided into those of a com­
mercial and those of a more social character. The
former include arranging of group and individual
travel for study or recreational purposes within the
country or abroad, taking care of national and in­
ternational conferences, and running hotels. The
latter involve especially the operation of recreation
homes, guest houses, vacation resorts, and the
like. Since the charges for this type of services do
not necessarily cover the actual costs, gains de­
rived from other activities may be used to finance
and expand them. Remaining profits may be uti­
lized to support workers’ education, possibly by
establishing scholarships. The associations act
also as hosts to visitors attending educational
courses and schools, and their vacation resorts may
provide lecture halls and similar facilities.
Associations operating in Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the
Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the
United Kingdom, and Israel belong to the Inter­
national Federation of Workers Travel Associa­
tions with headquarters in London. It seeks to
advance cooperation between the member organi­
zations, to develop workers’ travel associations in
countries where they do not exist, and to promote
international travel in collaboration with the
UNESCO, the ILO, and similar international in­
stitutions, the international organizations engaged,
in air, sea, road, and rail transport, and the inter­
national trade union, cooperative, and workers’
educational organizations. The general policy of
the federation, as stressed in its constitution, rests
on the principles of democracy, personal freedom,
and human rights.

Union Disciplinary Powers and Procedures
E ditor ’s N ote .— T h is is the th ird o f f o u r articles based on D is c ip lin a r y P o w ers
a n d P rocedu res in U n io n C o n stitu tio n s (B L S B u lle tin 1 3 5 0 ), w hich w ill be
p u b lish ed in the sp rin g o f th is yea r. The first two articles, in the F eb ru a ry
a n d M a rc h issu es (p p . 1 2 5 -1 3 2 a n d 2 5 5 -2 6 1 ), covered gro u n d s f o r
tr ia l o f m em bers a n d local officers a n d tria l p o w ers a n d pro ced u res a t the
local level. The fo u rth , scheduled f o r the M a y issu e, w ill cover the influence
o f the L a b o r-M a n a g em en t R e p o rtin g a n d D isclo su re A c t on c o n stitu tio n a l
p ro v isio n s f o r d isc ip lin e .
The b u lletin also covers su m m a ry d isc ip lin e ,
tria ls a t the in te rn a tio n a l level, a n d d isc ip lin e o f in te rn a tio n a l officers a s
w ell a s the to p ic s d iscu ssed in these a rticles.

III.
L eo n

Selected Due Process
Safeguards and Appeals
E. L u n d e n

and

D avid

A. S w a n k in *

as formalized in union
constitutions, serve basically the same purpose
as those in general legal proceedings. They
establish procedural safeguards for the accused
at his trial, regulate the conduct of the hearing,
and aid the judicial process by providing a frame­
work for an objective analysis of the guilt or
innocence of the accused.
Of the constitutions studied, those which
provided for trial procedures nearly always speci­
fied one or more due process safeguards. Those
relating to the hearing itself, to notice require­
ments, and to appeals are discussed in this article.
D u e pr o c e ss p r o v is io n s ,

Hearing Safeguards

fpAlthough union trial procedures typically guar­
anteed several specific hearing safeguards, only
the right to counsel appeared in a majority of the
trial procedures (table 1).
General guarantees, similiar to the following
clause, were fairly common in union constitutions.
No member in good standing shall be deprived of his
membership or of any right, privilege, or benefit derived
therefrom except upon a written complaint, notice, and
hearing. (Hod Carriers’, Building and Common Laborers’
Union)
378


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Some unions bridged the gap between broad
constitutional language and specific hearing safe­
guards by publishing separate procedural guides
to aid local unions in the conduct of trials.1 The
trial provisions of the International Chemical
Workers Union constitution, for example, were
supplemented in a T ria l P rocedure H an dbook, and
the Upholsterers’ International Union published
a pamphlet specifying the P rocedu re o f a n U .I . U.
T r ia l B o a rd . These procedural manuals defined
the precise requirements of each general constitu­
tional guarantee and extensively described how
each phase of the trial is to be conducted.
Distrust of technical legal procedures may have
contributed to the absence of specific due process
guarantees and procedural details. Several con­
stitutions ruled out overly legalistic requirements,
perhaps in the belief that they might frustrate the
basic inquiry into the guilt or innocence of the
accused. The following excerpts are illustrative:
*Of the Division of Industrial and Labor Relations, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
1Less formally, but probably more frequently, local union officers turn to
international officers or international representatives for guidance in disci­
plinary proceedings. This is particularly true in local unions that have little
experience in this area or in cases that call for a policy interpretation from
higher union authorities.

879

UNION DISCIPLINARY POWERS AND PROCEDURES
. . . the generally accepted rules of court evidence shall
not apply, but the evidence must be presented, witnesses
cross-examined, and testimony rejected in accordance with
this constitution and the principles of justice. (Railroad
Signalmen)
*

*

*

The Executive Board . . . shall make every effort to
afford due process; provided, however, that by “due proc­
ess” is not meant strict, burdensome, delaying technicalities
but, instead, is meant procedural and substantive due
process. (Wood, Wire and Metal Lathers)

Another significant influence on the number of
hearing safeguards specified may be the extent of
the trial body’s decisionmaking authority. In
many trial procedures, primarily at the local union
level, the trial body was limited to hearing the
facts and making a recommendation to another
body. These constitutions characteristically pro­
vided few specific safeguards at the hearing, but
granted the accused the right to appear and argue
his case at a meeting of the body authorized to
render a final decision.
F u ll a n d F a ir H ea rin g . The right to a “full and
fair hearing,” one of the safeguards guaranteed
every union member by the Labor-Management
Reporting and Disclosure Act’s “Bill of Rights,” 2
was also specified in 55 of 136 local and 37 of 116
international level trial procedures. The phrase
“full and fair hearing” can be interpreted to in­
clude many, if not all, of the specific hearing safe­
guards selected for study. While a full and fair
hearing guarantee was the sole due process safe­
guard specified in a few constitutions, most of these
guarantees occurred in constitutions which also
provided other specific safeguards such as an im­
partial trial body, the right to confront accusers,
and the right to present a defense. For instance,
the constitution of the Brotherhood of Railroad
Trainmen, in addition to describing specifically
the method of conducting hearings, included the
following introductory clause:
Any member violating any of the duties of membership,
or any of the principles of the brotherhood, shall upon not
less than fifteen (15) days’ written notice of specific
charges, full and fair hearing thereupon and upon con­
viction thereof, be reprimanded, suspended, or expelled-----

Constitutions that did not explicitly provide
for “full and fair hearings” often granted the
accused the same essential guarantee through the
»Sec. 101(a)(5)(C).


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inclusion of a variety of specific hearing safe­
guards. For instance, the Sheet Metal Workers
constitution, which did not use this particular
term, may have intended to achieve the same re­
sult by providing the following hearing safeguards;
. . . All parties shall be given full opportunity to pre­
sent all relevant evidence and exhibits which they deem
necessary to the proper presentation of their case and
shall be entitled to cross-examine witnesses of the other
party or parties. Each party shall have the privilege of
selecting any good standing member of the local union
to act as his counsel in the trial proceedings, . . . .

The LMRDA was perhaps largely responsible
for the phrase “full and fair hearing.” Similar
guarantees (included in this category in table 1)
in effect prior to the passage of the act were
expressed in various related phrases. For exam­
ple, the Jewelry Workers guaranteed the accused
a “fair and just trial,” and the Pulp, Sulphite
and Paper Mill Workers entitled every member
to a “just and impartial” trial.
A few constitutions supplemented the accused’s
right to a full and fair hearing by granting him
the right to ask for a change of venue (place) of
the trial. These provisions usually permitted the
accused to move the trial to another local after
a finding by an international officer that the
accused’s local could not be depended upon to
conduct a fair trial.
T a b l e 1. S elec ted D u e P rocess S a f e g u a r d s in
T r ial P r o c e d u r e s , N a t io n a l a n d I n t e r n a t io n a l
U n io n C o n st it u t io n s , E arly 1961
[M embers in thousands]
Local trial
procedures

International
trial procedures

Safeguards
U n­
ions
All constitutions providing trial procedures
a t local or international le v e l1__________
C onstitutional safeguards for accused
during trial:
Assistance of counsel---------------------Im partial trial b ody---------------------- F u ll and fair hearing________________
Introduce evidence__________________
Invite w itnesses----- -- ------ ------------ .
Testify on own behalf_______________
Proceedings recorded--------------Confront and cross-examine w itnesses..
C ontinue or postpone hearing------------Representation b y counsel w hen unable to attend hearing------- ------------Separation of witnesses------- -----------R equire testim ony under o a th ________
Subm it w ritten defense______________
Subpena witnesses---------------------- ----Change venue----- -------- --------------------

M em ­
bers

U n­
ions

M em ­
bers

136 15,996.4

116

13,515.0

96 12,383.7
58 11,072.4
55 7,108.6
56 7,025.3
58 6,785.3
54 5,824. 5
45 6,995.9
45 4, 889. 4
15 2,086.0

50
26
37
39
29
45
28
26
7

7,033.1
4,643. 6
3,082.6
4,666.9
5,198.6
7,822.3
4,229. 8
3,201.1
460.2

5
3
4
6
4
1

1,245.7
639.6
489.4
1,820.1
111.1
30.4

14
14
12
3
7
4

2,997.0
2,363.8
1,766.1
338.5
135.1
197.7

i Excludes constitutions which provided for trial b u t did n o t specify trial
procedures— 10 a t the local level and 3 a t the international level.
C onstitutions containing more th a n one safeguard have been counted in
each applicable category.

380

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

E vidence. Nearly all local and international trial
procedures granting the right to introduce evi­
dence provided for acceptance of all evidence pre­
sented by the accused. The Allied Industrial
Workers constitution directed the trial committee
to hear “all evidence” ; the constitution of the
Retail Clerks granted the accused “the right to
present witnesses and other evidence on his be­
half” ; and the constitution of the Oil, Chemical
and Atomic Workers required the trial body to
grant the accused “every reasonable opportunity”
to present evidence. A few, more extensive pro­
visions explicitly stated that technical rules of
evidence were inapplicable in union trial proce­
dures, as in the following example:
Strict rules of evidence shall not apply since efforts
shall be made to ascertain all of the relevant and material
facts. (Wood, Wire and Metal Lathers)

A few constitutions expressly required that all
presented evidence be relevant to the issues in
the case. The Chemical Workers constitution
expressed this qualification as follows:
The accused shall have the right to present any evi­
dence relevant to the charges which he believes will
support his cause.

Similarly, a few constitutions provided guidelines
for resolving doubts arising from conflicting evi­
dence. Specified principally for cases involving
possible expulsion, these safeguards, as in the
following clause, required the evidence to prove
the accused’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt:
He
pelled
doubt
or to
Allied

shall have a fair hearing and he shall not be ex­
unless there is a finding that beyond a reasonable
he has been guilty of treason to the brotherhood
the cause of labor. (Brotherhood of Shoe and
Craftsmen, Ind.)

Some constitutions explicitly indicated that a
confession of guilt by the accused avoided the
necessity of introducing evidence or of continuing
the trial.
Union trial procedures often
guaranteed the accused the right to testify in his
own behalf. These provisions were characteristi­
cally brief. For instance, the Musicians constitu­
tion granted the accused “an opportunity to defend
himself”; and the United Automobile Workers
constitution granted the “right to be heard in
person.” Several constitutions also specified that
an accused could not be compelled to testify
R u le s on T estim o n y.


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against himself. These provisions, most common
in the printing trades, were unequivocal:
The defendant to charges shall not be compelled to
testify. (Stereotypers’ and Electrotypers’ Union)

Among the constitutions studied, one expressly
required the accused to testify. This provision
applied only in trials of local officers:
The trial committee shall have full authority to direct
the charged officer to . . . submit to examination. (Ma­
rine Engineers’ Beneficial Association)

The accused often waived his right to testify if
he could not or did not attend the hearing. In a
few constitutions, the absence of the accused (pre­
sumably unexcused) was considered an action of
contempt and judgment against him was rendered
automatically. In most constitutions, however,
trial proceeded in the absence of the accused.
A few constitutions provided for representation
by counsel if accused failed to attend the trial.
Typically, the accused was to select counsel
himself. For instance, the constitution of the
Switchmen’s Union of North America provided:
A member failing to appear for trial or appoint counsel
to represent him, shall be reported guilty by default of the
offense with which he is charged.
W itn esses. Constitutional safeguards guaranteeing
the accused the right to invite witnesses insured
his right to obtain all available testimony. Typi­
cally, the accused was permitted to select any
witness he chose, without regard to legalistic con­
siderations of competency. In addition, several
constitutions permitted the accused to present
written statements from witnesses who were unable
to attend the trial, and a few also permitted the
accused to use the trial body’s “subpena” power
to compel the attendance of witnesses. Several
constitutions also specified safeguards to assure
truthful testimony. These granted the accused the
right to confront and cross-examine the witnesses,
required witnesses to testify under oath, or re­
quired the separation of witnesses.
Only a few constitutions stipulated that the
testimony of certain witnesses was inadmissible in
union trial procedures. One constitution denied
nonmembers the right to testify in person, but
permitted the trial body to secure such testimony:
No person not a member of this order can testify as a
witness before any trial committee but the testimony of an
outsider may be taken by a trial committee in such a way

381

UNION DISCIPLINARY POWERS AND PROCEDURES
that the outsider will not know what use is to be made
thereof. (Railway Carmen)

Because union trial procedures emphasized se­
curing all available evidence, provisions for secur­
ing the testimony of witnesses who were unable or
unwilling to attend the hearing were common.
Several constitutions specifically allowed written
statements from witnesses who were unable to at­
tend the trial. The railway brotherhoods generally
admitted affidavits if trustworthiness was assured
by the attestation of “three members, or an officer
of a division, or by a justice of the peace or other
public officer.” Unions in the entertainment in­
dustry commonly specified procedures for submit­
ting written questions and answers, but excluded
any part of a written statement that was denied
by the opposing party.
Many constitutions specified safeguards aimed
at securing truthful testimony. The right to
confront and cross-examine witnesses—to test
their credibility and elicit all relevant facts from
them—appeared in 45 local and 26 international
trial procedures. Constitutional language guaran­
teeing the accused this safeguard was typically
brief, succinct, and confined to the questioning
of witnesses appearing against him. For instance,
the Ladies’ Garment Workers constitution
granted the accused “the right to question all
witnesses who may appear against him,” and
the American Bakery and Confectionery Work­
ers constitution permitted the accused to “crossexamine witnesses appearing against him.”
A further safeguard in an effort to assure
truthful testimony—separation of witnesses—
was sometimes provided. These provisions re­
quired that all witnesses be excluded from the
hearing until they were called to testify. Most
of them required separation of witnesses in every
trial, but a few provided for separation only when
requested by one of the parties.
Finally, several constitutions required wit­
nesses to testify under oath.
Constitutional provisions
for a record of proceedings, found in 45 local and
28 international trial procedures, assumed a sig­
nificant protective role in case of appeal to a higher
authority. This record serves to provide the
appeal body with the pertinent facts on the issues.
Only a relatively small number of the consti­
tutions with such provisions called for stenographic
R ecord o j P roceedin gs.


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transcripts of the trial. Under four constitutions,
these transcripts were required in every trial
and paid for from union funds, while under five
constitutions, they were provided only when
requested by one of the parties. Because con­
siderable expense would be incurred in obtaining
a verbatim transcript, a few constitutions re­
quired the party requesting the more detailed
record to pay the added cost.
In a majority of the constitutions requiring a
record of proceedings, the form or content of the
record was not precisely defined. Typically,
these provisions directed the secretary to take
minutes that were “complete,” “accurate,” or
“comprehensive,” and that did not overlook any
vital part of the trial. In one constitution, the
parties were granted an opportunity to review
the record before it was transmitted to the ap­
pellate body.
The right to counsel (table 2)
was the most prevalent safeguard specified in
local and international trial procedures. Ninetenths of these constitutions, however, qualified
this right by barring attorneys-at-law. One
constitution, for example, permitted the accused
“to select only a member,” and another directed
the accused “to appear in person or by or with a
member of the union to answer” charges. Several
granted the accused the right to “have the assistR ig h t to Counsel.

T a b l e 2. A ssist a n c e of C o u n se l in T r ia l P r o c e d u r e s ,
N a t io n a l a n d I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n C o n st it u t io n s ,
E arly 1961
[M embers in thousands]
International
trial procedures

Local
trial procedures
Counsel provisions

All constitutions providing for
counsel in local or international
trial proceedings_____ _____ - _
C onstitutions granting assistance
of counsel in all trials__________
Counsel guaranteed w ithout
qualifications______________
Only members eligible to act
as counsel____ _____ _ - --C onstitutions granting assistance
of counsel a t discretion of the trial
b o d y ________ _______________

M em bers

M em bers
U n­
ions

N um ­
ber

U n­
ions

Per­
cent

N um ­
ber

Per­
cent

100

96 12,383.7

100

50 7,033.1

91 11,840.7

96

46 6,751.9

96

1,248.6

10

8 1,417.0

20

80 10,439.7
i2
152.4

84
1

38 5,334. 9

76

281.2

4

9

5

543.0

4

4

1 Under 1 constitution, an accused officer was guaranteed the assistance of a
member as counsel, but members’ rights to counsel were not specified; and
under 1 constitution, the other party had the right to employ counsel if one
party was assisted by a member or an attorney.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

382

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

T a ble 3. P r o v isio n s for A pp e a l F rom D ec isio n s of
L ocal or I n t e r n a t io n a l T r ia l B o d ie s , N a tio na l
a n d I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n C o n s t it u t io n s , E arly
1961

cretion, permit the accused to be represented by a lawyer
but, when he does so, the other side shall have the same
right. (Painters, Decorators and Paperhangers)

[M em bers in thousands]

Notice Requirements
T otal studied
A ppeal provisions
Unions

M em bers

Affiliation
A F L -C IO
Unions

All constitutions providing for
trial a t local or international
level..........................

156 16,917.9

C onstitutions providing for
appeal________ _____
153 16,912.3
All trial decisions appealable— 142 16,119.0
Some, b u t no t all, trial decisions appealable__
11
793.4
Local decisions appealable;
no reference to in ter­
national decisions______
3
375.7
International decisions appealable; no reference to
local decisions_______
2
10.5
M em bers could appeal; no
reference to officers___
3
314.2
Officers could appeal; no
reference to m em b ers.. _
1
75.0
Only specified penalties
appealable____ . . . .
2
18.0
C onstitutions w ithout appeal
provisions____ ____________
3
5.6

Unaffiliated

M embers

Unions

M embers

121 14,225.6

35

2,692.3

121 14,225.6
112 13,442.0

32
30

2,686.7
2,676.9

2

9.8

9

783.6

3

375.7

1

2.5

i

8.0

2

312.4

1

1.8

i

75.0

2

18.0
3

5.6

N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

ance of any member of the union to act as his
0000861/ ’ which did not specifically bar attorneys

who happened also to be members. A few trial
procedures guarded against this possibility by
adopting language similar to the following :
Both the charging party and the charged party . . .
shall have the right to be . . . represented by any
member of this international union not actively engaged
in the practice of law . . . (American Bakery and Con­
fectionery Workers)

Notice that charges had been
filed against him was guaranteed the accused in
129 local and 71 international union trial proce­
dures. Some of those without this specific guar­
antee required that the accused be given notice of
the date set for trial. Of the 7 provisions for trial
at the local level that did not require notice of the
filing of charges, 3 provided for notice of the date
set for trial; of the 45 without notice-of-charges
provisions at the international level, 11 contained
provisions for notice of the date set for trial.
The responsibility for notifying the accused of
charges rested with an officer of the union, usually
the secretary, but occasionally the president. Fur­
nishing the accused with a copy of the charges
was usually the prescribed way of giving notice,
although a substantial number of provisions at
both the local and the international levels, cover­
ing approximately 1 of every 3 members, made no
reference to the form of notice. A majority of the
provisions, however, stipulated the method of com­
munication the officer was to employ. Registered
mail, occasionally with a return receipt, was the
most prevalent requirement. Less frequently, the
officer was simply required to “mail” or “send”
notice to the accused. A few constitutions stipu­
lated personal notice or, failing this, notice by
registered or ordinary mail. One provision also
authorized service by publication in the union’s
paper if personal service or registered mail were
unsuccessful.
Occasionally, the notice of charges also specified
the date set for trial, thereby eliminating a sep­
arate trial notice, and a few provisions also re­
quired the notice to advise the accused of his
constitutional rights.
N o tice o f Charges.

À few constitutions extended the right to counsel
to professional advocates. For example, the Insur­
ance Workers constitution explicitly granted the
accused the right to be represented “by a member
of the union in good standing or by legal counsel
of his own choosing.”
Also infrequent were provisions which left the
presence of counsel to the discretion of the trial
body. These provisions enabled the trial body to
assure that each side enjoyed an equal opportunity
to present its case. Under two constitutions, the
trial body was explicitly required to grant each
side an equal opportunity to be represented by
counsel. One of these provided as follows:

Formal constitutional noticeof-decision provisions occurred in only 36 local
and 32 international trial procedures. These
usually required the trial body to prepare a
written decision and to furnish a copy to each
party, as in the following illustration:

The member selected as counsel shall not be a lawyer.
If he is a lawyer, he shall be ineligible to represent the
party charged. The trial board may, however, in its dis­

Every decision . . . shall be reduced to writing and a
copy thereof furnished to each directly interested party.
(Painters, Decorators and Paperhangers)


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N o tic e o f D ecisio n .

383

UNION DISCIPLINARY POWERS AND PROCEDURES

A few of these provisions also specified the con­
tents of the decision, as in the following:
The decision shall contain a finding of the facts, the
board’s conclusions as to the guilt or innocence of the ac­
cused, and the penalty, if any, to be imposed. (Train
Dispatchers)

Appeal Provisions

Nearly all union constitutions providing for trial
authorized appellate review of the trial body’s
decision (table 3). The appeal provision was
usually a broad grant of the right to appeal any
trial decision. Only a few (11) appeal clauses,
usually in constitutions of smaller unions, did not
authorize appeal from all trial decisions. Among
these, the Coopers constitution required a penalty
of $5 or suspension or expulsion before an appeal
could be taken; and the Retail, Wholesale and
Department Store Union constitution granted
members the right to appeal from any trial de­
cision but provided that a local union’s decision to
discipline local officers would be final and binding.
The first appeal body was usually the next high­
er level of union authority. In a typical appeal
sequence, a local union decision would first be
reviewed by a district body or, if none existed, by
the international president. From this level,
appeals were usually taken to the general execu­
tive board; then to the convention. In rare in­
stances, constitutions provided different avenues
of appeal, depending upon the ground on which the
appeal was based. For instance, the Stereo­
typers constitution provided:
Charges of irregularities, only, may be appealed directly
to the International Executive Board. All other appeals
must be filed with the international president. [There­
after, appeals may be taken from the decision of the in­
ternational president to the International Executive
Board.] Appeals on irregularities are restricted as follows:
(a) The serving or presenting of charges;
(b) The conduct of the trial ;
(c) Questions pertaining to any irregularity in the
charges, findings of the trial committee, or vote of the
local union.
F in a l A p p e a l B o d y . In union constitutions, the
power to end litigation by rendering a conclusive
decision was usually vested in the body which also
had supreme authority in legislative and executive
affairs, the union convention (table 4). The
convention was designated as a court of last
resort in 129 of the 153 constitutions having appeal


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provisions, although in several constitutions it
shared this power with another body. Procedurally, review was performed by an appeals
committee, usually appointed by the union’s
executive officers, frequently by the same officer
who served in intermediate appellate functions.
The committee thus appointed reviewed the
record, at times heard arguments of each party,
and issued its decision in the form of a recom­
mendation to the convention. Under many
constitutions, the accused was permitted to appear
at the convention and present his arguments,
even if he was no longer a member.
P u blic R e v ie w . Four unions, all AFL-CIO
affiliates, provided for review of disciplinary
action under specified circumstances by outside
review boards, as an alternative to an appeal to
the convention. These review boards, composed
of well-known individuals selected, in the main,
from such fields as religion, law, and education,
provided the accused an opportunity to appeal
to a body that was separate and free from union
control.
Outside review is a relatively recent develop­
ment in union judicial administration. The
T a b l e 4. F in a l A pp e a l B ody 1 in T rial P r o c e d u r e s ,
N a tio na l a n d I n t e r n a t io n a l U n io n C o n st it u t io n s ,
E arly 1961
[M embers in thousands]
Affiliation

T otal studied
F in al appeal body 1

A F L -C IO
U n­
ions

M em ­
bers

All constitutions providing for
appeal------------------------------- 153 16,912.3
C onstitutions providing for
final appeal to union conventio n ____ __________________ 129 14,355.7
C onvention for all appeals. 109 10,049.1
Convention or public re4 1,248. 8
9 1,210.6
C onvention or referendum .
Convention or president
or executive board depending upon the of7 1,847.2
fense or penalty________
C onstitutions providing for
final appeal to other bo d ies.— 24 2, 556.7
17 2,326. 7
Executive b oard________
3
11.4
2
213. 8
4.8
O ther final appeal b o d ie s... 22

Unaffiliated

M em ­
bers

U n­
ions

M em ­
bers

121 14,225.6

32

2,686.7

105 13,246.0
88 9, 547. 8

24
21

1,109.7
501.3
8.4

U n­
ions

4
7

1,248.8
1,202.2

2

6

1,247.2

1

600.0

16
10
3
2
1

979.6
751.4
11.4
213.8
3.0

8
7

1,577.0
1,575.2

1

1.8

1 A final appeal body was defined as the highest body authorized to pass
on an appeal before the accused was considered to have exhausted all remedies
w ithin die union.
............
2 U nder 1 constitution, a local union referendum was held if the executive
board reversed a local trial decision, otherwise the executive board’s decision
was final; and under 1 constitution, the president of the union rendered final
appellate decisions.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay no t equal totals.

384
first procedure was instituted in 1953, when the
Upholsterers’ International Union amended its
constitution to provide for an outside “appeal
board.” By 1959, three other unions had followed
suit: the United Automobile Workers, the Marine
Engineers, and the Packinghouse Workers.
Three of the four boards were given consti­
tutional status. The fourth, instituted by the
Packinghouse Workers, was established by the
executive board under its authority “to do those
things necessary to insure proper and effective
administration of the affairs of the international
Union.” 3 The executive board of the Packing­
house Workers named a five-member commission
as the review board.
The Upholsterers board was to be composed of
“impartial persons of good repute not having
membership or any other direct interest in the
[union].” Its jurisdiction was set forth as follows:
The Appeal Board . . . shall have jurisdiction to hear
and determine only such appeals as arise from a decision
or action of the General Executive Board in a case involv­
ing charges of violations of the laws or policies of the
U.I.U. or of any of its subdivisions, but shall not have
jurisdiction to hear or determine any appeal from actions
•or decisions of the U.I.U., . . . in matters not involving


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963
an attempt to impose discipline upon a . . . member or
officer of the TJ.I.U. or of any of its subordinate bodies.

The constitution of the Automobile Workers
required that the Public Review Board of that
union be composed of “impartial persons of good
public repute, not working under the jurisdiction
of the UAW.” This review board, with inde­
pendent investigating power and the authority
to act even in the absence of an appeal, was also
a monitor of ethical practices in the union. The
preamble to the Public Review Board provision
stated the reason for establishing the board to be
“for the purpose of insuring a continuation of
high moral and ethical standards in the admin­
istrative and operative practices of the inter­
national union.”
The public review body of the Marine En­
gineers’ Beneficial Association, a “National Panel”
composed of “three public persons,” had a nar­
rower grant of authority. Its jurisdiction was
limited to impeachment of elected officers of
locals and districts.
3 T he Public A dvisory Review Commission was established b y the In te r­
national Executive B oard in Ju ly 1959. T his act was endorsed and approved
b y the Tw elfth C onstitutional C onvention in M ay 1960 (Resolution No. 3).

Summaries of Studies and Reports

Trends in Soviet Personal
Income Components

communal services) received by the Soviet popu­
lation in 1955 were as follows:

E ditor ’s N ote .'— The follow in g article is a su m ­

Money income_________________________________
Earnings of wage and salary workers in State
sector___________________________________
Money income of collective farmers from wages
and income from sale of farm products____
Transfer payments_________________________
Other 1____________________________________
Income in kind 2_______________________________

9
7
18
23

Total income____________________________

100

m a ry o f p a r t o f a stu d y p a p e r by R achel E .
Golden, uR ecent T ren ds in Soviet P erso n a l
In com e a n d C o n su m p tio n ,” one o f a series o f
stu d ies p re p a re d f o r the J o in t E con om ic Com ­
m ittee, U .S . C ongress , a n d p u b lish ed in D im e n ­
sio n s o f Soviet E con om ic P o w e r (87th Cong.,
2 d sess., 1962, C om m ittee P r in t) .

S ince 1928, the emphasis in Soviet economic
planning has been on investment in heavy
industry as the most rapid road to a higher level
of economic development, with consumption
given a correspondingly low priority. After the
adoption of this policy, the Soviet consumer’s
share in the U.S.S.R.’s gross national product
(GNP) con sta n tly decreased— from 84 percent in
1928 to 60 percent in 1940 and to a low of 40 per­
cent in 1944. The consumer’s share of GNP be­
gan to rise again after the war, reaching 56 percent
in 1950. Since 1950, the consumer sector has been
awarded a somewhat higher priority. However,
this higher priority has not taken the form of a
growing share of the national product, but rather
a relatively constant share of a growing national
product.
The improvement in the consumer’s position
during the period 1950-61 can be gaged from the
trends in personal income and consumption. 1

Real Personal Disposable Income

Personal income includes both money income
and income in kind. Relative shares of various
types of personal income (excluding the value of
i
T he m aterial dealing w ith consum ption trends has been excluded from
th is sum m ary. F o r a discussion of recent Soviet consum ption p atterns,
see Janet G. C hapm an, “ T h e Consum er in th e Soviet U nion and th e U nited
States,” M onthly Labor Review, Jan u a ry 1963, pp. 11-13.


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Percent of
total
income

77
48

1 Includes cooperative artisans’ wages, income from the sale of farm p ro d ­
ucts b y employees in the State sector, prisoners’ wages, profits distributed
to cooperative mem bers, other urban labor income, and m ilitary pay (in­
cluding subsistence).
2 Includes im puted rent, prisoner subsistence, farm household income in
kind, and investm ent in kind.

During the period 1951-55, real personal dis­
posable income in the Soviet Union rose at an
average rate of 8.7 percent annually, then fell to
6.6 percent during the subsequent 6-year period,
as shown in the following tabulation:
Average annual rates of growth of real personal disposable
income ( percent)

Total 2_________
Per capita 3____

1951-55

1956-61

1956-58

8. 7
7. 1

6. 6
4. 9

7. 1
5. 4

1959-61 *

6. 2
4. 4

J D ata for 1961 are based on prelim inary estim ates.
2 T he index for real personal disposable income was obtained b y estim at­
ing personal disposable income for 1950 and 1955-61, and deflating it by a
price index of goods and services.
* Based on unpublished population estim ates by the U.S. B ureau of the
Census, Foreign M anpow er Office.

This movement of real disposable income reflects
the net effect of the varying behavior of its com­
ponents, as well as the trends in consumer prices.
These trends are discussed in the following para­
graphs.
Gross E a rn in g s. Between 1956 and 1961, gross
earnings of wage and salary workers in the State
sector increased annually at an average rate of 7.9
percent. Wage and salary earnings, however,
grew during that period only at the average rate
of 2.9 percent annually, while the work force in­
creased at an average annual rate of 4.6 percent.
State direction of the rapidly growing Soviet
economy has not been conducive to a continuous
385

386
narrowing of wage differentials. The relative
wage structure has remained rigid in the shortrun, changing only occasionally as a result of
Government actions. Such a change in relative
wages has been recently initiated by the U.S.S.R.
for the first time since the 1930’s. Thus, in
1957, the minimum pay rates of approximately 12
percent of the wage and salary workers in the
State sector were raised by one-third to levels
of 27 to 35 rubles 2 a month. In 1962, minimum
wage rates were scheduled to be increased to 40
to 45 rubles per month. However, research in­
dicates that the minimum rates established in
1962 were little more than formalized levels of
the lowest paid workers before the adjustment.
Another attempt to narrow wage differentials
and reduce the disparity between income groups
was a series of actions designed to achieve a
major wage reform in the State sector between
1956-62. The result was to be an average wage
increase of 10 to 20 percent for workers in the
State sector, with the lower paid workers getting
raises of 30 to 35 percent. This result was to
be accomplished by reducing the pay differentials
between the highest and lowest pay grades. This
reduction of differentials was to be achieved
through the elimination of the first two of the
eight pay-scale grades and the establishment of
new ratios between the wages of the highest and
lowest groups. An analysis of the reform, how­
ever, revealed3 that, because there were vir­
tually no workers in the first two pay grades, the
actual extreme ratios remained relatively un­
changed, and the distribution of workers by pay
grades was not altered significantly.
An important result of the wage reform was the
increase in an employee’s base pay in relation to
his total earnings. Prior to the reform, base pay
constituted approximately 45 to 55 percent of
total earnings; presently, it is believed to consti­
tute 75 to 85 percent of earnings. Since the
higher and middle paid workers’ compensation
was often based on a piece-rate scale and included
proportionally greater amounts of bonuses and
premiums than did the pay of certain lower paid
workers who were paid on a straight-time basis,
the change in the wage structure, making it more
difficult for a worker to earn bonuses and pre­
miums, was expected to reduce the disparity be­
tween income groups. However, the actual effect


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

of this action is expected to be only slight, be­
cause the number of lower paid workers paid on a
straight-time basis is relatively small.
Collective

F arm ers

and

Other

R u ra l

R esid en ts.

Remuneration for labor services on collective
farms and sale of farm products are the major
sources of money income for the rural population.
In 1956-61, total money income derived from these
two sources by collective farmers and the rest of
the rural population increased by 47 percent as a
result of increases of 90 percent in cash wages on
collective farms and of 21 percent in income received
from the sale of farm products.
The 90-percent rise in cash wages was not
solely an increase in pay for a day’s labor; it
included also the cash equivalent of an increasing
portion of a worker’s wages that he previously
received as payment in kind. (Cash compensa­
tion to collective farmers, wherever possible, has
been the official policy during the past decade.
In 1955, cash compensation was 42 percent of the
farmers’ total income received from work on the
collective farm, and by 1960 it reached 68 per­
cent.) Money income derived from the sale of
farm products—either those from the small plots
of land and livestock allotted to each household
or those obtained from the farm as payments in
kind—has remained relatively stable since 1958.
Income distribution within as well as among the
various collective farms is very uneven. For
example, the farm machine operators, who account
for only 10 percent of the collective farm labor
force, take about 20 to 25 percent of the income
distributed from the farms. Workers on model
farms and on farms which produce high-priced
crops, primarily industrial crops, are also in a
favored status in relation to other farms. Ac­
cording to one authority, “about 20 percent of
the collective farm population absorbs 40 to 45
percent of the total labor remuneration distributed
by the collective farms.” 4
8 R uble values given in new rubles, which were established b y the Soviet
currency reform of J an u a ry 1,1961, a t a nom inal value of 0.90 ruble to US$1.
This rate cannot be used to give an estim ate of equivalent dollar values of
sim ilar U .S. goods and services.
3
W alter G alenson, Soviet Wage Reform (a re p rin t from th e proceedings of
the 13th annual m eeting of th e In d u stria l R elations Research Association
in St. Louis, D ecem ber 1960), p p . 5-6.
* A rcadius K ahan, “ Recent Trends in Soviet F arm Incom es,” Problems of
Communism, N ovem ber-D ecem ber 1961, p. 56.

TRENDS IN SOVIET PERSONAL INCOME COMPONENTS

For lower paid farm workers, the output from
the small plots and the livestock they are allowed
to hold represent an important addition to income.
The Soviet Government’s recent efforts to reduce
these private holdings tend, in effect, to widen
income differences among the collective farm
workers.
The value of the unmarketed
proportion of commodities received by collective
farmers from their farms or produced by house­
holds (both rural and urban) on privately held
plots constitutes a significant proportion of the
total income in the Soviet Union, particularly
among the lower and middle income groups.
The vacillating policies which the Government
has pursued in regard to private agriculture have
caused income in kind to fluctuate widely. For
example, severe restrictions imposed on private
holdings in the late 1930’s were reimposed after
the war, somewhat eased following Stalin’s death
in 1953, then tightened again in 1958. Con­
sequently, income in kind increased at an average
annual rate of 2.4 percent during 1951-55 and at
almost double this rate during 1956-58, but re­
mained relatively constant or even possibly de­
clined by 5 to 10 percent over the period 1959-61.
In co m e in K in d .

T ra n sfe r P a y m e n ts. Largely as a result of the
1956 revision of the pension laws, transfer pay­
ments in the Soviet Union rose at a high annual
rate of 14.3 percent during 1956-61. Prior to
1956, the maximum old-age pension was 20 rubles
per month. However, with the revision, the mini­
mum rate was set at 30 rubles. In addition, a
new scale of payments benefiting lower paid work­
ers was instituted. Other reasons why these pay­
ments rose so rapidly—not only for pensions but
also for sickness benefits, maternity leave, and
grants and stipends—were the increase in the
number of persons receiving these benefits, and the
increase in the average wage.


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387

T a x a tio n a n d B o n d P u rch a ses.
Tax relief and
suspension of compulsory bond purchases provided
an additional spur to the growth of real disposable
income of the Soviet consumer between 1955 and
1961. Complete relief from taxation for the
lowest paid workers and partial relief for others
during 1957-58 added about 1.3 billion rubles to
the population’s purchasing power. The gradual
abolition of income taxes announced in 1960 was
expected further to increase purchasing power by
7.4 billion rubles by 1965.
In September 1962, however, the Government
decided to postpone further tax cuts because of
inflationary pressures, and the growth of the real
disposable income was curtailed slightly.
After the bond purchases ceased to be com­
pulsory, they dropped from 2.5 billion rubles in
1955 to 0.3 billion rubles in 1958, later declining to
an insignificant level.

The Problem of Inflation

The rapid growth of the real disposable income
in Soviet Russia since 1950 has brought about an
imbalance between the supply of consumer goods
and the population’s purchasing power, thus
creating an inflationary situation that has been
described by Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev as
“fraught with dangerous consequences.” This
inflationary pressure, combined with poor pros­
pects for accelerating the production of consumer
goods, caused the Government to depart somewhat
from the general policy pursued since 1949 of not
raising retail prices. Effective June 1, 1962, the
prices of meat and butter were upped by 30 and
25 percent, respectively, as a partial remedy for
the inflation. The population of certain urban
centers reacted with unexpected violence. A se­
ries of protest rallies and riots that ensued were
quelled by Soviet troops with the loss of many
lives. The steps so far taken, however, have not
yet checked the inflationary trend.

388

Impact of Office Automation
in the Internal Revenue Service

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

Experts at national and regional levels were
charged with full-time responsibility for planning
the manpower shift. At an early stage of the con­
version, the agency announced to all affected em­
ployees that its policy for maintaining job security
was to-—

II, the Internal Revenue Serv­
ice (IRS) has made continuous improvements in
. . . avoid, if at all possible, reduction in force and invol­
office equipment and methods to increase effi­
untary transfers to other commuting areas and at the same
ciency in handling a growing volume of tax returns
time to place the maximum number of affected employees
and documents. Conversion to a large-scale elec­
in productive jobs, thereby utilizing invaluable skills and
tronic computer system, started in 1961 and sched­
experience.
uled for completion in 1967, is the latest and most
As part of this job security policy, the IRS de­
extensive of these technological changes. The
cided to introduce the system nationwide in stages
conversion involves establishing a comprehensive
over a 6-year period to allow time for retraining
automatic data-processing (ADP) system, includ­
and reassigning affected employees. Within each
ing taxpayer identification numbers, a centralized
IRS region, the conversion will be phased over
file of taxpayer accounts on magnetic tape, and
3 or 4 years. Preparations will begin 1 year prior
significant changes in organization, manpower, and
to actual startup of the equipment, and during
flow of work. Much of the routine paperwork
subsequent years, business and individual tax
performed manually in 62 district offices through­
returns will be converted from manual processing
out the country will be centralized and processed
to ADP methods. The changeover was initiated
on computers in new regional service centers and
in the Atlanta region during January 1961, and
the National Computer Center in Martinsburg,
processing of business returns by ADP was begun
W. Va. About 5,000 district office employees may
a year later.
be directly affected when their jobs are either elim­
To cushion the impact of ADP on employees in
inated or shifted to regional centers by July 1967.
the Atlanta region, the IRS gave special attention
Thousands more may be indirectly affected by
to keeping employees informed, to increasing
required reassignments.
./communications between national, regional, and
The new data system is expected to result in the
district offices, and to consulting with employee
processing of a much greater workload. Employ­
organizations. The emphasis was on encouraging
ment will increase, but at a lower rate than output.
employees whose jobs are to be eliminated to
By producing a more current status of tax accounts
transfer voluntarily to jobs vacated through
and encouraging voluntary compliance with tax
attrition in unaffected units or to new jobs opening
laws, it is estimated that millions in increased
in the regional service centers. The IRS an­
revenue—sufficient to offset a large part of the
nounced that it would pay travel and transporta­
system’s total cost-—may result from the first full
tion expenses of employees who accepted new jobs
year of operation.
in a regional service center or elsewhere outside
This article highlights manpower implications
their commuting area. To facilitate transfer,
of the changeover to ADP in the IRS Atlanta
the IRS undertook an inventory of the skills of
region, which comprises seven Southern States and
employees in the affected units, made efforts to
is the first region to be converted. Information is
match affected employees and job openings, gave
presented on such topics as planning manpower
employees counseling and guidance about job
changes, impact on employees, administration of
opportunities, and offered training to improve em­
personnel procedures, staffing of ADP jobs, train­
ployee qualifications. The Civil Service Com­
ing and retraining of employees, and manpower
mission allowed the IRS to relax certain qualifica­
problems and outlook.1
tion standards and to extend periods of temporary
appointments and assignments. The use of attri­
Planning and Administering Manpower Policies
tion as a means of reducing employment was
A unique aspect of the changeover was the ex­
1 T his article is based on a B ureau of L abor Statistics stu d y m ade as p a rt
of its research program on progress an d im plications of autom ation a nd other
traordinary attention given by top level IRS offi­
technological changes. A m ore detailed report w ill be presented in Im pact
cials to manpower as well as technical planning.
o f Office Automation in the Internal Revenue Service (B LS B ulletin 1364,1963).
S in c e W orld W a r


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IMPACT OF OFFICE AUTOMATION IN THE 1RS

389

-encouraged. Finally, permanent appointments
of new employees to the affected units were re­
stricted, and temporary employees were hired to
carry on necessary activities. Between July 1960
and July 1962, 274 temporary appointments were
made.
Affected Employees
Im p a c t. The conversion to ADP in the Atlanta
region involves more than 1,000 of over 4,000
employees working in affected units of seven dis­
trict offices. Their duties mainly involve tax
returns processing and accounting, which includes
verifying, posting, billing, and refunding opera­
tions. The remaining 3,000 employees are en­
gaged primarily in enforcement and public in­
formation and assistance activities and are only
indirectly affected.
IRS experts estimated that up to 500 jobs would
be eliminated or transferred elsewhere between
July 1960 and July 1965. During the first 2 years
of this period, net employment was reduced from
1,045 to 811 by attrition and transfer of employees
to other jobs (table 1). Of the reassigned em­
ployees, 90 relocated in another city. Two trans­
ferred to Washington, D.C. All the other moves
were less than 500 miles. About 40 percent of the
employees moved to other locations within their
T a b l e 1. P r o g r e s s o f E m p l o y m e n t C h a n g e o v e r i n
Affected
U n it s
of
D is t r ic t
O f f ic e s , A t l a n t a
R e g i o n , J u l y 1960 t o J u l y 1962

E m ploym ent and type of action

P erm anent
employees
N um ­
ber

T otal em ployed a t some tim e, Ju ly 1960-July 1962- 1 1,254

Per­
cent
100.0

E m ploym ent, Ju ly 1960___ _______________ _ __
New hires, Ju ly 1960-July 1962_________ . . . __________

1,045
2 209

83.3
16.7

E m ploym ent separations__________ _______________ . . .
Transfers . . . _____ ______________
W ithin IR S d istric t________ ___________ . .
T o A tlan ta Service C enter___________ . . . _____
Elsew here in IR S ____ __________ _ . _______
To other F ederal agencies______ ____________
A ttritio n ___________ I ____ ___ _______ . . . ____
Q uits___________________ ______ . . . .
R etirem en t______________________ . . . .
D eaths _____________ _______ .
E m ploym ent, Ju ly 1962___ _______________ ___________

443
315
202
81
11
21
128
74
51
3
811

35.3
25.1
16.1
6.5
.9
1.7
10.2
5.9
4.1
.2
64.7

1 In addition, there were 144 tem porary employees in Ju ly 1960 and 146
in Ju ly 1962.
2 Includes perm anent employees hired to m ain tain essential operations
before authority was granted to use tem porary employees. M ost appoint­
m ents were to clerk-stenographer an d other jobs for which affected employees
could no t qualify. Some m en were hired for file clerk jobs requiring heavy
lifting.
N ote: Because of rounding, the sum of individual percentages may not
equal total.


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States. The others moved to Atlanta, generally
from 200 to 400 miles away. There were no lay­
offs or downgradings. By July 1965, employment
projections indicate a further decline of 230 jobs.
Although more jobs will be created in the Atlanta
computer center by 1965 than will be eliminated
in the affected district units, most will require
different or additional skills and will be located
outside the commuting area of most employees.
This larger work force in Atlanta will perform a
considerably larger workload than was previously
done manually. For example, all tax-supporting
documents, such as W-2 Forms, may be tran­
scribed to magnetic tape in Atlanta and matched
against information in the master file at Martinsburg. Previously, only a small sample of these
documents could be checked. Preparation of such
material for ADP requires personnel to check and
code documents carefully and precisely and to pre­
pare punchcards. Centralization of keypunch
and other data-processing functions in the Atlanta
Service Center was considered essential to assure
high quality and uniform output.
C haracteristics. The implications of ADP for af­
fected employees in the Atlanta region may be
better understood by consideration of their per­
sonal characteriatics. Data on age, sex, educa­
tion, seniority, and occupation were compiled from
IRS personnel records for 1,074 employees who
worked in affected units during the early stages of
the conversion.
More than half of the 1,074 were 45 years old
and over, and 83 percent were women (table 2).
The largest proportion (23 percent) of the affected
employees were in examining and statistical work;
administrative and supervisory occupations in­
cluded 19 percent of the employees. All occupa­
tions, except administrative jobs, were staffed
predominately by women. Men held more than
nine-tenths of the administrative jobs and about
a third of the supervisory positions.
The educational level of the group was relatively
high and undoubtedly was a favorable factor in
retraining and reassignment. Only 8 percent had
not finished high school but among employees 45
and over, this proportion was significantly higher.
More than a quarter of the entire group had some
college education.
Employment in the Federal Government consti­
tuted the major job experience of employees in the

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

390
affected group. The average (median) years of
service of employees in the group was about 15.
About 20 percent had 20 years or more of Federal
Government service. Under the requirements of
the civil service retirement system, 100 employees
(9.3 percent of the total) were eligible for annuities.
An additional 118 employees were eligible for “dis­
continued service” retirement if their jobs were
abolished.2 As employees became eligible for re­
tirement, they were counseled by management;
however, no one was forced to retire.
Occupational Changes and ADP Employment

According to IRS projections on occupational
requirements, automatic data processing will result
in significant changes in occupational structure by
1965. (See chart.) For affected district units
and the Atlanta service center, routine clerical
work and lower grade supervisory levels will show
a significant decline. A substantial increase in
card punch and related jobs will be needed, how­
ever, to prepare data for ADP. In district offices,
public information and assistance and correspond­
ence work will be expanded because of enlarged
enforcement activities.
About 4 out of 5 em­
ployees initially selected were IRS employees—
most with semiprofessional or supervisory experi­
ence (table 3). Key ADP jobs were filled through
a systematic selection procedure which included
written tests, interviews, and supervisory evaluaR ecru itin g a n d S electin g.

T a ble 2. A ge a n d S e x of A ffected E m plo y ees ,
O c cupational G r o u p ,1 A tla nta R egion

by

Age W om­
en
All employees 45 and
over 2

T a b l e 3.

of ADP
t io n a l G r o u p ,

S ource

O ccupational group

T otal em ploym ent:
Percent.......... .....................
N um ber_________________
A dm inistrators and m anagers..
M anagem ent analysts------------Systems analysts-------------------Program m ers____ . . . ------Schedulers and controllers------Console operators______ ___
P eripheral equipm ent opera­
to rs------- ------------------------T ape librarians______________

E m plo y ees ,
A pr il 1962

by

O ccupa ­

W ithin IR S A n o th e r O utside
Federal Federal
Govern­ Govern­
All
m ent
m ent
sources Affected Else­
field
where agency
units 1

100.0
261

8.4
22

74.7
195

11.9
31

5.0
13

47
30
69
75
9
18

4
3
4
4
i
2

30
25
53
69
4
8

9
1
9
1
2
7

4
1
3
1
2
1

3
10

0
4

1
5

1
1

1
0

i All IR S regions.

tions. At first, only a few employees from district
offices whose jobs were scheduled for elimination
applied or were selected for ADP jobs, apparently
because they lacked the necessary motivation to
relocate and retrain.
New ADP jobs for managing, planning, and pro­
gramming were created. By July 1962, 261 per­
sons in the IRS were engaged in eight ADP occu­
pations (excluding keypunch operators). Over
three-fourths were located in Washington, D.C.,
where programming was centralized. Only 32
were located in the Atlanta Regional Service
Center and they comprised only a small percent
of total employment at the center. The rest op­
erated the National Computer Center in Martinsburg, W. Va. Two-thirds of the 261 ADP em­
ployees were programmers and management or
systems analysts, about one-fifth were managers
and administrators, and the remaining employees
were console and equipment operators, schedulers,
and tape librarians.

All groups............ .............. - ......................- 1,074

100.0

54.8

83.1

43
156
50
91
166
244
67
103
154

4.0
14.5
4.7
8.5
15.5
22.7
6.2
9.6
14.3

62.8
51.3
64.0
70.3
56.6
62.8
31.3
31.1
55.2

7.0
67.3
80.0
96.7
95.2
89.3
100.0
88.3
79.9

C h aracteristics o f A D P E m p lo yees. The charac­
teristics of those selected for ADP jobs contrasted
sharply with characteristics of employees in af­
fected units described earlier. Nearly all appli­
cants for ADP jobs, for example, were relatively
young men. Four out of every five ADP em­
ployees selected were under age 45 (table 4). Men
over 45, however, filled about a third of all ad­
ministrative and managerial positions and nearly
half of the management analyst jobs. Almost all

1 Positions were classified in occupational groups on the basis of principal
duties.
2 Age d a ta as of Jan u ary 1962.
N ote : Because of rounding, the sum of individual percentages m ay n o t
equal total.

2 “ D iscontinued service” retirem ent is norm ally available to eligible F ed­
eral employees whose positions are abolished. T o be eligible, an employee 50
or over m u st have a t least 20 years of service or an employee u n d e r 50 m ust
have a t le a st 25 years of service.

Occupational group
N um ­
ber

A dm inistrative............ ........................................ Supervisory-------- --------------------- -----------Public information and assistance--------------Correspondence---------------------------------------Posting, checking, and m aintaining reco rd s..
Exam ining and statistical............. ......................
Stenographic and secretarial----------------------K eyboard and other m achine operations-----Sorting, routing, classifying, and filin g ......... .


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P er­
P er­
Per­
of cent of
cent cent
total to ta l

IMPACT OF OFFICE AUTOMATION IN THE 1RS

391

ADP employees had completed high school and a
majority were college graduates. About 67 per­
cent had less than 10 years of IRS service.
Training and Retraining

An important feature of the IRS manpower
program was the effort to retrain those employees
in jobs to be eliminated in the pilot region and to
train those selected for ADP jobs. The long
experience of the IRS in training employees to
administer new tax laws proved valuable in this
changeover. First, all district office employees,
directly or indirectly affected, were given the
opportunity to attend IRS classes in accounting
and income tax law to qualify for other jobs. Be­

tween July 1960 and July 1962, 241 employees
working in the affected units completed one class­
room course or more. Several completed six
courses. An additional 138 employees completed
at least one correspondence course. Most training
was given after working hours. Some employees,
especially women with family responsibilities,
felt some reluctance to participate in training
scheduled after hours. Instructors were local
IRS experts, typically revenue agents. Second,
full-time specialized training during working hours
was given those employees transferred from affect­
ed to other permanent jobs. Classes were con­
ducted in a central regional location and employees
attending from other localities received travel,
salary, and per diem pay. Third, the IRS gave

Projected Changes in Occupationai Groups in Affected Units and Service Center, A tla n ta Region,

1960-65
P e rce n t C han ge
— 100

— 50

1

0

50

1

,

_____

I

100

150

200

250

I

l

I

I

300

(499 Jobs) 2

ALL GROUPS 1

A d m in is tra tiv e

j( 4 >

S u p e rv is o ry , O v e r G S -5

(24 Jobs) 2

I P p lllf illj

S u p e rv is o ry , GS-5 a n d

Low er G ra d e s

P ublic In fo rm a tio n an d
A ssista n ce

C o rre s p o n d e n c e

<7 4 > —

(56)

i

P osting,C h ecking, a n d M a in ta in in g Records

E xa m in in g a n d S ta tis tic a l

S e c re ta ria l

O p e ra tio n s

S o rtin g , R outing, C la s s ify in g ,
an d Filing


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3

o
-o

CM

M a ch in e

& ¥ X |0 6 )

(11)
^ In c lu d e s 4 8 ne w ADP jo b s a t s e rv ic e ce n te r.
^ In c re a s e o r d e c re a s e in n u m b e r o f jo b s .

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

392
T able

4.

A g e a n d S e x o f ADP E m p l o y e e s , b y O c c u ­
p a t i o n a l G r o u p , A p r i l 1962
All employees

U nder
age 45 1

M en

O ccupational group
N u m b e r Percent Percent Percent
of total of total
All groups---------------------------A dm inistrators and managers______
M anagem ent analysts_____________
System s analysts________ _____ ____
Program m ers____________ _______
Schedulers and controllers.............. .
Console operators_________________
Peripheral equipm ent operators_____
T ape librarians_______ _____ ______

261

100.0

80.1

95.0

47
30
69
75
9
18
3
10

18.0
11.5
26.4
28.7
3.4
6.9
1.1
3.8

66.0
53.3
72.5
98.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
80.0

97.9
90.0
95.7
98.7
88.9
100.0
100.0
60.0

1 Age d ata as of Jan u a ry 1962.

N ote: Because of rounding, the sum of individual percentages m ay not
equal total.

employees selected for certain new ADP jobs
several weeks of full-time classroom training,
generally at centralized locations, and paid the
entire cost (including travel, salary, and per
diem). Lengthy on-the-job training followed.
Equipment operators received about a week of
formal training by the equipment manufacturer.
Some Manpower Problems

Although the first half of the changeover was
considered successful by the IRS, a number of
difficult problems of employee placement and
retraining and communications arose. This sec­
tion is based on personal interviews conducted
during the summer of 1962 by Bureau of Labor
Statistics representatives at the Atlanta Regional
Office, the Atlanta Regional Service Center, and
four district offices. Interviews were held with
several officials at each managerial level, about 50
affected employees and supervisors, and union
representatives. Data presented in the following
paragraphs illustrate the conversion problems
which were encountered by a few of the employees
and supervisors.
Obstacles to M o b ility . Since more new jobs are
projected for the Atlanta Regional Service Center
than will be eliminated in the district offices, IRS
officials feel that voluntary transfers could sub­
stantially ease job displacements in the long run.
But some employees, for economic and personal
reasons, refused to transfer. For example, a 49year-old woman employed as a supervisory tax
examiner (GS-10), with a high school education,
did not wish to transfer to Atlanta, even though


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her job may be abolished and no vacancy at her
grade level is expected in the district. Her major
reasons were fear of loss on the sale of her home
because of a depressed housing market and
responsibility for the care of her aged mother.
She was considering retiring, however, since she
could, with 28 years of Government service, retire
on a discontinued service basis. Other employees
felt the advantages of promotion upon transfer,
better opportunity for advancement in expanding
activities, and more interesting and challenging
work seemed to outweigh the inconveniences of
transferring to the service center.
One employee who transferred to the service
center was a 49-year-old woman with a college
education, whose job as a supervisory tax exam­
iner was to be eliminated. She received a pro­
motion from GS-8 to GS-9 upon her transfer.
Since she was eligible for discontinued service
retirement (27% years of service) and had also
been offered reassignment to a job within her
district, her decision to go to Atlanta, away from
family and friends, was a difficult one. Since she
was single and not a homeowner, financial prob­
lems of relocating were lessened. She reported
personal adjustment problems during the first 5
or 6 weeks in Atlanta and higher living costs.
However, after 6 months at the service center,
she reported greater job satisfaction and felt that
her promotion opportunities had also improved.
She received about 6 weeks of classroom instruc­
tion at the center, including supervisory training.
Providing a flow of ade­
quate information concerning progress of the con­
version, especially between national, regional, and
district offices, represented a constant problem of
administration. Lack of understanding encour­
aged rumors and bred uncertainty and indecision
among some employees and supervisors.
Misunderstanding regarding the severity of the
employment cutback and how it might affect her
job resulted in the late transfer of a 47-year-old
woman to a GS-7 tax examiner position at the
service center. She had 22 years of 1RS service
and was a college graduate; she was single and
rented an apartment. When service center offi­
cials visited her district office to recruit employees,
she was uninterested. She began to consider
transfer to the center soon thereafter, however,
when management began to stress the potential

In fo rm in g E m p lo yees.

IMPACT OF OFFICE AUTOMATION IN THE 1RS

displacement impact of the conversion and re­
vealed that her job as supervisory cashier would
probably be abolished. By that time, the super­
visory jobs of interest to her were filled, and she
bad to accept a nonsupervisory job at the same
grade. Although most moving expenses were
paid by the IRS, some expenses were not recom­
pensable. Por example, she felt it necessary to
make a preemployment trip to Atlanta, at her
own expense, to find a suitable apartment, and
her household goods transported to Atlanta
weighed over the 2,500-pound limit which the
Government will pay for an unmarried employee.
Some supervisors, employ­
ees nearing retirement, and those with limited
skills experienced more acute difficulties in place­
ment, as illustrated by the following cases:
The job of a 42-year-old woman, a business
school graduate, employed as a supervisory teller
(GS-8) was to be abolished. She was ineligible
for discontinued service retirement, and her ex­
perience was limited to cashier and cash account­
ing work. Such experience is not needed at the
service center. Because her husband, the family's
primary wage earner, was employed locally and
because they owned their own home, she did not
wish to transfer to Atlanta and retrain for other
work. However, she planned to take some cor­
respondence courses at home, because manage­
ment had informed her that employees who took
training courses would receive preference for
future job openings in her district. During the
interview, she expressed anxiety about her job
security and her need to participate in retraining
courses.
Particularly difficult was the placement of em­
ployees approaching retirement age who did not
wish to transfer for a short period. For example,
a 67-year-old woman, a tax examiner (GS-4) with
2 years of college training and over 19 years of
Government service, was not interested in trans­
ferring to Atlanta since her retirement would be
mandatory in 1964. She owned her home and
cared for an aged husband. She took a corre­
P la cem en t P roblem s.

€ 7 9 5 8 2 — 63 -------3


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

393
spondence course in accounting and wished
reassignment to public information and assistance
work. She reported that she had not been par­
ticularly alarmed upon notification that her job
would be abolished. The district plans to reserve
positions for such employees.
Outlook for Manpower Changes

Manpower changes during the 1962-65 phase
of the Atlanta region conversion may become
increasingly difficult to administer because the
most adaptable employees may already have been
placed, leaving a group which may need more
intensive counseling, guidance, and retraining.
Factors which could help in avoiding layoffs in­
clude availability of funds for a sufficient number
of jobs in other IRS activities, continued attrition,
and greater willingness of employees to relocate
where jobs are available. A change that may
complicate conversion of other regions could be
further centralization of data processing. Origi­
nally, for example, the IRS planned to have nine
regional service centers to service 62 district
offices; a recent proposal would reduce regional
service centers from nine to seven and would
eliminate four district offices.
As ADR technology is further developed and ex­
tended (for example, optical scanning, electronic
transmission, and other automation systems which
are now being investigated), new manpower prob­
lems will undoubtedly arise. The conversion to
ADP in the IRS could unfavorably affect condi­
tions in community labor markets where the work
to be eliminated provided jobs in the past. The
experience in the pilot region will be useful in modi­
fying the original guidelines for application in the
other IRS regions. As this study suggests, a bet­
ter understanding of factors affecting employee
mobility could be especially helpful to any large
organization in planning orderly adjustment to
technological change.
— R ich a r d

W.

R ic h e

and

J a m e s R . A l list o n

D ivision of Technological Studies

394

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

Labor and Material Requirements:
Highway Construction, 1958 and 1961*
per $1,000 of federally
aided highway construction were 9 percent lower
in 1961 than in 1958. In terms of 1958 dollars,
preliminary data for 1961, which are based on in­
formation obtained from the Bureau of Public
Roads (BPR) and supplemented by data available
in the Bureau of Labor Statistics, indicate that
on-site construction would have required 85 man­
hours and off-site 116 man-hours, or a total of
201 man-hours per $1,000 of highway construc­
tion. It is estimated that 221 man-hours were
required for each $1,000 of federally aided high­
way construction in 1958 which were distributed
between on-site and off-site man-hours in about
the same proportions as in 1961.1 (See table 1.)
The expenditure data available on federally
aided highway contracts for 1958 and 1961 per­
mits only a general analysis of man-hour require­
ments associated with highway construction.
These data and those for longer term trends are
subject to the effects of changing characteristics
of highway construction. The labor requirements
data included in this report must therefore
be considered approximate. (See Scope and
Method.)
Construction contract expenditures for federally
aided highways were distributed in 1958 and 1961
as follows:

L abor requirem ents

increase in hourly earnings is partially responsible
for about a 3-percent increase in total on-site
wages as a percentage of contract.
Labor Requirements for All Highway Construction

Expenditures for all highway construction
reached $5.8 billion in 1961,3 representing about
10 percent of all money spent for private and
public new construction.
Although federally aided highways may not be
typical of all highway construction programs, the
labor requirements may not be greatly different.
Based on an assumption that they are similar, all
highway construction in 1961 probably required
about 290,000 full-time jobs at construction sites
and an additional 360,000 jobs in producing, sell­
ing, and transporting the construction materials,
supplies, and equipment.
On-Site Man-Hours

0
6
7
7
0

On-site labor for 1961 is estimated to have been
91 man-hours per $1,000 of expenditures. In
1958, the comparable figure was 94 man-hours.
Adjusted to 1958 prices, the 1961 construction
required 85 man-hours of on-site employment per
$1,000 of expenditures.
On-site man-hours are estimated to have
declined approximately 49 percent, or at a rate of
6.0 percent per year from 1947 to 1958. From
1958 to 1961, the decline is estimated to be
approximately 10 percent, or 3.4 percent per
year.4 (See accompanying chart.) Changes in
the estimated rate of decline in labor requirements
may, however, be affected by the changing
characteristics of highway construction.
The increasing use of more efficient construction
equipment, as well as changes in the characteristics

In 1961, as in 1958, almost a fourth of the ex­
penditures for highway construction went for
on-site wages, and nearly two-thirds went for ma­
terials and equipment. The proportion repre­
senting contractors’ overhead and profit decreased
between the two periods, apparently because of
price competition.
In the same period, the average hourly earnings
(including overtime) of the construction workers
increased 11 percent, from $2.42 to $2.69.2 This

*This report updates the report on labor and m aterial requirem ents for
highw ay construction in 1958 and covers changes in requirem ents from th a t
date to 1961. See Monthly Labor Review, A ugust 1961, pp. 858-861.
1 Estim ates of labor requirem ents for highw ay construction exclude the
em ploym ent used in the planning and designing of highways prior to the
letting of the construction contract, the work of G overnm ent supervision and
inspection of construction. Also excluded are estim ates of em ploym ent
generated b y the spending of wages and profits.
2 Average hourly earnings for 1958 from M . B. Christensen and D avid A.
Gorm an, “ H ighw ay Construction: An E m ploym ent G enerator,” Public
Roads, A pril 1961, pp. 162-166. D ata for 1961 from unpublished B P R data.
8 Expenditure data based on national income accounts as published in the
Survey of Current Business, Ju ly 1962. T he to ta l does not include the p u r­
chase of right-of-way and prelim inary and construction engineering costs,
which are borne m ainly b y State highw ay departm ents.
* R ate of decline determ ined on the basis of th e least squares tren d of the
logarithm ic values.

Percent
1958

Total expenditures_______
Materials _ __ __ -------- --- On-site wages________________
Equipm ent1- ____ __
—
Other2___ ______ __ — — _

100.0
50.6
23.9
12.0
13.5

1961

100.
52.
24.
11.
11.

1 B LS estimates.
2 Includes profit, overhead, some salaries, and miscellaneous expenses.


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395

LABOR REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION
T able

1.

L a b o r R e q u i r e m e n t s p e r $1,000 o f C o n ­
C o n t r a c t f o r F e d e r a l l y A id e d H ig h ­

s t r u c t io n
w ays

M an-hours

Percent

In d u stry group

T otal m an-hours________
On-site construction.......................
Oil-site:
C onstruction..................... .......
M anufactu rin g ........................
T rade and tran sp o rtatio n___
M in in g .................... ............. .
O ther industries____ _____ _

1961

1961
adjusted to
1958 prices i

1958 2

1961

216

201

221

100

100

91

85

94

42

43

5
65
38
9
8

5
61
35
8
7

5
65
39
11
7

2
30
18
4
4

2
29
18
5
3

1958

1 Price a djustm en t based on B ureau of Public Roads unpublished analysis
or bid prices related to year of expenditure. B ureau of P ublic R oads esti­
m ates 1961 prices for federally aided highw ay construction to be 93.39 percent
of 1958 prices.
2 T he 1958 d ata have been revised on th e basis of more recent inform ation
and the use of a revised in terin d u stry stu d y to determ ine secondary m an­
hours. (See text, footnote 4.) All 1958 d ata concerning secondary m an-hours
are based on this revision.

of materials used in highway construction, have
been significantly effective in reducing on-site
man-hours. Improved design and composition of
the highways, as well as new materials and new
methods of processing or placement of the high­
ways, have also been factors in the change in
on-site labor requirements.
Accompanying the overall decline, there has
been a corresponding decline in on-site labor
requirements in each of the occupational cate­
gories employed. (See table 2.) The greatest
decline was in the intermediate skill level compris­
ing one-fifth of the on-site man-hours. Although
the man-hour requirements of the skilled category
declined, the relative importance of skilled man­
hours increased so that they accounted for about
40 percent of on-site labor requirements in 1961.

changes in material requirements. Such effects
are reflected in the man-hours estimated to pro­
duce these elements needed for construction.
In 1961, 125 man-hours of off-site employment
were required for each $1,000 of expenditures.6
In 1958, the comparable figure was 127 man-hours.
Adjusted to 1958 prices, the 1961 construction
required a total of 116 man-hours of off-site
employment per $1,000 of construction cost.
The decline in off-site man-hours has resulted
not only from changing material requirements
and construction methods within the highway con­
struction industry itself but also from increases in
productivity of off-site industries. In both 1958
and 1961, each man-hour of labor at the site
required about 1.4 man-hours off the site.
All major parts of the economy are involved
directly or indirectly to some degree in the con­
struction of highways, so such construction
activity generates employment throughout the
economy.
The manufacturing sector contributed the
greatest amount of labor in support of highway
construction in 1961. Of the 125 man-hours
required off-site for each $1,000 of highway con­
struction, 65 were in manufacturing. (See table
3.) Over one-half of these hours were devoted to
the last stage of manufacturing before shipm ent
to the construction site. Manufacturers of struc­
tural metal products, construction machinery,
cement and its products, and bituminous paving
materials were the principal industries, contributT a b l e 2. O n - sit e L abor R e q u ir e m e n t s p e r $1,000 o f
C onstructio n C ontract for F ed e r a l l y A id e d H igh ­
w a y s , by O c cupational C ategory , 1958 a n d 1 9 6 1 1

Off-Site Man-Hours

M an-hours

Percent

Occupational category

Off-site man-hour requirements are estimated
from costs of equipment and materials used in the
construction of highways. The quantities of
materials, equipment, and supplies used are
affected by the type of construction and by
* Off-site m an-hour requirem ents for th e purpose of th e B LS studies are
classed into tw o categories: (1) P rim ary m an-hour requirem ents which
include the construction contractor’s office em ploym ent, th e labor required
in the m anufacturing industries w hich fabricate th e construction m aterials
used on the site, and th e labor required in th e trade, distribution, and service
industries to tran sp o rt th e m aterials to th e site. (2) Secondary m an-hour
requirem ents include all other em ploym ent necessary to produce and tran s­
p ort th e raw m aterials and semifinished products to th e factories and other
industries which do the final processing or handling of m aterials.


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1961
1961 adjusted to
195S prices

1958

1961

1958

All categories______________ 91.0

85.0

94.0

100.0

100.0

Executive, adm inistrative, and
sup erv iso ry 2__________________ 9.3
Skilled 3 . . ............. .. ........................................................ 35.6
In te rm ed ia te 1__________________ 18.9
U nskilled s_____________________ 27.2

8.7
33.2
17.7
25.4

9.8
35.9
20.5
27.8

10.2
39.1
20.8
29.9

10.4
38.2
21.8
29.6

1 Based on unpublished B ureau of P ublic R oads statistics of hours w orked
in highw ay construction.
2 Includes technical and clerical personnel.
2 Includes operators of complex, heavy power equipm ent and skilled crafts­
m en of journeym an grade.
4 Includes operators of h eavy power equipm ent and labor below journey­
m an grade which requires training a nd experience. T his level excludes
operators of the following: complex heavy equipm ent, trucks of 1.5 tons or
less, tractors of less th a n 20 horsepower, and of passenger cars.
* Includes operators of trucks of 1.5 tons or less, tractors of less th a n 20
horsepower, and of passenger cars; helpers to journeym en; and labor lacking
special skills.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

396

ing 40 percent of the total employment required
in the last stage of manufacturing.
In addition to aggregates produced at or near
the site,6 the mining industries furnished crushed
rock, sand, and gravel. Man-hours required in
the mining industries in support of highway con­
struction declined slightly between 1958 and 1961.
Employment in the off-site mining industries can
be affected by a shift in on-site aggregate produc­
tion, but to what extent is not known.
There was very little change in the total number
of man-hours needed in 1961 from those required
in 1958 in the trade and transportation industries,
which are involved directly in distributing mate­
rials to the site, and indirectly in selling and

On-Site Labor Requirements Per $1,000 of Construc­
tion Contract for Federaiiy A id e d Highways
(Adjusted to 1958 Prices)

transporting raw m aterials betw een other affected

industries.
Equipment and Materials
The off-site man-hour requirements are com­
puted from data on materials and equipment
utilized by contractors at the construction site.
The availability of such information also permits
some analysis of material requirements for high­
way construction.
Construction equipment and material costs as
a percentage of construction cost (in current
dollars) have increased about 3 percent since 1958.
Expenditures for construction equipment (the
graders, tractors, cranes, trucks, bulldozers,
pavers, etc.) represented almost one-eighth of the
contract dollar in both years (table 4).
Fabricated steel, one of the major material
costs in roadbuilding, as well as a significant conT a ble 3.

P rim ary and S econdary L a bo r R e q u ir e ­
m en ts P e r $1,000 of C o n structio n C ontract for
F ed era lly A id e d H ig h w a y s , by M ajor I n d u st r y
G r o u p , 1958 and 1961
1961 adjusted to
1958 prices 1

1961
In d u stry group

To- Fri- Sec- To- Pri- Sec- To- Pri- Sectal m ary ond- tal m ary ond- tal m ary ondary
ary
ary

All industries____ 216

163

91
125
5
65

91
72
5
36

38
9
8

27
4

On-site co n stru ctio n ..
Oil-site_____________
C onstruction___
M anufacturing__
T rad e and transp ortati on
M ining_________
O ther

53

201

153

53
29

85
116
5
61

85
68
5
34

11
5
8

35
8
7

25
4

J Refer to table 1 for ad ju stm en t factor.


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1958

48

221

169

52

48

94
75
5
36

52

27

94
127
5
65

10
4
7

39
11
7

29
5

10
6
7

29

tributor to labor requirements, accounted for
$147 out of every $1,000 of the construction
costs, or about 15 percent of the total contract
cost. Steel is used primarily in highway struc­
tures in the form of structural shapes and plates,
and in reinforcing bars and prestressing wire
fabric to improve the physical strength of con­
crete. To a lesser extent, fabricated steel is used
for culverts, fences, guard railings, and guide
and light standards.
Petroleum products for the construction equip­
ment and for highway surfacing also constitute
an important material cost for highway construc­
tion, although not contributing as significantly
to off-site labor requirements. Bituminous paving
materials, fuels, lubricating oils, and grease ac­
counted for $85 out of every $1,000 of construc­
tion cost.
Purchased aggregate accounted for $68 out of
every $1,000 spent for roadbuilding in 1961.
It is estimated by BPit that the contractors
produce at or near the site about 54 percent
of their aggregate and purchase the remainder.
Aggregate is also used in many of the other pur­
chased materials, including ready-mixed concrete,
premixed bituminous paving materials, and con8 T he m an-hours required to produce aggregate a t or near the site are
included in on-site man-hours.

LABOR REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION

Crete pipe. The BPR estimates th a t all aggre­
gates accounted for over 15 percent of the total
contract cost.
C losely related to the use of aggregates is the
consumption of cement and concrete products,
which represent over 10 percent of the contract
construction cost. According to BPR, approxi­
mately 75 percent of the cement is used for high­
way pavements, and 25 percent for structures.
Greater use is also being made of prestressed con­
crete in highway structures.
The category of “other” materials includes
paints, paper products, plastic products, chemical
products, etc. A tremendous increase has taken
place within recent years in the use of aluminum
for highway signs and standards, fences, bridge
rails, lighting fixtures, and other highway con-,
struction items. Aluminum has therefore become
one of the important items in the “other” category.

Scope and Method

This report is primarily concerned with esti­
mates of labor requirements associated with the
construction of federally aided primary highways.
Data for such an analysis originate with the Bu­
reau of Public Roads. These data are not
collected for the use to which they have been uti­
lized in this report and must therefore be analyzed
in accordance with their characteristics.
BPR information for on-site man-hours, wages,
and material costs for highway construction is
based on reports by prime contractors upon com­
pletion of projects. As some construction work
in 1961 will not be reported until completed proj­
ects are reported in 1962 and 1963, data currently
available must be considered preliminary.
Data available from the BPR are in terms of
expenditures, which are affected by price changes
and changing characteristics of highway construc­
tion. Although BPR computes an index of bid
prices which can be used to deflate expenditures
for highway construction, no adequate adjustment
can be made to reflect changing characteristics of
highway construction. The deflated expenditure
series therefore continues to be influenced by the
varying types of highway construction.
The impact of year-to-year changes in highway
construction may be noted. For example, fourlane divided interstate highways are estimated to
cost six times as much as the medium, or two-lane,

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397

type of noninterstate primary highways. In re­
cent years, interstate highway construction has
been of increasing importance. Geometric and
structural design standards have also been up­
graded for noninterstate highway construction to
provide for higher volume and heavier traffic loads.
It is not known if the varying types of highway
construction include the same amounts of on-site
or off-site manpower per $1,000 of expenditures.
The interrelated effects of prices and the chang­
ing characteristics of highway construction may
be observed from the comparison of changes in
cost per mile with changes in price. Although the
BPR price index on an expenditure basis declined
7 percent between 1958 and 1961, the average
cost per interstate mile of highway increased 23
percent and federally aided noninterstate highway
construction showed an increase in cost per mile
of 32 percent. These average costs per mile
involve highways of various lane widths, varying
structural designs, and with urban and rural
characteristics. A shift to more multilane facili­
ties, heavier structural sections, and greater con­
centration of effort to relieve traffic congestion in
urban areas largely account for these average costper-mile increases.
An indication of variations in cost per mile for
type, location, design of construction, and number
of lanes may be gained from an examination of
table 5 which shows a comparison of two selected
types of construction and three types of terrain.
T a b l e 4. R e l a tio n of C o n structio n M a t e r ia l s and
E q u ipm e n t to T otal C o n structio n C ontract C osts
for F ed era lly A id e d H ig h w a y s , 1958 a n d 1961

M aterials or equipm ent

C ost as a percentage
of total contract
1958

T o ta l................... ...........

_ . _____________

Steel___________________________
Structural steel____________ ___ __ _ _
Reinforcing steel_____________________ . _ _
M iscellaneous stee l.___________ . . . . . . . . . .
C ulvert pipe_____ _________________________
Construction equipm ent___________________ . .
Petroleum products_________________
Prem ixed bitum inous paving m a te ria ls... _. .
Fuels, lubricating oils______________
_.
B itum ens___________________ _____ ________
C em ent and concrete__________________________
C em ent___________________________________
Ready-m ixed concrete________________ _____
C ulvert pipe______________________________
Aggregate, purchased______________ __________
Lum ber, tim ber piling____ ___________ _____ _ .
Explosives_____ 1______ ____ ___________________
O ther____________ . . . ____________ __________

1961

62.6

64.3

12 2
5.6
3.9
1.8
.9
12.0
10. 7
4.5
3.5
2.7
10.5
4.9
4.1
1.5
7.1
1.1
.5
8.5

14.7
6.8
4.7
2.4

.8

11.7
8.5
3.3
3.3
1.9
10.6
4.6
4.8
1.2
6.8
1.0
.6

10.4

Source: Material relationship to construction cost is based on BPR data
The equipment relationship is based on BLS estimates.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

398
T a ble 5. E stim ated A v erage C osts P e r M ile for
R u r a l H ig h w a y C onstructio n on N ew L ocation 1
T ype of terrain
T y p e of construction
F lat

Rolling

M oun­
tainous

N oninterstate, prim ary 24-foot, m edium type:
G rading an d drainage........................... ........... $12,200
Base a n d surfacing.................... ........................ 31.600
16,200
Structures_____________________________

$30,000
31.800
32,200

$80,100
32,000
64,900

$60,000

$94,000

$177,000

In terstate, four 12-foot lanes, divided:
G rading and drainage....................................... 81,000
Base and surfacing______________________ 187,000
Structures______________________ _______ 96,000

203.000
190.000
196.000

497.000
194.000
434.000

T o t a l _______________________________

T o t a l _______________________________ $364,000 $589,000 $1,125,000
1 Right-of-way and engineering costs no t inclm ed.
Source: B ureau of Public Roads. Table based in assum ed quantities for
average conditions and on com puted average bid prices. T he actual cost of
particular projects vary considerably due to local conditions which affect
design selected, availability of m aterials, accessibility of project, etc.

Information, however, is lacking on the relative
amounts of labor required for the different types
of construction or terrain. An analysis of the
proportion of labor and materials required for
construction in 1958 and 1961 suggests that labor
and material costs are proportional to total costs.
Such an assumption affords the basis for the esti­
mated annual changes in labor requirements.
To adapt to this study the quantity of each
material used on projects as reported by con­
tractors, BLS calculated the value of materials
both at the site of construction (purchasers’
value) and at the site of production (producers’
value). The producers’ value of each construc­
tion component was multiplied by a ratio which
converted value of construction component to
primary man-hours required in its manufacture.7
Labor used in the production of materials,
equipment, and supplies required for on-site con­
struction is supported by secondary man-hours
which were estimated in the studies on the basis
of a 1947 study of the industrial interrelationships
of the American economy. The 57-interindustry
7
T h e m an-hour ratios were established b y using th e o u tp u t and em ploy­
m ent d ata as reported in th e 1958 and 1961 Survey of Manufactures.


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analysis used in the 1961 report on construction
requirements for 1958 was abandoned in favor of
a more recently prepared 200-interindustry sys­
tem of classification. This system was adjusted
to 1960 prices and productivity levels and further
refined to include the six principal sectors of the
economy—agriculture, mining, manufacturing,
transportation, trade, and “all other”. Each of
these sectors has an employment factor for each
of its component groups, some of which are in­
dustries producing goods used in highway con­
struction. By multiplying the employment factor
for the construction component in each of these
groups by the producers’ value of items used in
construction, an estimate was obtained of the sec­
ondary man-hours needed in agriculture, mining,
etc., to manufacture the materials, supplies, and
equipment needed in the construction of highways.
Price and productivity adjustments for 1958 and
1961 were used to determine the appropriate esti­
mates for the survey years.
Primary man-hours in the trade and transpor­
tation industries were estimated from the differ­
ence between producer and purchaser value for
each construction component. The value differ­
ences were summed and allotted to trade and
transportation sectors in accordance with the pro­
portions which prevailed in 1947 as estimated on
the basis of an interindustry analysis for that year.
A second value allocation was made among indus­
tries within the transportation sector (rail, truck,
etc.) on the basis of their relative importance in
the transportation industry in 1958 and 1961,
measured in terms of revenue. Primary man­
hours for each component of transportation and
trade were then estimated from labor factors in­
cluded in the 200-order interindustry analysis.
Secondary man-hours were computed in the same
way as described for manufacturing.
— J oseph

C. W ak efield

Division of Productivity Measurement

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: ARMOUR AND CO.

Wage Chronology:
Armour and Co.1
Supplement No. 7— 1961-63
a n d C o . began negotiations on August 3,
1961, with the United Packinghouse, Food and
Allied Workers (UPWA) and the Amalgamated
Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen (MCBW)
to replace contracts expiring on August 31, 1961.
In addition to improvements in wages and related
benefits, the unions called for a new program to
solve the related problems of automation and job
security. To implement the proposed program,
they asked for a shorter workweek, increased
benefits for early retirement, and allowances for
retraining and relocation expenses.
On September 10, 1961, agreements were signed
with both unions, covering 15,000 workers in 28
plants. The 3-year contracts provided for basic
wage-rate increases of 7 cents an hour in the first
contract year (of which 1 cent was in anticipation
of an advance in the cost-of-living allowance that
presumably would become due in January 1962)
and 6 cents in the second and third years. The
cost-of-living escalator clauses of the previous con­
tracts were continued, and the existing 5-cent
allowance and the 1-cent increase in the January
allowance were incorporated into base rates. Ad­
ditional wage-rate increases—up to a possible
maximum of 13 cents an hour—resulted from an
0.5-cent widening of the differential between job
classes. Other terms included 3 days’ paid funeral
leave and improvements in separation allowances
and hospital, medical, vacation, and sick leave
provisions. Pension benefits were liberalized and
provision was made for optional early retirement
for eligible workers whose employment was termi­
nated by unit or plant closings.
Company contributions to the automation fund
were discontinued, and provision made for money
remaining in the fund. The parties also agreed
to a new provision for a 90-day advance notice of
shutdown with guaranteed earnings during this
period for affected employees and "technological
adjustment pay” for those subsequently laid off.

A rm ou r


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399
The 1959 agreements had provided for a 6.5cent-an-hour deferred increase effective on Sep­
tember 1, 1960. On July 6, 1960, the MCBW
agreed to waive the increase for the 600 employ­
ees of the Memphis, Tenn., plant. Early in
August 1962, the company sent the MCBW a
90-day notice of intention to close the Memphis
plant. Within 2 weeks, negotiations at the local
level resulted in an agreement that substantially
changed many provisions of the master contract
as they applied to the Memphis operations.
This supplemental agreement was approved by the
national offices of the union and the company,
and was then ratified by the local union member­
ship on August 16.
The Memphis agreement reduced hourly rates
of pay, eliminated the cost-of-living escalator
provision, and discontinued or modified a number
of related wage practices. Armour agreed to
withdraw the notice of closing and to continue
operations at the plant until August 31, 1964,
provided the union continued to cooperate and
current levels of productivity were maintained.
If the company closed the plant during the term
of the supplemental agreement, separation pay
of the employees was to be computed on pay rates
in effect prior to the effective date of the August
1962 agreement.
Two Texas meatpacking plants, organized by
the UPWA, were brought under the master
agreement during 1962—Lubbock in June and
San Angelo in October. The parties agreed to
raises in hourly pay effective when the plants
came under the agreement and to four deferred
increases in 1963 and 1964. Modifications of
provisions in the master agreement covering a
guaranteed workweek, Saturday work, clotheschanging time, and the pension plan were made
for employees of these two plants.
The following tables bring the wage changes
of the Armour and Co. chronology through Jan­
uary 7, 1963, and take into account the revisions
in supplementary benefits and other changes pro­
vided in the 1961 agreements and the August
1962 MCBW Memphis agreement.
1
F o r b a sic ch r o n o lo g y a n d s u p p le m e n ts 1 th r o u g h 6, s e e Monthly Labor
Review, J u n e 1949, p p . 650-655; O c to b e r 1950, p p . 474-476; J a n u a r y 1952, p p .
56-57; A u g u s t 1953, p p . 839-842; N o v e m b e r 1955, p p . 1256-1258; A u g u s t 1958,
p p . 882-885; a n d J u ly 1960, p p . 723-727; or W a g e C h r o n o lo g y S eries 4, No. 6.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

400

A—General Wage Changes 1
Effective date

Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters

Provision

Sept. 1, 1960 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Oct. 22,
1959, and
MCBW
supplemental
agreement of July 6,
1960).
Jan. 1, 1961 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Oct. 22, 1959).
July 1, 1961______________
Sept. 4, 1961 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Sept. 10, 1961).

6.5 cents an hour increase

Deferred increase.
Tenn., plant.

2 cents an hour increase.

Semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living allow­
ance.

No change_____________ ____________
7 cents an hour increase; spread be­
tween job rates increased by 0.5 cent
(to 4.5 cents) with possible increases
ranging up to 13 cents for the top job
classification. The unions estimated
that the total increase averaged 10.8
cents an hour, including a 1.3 cent in­
crease in incentive earnings.

Semiannual review of cost-of-living allowance.
Included 1 cent in anticipation of equivalent
cost-of-living adjustment that presumably
would take place in January 1962. Entire
increase as well as previous 5-cent cost-ofliving allowance incorporated into base rates,
and escalator clause continued.2
In addition, reclassification of 35 job categories
increased wage rates about 0.3 cent per hour
when averaged over the entire bargaining unit.3
Deferred wage-rate increases of 6 cents an hour,
effective Sept. 1 of 1962 and 1963.

Jan. 1, 1962

1 cent an hour increase.

July 1, 1962______________

___ do_______________

In addition to 1 cent due under semiannual adjust­
ment of costof-living allowance and included in
7-cent increase effective Sept. 4, 1961.
Semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living allow­
ance.
M e m p h i s , T e n n .: Reduced all rates by 15 cents
an hour, eliminated deferred increase due
Sept. 1, 1963, and cost-of-living escalator pro­
vision; and continued 2-cent-an-hour cost-ofliving allowance in effect.
Deferred increase except at Memphis.

Aug. 20, 1962 (MCBW sup­
plemental
agreement
dated Aug. 16, 1962).
Sept. 1 1962 (MCBW and
UPW A agreements dated
Sept. 10, 1961).
Jan. 7, 1963______________

6 cents an hour increase.

Semiannual adjustment of cost-of-living allow­
ance, not applicable to Memphis employees.

2 cents an hour increase.

1 T h e c o m p a n y an d th e U P W A a greed to w a g e-ra te in cr ea ses for w o rk ers
a t L u b b o c k an d S a n A n g e lo . T e x ., to b e e ffe c tiv e w h e n th e se p la n ts c a m e
u n d e r th e m a ster a g re em en t. T h e h o u r ly in cr ea ses o f 30 c e n ts a t L u b b o c k ,
e ffe c tiv e J u n e 25, 1962, a n d 40 c e n ts a t S a n A n g e lo , e ffe c tiv e O c t. 22, 1962,
b r o u g h t th e c o m m o n lab o r ra te a t b o th p la n ts to $1.80 a n h o u r .
N e g o t ia t e d d eferred in c r e a se s for b o th p la n ts w ere:

Effective date

Increase in
hourly rates

M a r . 1 ,1 9 6 3 .................................................
S e p t. 2 ,1 9 6 3 ...............................................
M a r . 2 .1 9 6 4 ..........................................

$0.11

Aug. 31. 1964.....................................

.04

.06
.11

* T h e n e w a g r e e m e n ts r e v is e d th e b a se o f th e c o st-o f-liv in g esc a la to r c la u s e ,
b u t o th e r w is e c o n tin u e d th e e sca la to r p r o v is io n s , w ith se m ia n n u a l a d ju s t­
m e n t s to b eco m e e ffe c tiv e in J a n u a r y an d J u ly a n d to b e b a se d o n th e B u r e a u
o f L ab or S t a t is t ic s ’ C o n su m e r P r ic e I n d e x for th e m o n th s o f N o v e m b e r a n d
M a y a s follow s:


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Not applicable to Memphis,

Consumer Price Index (19If!- $ = 1 0 0 )

Cost-of-living
alloivance

128.2 or less________________________________________ None.
128.3-128.7........ .......................................................................... 1 cent.
128.8-129.2........... ................. ................................................... 2 cents.
129.3-129.7_____________ ______ _____________ ________ 3 cents.
129.8130.2____ _______________ _______________ 4 cents.
130.3130.7........................................................................ 5 cents.
130.8131.2______ _____ ______ _________________ 6 cents.
131.3131.7.................. ......................................................7 cents
131.8132 2........................................................................ 8 cents.
132.3132.7........................................................................ 9 cents.
132.8-133.2.................................................................................................... 10 c e n ts.
a n d so fo r th , w it h a 1 -cent a d ju s tm e n t for ea c h 0 .5 -p o in t in cr ea se in th e
in d e x .
3 U n io n e s tim a te .

WAGE CHRONOLOGY : ARMOUR AND CO.

B -l.

401

Male Common Labor (Labor Grade 0) Hourly Wage Rates, 1960-63 1
E ffe c tiv e d a te

P la n t lo c a tio n

B ir m in g h a m , A l a . .
C h ic a g o , 111________
D e n v e r , C o lo _______
E a u C la ir e, W is ___
F o r t W o r th , T e x . . .
G r e e n B a y , W is ___
H u r o n , S . D a k _____
K a n s a s C it y , K a n s .
L e x in g to n , K y _____
L o d i, N . J ...............
L u b b o c k , T e x ______
M a s o n C ity , I o w a —
M e m p h is , T e n n ____
M ilw a u k e e , W is ____
N a m p a , I d a h o ______

E f f e c t iv e d a te

U n io n

P la n t lo c a tio n

S e p t. 1,
1960

S e p t. 4,
1961

S e p t. 1,
1962

S e p t. 1,
1963

$2.23

$2.35

(3)
2 .2 3
2 .2 3
2.2 3
2.2 3
2 .2 3
2.2 3
2.21

(3)
2. 35
2.3 5
2.3 5
2.3 5
2 .3 5
2 .3 5
2 .3 3
2. 35

0
(3)
$2.41
2 .4 1

(2)
(3)
$2.4 7
2.4 7

0
2.41
2.41
2.4 1
2 .3 9
2.41
1 .8 0
2.41

0
2 .4 7
2 .4 7
2.4 7
2 .4 5
2 .4 7
1.97
2.4 7
7 2.135
2 .4 7
2.3 4

UPW A
UPW A
UPW A
UPW A
UPW A
M CBW
M CBW
UPW A
M CBW
UPW A
UPW A
UPW A
M CBW
UPW A
M CBW

2 .2 3
(5)
2.2 3
8 2.145
2 .2 3
2.1 0

(5)
2 .3 5
2.265
2.3 5
2 .2 2

7 2.135
2.4 1
2.2 8

1 R a te s do n o t in c lu d e co st-o f-liv in g a llo w a n c e s. R a te s for S e p t. 4, 1961,
S e p t. 1, 1962, a n d S e p t. 1, 1963, in c lu d e a c c u m u la te d c o st-o f-liv in g a llo w a n ce
in c o r p o r a te d in to b ase r a tes o n S e p t. 4 ,1 9 6 1 . S ee fo o tn o te 2, ta b le A .
2 P la n t clo se d D e c . 23, 1961.
* P l a n t c lo se d J u ly 10, 1959, a lth o u g h so m e o p e r a tio n s co v e red b y th e
m a s te r a g r e e m e n t c o n tin u e d b e y o n d t h a t d a te .
4 P la n t c lo se d J u n e 9,1 9 6 2 , a lth o u g h s o m e o p e r a tio n s c o v e red b y th e m a ster
a g r e e m e n t c o n tin u e d b e y o n d th a t d a te .
8 N o t c o v e red b y m a s te r a g r e e m e n t u n t il J u n e 25, 1962. S ee fo o tn o te 1,
ta b le A .

B-2.

N o r th P l a t t e , N e b r .........

U n io n
S e p t. 4,
1961

S e p t. 1,
1962

S e p t. 1,
1963

UPW A
UPW A
UPW A
M CBW
M CBW
M CBW
M CBW
UPW A
UPW A

$2.23

$2.35

$2.41

$2 .4 7

O k la h o m a C it y , O k l a ..
O m a h a , N e b r _________
P e o ria , 111______________
P itts b u r g h , P a _________
P o r tla n d , O reg_________
R e a d in g , P a ____________
S a n A n g e lo , T e x ______
S io u x O it.v, Towa

(8)
2 .2 3
2 .2 3
2 .2 3
2.2 8
2.2 3

(8)
2 .3 5
2 .3 5
2 .3 5
2 .4 0
2 .3 5

0
2.41
2.41
2 .4 1
2 .4 6
2 .4 1

(8)
2 .4 7
2 .4 7
2 .4 7
2 .5 2

(8)
2 .2 3

(s)
2.3 5

«
2.4 1

2 .4 7
1.9 7
2 .4 7

S o u th S a n F r a n c isc o ,
C a lif_________________
S o u th S t. J o se p h , M o . .
S o u th S t. P a u l, M i n n . .
S p o k a n e , W a s h ________

M CBW
UPW A
UPW A
M CBW

2 .3 7
2.2 3
2.2 3
2 .2 8

2 .4 9
2 .3 5
2 .3 5
2 .4 0

2 .5 5
2.41
2 .4 1
2 .4 6

2.6 1
2 .4 7
2 .4 7
2 .5 2

6 D eferr ed in crea se o f 6.5 c e n ts an h o u r , p r o v id e d b y O ct. 22,1959, a g re em en t,
w a iv e d b y u n io n .
' E ffe c tiv e A u g . 20, 1962, in c lu d e d 1 -cen t-a n -h o u r c o st-o f-liv in g a llo w a n c e
p r o v id e d b y J a n . 1, a n d 1 c e n t b y J u ly 1, 1962, r e v ie w s. (S ee ta b le A .)
T h e A u g u s t 1962 s u p p le m e n ta l a g r e e m e n t a lso p e r m itte d th e c o m p a n y to
e s ta b lis h a 60 -d a y h ir in g ra te o f $1.25 a n h o u r .
8 P la n t clo se d J u ly 8 ,1 9 6 0 .
9 N o t co v e r e d b y m a s te r a g r e e m e n t u n t il O c t. 22, 1962. S ee fo o tn o te 1,
ta b le A .

Basic Hourly Rates 1 by Labor Grade, Selected Plants,2 1960-63
E ffe c tiv e d a te

E ffe c tiv e d a te

L ab or grade b r a c k e t 3

L a b o r gra d e b r a c k e t 3
S e p t. 1 ,1960 S e p t. 4 ,1 9 6 1 S e p t. 1,1962 S e p t. 1, 1963

0.

$2.23
2.2 7
2.31
2.35
2 .3 9
2.4 3
2.4 7
2.51
2.55
2 .5 9
2.6 3
2 .6 7
2.71
2.7 5

1.
2.
3.

4..
5 ..
6. .
7. .

89 ..
10.

11.
12.
13.

$2.3 5
2 .3 9
2 .4 3
2.4 7
2.5 1
2. 55
2. 59
2 .6 3
2 .6 7
2.71
2.7 5
2 .7 9
2 .8 3
2 .8 7

$2.41
2.455
2 .5 0
2.545
2 .5 9
2.635
2 .6 8
2.725
2.7 7
2.815
2 .8 6
2.905
2.9 5
2.995

$2.47
2.515
2 .5 6
2.605
2.6 5
2.695
2 .7 4
2.785
2.83
2.875
2 .9 2
2.965
3.01
3.055

1 E x c lu d e s c o st-o f-liv in g a llo w a n c e s.
2 T h e s e ra te s a p p ly to th e 16 p la n ts in ta b le B - l t h a t h a d a ra te o f $2.41
in S e p te m b e r 1962 for la b o r grade 0. R a te s for h ig h er la b o r grad es in th e
o th e r p la n ts can b e c a lc u la te d b y a d d in g th e d iffer en ce b e tw e e n th e ra tes

6 7 9 5 8 2 — 63------- 4

S e p t. 1,
1960


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

S e p t. 1, 1960 S e p t. 4 ,1961 S e p t. 1 ,1962 S e p t. 1, 1963

14______________________ _
15________________ _____ ____
16__________________________
17__________________________
18__________________________
19__________________________
20__________________________
21______________________
22________________________
23__________________________
24________________________
25__________________________
26_________________________

$2.79
2 .8 3
2 .8 7
2.9 1
2 .9 5
2 .9 9
3 .0 3
3 .0 7
3.1 1
3 .1 5
3 .1 9
3 .2 3
3 .2 7

$2.91
2 .9 5
2 .9 9
3 .0 3
3 .0 7
3.11
3.1 5
3 .1 9
3 .2 3
3 .2 7
3 .3 1
3 .3 5
3 .3 9

$3.04
3.0 8 5
3 .1 3
3.175
3 .2 2
3.265
3.31
3.355
3 .4 0
3.445
3 .4 9
3.535
3 .5 8

$3.10
3.145
3 .1 9
3.235
3.2 8
3.325
3 .3 7
3.415
3.4 6
3.505
3 .5 5
3.595
3 .6 4

for grade 0 a n d th e h ig h e r gra d e to th e r a te s h o w n in ta b le B - l .
3 S e le c te d o p e r a tio n s or o c c u p a tio n s in e a c h la b o r g rade b r a c k e t are
in ta b le B -3 .

shown

402
B-3.
Labor
grad e
b ra c k e t

0.
1.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

Selected Operations or Occupations in Each Labor Grade in Selected Departments,1 1962
M a c h in e a n d c o n s tr u c tio n d e p a r tm e n t

B e e f k ill d e p a r tm e n t

H o g d r e ss d e p a r tm e n t

F e e d c a ttle ; t ie b la d d ers;
w a sh b e e f.
S a w h o rn s; d r o p fla n k s; c u t

P o le h ogs; s in g e h o g s; scra p e
le a f la r d .
S c a le h o t h o g s—g ro u p s; re ­
m o v e ro sin ; d ro p fla n k s.
S c a le h o t h o g s—sin g le ; h a n g
o n rail; tr im ste r iliz e d n e c k s .

W a sh sh e e p ; m o u t h sh e e p ;
c r o ss a n d tie le g s .
S k in ja w s; c u t o ff p e lts ; r e ta in ­
in g r o o m b u tc h e r s .
S ca lp sh e e p ; r ip o p e n p e lt;
sc a le h o t s h e e p .

S h a v e h o g s—a ll o p e r a tio n s;
o v e r sh a v e h o g s; s c r ib e b a c k s
for s p litte r s.
H a n g s tu n n e d h o g s; r e ta in e d
r o o m b u tc h e r s —n o s p littin g ;
fin a l b u tc h e r —r a il.

S tic k e r s;
punch
s p lit b r e a s ts .

S h e e p d ress d e p a r tm e n t

C o m m o n la b o r.

2.

O il a n d g re a se p la n t t r u c k s ............................. ................

3.

H e lp e r s: b la c k s m ith s , b o ile r m a k e r s, ca r p e n te r s,
e le c tr ic ia n s , m a c h in is ts , m illw r ig h ts , p a in te r s ,
sc a le r e p a ir m e n , s te a m fitte r s , tin n e r s , w e ld e r s.
A p p r e n tic e s : b o ile r m a k e r s ,
ca r p e n te r s, e le c ­
tr ic ia n s , m a c h in is ts , m illw r ig h ts , p a in te r s ,
sc a le r e p a ir m e n , s te a m fitte r s, tin n e r s , w eld e r s.
W a te r p r o o f roofs a n d /o r sp r e a d a s p h a lt....................

4.

5.

6

7 _________

8..

9..

S k in a n d c u t o ff h in d leg s; s a w
ru m p s; s a w c h u c k s.
c a r p e n ter s,

C r a ftsm e n , s e c o n d cla ss—p a in te r s . C r a ftsm e n ,
ju n io r —m a c h in is ts w it h 12 m o n t h s ’ e x p e r i­
e n c e as ju n io r cr a ftsm e n .
C e m e n t fin is h e r s _________________________________

C u t fells; g u t a n d /o r p lu c k ------

O p en h o g s; d ro p b u n g s; p u ll
le a f la r d .

S tick er s; s p lit c h u c k s w it h
cle a v e r .
H e a d e r s; tu r n s h a n k s a n d /o r
c le a n o u t; d ro p h id e s .

S p lit r e ta in e d h o g s __________ _

S h a c k le h o g s; fa ce h a m s —..........

C r a ftsm e n , s e c o n d cla ss: b la c k s m it h s , b o ile r ­
m a k e r s, c a r p e n te r s, e le c tr ic ia n s , m illw r ig h ts ,
s c a le r e p a ir m e n , s te a m fitte r s, tin n e r s , a n d
w e ld e r s.
C r a fts m e n , fir st cla ss—p a in t e r s ....................................

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

17.
18.
19.
20 .

M a c h in is ts —m o t iv e p o w e r sp e c ia lis ts.
F lo o r m e n ; s a w b a c k e r s— 13th
th r o u g h 1 st th o r a c ic v e r tib ra e;
s p lit
backs
w it h
cle a v e r .

23-26.
S ee fo o tn o te a t e n d o f ta b le .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

H e a d e r s ................................................

S p lit h o g s—c le a v e r or p o w e r
sa w .

21.
22.

S k in fir st a n d /o r s e c o n d h in d
leg s; fore-q u a rter loggers.
P u ll b rea sts.

S tic k h o g s—p r o n e ; s c a ld h o g s;
m a r k a n d c le a r o u t b a c k ­
bone.

B r u s h m a k e r s __________________________________________________
C r a ftsm e n , s e c o n d cla ss—m a c h in is t s ........ ........................... ...............
T ra c to r r e p a ir m e n — ...................................................................................
C r a ftsm e n , fir st cla ss: b la c k s m ith s , b o ile r B u m p ers,
m a k e r s , c a r p e n te r s, m illw r ig h ts , sc a le re p a ir ­
m e n , s te a m fitte r s , a n d tin n e r s .
C r a ftsm e n , fir st cla ss: e le c tr ic ia n s a n d w e l d e r s .. B a c k in g ..
C r a fts m e n , fir st cla ss— m a c h in is ts ____________ _______________

sh o u ld e r s;

B u m p in g ; p u ll b a ck s; g r a d e
h o t sh eep .

_____________ C r a ftsm e n , ju n io r: b o ile r m a k e r s,
e le c tr ic ia n s , m a c h in is ts , m illw r ig h ts , p a in te r s ,
sc a le r e p a ir m e n , s te a m fitte r s, tin n e r s , w e ld e r s.
C r a fts m e n , th ir d cla ss—b la c k s m ith s ____________

10.
11.

o ff ta ils .
S h a c k le c a ttle ; r e ta in in g r o o m
b u tc h e r s ; sc r ib in g —h a n d or
p ow er saw .
K n o c k c a ttle ; r ip o p e n h id e s;
s c a le h o t b e e f a n d /o r g ra d e.

F a c in g .

WAGE CHRONOLOGY: ARMOUR AND CO.

403

B -3.
1 9 6 2 — C o n tin u e d
L ab or
grade
b ra c k e t

C a lf d ress d e p a r tm e n t

H id e s , p e lts , a n d sk in s
d e p a r tm e n t

F r esh sa u sa g e m a n u fa c tu r in g
d e p a r tm e n t

C a n n e d m e a t d e p a r tm e n t

S c a le m e a t or in g r e d ie n ts to
e x a c t w e ig h t; c h e c k sca le s tu fle d c a n s a n d jars; g e t
s a m p le c a n s for in c u b a tio n .
O p er a te fro zen m e a tc h o p p e r ;
s p ic e m ix e r a s s ista n ts ; in ­
s p e c t c a n s in in c u b a tio n
ro o m .

0 ...................
1...................

C o m m o n la b o r ................................................. ...................
P e e d d r e ssin g ch a in ; ro d w e a s a n d ; c u t o u t a n d
tr im g la n d s —scisso rs.

S w e e p cu red h id e s; t r im sh e a r­
lin g p elts; o p era te m e c h a n i­
c a l h id e -ty in g m a c h in e .

O p en , fill, a n d c lo se sta ffers;
d ic e p r o d u c t b y h a n d ; p ic k
b o n e s fro m t o n g u e s a n d c u t.

2...................

S a w or c h o p h o r n s; r e ta in in g ro o m b u tc h e r s;
tr im s k in n e d c a lv e s .

S p r ea d a n d /o r s a lt h id e s; tr im
a n d g ra d e s lu n k s k in s;

R e tr im

g ra d e p e lts —k e e p lo ts .
3 ..................

K n o c k c a lv e s; g u t; sc a le h o t c a l v e s .................

G rade

h id e s;

tr im

fle sh e d

h id e s ; tr im green h id e s.

4 ....... ..........

S tick er s; s k in fr o n t feet; graders

I n s p e c t h id e s for c u ts a n d
sco res o n k ill; cu r e d h id e in ­
sp e cto rs; cu re d c a lfsk in in ­
sp e cto rs.

6_________

S k in h in d legs; r ip o p e n h id e s a n d /o r b e llie s ____

F e e d a n d o p e r a te h id e fle sh in g
m a c h in e .

6 . . ..............
7...................

S k in h o t c a lv e s — m a c h in e .............................. .................

8 _________
9 .............. ..
10________

S k in h e a d s ......................... ........................................................

c u ts; o p e r a te fro zen

m e a t c u tte r s; c u t a n d tie
c a sin g s.
S p ic e m ix e rs a n d sca lers; lin k ,
t ie , a n d h a n g ; o p e r a te b a sic
fo o d m a c h in e .
C o o k e r s, in c lu d in g s p e c ia lty ;
b a k e r s ; o p e r a te m in c e
m a ste r .

O p er a te m ix e r s, in c lu d in g v a c ­
u u m m ixers; fo r m u la te a n d
m ix sp ice; te n d a n d o p e r a te
jar- or c a n -c lo sin g m a c h in e .
C o o k e rs—co o k
prod uct
for
c a n n in g ; te n d a n d o p era te
a u to m a tic fillin g m a c h in e ;
in s p e c t s m a ll h a m s a n d p ic ­
n ic s a fter b o n in g .
T e n d d isin te g r a to r .

T e n d a n d o p e r a te e le c tr o n ic
s m o k in g e q u ip m e n t; b o n e
c a n n in g p ic n ic s — c y lin d e r
s t y le
C hoppers

S kin h o t c a lv e s —h a n d _______________ ________ ____

B o n e c a n n in g h a m s — c y lin d e r
s t y le .

11-26..........

1 T h e o p e r a tio n s , o c c u p a tio n s , a n d d e p a r tm e n ts s h o w n h ere are o n ly a
s m a ll p r o p o r tio n o f th e t o t a l in th e p la n t s co v ered b y t h is c h r o n o lo g y . E a c h

p la n t d o e s n o t h a v e a ll o f th e o p e r a tio n s , o c c u p a tio n s , a n d d e p a r tm e n ts
s h o w n h ere .

C—Related Wage Practices
Effective date

Provision

G u a r a n te e d T im e

Aug. 20, 1962 (MCBW
supplemental agreement
dated Aug. 16, 1962).

S ee fo o tn o te a t e n d o f ta b le .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
1
M e m p h is :

Changed: 36 hours’ pay guaranteed (for work
during first 5 regularly scheduled workdays)
employee (1) not laid off by 2d workday" of
scheduled workweek or (2) recalled in regular
seniority order prior to 3d scheduled workday.
Added: 40 hours’ pay guaranteed (1) employees
in shipping, carcass coolers, city coolers, and
fabricating departments for work during first 5
days of scheduled workweek with daily over­
time to apply after 10 hours’ work, (2) all
regular full-time employees in holiday week as
follows: (a) for work divided over 4 days in
scheduled workweeks including New Year’s
Day, Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving
Day, or Christmas Day, with daily overtime
to apply after 10 hours’ work; and (b) for
work divided over 5 days in scheduled work­
weeks including Washington’s Birthday, Me­
morial Day, or Veterans Day, with daily over­
time to apply after 8 hours’ work.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

404

C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

Provision

G u a r a n te e d H o u r ly R a te

Sept. 1, 1961 (MCBW and
UPW A agreements dated
Sept. 10, 1961).

In effect: Highest hourly rate to which
entitled by seniority paid employee
for all work in payroll week.

Exceptions: (1) lower rate paid when employee
(a) initiated request for transfer to lower paid
job, (b) was assigned to lower paid job by
operation of seniority rules during period of de­
clining plant employment, or (c) waived higher
paid job (except because of physical nature of
job); (2) higher than best seniority rate paid
when employee was (a) assigned to higher paid
job by operation of seniority rules during period
of expanding plant employment, (b) promoted
to fill permanent vacancy (from date of promo­
tion), or (c) assigned to perform work in two
seniority departments as other than a replace­
ment or for emergency work.
M e m p h is :

Aug. 20, 1962 (MCBW
supplemental agreement
dated Aug. 16, 1962).

Rate of higher rated job, for hours actually
worked, paid employee assigned to staggered
gang to substitute on another worker’s regular
day off.
S h ift P r e m iu m P a y
M e m p h is :

Aug. 20, 1962 (MCBW
supplemental agreement
dated Aug. 16, 1962).

Eliminated: Night-shift premium.

P r e m iu m P a y f o r S a tu r d a y a n d S u n d a y W o rk

1

M e m p h is :

Sept. 26, 1962 (MCBW
supplemental agreement
dated Aug. 16, 1962).

Eliminated: Saturday and Sunday premiums for
employees on continuous operations.
Changed: For all employees— time and onehalf for work on 6th day in regularly scheduled
workweek; double time for work on 7th day.
H o lid a y P a y

Sept. 1, 1961 (MCBW and
UPW A agreements dated
Sept. 10, 1961).

Changed: Holiday pay provided employees who
worked at least 1 day during the holiday
week irrespective of when laid off; replacement
employees must work at least 2 days during the
holiday week.

Aug. 20, 1962 (MCBW
supplemental agreement
dated Aug. 16, 1962).

M e m p h is :

Eliminated: Pay for holidays not worked.
Changed: Double time (total) for holidays
worked. See “Guaranteed Time” for guaran­
teed pay in holiday week.
P a i d V a c a tio n s

Jan. 1, 1962 (MCBW and
UPW A agreements dated
Sept. 10, 1961).

S e e f o o t n o t e a t e n d o f t a b le .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Changed: Requirement reduced to 10
years’ service for 3 weeks’ vacation
and to 20 years’ for 4 weeks’.

Added: Employees retiring under pension plan
(except employees applying for early retire­
ment) provided one-quarter of regular vacation
pay for each 3-consecutive-month period in
which they worked 38 days or more, in addition
to vacation pay earned in previous year.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY : ARMOUR AND CO.

405

C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

P a i d V a c a tio n s —-Continued

Letters of intent
Sept. 10, 1961.

dated

Company either to try to assign work in order
to permit employees with 5 years’ seniority
who had never completed the number of days
on payroll required for vacation to meet eligi­
bility requirements or to give such employees
vacations after 150 days’ accumulated service.

Jan. 1, 1963 (MCBW sup­
p le m e n ta l a greem en t
dated Aug. 16, 1962).

M e m p h is :

Reduced: 1 week vacation with pay after 2 but
less than 8 years’ continuous service, 2 weeks
after 8 but less than 20 years, 3 weeks after
20 years.
F u n eral L eave

Sept. 1, 1961 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Sept. 10, 1961).

Established: Up to 3 days’ paid leave
at regular wage rate for arranging or
attending funeral of member of im­
mediate family.

Immediate family included spouse, child, mother,
father, sister, brother, mother-in-law, and
father-in-law.
To qualify for allowance, employee must have
been scheduled to work.

P a id S ic k L eave

Sept. 1, 1961 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Sept. 10, 1961).

Changed:
Benefits provided laid-off employee if disabled
at time of recall to work; waiting period to
start from date of recall and benefits to start
no earlier than day work would have been
resumed. (Previously, employees were eli­
gible for benefits only if disability occurred
within 2 days after layoff.)
Eligibility extended to employees disabled (1)
prior to layoff with benefits provided for
period employee was otherwise eligible; (2)
prior to or during strike with benefits provided
for period before or after strike; (3) within 2
days of beginning of leave of absence for jury
duty, union business (except full-time posi­
tion), or personal leave, with benefits provided
for period of disability continuing after ter­
mination of absence.
Benefits not provided during period of vacation
pay.

Aug. 20, 1962 (MCBW sup­
plemental a g r e e m e n t
dated Aug. 16, 1962).

M e m p h is :

Changed: 4-day waiting period for employees
with 5 years of service or more.
Added: Maximum weekly benefit of $50.
C lo th e s -C h a n g in g T im e 1

Aug. 20, 1962 (MCBW sup­
plemental a g r e e m e n t
dated Aug. 16, 1962).

M e m p h is :

Eliminated: Paid time for changing clothes.

C lo th e s A llo w a n c e

Aug. 20, 1962 (MCBW sup­
plemental a g r e e m e n t
dated Aug. 16, 1962).
See footnote at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M e m p h is :

Eliminated: Work clothing allowance.

406

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

C—Related Wage Practices--Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

M e a ls a n d M e a ltim e
M e m p h is :

Aug. 20, 1962 (MCBW sup­
plemental a g r e e m e n t
dated Aug. 16, 1962).

Eliminated: Mealtime pay.
Reduced: Meal period after 10 hours’ work to
10 minutes.
P a i d R e s t P e r io d s

¡Sept. 1, 1961 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Sept. 10, 1961).

In effect: Workers required to work 3}4
hours before or after lunch provided
10-minute rest for each period of
work.

Employee required to work 8 hours in any one
day, to receive two 10-minute rest periods,
even though there was one continuous period
of less than 3 } i hours.
M e m p h is :

Eliminated: Afternoon rest period.
Changed: Two rest periods provided employees
required to work 10 hours or more in any one
day.
S e p a r a t i o n A llo w a n c e

Sept. 1, 1961 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Sept. 10, 1961).

Increased: 1 week’s pay for each year
of continuous service through 10,
plus l 3i weeks’ pay for each year
from 11 through 20, plus 2 weeks’
pay for each year over 20.

Separation pay for employees receiving techno­
logical adjustment benefits to be computed in
accordance with schedule in agreements dated
Oct. 22, 1959.2

N o tic e o f C lo s in g

Sept. 1, 1961 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Sept. 10, 1961).

Established: Company to give 90-day
advance notice of closing plant, divi­
sion, or major department. Em­
ployee permanently separated before
expiration of such 90-day notice to
receive 8 hours’ pay at regular rate
for each workday (based on a 5-day
week) before expiration of the 90
days and not falling within period
for which he received weekly guarantee.

Letters of intent dated Jan.
5, 1962 (MCBW) and
Jan. 31, 1962 (UPWA).

Not applicable to temporary replacements or
newly hired employees.

Benefits also provided workers permanently sep­
arated by shutdown of plant,_ division, or
major department but located in other than
closed unit.

T e c h n o lo g ic a l A d j u s t m e n t P l a n

Sept. 1, 1961 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Sept. 10, 1961).

See footnote at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Established:
Company-financed plan to provide
immediate benefits for employees
permanently separated from service
by closing of plant, division, or
major department.
Benefits— $65 per week less unem­
ployment insurance or other earn­
ings for 26 to 39 weeks, depending
on years of continuous service, plus
for employees who had exhausted
technological adjustment benefits
and unemployment insurance,3 sepa­
ration pay based on schedule in 1959
contract.

Unemployment insurance benefits were deducted
from technological adjustment benefits only
if both were received in same week.
Employees eligible for technological adjustment
benefits also eligible for hospital, medical, and
surgical insurance at company expense. If
employee refused offer of or withdrew request
for transfer, all technological adjustment
benefits and hospital premiums paid for em­
ployee to be deducted from separation allow­
ance computed under 1961 schedule.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY : ARMOUR AND CO.

407

C—Related Wage Practices--Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

T e c h n o lo g ic a l A d j u s t m e n t P l a n - -Continued

Sept. 1, 1961 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Sept. 10, 1961)— Con­
tinued.

Eligibility— Benefits available to em­
ployees under age 60 with 5 years of
service or more, on seniority list at
time of separation notice, who had
registered for transfer and met the
active search for employment re­
quirements of the applicable unem­
ployment compensation law.

Employee who was not transferred, but exhausted
technological adjustment benefits and unem­
ployment insurance, (1) to receive balance of
separation pay without obligation to repay
technological adjustment benefits or insurance
premiums if he retained transfer rights for
2 years and (2) to receive separation pay under
1959 separation schedule less previously paid
technological adjustment benefits, separation
pay, and insurance premiums if he lost transfer
rights before expiration of 2 years by refusal
to accept transfer.
Employee who transferred and was subsequently
laid off to receive up to maximum of technolog­
ical adjustment benefits to which originally
entitled and not received.
Employee who elected to retire before transfer
to repay all technological adjustment benefits
and hospital premiums paid prior to becoming
eligible for pension.
Employees who did not register for transfer to
another plant and were eligible for technologi­
cal adjustment benefits to receive benefits for
30 to 90 days depending on period established
by Automation Committee for transfer. Bene­
fits to be deducted from separation payments
under 1962 schedule of benefits.

I n s u ra n c e P la n

Dec. 1, 1961 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Sept. 10, 1961).

Increased: Period of coverage at company ex­
pense after layoff to 6 months (was 30 days).
Added:
r o o m a n d h o a rd : While in
hospital for diagnostic procedures
recommended by physician.

H o s p ita l

Not applicable to government hospitals.

X - r a y , r a d i u m , o r r a d io a c tiv e is o to p e
t h e r a p y : Up to $300 during any one

Applicable to any such treatment made or
recommended by physician. Excluded diag­
nosis, charges by a government hospital, and
injury or sickness covered by workmen’s
compensation.
Retirees continued to pay existing premiums.
Two-thirds of any increase in cost to be paid
by retiree; one-third, by company.
If retiree became eligible for benefits under any
Federal program of hospital, medical, and
surgical care for the aged, company not to
share in any increases in premium, but to
provide $500 additional life insurance.

calendar year.

Aug. 20, 1962 (MCBW
supplemental agreement
dated Aug. 16, 1962).


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M e m p h is :

Eliminated: Sickness benefits.

408

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

C—Related Wage Practices--Continued
Effective date

Provision

Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters

P e n s io n P l a n

Jan. 1, 1962 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Sept. 10, 1961).

1

Increased:
to $2.50 a
month for each year of credited serv­
ice, supplemented by Federal social
security benefits.

N o r m a l r e tir e m e n t b e n e fits

T o ta l a n d p e r m a n e n t d i s a b i l i t y b e n e fits
and d i s a b i l i t y b e n e fits, prior to eligi­

bility for social security disability or
retirement benefits, continued to be
twice normal retirement benefits.
D e f e r r e d v e s tin g r ig h ts continued to be
same as normal retirement benefits.

Increase applicable only to employees retiring
after Sept. 1, 1961.

Increase applicable only to employees whose
period of permanent and total disability com­
menced on or after Mar. 1, 1961.

Added:
o p tio n , providing actuarially reduced benefits to employee
and spouse.
O p tio n a l e a r ly r e tir e m e n t —employee 55
years or over with 20 years of service
or more terminated by unit or plant
shutdown or technologically dis­
placed to receive l } i times normal
retirement benefits until age 62 or
until eligible for social security retire­
ment or disability benefits, at which
time pension would revert to normal
retirement benefits.
E a r l y r e tir e m e n t ________________
S u r v iv o r s h ip

Employee could provide spouse with benefits
equal to or one-half his benefits.
Early retirement benefits to be in lieu of any
separation pay or technological adjustment
benefits.

Changed: Benefits reduced by 0.5 percent for
each calendar month by which employee was
under 65.
Added: Eligibility extended to employees ter­
minated after 10 years of service and reaching
age 60 (55 for women) during period of eligi­
bility for technological adjustment benefits.| /j

A u to m a tio n F u n d

Sept. 1, 1961 (MCBW and
UPWA agreements dated
Sept. 10, 1961).

Changed: Company contributions to
fund discontinued.
Automation
Committee allocated $50,000 each
year for expenses; rest of fund to be
available for employee relocation and
retraining costs.4

1 T h e parties modified m aster agreem ent provisions covering guaranteed
tim e, Saturday work, clothes-changing tim e, and th e pension plan for w ork­
ers a t th e Lubbock and San Angelo plants.
2 See Supplem ent No. 1, Monthly Labor Review, October 1950, p. 477.
* T he schedule of benefits was as follows:
Years of continuous service

Weeks of eligibility

5 b u t less th a n 15_________________________________
15 b u t less th a n 20_______________ ________________
20 b u t less th a n 25................................................................
25 and ov er____________ _________ ________________

26
29
33
39


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Company to pay relocation costs if fund depleted.
Obligations of automation fund and company
reduced by amount of any Federal or State
relocation or retraining benefits for which em­
ployees were eligible.

* T he schedule of relocation allowances was as follows:
M iles between p lan ts

0-24__________________________
25-99_________________________
100-299_______________________
300-499 _____________________
500-999 ______________________
1,000 or more _________ _ ___

Single
employee

M arried employee or
head of household

None
$40
70
100
125
150

None
$150
235
325
410
500

WAGE CHRONOLOGY : RAILROADS—NONOPERATING EMPLOYEES

Wage Chronology:
Railroads—Nonoperating Employees1
Supplement No. 1— 1961-62
N egotiations on wage rates and layoff guarantees
with the Nation’s class I railroads were initiated
on September 1, 1961, by the 11 cooperating rail­
way labor organizations,2 representing at that
time approximately 500,000 nonoperating workers.
The unions proposed a 25-cent-an-hour increase
in the basic rates of all nonoperating employees
and agreement on a new rule requiring at least
6 months’ advance notice (except in certain
emergency situations) to employees affected by
abolition of positions or reduction in forces, both
to be effective November 1, 1961.
The railroads’ four-point counterproposal was
made during the initial conference held late in
September between the individual roads and the
union representatives of the roads. They pro­
vided for a 20-percent reduction in the wage
rates of specified unskilled occupational levels in
six crafts, the same reduction in the entrance
rates for certain clerical occupations coupled with
4-percent annual increases over 5 years until the
established rates were again reached, a decrease
to a flat hourly rate of $1.25 for dining car waiters
and other employees serving food and drinks, and
elimination of all rules requiring more than 24
hours’ advance notice of layoff. The proposed
rate reductions would have affected approxi­
mately 150,000 employees.
On September 21, the unions requested the
regional railroad organizations to establish nego­
tiating committees for the purpose of bargaining
on the union proposals on a national basis. On
October 5, the railroad regional organizations
stated they could not establish the committees
until the handling of both the railroad and union
notices on individual roads had been clarified.
The unions then requested the assistance of the
National Mediation Board. Following an unsuc­
cessful attempt at mediation and the completion
of a strike vote,3 a National Mediation Board
offer of arbitration on February 2 was refused by
the unions. The carriers agreed to accept arbi­
tration if a satisfactory agreement to arbitrate
could be reached. The President, on March 3,
appointed an Emergency Board, which convened

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

409

on March 6, 1962, to hold hearings and make
recommendations.
On May 3, 1962, the Emergency Board re­
ported to the President, recommending wage
increases of 4 cents an hour, retroactive to Febru­
ary 1, 1962, and 2.5 percent an hour, effective
May 1, 1962. The second raise was recommended
as a percentage increase in rates because, as the
Board noted, the industry practice of negotiating
uniform pay increases had “ compressed the wage
structure of all classes and crafts of nonoperating
employees.” To deal with this problem, the
Board suggested that a study be made on the
feasibility of a job evaluation program with proper
safeguards. It also recommended that the unions
and carriers agree to a rule requiring not less than
5 days’ advance notice of layoff or furlough for
other than emergency conditions. The Board
found that the prevalent practice in railroad
agreements was either 4 or 5 days’ notice, and
that none of the agreements required more than
15 days’ notice.
The organizations and the carriers resumed
bargaining on May 23 and reached a settlement on
June 5, 1962. This agreement provided for a
total wage increase of 10.28 cents an hour—4
cents retroactive to February 1, 1962, and 6.28
cents retroactive to May 1, 1962. The partici­
pating unions had requested that the 2.5-percent
increase recommended by the Emergency Board
to be effective May 1 be converted to a uniform
6.28 cents per hour, which was equivalent in
amount but, of course, affected individual workers
differently. Advance notice of layoff of at least
5 days was provided by the agreement, except
under emergency conditions covered by the
August 21, 1954, agreement.
This agreement was to remain in effect until
changed in accordance with the provisions of the
Railway Labor Act, with provision that notices
for changes in rates of pay could be served on or
after February 1, 1963, although such changes
could not be made effective before May 1, 1963.
1 F or basic chronology, see M onthly Labor Review, Septem ber 1961, pp.
966-983.
2 These unions were as follows: International Association of M achinists;
In ternational B rotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Shipbuilders, B lacksm iths,
Forgers and Helpers; Sheet M etal W orkers’ In ternational Association;
International B rotherhood of Electrical W orkers; B rotherhood R ailw ay
C arm en of A merica; International B rotherhood of Firem en and Oilers;
B rotherhood of R ailw ay and Steam ship C lerks, F reight H andlers, Express
and S tation Em ployes; B rotherhood of M aintenance of W ay Em ployes;
T h e O rder of R ailroad Telegraphers; B rotherhood of R ailroad Signalmen;
and H otel & R estau ran t Em ployees a nd B artenders International U nion.
3 T he organizations starte d taking a strike vote on N ovem ber 27,1961.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

410

A—General Wage Changes

Feb. 1, 1962 (agreement
dated June 5, 1962).
May 1, 1962 (agreement of
above date).

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Provision

Effective date

4 cents an hour increase.1
6.28 cents an hour increase.1

1
D aily, weekly, and m onthly rates were adjusted by the same hourly
am ount as the general wage change, and piecework rates were adjusted by
an equivalent am ount; thus, all employees received the equivalent of the
hourly adjustm ent regardless of the m ethod of pay. Fixed rates paid for

all services rendered were adjusted in accordance w ith the num ber of hours
used in establishing these rates and to equivalent hours for special allow­
ances included in them . Special allowances, not included in the fixed rates
of pay, were n o t adjusted.

B—Basic Hourly Wage Rates for Shop Crafts,1 Specified Dates, 1960-62
Ju ly 1,
I9602

O ccupation

B lacksm iths_____________________________
R ni 1firm akp.rs
C ar repairm en, passenger__ . . . .
Carm en, other_____ _________
. . .._
■R1p.p.tri o,al workers
Tiinemen
G roundm en__________________________
Coal pier elevator and hoist operators---M achinists .
__________ __________
Sheet-metal w orkers------ ---------------------------

$2.638
2.638
2.638
2.594
2.638
2.590
2.518
2.434
2.638
2.638

Feb. 1,
1962
$2.678
2. 678
2.678
2.634
2. 678
2.630
2. 558
2.474
2.678
2. 678

$2. 7408
2. 7408
2. 7408
2. 6968
2. 7408
2.6928
2.6208
2. 5368
2. 7408
2. 7408

1 M ost prevalent wage rate; on some roads the rates for a particular occupation were slightly higher or lower.

Ju ly 1,
I9602

O ccupation

M ay 1,
1962

A pprentices, regular:
F irst period---- --------- ------ ------------------E ighth period__
-- .
--------A pprentices, helper:
F irst period_________________________
Sixth period ____. . . - ______________
Helpers, all crafts____ . ------- ------ ------

Feb. 1,
1962

M ay 1,
1962

$2.134
2.434

$2.174
2. 474

$2.2368
2.5368

2.362
2.482
2.362

2.402
2.522
2.402

2.4648
2.5848
2.4648

2 Includes 17 cent cost-of-living allowance incorporated into base wage
rates.

C—Minimum Hourly Rates of Pay for Specified Groups 1 of Nonoperating Employees, Specified Dates,
1960-62
Effective date

Minimum hourly rate

July 1, 1960
_____ __
Feb. 1, 1962______________
May 1, 1962.._ __________

2 $2. 062
2. 102
2. 1648

Authority
Agreement of Aug. 19, 1960.
Agreement of June 5, 1962.
Agreement of June 5, 1962.

1 M inim um rates shown applicable to clerks, telegraphers, m aintenanceof-way employees, signalmen, and shops groups.

2 Includes 17 cent cost-of-living allowance incorporated into rates of pay.

D — Related Wage Practices 1
Effective date

Applications, exceptions, and other related matters

Provision
L a y o f f N o tic e

1932
Nov. 1, 1954 (agreement
dated Aug. 21, 1954).

July 16, 1962 (agreement
dated June 5, 1962).

No national provision.
Rules in individual agreements requir­
ing advance notice of elimination of
positions or reduction in forces mod­
ified to provide for not more than 16
hours’ notice if emergency conditions
required carrier to suspend all or
part of service.
Added: Not less than 5 days’ advance
notice required before abolishing reg­
ular positions by layoff or furlough.3

1 T he only benefits shown are those included in national agreem ents.
For other benefits u n d er national agreements, see basic wage chronology.
1 This provision was no t reported in the basic chronology.


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2

Emergency conditions defined as flood, snow,
storm, hurricane, earthquake, fire, or strike.
Applied to employees whose positions were
abolished or who were laid off because work no
longer existed or could not be performed.
Did not revise existing local rules or provisions
for more than 5 days’ notice. Not applicable
in emergency conditions.

3 W ork or pay guarantees were im plicit in the advance notice requirem ents.

CITY PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS’ SALARIES

City Public School Teachers’
Salaries, 1959-61
of urban public ele­
mentary and secondary school teachers 1rose more
in dollar terms—an average of $493, or 8.9 per­
cent—during the 2 school years ending June 1961
than in any 2-year period since 1951 to 1953.2
Proportionate salary increases were greater only
twice between 1951 and 1961 (table 1)—1951-53
and 1955-57. Average annual salaries in 1961
were 174 percent above the prewar (1939) level
and 205 percent above the level in 1925 (table 2).
Salary scales probably advanced somewhat less
than average salaries in the 1959-61 period, since
employment of urban public school teachers rose
only about 5.8 percent. Most school systems
increase pay with length of service and hire new
teachers at the minimum scale; in periods of
marked expansion of employment, the influx of
new teachers may reduce average salaries, but
when there is little growth in employment,
teachers’ average salaries will rise because of
length-of-service increases.
The 8.9-percent increase in teachers’ salaries
occurred while the Consumer Price Index rose
2.5 percent. Over the 20-year period from 1941
to 1961, teachers’ salaries rose substantially more
than the Consumer Price Index and more than
the salaries of two other groups of government
A v e r a g e a n n u a l sa l a r ie s

1 T his sum m ary relates to regular classroom teachers, excluding supervisors
and principals, in cities of 50,000 in h ab itan ts or m ore. I t is based on P ublicSchool Salaries Series Research Reports, published biennially b y th e N ational
Education Association of th e U nited States. Indexes of change were com­
piled b y th e B ureau of L abor Statistics. School years are referred to here
either in term s of th e calendar year in w hich th e school sessions ended or in
term s of b o th calendar years; th u s th e 1961 school year refers to th e period
beginning in th e fall of 1960 an d ending in 1961. D a ta refer to th e average
change in salaries for all teachers in a school system , including length-ofservice increm ents. F o r a description of th e m ethods used in compiling
these indexes, see Salary Trends: City P u blic School Teachers, 1925-59, B LS
R eport 194.
2 T h e $526 (13.6 percent) increase during th e period 1951-53 was th e highest
advance since 1947-49 in both actual and relative term s. T he 1955-57 average
increase was $480, or 10.2 percent.
2 T h e average earnings of factory production workers were influenced
to some extent b y changes in th e proportion of workers in various occupations
and industries, although it is clear th a t wage rates of these workers also rose
substantially more th a n salaries of teachers. Average salaries of Federal
white-collar workers also rose somewhat more th a n urb an teachers’ average
annual salaries, b u t th is measure of Federal p ay w as greatly influenced b y
a factor th a t did n o t influence th e teachers’ salary index— changes in the
proportion of professional, technical, and other higher paid governm ent
employees.
* D ata for Chicago p ertain to 1958 and 1960.


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411
employees—maximum salary scales of firefighters
and police patrolmen in urban areas and basic
salary scales or salary rates of Federal classified
employees. They rose about as much as straighttime hourly earnings of railway office employees
but much less than the earnings of factory pro­
duction workers,3 as indicated by the following
tabulation:
Percent increase
from

—1

1941 to
1961

Urban teachers:
Average annual salaries_____________
Federal classified employees:2
Basic salary scales__________________
Average salary rates________________
Average salaries____________________
Firefighters and police patrolmen: 3
Maximum salary scales_____________
All railway office employees:
Straight-time hourly earnings 4______
Factory production workers:
Average hourly earnings____________
Average weekly earnings____________
Consumer Price Index__________________

1959 to
1961

169

8. 9

112
124
186

7. 7
7. 3
11. 5

140

6. 9

165

7. 5

246
252
111

7. 1
6. 5
2. 5

1 For item s other th a n teachers, increases date from A ugust 1939 and Ju ly
1958 to Ju ly 1960 for Federal classified employees (there was no appreciable
change in basic salary scales or average salary rates between A ugust 1939
and the fall of 1940); Jan u ary 1940 and Jan u a ry 1958 to Jan u ary 1960 for fire­
fighters and police patrolm en; and Septem ber 1940 and Septem ber 1958 to
Septem ber 1960 for railw ay office employees and factory production workers.
2 Basic salary scales reflect statu to ry changes in salaries; average salary
rates show, in addition, the effect of m erit or in-grade salary increases; and
average salaries also include the effect of changes in the proportion of workers
em ployed in the various pay grades. See also BLS R eport 200, Salary Trends:
Federal Classified Em ployees, 1939-60 and supplem ent for 1960-61.
3 See B LS R eport 233, Salary Trends: Firem en and Policem en, 1924-61.
4 C om puted b y the B ureau of Labor Statistics from Interstate Commerce
Commission Series M-300 reports. T he average was com puted by dividing
total compensation for tim e worked and paid for a t straight-tim e rates by
hours worked and paid for a t straight-tim e rates.

Changes From 1959 to 1961

All but about 3 percent of the teachers were
employed where average earnings increased from
1959 to 1961 but there was substantial variation
in the increases among cities (table 3). About
25 percent of the teachers were employed where
salaries rose an average of 5 but less than 7%
percent, and the same proportion where the in­
creases amounted to 10 but less than 12% percent
(chart 1). An additional 7 percent were employed
in nine cities where pay rose 15 but less than 25
percent; of the 22,000 teachers in the nine cities
where salaries rose by these amounts, about
two-thirds were in Chicago.4

412

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

In five cities, employing about 2.5 percent of
the teachers, average salaries declined (less than
1 percent in each city), presumably as a result of

an increase in the proportion of new teachers
employed at the minimum salary rate.
There was even less uniformity in salary changes
measured in dollars rather than in percentage
terms. Almost one-fifth of the teachers, most of
whom were employed in school systems where
average salaries already exceeded the national
average, received increases in pay averaging at
least $800, whereas about half as many were
employed where salaries either did not rise or
rose less than $200 a year.

T a b l e 1. I n c r e a se s in A vera g e A n n u a l S a l a r ie s of
U r b a n P u blic S chool T e a c h e r s , by S ize of C ity a n d
R e g io n , 1939 to 1961 and 1959 to 1961 1
1959 to 1961

1939 to
1961

C ity -s iz e grou p a n d region

A ll te a c h e r s ....................................... —

D o lla r s

P ercent

P ercent

$493

8 .9

174.1

762
629
408
450
397
405

1 1 .9
1 0 .3
7 .2
8 .2
7 .7
7 .9

(s)
146.4
(»)
187.5
2 0 6 .2
205 .9

532
604
413
326
528
426
279
418
635

9 .7
9 .9
8 .0
7 .4
9 .0
8 .1
6 .0
7 .9
10.1

181.6
134 .7
212.1
257.1
201.1
201.1
212 .4
160.5
198 .2

C it y -S iz e G r o u p
1,000,000 or m o r e 2_____________ ____________
500,000 or m o re 2____________________________
500.000 a n d u n d e r 1,000,000____
__ . . . . .
250.000 a n d u n d e r 500,000___________________
100,000 a n d u n d e r 250,000____________________
. - -----50,000 a n d u n d e r 100,000...............
R e g io n 4
N e w E n g la n d ________________________________
M id d le A t la n t ic __________
_______
_ _
B o r d e r S ta te s ------------- -----------------------------S o u th e a s t-------------------------------------------------------G r ea t L a k e s 2------- -------------- - - - ------ . . .
M id d le W e s t _________________________________
S o u t h w e s t ---------- ------------ --- ---------------------M o u n t a in ------- ---------------_ - - ---------P a c ific ----------- --------------- - - - - - - - - - --

1 In com puting average salaries a n d salary increases, all teachers in each
system were classified according to the average salary in th a t system.
Changes in average salaries exclude the effects of period-to-period changes in
the proportions of teachers among city-size groups and among regions.
Salary d ata for 1959 and 1961 include regular classroom teachers only; d ata for
1939 include kindergarten teachers and teachers of atypical classes as well.
The la tte r groups are so small their effect was negligible.
2 D ata for Chicago pertain to 1958 and 1960.
* N ot com puted for years before 1959.
4
T he regions used in this stu d y are: New E n glan d— C onnecticut, M aine,
M assachusetts, New H am pshire, Rhode Island, Verm ont; M iddle A tlantic —
New Jersey, N ew Y ork, Pennsylvania; Border States —D elaware, D istrict of
Columbia, K entucky, M aryland, Virginia, W est Virginia; Southeast—
A labam a, Florida, Georgia, M ississippi, N o rth Carolina, South Carolina,
Tennessee; Great Lakes— Illinois, Indiana, M ichigan, M innesota, Ohio,
W isconsin; M iddle West—Iowa, K ansas, M issouri, N ebraska, N o rth D akota,
South D akota; Southwest—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas; M ou n ­
tain —Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, M ontana, New Mexico, U tah , W yoming;
Pacific —California, N evada, Oregon, W ashington.

T a b l e 2.

A v erage A n n u a l S a la r ies

of

C ity -S ize G roup. In contrast with most
periods between 1941 and 1961, teachers7 salaries
rose proportionately more in the largest cities—
those with a population of at least 1 million—than
in smaller communities. In three large cities,
employing about a fifth of all urban teachers,
average annual salaries rose at least 10 percent
with the largest increase averaging $1,060, or 17
percent.5 The greatest uniformity in pay in­
creases occurred in communities with populations
of 500,000 but less than a million. Almost threefourths of the teachers in these communities were
in school systems where salaries rose an average
of 5 but less than 10 percent. The greatest di­
versity of salary changes occurred in cities with
populations of 50,000 but less than 100,000,
where increases ranged from less than $100 (2.5
By

5
The three cities were Chicago, w ith an increase of $1,060, or 17 percent
(from 1958 to 1960); N ew Y ork, $893, or 13.8 percent; a nd Los Angeles, $661,
or 10.0 percent.

U r ban P ublic S chool T e a c h e r s ,
I n d e x e s , 1925-611

by

S ize

of

Crry

and

R e g io n , B ie n n ia l

[1957-59=100]
Size of city
School year
All
ending in
teachers
1,000,000 500,000
June
or more 3 or more

1925............ .
1927________
1929........ .........
1931________
1933________
1935________
1937________
1939...............
1941________
1943________
1945________
1947________
1949________
1951________
1953________
1955________
1957________
1959________
1961________

37
38
40
41
38
37
39
41
42
44
48
55
67
71
81
87
96
104
113

(4)
(*)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
6)
0)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
102
114

40
40
42
45
43
41
43
46
47
48
50
58
68
72
82
87
98
103
113

500,000
and
un d er
1,000,000

250.000
and
under
500.000

under
250,000

50.000
and
under
100.000

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
104
112

35
37
39
40
35
33
36
39
40
43
48
53
68
71
81
88
96
104
113

33
35
37
37
34
33
35
37
38
40
45
51
65
70
79
86
95
106
114

32
33
35
36
34
32
35
37
38
40
45
51
65
71
80
87
95
105
114

1 See footnote 1, table 1.
2 For composition of regions, see footnote 4, table 1.


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Region 2
100,000
and

New M id d le
E ng­ A tlan­ Border
land
tic
States

37
38
39
40
38
37
40
41
42
45
47
52
66
71
80
86
93
106
116

40
41
43
4C
46
43
45
48
48
50
51
59
67
70
81
87
98
102
112

31
33
35
36
34
33
35
36
38
40
44
50
65
71
80
85
95
105
113

South­ G reat M id d le S outh­ M oun­ Pacific
east
L ak es3 W est
west
tain

30
32
33
35
29
27
28
32
32
36
38
50
64
71
81
87
95
105
113

36
37
39
39
35
33
36
38
38
42
47
52
67
72
80
88
96
104
113

3 D ata for Chicago pertain to 1958 and 1960.
4 N ot com puted for years before 1959.

35
37
38
39
37
34
36
38
38
41
44
52
66
70
81
87
95
105
113

33
35
37
37
31
31
33
35
36
38
45
52
70
75
84
92
96
104
111

37
40
41
41
38
37
40
43
44
47
50
59
68
70
80
89
96
105
113

32
34
35
38
35
34
37
39
40
42
46
53
67
70
80
86
95
105
116

413

CITY PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS’ SALARIES

percent) to more than $900 (20 percent); 3 of the
6 cities in which average salaries decreased were in
this size group or in cities of 100,000 but less than
250,000.
The greatest absolute and percentage
salary advances from 1959 to 1961—more than
$600 or about 10 percent—took place in cities in
the Pacific and Middle Atlantic regions, where
average salaries were highest in 1959. The per­
centage gain in New England cities was almost as
great. The smallest gains were in the Southeast
($326 or 7.4 percent) and Southwest ($279 or 6.0
percent). In the 1959 school year, teachers in
cities of the Southeast received the lowest average
annual salaries and those in the Southwest ranked
next to the lowest.
B y R egion.

Long-Term Trends

T a b l e 3. D ist r ib u t io n of U r b a n P ublic S chool
T e a c h e r s , b y C h a n g e in A v e r a g e A n n u a l S alary 1
a n d S ize of C ity , 1959 to 1961
Percent of teachers em ployed in school systems
w ith specified average annual salary changes
Change in
average

7 C hanges in average salaries were affected b y shifts in th e proportion of
elem entary and secondary school teachers betw een 1941 and 1955. T he pro­
portion of elem entary teachers increased from 56 to 61.5 percent of all u rb an
teachers b y 1955; since th en , there has been no appreciable change. Because
average salaries of elem entary school teachers are frequently lower th a n those
of secondary school teachers, th e average increases shown in tab le 4 and dis­
cussed here are sm aller th a n w ould have occurred had proportions rem ained
constant. B y 1949, th e single salary schedule had been adopted b y more
th a n 90 percent of school system s in cities w ith populations exceeding 50,000_


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1,000,000
or more

500,000
and
under
1,000,000

250.000 100,000 50.000
and
and
and
under under under
500.000 250,000 100.000

P eecent

Increases:
U nder 2.5_____
2.5 a nd under 5.0_
5.0 and under 7.5.
7.5 and under 10.0.
10.0 and under
12.5______ ____
12.5 and under
15.0___________
15.0 and under
17.5....
17.5 and under
20.0_____
.
20.0 and over____
D e c re ase s 2
N o change

T o tal_____ _

Average annual salaries of teachers in the coun­
try as a whole rose 174 percent from the last pre­
war school year (1939) to the 1961 school year.7
All but 2 percent of that increase occurred be­
tween 1941 and 1961—the years for which salary
data are available by school systems. During
the two decades, one-third of the teachers were in
communities where salaries at least tripled, and
all but 0.3 percent were in school systems where
average salaries at least doubled. Over onethird were employed where average salaries rose
$3,500 but less than $4,000 and four-fifths were
employed where average salaries rose from $3,000
to less than $4,500. Dollar increases in pay were
more uniform than were percentage increases, with
the lower wage communities having greater propor­
tionate increases in pay than the high salary areas.
In the Southwest, all teachers were employed
where average salaries increased $3,000 but less
than $4, 000 over the 20-year period; more than
75 percent of them were employed where average
pay rose $3,000 but less than $3,500 (table 4).
More than 85 percent of the Middle Western
teachers were in cities in which 1961 salaries

Size of city
All
cities

3.4
12.7
22.2
14.1

11.4
9.8

14.9
47.0
24.5

23.0

19.8

13.6

14.8

41.3

6.4

17.6

9.0
4.7
32.1
7.9

2.1
17.4
22.7
6.7

7.0
12.0
23.3
23.7

35.2

24.5

23.1

11.1

9.2

5.7

7.9

1.3

1.4

.3
.1
2. 4
.4
100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

8.1

.6
1.6
1.7

100.0

100.0

D ollars

Increases:
U nder $100___
$100 and under
$200________
$200 and under
$300.....................
$300 and under
$400__________
$400 and under
$500____ ____
$500 and under
$600______ ____
$600 and under
$700__________
$700 and under
$800____________

$800 and under

1.3

5.3

1.2

1.0

5. 4

3.7

7.9

12.3

14.9

12.0

16.5

13.2

40.8

24.8

15.3

21.5

13.7

11.4

18.0
14.2

9.8

15.0
9.4

19.8

23.3

8.8

13.4

17.2

13.8

26.2

24.2

14.0

7.2

8.1

2.5

8.6

5.7

5.3

4.7

5.4

2.8
2.8
8.1

2.7
1.4
1.6
1.7

3.2
11.7
5.1
2.4
.4

41.3
17.6

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

N um ber of
teachers________ 346, 400

80, 700

48,600

47,400

88,500

81,300

$900

$900 and over
D ecreases 2

N o change

_

T o tal_____ _

1 See footnote 1, table 1.
2 Decreases occurred in 3 cities in each of the indicated size groups, and
ranged from 0.4 to 1.0 percent and from $18-$56.
N ote: Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay not equal 100.

exceeded those in 1941 by an average of $3,500
but less than $4,000. No city in any region
except the Southeast increased average salaries
less than $3,000, and in the Pacific States, the
smallest advance was $3,500. Average increases
in teachers’ salaries of at least $5,000 occurred in
a few Pacific Coast cities and in one Great Lakes
city. With one exception all were school systems in
suburban areas with 50,000 but less than 100,000
inhabitants. In the Pacific States, 60 percent
of the teachers were employed where average
salaries rose at least $4,500.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

414

The percentage pay increases ranged from a low
of 80 percent to a high of 320 percent for one
community. Over one-fifth of the teachers were
employed in cities where pay rose 180 but less than
200 percent. In the Middle Atlantic cities,
where pay levels for teachers were high in 1941,
60 percent were in school systems that raised
average salaries less than 140 percent. In the
Southeast, with its relatively low salaries, almost
three-fourths of the teachers were in school
systems where increases averaged at least 240
percent and one-fourth were in systems where
pay had increased at least 260 percent.
Salary Levels in 1961

The lowest average annual salary of teachers in
any city of 50,000 population or more was $3,800
in 1961; 2 years earlier it was $3,500. In 1961,
all but the highest and lowest one-eighth of the
teachers worked in communities where average
salaries ranged from $4,800 to about $7,300, a
range of about 52 percent. Because increases in
pay during the war and postwar period have been
proportionately greater in low-wage than in highT a ble 4. D ist r ib u t io n

of

wage cities, this range was much smaller than in
1941, when three-fourths of the teachers were
employed where salaries averaged between $1,600
and less than $3,400, a spread of 110 percent of
the lower average. (Actually, in 1959 the range
of pay scales was lower than in 1961—from $4,600
to about $6,500 for three-fourths of the teachers,
or about 41 percent.) Despite the narrowing of
the range, the largest cities still tended to pay the
highest salaries in 1961. The very highest
salaries, those of at least $7,400, were in five of the
smallest cities, but these were suburbs of large
cities and employed less than 5 percent of the
teachers in the smallest city size group. Almost
80 percent of the teachers in cities with at least
a million population were employed where salaries
averaged $7,200 but less than $7,400, compared
with 9 percent of those in the smallest cities;
only half the teachers in the latter group of cities
were in school systems where the average was as
high as $5,600.
The range of average salaries was almost iden­
tical for the Northeast, North Central, and
Western regions. (See chart.) In the South,
salaries were lower on the whole. Partly because

U r ba n P ublic S chool T e a c h e r s , by I n c r e a se
C it y , a n d R e g io n , 1941-61

in

A v erage A n n u a l S a l ar y , S ize

of

P ercent of teachers employed in school system s w ith specified average salary increases

Increase in average
annual salary

All
teach­
ers

Size of city
500,000
250.000
1,000,000 and under
and
or m o re 2 1,000,000 under
500.000

Region i
100,000
and
under
250,000

50.000
and
under
100.000

New M id d le
E ng­ A tlan­ Border South­ G reat
land
ti®
east L akes2
States

M id­
dle S o u th ­ M oun­ Pacific
W est west
tain

P ercent
80 and under 100____ ____
100 and un d er 120................
120 a nd under 140..............
140 and un d er 160_______
160 and un d er 180_______
180 and under 200_______
200 and under 220_______
220 and under 240_______
240 and u n d er 260
260 and un d er 280___ ____
280 a nd over____________

0.3
10.0
5.1
9.7
16.1
22.2
11.4
7.7
8.9
5.5
3.0

T o tal...........................

100.0

100.0

100.0

un d er $3,000__
under $3,500 . . .
under $4,000___
un d er $4,500___
un d er $5,000__
over__________

3.7
19.0
36.0
25.8
14.0
1.4

51.1
11.4
37.5

31.0
34.9
26.9
7.2

T o tal..........................

100.0

100.0

100.0

1.3

41.3
9.8
11.4
37.5

10.8
29.2
34.9
25.0

1.6
48.2
10.1
19.0
15.3
5.7

1.3
7.8
11.7
12.2
18.9
11.4
19.0
11.8
4.6

1.2
1.1
5.4
8.0
16.2
14.3
20 9
14.1
10.9
8.1

29.3
22.4
18.9
23.1
3.3

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

12.0
11.0
40.3
28.5
8.1

34.2
23.0
37.3
5.6

9.0
18.8
83.3
25.5
7.3
6.1

19.8
45.4
34.8

14.1
75.7
10.2

36.1
15.4
45.8
2.7

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

21.9
26.3
22.1
24.0
5.7

100.0

8 3
26.3
36.2
5.6
26.6
5.4

3.1

13.7

4 6
9.9
21 3
24.0
20 3

37 6
19.1
19.0
19 6
26.9

15.8

18. 2
8.9

73

1.1

5.9

3.7
100.0

76
43 9

6 2

5.4

6.6

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

8 1
23.4
40.6
27.3
.6

4 2
87.1
8.7

76 3
23.7

15 8
54.9
23.4
5.9

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

21 2

14

15.5

54
15 1
55. 7

30 2
9.1
19 8

23 4

15 2

D ollars
$2,500 and
$3,000 and
$3,500 and
$4,000 and
$4,500 and
$5,000 and

1 See footnote 4, table 1, for composition of regions.
2 D ata for Chicago pertain to 1958 and 1960.


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30.3
23.4
14.5
31.7

100.0

9. 6
30.9
51. 0
8.5
100.0

N o t e : Because of rounding, sums of individual item s m ay n o t equal 100.

415

LABOR RELATIONS ASPECTS OF PLANT RELOCATION

Percent Distribution of Public School Teachers, by
Region1 and Average Annual Salary, 1961

Labor Relations Aspects
of Plant Relocation
E d ito r ’s N o t e .— The jo llo w in g two a rticles are
excerpts jr o m p a p e rs delivered a t the F ebru­
a r y 1 1 -1 8 , 1963, m eeting in Chicago o f the
A m e ric a n M a n a g em en t A sso cia tio n .
B oth
p a p e rs, the f ir s t by a professor o f in d u stria l
relation s a n d the second by a n officer o f the
G lidden Co., d iscu ss certa in aspects of p la n t
relocation a n d p a rtic u la rly the Glidden case,
w hich grew out of the relocation o f the G lidden
C o.’s E lm h u rst, N .Y ., p la n t to Bethlehem , P a .
M in o r changes in w ordin g a n d sy n ta x have
been m ade a n d sig n s to denote elisio n s have not
been em ployed.

The Legal Dilemma

1T he regions defined in footnote 4 of table 1 are com bined here in to larger
regions: Northeast—N ew E ngland a n d M iddle A tlantic; South—Border
States, Southeast, and Southw est; North Central—G reat Lakes and M iddle
W est; West—M o u n tain and Pacific.

of the substantial number of relatively small
communities in this region, there was less con­
centration of teachers at any one average than
in other regions. Conversely, large concentra­
tions at high salary levels in the Northeast and
West reflect the dominance of a few large cities
with large numbers of teachers and high average
salaries.


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— J e a n n e G r ie s t
Division of Wage Economics

When plant relocation is motivated by reason­
ably sound economic circumstances, the decision
to move is not a required subject of bargaining.
However, once the decision to move is made, the
employer is required to give the bargaining agent
notice and deal with the union concerning the
treatment to be accorded displaced employees.1
Regarding the duty to bargain concerning work
about to be lost, the National Labor Relations
Board held in April 1962, in T ow n A C o u n try,2
that a unilateral decision to contract out work
for economic reasons is a mandatory subject of
collective bargaining under the National Labor
Relations Act. The Board stated, in reversing
an earlier decision, that the unilateral freedom to
contract out would unduly extend the area within
which an employer may curtail or eliminate en­
tirely job opportunities for its employees without
notice to them or negotiation with their bargaining
representative. This holding is of the greatest
significance with respect to moving out work with
or without moving a plant. In this case, the
Board required bargaining in connection with the
decision to contract out. In R a p id B in d e ry , the
circuit court did not require bargaining over the
decision to move the plant. Since T ow n & C oun­
try was rendered after R a p id B in d e ry , it would
appear that the Board, in the face of R a p id
1N L R B v. Rapid Bindery, Inc., 293 F. 2d 170 (1960).
2 Town & Country M anufacturing Co., 136 N L R B No.

Ill

(Apr. 13, 1962).

416
B in d e ry , may nevertheless seek to make a decision
to move a plant a bargainable matter by easily
extending the principles it enunciated in T ow n &
C ountry.

Court Decisions

The majority of the Second Circuit Court of
Appeals in G lidden held that establishment of sen­
iority creates a sort of “employment insurance,”
seniority becomes vested and survives the term of
the labor agreement that created it, and the vest­
ment follows the same work to a new plant loca­
tion—all resulting in requiring the employer to
offer employees transfers to the new plant with the
accrued seniority rights established under the old
contract.3
The Federal District Court for Eastern Michi­
gan in the B o ss Gear case, where the plant was to
be moved from Michigan to Tennessee, adopted
the philosophy of the G lidden decision and agreed
that seniority rights are vested individually in em­
ployees and survive the employer’s removal of his
plant to another State.4 It appeared to hold that
any limitations arising from the reference in the
recognition clause to the location of the plants
subject to the labor agreement might affect the
union in its representative status, but not the em­
ployees in their individual vestments in rights,
which, it held, must follow the same jobs in what is
really the same plant in a new location. However,
the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the
lower court in R oss Gear, distinguishing between
its holding and that in G lidden on the point that
the contractually expressed geographical location
of the bargaining unit was confined [in R o ss Gear]
to the Detroit area.5 It reasoned that rights estab­
lished there did not extend to cover the same em­
ployees as employees of a relocated plant and that
the concept of individual vestment with seniority
right is questionable on several grounds.
On December 17, 1962, the U.S. Supreme Court
refused to review this holding. Some manage­
ments incorrectly took the approach that, in view
of the Court’s action, employees’ seniority rights
died with the termination of a labor agreement
covering a closed plant which was then moved to
another State. But, of course, the Supreme
Court had also allowed the Second Circuit’s
G lidden decision to stand in reference to the points
we are interested in.

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

The Second Circuit Court of Appeals in the
cfc G amble case,6 in deciding on arbitra­
bility of grievances arising after a labor agreement
expired, gave an ambiguous nod to its earlier
G lidden decision. In referring to G lidden it said,
“We should say the Zda.nok ( G lidden ) cannot
properly be read to govern situations which
are not strictly within the facts there presented.
More particularly the case cannot be made to
stand in any general way for the survival of
contractual obligations during any period beyond
the period for which they were expressly under­
taken.” The court gave recognition to the cir­
cumstance in G lidden that laid-off employees,
by contract, had several prospective years of
recall rights and treated that circumstance as a
form of vestment in seniority continuing beyond
the termination date of the contract. However,
it goes on to say one should not read into the
G lidden case a requirement that new seniority
could be acquired after the expiration of an agree­
ment. It appeared to hold again for a proposition
that seniority can be credited for the creating and
the exercising of the right to move with a job.
The court did not explain what happens to
“full seniority” at a new location relative to the
seniority rights of employees working there, if
the move is to an existing plant—particularly
where a labor agreement obtains with another
labor organization, or where no bargaining agency
exists, or where a labor organization subsequently
first obtains bargaining agent status. If seniority
is still a creature of agreement, what can it really
mean at a new plant without a labor agreement
present to define and direct its application there?
If seniority is considered as a concept of contin­
uous service credit for purposes of vacation,
severance, pension, and other such benefits which
have no aspect of relative ranking between em­
ployees in order to enjoy these benefits, the prob­
lem of administering is less severe. However,
without a new labor agreement, and with the one
at the old plant terminated, what may be the
nature of these benefits? Do moved employees
merely have a plant service credit bridged from
the old plant to the new plant that can be exerP rocter

3 Zdanok v. Glidden Co., 288 F. 2d 99 (1961).
* Oddie v. Ross Gear and Tool Co., 195 F . Supp. 826 (1961).
» Ibid., 305 F. 2d 143 (July 16, 1962).
• Procter & Gamble Independent Union v . Procter & Gamble M anufacturing
Co., 51 L E E M 2752 (Dec. 10,1962).

LABOR RELATIONS ASPECTS OF PLANT RELOCATION

cised for this class of nonrelative benefits only
when a bargaining agent is created? With re­
spect to the class of relative benefits to which
seniority may be applied, such as layoffs, recalls,
job assignments, job preferences, shift prefer­
ences, overtime preferences, vacation time prefer­
ences, with or without a labor agreement at the
new plant the administrative problems affecting
moved employees’ rights would be exceedingly
great.
But my point is that, in a legal and industrial
relations sense, this whole area—until and unless
G lidden is clearly reversed by a Supreme Court
that is willing to consider, reflect, and then speak
on what seniority in its applied sense fully means—■
is a messy and uncertain one. Should the
Supreme Court, in a case based upon a conflict in
the circuits, uphold G lidden, then there will
develop new Federal law and increasing bargaining
innovations covering the merging of seniority
rights at relocated plants and the administrative
applicability of seniority to relative and nonrela­
tive contractual benefits for employees.
Arbitration

It appears to me that industrial relations law
will develop more fruitfully—and with more ap­
plicable realism—through arbitration in connec­
tion with the problems of relocating plants where
a labor agreement exists. There appears to be
some division of opinion among lawyers on how
arbitrators may hold with respect to the carryover
of seniority status to relocated plants without
specific contractual language present either to
support such, or to prohibit, or to substitute
therefor. It is my opinion that arbitrators 7 will
tend to respect more carefully the situs of the
bargaining unit and the agreed seniority rights
connected therewith. The arbitrator experienced
in seniority problems will be more aware of the
implications of seniority rights and ranking if
they should be projected and applied to the
employee universe of a relocated plant without
covering contractual language to guide its appli­
cation.
Of course, arbitrators would probably be in­
fluenced were the Supreme Court to affirm the
G lidden holdings in a written opinion in a similar
7 See Sivyer Steel Casting Co. and Automobile Workers, Local 800, 39 Labor
A rbitration 449 (Oct. 10, 1962).


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417

case. Until that time, I do not believe they will
be too much influenced by the G lidden reasoning
and some of the assumptions made there that run
contrary to their own experience with contractual
terms and concepts. I believe they will follow
this tack despite the Supreme Court’s failure to
grant review on the merits of G lidden —especially
so in view of its failure to review the R o ss
Gear holding.
So, the relocating employer is about as legally
secure at this point with respect to what he
believes his rights are as are his old plant’s
unionized employees.
—M

eyer

S. R y d e r

Professor of Industrial Relations
University of Michigan

Personnel Considerations
Relocation of a plant involves decisions of real
concern not only to the employees but also to the
company. Some of the more important actions
to be considered are the following ones:
1. Let the employee know there is a real pos­
sibility of a plant relocation due to economic or
competitive conditions.
2. Inform the employees as promptly as possi­
ble after a decision to move has been made, so
that they will have maximum time to find other
employment.
3. Do everything reasonable to assist employ­
ees in finding employment locally, including can­
vassing other employers in the area. Our per­
sonnel department located nearly 100 jobs for
the approximately 200 hourly employees we had.
4. Permit employees to take time off for inter­
views.
5. Bring representatives of employment serv­
ices to the plant to interview employees. There
is a natural inclination to hope that something
will happen and that a plant Mil not close. Bring­
ing such representatives to the plant helps impress
people that they should actively look for other
jobs.
6. Assist in preparing personnel resumes.
Hourly personnel, particularly, need to know
their records with the company and other in­
formation to enable them to intelligently fill out
applications.

418

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

7. Agree to meet with the union to discuss
specific problems and requests, regardless of their
merits. Such meetings can be v e r y constructive.
8. Furnish statements to employees regarding
their rights under the pension plan and pertinent
information about other employee benefit plans.
Employees are concerned about continuing life
insurance, hospitalization, and other benefit plans.
Where you have a vested pension provision, it is
advisable to give the employees a statement of the
benefits they will receive at age 65.
9. Consider present employees for employment
at the new plant. Our own experience and that
of other companies have indicated that very few
hourly employees will move to a different area.
There are the obvious problems of housing, schools,
and living conditions, as well as different oper­
ating conditions in the new plant.
In the Elmhurst to Bethlehem move, we took
the position that we would give any Elmhurst
employee fair consideration at the new plant.
We did feel initially that the Elmhurst employees
should start as new employees and go through
the same procedure as any others who made appli­
cation at the new plant. Two employees from
our Elmhurst Plant did apply at Bethlehem and
both were offered jobs. One accepted and is still
there.
The union did not contend that there was a right
under the contract for transferring seniority.
They did ask that we consider some form of senior­
ity. We pointed out that seniority was a matter
of contractual relationship which must be settled

by any union that might represent the employees
at the new plant. There was serious question
whether we would have committed an unfair
labor practice if we had agreed with the union
representing the Elmhurst employees to operate
under the same seniority provision when we
moved to Bethlehem where employees, in all
probability, would be represented by a different
union.
10. Consider severance pay. In view of the
G lidden case, more consideration is being given
to severance pay when a plant is relocated. This
must be determined by the particular situation.
At our Elmhurst plant, we had a $300,000 defi­
ciency in our funding of our hourly pension plan
due to a very liberal vesting provision. In view
of the very generous benefits and the fact that our
pension deficiency would be several times the
amount of any reasonable severance pay, we
denied the union’s request for separation pay.
11. Efforts should be made to sell the old plant
to an organization that might employ the maxi­
mum number of present employees. We were
able to sell one old plant to an employee and his
associates, and all the employees continued their
employment when we had to close operations.
This is perhaps an unusual situation; neverthe­
less, every effort should be made to find a buyer
who would offer employment to as many as
possible.

Preliminary Estimates of
Work Injuries in 1962

showed an increase of less than 2 percent in the
employed labor force in 1962 over 1961, while the
estimated total of work injuries rose 3 percent.

T he volume of disabling work injuries in 1962 rose
slightly, to an estimated 1,990,000 cases,1 but the
figure held within the narrow range which has
prevailed for the past 10 years—at or just below
the 2 million mark. During this period, total
employment increased about 9 percent and, with
the volume of injuries holding at about the same
level, there was a comparable though irregular
decrease in injury rates. Preliminary figures

i These estim ates of work injuries were compiled b y the B ureau of Labor
Statistics in collaboration w ith the N ational Safety Council. T hey are based
upon all available d ata from various Federal and State agencies and upon
sample surveys in some industries. D a ta on the exact distribution of cases
by type of disability are not available for some industries; in these, approxi­
m ations of the breakdow ns of cases have been made for inclusion in the grand
totals b u t have not been shown in the accompanying table for the individual
industries. (See table footnotes for specific sources and lim itations.)
A disabling work injury is any injury occurring in the course of and arising
out of em ploym ent which (a) results in death or in perm anent physical im ­
pairm ent or (b) makes the injured worker unable to perform the duties of
any regularly established job, which is open and available to him , throughout
the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any 1 or more days after the
day of injury (including Sundays, days off, or p lant shutdow ns). The
term “ injury” includes occupational disease.


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— J ohn H . W eek s
Vice President, Personnel
The Glidden Co.

419

PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES OF WORK INJURIES IN 1962

This would indicate a slight increase in the injury
rate and a reversal of the downward trend;
however, the rate was below that for 1956 or any
year prior to that.
Although deaths caused by injuries increased
in 1962 from 13,500 to 13,700, the death rate per
100,000 workers remained at 21—the record low
rate—'for the second year. In relation to the 1953
figure, the current death rate was 16 percent lower.
In addition to the 13,700 deaths, 83,300 injuries
resulted in some degree of permanent impairment.
The cases ranged from the partial loss of use of a
finger or toe to the complete inability to work at
any gainful employment. The remainder of the
injuries, approximately 1,893,000, were temporarytotal disabilities without any permanent
after effects.
In evaluating time losses occurring from work
injuries, not merely the actual days lost from
work but also the future effects of deaths and per­
manent impairments are considered. Each of the
temporary disabilities, though involving no per­

manent ill effects, prevented the injured worker
from performing his regular job or from pursuing
his normal activities for at least 1 full calendar
day. On the average, in 1962, these cases dis­
abled the workers for 17 days, or a grand total of
32 million days of disability. The permanent
impairments not only completely disabled the
workers for a time but also left them with some
permanent limitation that could be expected to
reduce their working efficiency for the remainder
of their lives. These cases were assigned arbitrary
“time charges/’2 based on the estimated percent
loss of working efficiency, projected over the
average work-life expectancy of the labor force.
These time charges averaged 625 days per case
and totaled 52 million. Losses due to death are
incalculable; however, 6,000 days has been
accepted as an arbitrary measure of the worktime
2 T he tim e charges assigned to the perm anent im pairm ents are those estab­
lished in the scale presented in the American Standard Method of Recording
and Measuring Work Injury Experience, approved by the A merican Stand­
ards Association in 1954.

E s t i m a t e d N u m b e r o p D i s a b l i n g W o r k I n j u r i e s , b y I n d u s t r y D i v i s i o n , 195 8 -6 2

T o tal disabling injuries______ ____ _____
A griculture 3_____ _____ ___________
M ining * ... _ _____
C ontract construction 8_________ _
M anufacturing 8_________ _______ _
T ransportation and public utilities 7 _
T rade 3___________________ _______
Finance, service, governm ent, and
miscellaneous industries_________
D eaths 8_______ ______________________

Em ployees only

All w orkers1

In d u stry division and type of disability

1958

19622

1961

I960

1959

1958

19622

1961

1960

1959

1,990, 000

1,930,000

1,950,000

1,960,000

1,820,000

1,551,000

1,490,000

1, 508,000

1,516,000

1,380,000

281,000
44, 000
210,000
403,000
189,000
373,000

284,000
43, 000
209,000
375,000
179, 000
360, 000

287, 000
45,000
210,000
398,000
183,000
360,000

291,000
48,000
218,000
422,000
184,000
351,000

291,000
49,000
203,000
361,000
169,000
334,000

60,000
41,000
165,000
386, 000
175,000
291,000

60,000
40,000
165,000
358,000
165,000
276,000

60,000
42,000
165,000
381,000
169,000
276,000

60,000
45,000
172,000
405,000
170,000
268,000

60,000
46,000
158,000
344,000
156,000
250,000

490,000

480,000

467,000

446,000

413,000

433,000

426,000

415,000

396,000

366,000

13,700

13, 500

13, 800

13, 800

13,300

10,200

9,800

10,100

10,100

9,700

3,100
700
2,400
1,800
1,700
1, 200

3, 300
700
2,300
1,700
1, 500
1,200

3,300
800
2,400
1,700
1,600
1,200

3,400
700
2,500
1,900
1,500
1,200

3,300
700
2,400
1,800
1, 400
1,200

1,000
600
1,900
1,700
1,600
900

1,000
600
1,800
1,600
1, 400
900

1,000
700
1,900
1,600
1, 500
900

1,000
600
2,000
1,800
1,400
900

1,000
600
1,900
1,700
1,300
900

A griculture 3________________ ______
M ining 8_ _ ______
C ontract construction 5_____________
M anufacturing 8___________ . . . . .
T ransportation and public utilities 7 .
T rade 8. . ________________________
Finance, service, governm ent, and
miscellaneous industries.....................

2,800

2,800

2,800

2,600

2,500

2,500

2,500

2,500

2,400

2,300

Perm anent im pairm ents 910____________

83,300

80, 500

82,200

83,200

76, 700

66,500

63, 600

65,000

66,900

60,300

C ontract construction 5_____________
M anufacturing 8___________________
T rade s_______ ______ _____________

5, 800
25, 700
8,700

5,800
24,000
8,400

5,800
25, 500
8,400

6,100
27,000
8,200

5,600
23,000
7,800

4, 600
24, 600
6,800

4, 600
23,000
6,400

4,600
24,400
6,400

4,800
26, 000
6,200

4,400
22,000
5,800

Tem porary-total disabilities 10..................... 1,893,000

1,836,000

1,854,000

1, 863,000

1, 730,000

1,474,300

1,416, 600

1,432, 900

1, 439,000

1,310,000

200, 900
349,300
350,400

201,800
370,800
350, 400

209, 400
393,100
341,600

195,000
336,200
325,000

158, 500
359, 700
283,300

158,600
333,400
268,700

158, 500
355,000
268, 700

165,200
377, 200
260,900

151, 700
320, 300
250,000

Contract construction 3_____________
M anufacturing 8___ _______ _____ _
T rade 3_____________ ____________

201, 800
375, 500
363,100

1 Includes proprietors, self-employed, and u n p aid family workers, as well
as employees, b u t excludes domestic service workers.
2 Prelim inary.
3 T he total num ber of work injuries in agriculture is based on cross-section
surveys b y th e U.S. D ep artm en t of A griculture in 1947 and 1948, w ith ad­
justm ents for changes in em ploym ent. These are considered to be m inim um
figures; injuries experienced in performing chores are excluded, and there
are some indications of underreporting.
« Based largely on d ata compiled by th e B ureau of M ines, U.S. D ep art­
m ent of the in terio r.
8 Based on sm all sample surveys b y th e B ureau of L abor Statistics.


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8 Based on a comprehensive survey b y the B ureau of L abor Statistics.
7 Based on small sample surveys by the B ureau of Labor Statistics for
certain segments and on d ata compiled from other sources for other segments.
8 Based on surveys as indicated b y footnotes 3 to 7 and on vital statistics
reports.
8 Includes approxim ately 1,300 to 1,500 perm anent-total im pairm ents
each year.
18 Includes d ata for industries no t shown separately.
N ote: D a ta for A laska and H aw aii are included, beginning w ith 1959.
T his adjustm ent added about 10,000 to the total num ber of disabling injuries.

420
lost per death, based on an estimated 20-year
work-life expectancy of the labor force. Thus
the total days chargeable to the 13,700 work
deaths would be 82 million. When the losses
from all three classes of the 1962 work injuries
are combined, the resulting figure of 166 million
man-days is equivalent to the employment of
about 535,000 workers for 1 full year.3
Among the various industry divisions, manu­
facturing showed the greatest increase in work
injuries during 1962. Employment in this area
recovered from its decline in 1961 and increased
about 3 percent. This recovery plus a slight
increase in the average weekly hours worked
resulted in a 4- to 5-percent increase in exposure
time to work hazards. The combined effect of
this increase in exposure and a slight increase in
injury rates produced a 7-percent rise in injuries
in manufacturing.
In the transportation field, railroads had a
drop in injuries about equal to the decline in
emplojunent. Although employment in steve­
doring decreased but slightly, injuries dropped
by almost 7 percent. This record, however, was
more than offset by substantial increases in
injuries in most other types of transportation and
transportation services. The overall rise in the
number of work injuries in transportation can be
attributed, for the most part, to the large increase
in motor vehicle injuries. Public utilities and
communications registered a slight decrease in
employment but had an increase in estimated
injuries, indicating an increase in the injury rates.
Employment in wholesale and retail trade con­
tinued to increase while the hours in the work­
week remained at about the same level as during
1961. Estimated work injuries increased at a
higher rate than employment, but the number of
deaths involved remained constant.
In mining, disabling injuries increased slightly
while employment declined, according to pres Tim e losses for tem porary disabilities are figured in term s of calendar
days; thus, this total does not represent to tal w orkdays lost.


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

liminary figures of the Bureau of Mines, U.S.
Department of the Interior. In coal mining, the
volume of injuries decreased, but not as much as
did employment and hours of work; as a result,
the injury rate was slightly higher. Injuries in
metal mining and crude petroleum production
increased despite decreases in employment. Quar­
rying and nonmetallic mining showed a slight
decrease in both injuries and injury rates. The
death figures in mining, particularly in coal mining,
were much lower for the first 11 months of 1962
than in 1961; however, the Pennsylvania coal
mine disaster in December brought the total of
deaths for the year approximately up to the 1961
figure.
There were encouraging reports from some seg­
ments of the construction industry; however, the
preponderence of evidence indicated that injuries
to employees remained about the same as in 1961
despite a slight decrease in employment and hours.
The number of self-employed persons in construc­
tion increased slightly, contributing somewhat to
the increase in the total volume of injuries for the
industry.
Employment in agriculture continued to decline
in 1962; work injuries decreased also, but by a
smaller percentage.
Employment continued to increase in the
finance, service, and government classifications.
Injuries in finance, insurance, and real estate
increased in proportion to the rise in employment,
while the service industries held the rise in dis­
abilities to about 1 percent as employment rose 3
percent. This latter pattern was evident also in
the State and local government group. Although
employment rose more than 2 percent in Federal
Government establishments, the volume of injuries
actually showed a better than 2-percent decrease.
As a whole, the finance, service, and government
classifications had the best safety record for the
year.
— F e e d W. S chm idt , J r .
Division of Industrial Hazards

Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases *
Labor Relations
The
U.S. Supreme Court held 1 that the National
Labor Relations Board had no authority to con­
duct a representation election among alien seamen
employed aboard foreign-flag ships since Congress
did not affirmatively express an intention to apply
the Labor Management Relations Act to such
ships.
Upon petition of the National Maritime Union,
the Board had ordered 2 an election among the
crews of a fleet of 13 ships which were registered
under the laws of Honduras, flew that nation’s
flag, and were operated by a Honduran subsidiary
of a U.S. corporation. The crews, which were
recruited in Honduras, were composed almost
entirely of Honduran citizens and they signed
Honduran shipping articles. Their terms and
conditions of employment were governed by a
collective bargaining agreement between the
subsidiary and a Honduran union representing the
seamen. That union was recognized as the exclu­
sive bargaining agent by the Honduran Govern­
ment under a law providing that only unions which
are at least 90 percent composed of Honduran
citizens may represent seamen on Honduranregistered ships. The U.S. parent corporation,
which chartered the vessels, determined their
ports of call, sailings, and cargoes, integrating
them into its fleet organization. Most of the
voyages were between Latin American and U.S.
ports. Following a previous decision,3 the Board
concluded that the LMRA was applicable to the
maritime operations of the 13 foreign-flag ships
since their foreign contacts were outweighed by
substantial U.S. contacts.
When the Honduran subsidiary sought to enjoin
the NLRB from conducting the election, a Federal
district court denied the request. However, an
appellate court held 4 that the Board had no
authority to direct the election and reversed the

N L R B J u risd ic tio n Over F oreign -F lag S h ip s.


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judgment of the district court. Upon request of
the Honduran union, another district court issued
an injunction against the Board.5 Both decisions
were then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.
The High Court noted that the treaty between
Honduras and the United States provided that
vessels would be deemed to be those of the nation
whose flag is flown and that it is the policy of the
U.S. Department of State to view a ship which is
documented in a foreign country as a foreign
ship. The Court pointed to consequent inter­
national problems which the Board’s action had
“created . . . for our Government” and noted
a well-established rule of international law that the
internal affairs of a ship are ordinarily governed
by the laws of the flag state. The Court cited an
opinion by Chief Justice John Marshall, stating
that “an act of Congress ought never to be con­
strued to violate the law of nations if any other
construction remains . . . .” 6 It stated that the
LMRA should not be extended to this delicate
area of international relations without a clearly
expressed affirmative intention of Congress, an
intention which the Congress had the power to
make effective.
The Court adhered to its previous decision in
B e n z v. C o m p a n ia N a v ie ra H id a lg o , S .A .,7 in which
it held that the LMRA did not apply to the
picketing of a foreign ship operated by foreign
seamen under foreign articles while the ship was
temporarily in a U.S. port. After searching the
legislative history, in that case, for an expression
of congressional intent to apply the act to foreignflag ships, the Court had been unable to find such
an expression. In fact, the only relevant statement
was a remark by Congressman Hartley character­
izing the act as “a bill of rights both for A m e ric a n
‘ Prepared in the U.S. D epartm ent of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. T he
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No atte m p t has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and adm inistrative developments in the field of labor law or to
indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results m ay be reached based upon local statu to ry provisions, the existence of
local precedents, or a different approach b y the courts to the issue presented.
1 N L R B v. Sociedad N atio n al de M arineros; N L R B v. E m presa Hondurena
de Vapores, S .A .; N ation al M aritim e Union v. Sam e (U.S. Sup. C t., Feb. 18,
1963).
2United F ru it Co. and N ation al M aritim e Union, 134 N L R B 287 (1961).
2West India F ru it & Steamship Co. and Seafarers, Atlantic and G u lf District,
130 N L R B 343 (1961); see Monthly Labor Review, M ay 1961, pp. 527-529.
4 Em presa Hondurena de Vapores, S .A . v. N L R B 303 F. 2d 222 (1962);
see Monthly Labor Revievj, Apr. 1962, pp. 424-425.
1 Sociedad N atio n al de M arineros v. N L R B , 201 F. Supp. 82 (1962).
6The Charming Betsy, 6 U .S. (2 Cranch) 64, p. 118 (1804).
7 353 U .S. 138 (1957); see Monthly Labor Review, June 1957, p. 718.
421

422
working men and for their employers.” 8 This
obviously supported the opposite position. The
Court concluded that Congress had not decided
to apply the act to these operations and that any
arguments that it be so applied, should be directed
to Congress rather than the Court. Therefore,
the district court was held to have jurisdiction
to enjoin the NLRB from conducting the election.
In his concurring opinion, Justice Douglas
stated that although he disagreed with the result
in the B e n z case, he bowed to the “inexorable
result of its extension here.”
In a companion case decided on the same day,
the Court held 9 that a State court has jurisdiction
over a suit for damages and an injunction against
a union which had picketed a foreign-flag ship to
organize foreign seamen. As decided in S o cied a d
N a tio n a l,10 the NLRB had no juridsiction over
such a dispute, and hence the controversy was not
preempted by the LMRA.
A steamship company, a Liberian corporation
wholly owned by Italian nationals, operates two
ships which make regular cruises between New
York City and various Caribbean ports and annual
cruises to Italy, where the crews take their leaves.
Crew members, mostly Italians, are recruited and
hired in Italy and sign Liberian shipping articles.
In February 1960, the union in this case was
formed by two American unions for the purpose of
organizing foreign seamen aboard foreign-flag
ships. During May of that year, it picketed both
of the foreign company’s ships. Some crew mem­
bers of one of the ships were persuaded not to
perform their duties, and longshoremen and tug­
boat crews were also temporarily persuaded to
refrain from servicing the vessels. As a result,
several cruises were canceled.
On May 16, 1960, the company brought suit in
a New York court requesting damages and an
injunction against the union. On the same day,
the union filed unfair labor practice charges
against the company. The State court granted
the company’s request for an injunction, but the
New York Court of Appeals reversed on the
grounds that the State court lacked jurisdiction
until the Board refused to act. The Court of
Appeals believed that it was at least “arguable”
that the Board would exercise jurisdiction on the
“balancing of contracts” theory as applied in the
W est I n d ia F ru it & S te a m sh ip Co. decision.11
The Supreme Court noted that the State court’s
jurisdiction would have been preempted had the

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

dispute been arguably within the jurisdiction of
the NLRB. Moreover, it conceded that prior to
its decision in S o cied a d N a tio n a l, the dispute was
arguably within the Board’s jurisdiction. How­
ever, in view of the decision in S o cied a d N a tio n a l,
it is now clearly settled that the Board has no
authority in such situations. The fact that this
case involved picketing while the prior case con­
cerned the direction of an election was viewed as
immaterial, since the Board’s jurisdiction to pre­
vent unfair labor practices, like its jurisdiction to
direct elections, is based on the effect on “com­
merce.” As the Court concluded in S o cied a d
N a tio n a l, Congress did not intend to extend the
definition of “commerce” to the maritime opera­
tions of foreign-flag vessels employing alien
seamen.
C onsum er P ick etin g . The NLRB ruled12 that
the secondary boycott provisions of section
8(b)(4)(ii) of the LMRA forbid all consumer
picketing in front of neutral establishments. It
is the Board’s position that such picketing neces­
sarily threatens, coerces, or restrains the neutral
employer with the object of forcing him to stop
dealing in the primary employer’s product.
In a dispute with a nonunion liquor distributor,
the union picketed the distributor’s retail custom­
ers, including liquor stores, restaurants, and hotels,
requesting that the public boycott brands distrib­
uted by the nonunion firm. The retailers were
advised that if the proscribed brands were not on
sale the union would discontinue picketing at
their establishments. Various retailers ceased
handling the brands or instructed the distributor
to suspend deliveries until the dispute was
resolved.
The Board noted that the Circuit Court of
Appeals for the District of Columbia had held 13
that consumer picketing at the premises of the
secondary employer to achieve the proscribed
objectives does not per se constitute coercion and
restraint in violation of the act. The court
stated that there must be evidence of actual
threats, coercion, and restraint.
8

I b i d ., p . 144.

# Incres Steamship Co. v . International M aritime Workers Union ( U .S .
S u p . C t ., F e b . 1 8 ,1 9 6 3 ).
10 S ee fo o tn o te 1.
u S ee fo o tn o te 3.

Local US, International Brotherhood of Teamsters a n d Colony Liquor
Distributors, Inc., 140 N L R B N o . 105 (F e b . 6, 1963).
>» Fruit and Vegetable Packers & Warehousemen, Local 760 v . N L R B , 308
F . 2d 311 (1962).

DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES

Notwithstanding the court’s decision, the Board
adheres to its position that such picketing neces­
sarily threatens, coerces, or restrains the retailers
with an object of forcing or requiring them to
cease selling or handling the products of the non­
union distributor. The Board found that the
“natural and foreseeable result” of such picketing
was to force or require the neutral employers to
discontinue their purchases from the primary
employer. Further, it found that the picketing
did, in fact, produce the intended result. It,
therefore, ordered the union to cease from engaging
in the proscribed conduct.
Employer Election Propaganda. The NLRB
ruled 14 that an employer’s printed statements,
received by employees 1 or 2 days before a repre­
sentation election, which were substantial de­
partures from the truth justified the setting aside
of the election. The Board found additional
grounds for invalidating the election in a state­
ment that the employees could expect a strike
if the union won the election, which implied that
the employer would then subcontract all his
production work.
During the election campaign, the employer
circulated among the employees printed state­
ments with regard to wage rates assertedly nego­
tiated through collective bargaining at a plant of
a company to which the employer subcontracted
work. The company in question had two plants—
one under a union contract, the other unionized
but without a contract until about a month after
the employer’s statements were circulated. Prior
to the contract, the latter plant had wage rates
lower than those at the employer’s establishment.
The employer did not specify in its preelection
leaflet which plant it was referring to. The em­
ployer also indicated, in other statements to the
employees, that there would probably be a strike
if the union won the election, in which case, it
implied, it would subcontract all its production
work. The union lost the election.
The Board held that the statements quoting
wage rates as a product of collective bargaining
were substantial departures from the truth. The
accuracy of the statements were especially difficult
14 Steel Equipm ent Co. a n d United Automobile Workers, 140 N L R B N o .
122 ( F e b . 7, 1963).

15 Hollywood Ceramics, Inc., a n d United Brick and Clay Workers, 140 N L R B
N o . 36 (1962).

19 Walgreen Co. a n d Local 717, Ice Cream and Frozen Custard Industry
Employees, 140 N L R B N o . 121 (F e b . 7 ,1 9 6 3 ).


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423
for the employees to check because the company
made them only 1 or 2 days before the election
and it did not identify the plant at which the
rates were allegedly in effect. In accordance with
its decision in the Hollywood Ceramics case,15which
in the Board’s view involved a similar misrepre­
sentation by a union, the conduct was sufficient
grounds for setting aside the election.
Regarding the employer’s prediction of a strike
and consequent subcontracting, the Board held
that the assertions were designed to frighten the
employees with the hazards of collective bargain­
ing and probable loss of employment. Therefore,
it viewed this as a separate ground for invalidating
the election.
Union Election Propaganda. In another case
involving election propaganda, decided on the
same day, the Board held 16 that the false informa­
tion distributed by the union on the eve of an
election, which could not be intelligently evalu­
ated by employees and which the employer did
not have time to correct, was sufficient grounds
for setting aside the election.
On the eve of the election, the union distributed
a handbill purportedly showing wage and vacation
benefits gained by the union for all its members.
In fact, only one group of the union’s members
had been granted a wage increase and none of the
workers employed by this company had received
any increase in vacation benefits. The union won
the election by a very close vote (19 to 18).
The Board stated that since the information
was distributed on the eve of the election, the
employer had no time to check its accuracy and
communicate the correct facts. Moreover, the
employees had no independent means of evaluat­
ing the propaganda and would probably accept it
on face value since the union would appear to be
an authority on benefits it had obtained for its
own members.
Because of the importance of wages and fringe
benefits as an argument for or against unioniza­
tion, the information was clearly material. The
Board also believed the statements were “reasonabfy calculated to deceive.” Since it found that
there was a substantial doubt whether the em­
ployees were able to make a “free choice,” the
election was invalidated. Member Brown, dis­
senting, stated that the Board was undertaking
to inject itself into policing campaign statements
and acting as the “censor of each utterance.”

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
February 1, 1963
A F e d er a l D istr ic t C ourt in Seattle extended until
April 15 a temporary injunction it had granted January 25
for a threatened strike by the International Association
of Machinists against the Boeing Co. Main issue in the
contract dispute is a union shop provision. (See also p.
426 of this issue.)
F ollow ing a 1 9 -D ay S t r ik e , contract agreement was
reached between the Philadelphia Transportation Co. and
representatives of 5,500 Transport Workers Union mem­
bers. The contract provides 10-cent-an-hour wage in­
creases in 1963 and 1964 and increased welfare benefits
valued at 13 cents an hour. (See also p. 310, MLR,
Mar. 1963.)

February 5
M obil Oil C o . signed a 1-year contract with the Oil,
Chemical and Atomic Workers calling for a general 5-per­
cent wage increase and ending a 26-week strike by 370
employees at the Monsanto, 111., refinery. The company’s
East Chicago, Ind., refinery had reached agreement with
the union 2 weeks earlier. The same increase was included
in recent 1-year OCAW contracts with Standard Oil Co.
of Ohio’s Cleveland No. 1 refinery and Shell Oil Co.’s
Wood River plant. (See p. 427 of this issue.)

T h e C iv il S er v ic e C om m ission , under authority of the

Federal Salary Reform Act of 1962 (Chron. item for Oct.
11, MLR, Dec. 1962) and Executive Order 11073 (which
permits higher pay for certain types of jobs), increased the
minimum salary rates and rate ranges for professional
engineers and certain scientists at grades GS-5 through
GS-8. The minimum and maximum rates for the four
classifications, respectively, are $5,525-86,965, $5,715$7,245, $6,650-$8,315, $6,705-88,550. This puts mini­
mum salaries for these positions from $615 to $1,110
above standard Federal classifications. The increased
rates take effect on the first day of the second pay period
beginning after February 8, 1963.

February 13
T he C om ptroller G e n e r a l (in General Accounting
Office B-150293) interprets the Davis-Bacon Act as mak­
ing wage determinations effective only when included in
advertised or negotiated specifications and rules that a
second determination of minimum wages by the Secre­
tary of Labor after a contract has been awarded cannot be
substituted for the original wage schedule through letters
of inadvertence unless the change is necessitated by dis­
covery of an inadvertent error.

February 18
I n T wo O p in io n s covering four cases, the U.S. Supreme
Court unanimously ruled that although Congress has the
constitutional power to extend the National Labor Re­
lations Board scope to crews working ships owned by U.S.
firms but registered in foreign nations, it had not done so
in the National Labor Relations Act. (See also pp. 421422 and 429-430 of this issue and Chron. item for Feb. 16,
MLR, April 1961.) The cases were N L R B v. S o c ie d a d
N a t i o n a l d e M a r i n e r o s d e H o n d u r a s ; N L R B v. E m p r e s a
H o n d u r e n a d e V a p o r e s , S . A . ; N a t i o n a l M a r i t i m e U n io n v.
S a m e , and I n c r e s S t e a m s h i p C o . v. I n t e r n a t i o n a l M a r i t i m e
W o r k e r s U n io n .

February 8
A “ R ig h t -T o-W ork ” S ta tute for Wyoming was signed
by Governor Clifford P. Hansen, bringing the total num­
ber of States with such laws to 20 (excluding a Louisiana
law which applies only to agricultural labor and workers
engaged in the processing of certain agricultural products).
It forbids contracts requiring an employee to become or
remain a member of any labor organization “as a condi­
tion of employment or continuation of employment.”
Agency shops are specifically banned. The law takes
effect May 17, 1963. (See also p. 430 of this issue.)
A m en d m en ts to R eg u l a t io n s for learners in the apparel
industry under section 14 of the Fair Labor Standards Act
were adopted by the Department of Labor’s Wage and
Hour and Public Contracts Divisions which limit the
number of learners to 10 percent of total employees (with
a maximum of 10 learners in plants employing fewer than
100 workers), specify 160- and 320-hour maximum learning
periods, and establish special hourly minimum wage rates
of $1 and $1.05. (See also p. 430 of this issue.)

424

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February 19
J ohn B p. ophy , a founder and former National Director of
the Congress of Industrial Organizations, died at the age
of 79. Mr. Brophy had held posts in the CIO and served
on several Government boards.

February 20
A u n io n h ir in g h a l l m ay refuse to refer applicants not
eligible for employment under union-security provisions
of the contract, even though the contract does not specifi­
cally authorize enforcement of the provisions by the
hiring hall. The case was an NLRB decision, M a y f a i r
C o a t & S u i t C o . and I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a d i e s ’ G a r m e n t W o r k e r s ’
U n io n , L o c a l 5 5 .

February 28
T h e NLRB ruled that “protection of rights” clauses in

Teamster contracts with Patton Warehouse, Inc., and

CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
Brown Transport Corp. covering 22 States violate “hot
cargo” provisions of the Labor-Management Relations
Act by preventing an employer from disciplining employ­
ees who (1) refuse to cross picket lines which may be main­
tained by a union not a majority representative, or (2)
refuse to enter upon property involved in a labor dispute
which has not resulted in a strike. Other clauses were
struck down for (1) allowing employees of a secondary
carrier to refuse to handle goods usually assigned to the
struck carrier when there was no arrangement between
carriers concerning the performance of such services (Under
the Board’s “work-ally” doctrine, secondary employees
may refuse to handle goods if employers have arranged
the work transfer.), (2) protecting employees who choose
not to handle goods or equipment involved in a labor
dispute, despite language obligating the secondary em­
ployer to continue doing business with the struck employer

6 7 9 5 8 2 — 63-

5


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425
(the Board interpreted these provisions as, in effect, con­
stituting an outright ban on handling “hot cargo”), (3)
obligating employer not to use services of any person not
observing the union’s wages, hours, and conditions of
employment. A hazardous work clause was found to be
illegal economic coercion, because it required the employer to
provide triple wages and other protection which the Board
found to be excessive for employees assigned to handle
goods at the premises of a labor dispute. (See Chron. items
for Jan. 18, MLR, Mar. 1961 and Oct. 25, MLR, Dec. 1961.)
I n c r e a se s R a ng in g from $2 to $7 a week were reached
under a wage reopener for 24,000 New York Telephone Co.
plant employees represented by the Communications
Workers of America. Additional raises, up to $4.50 a
a week, were included for approximately 2,000 employees
whose jobs will be reclassified.

Developments in
Industrial Relations*
Wages and Collective Bargaining

The end of the New York Citynewspaper work stoppage 1 seemed near in early
March. On February 28, the publisher of the
New York Post resigned from the Publishers’ Asso­
ciation of New York City and resumed publication
on March 4 under terms of the old contract. The
Post action was in accordance with a standing offer
from the International Typographical Union to
the five papers that had voluntarily suspended
operations when the ITU struck the New York
Times, Daily News, Journal American, WorldTelegram and Sun.
On March 8, negotiators for the union and the
remaining eight newspapers accepted a settlement
proposal made by New York City Mayor Kobert
F. Wagner.2 In addition to ITU ratification,
however, final settlement depended on an agree­
ment between the publishers and the Newspaper
Guild on a new contract expiration date for their
settled contract because of a Typographers provi­
sion for uniform expiration dates. Settlements
were also still to be reached with the Mailers (an
ITU affiliate) and the Stereotypers, who were on
strike, as well as with six other unions whose
contracts had expired.
On February 19, before the ITU settlement was
reached, the national headquarters of the union
announced approval by its membership of a special
3-percent assessment to repay $1 million borrowed
for strike benefit payments to New York and
Cleveland printers. The ITU had paid out an
additional $1 million in benefits from existing
strike funds before February 1, when ITU mem­
bers in New York became eligible for unemploy­
ment compensation and strike benefit payments
were halted there. On February 21, President
Kennedy suggested in a press conference that the
publishers and unions involved submit their dif­
ferences to independent determination.
In Cleveland, four unions reached 2-year con­
tracts with the two struck newspapers.3 The
N e w sp a p e rs.

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Pressmen and the Paper Handlers settled for
2 -year $10 weekly wage increase packages and
liberalized vacation benefits in February. The
Teamsters in early March agreed to a similar
package which provided $5 weekly wage increases
in each year of the contract, plus improved work­
ing conditions. The Newspaper Guild, rejecting
advice from its national headquarters, accepted the
publishers’ offer of a 2-year contract on February
28, providing two-step increases of $7.50 to $10,
depending on job classification, increased night
differential, and a maintenance of membership
clause that allows members to resign from the
union only during the last week of the contract.
The Guild had been seeking a union shop or an
agency shop. At least 90 percent of the Plain
Dealer’s editorial and commercial department em­
ployees are Guild members; at the Press & News,
95 percent of those in the editorial department,
but only 60 percent of the commercial department
workers, are members.
At the end of the month, the Photo-Engravers,
Stereotypers, Operating Engineers, and Building
Service Employees were still without contracts,
while the ITU, the Mailers Union (an ITU
affiliate), and the Machinists, were still on strike.
The contract dispute between the
Boeing Co. and the International Association of
Machinists which centered on union security con­
tinued through February. On February 22, the
Machinists requested that President John F.
Kennedy “seek a Congressional committee, similar
to [that] in the recent longshore case, so that this
dispute can be settled.” Members of the union
continued to work under a Taft-Hartley order
which took effect January 25.4
The United Aircraft Corp., Pratt and Whitney
Aircraft Division, and the Machinists, representing
2,300 workers at the company’s West Palm
Beach, Fla., research center, reached agreement in
January on a contract providing immediate wage
increases of 6 to 11 cents an hour and equivalent
increases in both 1964 and 1965. Nightshift pay,
vacations, and health and welfare benefits were
M eta lw o rk in g .

‘ Prepared in the Division of Wage Economics, B ureau of Labor Statistics,
on the basis of currently available published m aterial.
1 M onthty Labor Review, M arch 1963, p. 311.
2 Details of the IT U settlem ent will be included in the M onthly Labor
Review for M ay.
3 M onthly Labor Review, January 1963, p. 70.
4 M onthly Labor Review, M arch 1963, p. 312.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

also improved. Negotiated under a wage reopen­
ing clause, the contract expires January 25, 1966,
and replaced a pact that was to expire early in
1965.
Other M a n u fa c tu rin g . The 168-day strike at
Shell Oil Co.’s largest domestic refinery, the Wood
River, 111., plant, ended in early February when
the 983-member Operating Engineers local fol­
lowed the lead of 12 other unions representing some
1 ,1 0 0
workers in ratifying agreements reached
January 25. The new 1-year contracts followed
the pattern of other oil company settlements in
late 1962 and early 1963 with the Oil, Chemical
and Atomic Workers and other AFL-CIO and
independent unions, providing 5-percent wage
increases.5
A 3-year agreement negotiated in early January
between the International Ladies’ Garment Work­
ers’ Union, representing 7,000 workers, and the
Associated Corset and Brassiere Manufacturers,
Inc., in New York City provided wage-rate in­
creases of 5 percent for operators, $6 a week for
cutters, $4 for shipping clerks and sample-makers,
and 5 percent (with a minimum of $3 a week) for
other crafts. Higher minimums were established
for operators, shipping clerks, floor workers,
pressers, and sample makers. Learner periods
were shortened for operators and floor workers.
Each company, effective July 1964, will give its
employees 1 week’s vacation with pay in addition
to the vacation benefits now provided from the
central vacation, health, welfare, and pension fund
to which employers already contribute.
A 3-year contract, effective February 6, between
the Ladies’ Garment Workers and the Associated
Garment Industries of St. Louis, representing
dress and sportswear manufacturers, a 9-cent-anhour wage increase for 2,500 workers and increased
minimum rates. An extra paid holiday (bringing
the total to 6) and a reopener after 2 years were
also included.
Delegates to a conference of the Textile Workers
Union of America voted February 2 not to seek a
general wage increase in 1963 in the cotton-rayon
and woolen-worsted sections of the northern
textile industry. When contracts expire or can be
reopened this spring for about 63,000 workers, the
question is to be left to “local union option.”
« M onthly Labor Review, F eb ru ary 1963, p. 181.
6 M onthly Labor Review, D ecem ber 1962, p. 1402;


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427
In subsequent meetings held in New England,
employees of Berkshire Hathaway, Inc., Sagamore
Mills, and Maplewood Yam Mills in Massachu­
setts and Pepperell Manufacturing Co. and Bates
Manufacturing Co. in Maine were among those
voting not to seek contract changes this year.
A contract designed to provide greater utiliza­
tion of production facilities and to yield greater
leisure for employees was signed in early February
by the frozen bread division of the Bridgeford
Packing Co. and Local 551 of the Amalgamated
Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen, who repre­
sent approximately 75 employees at the company’s
Anaheim, Calif., bakery. The agreement calls for
four regular crews, each working four 10-hour days
and with 4 consecutive days off (no Saturday or
Sunday shutdowns). The four crews will replace
two which had worked a 40-hour shift per week.
Time and one-half is to be paid after 8 hours per
day. The result over an 8-week cycle will be a
35-hour average workweek, standard for the
Pacific Coast baking industry, where most em­
ployees work 7 hours a day, 5 days a week.
Wages were to be increased by 3 percent; this and
the 2 hours of overtime a day would largely offset
the weekly pay loss that would have occurred
because of the reduction in the workweek. Vaca­
tions, holidays, and sick leave provisions were
adjusted to the workweek revision. The new
work schedule was to be instituted on a trial basis.
The Stackpole Carbon Co. and the International
Union of Electrical Workers negotiated a 3-year
contract covering 3,000 workers in early February,
6 weeks before the expiration of the old contract;
in 1960, a contract settlement was reached only
after a 15-week strike. The pact provides an
immediate 2%-percent wage increase, another 2
percent in 1964, liberalized supplementary benefits
in the third year, and a 6-cent maximum in costof-living escalation. Employees in St. Mary,
Johnsonburg, and Kane, Pa., are covered by the
contract, which expires March 20, 1966.
John Morrell & Co. announced the purchase and
reopening of a plant closed by Wilson & Co. in
Memphis, Tenn., in December after its employees,
represented by the United Packinghouse Workers,
refused to take a pay cut.6 Radio and newspaper
advertisements reportedly attracted more than
6,000 applicants for the 300 jobs to be available at
the reopened plant at a basic wage scale ranging
from $1,835 to $2,735 an hour. The Wilson wage

428
scale for the Packinghouse Workers had provided
$2.41 to $3.40.
Hiram Walker and Sons, Inc., and the DistilleryWorkers union, representing approximately 1,600
employees at plants in Peoria and Delavan, 111.,
reached agreement on a 2-year contract February
3. It provided a 10-cent-an-hour general wage
increase effective in 1963 and another 7 cents in
1964, with additional wage adjustments for various
job classifications. The cost-of-living allowance
was continued and the employee’s birthday was
established as a ninth paid holiday. Increases in
shift differentials as well as changes in other fringe
benefits were also reported.
Long Island Studios, Inc., a
newly organized motion picture producing com­
pany, signed a contract in mid-February with
locals of the International Alliance of Theatrical
Stage Employes which reportedly enabled the
company to compete on the basis of cost with
English and Italian studios.7 The number of pro­
duction workers normally required under Stage
Employes’ agreements was reduced and overtime
work curtailed. A member of one craft will be
permitted, under certain conditions, to perform
tasks of other crafts, thus reducing the number
of men needed in production crews. Work will
be scheduled from noon until 9 p.m., instead of
from 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. In the past, crews
frequently had no work until noon when the
cameras started operating, and shooting often
continued after 5:30, entailing overtime wage rates.
A profit-sharing plan gives the union one-sixth
of gross profits after the total production cost
and half the distribution costs have been recov­
ered. The one-sixth will be prorated among the
locals, which may apportion their share among
the workers on a particular movie or put the
share into a union fund. One-third of gross profits
go to the participating performers and directors
and one-half to the producing company.
N o n m a n u fa ctu rin g .

Other Developments
By a vote of 8 to 0, with Justice
Arthur J. Goldberg abstaining, the U.S. Supreme
Court on March 4, upheld two lower courts’ deci­
sions 8 that the Nation’s railroads are entitled to
change work rules, saying that the only issue on
which the courts could intervene in the case was

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

to determine whether the five operating unions
and the railroads had exhausted the procedures
of the Kailway Labor Act. The Court declared
that “What is clear . . . is that both parties,
having exhausted all of the statutory procedures,
are relegated to self-help in adjusting this dispute.
. . .” The only possibility of further Federal ac­
tion under the act is the creation of a Presidential
emergency board.
The railroads in July 1962 had announced their
intention to put into effect on August 16, rules
changes recommended by a Presidential commis­
sion which reported February 28, 1962.9 In Au­
gust, the unions sought an injunction in Federal
district court to prevent rules changes. This court
and the appellate court held that the railroads
could initiate the changes; however, temporary
injunctions were issued which preserved the
existing situation pending further appeal.
The unions claimed that 80,000 to 85,000 out
of 211,000 available jobs will be eliminated in the
next 5 years, including some 30,000 to 45,000
railway firemen. The carriers claimed that the
cost of work not necessary or not performed was
$592 million in 1961.
During February, the National Railroad Labor
Conference, an organization representing the Na­
tion’s largest railroads, rejected offers by the five
operating unions to open talks on the work rules
dispute then pending. The unions renewed the
offer and the rail officials made public a letter
of acceptance prior to the Supreme Court deci­
sion that scheduled negotiations in Chicago on
March 13. Rail officials stated they were follow­
ing the suggestion of Charles Luna, president of
the Railroad Trainmen, that the firemen issue be
settled before discussion of other issues.
Threat of a strike in seven States by the Railway
Clerks against the Southern Pacific Railroad was
halted February 26 by a temporary injunction
issued by Judge James O’Keefe, of the San Mateo
County Superior Court in Redwood City, Calif.
On March 1, the union petitioned the U.S.
District Court in San Francisco to remove the case
from the State court and assume jurisdiction.

R a ilro a d s.


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7 See M onthly Labor Review, Jan u ary 1963, p. 72, for sim ilar action taken
b y the Screen Actors G uild.
8 See M onthly Labor Review, October 1962, p. 1151 and Jan u a ry 1963, p. 70.
4 T his commission was appointed b y former President D w ight D . Eisen­
hower on N ovem ber 1, 1960. See M onthly Labor Review, D ecem ber 1960, p.
1322 and A pril 1962, p. 375.

DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

However, negotiations resumed March 4 when
the railroad moved to vacate the injunction after
the union refused to negotiate while enjoined.
The main obstacle to contract settlement was
provision for job security, an issue aggravated
by changes in technology and methods that had
reportedly caused a 40-percent decline in perma­
nent clerk positions since 1957. In the fall of
1962, a Presidential emergency board appointed
under the Railway Labor Act had proposed that
the railroad apportion part of its savings from
technological and organizational change for pay­
ments to laid-off or downgraded clerks. The
board also proposed that the railway and the
union negotiate a plan for orderly job reduction;
a breakdown in talks over these points led to the
strike threat.
Federal Judge J. Sam Perry in Chicago post­
poned final decision in another work rules dispute
between the Monon Railroad and the Brotherhood
of Railroad Trainmen until 30 days after disposi­
tion of the rules case by the U.S. Supreme Court.
The Railroad Trainmen’s demand for accident
insurance for workers returning by automobile
from the end of their run to their home station
was granted until final court action is taken.
A strike by 11 nonoperating unions representing
1,350 employees which began in late January
against the Florida East Coast Railway continued
through February. The railway claimed that
partly because of revenue loss caused by last fall’s
Cuban crisis, it was unable to pay the 10.28-centper-hour wage increase (modified by retroactive
pay) agreed to in the national settlement between
railroad nonoperating employees and Class I
railroads.10 The railroad claimed it could afford
three raises of 1% percent each at 6-month
intervals.
The Railway Labor Executives’ Association in
early February obtained an injunction effective
until April 30 from Federal district court Judge
Thomas Thornton of Detroit that forbids the
Chesapeake & Ohio and the Baltimore & Ohio
railroads to abolish jobs, layoff, or transfer
employees in putting into effect the merger
recently authorized by the Interstate Commerce
Commission. The association suit alleged inade­
quate consideration of the public interest in the
Interstate Commerce Commission ruling.
10 See M onthly Labor Review, June 1982, p. 680.
11 See also p p . 421-422 of this issue.


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429

AFL-CIO Council. At the AFL-CIO Executive
Council meeting at Bal Harbour, Fla., in late
February, AFL-CIO President George Meany
warned that a compulsory arbitration law imposed
on unions in national emergency strikes would
result in wage controls on labor and consequently
price controls on management. The council went
on record as favoring extension of the Fair Labor
Standards Act to an additional 15 million workers
and the raising of the minimum wage to $1.50. It
also recommended enactment of the administra­
tion’s Youth Employment Opportunities bill and
urged passage of Federal legislation assuring equal
pay for women. Sitting as the administrative
committee of the Federation’s Committee on Polit­
ical Education, the council also continued pro­
grams for registration and voting.
Legislation, Rulings, and Court Decisions. The
U.S. Supreme Court reached decisions February 18
on four cases11involving National Labor Relations
Board jurisdiction over seamen sailing on ships
under foreign flag and registry but which call at
U.S. ports and are owned and operated by U.S.
citizens. The court held that it was not the
intent of Congress to extend the scope of the
Taft-Hartley Act to seamen in these circum­
stances.
Justice William O. Douglas, in a concurring
opinion, stated that the practical effect of the
decision was to place on seamen instead of on all
taxpayers the burden of financing an executive
policy which will assure the availability of an
adequate American-owned merchant fleet for
national use during emergencies.
Four United States labor groups—the AFLCIO Maritime Trades Department, the Seamen’s
International Union, the National Maritime
Union, and the International Maritime Workers
Union—have tried for several years to organize
ships of foreign registry. In the 1961 maritime
industry dispute, which brought on a TaftHartley injunction, one area of disagreement was
the unions’ demand that contracts be extended
to cover workers on ships owned and operated
by U.S. interests but flying foreign flags. The
differential in seamen’s wages between U.S.
and foreign ships has encouraged the registry of
ships in Liberia, Honduras, and Panama, thus
causing loss of jobs to U.S. seamen. The total
number of ships in the U.S. merchant marine has

430
shrunk from a World War II high of 2,500 to
presently less than 900 ships.
Wyoming became the 20th State to enact a
“right-to-work” law 12 when Governor Clifford
P. Hansen signed the bill on February 8. The
law, to take effect May 17, 1963, prohibits the
agency shop as well as the union shop. It im­
poses maximum criminal penalties of a $1,000
fine and 6 months imprisonment and authorizes
injunctions and civil damage suits.
In early March, the Court of Appeals of New
York State, the State’s highest court, ruled that
New York City’s minimum wage law was invalid.
It upheld the State Supreme Court’s Appellate
Division decision that the State’s minimum wage
law had preempted the field.13
The U.S. Department of Labor’s Wage and
Hour and Public Contracts Division issued new
regulations effective March 4 for the apparel
industry governing FLSA certificates which allow
companies to pay learners less than the Federal
minimum wage. In the past, approximately
80 percent of all learner certificates had been
issued to the apparel industries. The new regu­
lations reduced the period of instruction for
sewing machine operators, final pressers, and hand
sewers and finishers from 480 to 320 hours,
minus any previous experience. During this


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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

learning period, $1 an hour must be paid, whereas
previously, 85 percent of the minimum wage was
required. Final inspectors and machine opera­
tors (other than sewing machine operators) such
as trimmers can be trained only if there is a need
shown by the industry for an increase in these
occupations. The regulations apply to manu­
facturers of low-priced women’s apparel; men’s
single pants, shirts, and allied garments; sports­
wear and outerwear; and also robe manufacturers
if employment opportunities for learners would
be curtailed and experienced people are unavail­
able.
The regulations still provide that only a maxi­
mum of 10 percent of the employees can be learners
(1 0
learners if th e establishm ent’s em ploym ent
is less than 100) under labor turnover certificates;
the limit may be waived if new or expanding
plants require a higher percentage of learners.
John H. Fanning
was confirmed by the Senate in early March to his
second 5-year appointment to the National
Labor Relations Board.
N a tio n a l L abor R ela tio n s B o a rd .

12 Excluding a Louisiana law which applies only to agricultural laborers
and employees engaged in the processing of certain agricultural products.
13 See M onthly Labor Review, February 1963, p. 182.

Book Reviews
and Notes

o te .— Listing of a 'publication in this
section is for record and reference only and does
not constitute an endorsement of point of view
or advocacy of use.

E d it o r ’s N

Trade Union Monograph Series

The following nine reviews cover a series of
monographs on comparative union government in
the United States. The books were commis­
sioned by the Trade Union Study of the Center
for the Study of Democratic Institutions. Profes­
sor Walter Galenson edited the series, which was
published in 1962 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
New York. The price of each book is $2.95.
Excerpts from two of the monographs—Sam
Romer, The International Brotherhood of Team­
sters: Its Government and Structure, and Melvin
Rothbaum, The Government of the Oil, Chemical
and Atomic Workers Union—were published in
the October 1962 Review (pp. 1105-1113).
The Retail Clerks. By Michael Harrington. 99 pp.
Michael Harrington has written a careful, de­
tailed, dispassionate, and rather colorless account
of the Retail Clerks International Association.
The remarkable fact about the RCIA is that, in
contrast to so many other American unions, it
experienced increased size and power during the
1950’s. At the very outset of his book, Harrington
satisfactorily explains this phenomenon:
The employees in the jurisdiction of RCIA have become
less and less white-collar, their conditions of work have
tended toward those of the factory. This fact, with all its
implications, is perhaps the most important element in the
success of the RCIA and the most basic determinant of
its structural evolution.

Moreover, the author seems to attribute the
present condition of the union to the abilities of
its president, James A. Suffridge. Yet the reader,
unfortunately, is nowhere given fundamental in­

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sights into the characteristics of his personality
or leadership.
A central theme of this book is that the RCIA
operates efficiently and honestly, and probably in
accordance with the wishes and best interests of
its members. But Mr. Harrington does not paint
an idyllic picture. He points out that this “re­
markable harmonious internal situation” has been
accompanied by “ a lack of active participation on
the part of the bulk of the membership.” He does
not charge that the RCIA leadership has acted to
crush rank-and-file democracy but rather suggests
that, given the structure of the union, a less benev­
olent leadership might well be in a position to do
so. The author is rightly distressed at the absence
of competition of ideas or of groups within the
union. There is hardly even an occasional chal­
lenge to the will of the leadership. This politically
sterile environment doubtless contributes to the
fact that the RCIA seems to have little in the way
of social idealism or creative imagination.
This reader of Mr. Harrington’s worthy study of
a worthy union is left with a rather gloomy feeling
about American unionism. The RCIA, destined
to be one of America’s largest unions, appears to
be scarcely different in its ethos from an efficient
large-business organization.
— M urray

B. S e id l e r

Associate Professor of Political Science
Wayne State University

The Structure and Government of the Carpenters'
Union. By Morris A. Horowitz. 168 pp.
The objective of this book is to describe and
analyze governing institutions at the national
level in the United Brotherhood of Carpenters
and Joiners of America. The local level is treated
only where this contributes to an understanding
of operations at the national level or relationships
of the rank and file to the national office.
Professor Horowitz’s inquiry reveals the “ ex­
ceedingly broad” powers and duties vested in the
general president and the very great influence
that office exerts over the deliberations of the
General Executive Board and the conventions,
which have absorbed the functions of the referen­
dum, the basic decisionmaking institution of the
union until 1957.
The book’s valuable contribution is its clear
discussion of how decisionmaking powers are
431

432

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

distributed between the national and the local
level. The local union or, more often, the district
council (consisting of delegates from locals and
controlled by them, according to Horowitz) oper­
ating in a local market, has retained authority
over collective bargaining, strikes, political action,
trials of members, and examination of applicants
for membership, despite a tendency toward
centralization, which has been reinforced lately by
the advent of contracts between the national
union and national construction firms. On the
other hand, questions of jurisdiction, because of
their importance to the union’s survival, have long
been the exclusive preserve of the national union, and
the author describes how the union has prevailed
against nearly all its adversaries in this sphere.
Power to impose trusteeships and to regulate
finances also inhere in the national office. Evi­
dence on judicial practices indicates that appeals
to the general president often afford protection
against the excesses of local union trial boards,
especially in cases of expulsion or suspension,
since practically none of his decisions are ever
overturned by the General Executive Board or the
convention.
In addition, Horowitz presents dispassionate
accounts of the scandals in which the union and
some of its leaders have been involved during the
past 5 years and the succession of the younger
Hutcheson upon the retirement of his father.
His analysis of these developments is limited, and
may be summed up by his statement that the
absence of any open protest inside the union
“ appears to indicate a lack of avenues of real
protest on significant matters within the organiza­
tion.”
The book also fails to pull together its meager
strands of analysis toward generalized conclusions.
Horowitz speaks of crucial tests of a union’s
responsiveness to its members and to the com­
munity at large and implies that he has applied
them, but the tests are never defined.
Except for his assertion that there has been a
“ gradual centralization” which has “ widened the
gap between decisionmakers and the rank and
file,” the reader must draw his own conclusion on
the crucial question of whether this is, on balance,
a democratic organization.

Labor's Paradox— The American Federation oj
State, County and Municipal Employees,
AFL-CIO. By Leo Kramer. 174 pp.
Headers unfamiliar with labor relations in
government may find this monograph on the
American Federation of State, County, and
Municipal Employees strange and perhaps unreal.
Many government unions, however, are faced
with organizational and internal political prob­
lems similar to those presented in the three
chapters of Labor's Paradox written by Mr.
Kramer, assistant to the AFSCME’s president.
If the AFSCME is viewed as one of many govern­
ment employee unions, it may not emerge as
“a paradox.”
Included in the first chapter is a brief history
of the union’s genesis and current position-—its
membership, employer attitudes toward unioniza­
tion, employee-employer relationships, and civil
service regulations and arrangements. This chap­
ter is particularly valuable for its discussion of
AFSCME’s early relationships with the American
Federation of Government Employees (AFGE),
a union which now primarily organizes Federal
white-collar workers.
The second chapter describes and analyzes the
impact on the development of the union of those
provisions of the AFSCME’s constitution which
“concern democracy, justice, and the internal
political life of the union.” Although some stu­
dents of the labor movement may differ with
specific interpretations by the author, much of his
analysis is well done, particularly the sections on
eligibility for membership, subordinate units of
the union, and the international executive board.
Because “the issues of democracy and justice
that appear repeatedly on reading AFSCME
history were resolved or came to a head” at the
union’s hectic convention of 1960, Mr. Kramer’s
third and last chapter is devoted to an account of
that convention. Undoubtedly other partici­
pants would have analyzed the convention
differently; a neutral observer probably would
have been more charitable with the opposition.
Perhaps the author’s promised history will present
a more balanced account, especially since the
1960 debate was continued in an even more
aggravated form at the 1962 convention and
probably will arise again in 1964.

—L. A. O’D onnell

-—J oseph K rislov

Division of Industrial and Labor Relations
Bureau of Labor Statistics

McCoy College
TheUohns|Hopkins University


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BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

Democracy in the International Association of
Machinists. By Mark Perlman. 113 pp.
In a previous book, Professor Perlman raises the
question, To what degree can a union be inde­
pendent of the community to which it belongs?
In this monograph, he addresses himself to one
aspect of that question: How democratic is the
International Association of Machinists, which
functions within a presumably democratic society?
Because of the wide range of acceptable defini­
tions of democracy, treatments of this subject ap­
propriately should begin with a statement of what
democracy means to the author. Professor Perl­
man defers his definition until the final pages of
his book, which makes it difficult for the reader to
focus on the book’s main purpose.
Furthermore, Professor Perlman’s position con­
cerning the appropriateness of a high degree of
democracy is not clear. He suggests that less
democratic methods were used in the IAM to
counter movements which were considered sub­
versive. In some cases, the labels were used to
squelch internal opposition. While the author
was critical of labels used in fighting political op­
ponents, he comes dangerously close to suggesting
that when the ends are consistent with widely held
views in society, the means should be subject to
lesser degrees of scrutiny. He states, “There is
no way to guarantee in the short run that slander
or libel will not be used; over longer periods the
truth generally emerges.” One might ask whether
this is the cause or the effect of democracy.
Professor Perlman’s concluding chapter is both
interesting and well written. Here he suggests
that an effective democracy can exist in an institu­
tion of narrower scope than a nation state without
requiring the often inefficient multiple party sys­
tem. His confidence that democracy does exist
in the International Association of Machinists,
however, is definitely related to his willingness to
accept a narrow kind of democracy which functions
not only within the limits of society but also with­
in the limits of the traditions of the union itself.
— J am es M . M u r r y
Assistant Professor of Economics
University of Denver

The International Brotherhood of Teamsters: Its
Government and Structure. By Sam Romer.
160 pp.
Despite the relentless publicity surrounding the
International Brotherhood of Teamsters in recent

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

433

years, very little material has been available on
the union’s government and internal operations.
This void has now been partially filled by Mr.
Romer’s well-written monograph; unfortunately,
for those interested in more than the formal
aspects of union administration, the wait will
continue.
This authoritative study traces the constitu­
tional evolution of the Teamsters, paying particu­
lar attention to actions taken at the 1952, 1957,
and 1961 conventions. Thus, in 1957, as a reac­
tion to Beck’s leadership, the powers of the
president were curtailed, but this process was
reversed in 1961 under Hoffa, when the General
Executive Board yielded most of its controls to
the president, thereby creating the basis for a
centralized organization. But despite the growing
concentration of power in the top executive and
the growth of areawide (as against local) collective
bargaining, the obstacles toward a truly national
union remain formidable. Local leaders guard
their prerogatives jealously and have apparently
been successful in blocking international head­
quarters from becoming a service center in such
fields as pension and welfare programs and indus­
trial engineering. The meager success of political
activities, such as DRIVE, can, in large measure,
be explained by the mistrust of the central
administration by local level officers.
Romer draws attention to Teamster failures
under Hoffa, an aspect often overlooked by
writers who tend to picture the union as invincible.
Its net gain in membership since 1958 has been
disappointing (70,000 according to 1961 per capita
receipts); attempts to widen its jurisdiction have
usually been unsuccessful (notably in airlines,
petroleum, and, recently, in telephones); and its
often threatened dual federation can point to only
one recruit (the Laundry Workers).
On finishing the book, however, the reader is
left with the feeling that there is still a great deal
about the Teamsters yet to be told. Considering
its size, makeup, personalities, not to mention
external pressures, how are the many and exceed­
ingly complex conflicting claims resolved and
decisions reached? The author’s failure to probe
deeply becomes painfully apparent when he at­
tempts to assess the union’s internal democracy.
“The Teamsters . . . is neither the model of a
democratic, idealistic unionism . . . nor the op­
pressive juggernaut which crushes . . . any display
of membership initiative or . . . nonconformism.”

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

434
This gray area is large enough to accommodate
most national unions, and yet it is unlikely that
many resemble the Teamsters in their operations
and conduct. It is this uniqueness which remains
to be explored, an extremely difficult task, to be
sure.
— H arry P. C ohany
Division of Industrial and Labor Relations
Bureau of Labor Statistics

The Government of the Oil, Chemical and Atomic
Workers Union. By Melvin Rothbaum.
185 pp.
Professor Rothbaum’s study represents a very
important contribution to our understanding of
trade union behavior. His analysis is far more
sophisticated and penetrating than most surveys
published during the postwar decade. He also
suggests new approaches to current efforts to
evaluate democratic behavior of unions.
The study includes two types of analysis. The
first focuses attention on changes in the govern­
ment of the union and why these took place.
What alternatives were available for accomplish­
ing the same goals? He presents an imaginative
analysis of both formal and informal changes
that followed the growth of the union.
Following this thoughtful historical survey, he
examines the various decisionmaking processes
within the union. What has been the role of the
union convention? What are the alternatives?
Rothbaum’s account of the tug of war between
the rank and file, the experts, and the adminis­
trators should contribute substantially to an
understanding of contemporary union institutions.
How should a union be run? By whom?
Where does the rank and file fit into the adminis­
trative structure? What about efficiency? Again,
what is the role of an outside expert in the admin­
istration of trade unions? Here again, Rothbaum
presents a thoughtful analysis of the Oil Workers
union experience. He also includes a sum m ary
of administrative recommendations made by
Professor Seligson whose orthodox views on ad­
ministrative behavior contrast sharply with the
solutions worked out. The inclusion of Professor
Seligson’s views serves the important purpose of
focusing attention on the eternal struggle between
the Calvinists and the Jeffersonians with respect
to administrative behavior of political and eco­
nomic institutions.


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It is unfortunate that Professor Rothbaum was
unable to include a discussion of the imaginative
effort of the Oil Workers union to activate interest
and participation by the rank and file within
the union. One of the critical problems that
confront all unions is the problem of lethargy and
indifference and the lack of participation by
rank-and-file members. During the late forties
and early fifties, the union conducted a number of
important experiments in stimulating membership
participation. These efforts should not go
unrecorded.
— A rthur C arstens
Institute of Industrial Relations
University of California (Los Angeles)

The Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen: The Inter­
nal Political Life of A National Union. By
Joel Seidman. 207 pp.
A clear, interesting explanation of the complex
administration of the largest of the railroad unions
has been added to the literature by Professor Seidman’s monograph.
Doctor Seidman sought to determine whether
democracy has been preserved in the labyrinth of
the structure and procedures of the Brotherhood
of Railroad Trainmen functioning under separate
Federal regulations, State laws (including insur­
ance regulations), national and local collective bar­
gaining built through 40 years of negotiations,
complex seniority systems, grievance procedures,
and impartial board decisions.
The author details the political life of the Train­
men, which over 50 years has had only three
highly individual presidents. Functions such as
those pertaining to the union’s unusual insurance
and legislative work, the various types of appeals,
and the convention are concisely explained at all
levels of authority, from the local unions through
the State, regional, and national organizations.
Particular attention is given to changes which
have been made over the years to safeguard the
checks and balances which prevent the seizure of
power by an individual or a group and to those
which improve democracy. Cases are cited to
illustrate the clashes of interests within the union
and the solutions of important problems.
Leadership in the union is developed through
service in satisfying local elective positions, inde­
pendent of the national office. Channels of com­
munication are freely available. An interested

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

membership, alert to prevent erosion of the safe­
guards to democracy, sends particularly wellinformed delegates to the union's conventions be­
cause they must meet rather stringent eligibility
requirements. At the convention, held every 4
years, the national officers are elected, not from
competing slates of candidates, but one by one,
beginning with the highest. Thus, defeated can­
didates are usually elected to other national offices
and their services not lost to the leadership. The
union's unusually long conventions—from 6 to 7
weeks and, therefore, expensive ($3 million in
1960)—provide time for thorough discussion of
problems and a line-by-line review of its con­
stitution.
Factors which have encouraged or tended to
discourage democracy in the union are listed by
Professor Seidman. He suggests some changes in
the length and cost of the convention which will
still, preserve its essential functions.
Those interested in the internal life of this im­
portant but often-neglected union will find a
wealth of material in this highly readable little
book.
— P iiilom ena M arquardt M ullady
Associate Professor of Industrial Relations
Loyola University

By Jack Stieber. 188 pp.
The reputation of the United Automobile
Workers as a model of trade union democracy is
subjected to close scrutiny in Professor Stieber's
G overning the U A W . While on the whole the
union emerges unsullied, there still remain, in the
author’s words, “measures which would increase
democracy in the UAW."
His account of the turbulent early years is a
terse condensation, interesting in its narration,
but Stieber's major contribution lies in his
analysis and evaluation of the internal political
affairs of a politically astute union operating
generally under democratic rules and procedures.
He is at his best in describing the internal
techniques used by incumbents to remain in
power. The “straw vote” at international con­
ventions, for example, is utilized to ascertain or
to firm up rank-and-file support before the leader­
ship makes a final decision to present a specific
proposal (sometimes modified by membership
reaction) that it wishes passed by an overwhelming
G overning the U A W .


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435
vote. National and regional caucuses emerge as
important extraconstitutional bodies functioning
as a means of marshaling support for leadership
programs and supported by voluntary contribu­
tions to “Flower Funds" established for each
caucus.
Much of the success of the UAW can be at­
tributed to the innovative talents of the leadership
and to a carefully chosen staff of professionals
servicing the union and its members in a farranging program. Like any union, however, the
UAW has problems not easily susceptible to solu­
tion and has permitted certain practices that tend
to dampen internal democracy. These are inter­
related. Entry into the top levels of union leader­
ship, for one, is indeed a difficult endeavor, even
for oldtime Reuther supporters, but more so for
Negro international representatives who have
demanded militantly a larger role in union affairs.
Long a deep concern of President Keuther, the
problem of Negro representation was at least
partially resolved at the 1962 convention when a
Negro was one of three new executive board
members elected.
The present era of political stability has created
an environment in which a loyal institutionalized
opposition cannot be generated. When ad hoc
opposition caucuses arise, they are subject to
vilification by union officials. Stieber suggests
that in this respect the UAW ought to establish
the kind of environment which will permit wider
discussion and criticism of union policy and, above
all, remove international control over local union
newspapers. Free speech guarantees which in fact
now exist, the author suggests, might be reduced
to constitutional language.
In the main, Stieber’s criticisms relate to
relatively minor union flaws. He stresses that
the union is accountable and responsive to
membership needs and desires and that the mem­
bership's rights are scrupulously safeguarded in
disciplinary procedures in which appeals can be
taken to the union’s Public Review Board.
Although he believes that no union completely
meets his rigorous model of trade union democracy,
he believes the UAW ranks high.
—L eon

E. L u n d e n

Division of Industrial and Labor Relations
Bureau of Labor Statistics

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

436
The Government of the Steel Workers’ Union. By
Lloyd Ulman. 200 pp.
Professor Ulman’s monograph is a valuable con­
tribution to this series. He set himself two objec­
tives in this work: (1) To understand the nature
of the decisionmaking process in the Steelworkers
union and (2) to make “ some assessments of the
union as a democratic organization.” The author
has attempted to handle the latter problem by
“ the injection of editorial comment into the anal­
ysis where the spirit moved rather than [by draw­
ing] up formal balance sheets at the end of each
chapter or section thereof.” There are obvious
dangers in such a procedure; the flow of the nar­
rative may be disturbed and the author’s treat­
ment of union democracy lost amid a profusion
of detail. Ulman, however, executes his method
with great skill.
This is an important study not only of unionism
in the 20th century but also of American society.
One of the book’s attractions is the way in which
the author relates the evolution of the institu­
tions of the Steelworkers union to the needs of
the union’s situation, as well as to the social and
economic environment in which it had to function.
These circumstances created a need for a cohesive,
centralized national union. Ulman finds, how­
ever, that the degree of concentration of control
in the union does not exceed the requirements of
an effectively arranged organization well adapted
to securing the goals its members desire. In his
treatment of the way in which decisions are ac­
tually made, the author is at his best.
Ulman’s discussion of the nature of democracy
in the union is valuable but does not seem as
effective as his perceptive analysis of decision­
making. He gives the union mixed grades in
democratic processes. The centralized authority
of the union has generally been used with wisdom
and restraint. The administration, however, has
so many sources of power available that it is diffi­
cult for an effective opposition to develop. Al­
though the climate for dissent has not been per­
fect, it still compares favorably with other large
labor organizations and other private associations.
The Steelworkers union, Ulman suggests, has a
heritage of democratic values which will enable it
to adapt positively and humanely to the realities
of present-day complexities.
— S tanley D. S olvick
Archivist and Assistant Professor of History
Wayne State^University

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Issues in Economic Development

On the Theory of Social Change: How Economic
Growth Begins. By Everett E. Hagen.
Cambridge, Massachusetts Institute of Tech­
nology, Center for International Studies, 1962.
557 pp., bibliography. $10, Dorsey Press,
Inc., Homewood, 111.
Economic Development in Perspective. By John
Kenneth Galbraith. Cambridge, Mass.,
Harvard University Press, 1962. 76 pp.
$2.50.
Quiet Crisis in India: Economic Development and
American Policy. By John P. Lewis. Wash­
ington, Brookings Institution, 1962. 350 pp.
$5.75.
Development of the Emerging Countries: An Agenda
for Research. By Robert E. Asher and others.
Washington, Brookings Institution, 1962.
239 pp. $3.75, cloth; $2.75, paper.
It is commonly held today that labor’s aspira­
tions in the United States can be achieved only as
the overall welfare of society is advanced. This
is even more true in the developing areas of the
world, where the political, economic, and even the
social aspirations of the common people—not yet
workers as the West understands the term—can
be met only as part of a massive economic develop­
ment program. Since any tendency to waiver in
this development effort can be used by the Com­
munist bloc to gain political influence, which may
be difficult to dislodge, the challenge to those
working for economic development and political
democracy is doubly important. The books here
reviewed describe the issues presented and some
alternative proposals designed to deal with them.
Professor Hagen, an economist of distinction,
decided to resist the temptation to explain devel­
opment only in economic terms and set himself the
task of reaching an interdisciplinary understanding
of social change.
Why have the people of some societies entered upon
technological progress sooner or more effectively than
others? Since it seemed clear to me that the differences
were due only in very minor degree to economic obstacles,
lack of information, or lack of training, I turned my
attention to other possible causes of differences in human
behavior—to differences in personality, and hence per­
sonality formation and the social conditions affecting it.
*

*

*

*

*

The conclusion is drawn that economic theory has rather
little to offer toward an explanation of economic growth,

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
and that broader social and psychological considerations
are pertinent.

Within the scope of this approach, Professor
Hagen concludes that the entire personalitystructure is determined in the first few years of a
child’s life and that this ultimately decides the
nature of social change and even the possibility
for economic development.
If Professor Hagen is correct in this and in his
carefully reasoned conclusion that changes in
society can come about only as a consequence of
successive changes in parental behavior, childhood
environment and personality, there is presented
here, indeed, a challenge to many of our cherished
concepts. Not the least of these is the implication
for U.S. foreign policy, since Professor Hagen’s
thesis may well lead to the conclusion that our
economic policy since World War II cannot
quicken the pace of social change. How, then,
can we hope to achieve our objectives in a political
context of increasing democracy in these develop­
ing areas? Do we have to conclude that the
totalitarian threat to control society by force
while remolding it is the only means of succeeding?
Rather than consider the validity of drawing
such extreme conclusions from Hagen’s thesis, let
us trace the development of his thinking. The
volume first explores the history of economic
theories of growth and points to their inadequacies.
In a long, instructive section on personality and
types of behavior which promote or inhibit tend­
encies to accept social change, the author system­
atically shakes loose most of the dearly held
biases of those trained exclusively in the economics
discipline. Testing some of his conclusions
through library research in industrialized countries
such as England, and field research in Burma,
Java, Japan, and Colombia, Hagen is able to
strengthen his argument that those economic
factors involved in determining changes in society
have personality changes at their roots.
One leaves the volume feeling that by stressing
one hitherto neglected facet of an issue, a strong
and able advocate has convinced us of its impor­
tance, but not of its overriding importance.
An entirely different task is undertaken by the
academic leader Ambassador Galbraith, who has
supplemented his diplomatic duties with a fivelecture professorial fling at as many Indian insti­
tutions of higher learning. He had made a signifi­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

437
cant contribution to an understanding of some
major foreign policy issues, while enhancing his
reputation as an economic analyst of perceptive
vision and delightful clarity of expression.
The lectures are an excellent introduction to
some of the practical problems of economic
development. Galbraith stresses the desirability
of conducting individual development programs
in the context of a total plan. Good plans
cannot succeed if they are administered by an
inefficient government; improved productivity is
worthless if its benefits do not inure to the people.
Most importantly, appropriate priorities have to
be developed. For instance:
Popular education releases the energies not of the few
but of the many. And it opens the way to technical
knowledge. Literate people will see the need for getting
machines. It is not so clear that machines will see the
need for getting literate people. So under some circum­
stances at least popular education will have a priority
over the dams, factories, and other furniture of capital
development.
*

*

*

*

*

. . . a dollar or a rupee invested in the intellectual im­
provement of human beings will often bring a greater
increase in national income than a dollar or a rupee devoted
to railways, dams, machine tools, or other tangible capital
goods. To rescue farmers and workers from illiteracy
may certainly be a goal in itself. But it is also a first
indispensable step to any form of agricultural progress.
Nowhere in the world is there an illiterate peasantry that
is progressive. Nowhere is there a literate peasantry that
is not. Education, so viewed, becomes a highly productive
form of investment.

The closing essay on the corporation describes
the place of private and public enterprise in the
developing country, with some special notes on
the difficulties involved in serving, at the same
time, corporate and political masters.
How India applies the lessons taught by Pro­
fessor Galbraith is discussed by Professor Lewis
(a member-designate of the U.S. Council of
Economic Advisers) in his Quiet Crisis in India.
The interdependence of India’s political future
and its economic viability (and the threat to the
latter represented by China’s recent politicomilitary thrust) is the basis for well-warranted
concern, and thus for the presence of the phrase
“American Policy” in the subtitle. This work
is an extremely well-written study in depth of the
current Indian economic situation, leaving no
objective reader in doubt as to the stake we have

438
in assisting that country and the dangers we face
should we or they fail.
The chief issues facing India are those of dealing
concurrently with shortages (professional and
skilled personnel, technological innovation, organ­
izational resources, foreign exchange) and an
enormous oversupply of unskilled idle manpower.
To deal with these issues, a 5-year plan was de­
vised, which Professor Lewis found to be wanting
in serious respects although admirable in its
objectives. Employment objectives are lower
than they should be, tax expansion programs are
not expected to reach goals, and so forth. The
reader is discouraged when he realizes that the
study was written before the events of last fall
and that the 5-year plan may have to be curtailed
because of the buildup in defense expenditures
made necessary by those events.
Analysis of our aid effort leads Professor Lewis
to conclude that tying “strings” to our aid is a
legitimate device but that these strings must be
mutually agreeable. In principle, such a pro­
cedure—
. . . is feasible where the aiding and receiving parties
have common or compatible objectives. In practice, it
works best where the rendering and receiving of aid is
recognized as a straightforward bargaining relationship
between legal and moral equals, in which each party has
something to gain from the transaction and is prepared to
negotiate, but not beyond certain points.

A number of administrative and procedural sug­
gestions are made with respect to our aid program
to India—the need for a single comprehensive
foreign aid agency, a strong country focus (rather
than cross-country subject-matter orientation), a
decentralization of policy effectuation to the coun­
try level, and improvements in personnel to carry
these out.
The Brookings collection of essays is a summary
of the views held by highly qualified experts on
the varied problems of development in the emerg­
ing areas, together with an extremely important
compilation of research needs in this field.
Professor Everett Plagen contributes a chapter
which contains some measure of relief to those
readers of his book on social change who might
have been discouraged by some of its implications.
His familiar analysis is followed by these com­
forting thoughts:
The tenor of the discussion above may be discouraging
to practitioners of the giving of aid to development. For

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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963
the typical case seems to be that economic growth gained
momentum only after a process of social and cultural
change of many generations. If so, it may seem of little
use to extend economic and technical aid if conditions in
the society are not conducive to economic growth, and
hardly necessary if they are.
However, the bare statement of these extremes may
suggest the fallacy of the viewpoint stated. Almost all
underdeveloped countries are somewhere between the
extremes. Conditions are somewhat conducive to growth,
and somewhat deterrent. The differences are matters of
degree. The number of rather creative individuals varies,
but everywhere there are some. Within a fairly wide
range of the available amount of economic and technical
aid, economic growth will proceed faster in almost all
underdeveloped countries if more aid is given than if less
is given, provided that the aid is extended in an effective
manner.

This is followed by some impressive specific sug­
gestions for the administrators of foreign aid
programs.
The essay by Gerhard Colm and Theodore
Geiger covers programming of foreign aid and
reviews various alternative theories of planning
aid efforts. They stress the need for more
empirical research before further theoretical re­
search is performed.
Arthur T. Mosher’s analysis of rural and
agricultural problems contains insight into the
reactions of peasants to the technological changes
instituted in emerging areas. These changes must
be introduced in a manner which will have the
maximum beneficial economic effects while
avoiding the risk of disaster inherent in threats
to throw social systems completely out of balance.
Caveats in this respect are prescribed by R. S.
Eckaus, who covers the general subject of techno­
logical change.
(Professor Eckaus supports
Hagen’s argument that the innovators in the new
societies come from among the disaffected. An
important implication is: “if technological change
becomes associated primarily with such disaffected
groups, that in itself may create another barrier
to such change.”)
With the emphasis that each contributor has
placed on the need for education, it is fitting that
an essay concern itself exclusively with this
subject. Mary Jean Bowman and C. Arnold
Anderson present a review of research and action
programs in educational methods, diffusion of
education, the costs of education and how to
distribute their burden, and the way education
enters into economic activity in developing areas.

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

Finally, Howard Wriggins outlines the relation­
ship of aid to political development. How can
foreign assistance promote political growth? The
prescription offered is to do so through the en­
couragement of programs for insuring the provision
of public order, of essential public services, and of
common defense for guaranteeing a means of
resolving political differences—including how to
express demands, change officials, and meld
diversities—all without permitting such laxness as
might deteriorate the political entity. A large
order, indeed, but one which must be filled if we
are to deal successfully with all other issues
discussed here.
It is disappointing that the extremely sophis­
ticated problems of the labor movements in
developing areas are not mentioned. However,
an entire volume on this subject will be published
soon by Brookings.
Robert Asher, the volume’s editor, closes it with
a brief essay containing a comment which applies
to all of the studies reviewed here:
The accumulation of studies in depth, from which more
valid generalizations about economic, social, and political
development can be made, is an obvious necessity. It is
encouraging to note that the importance of such research
is recognized in the 1961 Act for International Develop­
ment. However, it will be dangerous to oversell research
as a way ou t of p resent d ilem m as. The p rom otion of
orderly change in a disorderly world will long remain as
much an art as a science. The development process is
incredibly complex and one cannot hope to close in short
order the more serious gaps in understanding. Meanwhile,
operations must continue—indeed, must be stepped up—
with improvements introduced as rapidly as the state of
knowledge and the skill of practitioners permit.
— M o r r is W eisz
D eputy Assistant Secretary
U.S. Department of Labor

Other Reviews
S ecu rity in the U n ited S tates. By
Valdemar Carlson. New York, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., 1962. 225 pp., bibliographies.
$6.50.
To date, the most useful and informative works
on economic security have been those of Burns,
Gagliardo, and the 1957 treatise of Turnbull,
Williams, and Cheit, supplemented by numerous
congressional hearings and reports. Professor
Carlson, in this volume for the Economic Hand­
book Series, reworks these and other materials
E conom ic


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

439
into a synthesis of private and public programs of
economic security concentrating on the social
allocation of income other than wages and return
from ownership of property. Its predecessors
have been criticized for their abbreviated treat­
ment of controversial and significant issues—a
criticism equally applicable to this volume.
Carlson’s integrating theme is that the scope
and character of economic security in the United
States evolves from the imperatives of our marketoriented economy. The economics of Quesnay,
Smith, Ricardo, Clark, and Schumpeter are
briefly reviewed to provide an account of a self­
regulating market, which is rejected by reference
to Keynes:
The Keynesian analysis, however, furnished the theoreti­
cal background which justified governmental interference
in the operation of the economy. Owing to the strong
popular tradition clinging to the concept of a self-regulat­
ing market, the Keynesian theory continues to evoke
controversy because it justifies governmental action to
provide a level of high employment.

Such sweeping generalizations cannot establish a
firm foundation for a new approach to the prob­
lems of economic security.
The evolution of public and private institutions
is treated in the four general areas of social in­
surance—old age, unemployment, occupational
injury, and disability. Perhaps the author’s
principal contribution is found in the provocative
issues raised and broad perspective given the
subject matter. For example, in discussing the
Social Security Act he observes that on the basis
of public need, the act would have been passed in
the 19th century, not 1935, except that:
An institutional setting is requisite to achieve reforms
that run counter to established social practices. Shifts
in political power, changes in religious attitudes, and a loss
of faith in the efficacy of a self-adjusting economic system,
as well as the demonstrated need of social insurance, were
requisite before programs of economic security could gain
much headway in the United States.

Carlson affirms, “Social insurance is the one in­
stitution under capitalism which can provide
economic security in dignity . . .” On the future
of the Federal program of old-age, survivors, and
disability insurance, he comments:
It is possible that Congress will restrict the scope of
OASDI, and there are powerful economic forces which
would prefer this development. But if one interprets the
future as a continuation of contemporary social practices,
such a development seems unlikely. Expansion is more
likely, but the direction of expansion is difficult to predict.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

440
Analyzing the means test as an eligibility con­
dition for receipt of public assistance, the conten­
tion advanced is:
The application of the means test and its possible effect
on saving in the lowest income group is a grave defect of
public assistance and a most potent argument for the
widest possible extension of social insurance.

Carlson’s analysis of the cost and impact of
providing economic security points up his unusu­
ally challenging judgments, as when he stresses
as one such cost the growth of a bewildering,
complex, administrative bureaucracy with an
expanding body of rules that impose a substantial
burden on business management. Will this bur­
den prove too much for private enterprise and is
the welfare state merely a prelude to socialism?
Stating that the continued success of our economic
system establishes a prima facie case of its ability
to carry the burden, Professor Carlson concludes:
. . . scarce goods can only be produced if capital goods
and labor are available and managerial skill is at hand to
coordinate their use. The programs of economic security
have been established on the conviction that they will
promote the efficiency of the economy or at least not make
it less efficient. The establishment of new plans of
economic security or the liberalization of existing programs,
it can be predicted, will be subject to the same pragmatic
test.

The work is well organized, clearly and briefly
presented, with excellent bibliographies supple­
menting each chapter. It is an extensive treat­
ment of the institutional aspects of economic
security in much legal and administrative detail.
Few important ideas evolving from over a quarter
century of research on the Social Security Act
have been overlooked.
—D

on

Y . P lantz

College of Business Administration
Arizona State University

By William
H. Miernyk. New York, Random House,
Inc., 1962. 180 pp. $1.95.
The subject of this volume is timely. Trade
unions have come of age. Observers debate
whether the result is healthy maturity or pre­
mature hardening of the arteries. A fresh look
at this question would provide a real contribution.
After a brief review of union history, the author
summarizes some of the current discussions re­
garding such aspects of unionism as the slowdown
in union growth, possible inflationary effects of
T rade U n io n s in the A g e o f A ffluence.


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wage settlements, the changing composition of
the work force, labor’s political activities, new
attitudes of management, and the reaction of the
public to union affairs. Unfortunately this effort
adds little that is new. It seems hastily put to­
gether, is poorly organized, and offers little new
insight. The book borrows liberally from others
(Lester, Brooks, and others), but does not put
together these research findings in any meaning­
ful way.
Moreover, some of the author’s analysis seems
open to question. He states, for example,
“unions thrive on adversity,” citing union growth
in wartime periods and during the 1930’s. But
wartime is hardly a period of adversity for unions,
and the growth during the 1930’s resulted from a
government attitude of encouragement rather
than adversity. When unions really meet ad­
versity (for example, the last half of the 19th
century or even today when a union campaign
meets a knowledgeable employer), unions seem
to have a difficult time making advances. It is
not adversity but a favorable climate of opinion
in a period of economic change that seems to be
the key factor in union growth.
—P eter H enle
Special Assistant to the Commissioner
Bureau of Labor Statistics

By Ottiero Ottieri. Boston,
Houghton Mifflin Co., 1962. 244 pp. $4.
This is a book about personnel problems in a
modern factory built in southern Italy to relieve
some of the unemployment there. Unlike most
other works on these problems, it is written by
an accomplished artist, whose literary gifts would
fill with envy the heart of any American writer
in the field of labor relations or individual psy­
chology. The publisher calls it a novel. It is
actually a series of vignettes of the men and
women who work in the factory, and those who
want passionately to work there and who settle
themselves at the gate to protest their rejection
every day. It is also a study of what happens
to the people in an area of chronic poverty and un­
deremployment when a progressive plant moves in.
The author of the book is the psychological
technical director for the Olivetti Typewriter
Co. who earlier in his career was a successful
writer. This combination of experience and
talent provides a vivid, compassionate, and often
The M e n a t the Gate.

441

BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES

very funny account of the staffing problems in the
shiny new factory making calculators. The
“I ” of the story is a psychologist in the personnel
office of the new factory who has come from the
North to give tests and interview the hundreds
of applicants for the limited number of available
jobs. He soon becomes involved in the lives
of both successful and unsuccessful applicants,
and it is these encounters that make up the book.
Tying together the individual episodes is a deep
concern with the impact of modern industrial
standards and techniques on a community in a
much earlier stage of development.
— G ertrude B ancroft
Special Assistant to the Commissioner
Bureau of Labor Statistics

O c c u p a tio n a l A b s t r a c t s : F lo r i s t ; E c o n o m is t; M e te o r o lo g is t.

Jaffrey, N.H ., Personnel Services, Inc., 1962. 6 pp.
each, bibliographies. (Nos. 219, 222, 223, respec­
tively.) Revised copies. 50 cents each; 25 cents to
students.

Employee Benefits
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f th e W e lf a r e a n d P e n s i o n P l a n s D is c lo s u r e
A ct as A m ended.
(First annual report of the Secretary
of Labor to the Congress pursuant to section 14(b) of
the act, calendar year 1962.) [Washington, U.S.
Department of Labor, Office of Welfare and Pension
Plans, 1963.] 17 pp.
I n s u r a n c e P la n s , 19 6 1 S u rv e y .
By
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R e a d in g s i n I n d u s t r i a l a n d B u s in e s s P s y c h o lo g y .

By Donald Clark Hodges.
American Journal of Economics and Sociology,
New York, October 1962, pp. 359-372. $1.)

T o w a rd s a P h ilo s o p h y o f L a b o r.
(In

M a n a g i n g th e D e c e n tr a liz e d C o m p a n y [A S y m p o s i u m ].

(In

Management Record, National Industrial Conference
Board, New York, January 1963. pp. 8-28.)
Studies prepared
for the [Congressional] Joint Economic Committee.
Washington, 1962. xix, 744 pp. (Joint Committee
Print, 87th Cong., 2d sess.) $2.75, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.

D im e n s io n s o f S o v ie t E c o n o m ic P o w e r .

Current Labor Statistics
TABLES
A.

—Employment

A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry;
A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted
455 A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted
456 A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations

446
447
451
455

B.
457 B -l.

C.

—Labor Turnover
Labor turnover rates, by major industry group

—Earnings and Hours

460 C—1. Gross hours and earnings of production workers, by industry
472 C-2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries
472 C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing,
by major industry group
473 C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry
475 C-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction
activities
475 C-6. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing

D.

—Consumer and Wholesale Prices

476 D -l. Consumer Price Index—All city average: All items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
477 D-2. Consumer Price Index—All items and food indexes, by city
478 D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
480 D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
481 D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices, by stage of processing and durability of product

E. —Work Stoppages
482 E -l.

Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

F. —Work Injuries
483 F -l.

Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 1

i This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the R e v i e w .
With the exceptions noted, the statistical series here from the Bureau of Labor Statistics are described in T e c h n iq u e t o f P r e p a r i n g
t is ti c a l S e r ie s (BLS Bulletin 1168,1954), and cover the United States without Alaska and Hawaii.
N ote:


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M a jo r B L S S ta

445

•

446

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

A.—Employment
T able

A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status and sex
[In thousands]
Estim ated num ber of persons 14 years of age and over i

E m ploym ent status

1963

Feb.

Jan.

1962

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

A nnual aver­
age
June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

1961

1960

T otal both sexes
T otal labor force........ ........................................ 73,999 73,323 74,142 74,532 74,923 74,914 76,554 76,437 76,857 74,797 73,654 73,582 73,218 74,175
C ivilian labor force ____________________ 71,275 70,607 71,378 71,782 72,187 72,179 73,695 73,582 74,001 71,922 70,769 70,697 70,332 71,603
U nem ploym ent......................................... .
4, 918 4, 672 3,817 3,801 3,294 3,512 3,932 4,018 4,463 3,719 3,946 4,382 4; 543 4; 806
U nem ploym ent rate seasonally adju s te d 3_________________________
6.1
5.8
5.6
5.8
5.5
5.8
5.8
5.3
5.5
5.4
5.5
5.5
5.6
6.7
U nem ployed 4 weeks or less.................... 1,814 1,996 1,697 1,960 1,546 1,681 1,702 1,805 2,536 1,523 1,527 1,578 1,520 1,897
Unem ployed 5-10 w e e k s ........................ 1,315 1,162
684
840
654
630
940 1,037
664
709
629
744 i; 133
'964
Unem ployed 11-14 w e e k s ...................
485
361
292
300
229
295
358
255
230
212
307
576
459
411
Unem ployed 15-26 w eeks____________
684
612
525
469
418
428
341
345
449
608
764
728
750
728
Unem ployed over 26 weeks .................
541
619
453
397
447
477
593
576
584
666
719
734
703
804
E m p lo y m en t_________________________ 66,358 65,935 67,561 67,981 68,893 68,668 69,762 69,564 69,539 68,203 66,824 66,316 65,789 66,796
Non agricultural___ _____ ___________ 62,309 61, 730 63,495 63,098 63,418 63,103 63,993 63,500 63,249 62,775 61,863 61,533 61,211 61,333
W orked 35 hours or m ore...................... 47,063 48,480 49,175 45,107 48,047 49,684 47,264 46,372 49,209 49,711 49,035 48,386 46,418 47,257
W orked 15-34 hours_______________ 8,573 7,235 7,932 11,894 9,426 7,265 6,849 6, 598 6,927 7,209 7,213 7,304 8,452 7; 522
W orked 1-14 hours________________ 4,238 3,845 4,143 4,074 3,811 3,475 3,222 3,185 3,365 3,912 3,794 3,915 4,012 3,610
W ith a job b u t no t a t w o rk 3............... 2,432 2,172 2,243 2,021 2,133 2,680 6,657 7,343 3,748 1,944 1,822 1,929 2,328 2,946
A gricultural. ___________ __________ 4.049 4,206 4,066 4,883 5,475 5, 564 5, 770 6,064 6,290 5,428 4,961 4,782 4,578 5,463
W orked 35 hours or m ore...................... 2,261 2,522 2,352 3,262 3,688 3,693 3,900 4,270 4,377 3,801 3,196 3,032 2,817 3,540
W orked 15-34 hours................................ 1,040
987
907 1,069 1,232 1,310 1,285 1,215 1,346 1,149 1,116 1,118 1,061 L245
W orked 1-14 hours___________ _____
483
444
490
398
426
462
404
447
446
388
432
475
456
' 477
W ith a job b u t not a t w o rk 3...............
267
249
316
153
129
182
101
133
122
89
172
201
243
200

73,126
70,612
3; 931
5.6
1,799
'823
353
502
454
66, 681
60,958
46,388
8j 249
3; 279
3 ,042
5,723
3 ; 811
1,279
444
190

M ales
T otal labor force................... _............

49, 508 49, 269 49,574 49,719 49,974 50,110 51,657 51, 733 51,832 50,272 49,568 49,436 49,304 49,918

49,507

C ivilian labor force______________
U nem ploym ent_______________
E m p lo y m en t_________________
N onagricultural_____________
W orked 35 hours or m ore___
W orked 15-34 hours................
W orked 1-14 h o u rs.................
W ith a job b u t not a t work ».
A gricultural_________________
W orked 35 hours or m ore___
W orked 15-34 hours________
W orked 1-14 hours_________
W ith a job b u t no t a t work *.

46,816
3,293
43, 523
39,994
32, 710
4,026
1,779
1,481
3, 529
2,074
786
423
246

47,378
3,060
44,318
39,811
32.984
3,587
1,511
1,729
4,508
3,132
827
370
179

47,025
2,541
44,485
39,807
32,511
4,100
1,360
1,836
4,678
3,365
792
348
172

T o tal labor force...............................

24,492 24,054 24,568 24,812 24,949 24,804 24,897 24,703 25,026 24,525 24,086 24,146 23,914 24,257

23,619

C ivilian labor force______________
U nem ploym ent............... ...............
E m p lo y m en t_________________
N onagricultural_____________
W orked 35 hours or m ore___
W orked 15-34 hours.................
W orked 1-14 hours..................
W ith a job b u t no t a t work
A g ric u ltu ral.................................
W orked 35 hours or m ore___
W orked 15-34 hours________
W orked 1-14 hours_________
W ith a job b u t no t a t work *.

24,460
1,625
22, 835
22,315
14,356
4, 547
2,459
950
520
187
255
57
20

23,587
1,390
22,196
2 i;151
13,627
4,149
1,919
1,206
1,045
445
486
96
17

46, 585
3,080
43,505
39,839
33,648
3,251
1, 593
1,351
3,666
2,281
751
400
232

46,841
2, 522
44,319
40,782
33,946
3,612
1,760
1,461
3,537
2,181
656
424
276

47,001
2,259
44,743
40,703
31,704
6,130
1,618
1,250
4,040
2,908
692
307
133

47,269
1,881
45,387
41,131
33,774
4,428
1,628
1,302
4,256
3,168
694
281
114

47,406
1,991
45,415
41,052
34,769
3,261
1,433
1,588
4,363
3,180
780
309
92

48,830
2,327
46, 503
41, 899
33,483
3,316
1,449
3,652
4,604
3,327
819
293
165

48,911
2,406
46,505
41,732
32,952
3,183
1,337
4,261
4,773
3,634
687
332
121

49,009
2,698
46,310
41,421
34,624
3,244
1,518
2,035
4,889
3,743
733
305
109

47,430
2,296
45,134
40,687
34,579
3,223
1,713
1,171
4,447
3,365
706
291
85

46,717
2,534
44,183
39,925
34,043
3,282
1,578
1,021
4,258
2,916
781
400
161

46,585
2,888
43,697
39,553
33,505
3,300
1, 556
1,193
4,144
2,792
821
343
188

46,454
3,019
43,435
39,460
32,494
3,884
1,691
1,391
3,975
2,592
779
383
220

Females

24,022
1,592
22,430
21,890
14,835
3,983
2,252
820
540
243
236
44
17

24,537
1,295
23,242
22,714
15,228
4,319
2,383
782
528
172
252
66
40

24,781
1,543
23,238
22,395
13,404
5,763
2,457
771
843
355
377
91
27

24,918
1,413
23,505
22,287
14,273
4,998
2,184
832
1,219
520
538
145
15

1 E stim ates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. D ata relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the m onth. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in in stitu tio n s are no t included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual item s do no t necessarily equal
totals.
3 U nem ploym ent as a percent of labor force.
3 Includes persons who had a job or business b u t who did no t work during
the survey week because of illness, bad w eather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to Jan u ary 1957, also included were persons on layoff w ith definite
instructions to retu rn to work w ithin 30 days of layoff and persons who had


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

24,773
1,520
23,253
22,051
14,914
4,004
2,042
1,092
1,201
512
529
152
9

24,865
1,605
23,260
22,094
13,782
3,533
1,773
3,005
1,166
573
466
110
17

24,671
1,611
23,059
21,768
13,420
3,415
1,848
3,082
1,291
636
530
116
12

24,993
1,764
23,228
21,827
14,583
3,682
1,847
1,713
1,491
634
613
141
13

24,492
1,423
23,069
22,088
15,130
3,985
2,199
773
982
438
443
97
4

24,052
1,411
22,641
21,938
14,993
3,929
2,216
801
703
281
335
75
11

24,112
1,493
22,619
21,980
14,882
4,004
2,358
736
638
241
297
89
13

23,878
1,524
22,354
21,751
13,923
4, 569
2,322
936
603
225
282
73
22

24,225
1,747
22,478
21,523
14,273
3,934
2,098
1,217
955
408
419
107
22

new jobs to which they were scheduled to report w ithin 30 days. M ost of
the persons in these groups have, since th a t tim e, been classified as unem ­
ployed.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Explanatory Notes (in E m ploymerit and Earnings, U.S. D epartm ent of Labor, B ureau of Labor Statistics,
current issues).
Figures for periods prior to April 1962 are not strictly comparable w ith
current d ata because of the introduction of 1960 Census d ata into the esti­
mation procedure. T he change prim arily affected the labor force and em­
ploym ent totals, which were reduced b y about 200,000. The unem ploym ent
totals were virtually unchanged.

447

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T a b l e A -2 .

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1962

1963
Industry
Feb.2 Jan.2

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

1961

1960

Total employees............................................. 54,786 54,846 56,444 56,214 56,333 56,252 55,709 55,493 55, 777 55,209 54,849 54,056 53,823 54,077 54,347
666
709
642
647
640
657
661
645
651
658
648
638
618
628
612
Mining________________________________
87.1
93.3
86.0
86.9
85.8
88.5
89.2
79.4
80.3
83.8
87.8
78.3
78.9
79.0
Metal mining_______________________
27.5
33.2
27.9
28.4
27.7
29.7
29.0
29.8
25.9
26.4
28.3
24.4
23.2
25.1
Iron ores.. _______________________
28.9
28.3
28.8
28.9
28.8
28.9
27.9
28.8
29.2
27.7
28.8
27.8
28.0
28.0
Copper o res______________________
Coal mining________________________
Bituminous_______________________

139.3
130.8

140.2
131.6

142.2
133.4

143.8
135.2

142.6
134.2

141.9
133.4

129.9
120.7

142.8
134.2

145.0
135. 9

146.5
137.6

149.2
140.1

153.1
144.0

155.5
145.1

182.2
168.2

Crude petroleum and natural gas......... .
Crude petroleum and natural gas fields.
Oil and gas field services........................

296.6
171.7
124.9

301.2
171.6
129.6

300.1
172.1
128.0

303.0
172.8
130.2

307.2
175.5
131.7

309.2
178.0
131.2

310.1
178.0
132.1

307.9
177.5
130.4

304.0
174.9
129.1

302.0
173.8
128.2

301.5
173.2
128.3

302.4
173.2
129.2

308.9
176.8
132.2

313.9
181.7
132.2

..............

102.6 108.2 116.4 119.1 121.0 122.9 120.2 120.6 119.3 111.7 103.7 100.9 114.9 119.5
2,345 2,532 2,801 2,936 2,978 3,031 2,982 2,839 2,749 2,589 2,328 2,282 2,760 2,882
729.3 786.2 861.7 889.1 903. 2 929.2 916.4 873.0 843.0 808.5 723.0 719.6 860.8 911.7
General building contractors__________
409.7 471.1 579.3 648.4 667.6 685.4 675.0 624.5 594.7 506.6 419.5 397.7 565.6 581.3
Heavy construction__________________
H ig h w a y a n d street, c o n str u c tio n
201.8 244.9 326.9 379.0 394.5 405.2 393. 6 359.6 335.4 268.4 202.4 188.1 302.8 302.4
207.9 226.2 252.4 269.4 273.1 280.2 281.4 264.9 259.3 238.2 217.1 209.6 262.9 278.9
Other heavy construction___________
1,205. 5 1,274.4 1,360.4 1,398.8 1,407.1 1,416. 5 1,390.9 1,341.0 1,311.2 1,273.8 1,185. 9 1,164.6 1,333.2 1,388.8
Special trade contractors______________
Manufacturing___ _____________________ 16,536 16,544 16,727 16,891 17,028 17,127 16,931 16,782 16,870 16,682 16,636 16,525 16,452 16,267 16,762
9,398 9,404 9,473 9,533 9,562 9,571 9,402 9,463 9,547 9,475 9,422 9,339 9,287 9,042 9,441
Durable goods__________ _________
Nondurable goods................................... 7,138 7,140 7,254 7,358 7,466 7,656 7,529 7,319 7,323 7,207 7,214 7,186 7,165 7,225 7,321
Quarrying and nonmetallic mining..........

Contract construction... _______ ________

2,229

D u ra b le goods

Ordnance and accessories...........................
Ammunition, except for small arms___
Sighting and fire control equipment__
Other ordnance and accessories.............
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture................................................
Logging camps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing mills............. ......
Millwork, plywood, and related

221.5

220.9
114.7
52.1
54.1

221.0
114.8
52.0
54.2

221.6
114.7
52.6
54.3

220.4
114.2
52.5
53.7

220.7
114.0
53.0
53.7

221.6
115.0
53.4
53.2

217.0
113.7
53.3
50.0

211.8
110. 7
52.5
48.6

211.6
108.5
52.4
50.7

211.0
108.2
52.5
50.3

209.5
107.3
52.5
49.7

207.0
105.4
52.3
49.3

200.6
103.1
51.1
46.5

187.3
93.9
50.0
43.4

570.1

576.8
81.7
258.4

592.0
88.1
261.9

608.6
94.0
269.2

620.7
97.2
273.9

629.9
101. 2
277.1

639.6
104.5
280.1

632.9
103.7
279.0

635.8
101.8
281.6

609.6
90.3
272.5

591.3
82.6
266. 5

572.6
77.3
259.6

576.7
83.5
258.8

600.5
91.5
268.9

636.8
92.6
294.7

140.2
37.4
59.1

143.6
38.7
59.7

146.4
39.0
60.0

148.9
40.0
60.7

150.7
39.6
61.3

152.9
40.5
61.6

149.2
40.8
60.2

149.6
41.2
61.6

145.8
40.3
60.7

142.6
39.4
60.2

137.3
38.9
59.5

136.8
38.9
58.7

141.3
40.8
58.0

146.6
43.2
59.6

379.5
270.1
30.1
35.5
43.8

383.3
273.5
30.5
34.9
44.4

387.1
275.8
30.7
35.7
44.9

388.2
276.9
28.5
37.8
45.0

388.0
276.0
28.2
38.0
45.8

387.6
273.3
30.3
37.7
46.3

378.3
266.5
29.2
37.2
45.4

382.3
269.1
29.7
37.1
46.4

379.3
268.8
29.1
36.4
45.0

377.1
269.1
28.5
35.8
43.7

375.9
267.7
28.6
36.1
43.5

374.1
266.2
28.6
35.9
43.4

367.4
259. 6
27.4
36.2
44.2

383.4
271.1
28.3
39.0
45.1

544.4
29.1
98.7
36.2
65.9
43.4
136.8
119.3

560.3
30.3
99.7
37.9
68.6
43.7
144.9
120.2

578.2
31.0
100.4
40.3
70.6
44.5
154.7
121.4

588.0
30.5
101.8
40.8
71.4
45.3
160.7
122.2

592.8
30.4
102.8
41.4
72.5
44.8
163.2
122. 7

595.6
30.1
103.1
41.7
73.1
44.2
165.1
123.5

590.1
29.7
103.0
41.5
72.1
43.5
163.0
123.0

589.5
29.6
103.9
41.3
71.8
43.9
162.2
122.4

579.1
28.6
101.8
40.0
71.0
43.5
157.9
122.0

566.2
29.0
100.3
39.0
69.5
43.9
149.3
120.8

546.1
29.2
100.0
36.3
66.8
43.2
136.2
120.0

543.4
30.2
99.1
36.0
64.9
44.6
133.9
120.2

566.8
27.9
100.6
40.0
70.7
43.4
150. 2
119.5

595.3
31.1
102.9
42.8
76.1
47.1
155.4
124.0

p r o d u c ts
W o o d e n c o n ta in e r s

Miscellaneous wood products................

..............

Furniture and fixtures_______________
Household furniture................ ..............
Office furniture____________________
Partitions; office and store fixtures____
Other furniture and fixtures..................

379.8

Stone, clay, and glass products________
Flat glass_________________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structuralclay products____________
Pottery and related products___ _____
Concrete, gvpsum, and plaster products.
Other stone and mineral products____

.......
541.2

..............

Prim ary metal industries...... ................... 1,130.9 1,124.2 1,124.4 1,118.7 1,123.1 1,136.4 1,134. 7 1,134. 7 1,166.0 1,193.8 1,221.3 1,221.1 1,213.4 1,142. 3 1,228.7
556.5 555.3 550.8 555.2 566.3 567.5 570.8 594.9 622.5 650.1 651. 2 646.3 599. 9 652.5
Blast furnace and basic steel products..
195.1 195.3 194.9 195.5 196.6 193.8 194.0 196.9 196.5 197.0 195.9 195. 9 186.0 203.6
Iron and steel foundries_____________
67.4
68.6
70.8
68.6
68.6
68.5
67.8
68.8
68.9
68.2
68.7
69.1
69.4
67.2
Nonferrous smelting and refining..........
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and
176. 5 176.8 176.7 177.5 177.5 176.8 177.3 178.0 177.6 177.5 177.1 176.2 169.9 175.6
extruding_______________________
65.1
66.2
61.4
67.0
66.6
67.4
66.0
67.1
64.7
67.1
67.1
68.4
67.5
68.4
Nonferrous foundries..____ _________
61.1
57.8
60.2
61.3
61.2
61.6
60.1
61.4
60.6
59.5
60.1
58.7
60.5
60.4
Miscellaneous primary metal industries.
Fabricated metal products......................... 1,109.3 1,110.9 1,122.1 1,128.3 1,134.1 l, 135. 7 1,115.5 1,115.8 1,129.0 1,121.2 1,111.3 1,102.2 1,096.1 1,076.4 1,128.6
60.6
62.5
58.9
61.6
59.7
62.9
65.2
65.4
65.7
61.0
65.3
57.6
57.9
57.9
Metal cans________________________
Cutlery, handtools, and general hard­
136.0
129.7
137.9
137.4
140.5 141.5 141.3 140.0 138.4 134.7 133.6 138.7 138.4 137.7
ware___________________________
Heating equipment and plumbing
79.0
75.8
75.2
76.1
76.3
76.2
77.0
78.8
76.7
79.0
78.6
77.8
75.8
77.0
fixtures_______________ _________
Fabricated structural metal products. .
317.0 322.3 325.8 330.9 335.1 333.7 334.4 332.3 326.9 321.4 317.6 316.8 325.8 334.3
80.4
85.6
87.2
87.8
87.5
87.5
86.1
87.1
87.0
87.0
87.7
87.8
87.9
88.0
Screw machine products, bolts, etc___
195. 5 197.1 196.4 196.4 193.2 180.2 184.3 188.3 191.1 189.0 187.7 186. 9 179.4 197.7
Metal stampings___________________
64.2
65.9
63.9
66.9
67.7
68.9
67.6
67.4
67.8
69.2
69.6
66.2
67.3
70.0
Coating, engraving, and allied services..
53.7
56.9
55.3
56.0
55.5
56.8
57.1
55.6
55.7
56.8
57.4
57.7
56.3
57.0
Miscellaneous fabricatedwire products.
112.4
111.9
107.8
113.9
113.3
113.7
114.4
113.8 114.3 113.9 111.8 112.1 112.2 112.0
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

448
T able

A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1962

1963

Industry
Feb.’ Jan.’

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

1961

1960

Manu fac turing—Continue d
D u ra b le goods—

Continued

Machinery.............. ............ ............ ....... 1,473.9 1,469.8 1,464.2 1,462.9 1,463.1 1,466. 7 1,463.9 1,468.1 1,479.5 1,468.6 1,466.4 1,454.1 1,434.1 1,401.1 1,471.4
86.8
85.7
86.6
86.7
86.3
86.5
86.8
86.5
85.4
84.0
Engines and turbines.................. . ........
88.6
80.0
87.0
86.8
125.3 120.8 117.4 118.0 118.7 117.7 119.0 120.5 121.0 121.0 119.5 114.6 112.4 114.1
Farm machinery and equipment_____
Construction arid related machinery__
208.5 209.0 208.6 207.8 211.1 212.3 211.2 212.0 209.0 207.8 205.4 201.8 198.1 219.7
Metalworking machinery and equip260.3 259.5 258.3 256.4 255.0 253.1 256.7 259.7 260.5 260.8 257.6 254.9 243.8 258.2
ment ______________________
Special industry machinery_________
169.8 170.8 170.8 171.6 171.6 172.4 172.9 173.5 171.5 170.9 169.4 169.1 167.9 173.8
222.2 220.5 222.5 223.4 223.2 222.9 222.0 222.8 220.1 219.9 218.6 212.6 211.1 223.0
General industrial machinery..... .........
Office, computing, and accounting
149.8 150.0 150.4 150.5 151.9 152.1 151.0 151.8 151.7 151.9 151.7 151.7 149.3 145.7
machines. . . _________________
95.1 95.3 96.0 96.2 96.7 96.3 99.7 101.0 99.6 98.7 97.4 96.5 94.1 99.8
Service industry machines__________
Miscellaneous machinery...................... .......... 150.2 151.3 152.6 152.7 151.7 150.3 149.9 151.6 148.5 148.9 149.1 148.9 144.6 150.4
Electrical equipment and supplies....... 1,540.3 1,544.5 1,556.0 1,561.1 1,561.2 1,556.7 1,538.9 1,529.1 1,534.2 1,513.1 1,505.2 1,498.2 1,494.6 1,436.0 1,445.6
Electric distribution equipment_____
161.5 163.1 163.5 163.5 163.3 163.2 161.7 162.2 159.3 159.8 159.3 160.5 160. 9 163.2
175.7 176.4 176.9 176.6 176.9 175.7 177.0 178.3 175.5 174.8 174.7 174.2 170.5 177.4
Electrical industrial apparatus______
154.2 155.2 154.8 155.6 155.0 151.9 150.7 154.3 154.8 154.5 153.5 152.0 151.0 157.2
Household appliances!."____________
Electric lighting and wiring equipment.
137.6 138.6 138.9 139.4 138.8 136.1 133.6 135.4 134.8 134.2 133.2 132.4 128.5 132.7
125.6 128.2 132.9 135.7 135.2 132.2 129.9 127.8 122.9 118.3 118.0 119.2 113.1 111.5
Radio and TV receiving sets....... .........
427.2 428.9 427.4 424.7 422.6 420.0 415.7 416.2 412.3 410.8 409.3 405.0 378.4 366.9
Communication equipment..................
244.2 246.5 247.6 247.6 248.0 246.5 246.7 245.7 240.0 238.5 238.2 237.8 227.2 225.2
Electronic components and accessories..
Miscellaneous " electrical equipment
118.5
and supplies___________________
119.1 119.1 118.1 116.9 113.3 113.8 114.3 113.5 114.3 112.0 113.5 106.4 111. 4
Transportation equipment...................... 1,697.1 1,708.1 1,705.6 1,695. 4 1,683.9 1,668. 7 1,536.2 1,647.4 1,660.4 1,650.6 1,632.2 1,629.0 1,625.2 1,522.5 1,617.3
760.9 762.4 755.1 746.8 731.8 607.3 727.5 746.4 738.3 720.9 715.4 714.8 647.9 727.6
Motor vehicles and equipment______
731.5 729.7 726.5 719.7 719.0 709.7 705.1 695.6 692.8 691.9 699.7 699.9 669.4 673.8
Aircraft and parts__ ____ _________
Ship and boat building and repairing..
148.2 145.1 144.0 145.5 144.3 144.3 141.8 142.6 144.1 145.5 143.4 142.1 142.2 141.0
Railroad equipment. ..........".---- . . . .
41.8 41.9 42.0 43.2 44.8 45.5 43.6 45.5 44.4 43.8 42.5 41.4 35.8 43.8
25.7 26.5 27.8 28.7 28.8 29.4 29.4 30.3 31.0 30.1 28.0 27.0 27.3 31.1
Other transportation equipment........... ..........
Instruments and related products______ 361.2 361.2 362.0 362.1 361.6 361.3 361.3 357.4 358.2 355.8 355.2 354.6 351.9 346.4 354.2
Engineering and scientific instruments.
74.3 74.4 74.3 74.4 74.1 73.6 72.3 72.6 72.5 72.5 72.5 70.9 73.9 75.7
Mechanical measuring and control
96.8 96.5 96.3 95.8 95.7 95.9 95.0 94.7 95.2 95.2 95.3 94.8 91.8 95.1
devices_______________________
41.5 41.7 41.6 41.8 41.8 41.7 41.8 42.4 42.1 42.2 41.8 41.4 39.3 40.6
Optical and ophthalmic goods..............
Surgical, medical, and dental equip50.0 49.7 49.7 49.6 49.6 49.5 49.2 49.0 48.2 48.1 47.8 47.7 47.6 47.3
ment. ______________________
70.6 71.1 71.2 71.0 71.0 71.8 71.4 70.5 69.2 69.1 68.6 68.8 68.4 69.0
Photographic equipment and supplies..
Watchpr and clocks
28.0 28. 6 29.0 29.0 29.1 28.8 27.7 29.0 28.6 28.1 28.6 28.3 25.3 26.6
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware__
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods..
Pens, pencils, office and art materials..
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries______

372.3

364.1 382.4 409.0
41.1 41. 8 42.8
84.9 95.3 116.1
33.5 34.2 34.9
52.7 55.2 57.1
151.9 155.9 158.1

418.1
42.6
123.1
35.1
56.9
160.4

414.5
42.3
119.7
34.6
56.8
161.1

407.3 392.4
41.5 40.0
117.1 112.4
34.1 32.6
56.0 53.1
158.6 154.3

399.9
41.2
112.2
33.2
56.3
157.0

391.8 384.8
41.2 41.3
107.6 103.0
32.6 32.6
55.1 53.9
155.3 154.0

375.2
41.5
93.5
32.2
54.6
153.4

370.7
41.5
89.8
32.4
53.9
153.1

381.6 392.1
41.8 43.2
101.9 102.3
31.2 31.0
54.0 57.5
152. 7 158.1

N o n d u r a b le goods

Food and kindred products..................... 1,662.2 1,686.0 1,738.8 1,780.7 1,858. 5 1,931.1 1,910. 5 1,829.6 1,777.9 1,711.5 1,699.1 1,672.0 1,673.4 1,780.2 1,792.7
Meat products___________________
304.2 311 5 316.0 315.9 312.7 314.7 313.4 314.4 307.7 305.2 301.1 303.5 317.0 321.1
Dairy products________________ ...
298.0 301.2 303.0 306.1 312.3 320.5 322.3 318.8 311.5 308.5 303.8 301.9 313.3 316.6
Canned and preserved food, except
meats_____________________ ___
186.8 202.2 227.5 298.1 379.1 359.1 286.7 236.3 204.1 203.1 186.4 187.5 243. 5 241.8
Grain mill products................ .............
124.2 124.8 124.9 128.2 130.5 131.1 131.0 128.7 127.4 123.8 124.1 124.6 128.6 128.4
Bakery products_________________
303.8 307.0 308.9 308.0 307.3 308.0 308.1 308.8 302.1 301.1 301.2 302.0 305. 7 307.5
Sugar........................... ............ ......... .
34.6 44.1 45.7 45.1 32.1 30.0 29.3 28.8 27.2 28.2 25.5 27.6 34.3 36.9
Confectionery and related products___
79.7 84.0 87.5 85.1 83.0 76.9 69.1 73.2 73.8 76.1 77.3 78.0 80.0 79.6
Beverages________________ ______
211.9 217.9 219.7 223.5 228.6 227.2 229.1 227.7 217.8 212.2 211.7 207.8 216.5 218.2
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod1 1 cts
142.8 146.1 147.5 148.6 145.5 143.0 140.6 141.2 139.9 140.9 140.9 140.5 141.4 142.8
Tobacco manufactures............... .............
C igarettes

88.1

88.6
37.1
22.0

94.1
37.2
23.0

96.2
37.0
22.9

111.2
37.0
22.6

117.6
37.9
22.8

102.6
37.9
22.6

76.9
37.9
22.0

856.6

856.0
240.3
70.2
48.6
26.7
198.5
70.6
34.5
100.7
65.9

867.5
242.2
70.6
48.8
27.3
203. 5
71.6
35.0
102.2
66.3

876.2
243.1
70.3
49.6
27.5
210.3
71.5
35.1
102.3
66.5

881.3
243.2
70.1
50.8
27.2
214.4
71.6
34.7
102.9
66.4

883.7
244.2
70.5
51. 5
27.4
215.3
71.2
34.2
103.0
66.4

885.8
245.0
70.6
52.2
27.3
217.2
71.1
33.1
103.8
65.5

872.9
243.4
68.7
52. 2
26.6
213.0
70.6
33.0
101.3
64.1

Cigars__________________________
Textile mill products................................
Cotton broad woven fabrics........ .........
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares______
Knitting__ _________ ______ _ .
Finishing textiles, except wool and knit.
Floor covering____ _______________
Yam and thread_________________
Miscellaneous textile goods_________
SeCafootnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

—

76.2
37.6
22.9

75.7
37.0
23.1

890.9 884.4
247.0 246.1
70.4 69.7
52.9 52.2
27.4 27.6
217.6 214.2
72.2 71.8
33.4 33.5
103.6 103.1
66.4 66.2

77.0
36.6
23.3

80.5
36.7
23.5

86.4
36.6
23.6

883.2 881.8
247.2 248.4
69.3 69.7
52.0 51. 4
27.6 27.6
212.1 209.6
72.1 72.2
33.8 34.1
103.1 102.9
66.0 65.9

880.0
249.3
70.0
51. 5
27.5
206. 7
71.8
34.3
103.2
65.7

90.5
37.0
24. 8

94.1
37.2
27.9

879.8 914.6
251.2 260.4
69.8 73.4
52.3 56.0
26.6 27.6
211.1 214. 4
70.8 74.3
33.1 35.9
100.4 103.7
64.6 69.0

449

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1963

1962

A nnual
average

In d u stry
F eb .2 Ja n .2

Dec

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

1961

1960

Manufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods—C ontinued
A pparel and related products...................... 1,243.8 1,217.9 1,235.6 1,252.7 1, 258. 5 1,264.2 1,266. 7 1,207.8 1,230.5 1,216.3 1,232.4 1,241.2 1,227. 5 1,199. 5 1,228.4
M en ’s and boys’ suits and coats______
118.1 119. 1 118.5 119.3 120.2 119.8 115.2 119. 4 115.6 115.9 116 8 117 2 116 4 121 5
M en ’s and boys’ furnishings_________
327.4 331.8 334.9 335.2 336.4 336.1 324.7 331.2 324. 7 320. 5 317.8 314 1 302.2 307.5
W om en’s, misses’, and juniors’ outerwear........................................... ...............
337.5 339.5 343.4 342.3 349.7 356.7 335. 5 342.2 355. 5 340. 5 362.2 356.2 348.3 361.3
W om en’s and children’s undergarm ents______ ______________________
120.3 123.6 126. C 126.7 124.6 123.3 116. 7 120 0 119 2 120.4 121 4 119 9 118 0 119 7
32.9
H ats, caps, and m illinery____________
36.9
35.8
36.2
34.5
34 9
36.8
32.0
31. 7
31. 8
36.2
38.7
41 1
40. 2
Girls’ and children’s outer wear_______
76.8
77.2
75.1
77.2
75.6
78.6
78.2
79.2
75.3
74.0
76.1
78.4
7 7 .9
7 4 .4
F u r goods and miscellaneous a p p a r e l...
72.3
73.3
72.2
63.0
68.2
71.6
67.8
68. 7
66.2
67.3
66.8
69.0
6 6 .7
69.5
M iscellaneous fabricated textile products_________________________ ____
138.3 143.8 147.9 148.7 147.7 143.8 137.7 138.1 142. 5 140.1 136 7 135 3 135 8 136.9
P aper and allied products............................
P aper and pu lp _________ _______ ____
Paperboard_________________________
Converted paper and paperboard
products__________________________
Paperboard containers and boxes..........

596.5

P rinting, publishing, and allied Industries____________ ____________ ____
N ew spaper publishing and p rin tin g ___
Periodical publishing and p rin tin g ____
Books__ __
Commercial printing .
B ookbinding and related industries___
O ther publishing and printing Industries_____________
Chemicals and allied products....................
In dustrial chemicals
Plastics and synthetics, except glass
D rugs_____ _____
Soap, cleaners, and toil et goods
P aints, varnishes, and allied pro d u cts..
A gricultural chem icals_______________
O ther chemical products_______ _____
Petroleum refining and related industries.
Petroleum refining.
O ther petroleum and coal products___
R ubber and miscellaneous plastic products____ _____ _____
Tires and inner tubes
O ther ru bber products_______________
M iscellaneous plastic products_______
L eather and leather products___________
L eather tanning and finishing.................
Footw ear, except ru b b er___
O ther leather products______________
Transportation and public utilities______
Railroad transportation________________
Class I railroads_____________ _______
Local and in teru rb an passenger tra n sit__
Local and su burban tran sp o rtatio n ___
Taxieahs
In tercity and rural buslines
M otor freight transportation and storage..
Air tra n sp o rta tio n .________________ I __
A ir transportation, common carriers__
Pipeline tran sp o rtatio n ________________
O ther transportation__________________
C om m unication______________________
Telephone com m unication___________
Telegraph com m unication___________
Radio and television broadcasting
Electric, gas, and sanitary services______
Electric companies and system s_____
Gas companies and system s__________
C om bined u tility system s____________
W ater, steam , and sanitary system s___
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

906.9

850.6

—

184.2
—

390.5

___
—

358.6
_________
_________

3,869

600.0
225. 0
68. 5

605.7
226.2
68. 5

606.4
226.8
68.3

608.8
227.9
68.3

610.7
229. C
67.7

610.4
231.4
66.7

602.2
227.7
66.4

607.3
228. 5
68.1

598.7
224. 9
67. 5

598.4
224 8
67. 5

593.8
224 6
65.9

590.2
223 8
65.4

589.5
224 5
66.8

593.3
224.4
69.3

128.9
177. 6

130.2
180. 8

129.7
181.6

130.5
182.1

130.6
183.4

130.4
181.9

129.3
178.8

130.2
180.5

128. 6
177.7

128. 5
177.6

126.9
176.4

126 5
174.5

124 3
174.0

124.4
175.1

910. 4
320.4
68. 7
75. 5
290.9
48.2

920.1
323.7
69.1
75.4
294.7
48.4

945.7
348.5
69.4
75.7
293.8
48.4

945.0
346.6
68.9
76 0
293 8
48.7

941.3
345.1
68.3
76 4
292 2
49.3

934.0
345.5
66.1
75 8
288 9
49.5

930.7
343.1
66.4
76 1
28Q 2
48! 3

933.4
343.7
66.4
75 4

929.0
341.0
68.5
74 4
9Q1 1
4 7 !3

930.8
342.5
68.7
74 5
291 4
"¿7 ! 2

930.0
341.3
69.5
74.5
291 2
4 7 !4

926.6
339.9
69.9

926.3
339.1
71.0
73.0

46! 6

4 7 .1

917.2
332.6
71.0
71 1
289 2
4 7 !0

106. 7

108.8

109.9

111.0

110 0

108 2

107 6

107 Q 106 7

106 5

106 1

105 4

106 3

106 3

850.0
284.5
163.4
111.7
99.6
61.6
43.5
85.7

849.9
284.9
162.9
111.7
100.2
61.7
42.3
86.2

852.0
285.2
163.3
111.3
101.2
62.0
41.6
87.4

853.6
284 9
163 2
110 6
101 8
62.8
42.9
87.4

855.9
285 1
154 3
110 5
101 8
63.6
42.7
87.9

858.0
287 8
163 4
111 4
101 2
64.7
40.7
88.8

855.0
288 Q
162 Q
110 7
QQ 2
64.5
40.5
88.3

851.2
287 7
158 4
110 0
Q9 4
64.2
43.3
88.2

851.9
9,84 6
159 7
108 7
98 0
63.0
52.5
85.4

854.9
286 0
159 7
108* 8
98 1
62.2
53.9
86.2

843.7

838.4
284.6

830.2
284.8

108 3
97 7
61.6
48.1
85.5

108 3
61.5
45.1
85.4

62.4
44.7
82.9

829.6
286 8
153 2
107 4
92 2
63.5
44.8
81.8

185.2
152.8
32.4

186.9
153. 5
33.4

189.1
154.3
34.8

190.7
154 9
35.8

192.8
156 4
36.2

199.9
163 5
36.4

200.9
165 0
35! 9

200.9
165 3

199.3
164 6

165 O

3 3 .3

197.6
I6 5 2
3 2 !4

211.7
177. 6

3 4 .7

197.1
164 8
3 2 !3

203.0

3 5 .6

3 3 !0

3 4 .1

394.0
105.2
163.8
125.0

395.8
105.7
164.4
125.7

398.2
105.3
164.4
128.5

399.9
105 3
164.7
129.9

397.7
105 7
164.3
127.7

392.1
104 5
161.4
126.2

384.5
103 5
157.1
123.9

391.4
104 5
161.5
125.4

385.0

380.4
102 5
1 5 7 !2

381.8

381.3

365.1

1 5 7 !0

1 2 0 .7

121.8

157.1
120.9

149.1
114.9

106 8
153.3
113.8

352.0
32.9
236. 4
82.7

359.3
33.1
238.4
87.8

361.0
33.1
235.8
92.1

358.6
32.9
233.4
92.3

360.8
32.8
236.9
91.1

368.6
32.8
243.5
92.3

358.4
31.6
239.2
87.6

363.5
32.7
241.7
89.1

355.4
32.2
236.6
86.6

3 5 9 .5

363.7
32.5
241.7
89.5

363.5
33.1
241.6
S8.8

361.0
33.0
239.3
88.7

365.8
34.1
242.6
89.1

3,798
761. 1
663.4
270.2
86.5
110.1
48.3
887.3
212.2
190.7
20.3
233.8
812.4
683.4
34.9
92.2
600.7
247.5
150. 6
172.8
29.8

3,937
786.7
681.6
269.3
86.9
109. 4
47.9
925.4
210. 5
189.1
20.5
306.0
815.8
685.9
35.7
92.3
602.5
247.7
151.2
173. 6
30.0

3,934
781.8
683.1
266.9
87.1
107.0
47.9
939.0
209.2
188.3
20.6
296.6
816.9
687.5
35.7
91.8
603.4
247.7
151. 7
174.0
30.0

3, 959
792. 5
692.9
267.0
87. 7
105 7
48 4
947.9
210. 8
189. 5
20. 8
296.0
818.8
688.3
35.8
92. 8
604.9
248.3
151. 8
174.5
30.3

3, 959
784.4
685.0
265.2
87.9
105 0
49 7
942.1
210. 0
188. 5
21.2
300. 7
823. 6
693.2
36.2
92.3
612.1
251.4
153. 4
176.8
30.5

3,963
810.2
710 6
253 6
87 7
103 0
50 1
927. 5
199 2
177. 8
21. 6
302. 6
829 1
699.1
36.6
91. 5
619.2
253.8
155 3
178. 7
31.4

3, 948
811.1
711 8
254 4
87 8
102 7
50 4
920 3
193 1
172 0
21. 6
299. 9
829 1
698. 5
36.8
91 9
618.3
253.9
154 9
178 1
31.4

3, 965
819. 2
719 0
261 0
88 6
104 2
49 6
919 2
207. 6
185 0
21. 6
301 2
822 3
692. 5
36.7
91 2
612.7
251.6
153 7
176.5
30.9

3,924
815 1
715 0
266 0
88* 6
105 5
48 7
893 2
206 7
184 0
21 3
302. 6
816 9
687.9
36.6
90 5
602.3
247.6
151.1
173. 2
30.4

3, 904
808 1
706 8
266 6
88 4
107 1
47 9
887 1
204 9
182 3
21 2
298 3
816 6
687. 0
36.5
91 2
600 9
247.6
150 7
172 6
30.0

3,880
803 2

3,863
799 2
698 9
267 4
88 6
109 3

3, 923
819 5
717 4
270 O

4, 017
886 9
780 5
282 6
94 6
120 4
47 2
873 8
191 0
171 6
23 1
308 0
838 7
706.0
38.3
92 4
613 0
254.3
153 4
175 0
30.3

292 0

48.0

158! 8
123.2

198.3

32.0
238.8
88.7

702 O

262 6
82 9
109 6
4fi 7
878^ 8
203 8
181 1
21 3
296 6
813 8
685 2
36.4
90 3
600.1
247.4
150 7
172 3
29.7

872* 2
200 9
179 4
21 3
289 3
812 9
684 3
36.4
90 3
600 2
247.7
150 9
172 2
29.4

48
875
197
175
22
302
826
694

2
2
3
6
2
1
2
8

3 7 .1

92 4
610 7
252.2
153 1
175 3
30. Ì

3 7 4 .0

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

450
T able A -2 .

Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In th o u s a n d s]

1962

1963

A nnual
a v er a g e

I n d u s tr y
F e b .s

Wholesale and retail trade ........ .................. . .

goods

M a c h in e r y , e q u ip m e n t, a n d s u p p li e s ..
R e ta il t r a d e . l - _ . - - l ...........'________ 1."............. 8,360
G e n e ra l m e r c h a n d ise s to r e s ____________
D e p a r tm e n t s to r e s _____ ______________
L im ite d p rice v a r ie ty sto r e s__________
F o o d s to r e s _______ ______ ________________
G r ocery, m e a t, a n d v e g e ta b le s t o r e s ..
A p p a r e l a n d a ccessories s to r e s ....................
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ a p p a r el s to r e s ...........
W o m e n ’s r e a d y -to -w e a r s to r e s _______
F a m ily c lo th in g s to r e s ............ ...................
S h o e s to r e s ____________________________
F u r n itu r e a n d a p p lia n c e s to r e s _________
E a tin g a n d d r in k in g p la c e s ____________
O th er r e ta il tr a d e _______________________
M o to r v e h ic le d e a le r s _________________
O th er v e h ic le a n d a c c esso ry d e a le r s ..
D r u g sto res________________1__________
B a n k in g _________ ________ ________________
C r e d it a g en cies o th er t h a n b a n k s ________
S a v in g s a n d lo a n a s s o c ia tio n s __________
P e r so n a l cr ed it in s t it u t io n s .........................
S e c u r ity d ealers a n d e x c h a n g e s ......................
In su r a n c e carriers_________________________
L ife In su r a n c e _____ ___________________
A c c id e n t a n d h e a lth in s u r a n c e ............... .
F ir e , m a r in e , a n d c a s u a lty in su r a n c e
I n su r a n c e a g e n ts, brok ers, a n d s e r v i c e s ...
R e a l e s t a t e _______________ _________________
O p e r a tiv e b u ild e r s ......... .......... ..................
O th er fin a n c e , in su r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e .

Services and miscellaneous______________
H o te ls a n d lo d g in g p la c e s _________________
H o te ls , to u r is t co u r ts, a n d m o t e l s . . ............
P e r s o n a l services:
L a u n d r ie s, cle a n in g a n d d y e in g p la n t s .
M isc e lla n e o u s b u s in e ss serv ices:
A d v e r tis in g _____________________________
M o tio n p ic tu r e s ___________________________
M o tio n p ic tu r e film in g a n d d is tr ib u t­
in g ____ ________________________________
M o tio n p ic tu r e th e a te r s a n d s e r v ic e s __
M e d ic a l services:
H o s p it a ls ________________________________

Government_________

D ec.

N ov.

225.2
197.1
135.2
491.2
216.8

226.7
199.3
135.2
502.9
216.5

226.4
198.4
135.7
497.9
215.2

226.0
199.2
135.1
502.7
215.8

A ug.

J u ly

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

1961

1960

226.9
196.8
135.1
492.8
214.1

226.8
196.9
135.9
491.8
215.3

226.3
195.4
135.8
498.9
215.2

224.2
194.4
134.5
499.7
213.5

221.1
193.2
132.5
490.1
210.2

220.4
192.5
132.1
491.2
210.1

219.4
191.6
131.9
491.3
209.4

219.3
190.6
131.0
488.9
207.8

215.6
188.3
130.7
491.5
204.8

213.6
183.8
130.8
494.0
208.1

2,808

2,805
722.2
270.6
88.6
141.8
118.7
869.8
474.1
52.5
300.7
201.9
546.7
28.7
74.9

2,807
723.4
270.1
87.4
142.3
120.4
870. 6
473.5
52.7
301.8
202.3
545.0
29.6
75.1

2,808
720.9
268.6
87.0
141.2
121.1
869.9
473.1
52.8
301.6
202.3
549.6
30.8
75.1

2,807
720.0
267.3
86.6
140.5
122.8
868.5
472.3
52.7
300.9
201.0
551.9
32.2
75.7

2,813
719.9
268.3
86.1
142.2
125.5
869.4
472.5
52.8
301.7
201.2
553.0
31.8
75.8

2,841
729.0
271.2
86.6
143.9
130.8
875.0
474.0
53.3
304.2
204.0
554.9
32.4
76.0

2,839
725.1
271.5
87.4
143.5
132.4
871.7
472.3
53.2
302.8
203.0
559.4
32.7
75.7

2,808
715.4
268.2
85.1
143.0
131.9
864.0
469.6
52.8
298.9
201.0
552.6
30.3
75.2

2,780
705.1
264.9
83.6
141.5
131.8
859.0
468.7
52.0
296.4
198.8
545.2
31.0
75.4

2,770
704.2
265.0
83.9
141.2
133.0
860.4
469.9
52.2
296.4
198.9
533.3
29.9
75.0

2,754
702.8
264.2
82.9
141.6
133.1
860.5
469.9
52.0
296.8
198.6
520.0
27.0
74.9

2,749
701.5
264.2
82.8
141.8
132.5
859.2
469.4
51.9
296.0
198.7
518.2
25.5
74.8

2,748
695.1
262. 5
78.6
145.2
126.8
856.7
408.4
51.6
295.1
199.8
531.4
32.5
75.9

2,684
674.7
256.2
72.4
146.0
114.2
839.0
459.0
50.9
287.3
196.2
527.3
36.1
76.7

7,796

7,764
601.3
560.2

7,805
603.1
560.5

7,830
605.9
562.1

7,870
616.5
570.1

7,856
654.1
597.9

7,867
745.6
640.3

7,884
742.1
638.9

7,881
672.6
612.7

7,769
604.6
554.4

7, 690
584.2
539.0

7,573
565.7
524.0

7,545
563.0
521.9

7,516
587.7
531.3

7,361
567.7
511.1

492.3

494.5

498.2

503.4

503.9

504.6

514.1

518.8

513.3

507.1

496.8

496.2

510.5

521.0

111.5
160.8

112.4
184.3

112.4
167.7

111.6
174.5

111.4
180.7

112.1
183.2

111.6
182.0

110.4
179.8

112.1
178.1

112.3
178.6

112.1
167.3

110.0
167.0

110.4
184.4

109.9
189.3

36.0
124.8

36.5
127.8

36.3
131.4

36.2
138.3

37.2
143.5

36.9
146.3

36.1
145.9

35.2
144. 6

35.0
143.1

37.9
140.7

39.6
127.7

39.9
127.1

43.5
140.9

43.5
145.8

1,203.1 1,201. 6 1,202. 4 1,196.9 1,192.8 1,192.3 1,194.5 1,186. 5 1,174.2 1,173.3 1,170.2 1,166.8 1,141.7 1,105.0
9, 406 9,241 8,860 8,870 9,171 9,172 9,143 9,133
2,333 2,336 2,365 2,368 2,354 2,313 2,306 2,294
2,303.8 2,306.4 2,335. 5 2,338.5 2,324.2 2,284.0 2,276.9 2,264.8
964.0 962.6 972.9 973.4 970.2 961.3 958.6 956.7
583.9 587.1 589.2 589.9 587.0 582.2 580.2 578.7
755.9 756.7 773.4 775.2 767. C 740.5 738.1 729.4
23.5
23.9
23. 5
24.1
23.9
23.4
23.9
24.0
5.1
5.4
5 .5
5 .5
5 .5
5 .5
5 .5
5.6
7,073 6,905 6,495 6,502 6,817 6,859 6,837 6,839
1,779.9 1,725.2 1,670.7 1,677. 6 1, 729.9 1,731.8 1,721.5 1,716.5
5,293.0 5,180.1 4,824.3 4,824.4 5,087.5 5,127. S 5,115. 6 5,122.3
3,629.0 3, 410.9 2,938.4 2,949.2 3,318. 7 3,438.7 3,448.2 3,460.0
3,443.9 3,494. 4 3,556.6 3,552.8 3,498. 7 3,420.4 3,388.9 3,378.8

1 B e g in n in g w ith th e D e c e m b e r 1961 is s u e , figu res d ifle r from th o se p re­
v io u s ly p u b lis h e d for th ree rea so n s. T h e I n d u s tr y str u c tu r e h a s b e e n c o n ­
v e r te d to th e 1957 S ta n d a rd I n d u s tr ia l C la ssifica tio n ; th e series h a v e b e e n
a d ju ste d to M a r ch 1959 b e n c h m a r k le v e ls in d ic a te d b y d a ta from g o v e r n m e n t
s o c ia l in su r a n c e program s; a n d , b e g in n in g w ith J a n u a r y 1959, th e e s tim a te s
are p rep ared from a s a m p le stra tified b y e s ta b lis h m e n t size a n d . in so m e ca ses,
re g io n . F or co m p a ra b le b a c k d a ta , see Employment and Earnings Statistics
for the United States, 1909-60, (B L S B u lle tin 1312). S ta tis tic s from A p r il 1959
forw ard are su b je c t to fu r th e r r e v isio n w h e n n e w b e n c h m a r k s b e c o m e a v a il­
a b le.
I n a d d itio n , d a ta in c lu d e A la s k a a n d H a w a ii b e g in n in g in J a n u a r y 1959.
T h is in c lu s io n in cr eased th e n o n a g r ic u ltu r a l to ta l b y 212,000 (0.4 p e r c e n t) for
th e M a r ch 1959 b e n c h m a r k m o n t h , w it h in cr ea ses for in d u s tr y d iv is io n s
ra n g in g from 0.1 p e r c e n t in m in in g to 0.8 p erc en t in g o v e r n m e n t.
T h e s e series are b a se d u p o n e s ta b lis h m e n t re p o r ts w h ic h co v e r a ll fu ll- a n d
p a r t-tim e e m p lo y e e s in n o n a g r ic u ltu r a l e s ta b lis h m e n ts w h o w o rk ed d u r in g


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

S e p t.

142. 5 143.6 144.1 144.8 145.0 145.4 145.3 144.9 143.1 141.7 141.3 141.1 142.6 145.1
514.4 514. 8 512.2 511.9 514.5 513.5 512.1 508.5 502.6 500.0 497.4 493.6 483.6 479.1
8,455 9,272 8,729 8,569 8,522 8,451 8,449 8,508 8,442 8,442 8,201 8,167 8,361 8,403
1,555.3 2,045.5 1,700.9 1, 590.5 1, 556.8 1,512.8 1, 501.5 1,526.8 1,523.9 1,534.6 1,460.6 1,443.2 1,554.8 1,563.1
930.7 1,242.8 1,014.2 936.2 911.0 885.7 878.1 898.5 897.4 901.9 858.4 850.8 910.6 914.4
319.0 417.6 347.8 329.7 326.9 311.5 308.4 312.3 317.9 324.5 304.4 295.3 330.0 335.4
1,385.9 1,417.5 1,396.7 1,383.6 1,368.7 1,365.0 1,376.6 1,374.9 1,370.1 1,373.8 1,363.6 1,366.5 1,358.3 1, 356.1
1,219.6 1,239.1 1,226.2 1,216.5 1,204.0 1,202.2 1,211.3 1,208.8 1,201.4 1,198.7 1,197.2 1,195.0 1,186.9 1,181.6
666.0 801.2 695.7 674.6 663.3 630.5 630.2 663.0 668.5 707.2 626.1 617.7 645.7 637.2
116.7 146.3 117.1 111.0 108.9 106.6 107.9 113.2 108.9 111.3 103.1 105.0 107.7 104.3
253. 8 304.1 268.4 259.9 252.8 241.1 242.0 251.7 256.9 264.3 240.9 236.1 246.2 243.1
99.6 102.2
95.1
95.0
96.8
94.7
95.7
95.8 100.3
104.1 130.9 106.7 101.6 100.8
116.7 132.2 119.4 119.7 121.7 114.7 114.7 120.5 123.5 140.3 110.4 108.0 116.0 119.0
408.5
407.6
409.2
409.8
410.3
405.4
407.8
409.1
410.0
414.5
413.0
416.5 432. 4 419.6
1,608. 4 1,651.0 1,658.7 1,670. 5 1,686.0 1,700.9 1,699.2 1,706.3 1,663.7 1,634.2 1,582.3 1,571.8 1,617.6 1,626.5
2,822.7 2,924.4 2,857.6 2,834.8 2,834.3 2,832.7 2,833. 5 2,826.7 2,808.5 2,782.3 2, 760.0 2,757.9 2, 776.9 2,811.1
702.1 696.4 692.3 687.3 683.4 683.9 681.8 675.3 669.5 667.3 665.9 663.8 656.5 674.6
134.2 142.1 138.3 133.9 134.7 135.6 136.3 136.4 132.9 130.7 126.2 125.2 138.3 142.8
382.4 402.7 386.9 384.7 382.2 382.5 378.0 379.5 377.1 375.1 374.7 374.0 372.9 369.5

9,495 9,429 9,607 9,470
F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t 3 ___________________ 2,333 2,327 2,492 2,348
E x e c u t iv e ................................................................
2,297. 5 2,462.4 2,318.8
D e p a r tm e n t o f D e f e n s e ______________
959.1 961.9 965.1
P o s t O ffice D e p a r t m e n t ______________
582.5 742.7 587.8
O th er a g e n c ie s________________________
755.9 757.8 765.9
23.6
23.9
L e g is la tiv e ___________________ ____ _____
23.7
5.6
J u d ic ia l_________________________________
5.6
5.6
7,102 7,115 7,122
S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t 4.......................... 7,102
1, 782. 8 1,784.2 1.786.2
S ta te g o v e r n m e n t.................... .........................
5,318. 7 5,330.3 5.336.0
L ocal g o v e r n m e n t____ __________________
3,659.5 3,674. 5 3.677.0
E d u c a t io n ______________________________
3,442.0 3,440.0 3,445.2
O th er S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t........... —
________ ______ _

O ct.

11,441 11,543 12,401 11,842 11,682 11, 627 11, 558 11,540 11,582 11,476 11, 470 11,223 11,188 11, 368 11,412
3,088 3,129 3,113 3,113 3,105 3,107 3,091 3,074 3,034 3,028 3,022 3,021 3,008 3,009

W h o le s a le tr a d e .................................................... 3,081
M o to r v e h ic le s a n d a u to m o tiv e e q u ip m e n t _____ _____ _________ _____ ______ —
D r u g s, c h e m ic a ls, a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s ..
D r y g o o d s a n d a p p a r e l_________________
G roceries a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts _________
E le c tr ic a l g o o d s_________________________
H ard w are,” p lu m b in g a n d h e a tin g

Finance, insurance, and real estate...............

J a n .2

9,102 8, 828 8,520
2,289 2,279 2,270
2.259.8 2,250.9 2,242.6
956.9 943.7 940.6
578.2 596.7 586.7
724.7 710.5 715.3
23.4
23.2
2 2 .6
5.1
4.9
5.4
6,813 6,548 6,250
1,707.1 1,663.6 1,592.7
5,106.5 4,884. 5 4,657.0
3,451.5 3,175.4 2,983.3
3,361.9 3,373.9 3,266.4

or r e ceiv e d p a y for, a n y p a r t o f th e p a y p erio d e n d in g n ea re st th e 15th o f t h e
m o n th . T h ere fo re, p erso n s w h o w o rk ed In m o re th a n 1 e s ta b lis h m e n t d u r ­
in g t h e re p o r tin g period are c o u n te d m o re th a n o n c e . P r o p r ie to r s , selfe m p lo y e d p erso n s, u n p a id fa m ily w o rk ers, a n d d o m e s tic se r v a n ts are
e x c lu d e d .
2 P r e lim in a r y .
* D a t a re la te to c iv ilia n e m p lo y e e s w h o w o rk ed o n , or re c e iv e d p a y for, th e
la s t d a y o f th e m o n th .
< S ta te a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t d a ta e x c lu d e , as n o m in a l e m p lo y e e s , e le c te d
o fficia ls o f sm a ll lo c a l u n it s a n d p a id v o lu n te e r fir em en .

Source: U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r, B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s for all
series e x c e p t th o se for th e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t, w h ic h is p rep a re d b y th e
U .S . C iv il S e rv ice C o m m is sio n , a n d t h a t for C la ss I r a ilr o a d s, w h ic h is p r e ­
p a red b y th e U .S . I n te r s ta te C o m m erce C o m m is sio n .

451

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

A-3. Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1962

1963

A nnual
average

In d u stry
Feb .2

Jan.2

Dec.

N ov,

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

1961

1960

M ining_____ ___ . . . .
M etal m ining_________________________
Iron ores_________________ _____ ____
C opper ores

480
64.1
19.0
23.0

491
63.6
20.0
23.0

501
64.4
20.8
22.8

507
64.7
21.6
22.6

512
65.4
22.1
22.7

517
68.5
23.8
23.5

508
72.7
24.4
23.7

520
73.9
25.1
24.0

517
73.1
25.0
23.8

508
71.7
23.7
23.9

502
70.7
23.0
23.8

504
70.9
23.2
23.9

527
71.5
22.8
23.7

567
76.9
28.6
22.6

Coal m inin g __________________________
B itum inous .

122.5
115.1

123.4
115.8

125.0
117.3

126.6
118.9

125.0
117.6

124.7
117.3

113.7
105.6

125.0
117.4

127.1
119.1

128.6
120.8

131.6
123.6

135.1
127.1

136.7
127.5

161.2
148.9

C rude petroleum a n d n a tu ra l gas_______
C rude petroleum and n a tu ra l gas fields.
Oil a nd gas field services_____________

210.4
102.6
107.8

215.0
102.5
112.5

214.0
103.0
111.0

215.8
103.2
112.6

219.8
105.2
114.6

221.2
107.2
114.0

221.5
107.0
114.5

220.1
107.2
112. S

216.4
105.0
111.4

214.5
104.0
110.5

214.9
104.2
110.7

215.8
104.1
111.7

223.1
108.4
114.6

229.1
113.8
115.3

83.2

89.1

97.2

99.6

101.3

102.8

100.2

100.8

99.9

92.8

84.9

82.1

95.4

99.6

1,944 2,128 2,397 2,529 2,570 2,621 2,573 2,431 2,344 2,186
609.8 666.1 742.0 769.2 784.2 809.4 796.5 753.4 724.6 690.7
342.8 402.6 510.0 577.8 596.1 612.2 602.3 552.9 523.6 436.5
171.1 213.6 295.2 346.6 361.8 372.4 361.2 327.8 303.7 237.5
171.7 189.0 214.8 231.2 234.3 239.8 241.1 225.1 219.9 199.0
991.1 1,059.1 1,145.2 1,181.6 1,189.6 1,199.5 1,173.9 1,125.0 1,095. 5 1,058.7

1,927
605.5
350.5
173.0
177.5
971.4

Q uarrying a n d nonm etallic m ining.
C ontract construction_____ ________ _____
General building contractors___________
H eavy construction___________________
H ighw ay and stre et construction
O ther heavy construction____________
Special trad e contractors_______________

.......

1,882 2,344 2,458
601.6 740.4 788.3
330.7 492.8 509.0
159.0 271.2 270.6
171.7 221.6 238.4
949.6 1,110.8 1,160.7

M anufacturing_______________________ _ 12,169 12,184 12,358 12,518 12,661 12,751 12,544 12,403 12,516 12,372 12,338 12,240 12,187 12,044 12,562
D urable goods.......... ............................. 6,849 6,859 6,929 6,994 7,027 7,034 6, 862 6, 925 7,025 6, 975 6, 931 6,857 6,820 6,613 7,021
N ondurable goods..................................... 5,320 5,325 5,429 5,524 5,634 5, 717 5,682 5,478 5,491 5,397 5,407 5,383 5,367 5,431 5,541
Durable goods
O rdnance and accessories______________
A m m unition, except for sm all arm s___
Sighting and fire control equipm ent
O ther ordnance an d accessories_______
L um ber a n d wood products, except furn itu re .......................... .............................
Logging cam ps and logging contractors.
Sawmills and planing m ills___________
M illw ork, plywood, an d related produets______________________________
W ooden containers__________________
M iscellaneous wood pro d u cts________

100.5

........
508.9

100.4
41.0
22.2
37.2

101.0
41.5
22.0
37.5

101.7
41.7
22.4
37.6

100.9
41.5
22.2
37.2

101.3
41.8
22.2
37.3

101.5
42.7
21.8
37.0

98.6
43.0
21.9
33.7

96.7
41.7
21.8
33.2

97.5
40.5
22.1
34.9

97.5
40.6
22.3
34.6

96.4
40.0
22.3
34.1

96.4
40.0
22.4
34.0

94.3
39.6
22.5
32.2

89.4
37.0
22.7
29.7

515.4
76.3
235.5

529.9
82.7
238.8

546.9
89.2
245.7

558.4
92.3
250.1

567.2
96.3
253.1

576.0
99.5
255.6

568.4
98.3
254.3

571.4
96.4
256.9

546.0
84.8
248.3

527.4
77.0
242.6

509.3
71.2
235.7

512.9
77.8
234.5

534.8
85.2
243.4

570.3
87.1
268.5

118.8
33.8
51.0

121.9
34.9
51 6

124.7
35.3
52.0

127.0
36.3
52.7

128.6
35.9
53.3

130.4
36.9
53.6

126.7
36.9
52.2

127.3
37.5
53.3

123.9
36.5
52.5

120.3
35.5
52.0

115.9
35.1
51.4

115.0
35.0
50.6

119.4
36.8
49.9

124.1
39.1
51.4

F u rn itu re a n d fixtures_________ ________
H ousehold fu rn itu re______
________
Office fu rn itu re _____________________
P artition s, office a n d store fixtures____
O ther fu rn itu re a n d fixtures__________

315.4

315.1
230.6
24.1
26.7
33.7

318.9
233.7
24. 6
26.3
34.3

322.5
236.1
24.7
27.0
34.7

323.7
237.3
22.6
28.9
34.9

323.0
235.9
22.4
29.1
35.6

322.7
233.8
24.4
28.8
35.7

313.3
226.9
23.2
28.3
34.9

316.9
229.4
23.9
27.8
35.8

314.1
229.3
23.3
27.0
34.5

312.7
229.9
22.8
26.5
33.5

311.0
228.2
22.9
26.7
33.2

309.7
227.2
22.9
26.5
33.1

303.9
221.5
21.8
26.6
34.0

318.9
232.3
22.8
29.2
34.5

Stone, clay, a n d glass products...................
F la t glass_________________________
Glass an d glassware, pressed or b lo w n ..
C em ent, hydraulic__________________
S tructural'clay pro d u cts_____________
P o ttery a n d related products____ ____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products..
O ther stone a n d m ineral products____

427.9

430.9
23.7
84.1
28.5
55.5
36.5
103.8
86.4

446.5
24.9
84.8
30.0
58.4
36.8
111.7
87.5

465.1
25.6
85.8
32.5
60.4
37.8
121.3
89.0

474.2
25.3
87.0
32.9
61.0
38.6
126.9
89.7

478.9
25.0
87.8
33.5
62.3
38.0
129.4
90.5

480.9
24.8
87.5
33.9
62.8
37.5
131.4
90.8

476.4
24.4
87.6
33.7
62.0
37.1
129.6
90.3

476.1
24.5
88.6
33.4
61.4
37.2
129.0
90.1

466.6
23.8
86.5
32.1
60.8
36.9
125.4
89.4

454.5
24.2
84.9
31.1
59.3
37.3
117.2
88.7

434.8
24.3
84.5
28.5
56.5
36.5
104.6
87.9

432.4
25.6
83.8
28.2
54.8
37.9
102.5
87.6

455.1
23.7
84.5
32.2
60.4
36.9
118.1
87.4

483.2
27.0
86.9
34.9
65.9
40.3
123.5
91.8

P rim ary m etal in d u strie s______________
B last furnace a n d basic steel p ro d u cts..
Iron a nd steel foundries____ .*_________
N onferrous sm elting an d refining_____
Nonferrous rolling, draw ing, a n d extra d in g ___________________________
N onferrous foundries_________ _______
M iscellaneous p rim ary m etal industries____ _________________________

906.5

901.5
444.8
165.0
51.7

900.3
442.3
165.0
52.7

894.2
437.4
164.5
53.0

897.5
440.8
165.0
53.5

910.9
451.9
166.1
53.8

906.3
450.3
163.4
53.0

903.4
451.9
163.1
51.8

935.5
475.4
166.6
52.9

964.5
503.3
166.5
53.0

991.3
530.0
167.1
53.0

991.4
531.6
165.9
52.9

983.5
527.1
165.7
52.8

914.5
482.0
156.0
51.7

992.0
529.3
172.4
54.9

134.9
57.1

135.2
57.1

135.4
56.0

135.8
55.9

136.2
55.9

135.3
56.1

135.4
53.4

136.9
54.7

136.5
56.4

136.5
55.6

136.2
55.8

134.9
55.2

129.0
50.4

133.6
53.7

F abricated m etal products...........................
M etal cans__________________________
C utlery, handtools, and general hardw a re .—____________________ ______
H eating eq u ip m en t a n d plum bing
fixtures___________________________
Fabricated stru c tu ra l m etal p ro d u c ts ._
Screw m achine products, bolts, etc____
M etal stam pings______ _____ 1_______
Coating, engraving, and allied services.
M iscellaneous fabricated wire products.
M iscellaneous fabricated m etal products.............................................................

846.5

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

48.0

48.0

47.9

46.5

47.0

48.2

47.8

49.0

48.8

49.1

49.0

47.8

45.4

48.2

847.7
47.4

859.2
47.3

864.7
47.5

870.7
50.4

872.1
54.8

850.9
54.9

851.6
55.2

867.6
55.0

860.7
52.9

851.2
51.7

842.8
50.0

836.7
49.2

819.6
51.7

869.0
54.1

110.7

111.8

111.8

110.6

108.8

105. 1

104.4

109.4

109.4

108.6

108.8

108.4

101.4

107.3

56.2
221.6
69.2
158.3
55.0
44.6

57.2
226.3
69.4
160.1
56.2
45.4

58.1
229.0
69.2
159.4
58.7
46.0

58.9
234.7
68.9
159.3
58.4
46.3

58.6
238.4
68.5
156.3
57.9
45.3

58.5
236.7
68.2
143.4
56.3
44.2

56.8
237.2
67.4
147.5
56.0
43.9

56.9
236.2
68.8
152.3
57.6
45.3

56.3
231.3
69.1
154.8
56.4
45.1

56.0
226.8
69.3
152.6
56.4
44.6

55.9
223.1
69.1
151.6
55.5
44.0

55.7
222.1
68.8
150.8
54.7
43.8

55.2
230.3
62.6
143.7
53.0
42.2

58.7
238.1
67.2
160.7
53.8
45.5

85.0

83.2

83.5

83.6

83.2

86.1

85.4

85.2

84.8

83.2

79.6

83.6

84.7

85. 51

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

452
T able À -3 .

Production workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
A nnual
average

1962

1963
In d u stry
F eb .2 Ja n .2

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

1961

1960

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—Continued
997.4
56.5
82.0
132.5

964.5 1,030.4
51.2
56.1
78.6
79.6
128.2 144.5

190.2
117.1
143.7

180.1
116.2
143.0

194.0
122.3
154.9

95.6
66.5
113.3

94.5
63.8
109.0

95.2
69.7
114.2

Electrical equipm ent and supplies______ 1,039.2 1,043.5 1,052.9 1,060.1 1,062.0 1,059.2 1,041.1 1,031.4 1,038.9 1,024.7 1,018.8 1,013.5 1. 012. 7
Electric d istribution equipm ent---------107.5 108.6 109.1 109.1 109.0 108.6 107. 0 107.6 104.8 105.6 105.3 105.9
119.9 120.3 120.8 120.3 120.7 119.5 120.6 122.0 119.7 119.5 119.3 119.0
Electrical industrial a p p a ra tu s.......... .
Household appliances-----------------------117.9 118.8 118.8 119.5 118.8 115.4 114.3 117.7 118.6 118.2 117.1 115.8
Electric lighting and wiring eq u ip m en t.
107.6 108.5 108.9 109.5 109.2 106.1 104.2 105.8 105.6 104.9 104.1 103.1
86.2
86.0
87.7
95.4
90.8
97.6
99.7
92.9
95.5 100.2 102.7 102.3
Radio and T V receiving sets_________
227.4 228.1 227.7 226.7 225.3 222.4 217.8 219.5 219.0 218.5 218.2 216.2
C om m unication eq u ip m en t............... —
Electronic components and accessories..
179.7 182.0 183.4 183.8 184.5 183.4 183.1 183.3 179.6 178.2 178.0 177.7
Miscellaneous electrical equipm ent
87.7
85.5
87.3
87.6
86.6
86.8
89.4
86.0
90.4
91.2
91.1
and supplies______________________
90.6

963.3
105.3
114.8
114.8
99.9
82.6
200.4
165.5

986.9
108.3
121.5
120.7
103.6
82.2
201.4
164.4

79.9

84.9

M achinery___ _______________________ 1,025.1 1,022.2 1,017.5 1.016.7 1,018.1 1,020.7 1,015.3 1,019.6 1,034.5 1,026.5 1,024.9 1,013.8
58.6
57.4
58.2
58.6
56.8
57.8
57.7
57.5
58.0
57.5
59.6
Engines and tu rb in es_________ ______
87.2
87.3
85.8
86.7
84.9
83.8
84.5
85.1
83.9
91.3
87.1
F arm m achinery and equipm ent_____
C onstruction and related m achinery__
138.4 138.7 138.3 137.6 140.8 141.3 140.3 141.7 139. 5 138.2 135.8
M etalw orking m achinery and equip­
193.8 193.5 192.5 191.2 189.8 187.4 191.1 194.2 195.2 195.6 192.4
m e n t__ _ _______________________
117.0 118.1 117.9 119.0 118.7 119.0 119.2 120.1 118.6 118.1 117.2
Special in d u stry m achinery...... ..............
150.4 148.2 151.0 151.7 151.6 151.6 150.9 152.3 150.0 149.9 148.8
G eneral in d u strial m achinery------------Office, com puting and accounting m a­
95.2
95.7
95.7
93.1
94.9
93.4
94.4
94.3
93.3
92.8
92.0
chines ___________________________
67.2
69.1
68.3
68.7
70.1
65.3
65.3
66.0
64.8
64.3
64.5
Service in d u stry m achines___________
115.4 116.6 117.5 117.7 116.8 114.8 114.6 116.3 113.1 113.2 113.5
M iscellaneous m achinery......................... .......

T ransportation equ ip m en t_____________ 1,156. 7 1,165. 8 1,167.8 1,159.6 1,149.8 1,133.3 1,007.7 1,120. 6 1,136.6 1,132.8 1,117.7 1,117.9 1,118.6 1,035.0 1,132.7
M otor vehicles and equ ip m en t_____ _
592. 5 595.8 589.3 581. 0 566.3 441.2 561.3 580.0 573.1 557.0 551.1 552. 8 491.7 566.5
398.2 398.7 396.4 391.4 389.3 388.0 384.2 378.4 380.4 381.9 392.9 395.3 378.7 392.5
A ircraft and p a rts___1_________ _____
Ship and boat building and repairing__
124.4 121.5 120.7 122.2 121.0 120.7 118.6 119.6 121.0 122.1 120.3 118.8 117.8 116.6
32.3
30.3
24.8
31.1
32.0
33.9
33.0
32.5
33.3
33.8
30.8
31.9
30.7
Railroad eq u ip m en t_________________
30.3
25.3
24.4
22.5
21.4
21.9
25.1
24.7
23.4
24.0
24.0
22.4
23.3
O ther transportation eq u ip m en t............ —
20.4
21.1
Instru m en t and related products_______
228.6 229.0 229.9 230.5 230.5 229.9 229.4 225.8 228.5 226.8 226.3 226.7 224.9 221.6 232.0
38.2
37.0
40.4
38.2
38.5
42.8
38.4
38.6
37.7
39.3
39.1
39.4
Engineering and scientific in stru m en ts.
39.5
39.3
M echanical measuring and control de­
62.1
62.2
62.0
59.8
61.9
63.3
61.2
61.3
62.2
62.4
62.3
62.7
62.8
vices_____ ________ ______________
63.0
30.8
30.6
30.7
31.0
29.1
31.1
30.8
30.4
30.3
30.2
30.2
30.5
Optical and ophthalm ic goods________
30.1
29.9
Surgical, medical, and dental equip­
33.0
33.0
33.0
33.2
33.0
33.1
33.8
34.4
34.5
34.3
33.9
34.5
34.3
m e n t_____________________________
34.6
39.4
39.4
39.5
39.3
39.1
41.1
40.4
40.7
40.5
40.5
40.4
40.5
Photographic equipm ent and su p p lies..
40.4
39. 6
23.2
22.7
23.1
22.9
20.1
21.1
23.2
22.2
23.5
23.4
23.4
23.4
W atches and clocks____ _____________
22. 8
22.6
M iscellaneous m anufacturing in d u strie s..
Jew elrv, silverware, and plated w a re ...
Toys, am usem ent, and sporting g oods..
Pens, pencils, office and a rt m aterials___
C ostum e jewelry, buttons, and notions.
O ther m anufacturing industries______

293.8

287.5
31. 7
67. 5
24.8
43.7
119.8

305.2
32.5
77.6
25.7
45.8
123.6

332.4
33.4
99.0
26.3
47.8
125.9

341.6
33. S
105.8
26.6
47.5
128.4

337.8 330.6
33. C 32.3
102.2
99.6
26.2
25.8
47.4
46.7
129. C 126.2

316.1
30.8
95.3
24.3
43.8
121. £

322.4 314.7
32. C 31.9
94.4
90.1
24.3
24.9
45.6
46.5
124.6 122.8

308.2 299.2
32.2
31.9
86. C 76.6
24.2
23.8
44.5
45.1
121.6 121.5

294.6
32.3
73.0
24.0
44.5
120.8

306.2
32.7
85.3
23.0
44.5
120.7

316.0
33.9
86.4
23.0
47.3
125.4

Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products......................... 1,074. 6 1,098.4 1,146. 6 1,187.6 1,265. 6 1,329.7 1,303. 5 1,223.8 1,175.8 1,121.0 1,110.9 1,086.0 1,088.3 1,190.8 1,211.3
M eat products______________________
243.2 250.9 254.7 255. C 251. C 253.1 251.5 253. C 246.4 243.5 239.1 241.8 254.3 257.9
D airy products_____________________
145.9 148.3 149.9 152.1 156.9 162.4 164.8 163.2 158.6 155.8 152.6 151.6 163. C 169.7
C anned and preserved food, except
m eats____________ ____ __________
150.1 165.2 190.4 260.6 338.1 318.2 246.4 197.8 166.5 166.0 149.7 151.0 206.2 206.1
85.2
88.6
85. £
86.3
89.6
89.8
92.1
92. C 90.1
90.2
91.8
86.9
G rain mill products_________________
86.8
86.5
B akery products.........................................
174.7 176.7 178.7 179.2 177.8 177.2 177.3 176.4 172.6 171.8 171.3 171.1 174.7 176.6
28.4
22.4
20.0
22.
C
21.5
30.3
23.4
22.8
26.1
24.1
39.8
38.9
Sugar____________ ____ . __________
38.4
28.9
61.2
61.8
62.8
57.2
57.8
60.1
63.5
61.4
53.7
69.4
67.3
71.0
Confectionery and related products___
67.7
63.6
110.6
115.6
114.7
110.5
107.
C
118.3
121.4
122.4
120.
£
115.7
118.9
119.3
Beverages______ _______ __________ ..
109. 5 114.2
M iscellaneous food and kindred prod­
96.2
95.6
95.6
95.7
94.4
94.3
99.0
98.3
95.7
93.3
ucts______________________________
98.4 100.5 101.3
96.0
Tobacco m anufactures..................................
Cigarettes_______________ ____ ______
C igars_______________________ ______

76.4

76.9
31.1
20. 5

Textile m ill products__________________
C otton broad woven fabrics__________
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
W eaving and finishing broad woolens
N arrow fabrics and small wares_______
K n ittin g .......................................................
Finishing textiles, except wool and k n it.
Floor covering______________________
Y arn and th read ___. . . ______ ____ _
M iscellaneous textile goods......................

767.6

767.8
223.2
63.4
42.8
23.5
177.5
60.3
28.6
93.1
55.4

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

84.1
30. £
21.3

98.7
30.8
20.9

105.1
31.7
21.1

90.4
31.8
20.9

65.2
31.7
20.3

64.7
31.5
21. S

64.5
31. C
21.5

778.9 787.7
224.8 225.4
63.6
63.8
43.8
43.0
24.2
24.0
182.4 189.4
61.2
61.2
29.2
29.2
94.6
94.8
55. 91 56.1

792.5
225. 5
63.3
44. £
23.9
193.2
61.3
28.8
95.4
56.2

795.7
226.5
63.9
45.7
24.1
194.2
61.1
28.4
95.5
56.3

798.2
227.8
63.9
46.3
23.9
196.3
61.0
27.4
96.2
55.4

786.0
226. (
62.1
46.3
23. Í
192.5
60.5
27.4
93.9
54.0

803.4
229.7
63.7
47.2
24.3
196.7
62.1
27.8
96.2
55.9

797.4
228.8
63.1
46.5
24.2
193.6
61.6
27. £
95. £
55.8

81.9
31.1
21.2

69.3
30.8
21.9

75.1
30.8
22. C

79.4
31.5
23.1

83.3
32.2
26.0

796.2 793.9
229. £ 231.2
63.2
62.8
45.7
46.8
24.2
24.3
191.6 188.7
62. C 61.8
28.2
28.4
95. c
95.7
55.4
55.4

792.9
232.2
63.4
45.7
24.2
186. Í
61.8
28.6
95.4
55.3

793.2
234.7
63.1
46.2
23.2
190.7
60.9
27.8
93. (
53.7

826.7
244.1
66.9
49.5
24.1
194.3
64.1
30.4
95.9
57.5

65.9
30.8
21.7

453

A.—EMPLOYMENT

T able

A-3. Production workers in non agricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1963

1962

A nnual
average

In d u stry
Feb.3 Jan .3

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

1961

1960

Manufac tu ring— Con tin ue d
Nondurable goods— Continued
A pparel and related p roducts..................... 1,105.6 1,080.6 1,096.8 1,113.1 1,118. 5 1,125.3 1,128. 7 1,071.2 1,092.6 1,079.9 1,096.1 1,105. 5 1,093.1 1,066.8 1,094.2
106.4 106.3 105.8 106.4 107.6 107.5 103.1 106.7 103.6 103.7 104.6 105.2 104.3 108.9
M en ’s a n d boys’ suits a n d coats.............
297.2 300. 5 303.7 304.4 305.7 305.8 294.2 300.6 294.7 290.4 288.0 285.2 273.7 279.6
M en ’s a n d boys’ fu rn ish in g s.............. __
W om en’s, misses’ a n d juniors’ outerw ear___________ _______ ______ _
301.6 304.4 307.5 305.7 313.5 320.9 300.2 306.7 305.0 319.9 327.0 320.8 313. 7 325. 8
Women’s and children’s undergarm ents..
106.2 109.3 111.5 112.0 110.2 109.2 103.0 106.2 105.2 106.5 107. 6 106.1 104. 8 106. 2
32.1
32.7
28.2
H ats, caps, and m illinery. . . 1 ________
32.5
30.2
28.8
31.8
27.8
34.7
37.2
28.0
36.4
31.1
32.4
69.1
70.5
67.1
70.2
Girls’ an d children’s outerw ear____ _
67.5
68.7
69.1
70.5
69.9
69.4
67.2
66.1
66.4
67. 5
59.4
63.2
64.1
58.8
59.4
57.5
58.5
57.7
57.9
F u r goods and miscellaneous a p p arel...
54.7
63.0
62.3
60.2
60.2
M iscellaneous fabricated textile produ c ts______________________________
114.5 119.5 123.9 125.0 124.1 119.8 113.8 114.7 118.8 116.3 113.2 112.1 112. 6 113.6
470.9
P aper a n d allied products___ _____ ____
P aper an d p u lp __________________ _.
P aperboard_____ __________________
C onverted paper and paperboard products_______ __________ _________
P aperboard containers an d b o x e s......... —

474.9
181.3
55.0

479.5
182.5
54.9

480.8
183.1
54.8

483.9
183.9
54.9

485.3
184.9
54.4

484.0
186.6
53.4

476.3
183.0
52.8

482.7
183.9
55.2

475.4
181.2
54.6

475.1
181.1
54. 6

470.9
181.2
63.0

467.8
180. 5
52.5

469.5
181. 4
54 0

474.0
181.9
56.4

97.0
141.6

97.6
144.5

97.5
145.4

98.6
146.5

98.6
147.4

98.3
145.7

97.5
143.0

98.7
144.9

97.3
142.3

97.3
142.1

95.7
141.0

95.5
139.3

94 9
139.1

95.7
140.1

575.3

578.5
160.5
28.2
45.7
229.2
38.7

587.3
163.7
27.9
45.7
232.8
39.1

604.3
179.9
28.2
46. 2
232.0
39.1

605.6
178.9
28.2
46. 7
232.3
39.3

602.6
177.9
27.8
46.7
231.4
39.8

595.9
177.4
26.7
46.0
228.0
40.1

592.1
175.0
26.4
46. 4
228.0
39.0

596.8
177.1
26.4
46.1
230.8
38.5

594.6
176.4
27.4
45. 6
230.2
38.0

596.1
177.0
27.6
45.6
230.8
38.0

596.1
176.7
28.7
45.3
230.5
38.2

593.2
175.0
28.9
45.2
229.9
37.5

595.7
175. 5
29 7
44 4
230. 3
38.0

591.5
172.4
29 8
42 n
229 5
38.1

76.2

78.1

78.9

80.2

79.0

77.7

77.3

77.9

77.0

77.1

76.7

76.1

77. 9

78 8

Chem icals and allied products............ ....... 515.0
In dustrial chem icals____________ ____
Plastics and synthetics, except glass__
D rugs___ ______________ .1 ______
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods_______
P aints, varnishes, and allied p ro d u cts..
A gricultural chem icals_______________
O ther chem ical products_____________ —

515.5
164.0
110.8
60. 2
60.5
34.6
29.3
56.1

515.4
164.2
110.4
60.1
61.3
34.7
28.0
56.7

518.6
164.9
111.0
60.1
62.2
35.2
27.5
57.7

520.3
164.6
110.8
59.4
62.8
35.8
28.9
58.0

522.7
165.3
111.9
59.2
62.9
36.6
28.4
58.4

522.9
166.9
110.8
60.0
62.2
37.3
26.5
59.2

521.0
167.6
110.7
59. 6
60.0
37.6
26.4
59.1

520.4
167.3
107.0
59. 6
60.9
37.3
29.0
59.3

524.6
165.8
108.9
58. 7
59.4
36.3
38.4
57.1

527.1
166.6
109.2
58.9
59.6
35.5
39.8
57.5

517.8
165.1
108.1
58.8
59.5
35.1
34.2
57.0

512.5
164. 9
107.9
59.0
57.2
34.9
31.4
57.2

506.1
164. 7
102.6
58 2
58.4
35. 5
30.9
55.8

610.8
169 0
103.5
58 8
56.1
36. 7
3Ì.0
55.6

P etroleum refining and related industries____ ________ _________________
Petroleum refining__________________
O ther petroleum and coal p roducts___

117.7
95. 4
22.3

118.7
95. 4
23.3

120.4
95. 8
24.6

121.3
95.9
25.4

122. 5
96.8
25.7

128.4
102. 6
25.8

129.7
104.2
25.5

129.9
104. 5
25.4

128.7
104.1
24.6

128.4
105.1
23.3

126.9
104. 7
22.2

127.4
105.0
22.4

130.6
107.1
23. 5

137.7
113 1
24.6

R ubber a n d miscellaneous plastic produ cts_________________________ ____
301.1
Tires an d inner tu b e s.. . ____________
O ther ru b b er products_______________
M iscellaneous plastic products............... ............

304.7
76.7
129.2
98.8

306.4
76.9
129.8
99.7

308.9
76.5
130.1
102.3

310.9
76.5
130.7
103.7

308.5
77.0
129.9
101.6

303.4
75.8
127.5
100.1

296.1
75.0
122.9
98.2

303.5
76.1
127.7
99.7

297.6
74.8
125.1
97.7

293.5
74.2
123.7
95.6

294.9
74.8
123.7
96.4

294.9
75.1
124.2
95.6

280.2
73. 0
117.0
90.2

288.7
78 2
120.8
89.7

L eather a n d leather products__________
315.9
L eather tan n in g and finishing________
Footw ear, except ru b b er...... ...................
O ther leath er p ro d u c ts ............................ ............

310.3
28.8
210.9
70.6

317.6
29.3
213.1
75.2

318.8
29.1
210.3
79.4

316.6
29.0
208.1
79.5

319.1
28.8
211.6
78.7

326.6
28.8
218.1
79.7

316.4
27.7
213.8
74.9

321.3
28.7
216.4
76.2

313.3
28.1
211.3
73.9

317.7
28.1
213.4
76.2

321.8
28. 5
216.3
77.0

322.0
29.1
216.7
76.2

318.8
28. 9
213.8
76.2

322.9
29.9
216.4
76.5

82.9
44.8
804.2
17.5

83.3
44.4
843.1
17.6

83. 5
44.4
857.8
17.7

83.9
44.9
867.1
17.9

84.2
46.2
862.7
18.2

83.9
46.6
848.7
18.5

84.1
46.9
840.8
18.6

85.0
46.4
840.5
18.5

85.0
45.5
814.8
18.2

83.9
44.4
809. 5
18.2

78. 7
43.5
801.6
18.1

84.1
43.3
795.2
18.1

86. 7
45.0
800.0
18.8

89 2
44.6
801.8
19.3

553.7
25.2
75.2
526.0
211.9
133.0
155.1
26.0

556.8
25.9
75.4
528.5
212.2
133.9
156.2
26.2

558.2
26.0
76.1
530.1
212.6
134.5
156.8
26.2

559.1
26.0
77.3
531. 7
213.2
134.5
157.5
26.5

563. 5
26.4
76.8
538.7
216.1
136.0
159.9
26.7

569.3
26.7
76.6
545. 8
218.5
137.9
161.9
27.5

568.7
26.9
76.1
544. 8
218.0
137.9
161.4
27.5

563.3
26.7
76. 4
539. 3
215. 7
136.6
160.0
27.0

560.2
26.6
75.4
529.3
211.8
134.1
156.9
26.5

559.5
26.5
76.1
527. 4
211. 6
133. 6
156. 2
26.0

557.8
26.5
75.6
526.8
211.6
133.5
156.0
25.7

557.3
26.4
76.0
527.4
212.3
133.8
155. 9
25.4

568.7
26.9
78.3
538. 7
216.8
136.4
159.4
26.1

581.9
27.9
77.9
543. 6
220.2
137.3
159. 4
26.7

Printing, publishing, and allied industries---------- --------------------------- -----N ew spaper publishing and p rin tin g___
Periodical publishing and p rin tin g ____
Books__ * _____________ 1__ _
Commercial p rin tin g ________________
Bookbinding and related industries___
O ther publishing a n d p rin tin g industries_____ _____ ___________________

117. 1

Transportation and public utilities:
Local and in teru rb an passenger transit:
Local an d suburban tra n sp o rtatio n___
In te rc ity a n d ru ral buslines__________
M otor freight transportation an d storage.
Pipeline tra n sp o rtatio n ____ _______ ____
Com m unication:
Telephone co m m u n icatio n .....................
Telegraph com m unication 3__________
R adio a n d television broadcasting____
Electric, gas, and san itary services_____
Electric companies a n d system s______
_
Gas companies an d system s___ ______
C om bined u tility system s___________
W ater, steam , and san itary system s__ ............
See footnotes a t end of table


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

454

T able A-3. Production workers in non agricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In th o u sa n d s]
A nnual
a v er a g e

1962

1963
I n d u s tr y
F e b .3
W hfilpBfllfl a n il r e t a i l t r a d e <
W h o le s a le tr a d e .......................................................
M o to r v e h ic le s a n d a u to m o tiv e e q u ip m e n t _____ _____________________________
D r u g s, c h e m ic a ls , a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts__
D r y g o o d s a n d a p p a r e l_____ ___________
G r oceries a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts __________
E le c tr ic a l g o o d s ...........*.......................................
H a r d w a r e , p lu m b in g a n d h e a tin g
goods
_ __ ______ ______
M a c h i n e r y , eq u ip m en t, and supplies ..
R e t a il tr a d e • ___
__ __________________
G e n e ral m e r c h a n d ise s to r e s ..........................
D e p a r tm e n t s to r e s ........................................
L im ite d p ric e v a r ie ty sto r e s__________
F o o d s t o r e s ..
. ___________________
G roopry, moat, a n d vpgfttablo sto res
A p p a r e l a n d acc essories s to r e s __________
M e n ’s an d b o y 's a p p a r e l s to r e s ______
W o m e n ’s r e a d y -to -w e a r s to r e s ................
F a m ily clothing stores .
Shoe stores
. ..

Fu rn itu re and appliance stores.............
Other retail trade <
M o to r v e h ic le d e a le r s ___________________
O th er v e h ic le a n d a c c e ss o r y d e a le r s ____
D r u g s to r e s _____________________________

Finance, insurance, and real estate:
B a n k in g ___________________________________
S e c u r ity d ea le rs a n d e x c h a n g e s .................. ..

Insurance carriers
L ife in s u r a n c e ___________________________
A c c id e n t a n d h e a lth in s u r a n c e --------------

Fire, marine, and casu alty Insurance

J a n .3

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S e p t.

A ug.

J u ly

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

F eb.

1961

1960

8,842 9,657 9,100 8,939 8,868 8,791 8,775 8,817 8,757 8,785 8,591 8,575 8,744 8,81
2,644 2,689 2,676 2,677 2,668 2,671 2,657 2,642 2,603 2,598 2,593 2,592 2,597 2,610
190.4
163.6

191.3
166.1

112.0

112.0

433.5
189.0

445.6
189.4

123.2 124.6
437.1 438.8
6,198 6,968
1,425. 5 1,910.3
852.6 1,163.8
295.5 390.8
1,289. 7 1,321.5
1,132.7 1,152.4
603.7 737.7
106.0 135.3
230.9 281.0
96.5 123.2
103.6 118.6
369.9 387.2
2,509.2 2,611.4
611.8 607.0
114.4 122.9
355.4 375.0

191.4
165.4
113.0
440.5
188.1

191.6
164.5
112 .5
435.8
187.4

191.5
165.0
113.0
434.8
188.9

191.5
163.7
113.0
442.1
188.7

124.9 125.3
437.2 437.2
6,424 6,262
1,567.6 1,462.8
935.2 859.3
322.5 307.7
1,301.1 1,290.4
1,139.9 1,131.8
' 632.7 '611.9
106.3 100.5
245.2 236.6
94.2
99.2
105.9 106.4
373.9 368.9
2,548. 4 2,527.7
603.6 600.0
118.8 114.1
359.8 357.5

125.7
438.3

126.2
437.4

6,2 0 0

6,120

1,430.2
834.7
304.9
1,275.2
1,119.1
601.0
98.6
229.9
93.1
108.3
367.8
2,525.7
596.2
114.3
355.5

1,388.2
810.2
290.4
1,272.6
1,118.5
569.5
96.2
218.4
88.5
101.5
364.0
2, 526.1
596.8
115.4
355.1

125.9
436.6
6,118
1,377.1
802.5
287.3
1,283.9
1,127.6
569.5
98.0
219.4

190.7
166.2
112.3
445.5
188.8

189.6
162.8

186.6
161.8

112.1

110.6

442.4
187.2

433.0
183.9

125.6
434.1
6,175
1,402.4
823.0
291.9
1,283.1
1,126.0
601.9
103.1
229.1
92.5
8 8 .2
107.5
101.6
363.4 365.4
2,524. 2 2, 522.2
594.6 589.0
116.2 116.3
351.1 353.1

186.0
161.2
109.5
434.4
184.1

184.9
160.2
110. 5
434.7
183.3

184.9
159.5
109.8
433.3
181.9

182.0
158.7
111 . 1
435.7
179.5

181.
155.
112 .
439.
183.

123.4 122.6 122.2 122.0 124.0 127.
428.6 426.8 423.6 420.4 414.1 412.
6,154 6,186 5,998 5,983 6,147 6,201
1,399.9 1,411.0 1,337.6 1,321.5 1, 433. 5 1,447.
822.4 827.2 784.4 777.7 837.6 843.
297.5 303.9 284.0 275.1 309.3 316.
1,279. 5 1,284. 5 1,274.7 1,277.9 1,273. 4 1,273.
1,119.7 1,118.6 1,116.6 1,114,4 1,109. 7 1,106.
607.3 645.6 565.0 557.8 586.9 582.
95.3
95.
93.0
97.9
98.9 101.2
234.2 241.4 218.4 213.9 225.0 223.
88 .
88 .7
89.8
87.3
92.0
94.3
95.2 102.9 106.
97.7
127.4
110.6
362.7 365.7 363.5 365.7 364.2 368.
2,504.9 2, 479.6 2,456.9 2,460,1 2,489.7 2,528.
583.6 581.7 579.9 579.8 576.1 596.
112.9 110.6 106.0 104.9 117.7 123.
351.0 348.9 349.1 348.8 348.4 347.
596.5
124.0
777.4
428.3
46.8
265.8

595.4
123.5
776.8
428.2
46. 6
265. 2

592.0
119.0
777.0
428.8
46.4
265.2

575.
107.
763.
420.

610.1
108.9
781.3
429.0
46.7
268.8

783.2
429.2
46.9
270.0

611.5
111.5
782.8
428.5
47.2
270.1

610.8
113.3
781.6
428.2
47.2
269.2

610.7
116.1
783.8
429.5
47.3
270.2

619.9
121.4
789.7
431.3
47.8
272.7

616.8
123.1
786.3
429.2
47.8
271.4

607.5
122.7
779.6
427.0
47.5
267.8

598.2
122.7
774.9
426.0
46.9
265.4

598.3
123.8
776.7
427.8
47.0
265.4

526.7

528.0

529.7

538.3

565.4

606.3

605.0

579.9

521.9

507.4

493.2

491.9

503.8

485.

360.7

377.9

389.

25.5

28.1

29.

613.3
110.6

46.

260.

Services and miscellaneous:
H o t e ls a n d lo d g in g p la ce s:
H o te ls , to u r is t c o u r ts, a n d m o te ls
P e r s o n a l ser v ic e s:
L a u n d r ie s, c le a n in g a n d d y e in g p la n t s .
M o t io n p ic tu r e s:
M o t io n p ic tu r e film in g a n d d is tr ib u tin g

359.6

361.0

364.6

368.0

369.4

369.9

378.1

380.3

376.1

369.8

361.1

23.7

24.7

23.9

24.1

24.1

24.2

23.9

23.6

23.4

24.6

25.5

i F o r c o m p a r a b ility o f d a ta w it h th o se p u b lis h e d in is s u e s p rio r to D e c e m ­
b er 1961 a n d cove rage o f th e s e se r ie s, see fo o tn o te 1, ta b le A -2 .
F o r m in in g , m a n u fa c tu r in g , a n d la u n d r ie s , c le a n in g a n d d y e in g p la n ts,
d a ta refer to p r o d u c tio n a n d r e la ted w ork ers; for c o n tr a c t c o n s tr u c tio n , to
c o n str u c tio n w orkers; a n d for a ll o th e r I n d u str ie s, to n o n s u p e r v iso r y w o rk ers.
Production and related workers I n c lu d e w o rk in g fo rem e n a n d a ll n o n su p e r ­
v is o r y w ork ers (I n c lu d in g le a d m a n a n d tra in e es) e n g a g ed In fab ricatin g,
p r o c e ssin g , a s se m b lin g , in s p e c tio n , r e c e iv in g , sto r a g e , h a n d lin g , p a c k in g ,
w a r e h o u sin g , s h ip p in g , m a in te n a n c e , rep a ir, ja n ito r ia l a n d w a tc h m e n
s e r v ic e s, p r o d u c t d e v e lo p m e n t , a u x ilia r y p r o d u c tio n for p la n t ’s o w n u se
(e .g ., p o w e r p l a n t ) , an d r e co rd k eep in g a n d o th e r se r v ic e s c lo s e ly a sso c ia ted
w it h t h e a b o v e p r o d u c tio n o p era tio n s.

Construction workers In c lu d e w o r k in g fo rem e n , j o u r n e y m e n , m e c h a n ic s ,
a p p r e n tic e s, la b o re rs, e t c ., en g a g ed in n e w w o r k , a lte r a tio n s , d e m o litio n ,
re p a ir, a n d m a in te n a n c e , e t c ., a t th e site o f c o n s tr u c tio n or w o r k in g in sh o p
or y a r d s a t jo b s (su c h as p r e c u ttin g a n d p r e a sse m b lin g ) o r d in a r ily p erfo rm ed
b y m e m b e r s o f th e c o n str u c tio n tr a d e s.
Nonsupervisory workers in c lu d e e m p lo y e e s (n o t a b o v e th e w o r k in g su p e r ­
v is o r y le v e l) su c h a s o ffice a n d clerica l w o r k e r s, r e p a ir m e n , sa le sp e r so n s,
o p era to rs, d r iv e r s , a tt e n d a n t s , s e rv ice e m p lo y e e s , lin e m e n , la b o r e r s, ja n ito r s,
w a tc h m e n , a n d s im ila r o c c u p a tio n a l le v e ls , a n d o th e r e m p lo y e e s w h o s e
s e r v ic e s a re c lo s e ly a s so c ia te d w it h th o s e o f t h e e m p lo y e e s lis te d .
3 P r e lim in a r y .
* D a t a re la te to n o n s u p e r v iso r y e m p lo y e e s e x c e p t m essen g ers.
* E x c lu d e s e a tin g a n d d r in k in g p la ce s.

The revised series on employment, hours and earnings, and labor turnover in nonagricultural establishments should not be compared with those published in issues prior
to December 1961. (See footnote 1, table A-2, and “ Technical Note, The 1961 Revision
of the BLS Payroll Employment Statistics,” M o n th ly L abor R eview , January 1962,
pp. 59-62.) Moreover, if future benchmark adjustments require further revisions, the
figures presented in this issue should not be compared with those in later issues which
reflect the adjustments.
Comparable data for earlier periods are published in E m p lo y m e n t a n d E arnings
S ta tis tic s for th e U n ite d S ta te s , 1909-60 (BLS Bulletin 1312), which is available at
depository libraries or which may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents
for $3. For an individual industry, earlier data may be obtained upon request to the
Bureau.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

A.—EMPLOYMENT
T able

455

A-4. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and selected groups,
seasonally adjusted1

______________ ______

[In thousands]
1963

In d u stry division a n d group

T o t a l . . ...........................

1962

F eb .2 Jan .2

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb

55,734 55,552 55,580 55,597 55,647 55,583 55, 536 55,617 55, 535 55,403 55,260 54,901 54,773

M ining...........................

623

624

625

636

638

641

646

648

652

659

656

654

653

C ontract construction.

2,632

2,647

2,654

2,696

2,716

2, 715

2,731

2, 738

2,671

2, 716

2,734

2,648

2,694

M anufacturing.............

16,654 16,628 16,681 16,695 16,781 16,805 16,795 16,908 16,923 16,891 16,848 16,682 16, 572

D u r a b le g o o d s ............... .............................................................
O r d n a n ce a n d a cc esso ries_____ ______ __________
L u m b e r a n d w o o d p r o d u c ts, e x c e p t fu r n itu r e .
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu r e s _________________________
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c ts ________________
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s tr ie s _____ _______ _________
F a b r ic a te d m e ta l p r o d u c ts _____________________
M a c h in e r y ______________________________________
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s ..........................
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t ____________ ______ _
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts _____________
M isc e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s ______

9,420
222
604
381
561
1,129

N o n d u r a b le g o o d s ____ _______________________ ______
F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts ____________________
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s _________________________
T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c ts ___________________________
A p p a r e l a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ................... .................
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts .............................................
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u s tr ie s ____
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c t s .______ _________
P e tr o le u m r e fin in g a n d r e la te d in d u s tr ie s _____
R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic p r o d u c ts ___
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts __________________

7,234
1,764
91
861

T ransportatio n an d public utilities.
W holesale an d retail tra d e .
Wholesale tra d e .............
R etail trad e__________

9,397
221
605
380
561
1,121
1,104
1,467
1,534
1,661
360
383

9,418
220
603
380
565
1,121

9,413
221
605
380
572
1,115

9,470
222

9,486
220
603
380
576
1,134
1,129
1,471
1,528
1,694
358
393

1,480
1,541
1,619
362
397

9.552
217
607
386
581
1,149
1,132
1,474
1,555
1,688
362
401

9,555
213
611
386
581
1,163
1,131
1,470
1,554
1,687
359
400

9,544
213
609
387
579
1,199
1,135
1,460
1,541
1,663
359
399

9,490
211
611
382
571
1,223
1,124
1,453
1,528
1,637
356
394

7,347
1,776

7,358
1,788

88

88

9,461
222
609
385
583
1,141

9,385
210

9.312
207
612
375
563
1,211
1,097
1,421
1,495
1,595
352
384

1,111

1,110

1,468
1,535
1,669
359
387

1,481
1,527
1,652
358
392

602
378
579
1,119
1,117
1,482
1,546
1,674
359
392

88

7,263
1,773
90

602
909
854
186
391
354

861
1,219
602
911
853
187
390
351

1,229
604
914
853
189
389
356

7,282
1,763
90
868
1,231
601
938
855
189
389
358

7,311
1,769
93
871
1,242
603
937
855
191
390
360

7,319
1,770
96
874
1,243
603
938
853
191
393
358

7,334
1,763
93
879
1,246
606
937
855
198
395
362

7,356
1,777
89
885
1,249
606
937
858
199
396
360

7,368
1,774
87
891
1,257
606
937
853
199
399
365

890
1,248
604
935
849
199
392
366

889
1,258
602
934
847
199
384
369

1,227
599
931
842
199
384
362

7,260
1,776
89
884
1,206
595
929
841
200
381
359

3,920

3,840

3,921

3,918

3,935

3,928

3,932

3,913

3,934

3,936

3,935

3,927

3,914

1,111

1,461
1,540
1,665
361
385

1,222

7,231
1,769

866

1,122

610
379
562
1,217
1,109
1,437
1,510
1,611
355
385
7,297
1,777
90
886

11,706 11,660 11,573 11,600 11, 594 11,612 11,627 11,652 11,621 11,596 11,546 11,460 11,447
3,096 3,085 3,074 3,076 3,085 3,090 3,082 3,100 3,096 3,077 3,062 3,049 3,036
8,610 8,575 8,499 8,524 8,509 8,522 8,545 8.552 8,525 8,519 8,484 8,411 8,411

Finance, insurance, and real esta te .

2,834

2,830

2,821

2,822

2,813

2,799

2,796

2,792

2,788

2,786

2,778

2,776

2,774

Service a nd miscellaneous..................

7,931

7,898

7,876

7,846

7,831

7,809

7,805

7,783

7,749

7,692

7,675

7,681

7,675

G overnm ent..........
Federal_______
State and local.
1 For coverage of th e series, see footnote 1, table A-2.
* Prelim inary.

9,434
2,357
7,077

9,425
2,379
7,046

9,429
2,391
7,038

9,384
2,381
7,003

T able

9,339 9,274 9,204 9,183 9,197 9,127 9,088 9,073 9,044
2,371 2,369 2,374 2,375 2,366 2,343 2,325 2,322 2.312
6,968 6,905 6,830 6, 808 6.831 6,784 6,763 6,751 6,732
N ote: T he seasonal adjustm ent m ethod used is described in “ N ew Sea­
sonal A djustm ent Factors for Labor Force Com ponents,” M onthly Labor
Review, A ugust 1960, pp. 822-827.

A-5. Production workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry group, seasonally
adjusted 1
[In thousands]
1963

1962

M ajor in d u stry group
Feb.*

Ja n .2

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

M anufacturing............................................................................... 12,279 12,259 12,311 12,324 12,416 12,446 12,432 12,551 12,581 12,566 12,541 12,387 12,300
D urable goods____________________________________
Ordnance and accessories......... .....................................
L um ber and wood products, except furniture____
F u rn itu re and fixtures_________________________
Stone, clay, and glass products__________________
P rim ary m etal industries___ ___________________
F abricated m etal p r o d u c ts .........................................
M achinery____________ _____ _____ ____________
Electrical eau in m en t and supplies__ ..
T ransportation eq u ip m en t........ ...................................
Instrum ents and related products_______________
Miscellaneous m anufacturing in d u strie s..................

6,874
101
543
316
447
906
849
1,012
1,039
1,125
229
307

6,852
99
544
315
447
899
842
1,017
1,034
1,120
228
307

6,880
100
541
317
451
898
849
1,021
1,034
1,131
228
310

6,875
101
543
317
459
885
847
1,031
1,029
1,119
228
316

N ondurable goods_________________________________ 5,405
Food and kindred products . .............
1,167
Tobacco m anufactures_________________________
78
Textile m ill products......................................................
773
A pparel a n d related p roducts...................................... 1,084
P aper a n d allied products______________________
476
Printin g , publishing, a n d allied industries...............
578
Chemicals and allied products............. ........................
517
Petroleum refining and related industries................
119
R ubber and miscellaneous plastic products.
301
L eather and leather products......... ................. ..........
312
1 For definition of production workers, see footnote 1, table A-3.
* Prelim inary.

5,407
1,172
76
773
1,081
477
581
519
119
301
308

5,431
1,175
78
777
1,089
478
582
517
120
300
315

5,449
1,168
79
780
1,093
476
597
520
120
300
316


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

6,933
102
539
315
465
892
854
1,035
1,047
1,139
228
317

6,953
101
541
315
462
906
866
1,026
1,032
1,160
228
316

6,925
103
545
320
468
910
858
1,034
1,045
1,090
231
321

7,024
100
543
320
467
920
868
1,029
1,057
1,164
231
325

7,035
97
546
321
467
934
871
1,027
1,058
1,161
231
322

7,037
98
544
321
467
972
873
1,018
1,051
1,142
230
321

7,000
98
547
318
460
995
864
1,012
1,040
1,122
227
317

6,903
96
546
314
450
989
849
998
1,025
1,100
227
309

6,846
96
547
311
451
983
839
984
1,013
1,089
'225
308

5,483 5,493 5,507 5,527 5,546 5,529 5,541 5,484 5,454
1,178 1,179 1,170 1,181 1,180 1,184 1,193 1,182 1,181
82
84
81
77
76
76
77
77
77
783
787
791
798
803
803
802
799
798
1,105 1,105 1,109 1,110 1,120 1,111 1,121 1,092 1,072
478
477
481
481
482
479
479
476
473
599
598
598
599
600
599
598
697
596
519
521
524
521
528
523
518
515
515
121
121
127
128
128
129
129
129
129
301
304
306
307
312
304
297
297
295
318
316
320
318
322
323
327
320
318
N ote: The seasonal adjustm ent m ethod used is described in “ N ew Seasonal A djustm ent Factors for Labor Force C om ponents.” M onthly Labor
Review, August 1960, pp. 822-827.

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

456
T able

A-6. Unemployment insurance and employment service program operations 1
[All Item s except average benefit am ounts are In thousands]
1962

1963
Item
Jan.
E m ploym ent service:3
N ew applications for work ____________
N onfarm placem ents......................................

N ov.

Dec.

1,097
459

766
434

Sept.

Oct.

948
643

907
533

856
652

879
642

914
580

A pr.

M ay

June

Ju ly

Aug.

1,102
605

899
656

M ar.

847
577

Jan.

Feb.

860
511

821
425

991
465

S tate unem ploym ent insurance programs:
1,171
1,286
1,147
1,974
1,133
1,083
1,197
1,395
956
1,267
1,353
1,747
2,102
In itial claims 34------------------ ---------------Insured u n em p lo y m en t1 (average weekly
2,218
2,415
2,486
1,831
1,469
1,570
1,543
1,469
1,331
1,385
1,625
2,063
2. 591
v o lu m e )..__________________________
6.2
4. 5
5.5
6.0
3.6
3.9
3.6
3.8
3.4
3.3
4.0
5.1
6.3
R ate of insured u n em p lo y m en t8-----------9,121
7,088
8,509
9,455
6,391
5,563
5,507
5,781
5,207
4,695
5,702
6,307
10,002
W eeks of unem ploym ent com pensated—
Average weekly bénefit am ount for total
$35. 52 $35.11 $34.95 $34. 69 $34.42 $34.29 $34. 01 $34.20 $34.04 $34.52 $34.98 $34.73 $34.44
unem ploym ent--------------------------------T otal benefits p aid ____________________ $342,411 $214,203 $193,551 $176,608 $160, 559 $197,414 $186,965 $188,871 $215,015 $239,562 $310,246 $287,245 $314,884
U nem ploym ent com pensation for ex-servicem e n :7 8
39
In itial claims 8------------------------------------Insured u n em p lo y m en t3 (average weekly
77
volum e)____________________________
338
W eeks of unem ploym ent com pensated__
T o tal benefits p aid......................................... $11,100

65
235
$7,679

U nem ploym ent compensation for Federal
civilian em ployees:8 5
In itial claims 3_ ------- -------------------------Insured unem p lo y m en t8 (average weekly
volum e)_ _________________________
W eeks of unem ploym ent com pensated-. .
T o tal benefits p a i d .. . ---------------------------

20

R ailroad unem ploym ent insurance:
Applications « --------- -------------------------Insured unem ploym ent (average weekly

29

31

27

39

30

25

22

25

26

21

24

57
222
$7,298

52
214
$7,019

52
200
$6, 549

52
211
$6,934

46
175
$5,659

40
165
$5,420

40
177
$5,703

45
190
$6,036

49
209
$6,545

49
196
$6,121

52
236
$7,424

12

12

14

10

12

15

10

11

11

11

12

19

37
156
$5, 744

31
116
$4,262

29
115
$4,282

27
111
$4,182

25
98
$3,797

26
114
$4,354

26
97
$3,653

24
107
$4,172

26
114
$4,297

29
128
$4,711

34
152
$5,391

36
139
$4,947

36
150
$5,375

19

12

16

16

32

22

65

7

4

4

5

7

16

31

50
65
60
61
61
73
124
129
148
133
132
173
N um ber of paym ents n_ ___ _ _______
Average am ount of benefit p a y m e n t13___ $79.97 $79. 56 $78. 75 $74.47 $83.26 $78.53
T o tal benefits paid 13------------------ --------- $13,732 $10,358 $10,373 $11,081 $10,134 $10,081

All p ro g ram s:74
In su red u n e m p lo y m e n t5-------------------- -

1

2,778

2,223

1,780

1,539

1 Includes d ata for Puerto Rico, beginning Jan u ary 1961 when the Com­
m onw ealth’s program became p art of the Federal-State U I system.
2 Includes G uam and th e Virgin Islands.
2 In itial claims are notices filed b y workers to indicate th ey are starting
periods of unem ploym ent. Excludes transitional claims.
4 Includes in terstate claims for the Virgin Islands.
5 N um ber of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem ­
ploym ent.
,
^ ,
6 The rate is the num ber of insured unem ployed expressed as a percent of
the average covered em ploym ent in a 12-month period.
^ Excludes d ata on claims and paym ents made jointly w ith other programs.
8 Includes the Virgin Islands.
8 Excludes d ata on claims and paym ents m ade jointly w ith State programs.
An application for benefits is filed b y a railroad w orker a t the beginning
of his first period of unem ploym ent in a benefit year; no application is re­
quired for subsequent periods in the same year.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1,497

1,628

52
98
$75. 84
$7,256

44
108
$71.91
$7,825

52
125
$73. 03
$9,052

1,699

1,614

1,719

86
64
74
80
172
187
205
155
$76. 76 $79. 55 $80.05 $79. 65
$11,807 $14,791 $13,696 $16,232
1,986

2,381

2,581

2,661

n Paym ents are for unem ploym ent in 14-day registration periods.
12 The average am ount is an average for all compensable periods, not
adjusted for recovery of overpaym ents or settlem ent of underpaym ents.
13 A djusted for recovery of overpaym ents and settlem ent of u nderpay­
ments.
ii Represents an unduplicated count of insured unem ploym ent under the
State, Ex-servicemen and U O F E programs and the R ailroad U nem ploym ent
Insurance Act.
Source : U.S. D epartm ent of Labor, B ureau of E m ploym ent Security for
all item s except railroad unem ploym ent insurance, w hich is prepared by the
U.S. Railroad R etirem ent Board.

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

457

B.—Labor Turnover
T able

B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1
[Per 100 employees]
1963

1962

Annual
average

Major industry group
Jan. 2 Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar,

Feb.

Jan.

1961

4.1

3.8

1960

Accessions: Total»
Manufacturing:
Actual___________________________
S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d _________________
Durable goods......................... ....................
Ordnance and accessories.......................
Lumber and wood products, except furniture.....................................................
Furniture and fixtures...........................
Stone, clay, and glass products..............
Primary metal industries.......................
Fabricated metal products................... Machinery................................................
Electrical equipment and supplies........
Transportation equipment---------------Instruments and related products------Miscellaneous manufacturing industries........................................................
Nondurable goods.......................................
Food and kindred products...................
Tobacco manufactures--------------------Textile mill products----------------------Apparel and related products................
Paper and allied products----------------Printing, publishing, and allied industries............ .....................................
Chemicals and allied products...............
Petroleum refining and related industries.................. -............------- ---------Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products....... -......................................
Leather and leather products.................
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal m ining..-................... - ........ ........
Coal mining----------------------------------

3.5

2.4

3.0

3.9

4.9

5.1

4.5

3 .5

3 .6

5.0

4.3

3 .8

4.0

4 .0

3 .8

4 .0

3.7

3.5

4.1

4 .1

3 .9

4 .3

4 -4

4 .3

4 .1

4.4

3.5
2.3

2.3
1.6

2.8
1.9

3.6
2.4

4.5
2.5

4.6
2.6

3.8
3.0

4.5
3.9

4.1
2.9

4.0
2.8

3.8
3.0

3.6
3.1

4.3
3.0

3.9
2.8

3.5
2.6

4.6
4.1
3.5
2.8
3.7
2.9
3.2
3.5
3.0

2.5
2.5
1.9
2.3
2.5
2.1
2.1
2.8
1.7

3.2
3.3
2.4
2.5
3.0
2.3
2.7
3.5
2.4

4.5
4.3
2.8
2.7
3.9
2.8
3.4
4.5
2.6

5.4
5.0
3.3
2.7
4.5
2.9
3.8
8.0
2.6

5.4
6.0
4.0
3.3
5.5
3.2
4.0
6.1
3.4

6.3
5.2
3.8
2.8
4.0
2.9
3.5
4.2
2.8

8.8
4.7
4.8
2.8
4.6
3.7
4.4
4.4
3.9

7.5
5.1
4.6
2.5
4.5
3.1
3.8
4.3
2.7

7.3
4.6
5.4
2.2
4.3
3.1
3.6
4.5
2.6

5.2
4.5
4.3
2.6
4.0
3.2
3.6
4.4
2.6

4.7
4.4
3.8
2.7
3.8
3.2
3.4
3.9
2.5

6.4
4.7
3.3
3.7
4.1
3.8
3.7
5.2
3.1

5.3
4.1
3.6
3.4
4.4
3.0
3.6
4.7
2.6

4.8
3.9
3.4
2.4
3.9
2.9
3.2
4.3
2.4

6.6

2.4

3.6

5.8

6.8

6.9

6.0

6.2

6.4

6.4

5.8

5.6

6.4

5.6

5.3

3.6
3.9
3.8
3.3
5.9
2.2

2.5
3.2
5.9
1.9
3.1
1.6

3.1
3.9
5.5
2.7
4.4
1.9

4.2
6.4
4.4
3.5
5.3
2.4

5.3
9.2
16.0
3.8
5.2
2.8

5.8
10.0
19.8
4.2
6.2
3.0

5.4
9.1
8.9
3.9
6.7
2.9

5.7
9.0
3.2
4.2
6.6
4.1

4.5
6.6
3.0
4.1
6.1
2.8

4.0
5.6
2.7
3.7
5.1
2.8

3.6
4.2
1.8
3.6
5.1
2.5

3.5
3.9
2.1
3.4
5.6
2.3

3.8
4.1
3.5
3.5
6.2
2.4

4.2
5.9
6.1
3.5
5.6
2.6

4.1
6.0
5.6
3.2
5.3
2.6

2.7
1.8

2.0
1.3

2.5
1.4

3.2
1.8

3.7
2.1

3.4
2.0

3.2
2.0

4.1
3.3

2.9
2.2

2.7
2.4

2.8
2.6

2.5
2.1

2.8
2.1

2.9
2.1

3.0
2.0

1.3

.6

.8

1.2

1.5

1.7

1.5

2.7

1.6

1.5

1.7

1.2

1.4

1.3

1.2

3.2
5.8

2.2
3.5

3.0
4.4

3.7
4.8

4.5
4.7

4.3
5.5

4.1
6.1

4.4
6.1

4.1
5.3

3.6
4.2

3.4
4.3

2.9
4.3

3.9
5.8

3.8
5.0

3,1
4.8

2.2
2.3

2.0
1.4

2.9
1.5

2.7
1.7

2.9
2.5

2.4
2.5

2.4
1.4

3.8
1.2

3.4
1.8

4.1
1.6

2.4
1.6

2.6
1.4

2.9
1.8

2.7
2.1

3.4
1.6

Accessions: New hires
Manufacturing:
Actual-----------------------------------------Seasonally adjusted _________________
Durable goods............................................
Ordnance and accessories................ ......
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture----------------- - ------- ---------Furniture and fixtures--------------------Stone, clay, and glass products..............
Primary metal industries-----------------Fabricated metal products---------------Machinery-----------------------------------Electrical equipment and supplies........
Transportation equipment.....................
Instruments and related products------Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...........................- ...........................
Nondurable goods......................................
Food and kindred products--------------Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile mill products----- ------ ----------Apparel and related products-----------Paper and allied products......................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries....... ..........................................
Chemicals and allied products----------Petroleum refining and related industries.......................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products...............................................
Leather and leather products............. .
N onmanufacturing:
Metal mining..........................................
Coal mining.............................................
See footnotes at end of table.
679582— 63------ 7


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.9

1.2

1.8

2.5

3.1

3.2

2.9

3.4

2.8

2.4

2 .3

2 .3

2 .4

2 .5

2 .5

2.2

2.2

2 .7

2.4.

2 .6

2.2

2 .9

2 .7

2.0

2.2

2 .3

2.2

2 .3

1.7
1.1

1.1
.9

1.6
1.2

2.2
1.5

2.6
1.8

2.6
1.8

2.4
2.2

3.1
2.9

2.6
2.0

2.3
2.0

2.2
1.9

2.0
2.1

2.2
2.2

1.9
1.9

1.9
1.8

2.4
2.7
1.3
.8
1.9
1.9
1.7
1.6
2.0

1.7
1.5
.9
.6
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1

2.5
2.5
1.3
.7
1.8
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.7

3.6
3.4
1.8
.9
2.6
1.7
2.2
2.4
2.0

4.4
4.3
2.1
1.0
3.0
1.9
2.7
2.9
2.0

4.6
4.8
2.5
1.0
2.9
1.9
2.6
2.1
2.2

4.7
4.2
2.5
.9
2.5
1.9
2.2
2.0
2.2

6.2
3.9
3.3
1.3
3.2
2.7
3.2
2.5
3.3

5.4
4.1
3.1
1.1
2.9
2.2
2.6
2.2
2.1

4.7
3.3
2.8
1.0
2.4
2.1
2.3
2.1
2.0

3.3
3.4
2.2
1.2
2.2
2.1
2.3
1.9
2.0

2.9
3.0
1.6
1.3
2.0
2.0
2.4
1.7
1.8

2.8
3.2
1.4
1.5
2.3
2.1
2.5
1.9
2.2

3.3
2.7
1.8
.9
2.1
1.6
2.0
1.6
1.7

3.4
2.8
2.0
.8
2.1
1.7
2.0
1.7
1.7

2.5

1.5

2.4

4.3

5.3

5.2

4.2

4.7

4.3

3.7

3.3

3.3

3.4

3.6

3.4

2.0
2.0
2.0
1.9
3.1
1.3

1.3
1.7
3.3
1.2
1.5
.9

1.9
2.2
2.3
1.8
2.7
1.2

2.8
4.1
3.1
2.5
3.6
1.8

3.7
6.0
10.5
2.8
3.8
2.2

3.9
6.5
7.8
3.2
4.5
2.2

3.5
5.8
2.5
2.7
4.2
2.1

3.9
6.0
1.6
3.1
4.0
3.2

2.9
3.9
1.3
3.0
3.9
2.0

2.5
2.9
.8
2.6
3.4
1,9

2.3
2.2
.9
2.3
3.3
1.6

2.1
1.9
1.4
2.2
3.3
1.4

2.2
2.0
2.3
2.3
3 .5
1.4

2.5
3.4
3.2
2.2
3.1
1.7

2.5
3.5
2.9
2.0
3.2
1.8

2.0
1.0

1.3
.7

1.9
1.0

2.5
1.2

3.0
1.5

2.7
1.4

2.6
1.5

3.3
2.6

2.3
1.6

2.1
1.7

2.1
1.8

1.9
1.4

2.1
1.4

2.1
1.4

2.4
1.4

.6

.4

.6

.9

1.1

1.3

1.2

2.2

1.2

.9

1.0

.7

.7

.9

.8

1.7
3.4

1.1
2.1

1.7
2.8

2.5
3.1

3.3
3.2

3.0
3.9

2.3
3.7

3.1
4.1

2.6
3.2

2.1
2.5

2.0
2.7

1.8
2.7

2.1
3.5

1.9
2.9

1.7
2.9

1.2
.6

1.1
.4

1.2
.0

1.4
.8

1.4
.7

1.3
.7

1.3
.5

2.8
.4

2.0
.5

1.8
.4

1.3
.5

1.0
.5

1.2
.5

1.2
.6

1.9
.4

458

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963
T able

B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees]

1963

1962

Annual
average

Major Industry group
Jan.8

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

1961

4.0

4.3

1960

Separations: Total8
Manufacturing:
Actual...................................................
S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d ________________
Durable goods___________________
Ordnance and accessories___ _______
Lumber and wood products, except
furniture.......................................... .
Furniture and fixtures...........................
Stone, clay, and glass products______
Primary metal industries......................
Fabricated metal products....................
Machinery______________________
Electrical equipment and supplies........
Transportation equipment_________
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.....................................................
Nondurable goods...................................
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures____ ________
Textile mill products______________
Apparel and related products............
Paper and allied products.....................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries....................................................
Chemicals and allied products............ .
Petroleum refining and related industries__________ _______ _______
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products........... ........................................
Leather and leather products..............
Nonmanufaeturing:
Metal mining............................................
Coal mining_______ _______________

3.8

3.8

4.0

4.3

5.0

5.2

4.4

3.8

3.8

3.6

3.6

3.4

3 .8

3 .9

3 .9

3.9

3 .8

4 .1

4 .8

4 .6

4 .S

4 .1

3 .7

3 .8

3 .9

3 9

3.5
3.2

3.4
2.1

3.6
2.7

3.9
2.7

4.3
3.4

5.4
2.9

4.4
2.2

3.8
2.7

3.6
2.5

3.3
2.5

3.5
2.1

3.2
2.6

3.7
3.3

3.9
2.3

4.3
2.4

5.0
4.5
4.7
2.4
4.1
2.6
3.7
3.5
2.8

5.5
3.6
5.1
2.5
3.5
2.1
2.8
3.0
2.1

6.2
4.2
4.0
2.9
3.9
2.6
3.1
3.4
2.8

5.6
4.6
4.1
3.5
4.7
2.9
34
3.8
3.0

6.7
5.2
4.9
3.8
4.9
3.5
4.0
4. 1
3.3

6.8
5.7
4.5
3.6
4.7
3.8
39
10.6
3.1

5.7
5.2
3.5
4.1
5.4
3.0
3.3
6.5
2.4

4.7
4.6
3.3
4.4
4. 1
3.0
3.2
3.9
2.6

4.7
4.7
3.7
4.5
3.6
2.9
3.1
3.6
2.3

5.0
4.2
3.3
3.2
3.4
2.6
2.9
3.5
2.1

6.1
4.9
3.4
2.3
3.9
28
3.4
3.8
2.6

4.8
3.9
3.3
2.0
4.0
2.3
31
3.9
2. 1

5.4
4.1
4.7
2.3
4.8
2.5
3.0
4.6
2.6

5.5
4.3
3.8
2.8
4.5
3.2
3.2
5.0
2.6

6.1
4.6
4.1
4.0
4.8
3.4
3.5
5.2
2.7

5.0

12.2

8.2

5.6

5.6

6.1

5.4

5.2

4.8

4.6

5.1

4.0

6.0

5.8

6.0

4.2
6.2
6.8
3.9
5.2
2.8

4.3
6.2
10.8
3.4
5.9
2.5

4.5
6.8
16.9
3.7
5.1
2.7

5.0
8.2
10.8
3.8
5.7
2.8

5.8
9.3
5.4
4.5
5.9
4.2

4.8
6.7
2.9
4.5
5.8
3.4

4.3
5.9
2.3
3.9
6.3
2.5

3.8
5.0
2.4
3.4
5.2
2.4

4. 1
5.1
2.7
3.6
6.2
2.6

4.0
5.1
5.4
3.6
6.0
2.5

3.6
4.5
9.5
3.6
4.9
2.3

3.6
5. 1
5.8
3.3
5.0
2.1

4.2
5.7
5.9
3.7
6.0
2.9

4.2
5.9
5.9
3.4
5.7
2.7

4.4
6.0
5.9
3.7
6.1
2.9

2.9
1.7

2.7
1.6

2.9
2.0

3.1
1.8

4.1
3.1

3.5
2.4

2.5
1.9

3.0
2.3

2.9
2.5

2.5
2.0

2.6
1.8

2.3
1.6

3.0
1.8

2.9
2.0

2.8
2.1

1.4

2.1

2.2

1.8

2.7

2.5

1.5

1.6

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.4

1.6

1.6

3.6
5.4

2.8
5.4

3.5
4.5

3.9
5.4

4.5
5.9

4.1
5.9

4.0
5.3

3.2
4.2

3.2
5.2

3.2
5.7

3.4
4.7

3.3
4.3

3.2
5.1

3.5
5.0

3.9
5.0

3.2
1.9

5.6
1.8

3.8
3.2

3.6
2.6

6.0
2.0

4.9
2.3

3.2
5.2

3.2
3.4

2.6
4.5

2.5
2.1

2.3
1.8

1.9
2.1

2.4
2.1

3.1
2.5

3.8
3.6

1.2

1.3

Separations: Quits
Manufacturing:
Actual_________________________
S e a s o n a lly a d ju s te d _______ ____ ___
Durable goods..____ _______________
Ordnance and accessories....................
Lumber and wood products except
furniture______________________
Furniture and fixtures_____________
Stone, clay, and glass products______
Primary metal industries______
Fabricated metal products..........
Machinery_____ _____ ___________
Electrical equipment and supplies___
Transportation equipment................
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries__________________________
Nondurable goods....................................
Food and kindred products___ _____
Tobacco manufactures...
Textile mill products__ ____ _______
Apparel and related products...............
Paper and allied products__________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries....................................................
Chemicals and allied products............ .
Petroleum refining and related industries_______ ______ ____ _______
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products______________________
Leather and leather products _______
Nonmanufacturing:
Metal mining..____________________
Coal mining.............................................
See footnotes a t end of table.


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1.1

.8

1.1

1.5

2.4

2.1

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.3

1.2

1.1

1 .4

1 .3

1. 1

1 .3

1 .4

1 .4

1 .5

l.S

1 .6

1 .6

1 .3

1 .5

1 .5

1 .4

.9
.8

.7
.6

.9
.8

1.2
1.0

2.0
1.7

1.8
1.5

1.2
1.1

1.3
1.3

1.3
1.0

1 .2
1 .2

1.1
1.0

.9
1.0

1.0
1.0

1.0
1.0

1.1
1.0

1.6
1.7

1.3
1.1
.6

1.9
1.6
.8

4.2
3.0
2.0
.9
2.2
1.5
2.2
1.6
1.9

3.7
3.1
1.9

2.6
2.2
1.2
.6
1.2
.9
1.3

2.6
2.5
1.3
.6
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.0
1.2

2.6
2.2
1.1
.6
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.0
1.1

1.8
2.0
1.0
.6
1. 1
1.0
1.3
.8
1.2

1.4
1.7
.8
.5
.9
.8
1.1

1.2

2.5
2.1
1.2
.6
1.4
1.1
1.5
1.0
1.3

.9

1.4
1.5
.8
.5
1.0
.8
1.2
.8
1.1

1.9
1.5
1.0
.5
1.0
.8
1.1
.8
1.0

2.3
1.7
1.1
.6
1.1
.9
1.2
.9
1.1

.6
.8
.5
.8

1.1

2.6
2. 1
1.2
.5
1.3
.9
1.3
1.0
1.4

1.3

1.0

1.6

2.2

3.0

3.0

1.9

2.2

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.5

1.6

1.8

1.9

1.3
1.2

1.0
1.1
.6
1.1
1.4
.6

1.3
1.3
.8
1.6
1.9
.8

1.8
2.1

2.5
2.9
1.4
2.8
3.2
1.8

1.7
1.9
.8
2.1
2.6
1.0

1.7
1.8
.6
2.0
2.4
1.1

1.7
1.8
.6
2.1
2.5
1.1

1.5
1.4
.6
2.0
2.2
1.0

1.4
1.3
.8
1.8
2.1

1.2
1.2
.6
1.6
1.9

1.3
1.3

1.4
1.6

2.0
2.4
1.1

2.9
4.0
2.1
2.6
3.1
2.5

.9

.9

.7

.9

1.6
2.0
1.0

1.6
1.7
1.0
1.6
2.3
1.2

.9

1.3

1.5

.5

.7

2.5
1.8

2.1
1.2

1.4
.6

1.7
.8

1.5
.8

1.3
.8

1.3
.7

1.2
.6

1.3

1.4

1.5
.8

.7

.4
1.0
.8
1.1
.7
1.0

.9

1.6
1.9
.8

1.2

.3
.6

.4

.9
.8
1.1
.7

.9

.9

1.9
1.4
1.9
1.4
1.6

.9

.7

.7

1.6
2.0

.6

.5

.3

.4

.6

.7

1.4

1.2

.6

.7

.6

.5

.5

.4

.4

.5

.5

1.0
2.1

.8
1.5

1.0
1.9

1.5
2.5

2.2
3.1

1.9

3.3

1.3
2.4

1.5
2.4

1.5
2.4

1.3
2.3

1.3
2.2

1.1
1.9

1.2
2.0

1.1
2.1

1.1
2.2

.8

.9
.3

1.1

2.2

1.8
.6

1.3
.4

1.1

1.2

1.4

.9

.3

.3

.9
.3

.9
.3

1.0

1.5
.3

1.3
.3

.3

.4

.5

.3

.3

.6

.7

.4

B.—LABOR TURNOVER

T able

459

B -l. Labor turnover rates, by major industry group 1—Continued
[Per 100 employees}
1963

1962

A nnual
average

M ajor in d u stry group
Jan .3

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

1961

1960

Separations: Layoffs
M anufacturing:
A ctual_____________________________
Seasonally adjusted......................................
D urable goods............ ....................................
O rdnance and accessories..........................
L um ber and wood products, except
fu rn itu re......... .........................................
F u rn itu re and fixtures........ . ...............
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
P rim ary metal industries.......... ..............
Fabricated metal products____ ____ _
M achinery...................... .............................
Electrical equipm ent and supplies.........
T ransportation equipm ent.......................
Instrum en ts and related products..........
M iscellaneous m anufacturing industries_____ ________________________

2.1
1.9

2.5

2.3
1.9

2.2

1.9

2.3

1.6

1.6

1.6

1 .8

2 .6

1 .8

1 .6

1 .6

2.1
1.9

2.4

2 .0

1.7
1.9

2.2

2 .0

2.2
2. i

1.6

2 .0

1.9
1.8

2.2
1.1

2.0
1.3

1.8
1.1

1.6
1.1

2.8
1.0

2.4
.5

1.7
.7

1.6
1.0

1.4
.8

1.6
.6

1.6
1.0

2.0
1.5

2.2
.7

2.6
.9

2.8
2.2
3.3
1.3
2.4
1.2
1.8
2.0
1.1

3.6
1.9
40
1.7
2.3
.9
1.4
1.8
.8

3.5
2.0
2.7
2.0
2.4
1.2
1.3
1.9
1.1

2 1
1.6
2.2
2.4
2.7
1.3
1.3
1.9
.9

1.6
1.4
2.1
2.3
2.0
1.3
1.0
1.8
.7

2.2
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.0
1.5
1.2
8.3
.8

2.2
2.2
1.7
2.8
3.4
1.4
1.3
4.4
.7

1.3
1.8
1.4
3.1
1.9
1.3
.9
2.0
.7

1.3
1.3
1.7
3.2
1.5
1.1
.9
1.7
.5

1.7
1.3
1.5
1.9
1.6
.9
.9
1.7
.5

3.6
2.2
1.8
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.3
2.0
.7

2.7
1.6
1.9
.8
2.3
.8
1.1
2.3
.7

3.3
2.0
3.3
1.1
3.0
.9
1.0
2.8
.7

2.8
2.1
2.2
1.7
2.9
1.7
1.4
3.5
.9

3.1
2.1
2.4
3.0
3.1
1.9
1.6
3.6
1.0

3.1

10.6

5.8

2.4

1.7

2.0

2.4

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.4

1.7

3.5

3.2

3.2

2.4
4.4
5.3
1.7
2.6
1.5

2.8
4.7
9.8
1.9
4.0
1.3

2.7
5.0
15.7
1.6
2.6
1.3

2.6
5.4
9.3
1.2
2.5
1.2

2.2
4.5
2.5
12
2.2
1.2

1.6
3. 1
1.0
1.0
1.7
.9

1.9
3.2
1. 1
1.2
2.9
.9

1.4
2.4
1.3
.8
2.1
.7

1.7
2 7
1.6
.9
2.9
.8

1.9
3. 1
4. 5
1.0
3.2
.8

1.6
2.6
8.3
1.2
2.1
.8

1.8
3 2
4.7
1.2
2.4
.9

2.2
3.8
4.8
1.5
3.2
1.5

2.2
3.7
4.6
1.3
3.1
1.1

2.2
3.6
4.5
1.6
3.2
1.2

1.2
.8

1.3
.8

1.2
1.1

1.1
.8

1.1
.8

.9
.7

.7
.8

.8
1.0

.9
1.2

.8
.7

.9
.6

.7
.7

1.1
.7

1.0
.9

.9
.9

N ondurable goods____ ______ __________
Food and kindred products__________
Tobacco m anufactures..............................
Textile mill products________________
Apparel and related products________
P aper and allied products____________
Printing , publishing and allied industries...................................... .....................
Chem icals and allied products________
Petroleum refining and related industries____ ___________ _____________
R ubber and miscellaneous plastic
p ro d u c ts ..................... .............................
L eather and leather p roducts..................

.6

.9

1.0

.6

.7

.6

.5

.3

.5

.5

.7

.8

.5

.6

.6

1.9
2.7

1.6
3.4

1.9
2.0

1.6
2.3

1.5
2.0

1.4
1.6

1.9
1.9

1.0
1.1

.9
2.1

1.2
2.6

1.4
1.7

1.5
1.7

1.3
2.3

1.7
2.3

2.2
2.1

N onm anufacturing:
M etal m ining_________________________
Coal m inin g .....................................................

1.2
1.2

4.2
1.1

2.3
2.2

1.8
1.7

3.0
1.0

2.4
1.4

1.2
4.2

1.4
2.6

.7
3.7

.4
1.0

.6
.9

.3
1.4

.7
1.4

1.4
1.7

1.5
2.9

1 Beeinning with the December 1961 Issue, figures differ from those previously published. The in d u stry structure has been converted to the. 1967
Standard Industrial Classification, and the printing and publishing ind u stry
and some seasonal manufacturing industries previously excluded are now
Included.
D ata include Alaska and Hawaii beginning in Jan u ary 1959; this inclusion
has not significantly affected the labor turnover rates.
M onth-to-m onth changes in total em ploym ent in manufacturing and nonm anufacturing industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes shown by the B ureau’s em ploym ent serie for the
following reasons; (1) the labor turnover series measures changes during the


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

calendar m onth, while the em ploym ent series measures changes from midm onth to m idm onth; and (2) the turnover series excludes personnel c h a n g e s
caused by strikes, b u t the em ploym ent series reflects the influence of such
stoppages.
* Prelim inary.
3 Beginning with January 1959, transfers between establishm ents of the
same firm are included in total accessions and total separations; therefore,
rates for these item s are not strictly comparable with prior data. Transfers
comprise part of “ other accessions” and “ other separations,” the rates for
which are not shown separately,

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

460

C.—Earnings and Hours
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry
A nnual
average

1962

1963
In d u stry
Jan.s

Dec.

$112.07
117.71
120.48
122.69

$112.07
116.57
115.36
121.41

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

June

July

M ay

M ar.

Apr.

Feb.

Jan.

1961

1960

Average weekly earnings
M ining________________________________
M etal m ining_______________________
Iron ores________________________
C opper ores________________ ____
Coal m ining________________________
B itum inous_____________________

$110.43
116.44
119. 56
120.13

$111. 78
116.16
117.87
119.14

$112.88 $111.90
118.12 116.00
122.61 119.87
120.98 117.99

$110.02
116. 88
124.43
117.46

$111.10
118. 86
127. 51
121.24

$109.61
119. 28
126. 28
120.40

$110.70
118.01
125. 86
119.84

$110.84 $110.30 $108.93 $107.18
118.29 117. 59 116.88 113.44
122.28 122.80 119.25 115.80
124. 52 122.24 123.88 119.03

$105.44
111.19
114.73
116. 77

120.67 119.57 111.24 114.39 113.62 113.15 102.30 115. 69 108.15 116.12 117.69 116.94 117.38 111.34 110.76
121.13 120.71 111. 65 115.13 114.39 114.25 103.60 117.06 109.47 117.50 118. 76 118.63 118.44 112.73 112.77

C rude petroleum and n atu ral gas........... 109.82 112.04 109.30 109.20 110.99 109.56 110.83 107.74 108. 52 109.20 108.52 108. 52 106.60 105.75 103.32
C rude petroleum and n atu ral gas
fields_________________ ________ 120.38 118.28 114.37 113.00 118.69 113.98 118.14 112. 72 112.31 114.37 112.84 113.24 116.03 113.15 108.54
Oil and gas field services................... 100.02 105.71 104.40 105.90 103.82 104.84 103.82 102.67 105.03 104.35 104.84 104.16 97.99 98.67 98.31
Q uarrying and nonm etallic m ining___ 100.32

98.66 107.21 110.86 113.24 113.01 110.66 107.62 107.38 102.93

99.64

96.33

118.05
109.55
114.36
105.76
122.80
123.90

113.37
106.30
109.16
99.41
117.95
119.37

92.83 100.09

96.58

C ontract construction___________________
General building contractors_________
H eavy construction........ .................. .........
H ighw ay and street co n stru ctio n ...
O ther heavy construction.................
Special trad e contractors...........................

120.35
111.44
112.56
106. 88
117.96
128.49

117. 71
108. 83
118.48
113. 40
125.11
123.08

112.67
103.72
114.77
110.00
119.60
118.11

M anufacturing_________________________
D urable goods....................................
N ondurable goods_______ ____ ___

97.44 98.42 97.36 96. 72 97.68 95.75 96. 80 97.27 96.80 96. 56 95.91 95.20 94.88 92.34
106.08 107.53 106.19 105.37 105.88 103. 89 104.45 105.47 105.22 105.22 104.45 103.53 103.17 100.10
86.46 86.94 86.72 85.72 86.80 86.18 86. 80 87.62 86.37 85.54 85.32 84.28 84.24 82.92

89.72
97.44
80.36

117.97
108.55
109.20
104.24
115.63
127.41

120.88
113.34
117.61
115.02
121.13
127. 45

126.82
117.12
127.20
126. 58
128.86
133.16

128.21
117.81
129.38
128.62
129.68
134.23

127.26
116.92
130. 50
129. 65
131.04
132.38

125.57
115.92
127. 67
126. 44
128. 54
131.65

121.45
111.91
122.13
119.13
126.48
127.72

123.44
114.14
124.07
120. 7C
128.86
129.46

120.01
112.10
116.33
110.09
124. 09
126.34

111. 22
102. 08
104.72
99. 50
110.06
119.34

Average weekly hours
M ining________________________________
M etal m ining____________ ________. . .
Iron ores_________ _______ _______
C opper ores________ ____________

40.9
41.3
39.5
43.2

40.9
40.9
37.7
42.9

40.9
41.0
39.2
42.6

41.4
40.9
38.9
42.1

41.5
41.3
40.2
42.3

41.6
40.7
39.3
41.4

40.9
41.3
40.4
41.8

Coal m ining________________________
B itum inous_____________________

38.8
38.7

38.2
38.2

36.0
35.9

36.9
36.9

36.3
36.2

36.5
36.5

C rude petroleum and n atu ral gas_____
C rude petroleum and n a tu ra l gas
fields_________________________
Oil and gas field services........ ..........

41.6

42.6

42.2

42.0

42.2

42.3

42.3

41.8
41.5

41.5
43.5

40.7
43.5

40.5
43.4

41.5
42.9

41.0
43.5

41.6
42.9

Q uarrying and nonm etallic m ining___

41.3
42.0
41.4
43.3

40.9
42.0
41.0
43.0

41.0
41.7
40.6
42.8

40.9
41.8
39.7
44.0

40.7
41.7
40.0
43.5

39.9
41.3
38.1
44.4

40.6
41.4
38.6
43.6

40.4
41.8
39.7
44.4

37.2
37.4

35.0
35.2

37.1
37.3

37.6
37.7

37.6
37.9

37.5
37.6

35.8
35.9

35.5
35.8

41.6

41.9

42.0

41.9

41.9

41.0

41.8

42.0

40.4
42.6

40.4
43.4

40.7
43.3

40.3
43.5

40.3
43.4

41.0
41.0

40.7
42.9

40.5
43.5

41.8

40.6

44.3

46.0

46.6

46.7

46.3

45.6

45.5

43.8

42.4

41.7

39.5

43.9

43.7

C ontract construction___________________
General building contractors_________
H eavy construction_________________
H ighw ay and street co nstruction...
O ther heavy construction________
Special trade contractors................. ........

35.5
34.5
37.9
37.5
38.3
35.3

34.8
33.4
36.4
35.7
37.3
35.1

36.3
35.2
39.6
39.8
39.2
35.6

38.2
36.6
42.4
43.2
41.3
37.3

38.5
36.7
42.7
43.6
41.3
37.6

38.8
37.0
43.5
44.4
42.0
37.5

38.4
36.8
42.7
43.6
41.2
37.4

37.6
36.1
41.4
41.8
40.8
36.7

38.1
36.7
42.2
42.8
41.3
37.2

36.7
35.7
39.3
38.9
39.9
36.2

36.1
35.0
39.3
38.6
40.0
35.5

35.1
34.4
38.3
37.8
38.8
34.4

33.4
32.1
34.0
33.5
34.5
34.0

36.9
35.8
40.3
40.5
40.1
36.2

36.7
35.4
40.7
41.2
40.0
35.9

M anufacturing_________________________
D urable goods_______________ ___
N ondurable goods........................... .

40.1
40.8
39.3

40.5
41.2
39.7

40.4
41.0
39.6

40.3
41.0
39.5

40.7
41.2
40.0

40.4
40.9
39.9

40.5
40.8
40.0

40.7
41.2
40.1

40.5
41.1
39.8

40.4
41.1
39.6

40.3
40.8
39.5

40.0
40.6
39.2

39.7
40.3
39.0

39.8
40.2
39.3

39.7
40.1
39.2

Average hourly earnings

2.83

$2. 72
2.86
3.05
2.86

$2. 69
2.85
3. 05
2.85

3.10
3.12

3.13
3.16

3.10
3.13

2.59

2. 60

2.63

2.59

2.81
2.40

2.79
2.44

2.86
2.42

2. 78
2.41

M in in g .................. .............................................
M etal m ining................. ...........................
Iron ores_______________________
Copper ores_____________________

$2.74
2.85
3.05
2.84

$2.74
2.85
3.06
2.83

$2.70
2.84
3. 05
2.82

$2. 70
2.84

Coal m ining________________________
B itum inous_____________________

3.11
3.13

3.13
3.16

3.09
3.11

C rude petroleum and n a tu ra l gas..........
C rude petroleum and n atu ral gas
fields__ ____ _________________
Oil and gas field services...................

2.64

2.63

2.88
2.41

2.85
2.43

3 . oa

$2.69
2.83
3.08
2.80

$2. 68
2.84
3.08
2.80

$2.70
2. 83
3.1C
2.80

$2.71
2. 83
3. 08
2. 83

$2. 71
2.82
3.07
2. 81

$2.73
2.83
3.13
2.79

$2.64
2.74
3 .0C
2.73

$2. 61
2. 66
2. 89
2.63

3.11
3.13

3.09
3.11

3.13
3.15

3.13
3.15

3.11
3.13

3.13
3.15

3.11
3.14

3.12
3.15

2.62

2. 59

2.59

2. 60

2. 59

2.59

2.60

2.53

2.46

2.84
2.42

2.79
2.41

2.78
2.42

2. 81
2.41

2.80
2.41

2. 81
2.40

2.83
2.39

2.78
2.30

2.68
2.26

$2.69
2. 83
3.08
2. 81

Q uarrying and nonm etallic m ining___

2.40

2.43

2.42

2.41

2.43

2.42

2.39

2.36

2.36

2.35

2.35

2.31

2.35

2.28

2.21

C ontract construction___________________
General building contractors...................
H eavy construction_________________
H ighw ay and street construction..
O ther heavy construction________
Special trade contractors.........................

3.39
3.23
2.97
2.85
3.08
3.64

3.39
3.25
3.00
2.92
3.10
3.63

3.33
3.22
2.97
2. 89
3. 09
3.58

3.32
3.20
3.00
2.9c
3.12
3. 57

3.33
3. 21
3.03
2.95
3. 14
3.57

3.28
3.16
3. 00
2.92
3.12
3.53

3. 27
3.15
2.99
2.9(
3.12
3. 52

3.23
3.1C
2.95
2. 85
3.1C
3.48

3.24
3.11
2.94
2. 82
3.12
3.48

3.27
3.14
2.96
2. 83
3.11
3.49

3.27
3.13
2.91
2. 74
3. 07
3.49

3.23
3.09
2.85
2. 63
3.04
3.47

3.33
3.18
3.08
2.97
3.19
3. 51

3.19
3. 04
2.94
2. 80
3.12
3.40

3.07
2.93
2.82
2. 67
2.99
3.29

M anufacturing_________________________
D urable goods__________________
N ondurable goods........................... .

2.43
2.60
2.20

2.43
2.61
2.19

2.41
2. 59
2.19

2.40
2.57
2.17

2.40
2. 57
2.17

2.37
2.54
2.16

2.39
2. 56
2.17

2.39
2. 56
2.17

2.39
2. 56
2.17

2.39
2.56
2.16

2.38
2. 56
2.16

2.38
2. 55
2.15

2.39
2. 56
2.16

2. 32
2. 49
2.11

2.26
2.43
2. 05

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

461

C.— E A R N I N G S A N D H O U R S

T

able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1by industry—Continued
1963

1962

A nnual
average

In d u stry
Jan.*

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

1961

1960

Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—C ontinued
O rdnance and accessories.......................
A m m unition except for small
arm s.....................................................
Sighting and fire control equipm en t_____ ____________________
O ther ordnance and accessories.......
L um ber and wood products, except
furnitu re....................................................
Sawmills and planing m ills...............
M illw ork, plywood, and related
products______________________
Wooden containers______________
M iscellaneous wood products..........

$120.80 $120.96 $118.69 $117.01 $117.01 $115.34 $115.18 $116.88 $117.16 $118.43 $117.31 $116. 47 $115. 21 $113.42 $108.67
119. IS 120 . 06 118.37 116. 6S 117.38 116.0C 114. 97 116.0C 116.72 117.26 116.28 116.16 114. 45 115.49 110.29
129. 73 131.24 128.87 125.58 125. 46 122.78 122.36 126.48 126. 6C 129.6C 129.33 124.09 121.95 117.27 113.16
117.74 116.06 113.44 111.79 112.06 110. 70 110. 70 112.19 111. 65 112.88 111.37 111. 76 111.07 108.39 103.17
76. 64
70. 77

78. 01
71.02

79.0C
72.31

79.60
72.98

82.01
75.30

81.80
74. 48

86.69
63.86
72.14

87. 53
64.12
72.80

86.96
65. 76
73. 71

86 . 48

88 . 81
68 . 21

73.49

72.00

F u rn itu re and fixtures.......... ................... 78. 79
Household fu rn itu re...........................
74.37
Office fu rn itu re....................................
94.30
P artitio n s, office and store fixtures. 101 . 60
O ther furniture and fixtures............. 80.60

67.06
73.44

74.62

80. 40
73. 75

80. 40
73.60

79. 59
73.12

77.82
70.59

75.08
68 . 92

76.24
69. 06

73.48
64. 79

77.03
68.99

73. 71
67.20

88.82

87.12

68 . 30

68 . 71

87.56
67.89
73. 49

88.81
67.73
72.85

87.13
66.90
72.62

85. 88
65. 44
71.91

84.02
64.94
70.40

83.13
60. 89
67. 61

84.03
63.12
69.77

81.19
62.17
69.32

75. 66 76.21
70.05 71.46
93.79 90. 54
99.94 100.53
79.95 80.20

75.20
70. 45
90. 42
96. 72
78.78

81.58 80.16 81.34 81.54 80. 54 78.18 79.95 78.38 78.76 78.76 77.59
78. 02 76.63 77.38 77.15 75.99 73.38 74. 85 73. 75 74.30 74.30 73.16
95.40 91.77 91.39 92. 57 92. 34 92.52 93. 61 92.80 92.57 92.84 91.98
99.04 100. 65 107.01 107.87 108.38 105.16 106. 01 104.17 100.85 101. 75 101. 34
82.21 81.20 8 L 61 82.41 81.79 80.39 83.43 81.20 81.00 80.39 80.39
Average weekly hours

O rdnance and accessories.........................
A m m unition except for small arm s.
Sighting and fire control equipm ent....... ............................................
O ther ordnance and accessories.......

41.8
41.1

42.0
41.4

41.5
41.1

41.2
40.8

41.2
40.9

40.9
40.7

40.7
40.2

41.3
40.7

41.4
41.1

41.7
41.0

41.6
40.8

41.3
40.9

41.0
40.3

40.8
41.1

40.7
41.0

43.1
41.9

43.6
41.6

43.1
41.1

42.0
41.1

41.8
41.2

41.2
41.0

41.2
41.0

42.3
41.4

42.2
41.2

43.2
41.5

43.4
41.4

41.5
41.7

41.2
41.6

40.3
40.9

41.0
40.3

Lum ber and wood products except
furniture______ _____ _____ ____ ___
Sawmills and planing m ills..............
M illw ork, plywood, and related
products_____________ _________
Wooden containers....... .....................
M iscellaneous wood p roducts_____

39.3
39.1

39.2
38.6

39.5
39.3

40.0
40.1

40.8
40.7

40.9
40.7

40.4
40.3

40.4
40.0

40.4
40.4

39.5
39.0

38.9
38.5

39.3
38.8

37.3
35.6

39.5
39.2

39.0
39.3

40.7
38.7
40.3

40.9
39.1
40.0

40.8
40.1
40.5

40.6
40.4
40.8

41.5
40.6
41.0

41.7
40.9
40.6

40.9
40.9
40.0

41.3
40.9
40.6

41.5
40.8
40.7

41.1
40.3
40.8

40.7
39.9
40.4

40.2
39.6
40.0

39.4
36.9
38.2

40.4
•39.7
40.1

39.8
39.6
40.3

F u rn itu re and fixtures_______________
H ousehold fu rn itu re_____________
Office fu rn itu re_____________ ____
P artitio n s, office and store fixtures.
O ther furniture and fixtures______

40.2
40.2
41.0
40.0
39.9

41.2
41.5
41.3
39.3
40.3

40.9
41.2
39.9
40.1
40.2

41.5
41.6
40.8
41.8
40.4

41.6
41.7
40.6
42.3
41.0

41.3
41.3
40.5
42.5
41.1

40.3
40.1
40.4
41.4
40.6

41.0
40.9
40.7
41.9
41.3

40.4
40.3
40.7
41.5
40.2

40.6
40.6
40.6
40.5
40.1

40.6
40.6
40.9
40.7
39.6

40.2
40.2
40.7
40.7
39.6

39.0
38.7
40.6
40.3
39.0

39.9
39.7
40.6
40.7
40.3

40.0
39.8
41.1
40.3
40.4

Average hourly earnings
Ordnance and accessories_____ _______
A m m unition except for small arm s.
Sighting and fire control equipm en t____ _______________ _____
O ther ordnance and accessories___
Lum ber and wood products except
furniture_________________________
Sawmills and planing m ills_______
M illw ork, plywood, and related
pro d u cts...........................................
W ooden containers____ __________
M iscellaneous wood products_____
F u rn itu re and fixtures...............................
Household furniture..........................
Office fu rn itu re....................................
P artitions, office and store fixtures.
O ther furniture and fixtures.............
See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.89
2. 90

$2.88
2.90

$2.86

$2.84
2 .8 6

$2.84
2.87

$2.82
2.85

$2.83

2 .8 8

2 .8 6

$2.83
2.85

$2.83
2.84

$Z 84
2 . 86

$2.82
2.85

$2.82
2.84

$2.81
2.84

$2.78
2.81

$2.67
2.69

3.01
2.81

3.01
2.79

2.99
2. 76

2.99
2.72

3.00
2.72

2.98
2.70

2.97
Z 70

2.99
2.71

3.00
2.71

3.00
2.72

2.98
2.69

2.99
2 .6 8

2.96
2.67

2.91
2. 65

2.76
2.56

1.95
1.81

1.99
1.84

2 .0 0

1.99
1.82

2.01

2 .0 0

1.85

1.83

1.99
1.82

1.99
1.84

1.97
1.81

1.97
1.81

1.93
1.79

1.94
1.78

1.97
1.82

1.95
1.76

1.89
1.71

2.13
1.65
1.79

2.14
1.64
1.82

2.13
1.64
1.82

2.13

2.14

2.13
1.67
1.81

2.13

2 .1 2
1.66

2.14

1.80

1.81

1.79

1.78

1.64
1.78

2.09
1.64
1.76

2.11

1.66

2 .1 2
1.66

2.11

1.68

1. 65
1.77

2.08
1.59
1.74

2.04
1.57
1.72

1.95
1.84
2.28
2. 55
1.99

1.94
1.83
2.29
2.54
1.98

1.95
1.83
2.30
2.53

1.94
1.83
2.28
2. 51

1.94
1.83
2.28
2.49

2 .0 2

2 .0 2

1.93
1.82
2.26
2.49
2.03

1.94
1.81
2.31
2.48
2.05

1.91
1.80
2.23
2.47
1.99

2 .2 0

2 .0 2

1.94
1.83
2.27
2.50
2.03

1.96
1.85
2.30
2.54
2 .0 2

1.98

1.84

1.96

1.66

1.68

1.80

1.82

1.96

1.88

1.86

1.8 6

2.31
2.52
2.04

2.30
2.51

2.24
2.56

1.96
1.85
2.28
2.55

2 .0 2

2 .0 2

2.01

1.8 8

1.77
2.40
1.95

462

M O N T H L Y L A B O R R E V I E W , A P R I L 1963

T

able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1963

1962

A nnual
average

In d u stry
Ja n .2

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

1961

1960

Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—Continued
Durable goods—C ontinued
Stone, clay, and glass products_______ $97.11 $97.84
F la t glass_______________________ 129.07 130. 42
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blow n_____ _________________
99.90 99.14
C em ent, hydraulic______________ 111.88 111.50
Structural clay p roducts...................
85.41 85.81
P o ttery and related products........... 88.08 89.67
Concrete, gypsum , and plaster
products______________________
94.64 95.60
O ther stone and m ineral products__ 98.40 99.14
P rim ary m etal industries____ ____ ___ 120.80
B last furnace and basic steel
products_________ ____ ________ 128. 44
Iron and steel foundries_________ - 108.40
Nonferrous smelting and refin in g .. 116.20
N onferrous rolling, draw ing, and
extruding______________ ______ 116.47
Nonferrous foundries____ ________ 105.22
M iscellaneous p rim ary m etal indus tries.............................................. 130.71

$100.28 $100. 85 $101. 50 $101.57 $100. 67 $100.43 $99.60 $98.16 $95.68 $94.33 $92. 97 $95. 24 $92.97
133.06 127. 59 126.94 125.78 126.81 127.92 125.02 120.01 123.00 122.06 125.45 122 68 127.35
99.14 98. 49 97. 76 98.09 98.00 100. 37 99.06
115.21 114. 26 116. 62 115. 93 117 60 114.12 113. 85
86.90 87. 56 87. 34 87. 97 87. 54 88.17 88. GO
90.45 90.68 89.82 87.64 87.69 86.85 85.58
102. 96 105.36 108.14 108. 66 105. 67 104. 28 103.60
99.88 99. 55 99.80 100.12 100.60 99. 87 99.29

98.98 97.93 97.53 96. 56 95. 44 91.94
110 02 107. 46 105.60 106. 40 106. 52 102. 87
87 54 85.65 84. 59 81.79 84. 45 82.21
85.80 84.85 85. 46 83.49 82. 30 81.37
99.64
99 05

93. 61
97.20

89. 72
97.44

86. 71
95. 92

97. 10
96.05

93.04
93.79

120.39 117.91 116.92 118. 80 116.23 116. 62 119.10 118. 50 123.11 123. 41 122.81 122.81 114. 95 109.59
126.68 123.39 122. 42 125.00 122. 68 121. 77 123. 71 124. 68 132. 84 133.90 133.90 133. 50 122.92 116.13
109.88 107. 73 106. 52 107.45 103. 34 106. 90 109. 41 106. 90 106. 37 105. 85 104. 40 102 97 98. 81 96.61
117.04 116. 47 114. 52 116. 47 116.03 114. 80 116. 05 113. 85 113.02 112. 48 112.48 113. 30 109.48 108.09
118. 00 116. 62 115.09 116. 05 113.98 115.35 118. 80 115. 90 117.85 116. 18 114.11 114. 93 111.76 105.01
105. 73 103. 79 103. 94 103.12 101.30 101. 25 104. 42 103. 73 104. 33 103. 82 104.08 104. 65 100. 35 97.51
128.94 125.14 123.60 126.12 123. 49 121.88 124.38 123.19 123.79 125. 82 123.60 122.48 116. 98 112.92
Average weekly hours

Stone, clay, and glass products_______
F la t glass...............................................
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blow n_________________ ____ _
Cem ent, hvdraulic..............................
Structural clay products...................
P o ttery and related p ro d u c ts .........
Concrete, gypsum , and plaster
p ro d u cts____________________ _
O ther stone and m ineral p ro d u c ts...
P rim ary metal industries____________
B last furnace and basic steel
products...... ............................ .........
Iron and steel foundries__________
N on ferrous smel ting an d refining. . .
Nonferrous rolling, draw ing, and
extruding__________ ____ ______
Nonferrous foundries____________
M iscellaneous prim ary metal industries.................................... .........

39.8
38.3

40.1
38.7

41.1
39.6

41.5
38.9

41.6
38.7

41.8
38.7

41.6
38.9

41.5
39.0

41 5
38.0

40 9
36.7

40.2
37.5

39.8
37.1

38.9
37.9

40.7
38.7

40.6
40.3

39.8
40.1
40.1
38.8

40.3
40.4
40.1
39.5

40.3
41.0
40.8
40.2

40 2
41.1
41.3
40.3

39.9
41.5
41.2
40.1

40.2
41.7
41.3
39.3

40.0
42.0
41.1
38.8

40.8
41.2
41.2
38.6

40.6
41.4
41.4
38.9

40.4
40.9
41.1
39.0

40.3
40.4
40.4
39.1

40.3
39.7
39.9
39.2

39.9
39.7
38.4
38.3

40 1
40. 5
40.6
38.1

39.8
40.5
40.3
38.2

40.1
40.0

40.0
40.3

42.9
40.6

43 9
40.8

44.5
40.9

44.9
41.2

44.4
41.4

44.0
41.1

43.9
41.2

42.4
41.1

40.7
40.5

39.7
40.6

37.7
39.8

42.4
40.7

42.1
40.6

40.4

40.4

39.7

39.5

40.0

39.4

39.4

40. 1

39.9

40.9

41.0

40.8

40.8

39. 5

39 .e

39.4
40.6
41.5

39.1
41.0
41.8

38.2
40.5
41.3

37.9
40.5
40.9

38.7
40.7
41.3

38.1
39.9
41.0

37.7
40.8
41.0

38.3
41 6
41.3

38.6
40.8
41.1

40.5
40.6
40.8

40 7
40.4
40.9

40.7
40 0
40.9

40.7
39.3
41.2

38.9
38. 9
40. 7

38.2
38.8
41.1

42.2
41.1

42.6
41.3

42.1
40.7

41.7
40.6

42.2
40.6

41.6
40.2

42.1
40.5

43.2
41.6

42.3
41.0

42.7
41.4

42.4
41.2

41.8
41.3

42.1
41.2

41 7
40.3

40.7
39.8

42.3

42.0

41.3

41.2

41.9

41.3

40.9

41.6

41.2

41.4

41.8

41.2

41.1

40.2

39.9

Average hourly earnings
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
F la t glass_______________________
Glass and glassware, pressed or
blow n________________ ____
C em ent, h y d rau lic.............................
Structural clay products....................
P o ttery and related products_____
Concrete, gypsum , and plaster
products________________ _____
O ther stone and m ineral p ro d u c ts...
P rim ary metal industries____________
B last furnace and basic steel
products______________________
Iron and steel fo u n d ries...................
N onferrous smelting and refining__
N onferrous rolling, draw ing, and
extruding_____________________
Nonferrous foundries......... ...........
M iscellaneous p rim ary m etal industries.................................. ............

m

$2.44
3.37

$2.44
3.37

$2.44
3.36

$2. 43
3. 28

$2.44
3.28

$2.43
3.25

$2. 42
3.26

$2.42
3.28

$2. 40
3.29

$2.40
3.27

$2.38
3.28

$2.37
3.29

$2.39
3.31

$2.34
3. 17

$2.29
3.16

2. 51
2.79
2.13
2.27

2.46
2. 76
2.14
2.27

2. 46
2.81
2.13
2.25

2. 45
2.78
2.12
2.25

2. 45
2.81
2.12
2.24

2.44
2. 78
2.13
2.23

2. 45
2.80
2.13
2.26

2. 46
2. 77
2.14
2.25

2.44
2. 75
2.14
2.20

2.45
2.69
2.13
2.20

2.43
2. 66
2.12
2.17

2.42
2. 66
2.12
2.18

2. 42
2.68
2.13
2.18

2. 38
2.63
2.08
2.16

2.31
2.54
2.04
2.13

2.36
2.46

2.39
2. 46

2. 40
2.46

2.40
2.44

2.43
2.44

2.42
2.43

2.38
2.43

2.37
2. 43

2. 36
2.41

2.35
2.41

2.30
2.40

2. 26
2.40

2.30
2.41

2.29
2. 36

2. 21
2.31

2.99

2.98

2.97

2.96

2.97

2.95

2.96

2.97

2.97

3.01

3.01

3.01

3.01

2.91

2.81

3.26
2. 67
2.80

3.24
2. 68
2.80

2.23
2.66
2.82

3. 23
2.63
2.80

3.23
2.64
2.82

3.22
2.59
2.83

3.23
2. 62
2.80

3.23
2.63
2.81

3.23
2.62
2.77

3.28
2.62
2.77

3.29
2.62
2.75

3.29
2. 61
2. 75

3.28
2.62
2. 75

3.16
2. 54
2.69

3.04
2.49
2.63

2.76
2.56

2. 77
2.56

2. 77
2. 55

2.76
2. 56

2. 75
2.54

2. 74
2. 52

2.74
2.50

2. 75
2.51

2. 74
2.53

2.76
2.52

2.74
2.52

2.73
2.52

2.73
2.54

2.68
2.49

2.58
2.45

3.09

3.07

3.03

3.00

3.01

2.99

2.98

2.99

2.99

2.99

3.01

3.00

2.98

2.91

2.83

See footnotes at end of table


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

\

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

463

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 b y industry—Continued
1963
J a n .2

Fabricated m etal products.....................
M etal cans___________
C utlery, hand tools, and general
hardw are............
H eating equipm ent and plum bing
fixtures____ _______
Fabricated stru ctu ral m etal products............................ ............
Screw m achine products, bolts, etc.
M etal stam pings....................
Coating, engraving, and allied
services................... .................
M iscellaneous
fabricated
wire
products___
M iscellaneous fabricated metal
products..........................................
M achinery......... ............... .........
Engines and tu rb in es.........................
Farm machinery and e q u ip m e n t...
Construction and related machinery..
M etalw orking m achinery and
equ ip m en t_______
Special industrial m achinerv
General industrial m a c h in ery ...
Office, com puting, and accounting
m achines_______ ______ ___
Service industrv machines
Miscellaneous m achinery_____
Fabricated metal products
M etal cans.................. .
C utlery, hand tools, and general
hardw are__
H eating equipm ent and plum bing
fixtures___
Fabricated structural m etal products...................................................
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
M etal stam pings_____ _____ ____
Coating, engraving, and allied
services..................... .....................
M iscellaneous fabricated
wire
products........ ..................................
M iscellaneous fabricated metal
products______________________
M achinery...............
Engines and tu rb in es.........................
Farm machinery and eq u ip m e n t...
Construction and related m achinery.
M etalw orking m achinery and
equipm ent.........................................
Special in d u stry m achinery . .
General industrial m achinery_____
Office, com puting, and accounting
m achines____ ______ __________
Service industry machines................
M iscellaneous m achinery____ ____
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Dec. | Nov. | Oct.

Sept. | Aug. | July

J June I M ay j APr - J M ar.

Feb. j Jan.

1961 | 1960

Average weekly earnings

$105.78 $108.30 $105. 63 $105. 73 $106.66 $105.32 $104.30 $106. 75 $105. 73 $104.39 $103.48 $102. 72 $102.36 $100.85 $98.82
122. 59 122. 48 119. 99 123. 26 133.11 131. 5( 133.15 131.67 127.02 125.2i 122.5‘. 121. 95 120.36 121. 81 114.68
103. 00 103.50 103.34 101.27 100.37
98. 95

98.21

98.8G 100.9< 101.3l

96.88
100.69

97.53 101.43 100.70

98.09

96.08

95.76

97. 77

93. 93

CC
d
G

M anufacturing—Continued
Durable goods— Continued
Fabricated metal products
M etal cans______ _________
C utlery, handtools, and general
hardw are.............. .......
H eating equipm ent and plum bing
fixtures_______________________
Fabricated stru ctu ral m etal produ c ts................................................ .
Screw machine products, bolts, etc.
M etal stam pings________________
Coating, engraving, and allied
services..............................................
M iscellaneous fabricated wire produ c ts__ ______ ______________
M iscellaneous fabricated m etal
products______________________
M achinery____________ . . .
Engines and tu rb in es_____ _______
Farm m achinery and e q u ip m e n t...
Construction and related machinerv..
M etalw orking m achinery and
e q u ip m en t___________ _____
Special in d u stry m achinery______
General industrial m achinery..........
Office, com puting and accounting
m a c h in es........... ...........
Service in d u stry m achines................
M iscellaneous m achinery_________

A nnual
average

1962

Industry

96.14

96.62

95.26

93.80

9-1.50

98.65

97.27

93.03
M
91.26

104. 52 105.0< 104. 75 106.19 107. 38 107. 49 105.37 106. 40 105.37 105.01 103.31 102.66 100. 74 102. 47 99. 47
108. 46 108.89 106. 09 104. 75 107. 6( 105.00 104. 75 105.58 105.33 105.65 106.32 106.25 105.83 98.90 95.58
113.01 113.4i 1 1 3 . i; 112. 56 112. 56 111.45 109. 21 111.72 113.25 110. 92 110.24 108.36 108.24 105.01 107. 74
92. 62

93.98

92.70

93. 7t

92. 55

90. 91

98. 29

97. 7C

96.17

96.6-1

97. 21

96.64

95. 94

104.09
113. 98
121.29
112. 34
112.48

105. 41
114. 26
121.99
110.81
112. 48

104.75
112. 75
120. 80
108.9-1
111. 66

105. 41
112.61
120.8(
108. 81
112. 75

105. 67
112. 74
120.8C
107.87
112. 61

102. 51
112. 32
119. 69
107.33
112.88

100.15
112. 59
115.34
106. 67
113.42

91.62

94.02

95.49

93. 94

92.57

92.97

90.32

86.43

98.65

97. 53

97.11

97.53

96.82

96.59

94. 48

90.50

104.30
114.09
120. 77
107. 46
113. 42

102. 72
114.09
121. 06
107. 45
113. 42

102.82
113. 67
120. 54
109. 03
111. 78

101.50
112. 71
118.61
109.15
111. 90

101.40
111.49
117. 74
107. 53
110. 56

100.90
110.27
113. 94
104. 40
108.81

95. 57

100.19 96.96
107.16 104.55
114 11 109. 69
103 46 99.85
106. 52 102 66

127.30 126. 44 123. 25 122.26 123.12 123. 12 125.86 128. 04 128. 48 128. 62 127.02 124.42 122. 41 116.90 117. 27
107.78 109.06 106. 4S 106.43 108. 38 106. 01 106. 43 108. 46 108.03 106. 42 106.85 104. 75 104. 50 101.43 99.72
110.84 112. 06 111.52 111.79 111.38 111. 24 111.37 112.86 112.17 111.49 109.21 109. 61 109.06 105.04 101.71
114.21 114.09 112.84 112.31 113. 68 111. 78 114. 90
100.00 100.35 100. 75 99.94 100. 04 99. 55 102.01
110.24 112.14 109. 72 109. 82 109.39 108. 29 108. 45
Average
41.0
41.2
41.1
41.3
41.5
41.3
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.4
41.5
43.5
43.4
43.8

112.06
103. 57
108.29
weekly
41.7
43.6

111.78 111. 78 112. 75 111.93 112.61 111.24 106. 23
99.87 100.04 98. 58 96.96 97.36 95. 84 93.43
108. 63 108. 54 107. 44 107.44 106.85 104.00 101.26
hours
41.1
40.9
41.3
40.6
40.3
40.5
40.5
41.9
41.4
41.2
42.2
40.8
42.0
41.4

41.2

41.4

41.5

41.0

40.8

40.2

40.3

41.4

41.1

40.7

40.2

39.9

40.4

39.8

40.1

39.9

39.0

40.0

40.7

40.7

40.6

40.1

40.8

39.7

39.4

39.6

39.2

38.6

39.4

39.0

40.2
42.7
41.7

40.4
42.7
42.0

40.6
42.1
41.9

41.0
41.9
42.0

41.3
42.7
42.0

41.5
42.0
41.9

41.0
41.9
40.6

41.4
42.4
42.0

41.0
42.3
42.1

40.7
42.6
41.7

40.2
42.7
41.6

40.1
42.5
41.2

39.2
42.5
41.0

40.5
40.7
40.7

40.6
40.5
41.6

40.8

41.4

41.2

41.5

41.5

40.6

40.9

42.1

41.6

41.7

41.2

40.6

40.6

40.5

40.2

41.3

41.4

41.1

41.3

41.4

41.3

41.0

41.8

41.5

41.5

41.5

41.2

41.1

40.9

40.4

40.5
41.6
40.7
41.0
40.9

40.7
41.7
40.8
40.6
40.9

40.6
41.3
40.4
40.2
40.9

40.7
41.4
40.4
40.3
41.3

40.8
41.6
40.4
40.4
41.4

40.2
41.6
40.3
40.5
41.5

39.9
41.7
39.5
40.1
41.7

40.9
42.1
40.8
40.4
41.7

40.6
42.1
40.9
40.7
41.7

40.8
42.1
41.0
41.3
41.4

40.6
41.9
40.9
41.5
41.6

40.4
41.6
40.6
41.2
41.1

40.2
41.3
39.7
40.0
40.6

40.4
40.9
39.9
40.1
40.5

39.9
41.0
39.6
40.1
40.1

43.3
42. 1
40.9

43.3
42.6
41.2

42.5
41.9
41.0

42.6
41.9
41.1

42.9
42.5
41.1

42.9
41.9
41.2

43.4
41.9
41.4

44.0
42.7
41.8

44.0
42.7
41.7

44.2
42.4
41.6

43.8
42.4
40.6

43.2
41.9
40.9

42.8
41.8
41.0

41.9
41.4
40.4

42.8
41.9
40.2

40.5
40.0
42.4

40.6
40.3
42.8

40.3
40.3
42.2

40.4
40.3
42.4

40.6
40.5
42.4

40.5
41.0
42.4

41.0
40.4
42.3

40.7
39.9
42.3

41. 1
39.9
41.9

41.2
40. 1
41.6

40.7
40.1
41.5

$2. 58
2.99

$2.58
2.98

$2. 57
2. 97

$2. 56
2. 97

$2. 57
3.06

40.5
41.5
40.6
40.5
41.1
40.8
41.3
42.1
42.3
42.2
42.3
42.6
Average hourly earnings
$2.55 $2. 55 $2. 56 $2.56
3. 03
3.01
3.04
3.02

$2. 54
2. 99

$2.53
2. 96

$2.53
2.96

$2.54
2.95

$2.49
2.90

$2.44
2. 77

2.50

2.50

2.49

2. 47

2.46

2.41

2. 42

2. 45

2.45

2.41

2.39

2. 40

2.42

2.36

2.32

2.48

2.48

2. 47

2.48

2. 49

2. 48

2.46

2. 47

2.45

2. 44

2.44

2.43

2.43

2.40

2.34

2.60
2. 54
2.71

2.60
2.55
2. 70

2.58
2.52
2.70

2.59
2. 50
2.68

2.60
2. 52
2. 68

2.59
2. 50
2. 06

2. 57
2.50
2.69

2.57
2. 49
2.66

2.57
2. 49
2.69

2. 58
2.48
2.66

2. 57
2. 49
2. 65

2. 56
2.50
2.63

2. 57
2.49
2.64

2.53
2. 43
2.58

2.45
2.36
2.59

2.27

2.27

2.25

2.26

2.23

2.24

2.24

2.27

2.26

2.29

2.28

2.28

2.29

2.23

2.15

2.38

2.36

2.34

2.34

2.35

2.34

2.34

2.36

2.35

2. 34

2.35

2.35

2.35

2.31

2.24

2. 57
2.74
2.98
2. 74
2.75

2.59
2.74
2.99
2. 73
2. 75

2.58
2.73
2.99
2.71
2.73

2. 59
2. 72
2.99
2.70
2. 73

2.59
2.71
2. 99
2.67
2. 72

2.55
2.70
2. 97
2. 65
2.72

2.51
2.70
2.92
2.66
2.72

2. 55
2. 71
2. 96
2.66
2. 72

2.53
2. 71
2.96
2.64
2. 72

2.52
2.70
2. 94
2.64
2. 70

2. 50
2.69
2.90
2.63
2.69

2.51
2.68
2.90
2.61
2. 69

2.51
2.67
2.87
2.61
2.68

2.48
2.62
2.86
2.58
2.63

2.43
2.55
2. 77
2.49
2.56

2.94
2.56
2.71

2.92
2.56
2. 72

2.90
2. 54
2. 72

2. 87
.2. 54
2. 72

2.87
2.55
2. 71

2.87
2.53
2.70

2.90
2.54
2.69

2.91
2.54
2.70

2.92
2. 53
2.69

2.91
2.51
2.68

2.90
2.52
2.69

2. 88
2. 50
2.68

2.86
2.50
2.66

2. 79
2. 45
2.60

2.74
2.38
2.53

2.82
2.50
2.60

2.81
2.49
2.62

2. 80
2.50
2.60

2.78
2.48
2. 59

2.80
2. 47
2. 58

2. 76
2.44
2.56

2. 77
2.47
2. 57

2. 76
2. 46
2. 56

2.76
2. 43
2.55

2.76
2. 44
2.56

2. 75
2. 44
2. 54

2. 75
2. 43
2. 54

2.74
2.44
2. 55

2.70
2.39
2.50

2.61
2.33
2.44

464

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1983
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1963

Annual
average

1962

In d u stry
Jan.»

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

1961

1960

Average w eekly earnings

M anufacturing—Continued
Durable goods— C ontinued
Electrical equipm ent and supplies.........
Electric distribution eq u ip m en t___
Electrical industrial ap p aratu s____
H ousehold appliances____________
Electric lighting and wiring equipm e n t___ _________________ ____
R adio and T V receiving sets______
C om m unication e q u ip m e n t..- ___
Electronic components and accessories_________________________
M iscellaneous electrical equipm ent
and supplies____ ____________

$97.93
102.91
104.14
103. 74

T ransportation equipm ent___________
M otor vehicles and equ ip m en t____
Aircraft and parts_______________
Ship and boat building and repairing_________________ . . . . .
R ailroad equ ip m en t_______ _____
O ther transportation e q u ip m e n t...

125.04 129.73 128.27 126.10 124. 49 119.19 121. 93 121.09 121.96 119. 97 118.69 117.26 118. 66 113.81 111.52
129.63 138. 40 137.33 132. 24 131.02 121. 47 127. 25 125.38 128.01 124.66 121.06 119.31 122.60 115.09 115.21
123.35 123.94 123.09 122.80 120.38 119.11 118.40 118. 56 118.14 118. 71 118.58 118.29 118. 43 115. 09 110. 43

$99.96
107.12
103.38
108.36

$98.66
104. 75
103. 63
105.41

$98. 49
104. 60
103.07
105.67

$99.22
105.22
103. 98
105.67

$97.20
102.97
102.41
106.08

$96.72
103. 94
102.16
105.04

$98.16
104. 81
104. 33
105.15

$97.68
102. 72
103. 57
103. 72

$97.44 $96.39 $95. 91 $95. 91 $94.47 $90. 74
100.50 99.70 99.10 98.85 101.00 97. 77
103. 32 101. 59 100. 69 99.94 99.38 95. 44
104.38 102.66 102. 66 100. 86 101.30 96.23

90.29 92. 52 92.52 91.66 93.25 90.68 89. 95 91.30 90. 45 90.68 89.02 88. 75 88. 31 87.91
84.86 87.34 85. 67 87.64 89. 76 87.67 85. 75 87.89 84. 32 85.72 83. 46 83.46 83. 92 82.50
106.71 108.05 106.86 107.12 107. 90 105.26 103. 94 105. 47 106. 66 106.40 105. 98 105. 73 105. 98 102.31

84. 71
80.11
98.82

81.61

80. 40

76.24

109.20 110.30 107.33 108.26 105.98 100.35 105. 41 105.92 105. 41 104.08 102.09 103.16 105.25

96.32

93.93

82.39

83.20

82.80

82.40

83.02

81.39

80.58

83.03

82.82

82.21

81.61

81.00

118.78 119.02 115. 49 116. 06 116.35 118. 49 116.28 114. 74 113. 68 111. 72 112.16 110.32 107. 82 110. 92 103. 75
120.36 115.15 114.07 115.63 118. 89 119. 99 118. 60 121. 99 122.70 120. 99 119. 29 116. 42 111.74 108. 39 107. 86
85.24 86.51 83. 85 88.07 88.78 89.01 86.24 89.24 87.33 87.91 82.18 82.47 77.49 83. 71 80.13
Average weekly hours

Electrical equipm ent and supplies____
Electric distribution eq u in m en t__
Electrical industrial ap p aratu s____
Household appliances____________
Electric lighting and wiring equip. . ______
m en t___ _____
R adio and T V receiving sets_____
Com m unication equ ip m en t______
Electronic components and accessories_________________________
M iscellaneous electrical equipm ent
and supplies__________ ______

40.3
40.2
41.0
39.9

40.8
41.2
40.7
41.2

40.6
40.6
40.8
40.7

40.7
40.7
40.9
40.8

41.0
41.1
41.1
40.8

40.5
40.7
40.8
40.8

40.3
40.6
40. 7
40.4

40.9
41.1
41.4
40.6

40.7
40.6
41.1
40.2

40.6
40.2
41.0
40.3

40.5
40.2
40.8
40.1

40.3
39.8
40.6
40.1

40.3
39.7
40.3
39.4

40.2
40.4
40.4
40.2

39.8
40.4
40.1
39.6

39.6
38.4
41.2

40.4
39.7
41.4

40.4
39.3
41. 1

40.2
40.2
41.2

40.9
40.8
41.5

40.3
40.4
40.8

39.8
39.7
40.6

40.4
40.5
41.2

40.2
39.4
41.5

40.3
39.5
41.5

40.1
39.0
41.4

39.8
39.0
41.3

39.6
39.4
41.4

39.6
39.1
40.6

39. 4
38.7
40.5

39.8

40.0

40.0

40.0

40.3

39.7

39.5

40.5

40.4

40.3

40.2

39.9

40.2

40.2

39.5

42.0

42.1

41.6

41.8

41.4

40.3

41.5

41.7

41.5

41.3

41.0

41.1

41.6

39.8

39.8

T ransportation equipm ent___________
M otor vehicles and eq u ip m en t___
______
Aircraft and p a rts ...
Ship and boat building and
repairing______________________
R ailroad equ ip m en t_____________
O ther transportation e q u ip m e n t...

42.1
42.5
42.1

43.1
44.5
42.3

42.9
44.3
42.3

42.6
43.5
42.2

42.2
43.1
41.8

41.1
40.9
41.5

41.9
42.7
41.4

41.9
42.5
41.6

42.2
43.1
41.6

41.8
42.4
41.8

41.5
41.6
41.9

41.0
41.0
41.8

41.2
41.7
41. 7

40.5
40.1
41.4

40.7
41.0
40.9

41.1
40.8
39.1

40.9
39.3
39.5

40.1
39.2
39.0

40.3
39.6
40.4

40.4
40.3
41.1

41.0
40.4
41.4

40.8
39.8
40.3

40.4
40.8
41.7

40.6
40.9
41.0

39.9
40.6
40.7

40.2
40.3
38.4

39. 4
39.6
38.9

38.1
38.4
36.9

39.9
38.3
39.3

39.3
38.8
38.9

Average hourly earnings
Electrical equipm ent and supplies____
Electric distribution equ ip m en t___
Electrical industrial ap p aratu s____
Household appliances_______ ____
Electric lighting and wiring equipm e n t___ _______ ______________
R adio and TV receiving sets______
Communication eq u ip m en t______
Electronic components and accessories_____________________ . .
Miscellaneous electrical equipm ent
and supplies__________________

$2. 43
2. 56
2. 54
2.60

$2.45
2.60
2.54
2.63

$2.43
2.58
2. 54
2. 59

$2.42
2. 57
2. 52
2. 59

$2. 42
2.56
2.53
2.59

$2. 40
2.53
2. 51
2.60

$2. 40
2.56
2. 51
2.60

$2. 40
2. 55
2.52
2.59

$2.40
2.53
2.52
2.58

$2.40
2.50
2.52
2.59

$2. 38
2. 48
2. 49
2. 56

$2.38
2. 49
2. 48
2.56

$2.38
2. 49
2.48
2.56

$2.35
2.50
2. 46
2.52

$2.28
2.42
2.38
2.43

2.28
2.21
2.59

2.29
2.20
2.61

2.29
2.18
2.60

2.28
2.18
2.60

2.28
2.20
2.60

2. 25
2.17
2.58

2.26
2.16
2.56

2.26
2.17
2.56

2.25
2.14
2.57

2.25
2.17
2. 57

2.22
2.14
2.56

2.23
2.14
2.56

2.23
2.13
2.56

2.22
2.11
2.52

2.15
2.07
2.44

T ransportation equ ip m en t___________
M otor vehicles ¿ i d eq u ip m en t___
Aircraft and p arts_____________ .
Ship and boat building and repairing_____ __________________
R ailroad equipm ent_____________
O ther transportation e q u ip m e n t...
See footnotes at end of table,


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.07

2.08

2.07

2.06

2.06

2.05

2.04

2.05

2.05

2.04

2.03

2.03

2.03

2.00

1.93

2.60

2.62

2.58

2.59

2.56

2.49

2.54

2.54

2. 54

2.52

2.49

2.51

2.53

2.42

2.36

2.97
3.05
2.93

3.01
3.11
2.93

2.99
3.10
2.91

2. 96
3.04
2. 91

2.95
3.04
2.88

2.90
2.97
2.87

2.91
2. 98
2.86

2.89
2. 95
2.85

2.89
2.97
2.84

2.87
2.94
2.84

2.86
2.91
2.83

2.86
2. 91
2.83

2.88
2.94
2.84

2.81
2.87
2. 78

2.74
2.81
2.70

2.89
2.95
2.18

2.91
2.93
2.19

2.88
2.91
2.15

2.88
2.92
2.18

2.88
2.95
2.16

2.89
2.97
2.15

2.85
2.98
2.14

2.84
2. 99
2.14

2.80
3.00
2.13

2.80
2.98
2.16

2.79
2.96
2.14

2.80
2.94
2.12

2.83
2.91
2.10

2.78
2.83
2.13

2.64
2.78
2.06

465

C —EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1962

1963

A nnual
a v er a g e

In d u stry
Jan.»

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

1961

1960

Average weekly earnings
M anufacturing—Continued
D u r a b l e good»—

Continued

Instrum en ts and related products____ $100.04 $102.18 $101. 76 $100. 61 $100.61 $100.04 $99. 55 $100.94 $99.80 $100.04 $98. 42 $98.82 $99.14 $97.27 $93. 73
Engineering and scientific instrum ents_____ __
117.71 118.71 119.28 119.00 118.43 118. 44 117.03 118.02 115. 79 114.39 107.20 115.34 115. 23 112. 48 110. 95
M echanical m easuring and control
devices....... . .
...........
93.89 101.43 100. 85 99. 7£ 98. SC 98. 9S 99.23 98.93 98. 74 98.82 98. 53 98. 0£ 98. 66 95. 91 92.00
O ptical and opthalm ic goods____
92.99 92.60 90.64 91.30 89.84 88.78 87.29 90.27 89.01 89.87 89.01 87. 51 87.33 87.33 81.80
Surgical, medical, and dental
equ ip m en t______________
83.37 85.05 85.47 84.42 85. 89 85.69 85.27 86.31 85.47 85.27 84.24 83.82 84. 44 82.21 80.40
Photographic equipm ent and supplies________________________ . 115.08 118. 02 119.14 115.0£ 115.37 114.13 115.0£ 116.06 116. 06 116. 62 117. 74 115. 7£ 115. 5C 111.61 106.14
W atches and clocks- _______ . . .
82.08 83.13 83.82 83.79 84.00 83.41 82. 95 84.00 83.16 84.00 83.39 81.90 82.08 80.58 76.83
M iscellaneous m anufacturing Industries_______ _ .. __
Jew elry, silverware, and plated
w are______________ _____ . .
Toys, am usem ent and sporting
goods___
Pens, pencils, and office and art
m aterials_________________
C ostum e jewelry, buttons, and
notions_______
O ther m anufacturing industries___

79.78

80.19

78.01

78.60

78.60

77.42

77.03

78.60

78.60

78.80

79.00

77.42

77.03

75.84

74.28

86. 76

93.04

90.20

88.51

86.88

84.77

82.68

86.27

86.67

86.24

85.24

80.81

83.20

82.62

80.40

73.15

71.44

70. 77

72.07

71.28

70.35

69.89

70.98

71. 74

72.10

71.74

70.84

69.00

70.17

67.73

76.44

76. 76

75. 98

75. 55

75.52

74.61

74.07

74.82

74. .58

74. 99

75.39

71.25

73.32

72. 86

71.92

72. 15
84.96

72. 47
86.22

69.30
84.80

70.98
85.01

71.64
85.46

71.06
84.40

72.25
83. 79

74.07
85.03

72.72
84.02

73.02
84 23

72.98
84.65

70.25
84.02

71.50
82. 97

08.60
81.78

66.13
79.99

Average w eekly hours
instru m en ts and related products.
Engineering and scientific instrum en ts_____ _____
M echanical measuring and control
devices_____________
Optical and ophthalm ic goods.........
Surgical, medical, and dental
eq u ip m en t__________ .
Photographic equipm ent and supplies___________________
Watches and clocks____ ___ _
M iscellaneous m anufacturing Industries__________________
Jew elry, silverware, and plated
w are______________ __
Toys, am usem ent, and sporting
goods____________ .
Pens, pencils, and office and art
m aterials.............. .............
C ostum e jewelry, buttons, and
notions____ ____________ .
O ther m anufacturing industries___

40.5

41.2

41.2

40.9

40.9

41.0

40.8

41.2

40.9

41.0

40.5

40.5

40.8

40.7

40.4

41.3

41.8

42.0

41.9

41.7

42.0

41.5

42.0

41.5

41.0

38.7

40.9

41.3

40.9

41.4

40.2
41.7

40.9
41.9

40.5
41.2

40.4
41.5

40.0
41.4

40.4
41.1

40.5
40.6

40.4
41.6

40.3
41.4

40.5
41.8

40.4
41.4

40.2
40.7

40.6
41.0

40.3
41.0

40.0
40.1

39.7

40.5

40.7

40.2

40.9

41.0

40.8

41.1

40.7

40.8

40.5

40.3

40.4

40.3

40.0

41.1
38.9

42.0
39.4

42.4
40.3

41.4
39.9

41.5
40.0

41.5
40.1

41.7
39.5

41.9
40.0

41.6
39.6

41.8
40.0

42.2
39.9

41.8
39.0

42.0
38.9

41.8
39.5

41.3
39.0

39 3

39.7

39.6

39.9

40.1

39.7

39.3

39.9

39.9

40.0

40.1

39.1

39.1

39.5

39.3

41.0

40.6

40.6

39.8

39.0

40.5

40.5

40.3

40.4

38.3

40.0

40.3

40.2

39.6

39.6

39.3

38.4

39.0

39.2

39.4

39.2

38.5

37.5

39.2

38.7

39.8

42.1

38.5

38.0

39.1

39.4

40.4

40.2

40.4

40.3

39.9

39.4

39.8

39.8

40.1

40.1

37.7

39.0

39.6

39.3

39.6
40.1

38. 5
40.0

39.0
40.1

39.8
40.5

39.7
40.0

39.7
39.9

40.7
40.3

40.4
40.2

39.9
40.3

40.1
40.5

38.6
40.2

39.5
39.7

39.2
39.7

38.9
39.6

$2.32

39.0
39.7

Average hourly earnings
Instrum en ts and related products_____ $2. 47
Engineering anil scientific instru2.85
m e n ts .............. . .
_____ .
M echanical measuring a n d control
2. 46
devices____
2.23
Optical and ophthalm ic goods__
Surgical, medical, and dental
eq u ip m en t____ ______
2.10
Photographic equipm ent and sup2.80
plies______
_______
2.11
W atches and clocks_____________

$2. 48

$2.47

$2.46

$2.46

$2. 44

$2.44

$2.45

$2.44

$2.44

$2.43

$2.44

$2.43

$2.39

2.84

2.84

2.84

2.84

2.82

2.82

2.81

2.79

2.79

2.77

2.82

2.79

2. 75

2.68

2. 48
2.21

2.49
2.20

2. 47
2.20

2.47
2.17

2.45
2.16

2.45
2.15

2.45
2.17

2.45
2.15

2. 44
2.15

2.44
2.15

2. 44
2.15

2.43
2.13

2.38
2.13

2.30
2.04

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.10

2.09

2.09

2.10

2.10

2.09

2.08

2.08

2. 09

2.04

2.01

2.81
2.11

2.81
2.08

2. 78
2.10

2.78
2.10

2.75
2.08

2.76
2.10

2.77
2.10

2.79
2.10

2.79
2.10

2.79
2.09

2. 77
2.10

2. 75
2.11

2. 67
2.04

2.57
1.97

M iscellaneous m anufacturing industries_______
. ______
. . .
Jew elry, silverware, and plated

2.03

2.02

1.97

1.97

1.96

1.95

1.96

1. 97

1.97

1.97

1.97

1.98

1. 97

1.92

1.89

w a r e ____ ______ __________

2.18

2.21

2. 20

2.18

2.14

2.13

2.12

2.13

2.14

2.14

2.11

2.11

2.08

2.05

2.00

1.90

1.88

1.81

1.82

1.80

1. 79

1.82

1.82

1.83

1.83

1.83

1.84

1.84

1. 79

1. 75

1.94
1.85

1.90
1.83

1.89

1.87

1.87

1.87

1.88

1.88

1.88

1.87

1.88

1.89

1.88

1. 84

1.83

1.80

2.14

2.15

1. 82
2.12

1.80
2.11

1.79
2.11

1.82
2.10

1.82
2.11

1.80
2.09

1.83
2.09

1.82
2.09

1.82
2.09

1.81
2.09

1.75
2.06

1.70
2.02

Toys, am usem ent, and sporting
goods_________ .
________
Pens, pencils, and office a n d art
m aterials_____ ____ . . . . . .
Costum e jewelry, buttons, and
notions________ . . . .
O ther m anufacturing industries___
S ee fo o tn o te s a t e n d o i ta b le


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2.12

466

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued

In d u stry

1963
J a n .3

M anufacturing—Continued
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred p ro d u c ts .,________
M eat products.........
D airy p r o d u c ts ..._______________
Canned and preserved food, except
m eats.................................................
G rain mill products______________
B akery products__
S u g a r........................ ...........................
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages............................... ..............
M iscellaneous food and kindred
p roducts..................... .......................
Tobacco m anufactures___
Cigarettes.............................................
C igars.....................................................
Textile mill products__
C otton broad woven fabrics______
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics________________________
W eaving and finishing broad
woolens................... ...........................
N arrow fabrics and small wares........
K n ittin g .._____________________
Finishing textiles, except wool and
k n it.................... .......................
Floor covering.....................................
Y arn and th read..................................
M iscellaneous textile goods .

A nnual
average

1962
Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

74.09 72.36 70.88 72. 96 79.07 76.00 75.81 71.06 74.69 75.04 72. 56 71.42 71.43
104.04 105.23 106.65 104. 41 105. 33 103. 51 104. 20 101. 47 99 01 99. 39 98. 95 100 30 100. 97
90.06 92.11 93. 20 91.71 93 48 92. 21 92. 89 92 66 91. 35 89. 65 89.20 88. 58 87 69
102.92 99. 89 101.23 9176 108. 36 108. 88 111.02 112 40 104.08 102. 01 98.60 97.04 100 22
76. 63 77.59 77. 18 78.14 79. 71 77.78 75. 86 76.82 76.63 74.68 75. 83 74.86 73 88
101.14 104.01 103. 88 103. 46 105. 30 104.30 107.94 104.81 103.02 101. 75 100. 98 98.53 96. 89
90.10
76.03
91.31
57. 56
69. 46
67.65

92.00
72. 35
95.94
61.23
68. 45
67.16

90.50
68.17
86. 56
60.60
68. 45
67.16

91.37
70. 72
93 03
59. 82
67. 54
65.27

91.38
68.04
89 38
59.28
68. 21
66. 99

91.59
73.28
88.01
55.18
68. 21
66.99

73.78

74.99

74.47

74.47

73.35

74.04

73.53

75.40
70.76
59.41

74.80
70. 69
60.32

73. 67
70.07
61.82

74.44
70.07
61.99

76.80
71 45
62.15

77. 96
70. 76
62.08

79.06
71.10
62.24

75.67
72.57
60.92
79.37

80.46
75.90
61.29
80.73

80.04
77. 33
61.69
81.12

77. 98
76. 72
62.00
79.73

76. 59
75.58
61.85
79. 32

75.26
74. 45
62. 52
78. 72

40.5
40.7
42.2
3<. S
43.9
39. 5
41. 5
39. 5
39.2

41.1
41.5
42.4
37.3
44. 4
40. 4
45. 2
40. 2
39. 7

41.2
41.6
42.2

40.9
41.0
42.2

41.8
41.0
42.8

76.04 80. 97 79. 55
71.10 73 69 72.16
62.22 63. 55 63.24
80.10 80. 67 79. 52
Average weekly hours
41.2
42 0
41.2
41.1
40.5
41.5
41.5
41.4
42.5
42.5
43.4
43.1

37.5
45.0
40.7
45.6
40.2
39.8

38.4
45.2
40.4
40.6
40.7
40.1

41.4
45.4
41.0
42.0
41.3
40.5

40.0
45.4
40 8
42.2
40.3
40.9

41.2
45.7
41.1
42.7
38.9
42.0

37.4
45.3
41.0
42.9
39.6
41.1

42.5
38.6
39.1
37.4
39.8
40.4

43.2
40.1
41.0
38.4
40.5
40.9

43.6
38.9
41.0
39.0
40.5
40.7

43.3
40.1
37.8
38.6
40.5
40.7

43.1
41.6
40.1
38.1
40.2
39.8

42.7
37.8
39.2
38.0
40.6
40.6

42.8
37.2
38.6
35.6
40.6
40.6

42.4

43.1

42.8

42.8

42.4

42.8

41.2
40.9
36.9

41.1
41.1
37.7

40.7
40.5
38.4

40.9
40.5
38.5

42.2
41.3
38.6

42.6
40.9
38.8

40.9
41.0
39.3
40.7

42.8
42.4
39 8
41.4

42.8
43.2
39.8
41.6

41.7
43. 1
40.0
41.1

41.4
42.7
39.9
41.1

Food and kindred p ro d u c ts ........ ........... $2.30
M eat products__
2.50
D airy p ro d u c ts................................
2.30
C anned and preserved food, except
m eats.............
1.96
G rain mill products............................ 2.37
B akery products___
2.28
S ugar.................................... ................
2.48
1.94
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages.......................... ................... 2. 58
M iscellaneous food and kindred
products............................................. 2.15
Tobacco m anufactures_______________ 1.90
C igarettes........................................
2.31
C igars.....................................................
1.59
Textile mill products.................................
1.69
C otton broad woven fabrics........ ..
1.65
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics________________________
1.74
W eaving and finishing broad
woolens_______________________
1.83
N arrow fabrics and smallwares____ 1.73
K n ittin g ................................................
1.61
Finishing textiles, except wool and
k n it—..................................................
1.85
Floor covering____
1.77
Y arn and th read ........ .........................
1.55
M iscellaneous textile goods............... 1.95

$2.29
2.49
2.29

$2.27
2.49
2.29

$2.23
2. 46
2. 27

$2. 22
2. 44
2. 29

1.94
2.37
2.28
2.21
1.93
2.62

1.89
2.37
2. 29
2. 22
1.92
2.61

1.90
2.31
2.27
2.26
1.92
2. 58

1.91
2. 32
2. 28
2. 58
1.93
2.60

1.90
2.28
2. 26
2.58
1.93
2. 55

1.84
2.28
2. 26
2.60
1. 95
2. 57

1.90
2.24
2. 26
2. 62
1.94
2. 55

1.94
2.24
2. 25
2. 52
1 94
2. 55

2.14
1.88
2.33
1.54
1.69
1.65

2.11
1.86
2.34
1.57
1.69
1.65

2.09
1.70
2.29
1. 57
1.69
1.65

2.12
1.70
2. 32
1.57
1.68
1.64

2.14
1.80
2.28
1.56
1.68
1.65

2.14
1.97
2.28
1.55
1.68
1. 65

2.13
1 98
2.30
1. 56
1.69
1.65

2.12
1 97
2. 30
1.54
1.69
1.65


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1961 j 1960

$93.15 $94.12 $93. 52 $91. 21 $92. 80 $91. 46 $93. 66 $92. 70 $92. 48 $91.13 $90. 45 $90.00 $90. 45 $89 16
101. 75 103.34 103. 58 100. 86 100.04 98. 42 101. 68 101. 26 100 60 98.09 96.43 96.08 98. 46 97. 58
97.06 97.10 96. 64 95. 79 98.01 95.63 98.08 96. 54 95.63 94. 53 94.53 93. 66 93 66 92. 65

92.45
75.39
95.53
59.14
68.45
67.49

8 e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f t a b le

Jan.

Average weekly earnings

91.38
73.34
90.32
59.47
67.26
66. 66

Food and kindred products
M eat products__
D airy products____ ____ _________
Canned and preserved food, except
m e a ts.________________________
G rain mill products............................
Bakery products..................................
Sugar............................. .......................
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages______ ______ __________
M iscellaneous food and kindred
products______________________
Tobacco m anufactures_______________
Cigarettes..............................................
Cigars_________ __________ ___
Textile mill products_______ _________
C otton broad woven fabrics______
Silk and synthetic broad woven
fabrics_________ __________
W eaving and finishing broad
woolens_____
N arrow fabrics and smallwares___
K n ittin g _____ ________ ________
Finishing textiles, except wool and
k n it__ ____ ____ _____ _________
Floor covering......................................
Y arn and th read ___________ _____
M iscellaneous textile goods

A pr. | M ar. | Feb.

$86.30
94.83
89.68

71.04
09. 46
87.64
97. 65
73. 23
99.85

68.71
94.15
83.81
93 70
69 34
96. 72

88.82
66. 25
79. 92
55. 63
66.17
64. 55

87. 13
69.03
85. 72
56.02
65 04
63.20

83 95
64.94
80. 29
53.86
63. 60
62.56

89.68
75 65
91.77
56.06
69.12
67. 49

88. 41
74.10
90.00
55. 85
68. 38
67.24

89. 45
72.01
87.17
56. 76
68. 54
67.57

89. 45
68.82
84. 67
55. 57
66.83
65. 44

75.17

73.70

72. 76

72.16

70.81

71.31

68.72

68.31

80.89
72. 98
62.56

80. 41
70. 93
62.24

78. 62
71.28
61.76

77.11
71.21
61.60

75.90
69. 49
60.42

74. 76
70. 86
58. 99

72.28
68. 11
59. 21

69.83
66. 07
56.93

79. 79
70. 75
62. 99
77. 74

79.00
71.81
63.29
78.31

76.99
72. 51
61.61
76.33

75. 48
70 62
61.00
76. 55

74.70
72.04
59. 55
75.36

71.73
70.62
58.05
73.60

40.5
40.2
42.2

40.2
39.2
42.2

40.0
38.9
42.0

40.2
39 7
42.0

40.9
41.0
42.5

40.9
40.7
42.3

385
44.2
40.6
41.3
39. 5
40.4

37.9
43.4
40.2
41.3
39.1
39.9

37.4
43.4
40 0
39.6
39.7
39.6

37.2
43.8
39.9
40 1
39. 4
39. 1

37.4
43.9
39.5
43.2
39.3
38.6

38.4
44.8
40 2
43 4
39.8
40. 1

38.6
44.2
40.1
44.2
39.4
40.3

42.3
38.4
39.7
36.9
41.1
41.0

42.3
38.4
39.9
36.4
40.9
40.9

42.3
38.0
39.3
36.5
40.7
41.0

42.8
37.7
38.4
37.1
40.8
41.2

42.8
37 4
37.8
36.8
40.5
40.9

42.7
36 6
36.0
36.6
40.1
40.6

42.5
39 0
39. 5
37.6
39.9
40.0

42.4
38.2
38.6
37.4
39.5
40.1

42.5

43.2

42.6

42.3

42.2

42.4

42.7

41.4

41.4

43.2
41.1
38.9

44.2
41.7
39.1

43.7
41.0
38.9

43.2
41.2
38.6

42.6
41.4
38.5

42.4
40. 4
38.0

42 0
41.2
37.1

41.3
40.3
38.2

40.6
39.8
37.7

41.1
43.0
43.3
42.9
40.4
41.4
41.0
40. 2
40.4
41.0
40.8
40.9
41.8
41.2
41.5
40.7
Average hourly earnings
$2.22 $2.23 $2. 25 $2.25 $2. 25
2. 45
2. 44
2.43
2.43
2. 44
2. 25
2.26
2.24
2.25
2.24

42.7
40.8
41.1
41.0

42.3
41.2
40.8
40.6

41.7
39 9
40.4
40.5

41.5
40 7
39. 7
40.3

40.3
39.9
38.7
40.0

$2. 25
2. 46
2.24

$2. 25
2. 47
2. 23

$2 25
2. 48
2. 23

$2.18
2.38
2.18

$2.11
2.33
2.12

1.98
2.29
2.23
2. 47
1.91
2. 55

1.94
2.28
2.23
2. 49
1.91
2. 55

1.92
2. 29
2.22
2. 42
1.90
2. 52

1.91
2. 30
2.22
2. 32
1.88
2. 51

1.85
2 22
2. 18
2. 25
1.84
2. 49

1.78
2.13
2.09
2.12
1.76
2. 40

2.09
1.95
2. 29
1.53
1.68
1.64

2.09
1.91
2. 27
1.53
1.68
1.64

2.09
1.84
2.24
1. FI
1.65
1.60

2.08
1.81
2.22
1.52
1.65
1.59

2.05
1.77
2. 17
1.40
1.63
1.58

1.98
1.70
2.08
1.44
1.61
1.56

40.9
42.3
40.6
41.0

1.74

1.74

1.74

1.73

1.73

1.73

1.74

1.73

1.72

1.71

1.67

1.67

1. 66

1.65

1.82
1.72
1.60

1.81
1. 73
1.61

1.82
1.73
1.61

1.82
1.73
1.61

1.83
1. 73
1.60

1.83
1.73
1.60

1.83
1.75
1.60

1.84
1.73
1.60

1.82
1.73
1.60

1.81
1. 72
1.60

1.79
1.72
1.59

1.78
1.72
1.59

1.75
1.69
1.55

1.72
1.66
1.51

1.88
1.79
1.54
1.95

1.87
1.79
1.55
1.95

1.87
1.78
1.55
1. 94

1.85
1.77
1. 55
1 93

1.84
1.76
1. 54
1 92

1.85
1. 76
1.54
1.93

1.87
1.78
1.55
1.93

1.85
1.76
1.55
1 93

1 86
1.76
1.54
1.91

1.85
1.76
1.54
1.91

1.82
1.76
1. 51
1.88

1.81
1.77
1.51
1.89

1.80
1.77
1. 50
1.87

1.78
1.77
1.50
1.84

C — EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

467

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 b y industry—Continued
1963

1962

A nnual
average

In d u stry
Ja n .2

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

M anufacturing—C ontinued
Nondurable goods—C ontinued
A pparel and related products________
M en ’s and boys’ suits and coats__
M en ’s and boys’ furnishings______
W om en’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerw ear_____________________
W om en’s and children’s undergarm ents__________________ ______
H ats, caps, and m illinery________
G irls’ and children’s outerw ear___
F u r goods and miscellaneous apparel________ ____ ________ ____
M iscellaneous fabricated textile
products....................... .....................
Paper and allied products-.......................
P aper and p u lp _________________
P aperb o ard _____________________
Converted paper and paperboard
products____________ ____ _____
Paperboard containers and b o x es._
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.............. ........................... ...............
N ew spaper publishing and printing.
Periodical publishing and prin tin g .
Books____________ _____
Commercial p rin tin g .____________
B ookbinding and related industries.
O ther publishing and printing industries....................... ................... .

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

See footnotes a t end of table.

https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1960

Average weekly earnings
$59.81 $60.12 $60. 62 $59. 95 $61.32 $62.16 $60. 76 $61.09 $60.59 $60. 96 $61. 49 $59. 95 $57. 62 $57. 70 $56. 45
71.76 73.13 72. 5‘ 71.57 74. Of 73.89 73.51 74.09 73. 50 72.17 71.39 69. 67 68.68 67. 78 68.27
52.99 53. 2C 53.77 53. 77 54. 48 54.81 53. 58 54.95 53. 58 53.30 53. 82 53. 39 49. 70 49. 87 48.55
63.65

62.60

63.17

62.32

65.23

67.16

65.74

63.64

64.73

66. 72

66.85

64.41

61.48

61.61

58.76

54.47
63. 50
54. 52

55.18
65. 3i
52.15

57. 22
62. 46
53.61

56.92
63. 6É
53.35

57. 07
66.79
54. 72

56. 47
69.0(
55. 69

55.12
68.26
55.63

55.02
65.70
56.30

54.77
61.60
54.51

55. 39
66. 07
54. 36

55.69
68.63
55. 94

54.11
66.80
55.18

52.74
63. 55
53. 96

53.87
63.19
52.75

51.91
60.54
51.54

61.59

64.61

64. 79

63.89

64.05

62.59

62.29

63.70

61.23

62. 47

62.78

61.06

61.08

60.86

58.74

62.90 64.73 64.90 64. 68 63. 96 63.03 61.38 63. 96 63. 71 61.92 62.04 61.09 60. 82 61.45 60.48
103. 46 104. 68 103.28 103.28 104. 49 103. 82 103. 58 102. 96 101.34 101.10 101 15 100. 01 100. 20 99. 45 95.37
115. 46 115. 46 114. 2c 113. 45 114 06 113.36 114. 58 112. 75 111. 10 110.85 110. 93 110. 93 110.85 109.69 105.46
115.19 119.08 115.01 113. 45 116. 77 117. 64 116. 59 115. 58 112.46 112. 46 112. 01 110. 56 111. 51 109.44 105.16
91.02
92. 62

91.94
94.2 4

90.2C
94.05

90. 42
95.15

91. 52
97.13

91.10
94.73

89.60
94.05

90.69
94.08

89. 60
92. 74

89.40
91.88

88. 97
92. 77

88. 32
90.17

88.32
89.95

87.13
90. 47

83.23
86.10

108.11
111.57
107.31
101. 49
109. 42
86.94

109.24
112. 85
113.83
100.04
111.50
87.01

108. 49
113.04
111.83
97.64
110.37
85.19

107. 82
111.08
114. 11
98. 11
109 70
85. 63

109. 62
111.38
118. 55
102.16
111. 11
88. 53

108. 29
109. 99
115. 83
101.18
110. 54
87.30

107.34
109 87
111.95
98. 64
109.87
84. 75

107. 62
110 23
114. 62
100. 00
109. 87
85.31

107.90
110. 90
108. 58
101. 75
109. 87
86.36

107 90
110.23
110. 15
99. 54
110.04
85. 58

107.42
107.28
111. 44
101. 68
110. 21
84. 92

106. 68
107. 40
109. 09
99 94
108. 70
83.82

105.36
106. 68
110. 09
99.60
106. 81
83. 82

105.05
107. 38
110. 09
99 06
106.20
82 13

102. 80
105.33
109. 18
95.82
103.88
78.87

112.33 111.84 110.01 108. 77 110. 21 109. 35 n o . ii 110.11 109.16 110.88 111.84 111.94 110. 59
Average weekly hours
Apparel and related p roducts........ ......... 35.6
36.0
36.3
36.5
37.0
35.9
36.6
36.8
36.5
36.5
36.6
35. 9
34.5
M en ’s and boys’ suits and coats__
36.8
37.5
37.2
36.7
37.8
38.1
37.7
37.8
37.5
36. 1
35.4
37.2
36.8
M en ’s and boys’ furnishings______ 36.8
37.2
37.6
37.6
38.1
38.6
38.0
38.0
38.7
37.8
37.6
35.0
37.9
W om en’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerw ear_____________________ 33. 5
33.3
33.6
32.8
33.8
34.8
34.6
34.4
34.8
35.0
35.3
33.9
32.7
W om en’s and children’s undergarm ents........................................... 35.6
36.3
37.4
37.2
37.3
37.4
36.5
36.2
35.8
36.4
36.2
35.6
34.7
H ats, caps, and m illinery.................. 34.7
36.5
34.7
37.5
34.8
36.3
36.5
36.5
35.0
36.3
37.3
36.5
35.5
Girls’ and children’s outerw ear___
35.4
35.0
35. 5
35.1
36.0
36.4
36.6
36.8
36.1
36.0
36.8
36.3
35.5
F u r goods and miscellaneous appare!........................ ......................
35.6
36.4
36.3
36.3
36.6
36.6
35.8
36.4
35.6
36.5
35.5
35.9
34.9
M iscellaneous fabricated textile
products______________________
38.3
37.0
38.4
38. 5
38.3
38.2
37.2
38.3
37.7
37.3
37.6
36.8
36.2
Paper and allied products........................
42.4
42.5
42.9
42.5
43.0
42.9
42.8
42.9
42.4
42.3
42.5
42.1
42.2
P aper and p u lp _________________
43.9
43.9
43.6
43.3
43.7
43.0
43.4
43.9
43.7
43.3
43.5
43.5
43.3
P aperboard_____________________
43.8
44.6
43.4
43.3
44.4
44.9
44.5
44.8
44.1
44.1
44.1
43. 7
43.9
Converted paper a n d paperboard
p ro d u c ts................................. ........... 41.0
41.6
41.0
41.1
41.6
41.6
41.1
41.6
41.1
41.0
40.7
40.7
41.2
Paperboard containers and boxes__ 40.8
41.7
41.8
42.1
42.6
42.1
42.0
41.4
41.8
40.7
41.2
41.6
40.8
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_____________________ _____ _
38.2
38.6
38.2
38.1
38.6
38.4
38.2
38.3
38.4
38.4
38.5
38.1
37.9
N ewspaper publishingand printing. 36.7
36.3
37.0
36.7
36.4
36.3
36.5
36.5
36.6
36.5
36 0
35.8
35.8
Periodical publishing and printing. 38.6
39.8
39.1
39.9
40.6
40.5
39.7
40. 5
392
39.2
39.8
39.6
39.1
Books__ ______ _____________
39.8
39.7
38.9
39.4
40. 7
40.8
39.3
40.0
40.7
41.0
40.0
40.3
40.3
Commercial p rinting.............. ........... 38.8
39.4
39.0
38.9
39.4
39. 2
39.1
39.1
39.1
39.3
39.5
38.7
39.1
B ookbinding and related industries............ ..............................
38.3
38.5
38.2
38.4
39.7
39.5
38.7
38.6
38.9
38.6
38.9
38.1
38.1
O ther publishing and printing industries.............................. __............
38.6
38.7
38.6
38.4
38.3
38.1
38.1
38. 5
38.3
38.5
38.7
38.6
38.4
Average hourly earnings
A pparel and related p ro d u c ts ................ $1.68 $1.67 $1.67 $1.67 $1.68 $1 68 $1.66 $1.66 $1.66 $1.67 $1.68 $1.67 $1.67
M en ’s and boys’ suits and coats__
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.96
1 93
1.96
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.96
1.93
M en ’s and boys’ furnishings___
1.44
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.42
1.41
1.42
1.41
1.41
1.42
1.42
1.42
W om en’s, misses’, and juniors’
outerw ear.................... ........
1.90
1.88
1.88
1.90
1.93
1.93
1.90
1.85
1.86
1.90
1.89
1.90
1.88
W om en’s and children’s undergarm ents____________________
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.53
1. 53
1. 51
1.51
1.52
1.53
1. 53
1.53
1.52
1.52
H ats, caps, and m illinery.................. 1.83
1.79
1.80
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.80
1.87
1.76
1.84
1.82
1.83
1.79
G irls’ and children’s outerw ear___
1.54
1.49
1.51
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.53
1.51
1. 51
1.52
1.52
1.52
F u r goods and miscellaneous apparel_______ _____ ____ ____ _ ._ 1.73
1.78
1.78
1.76
1.75
1.71
1.74
1.75
1.74
1. 72
1.72
1. 72
1.75
M iscellaneous fabricated textile
products__________________
1.69
1.70
1.69
1.68
1.67
1.65
1.65
1.67
1.66
1.69
1.65
1.66
1.68
Paper and allied p ro d u cts...................... . 2.44
2.44
2.43
2. 43
2. 43
2. 42
2. 42
2. 40
2. 39
2. 39
2.38
2.38
2.37

Paper and pulp...............................
Paperboard......................... ..........
Converted paper and paperboard
products............................. .....
Paperboard containers and boxes...
Printing, publishing, and allied industries_____ _________ ____
Newspaper publishingand printing.
Periodical publishing and printing.
Books............................... ...........
Commercial printing___________
Bookbinding and related industries.
Other publishing and printing industries........................................

1961

108.19 106.37
35.4
35.3
36.4

35.5
36.9
36.5

33.3

33.2

36.4
35.7
35.4

35.8
35.2
35.3

35.8

35.6

37.7
42.5
43 7
43.6

37.8
42.2
43.4
43.1

41.1
41.5

40.8
41.0

38.2
36.4
39 6
40.6
38.9

38.5
36.7
39.7
40. 6
39.2

38.2

38.1

38.5

38.4

$1.63
1.92
1.37

$1.59
1.85
1.33

1.85

1.77

1.48
1.77
1.49

1.45
1.72
1.46

1.70

1.65

1.63

1.60

2 .6 3
2 .6 3

2 . 63
2 .6 7

2 .6 2
2 . 65

2 . 62
2.62

2.61
2.63

2.60
2.62

2 . 61
2.62

2.58
2.58

2. 56
2.55

2 . 56
2.55

2.55
2.54

2 . 55
2.53

2 . 56
2 . 54

2.34
2.51
2.51

2.26
2.43
2.44

2 . 22
2 .2 7

2 .2 1
2 .2 6

2 .2 0
2 .2 5

2.20
2.26

2.20
2.28

2.19
2.25

2.18
2.25

2.18
2.24

2.18
2.24

2.17
2.23

2.17
2.23

2.17
2.21

2.17
2.21

2.12
2.18

2.04
2.10

2 83
3 .0 4
2 . 78
2 . 55
2 .8 2
2 .2 7

2 .8 3
3 .0 5
2 .8 6
2 .5 2
2 .8 3
2 .2 6

2 . 84
3 .0 8
2 .8 6
2 .5 1
2 . 83
2 .2 3

2 83

2 84

2 82

2 81

9 81

9 81

9 81

3.06
2 . 86
2.49
2.82
2.23

3.06
2.92
2.51
2.82
2.23

3.03
2.86
2 . 48
2.82
2.21

3.01
2. 82
2.51
2.81
2.19

3 . 02
2 . 83
2 . 50
2.81
2.21

3 03
2. 77
2.50
2.81
2.22

3.02
2 . 81
2.47
2.80
2.20

2.98
2. 80
2.48
2.79
2.20

?<ko
3. 00
2.79
2 . 48
2 . 78
2.20

? 78
2.98
2 . 78
2 . 49
2 . 76
2.20

2.95
2.78
2.44
2 . 73
2.15

2.87
2.75
2.36
2.65
2.07

2 .9 1

2 .8 9

2 . 85

2.84

2 . 87

2 . 87

2.89

2.86

2.85

2. 88

2 . 89

2 90

2 .8 8

2 81

2.77

2 07

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

468
T able

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
A nnual
average

1962

1963
I n d u s tr y
J a n .2

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S e p t.

A ug.

J u ly

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

1961

1960

A v e r a g e w e e k ly ea r n in g s

M a n u fa c tu r in g — C o n tin u e d

Nondurable goods— C o n tin u e d
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts _________ $111.10 8112.17 $111.37 $110.95
I n d u s tr ia l c h e m ic a ls .............................. .. 126.05 127.56 126.65 126.05
P la s tic s a n d s y n t h e t ic s , e x c e p t
110. 00 111. 61 109.86 109. 59
g la s s __________ ________ _________ _
D r u g s .......................... ..................................... 100.19 100. 60 100.12 100.19
S o a p , cle a n e r s, an d to ile t g o o d s ----- 103.42 103.73 103.98 103.48
P a in t s , v a r n is h e s , a n d a llie d p ro d u c t s . ........... .................................. ............... 101.96 102.31 101.66 100. 75
89.68 90. 52 89.46 89.68
A g r ic u ltu r a l c h e m ic a ls _______ ______
O th er c h e m ic a l p r o d u c ts ....................... 106.50 107.52 105.66 105.57

$110.81 $110.12 $110.81 $111.19 $109. 52 $108 84 $108.05 $108.47 $109.56 $106.81 $103.25
125.52 124.09 124.80 125.16 123.73 123.43 122.43 122. 72 124.62 120.93 117.31
110.24 110.24 111.41 112.52 109.62 109.62 108. 94 110.04 110.46 107. 74 104.17
98.16 98.23 97.92 98.88 98. 57 97.10 96.87 97. 58 97.82 93.96 90.68
105.32 103. 98 103.79 103.73 101.50 101.59 100.53 100. 78 101.34 98. 98 94.77
101. 75 102.34 102.09 104.25 105.00 102. 42 100.04 98.65 98.65 98.25
90.31 86.72 88.20 87. 77 92.57 87.12 85.80 86.25 84. 46 84.15
106.17 105.08 104.42 104.75 103.09 102.67 102.09 101.43 102. 75 101.19

95.65
82.37
97.06

P e tr o le u m re fin in g a n d r e la te d in d u strips
P e tr o le u m r e fin in g _________________
O th er p e tr o le u m a n d co a l p r o d u c ts .

130.52 126.99 127. 71 127.19 131.09 126. 35 129.44 127.68 126.05 125. 55 123.32 123.02 128.44 124.42 118.78
137.10 132.48 132. 57 130.88 135.24 129.34 133.54 131.65 130.60 129.97 127.58 128.61 135.14 129. 24 123.22
102.34 105.59 108.03 113.48 115.57 113.40 113.70 111.95 106.27 104.73 103.49 97. 77 98.15 102.10 99.26

R ub b er and
m is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic
p r o d u c t s . . . .................. .....................................
T ir e s a n d in n e r t u b e s ______________
O th er r u b b e r p r o d u c ts ___ _________
M is c e lla n e o u s p la s tic p r o d u c ts ..........

102. 50 103.00 101.84 101.02 101. 76 101.02 101. 84 104. 58 101.19 99.63 98.25 97.28 99.31 96.72 92.97
133. 08 134. 55 132. 75 132.11 131. 78 131. 70 136. 83 138. 13 130.19 125.83 122. 45 121.52 127. 26 121.88 116.33
96. 29 97.47 96. 59 95.30 96. 46 94.42 93.90 98.05 96.05 95.17 94.07 92.69 94.48 91.53 87.82
86.72 86.10 85.26 85.48 86.53 85.28 85.89 87.36 85.90 85.08 85.08 84.05 83.84 82.82 79.40
63.81
86.80
61.32
62.37

65.36
85.57
63.17
63.20

64.98
86.40
63.29
62.04

66.18
86.55
64.41
62.37

62.83
84.35
60.15
61.07

60.52
81.74
58.04
58.62

41.8
41.8

41.7
41.7

41.4
41.5

41.4
41.6

41. 5
42.1

41.4
41.7

41.3
41.6

42.3
41.2
41.0

42.0
40.9
40.6

42.0
40.8
40.8

41.9
40.7
40.7

42.0
41.0
40.8

42.0
41.1
40.7

41.6
40.5
40.9

41.5
40.3
40.5

41.0
42.2
41.6

41.7
42.4
41.9

42.0
45.6
41.4

41.3
44.0
41.4

40.5
42.9
41.0

40.1
42.7
40.9

40.1
40.8
41.1

40.6
42.5
41.3

40.7
42.9
41.3

41.7
40.8
45.0

42.3
41.6
45.3

42.0
41.4
44.6

41.6
41.2
43.2

41.3
41.0
42.4

40.7
40.5
41.9

40.6
40.7
40.4

41.7
42.1
39.9

41.2
40.9
42.9

41.1
40.8
42.6

41.2
40.8
41.4
41.4

40.9
40.9
40.7
41.0

40.9
42.1
40.3
40.9

42.0
42.5
41.9
41.8

41.3
41.2
41.4
41.3

41.0
40.2
41.2
41.3

40.6
39.5
40.9
41.1

40.2
39.2
40.3
40.8

40.7
40.4
40.9
40.7

40.3
39.7
40.5
40.6

39.9
39.3
40.1
40.1

37.2
40.3
36.5
37.8

38.1
40.1
37.9
37.8

38.5
39.4
38.6
37.7

38.3
40.5
38.1
38.0

37.2
40.5
36.7
37.3

37.1
40.0
36.5
37.8

38.0
39.8
37.6
38.3

38.0
40.0
37.9
37.6

38.7
39.7
38.8
37.8

37.4
39.6
36.9
37.7

36.9
39.3
36.5
37.1

$ 2.50

L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts __________
L e a th e r t a n n in g a n d fin is h in g -------F o o tw e a r , e x c e p t r u b b e r ___________
O th er le a th e r p r o d u c ts _____________

65.60
88. 84
63.38
63.04

65.05
88.84
62. 66
62. 79

64. 03
87.78
60. 67
64.05

62.63
88.44
59.30
61.79

64.36
88.26
61.69
62. 75

65.53
87.82
63.67
62.37

65.84
85.89
64. 46
62.21

65.88
88.70
64.01
63.08

C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts ...................
I n d u s tr ia l c h e m ic a ls _______ ________
P la s tic s a n d s y n t h e t ic s , e x c e p t
g la s s ______________________________
D r u g s ................................... ..........................
S o a p , c lea n ers, a n d to ile t g o o d s___
P a in t s , v a r n is h e s , a n d a llie d p ro d u c t s ...................... .......... ..............................
A g r ic u ltu r a l c h e m ic a ls _____________
O th er c h e m ic a l p r o d u c ts .......................

41.3
41.6

41.7
42.1

41.4
41.8

41.4
41.6

41.5
41.7

41 .4

41.5

41.5
41.6

41.8
42.0

41.2
41.4
40.4

41.8
41.4
41.0

41.3
41.2
41.1

41.2
41.4
40.9

41.6
40.9
41.3

41.6
41.1
41.1

42.2
40.8
40.7

40.3
42.3
41.6

40.6
42.1
42.0

40.5
42.0
41.6

40.3
42.5
41.4

40.7
42.6
41.8

41.1
41.1
41.7

P e tr o le u m re fin in g a n d r e la ted in d u st r ie s _________________________________ _
P e tr o le u m r e fin in g _________________
O th er p e tr o le u m a n d co a l p r o d u c ts .

41.7
41.8
41.1

41.5
41.4
41.9

41.6
41.3
42.7

41.7
40.9
44.5

42.7
42.0
45.5

R u b b e r a n d m isc e lla n e o u s p la s tic
p r o d u c ts ______________________________
T ir es a n d in n e r t u b e s ______________
O th er r u b b e r p r o d u c ts _____________
M isc e lla n e o u s p la s tic p r o d u c ts..........

41.0
41.2
40.8
41.1

41.2
41.4
41.3
41.0

40.9
41.1
41.1
40.6

40.9
40.9
40.9
40.9

L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c t s ...................
L e a th e r ta n n in g a n d fin is h in g ............
F o o tw e a r , e x c e p t r u b b e r .......................
O th er le a th e r p r o d u c ts ...........................

37.7
40.2
37.5
37.3

37.6
40.2
37.3
37.6

36.8
39.9
35.9
37.9

36.2
40.2
35.3
37.0

63. 98
88.29
61. 66
61. 55

A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s

A v e r a g e h o u r ly ea r n in g s
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts _________
I n d u s tr ia l c h e m ic a ls________________
P la s tic s a n d s y n t h e t ic s , e x c ep t
g la s s ......................... .....................................
D r u g s ................................................................
S o a p , clea n ers, a n d to ile t g o o d s ___
P a in t s , v a r n is h e s , a n d a llie d p r o d ­
u c t s ................................................................
A g r ic u ltu r a l c h e m ic a ls _____________
O th er c h e m ic a l p r o d u c ts ___________

$ 2.69

$ 2.69

3.03

3.03

$2.

69
3.03

$ 2.68

$ 2.67

$ 2.66

$ 2.67

$ 2.66

$ 2.62

$ 2.61

$ 2.61

$2.62

$ 2.64

$ 2.58

3.03

3.01

2.99

3.00

2.98

2.96

2.96

2.95

2.95

2.96

2.90

2.82

2.60
2.38
2.47

2.62
2.38
2.47

2.63
2.38
2.49

2.59
2.32
2.42

2.51
2.25
2.34

2.67
2.43
2.53

2.66
2.43
2.53

2.66
2.42
2.53

2.65
2.40
2.55

2.65
2.39
2.53

2.64
2.40
2.55

2.66
2.40
2.53

2.61
2.41
2.50

2.53
2.12
2.56

2.52
2.15
2.56

2.51
2.13
2.54

2.50
2.11
2.55

2.50
2.12
2.54

2.49
2.11
2.52

2.49
2.09
2.51

2.50
2.07
2.50

2.50
2.03
2.49

2.48
1.98
2.48

2.47
2.00
2 . 49

2.46
2.02
2.48

2.46
2.07
2.50

2.42
1.98
2.45

2.35
1.92
2.35

P e tr o le u m re fin in g a n d r e la ted in d u s ­
t r i e s . . ...................................................................
P e tr o le u m r e fin in g ....................................
O th er p e tr o le u m a n d co a l p r o d u c ts .

3.13
3.28
2.49

3.06
3.20
2.52

3.07
3.21
2.53

3.05
3.20
2.55

3.07
3.22
2.54

3.03
3.17
2.52

3.06
3.21
2.51

3.04
3.18
2.51

3.03
3.17
2.46

3.04
3.17
2.47

3.03
3.15
2.47

3.03
3.16
2.42

3.08
3.21
2.46

3.02
3.16
2.38

2.89
3.02
2.33

R u b b e r a n d m isc e lla n e o u s p la s tic
p r o d u c ts ..............................................................
T ir e s a n d in n e r t u b e s ______________
O th er r u b b e r p r o d u c ts ...........................
M isc e lla n e o u s p la s tic p r o d u c ts ..........

2.50
3.23
2.36
2.11

2.50
3.25
2.36
2.10

2.49
3.23
2.35
2.10

2.47
3.23
2.33
2.09

2.47
3.23
2.33
2.09

2.47
3.22
2.32
2.08

2.49
3.25
2.33
2.10

2.49
3.25
2.34
2.09

2.45
3.16
2.32
2.08

2.43
3.13
2.31
2.06

2.42
3.10
2.30
2.07

2 . 42
3.10
2.30
2.06

2.44
3.15
2.31
2.06

2.40
3.07
2.26
2.04

2.33
2.96
2.19
1.98

L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts __________
L e a th e r ta n n in g a n d fin is h in g ...........
F o o tw e a r , e x c e p t r u b b e r ___________
O th er le a th e r p r o d u c ts _____________

1.74
2.21
1.69
1.69

1.73
2.21
1.68
1.67

1.74
2.20
1.69
1.69

1.73
2.20
1.68
1.67

1.73
2.19
1.69
1.66

1.72
2.19
1.68
1.65

1.71
2.18
1.67
1.65

1.72
2.19
1.68
1.66

1.72
2.18
1.68
1.65

1.72
2.17
1.68
1.65

1.72
2.15
1.68
1.65

1.71
2.16
1.67
1.65

1.71
2.18
1.66
1.65

1.68
2.13
1.63
1.62

1.64
2.08
1.59
1.58

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https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

C0Ò5C0

S ee fo o tn o te s a t en d o f ta b le .

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2.67
2.42
2.56

2.61
2.38
2.49

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

469

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1963

1962

A nnual
average

In d u stry
Ja n .!

Dee.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

1961

1960

Average weekly earnings
T ransportation and public utilities:
R ailroad transportation:
Class I railroads *________________
Local and in teru rb an passenger transit:
Local and sub u rb an tran sp o rtatio n .
In tercity and ru ral buslines...........
M otor freight tran sp o rtatio n and
storage____________ _______________
Pipeline tra n sp o rtatio n .............................
C om m unication:
Telephone com m unication............—
Telegraph com m unication4_______
R adio and television broadcasting.
Electric, gas, and sanitary services........
Electric companies and system s___
Gas companies and svstem s______
Com bined u tility sy stem s________
W ater, steam , and san itary system s.

$114.26 $118.21 $116.45 $115.33 $114. 65 $112.02 $113.48 $117.12 $114. 54 $112. 41 $108.84
$99.66 $100.86 $100. 62 $100.38 100.20 101.01 100.49 101.48 100. 58 100.11 99.30 99.22 100.11 98.24 94.82
123. 41 116.33 117. 73 119.14 125.65 129. 44 126.62 121.80 117.85 115.37 112.61 117.23 117.15 112.14 105.22
111.65 114.54 113.30 113.30 115. 78 115.35 114.81 114.39 112. 61 112.06 110.70 109.47 108. 79 108.16 104.17
138.43 139. 52 131. 78 130.07 135.05 130.09 137.37 133. 50 130.17 129.85 130.40 131.13 135. 38 131. 78 124.53
99. 54
108.05
131.04
119.60
120.13
111.79
128.96
97. 64

101.35
106.97
130.93
121.18
121. 60
114. 40
130.94
96.70

103.07
105. 78
132. 78
119. 48
119.89
111. 11
129. 27
97.34

102.06
107. 74
131. 14
118. 78
120.30
110.70
128. 23
95.47

102. 31
109. 98
130. 81
118. 94
120.06
111.51
127. 82
97.29

99.29
110.08
126. 10
116. 85
118.82
106. 92
125.97
95.06

99.54
111.11
127. 53
117.14
119.11
107. 73
125. 87
96.59

97.66
111.28
124.68
115. 87
117.14
106.80
125. 26
94.37

96.14
108. 61
126.16
115. 46
116. 31
107.06
125.66
93.96

95.65
105.42
126. 81
115. 46
116.03
107.20
125. 46
94.37

95.89
105.00
124.68
115. 34
117. 58
105. 18
125. 46
93.09

96.14
105.00
124.23
114. 65
114.65
106.11
125 05
94.02

95.88
104. 50
123.65
115. 77
115. 62
109.30
125.25
95.26

93.38
104.08
119. 74
112. 48
112.75
104. 19
121 77
93.02

89.60
100.01
121 13
108.65
109. 45
100.69
117.26
89.84

Average weekly hours
T ransportation and public utilities:
R ailroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3_______________
Local and Interurban passenger transit:
Local and suburban tran sp o rtatio n .
Intercity and ru ral buslines______
M otor freight transportation and
storage........................................................
Pipeline tran sp o rtatio n .............................
C om m unication:
Telephone com m unication_______
Telegraph com m unication 4..............
R adio and television broadcasting.
Electric, gas, and san itary services........
Electric companies and system s___
Gas companies and system s.............
C om bined u tility sy stem s________
W ater, steam , and san itary system s.

41.1

43.3

42. 5

42.4

43.1

41.8

42.5

42.9

42.9

42.1

41.7

41.7
43.3

42.2
41.4

42.1
41. 6

42.0
42. 4

42.1
44. 4

42.8
45. 9

42.4
44.9

43.0
43.5

42.8
42.7

42.6
41.8

42.8
41.1

42.4
43.1

42.6
42.6

42.9
42.8

43.1
42.6

40.6
41.2

41.5
41.4

41.2
40.3

41.5
39.9

42.1
40.8

42.1
40.4

41.9
41.5

41.9
40.7

41.4
40.3

41.2
40.2

41.0
40.0

41.0
40.1

40.9
41.4

41.6
40.3

41.5
40.3

39.5
41.4
39.0
41.1
41.0
41.1
41.2
41.2

39.9
41.3
39.2
41.5
41.5
41.6
41.7
40.8

40.9
41.0
39.4
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.3
40.9

40.5
41.6
39.5
41. 1
41.2
41.0
41.1
40.8

40.6
42.3
39.4
41.3
41.4
41.3
41.1
41.4

40.2
42.5
38.8
41.0
41.4
40.5
40.9
40.8

40.3
42.9
39.0
41.1
41.5
40.5
41.0
41.1

39.7
42.8
38.6
40.8
41.1
40.3
40.8
40.5

39.4
43.1
38.7
40.8
41.1
40.4
40.8
40.5

39.2
42.0
38.9
40.8
41.0
40.3
41.0
40.5

39.3
42.0
38.6
40.9
41.4
40.3
41.0
40.3

39.4
42.0
38.7
40.8
40.8
40.5
41.0
40.7

39.3
41.8
38.4
41.2
41.0
41.4
41.2
41.6

39.4
41.8
38 5
40.9
41.0
40.7
41.0
40.8

39.6
42.2
38.7
41.0
41.3
40.6
41.0
41.4.

Average hourly earnings
T ransportation and public utilities:
R ailroad transportation:
Class I railroads 3________________
Local and in teru rb an passenger transit:
Local and sub u rb an tran sp o rtatio n .
Intercity and rural buslines..............
M otor freight tran sp o rtatio n and
storage........... ............................................
Pipeline tran sp o rtatio n .............................
C om m unication:
Telephone com m unication................
Telegraph com m unication 4______
R adio and television broadcasting..
Electric, gas, and sanitary services_____
Electric companies and system s__
Gas companies and system s______
Com bined u tility system s________
W ater, steam , and san itary system s.
See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$2.78

$2.73

$2.74

$2.72

$2.66

$2.68

$2.67

$2.73

$2.67

$2. 67

$2. 61

$2.39
2.85

$2.39
2.81

$2.39
2.83

$2. 39
2.81

2. 38
2.83

2.36
2.82

2.37
2.82

2.36
2.80

2.35
2. 76

2.35
2. 76

2.32
2.74

2. 34
2.72

2.35
2.75

2.29
2.62

2.20
2.47

2.75
3.36

2.76
3.37

2. 75
3.27

2 73
3.26

2.75
3.31

2.74
3.22

2. 74
3.31

2.73
3.28

2.72
3.23

2. 72
3.23

2.70
3.26

2.67
3. 27

2. 66
3. 27

2.60
3. 27

2.51
3.09

2. 52
2.61
3.36
2.91
2.93
2. 72
3.13
2.37

2. 54
2. 59
3.34
2.92
2.93
2.75
3.14
2.37

2. 52
2.58
3.37
2.90
2.91
2.71
3.13
2.38

2.52
2. 59
3. 32
2.89
2.92
2.70
3.12
2.34

2. 52
2.60
3.32
2.88
2.90
2 70
3.11
2.35

2. 47
2. 59
3.25
2.85
2. 87
2.64
3.08
2.33

2. 47
2. 59
3.27
2.85
2. 87
2.66
3.07
2.35

2. 46
2.60
3.23
2. 81
2. 85
2.65
3. 07
2.33

2.44
2. 52
3.26
2 83
2.83
2.65
3.08
2.32

2.44
2.51
3.26
2. 83
283
2.66
3.06
2.33

2.44
2.50
3.23
2.82
2. 84
2.61
3.06
2.31

2.44
2.50
3. 21
2.81
2. 81
2.62
3.05
2.31

2. 44
2.50
3.22
2. 81
2.82
2. 64
3.04
2.29

2.37
2.49
3.11
2.75
2. 75
2. 56
2.97
2.28

2.26
2.37
3. 13
2.65
2.65
2.48
2.86
2.17

470

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963
T

a b l e

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1by industry—Continued
1962

1963

Annual
average

In d u stry
Jan.*

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

1961

1960

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail tr a d e 8______________
W holesale trad e................................. .........
M otor vehicles and autom otive
eq u ip m en t-........................................
D rugs, chemicals, and allied produ cts.................... .................................
D ry goods and apparel.......................
Groceries and related products........
Electrical goods_________________
H ardw are, plum bing, and heating
goods..................... - .......................
M achinery, equipm ent, and supplies............ .......................................
R etail trade --------------------------------General merchandise stores_______
D epartm ent stores___________
Limited price variety stores—
Food stores...........................................
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores........ - .......................... .
A pparel and accessories stores.........
M en’s and !>ovs’ apparel stores.
W omen's readv-to-wear stores .
Fam ily clothing stores...............
Shoe stores------- --------------------

$76.03 $75.47 $75. 65 $75. 46 $76.05 $76.44 $76.44 $75. 86 $74. 88 $74.31 $74.50 $73. 92 $73.92 $72.94
97. 77 98. 74 97.44 97.03 98.09 96. 87 97. 10 96. 87 96. 22 95.82 95.18 94.30 94. 13 93. 56
92. 55

93.83

93.41

93 86

93.86

93. 26

93. 04

92. 84

93. 46

92.84

91.98

92. 20

$70.98
91. IS

91.56

89.46

86.53

98. 55 99.45 99. 70 98. 80 99 94 97.84 98. 09 96.96 96. 47 97 04 96. 24 96. 32 95.84
91.68 92. 58 92.12 92. 74 93 25 92. 74 91.99 91.37 91.85 94 96 94.35 92. 10 91 96
90.83 92.20 91.96 91 30 92. 35 91 96 91. 76 90. 49 89. 66 88 . 60 87.76 86.69 87 33
102. 56 103. 48 102.97 102. 97 102.91 100. 04 101. 84 100.12 100.12 100.37 100. 12 100. 37 100.37

94.24
92.86
87. 14
97.53

91.20
90.68
84. 67
95.11

89.91

86.86

107. 98 108. 65 106.19 105.37 107.38 103. 98 103. 66 106.04 104. 14 102.75 101.84 100. 94 100.37 101.59
67.30 66 . 85 66.38 66 . 55 66 . 88 67 55 67 38 66 . 85 65 98 65 42 65. 39 65. 22 64. 84 64.01
52.86 54.06 51.68 52. 67 53. 48 53 35 53 55 53.09 52. 48 52 29 51.75 51 64 51 45 50. 52
56.95 58.06 55. 61 57.80 58.82 58. 12 58 12 58 13 57. 28 56 77 58 07 55. 42 56 10 55. 04
39.08 39.56 38. 32 38. 20 39 15 40.00 39 96 39.12 38.16 38.44 38.98 38 16 38. 68 37 28
64.73 64.95 65. 66 64. 94 65. 50 66 . 25 66 . 43 65.16 63.88 63. 35 63.00 63.00 63 53 63.01

99.80
62.37
48.58
53 09
35. 53
60. 98

93.61

66.15
55.38
66 . 75
49.35
54.19
56.90

95.30

66.36
56. 05
67. 23
50.05
54. 96
57.61

94. 54

67 45
53. 54
64.06
48. 10
52. 55
54.28

94.60

66 . 53

53 35
64 59
48. 05
52. (X)
53. 77

94.83

66.95
54.13
65. 45
48 33
53. 04
56.95

92.92

67.71
54.82
66 . 70
48. 23
53. 58
56.83

93.79

68.26
54.87
67. 44
48.85
53 64
57.93

92.57

67.15
54.13
64 93
48. 08
53 04
56. 28

92. 80

65. 66
53 35
65.65
47. 57
51.60
55.23

92.03

90.50

90.72

64 77
52.88
64 75
47.24
51. 83
53.80

64.77
52. 63
63 44
46 84
50.69
54.94

64. 77
53 32
65 65
48 43
51.10
56.95

38.5
40.3

90.76

64 95
53 82
47.24
51.10
56.61

64 44
52.40
64.67
46.24
51 98
52.81

62.95
51.30
63.29
44. 41
51.01
52.33

38.5
40 4

38. 8
40.5

39.0
40.5

66 55

Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade 8--------------------Wholesale trade .......................................
M otor vehicles and autom otive
equipm ent............. ...........................
Drugs, chemicals, and allied produets
D rv goods and ap p arel......................
Groceries and related products........
Electrical goods-------------------------H ardw are, plum bing, and heating
goods------- ----------------------- -----M achinery, equipm ent, and supplies------ --------- ---------- -----------Retail trade 8_______________ ________
General merchandise stores----------D epartm ent stores___________
Lim ited price variety stores—
Food stores------ -------------------- ----Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores____ _________________
Apparel and accessories s to r e s .---M en's and boys’ apparel stores.
W omen's readv-to-wear stores..
Fam ily clothing stores................
Shoe stores.....................................

38.4
40.4

38.9
40.8

38.4
40.6

38.5
40.6

38.8
40.7

39.2
40.7

39.2
40.8

38.9
40.7

38.6
40.6

38.5
40.6

38.6
40.5

41.5

41.7

41.7

41.9

41.9

42.2

42.1

42.2

42.1

42.2

42.0

42.1

42.0

42.0

41.8

39.9
38.2
41.1
40.7

40.1
38 1
42.1
40.9

40.2
37.6
41.8
40.7

40.0
37.7
41.5
40.7

40.3
37.3
41.6
41.0

40.1
37 7
41. 8
40.5

40.2
37.7
41.9
40.9

39.9
37.6
41,7
40.7

39.7
37.8
41.7
40.7

40.1
38 6
41 4
40.8

40.1
38.2
41.2
40.7

39.8
37.9
40 7
40.8

40.1
38 0
41.0
40.8

40.1
37.9
41.3
40.3

40.0
38.1
41.3
40.3

40.6

40.7

40.4

40.6

40.6

40.7

40.9

40.4

40.5

40.7

40.5

40.4

41 3
38.5
35.0
34 8
33.3
36.5

41.1
38.2
34.7
34.6
32.6
35.8

41.0
37.7
34 3
34.3
31.8
35.1

41.1
37.6
34.4
34.2
32.3
35.0

40.9
37.8
34.5
34.4
32.2
35.0

40.7
37 7
34.2
34.0
31.8
35.0

40.8
37 7
34.3
34.0
32.5
35.1

40.8
38.1
34.6
34.4
32.7
35. 8

40.9
38.5
34.7
34.7
32.6
36.3

36.7
35.4
38.1
34.4
36 0
34.9

36.1
34.7
37.1
34.1
35.6
33.3

35 3
34.2
37 3
33 5
35.1
32.3

35.2
33 9
37.0
33 5
35.5
31.1

35.2
34. 4
37.1
33 7
35.2
33.5

35.2
34.4
37 3
33 4
35.0
34.1

35.3
34. 5
37.6
33.5
35.0
33.9

36.0
34.7
37 6
34.0
36.1
32.8

36.6
34.9
37.9
33 9
36.7
32.5

$1.92
2. 34

$1.92
2. 33

$1.88
2.31

$1.82
2.25

40.7

40.9

40.4

40.9
37.6
34.1
33.5
32.3
34.8

41.0
38.2
35.8
35.4
34.1
35.3

41.0
37.5
34.0
33.5
32.2
35.3

41.0
37.6
34.2
34.0
32 1
35.1

41.3
38.0
34.5
34 4
32 9
35.6

41.1
38.6
35.1
34.8
33.9
36.4

35.0
34.4
37.5
33.8
34.3
32.7

35.3
35.7
38.2
35.0
36.4
33.3

35.5
34.1
36.4
33.4
34.8
32.5

35.2
34.2
36.7
33.6
34.9
32 2

35.8
34 7
37 4
33.8
35.6
33.5

36.6
35.6
37 9
34. 7
36.2
35.3

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade 8...........................- $1.98
2.42
Wholesale trade. ............................... —
M otor vehicles and autom otive
2.23
equ ip m en t---- ------ -----------------Drugs, chemicals, and allied products ----- --------------------- ----------- 2.47
D ry goods and apparel-------- -------- 2.40
Groceries and related products____ 2.21
Electrical goods ............. ................ — 2. 52
H ardw are, plum bing, and heating
2.30
goods----------------- -----------------M achinery, equipm ent, and sup2. 64
plies..................... ..............................
1.79
R etail trad e---------------- -------------------1.55
General merchandise sto res.............
1.70
D epartm ent stores___________
1.21
Lim ited price variety stores—
Food stores.............................—........... 1 .8 6
Grocery, meat, and vegetable
stores........ .................................. 1.89
A pparel and accessories stores------- 1.61
M en ’s and boys’ apparel stores. 1.78
W omen's ready-to-wear stores.. 1.46
Fam ily clothing sto res............... 1.58
Shoe stores.................— .............. 1.74
See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$1.94
2. 42

$1.97
2. 40

$1.96
2.39

$1.96
2 41

$1.95
2. 38

$1.95
2.38

$1.95
2.38

$1.94
2. 37

$1.93
2. 36

$1.93
2. 35

2.25

2.24

2. 24

2.24

2 . 21

2.21

2 .2 0

2 . 22

2 .2 0

2.19

2.19

2.18

2.13

2. 07

2.48
2.43
2.19
2.53

2.48
2. 45

2. 47
2.46

2. 44
2 46

2 .2 0

2.53

2.53

2.47

2. 44
2. 44
2.19
2. 49

2. 43
2. 43
2. 17
2.46

2. 43
2. 43
2.15
2. 46

2.42
2. 46
2.14
2. 46

2. 40
2. 47
2. 13
2 46

2. 42
2. 43
2.13
2 46

2.39
2.42
2.13
2. 46

2.35
2. 45

2 .2 0

2. 48
2. 50
2 . 22
2.51

2. 42

2.28
2 38
2. 05
2.36

2.33

2. 34

2.33

2.33

2.30

2. 31

2.28

2.28

2.25

2.24

2.24

2. 23

2 .2 2

2.15

2.65
1.75
1.51
1.64
1.16
1.84

2. 59
1.77
1.52

2.60
1.76
1.55
1.71
1.19
1.84

2 53
1. 75
1.52
1.67
1.18
1.82

2.51
1.75
1.53
1.67

2.58
1. 75
1.53

2.50
1 74
1.52

2. 48
1 73
1. 51
1.63

2.49

1.20

1 .6 8
1 .2 0

2. 54
1.75
1 53
1.67

2.44
1.62
1.40
1.53
1.09

1.86

2.57
1.77
1.54
1.70
1.19
1.85

1.82

1.82

1.82

1 .8 8

1.90
1. 57
1.76
1.44
1.51
1.67

1.89
1.56
1.76
1.43
1. 49
1.67

1.87
1.56
1. 75
1.43
1.49
1.70

1.85
1.54
1.76
1.39
1.48
1.61

1.86

1 .8 6

1.86

1.55
1.77
1.42
1.49

1. 56
1.75
1. 41
1.49
1.69

1.56
1 76
1. 42
1.47
1.71

1.79
1.51
1.72
1.36
1.44
1.61

1.57
1.76
1.43
1. 51
1.73

1 .6 6

1.19

2 .2 0

1.6 6

1 .2 0

1 .6 6

2.49
1.73
1.50
1.63

1.19
1.81

1.21

1.20

1.80

1.80

2.46
1. 72
1 50
1 65
1.19
1.81

1.84
1.59
1.75
1 41
1. 46
1.73

1.84
1.53
1.71
1.39
1.44
1.64

1.84
1.55
1. 76
1.39
1.46
1.67

1.84
1 56
1. 77
1. 41
1.46
1.67

2.11

1.6 8

1. 46
1.60
1.14
1. 76

1.68

1.72
1.47
1.67
1.31
1.39
1.61

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able

471

C -l. Gross hours and earnings of production workers,1 by industry—Continued
1903

1962

Annual
average

Industry
Jan.*

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

1961

1960

Average weekly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued
R etail trade «—C ontinued
F u rn itu re and appliance stores___ . 82.22 83.63 $81.39 $80.38 $81.38 $81.56 $82.17 $80. 54 $79.90
O ther retail tra d e _____________ . 76.82 77.19 76.63 76.22 75. 76 76.68 76. 49 76. 54 75. 76
M otor vehicle dealers_______ . 92. 66 93. 96 95. 05 93.08 90.48 93.07 93.73 94.60 93. 73
O ther vehicle and accessory
dealers___________________ . 81.84 81.84 78. 58 79.64 80.70 81.77 81.51 80.70 80.15
D rug stores........ ......................... . 57.83 58.30 57.31 57.31 57.72 58.75 58.06 57.13 56.58
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
B anking___________________________ . 74.05 73.30 72.72 72. 54 71.97 71.80 72. 56 71.80 71.42
Security dealers and exchanges______ « 11/. 33 116.09 112. 66 109. 10 111.25 110 . 68 116.29 123. 73 117.09
Insurance carriers...................................... . 95.49 94. 60 94. 26 94.07 93.76 94. 35 94.89 93. 21 93.25
Life insurance_____________ i_ .II 101.19 100.14 99. 57 99.44 98.92 100. 61 100.82 98.65 98.70
Accident and health insurance___ . 81.60 80.20 79.14 78.20 78.45 78.30 77.97 78.00 78.42
Fire, marine, and casualty in­
surance. _________ ____
90.16 89.68 89. 58 89.44 89.27 88.50 89.71 88.32 88.09
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels « 47.23 47.62 47.99 47.72 46.05 45.89 45.94 47.64 46. 77
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants________________________ 50.82 51.08 50.70 50.83 50.83 50.83 50.70 51.35 51.87
M otion pictures:
M otion picture filming and dis­
trib u tin g ............. .......................... 121.27 124.01 116. 99 120.82 120.01 117. 50 115.37 114.19 111.97
Average weekly hours
Wholesale and retail trade »—Continued
R etail trade «—Continued
F urn itu re and appliance stores.. ..
40.5
41.4
40.9
40.8
41.1
41.4
41.5
41.3
41.4
O ther retail trade .............................. 41.3
41.5
41.2
41.2
41.4
41.9
41.8
41.6
41.4
M otor vehicle d ealers.............I'
43. 5
43.7
43.6
43.7
43.5
43.9
43.8
44.0
43.8
O ther vehicle and accessory
dealers____________________
44.0
44.0
43.9
44.0
44.1
44.2
44.3
44.1
43.8
D rug stores....................... ..........
36.6
36.9
36.5
36.5
37.0
37.9
37.7
37.1
36.5
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
B anking_____ _____________ ___
37.4
37.4
37.1
37.2
37.1
37.2
37.4
37.2
37.2
Securit y dealers anid exchanges_______
Insurance carriers............... ......................
Life insurance___ _____ !! !!!! !!! !!
Accident and health Insurance___
Fire, m arine, and casualty in ­
surance ______________________
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
H otels, tourist courts, and motels « 38.4
38.4
38.7
38.8
38.7
39.9
39.6
39.7
39.3
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants_______________
38.5
38.7
38.7
39.1
39.1
39.1
39.3
39.5
39.9
M otion pictures:
M otion picture filming a n d d istrib ­
u tin g _________________

$79.93 $79. 71 $79.10 $79. 54 $77. 64
75. 17 74.57 73. 98 74.34 73.57
92. 64 91.33 89.18 88.94 88 .44
79.82
56.06

79.02
56.06

77.25
56.21

78.92
56.52

$74.98
71. 57
87.91

78. 59
55.80

77.26
53.34

71.62 71.62 71. 23 71.24 69.19
120. 03 119. 37 121. 50 125.63 133.35
93. 20 92. 62 92.60 92.19 89.83
98. 55 98.00 97. 99 97. 57 95.11
78.34 78.34 77.44 76.70 74. 41

67.15
117.12
87.41
93. 32
71.33

88.23

87.72

87.98

87.31

85.14

81.96

46.29

46.53

46.41

46.29

45.54

43.89

50.83

49.41

48.64

48.89

49.28

48.11

115.92 114. 57 114.88 114.02 116.45

113.69

41.2
41.3
43.7

41.3
41.2
43.7

41.2
41.1
43.5

41.0
41.3
43.6

41.3
41.8
44.0

41.2
42.1
44.4

44.1
36.4

43.9
36.4

43.4
36.5

43.6
36.7

44.4
37.2

44.4
37.3

37.3

37.3

37.1

37.3

37.0

37.1

38.9

39.1

39.0

38.9

39.6

39.9

39.4

38.6

38.0

37.9

38.8

38.8

Average hourly earnings
Wholesale and retail trade «—Continued
Retail trade «—Continued
Furn itu re and appliance stores.
$2.03
Other retail tra d e ..............................
1.86
M otor vehicle dealers_______I
2.13
O ther vehicle and accessory
dealers__________________ '
1.86
”
D rug stores_________
1. 58
Finance, insurance, and real estate:
B anking__________________
1.98
Security dealers and exchanges” ! ” ! ” !
Insurance carriers___________________
Life insurance_________ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Accident and health insurance____
Fire, marine, and casualty insurance _
Services and miscellaneous:
Hotels and lodging places:
Hotels, tourist courts, and motels « 1.23
Personal services:
Laundries, cleaning and dyeing
plants___ _______________
1.32
M otion pictures:
M otion picture filming and distrib________ ut,ing_______ _______ __________

$2.02

$1.99

1.86

1.86

2.15

2.18

$1.97
1.85
2.13

$1.98
1.83
2.08

$1. 97
1.83

$1. 98
1.83
2.14

$1.95
1.84
2.15

$1.93
1.83
2.14

$1.94
1.82

2 .1 2

2 .1 2

$1.93
1.81
2.09

$1.92
1.80
2.05

$1.94
1.80
2.04

$1.88
1. 76
2.01

$1.82
1.70
1.98

1.86

1.58

1. 79
1. 57

1.81
1.57

1.83
1.56

1.85
1.55

1.84
1. 54

1.83
1.54

1.83
1. 55

1.81
1. 54

1.80
1.54

1.78
1.54

1.81
1.54

1.77
1.50

1.74
1.43

1.96

1. 96

1.95

1.94

1.93

1.94

1.93

1.92

1.92

1.92

1.92

1.91

1.87

1.81

1.24

1.24

1.23

1.19

1.15

1.16

1.20

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.15

1.10

1.32

1.31

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.29

1.30

1.30

1.29

1.28

1.28

1.29

1.27

1.24

K'* F or com parability of d a ta w ith those published in issues prior to Decem­
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
3 Prelim inary.
3 Based upon m onthly d a ta sum m arized in the M-300 report by the In ter­
state Commerce Commission, which relate to all employees who received pay
during the m onth, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (IC C
Group D.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4 D ata relate to nonsupervisory employees except messengers.
« Excludes eating and drinking places.
« M oney paym ents only, additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included

S ource: U.S. D epartm ent of Labor, B ureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except th a t for Class I railroads. (See footnote 3.)

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

472

T able C-2. Average weekly hours, seasonally adjusted, of production workers in selected industries1
1962

1963
In d u stry division and group

M in in g ..........................

41.2

40.6

41.1

41.1

41.3

41.2

40.9

40.6

41.0

41.5

41.3

41.4

40.2

C ontract construction.

36.6

35.4

37.3

37.2

37.7

37.3

37.4

36.7

37.5

36.6

37.3

37.0

34.4

M anufacturing.............

40.2

40.3

40.4

40.1

40.5

40.2

40.5

40.5

40.6

40.8

40.5

40.3

39.8

D urable goods. _____________ ________________
O rdnance an d accessories_________________
L um ber and wood products except furniture.
F u rn itu re and fixtures____________________
Stone, clay a n d glass p r o d u c ts .....................
P rim ary m etal in d u s trie s ................................
Fabricated m etal products................................
M achinery........ ....................................................
Electrical equipm ent and supplies...................
T ransportation equ ip m en t................................
In stru m en ts and related products__________
M iscellaneous m anufacturing industries........

40.8
41.4
40.1
40.6
40.4
40.2
41.2
41.6
40.3
41.7
40.5
39.5

41.1
41.6
39.7
40.4
40.5
40.2
40.8
41.6
40.3
42.3
41.2
39.5

41.1
41.4
39.7
40.6
40.9
40.1
41.3
41.7
40.5
42.9
40.9
39.3

40.7
41.1
39.4
40.5
41.0
39.7
41.1
41.5
40.5
42.2
40.7
39.4

41.0
41.2
40.2
40.8
41.3
39.9
41.0
41.7
40.6
42.4
40.8
40.0

40.9
41.4
40.3
40.5
41.2
39.7
41.0
41.9
40.5
41.5
41.0
39.7

41.0
40.9
40.4
40.6
41.4
39.6
41.1
41.8
40.7
42.1
40.8
39.8

41.0
41.5
39.6
41.3
41.0
39.6
41.4
41.8
40.7
41.9
41.1
39.9

41.1
41.3
40.2
41.3
41.2
39.9
41.3
41.9
40.7
42.2
41.1
40.1

41.3
41.8
39.7
41.5
41.1
40.9
41.5
42.0
41.1
42.1
41.2
40.3

41.0
41.5
39.3
40.9
40.9
40.9
41.3
41.7
40.7
41.5
40.6
40.1

40.9
41.3
40.1
40.6
40.6
40.9
41.1
41.7
40.5
41.2
40.7
39.3

40.3
40.6
38.1
39.4
39.5
40.6
40.5
41.3
40.3
40.8
40.8
39.3

N ondurable goods..................................................................
Food and kindred products..........................................
Tobacco m anufactures_________________________
Textile mill products__________________________
A pparel and related p ro d u c ts ....................................
P ap er and allied products...... ......................................
Printing, publishing and allied industries________
Chemicals and allied p r o d u c ts ..................................
Petroleum refining and related industries________
R u b b er and miscellaneous plastic products.............
Leather and leather products.......................................

39.5
40.7
38.6
40.0
35.9
42.6
38.4
41.3
41.9
41.2
36.8

39.6
40.9
39.0
40.2
36.4
42.8
38.3
41.4
41.9
41.0
37.4

39.4
41.0
39.4
39.9
36.1
42.5
38.1
41.4
41.6
40.9
36.9

39.3
40.7
38.7
40.0
35.8
42.2
37.9
41.5
41.8
40.6
36.9

39.7
41.1
39.5
40.3
36.4
42.6
38.3
41.5
42.1
41.0
37.8

39.4
40.7
37.4
40.3
36.1
42.5
38.3
41.5
41.7
40.5
37.5

39.8
41.6
37.1
40.7
36.4
42.7
38.3
41.5
41.7
40.5
37.6

40.0
41.1
37.9
41.0
36.8
42.8
38.4
41.6
41.7
41.5
38.0

40.1
41.3
38.6
41.3
36.6
42.6
38.4
41.7
41.6
41.5
38.0

40.2
41.2
39.6
41.5
37.1
42.7
38.6
41.7
41.3
41.8
38.6

39.9
40.9
39.6
40.9
36.7
42.7
38.5
41.5
40.9
41.0
37.9

39.5
40.7
38.7
40.6
35.8
42.6
38.3
41.6
41.1
40.6
37.4

39.2
40.4
36.6
40.3
34.7
42.3
38.1
41.5
41.9
40.9
37.8

38.6
40.4
37.8

38.7
40.6
38.0

38.7
40.6
37.9

38.6
40.5
37.8

38.7
40.6
38.0

38.7
40.6
37.9

38.7
40.6
37.9

38.7
40.7
37.9

38.8
40. 7
38.0

38.7
40.8
37.8

38.8
40.7
38.0

38.8
40.5
38.0

38.7
40.4
37.9

Wholesale and retail trade *.
Wholesale trad e_______
R etail tr a d e 3____ ____ _
i
F o r employees covered, see footnote 1, table A-3.
* Prelim inary.
• Excludes eating and drinking places.

N ote: T he seasonal adjustm ent m ethod used is described in “ New
Seasonal A djustm ent Factors for Labor Force C om ponents,” M onthly Labor
Review, A ugust 1960, pp. 822-827.

T able C-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtime of production workers in manufacturing, by

major industry group 1
A nnual
av erag e

1902

1963
M a jo r in d u s try g roup
J a n .3

D ec.

N ov.

O ct.

S ep t.

A ug.

J u ly

Ju n e

M ay

A p r.

M a r.

F eb.

Jan.

1961

1960

M a n u fa c tu rin g ........................- .............................

$2.36

$2.35

$2.33

$2.32

$2.31

$2.29

$2.31

$2.31

$2.31

$2.31

$2.31

$2.31

$2.31

$2.25

$2.20

D u ra b le goods................... .................................
O rd n an ce a n d accessories_____________
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts except
fu rn itu re .................... .......... .......................
F u r n itu r e a n d fix tu re s ________________
S to n e, clay , a n d glass p ro d u c ts ................
P rim a ry m e ta l in d u s trie s ...........................
F a b ric a te d m e ta l p ro d u c ts .........................
M a c h in e ry _____________________ ____
E le c tric a l e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s ___
T ra n s p o rta tio n e q u ip m e n t____________
In s tru m e n ts a n d related p ro d u c ts _____
M iscellaneous m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s ­
trie s ________________ _______________

2.52
2.80

2.52
2.78

2.50
2.78

2.48
2.76

2.48
2. 77

2.46
2.75

2.47
2. 75

2. 47
2.76

2. 47
2.76

2.48
2. 76

2.48
2.75

2.47
2. 74

2.48
2.73

2. 42
2.71

2.36
2.60

1.88
1.90
2.36
2. 91
2. 50
2.65
2. 38
2.86
2.40

1.92
1.90
2. 36
2.90
2.49
2. 65
2.38
2.86
2. 40

1.93
1.89
2.35
2.89
2.48
2.64
2.36
2.84
2.40

1.91
1.89
2.33
2.89
2. 47
2.63
2.35
2.83
2.39

1.93
1.88
2.33
2. 89
2.48
2.62
2.35
2.83
2 38

1.91
1.88
2.32
2. 88
2. 46
2.60
2.33
2.80
2.37

1.91
1.88
2.32
2.88
2. 47
2.60
2.34
2.80
2.37

1.91
1.88
2.32
2.88
2.46
2.60
2.34
2.78
2.37

1.89
1.89
2.30
2.89
2. 47
2.60
2.34
2.78
2.38

1.90
1.88
2.31
2. 92
2.46
2.60
2.34
2.77
2.37

1.87
1.88
2.30
2. 92
2. 45
2. 59
2.32
2. 77
2. 36

1.87
1.87
2. 29
2.92
2.45
2. 59
2.32
2. 78
2.37

1.91
1.88
2.31
2. 91
2. 46
2. 58
2.31
2.78
2.36

1.88
1.86
2.25
2.84
2. 42
2.54
2.30
2.72
2.32

1.82
1.82
2. 20
2.75
2.36
2. 47
2.23
2.65
2.26

N o n d u ra b le goods _ ........................................
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts .......................
T obacco m a n u fa c tu re s ________ _______
T e x tile m ill p ro d u c ts __________________
A p p a re l a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts ...................
P a p e r a n d allie d p ro d u c ts _____________
P r in tin g , p u b lish in g , a n d a llie d in d u s ­
trie s _____________________ _________
C h em ica ls a n d allie d p ro d u c ts ________
P e tro le u m refining a n d re la te d in d u s ­
trie s _____________ _________________
R u b b e r a n d m iscellaneous p la stic
p ro d u c ts ,
_______________________
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts _________

1.98

1.96

1.92

1.91

1.90

1.90

1.92

1. 91

1.91

1.92

1.92

1.92

1.92

1.87

1.84

2.14
2.22
1.88
1.64
1.66
2.33

2.12
2.20
1.85
1.63
1.64
2.32

2.11
2.17
1.83
1. 63
1.64
2.31

2.10
2.15
1.68
1.63
1.64
2.31

2.10
2.13
1.67
1.62
1.65
2.30

2.09
2.13
1.78
1.62
1.64
2.30

2.10
2.13
1.95
1.62
1.63
2.29

2.10
2.16
1.96
1.62
1.62
2. 28

2.09
2.16
1.95
1.62
1.63
2.27

2.09
2.17
1.93
1.62
1.64
2.27

2.09
2.17
1.88
1.61
1.65
2.27

2.08
2.17
1.83
1.59
1.64
2.26

2.09
2.16
1.80
1.59
1.65
2.26

2.05
2.09
1.74
1.57
1.61
2.23

1.99
2.02
1.67
1.56
1.56
2.15

(3)

(3)

2.62

2.62

2. 61

2.60

3.06

2.99

2 .9 8

2.96

2.41
1.71

2.41
1.70

2.39

2.38
1.70

( ')

(»)

1.71

(3)

(3)

2. 59

2. 58

2.57

2. 54

2. 53

2.96

2. 95

2. 97

2.95

2. 95

2. 97

2.38
1.70

2.38
1.69

2. 40
1.68

2.38
1.69

2. 36
1.69

2.35
1.69

(3)

2.59

i For com parability of d a ta w ith those published in issues prior to Decem­
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3. Average hourly earnings excluding overtim e are derived by as­
sum ing th a t overtime hours are paid for at th e rate of tim e and one-half.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

2. 53

(3)

(3)

(3)

2.51

(3)

2.54

2.56

2.43

2. 97

2.97

2.99

2.94

2.82

2.34
1.68

2.34
1.68

2.35
1.67

2.32
1.65

2.26
1.61

3 Preliminary.
3 N ot available because average overtim e rates are significantly above
tim e and one-half. Inclusion of d a ta for the group in the nondurable goods
total has little eflect.

473

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C-4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1
A nnual
average

1962

1963
In d u stry

M anufacturing____ ____________________
D urable goods______________________
N ondurable goods___________________
Durable goods
Ordnance and accessories______________
A m m unition except for small arm s____
Sighting and fire control equ ip m en t___
Other ordnance and accessories_____
L um ber and wood products except
furnitu re__________ __________ ____
Sawmills and planing mills,.....................
M illw ork, plywood, and related prod­
u cts.............................................................
Wooden containers__________________
M iscellaneous wood products_______
F u rn itu re and fixtures_________________
Household fu rn itu re_________________
Office fu rn itu re_____________________
P artitions; office and store fixtures.........
O ther furniture and fixtures________
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
F la t glass......................................................
Glass and glassware, pressed or b lo w n ..
C em ent h y d rau lic_____ _____________
Structural clay products...........................
P o ttery and related products_________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
O ther stone and mineral products___
P rim ary metal industries............ ...............
B last furnace and basic steel p ro d u c ts ...
Iron and steel foundries............................
N onferrous smelting and refining......... .
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and ex­
tru d in g ____ ________ ______________
N onferrous foundries_________ _______
M iscellaneous prim ary m etal industries.
Fabricated metal products_____________
M etal cans______ ____ ______________
C utlery, hand tools, and general h ard ­
w are_______ ______________ ______ H eating equipm ent and plum bing fix­
tu re s..................................... ......................
Fabricated structural m etal p ro d u c ts ...
Screw m achine products, bolts, etc____
M etal stam pings............... .............. ..........
Coating, engraving, and allied services..
M iscellaneous fabricated wire products.
M iscellaneous fabricated m etal prod­
u c ts.____________________ _____ ___
M achinery............. ................ ........................
Engines and tu rb in es________________
F arm m achinery and equ ip m en t_____
C onstruction and related m a c h in e ry ...
M etalw orking m achinery and equip­
m en t___ _______ ______ _________
Special in dustry m achinery__________
General industrial m achinery........ .........
Office, com puting and accounting m a­
chines____________________________
Service in d u stry m achines___________
M iscellaneous m achinery____ ________
Electrical equipm ent and supplies............
Electric distribution eq u ip m en t______
Electrical industrial a p p a r a t u s .______
H ousehold appliances________________
Electric lighting and wiring eq u ip m en t.
Radio and TV receiving sets_________
Com m unication e q u ip m e n t............... .
Electronic components and accessories..
M iscellaneous electrical equipm ent and
supplies.....................................................
T ransportation equ ip m en t_____________
M otor vehicles and e q u ip m e n t..............
Aircraft and p a rts_______ ______ _____
Ship and boat building and re p a irin g .. .
R ailroad eq u ip m en t_________________
O ther transportation eq u ipm en t____
Instrum en ts and related products---------Engineering and scientific in stru m en ts.
M echanical m easuring and control de­
vices------ ------------ ------ ------ -----------Optical and ophthalm ic goods________
Surgical, medical, and d ental equip­
m e n t........................ ...................................
Photographic equipm ent and supplies. .
W atches and clocks_________________
See footnotes at end of table.
6.79582— 63------ 8


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Jan .2

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

Ju ly

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

Jan.

1961

1960

2.5

2.9
3.0

2 .8

3.0
3.1
2.9

2 .8
2 .8
2 .8

2.9
3.0
2.9

2 .8
2 .8
2 .8

2.7
2.7

2 .6

2.9
2.7

2 .8
2 .8

2 .6

2 .6

2.5
2.5
2.5

2 .6
2 .6

2.4

2.9
3.1
2.7

2.4
2.3
2.5

2.4
2.4
2.5

2.7
2.5
2.5
2.9

3.1
2.7
4.0
2.9

2 .6
2 .0

2.4

2 .2

2 .2

2.3

2.5

2.4

1.9

1.9

2 .0

1 .6

3.0

3.1

2 .2

2 .6

2.9
2.4

2.3

1 .6
2 .2
2 .1

1.7
2.7

2 .2

3.2
2.7

2 .8

2.5

2.4
2.4

1.7

2 .8
2 .1

1.9
2.4

2 .0

2 .0

2 .2
1 .6

2 .2

1.7
2.7
2.5

2 .1
1 .8

2 .1

2 .1
2 .8

2.7
2.7

3.0
2.9

2.9
2.9

3.2
3.2

3.8
3.6

3.7
3.6

3.5
3.4

3.5
3.4

3.3
3.5

3.0
3.0

2 .8

2.9

2.7

2 .8

2.5
2.3

2.9
2.9

2.9
3.0

3.3
2.4
2.7
3.3
3.7

3.2
2.5
2.7
3.0
3.2

3.2

3.7
3.3
3.1
3.2
3.2

3.5
4.0

3.3
2.9
3.1
2.7
2.9

3.0

2 .8
2 .6

2.5

2 .8

1 .8
2 .6

2 .6

1 .6

2 .0

2.5
2.9
3.4

1 .8
2 .2

2 .8

3.5
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.1
2.4
3.6
3.0
3.7

3.4
3.3
3.0
2.5

2 .2
1 .6

3.8
3.2
3.1
3.4
3.4
2.4
4.6
3.2
3.9

2 .1
2 .2
2 .2
2 .8

2 .6

2.9
1.9
2.5
2.5
2.7
1.9
2 .0
2 .1

2.7
1.7
3.4
1.7
2.5
1 .8

3.4
2.3
2.3
1.3
3.2
2.7

2.9
2.9

2 .8

3.4
2.7

1 .8

2 .2

3.8
1.3
2.5
1.9
3.8
2.4
2.3

3.6
1.7
2.9
2 .1

2 .8

3.0
3.3
3.4
3.7
3.7
1.5
3.5
1 .8

3.0
2.3

2.7

2 .0

4.0
3.4
3.9

2 .8

2.7
2 .6

2.4
3.6
2 .6

3.8

2 .6

1.7
2 .8

2 .8

3.1
2.7
2.9

2.4
3.6
1.3
3.5
1.9
3.2

2.4
3.2

1.3
5.2

1.1

1 .2
6 .2
2 .8
2 .0
1 .0

3.4
2.9

3.2
2.3

2 .8
2 .2

3.0
2.3

2 .8

3.8
2.9
2.9

2 .0

1 .6

1 .8

1 .0

3.4
2.3
3.1

3.4

3.8

3.7

2 .1

2 .1

1 .8

3.2
2 .1
2 .8

3.2
1.7
6.3
2.7

2.9

2 .0

1 .6

5.0
2.7

6 .0

2.7

6.4
2.9

2 .0

2 .2

.9
2.9
2.3

1.3
2.7
3.0

1.9
.9
2.5
3.1

2 .0
1 .1
2 .8
2 .6

3.7
3.0
3.5
3.3
4.9

3.2

3.3

2 .6

2 .8

2.9
3.1
4.3

4.1
3.2
3.4
3.1
4.0

3.4
2.9

2.7
2.9
4.7

2.9
3.5

6.7

2.7

6.3
2.9
2.3

1 .0

3.3

1.4
3.4
1.4

2.9
2.5
2 .6
2 .0
2 .6
2 .0

2.7
1.7
3.4
1.4
2.3
1.7
3.7
2.3
2.5

2.5

2.3
2.4
2.3
2.3
1 .8
2 .6
2 .2

3.3
1.5

2.5
2.4
2.4
2 .0

2.4
2.5
3.1
2.1

1 .8

2 .6
2 .6

2.7
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.7
3.1
2.4
3.6

3.3
2.3
2.7
2.4

3.6
1.5
2.7
1.5
5.0
2.3
1.9
1.3

2 .6

2 .1

2 .1

2.5

2.7

2.5

3.0

3.6
2.9
3.3

3.3
3.0
3.0

3.5
3.0
3.0

2.4
2.3
2.3

2 .8

2 .6

2 .6

2 .6

3.4

3.0

2.9

2.5

3.1
2.3
2.3
2.4
3.2

1 .6
2 .8
2 .6

2.3
1.7

2 .6
1 .6

4.1
2.4
2.5

2 .1
1 .8

1 .6

2.7
1.5
4.8
2.4
1 .8

1.1

2 .1
1 .0

3.5
2.9

3.0

3.5
3.0
3.7
2.7
2.7

3.9
3.3
3.8
2.9
2.4

3.8
2.9
3.2
3.0
2.5

3.4
2.9
3.2
3.0

2 .8

3.1

3.1

2.4

2.5

2 .1

2.3

2.9

2 .8

2.3

2 .0

2 .0

2.3

2 .0

2 .1

1 .8
2.1

2 .0

1.9
2.5
3.7
3.8
3.3
2.9

2.5

2 .2

1.9

1.3

2 .0

2 .0

2 .0

3.8
3.6
3.3
2.9

4.1
3.4
3.0
2.9

4.4
3.2
3.1
2.9

4.3
3.1
3.1
3.0

1.5
2.3

4.0
3.4
3.7
3.1

1.4
2.3
4.0
3.3
3.6
3.0

1.4

2 .8

1 .6
2 .6

1.4

3.0
3.6
3.7
3.1
3.0

2 .2
2 .8

3.6
3.8
3.6
3.1

2.5
3.0
4.2
4.1
3.6
3.2
2.7
3.0
2.3

2 .6

2 .6

1 .8

2 .1

2 .1

2.7

2 .8

2.9

2 .2
2 .8

3.3
2.7
2.5

2.5

1.7
3.0

3.3
2.5

2 .8

2.4
3.2
2.4
2.7
2.7

2.5
3.1
2.3
2.5
2.5

2.5
2.9

2 .1

2.7
3.4
2.3

1 .6
2 .2

2.5
3.0
2.3
1.9

2 .2

1.9

2.7
2.9
1.9

4.1
3.3

4.2
3.6

4.9
3.4
3.0

5.2
3.8
3.2

5.3
3.5
2.9

5.4
3.6
2.9

4.7
3.5

2 .6

4.5
3.3
2.7

5.0
3.6

2 .6

2 .8

2 .8

1.5
3.0
4.0
2.3

1.4

2 .2

2 .2

2 .1
1 .6

2 .2
1 .6

4.0

1.5
1.9
4.0

1 .8
1 .6

4.0

4.0

3.9

2 .1

2 .1
1 .6

2 .1
1 .6

3.5
1.9

2.3

2.3
1.5

3.9
3.3
3.3
3.0
2.3
2.9
2 .2
2 .1
2 .2

2.3
4.3
3.6
3.5
3.0
2 .6

3.1
2.5
1.9
2.3

4.5
3.4
2.3

4.7
3.7

1 .2
1 .6

1.5
1.7
4.3
2.4
2. 5

4.2
1.9
1 .6
2 .1

2 .6

2 .8

2 .6
2 .8

4.3
3.3
2.5
1.3
1 .6

4.2
2.3
2 .2

1.3

2.3

2.3
1.9

1 .8

2 .0
2 .1

2 .1

.9
2.3
1.7
3.5
3.3
3.8
2.9
3.0
1.7
1 .8
2 .2

2.9
1.9
2 .0

1.7
3.0
1.4

2 .2

2.5

1.7
2.4

2 .1

2 .1

3.8
4.6

3.7
4.5
5.9
3.2
3.0

6 .1

3.2
3.4
1.5

1 .2

2 .8

2 .6

1.4

1.4

3.6
3.2
2 .8

2.7
3.2

1.3

1 .6

1 .8

2 .0

2 .1

4.3
2.3
2.3
2.3

4.4
2.5
2.4
2.3

4.1

2.5
4.2

1 .8
2 .1
2 .2

2 .1

2.4

2.5
1.9

3.0

2 .6
2 .1

2 .1
2 .0
2 .1
2 .2
1 .8

2 .0
2 .2
2 .1
2 .0
1 .6
2 .0
1 .8
1 .8

2 .2
2 .6
2 .0

1.9
2.4

1.9
2.5

1.7

2 .2
2 .2

2.5

3.1
3.3
4.0
2.5

3.3
3.3
3.9

2 .1

2 .8
1 .8

2.7
2.5
3.6
2.5

2 .8

2.7

3.5

2 .8

2.3

2 .6

2 .2
2 .2

2.5
2.4
1.5
2.3

2 .0

2.4
2.3
1.9
2.3
3.1
3.6
2.7
3.0

2 .8

2.9
3.6
4.5
3.0
2.5
1.7
3.0
2.5
2.9

3.3
2.4
2.7

2.5
2.4
2.7

3.5
3.9
4.9
3.2
2.9
1.7
2.7
2.5

1.5

2 .6

2 .1
1 .6
2 .0

1 .6
2 .1

2 .8

2 .6

2.3
2.5
1.7

1.9
2.7

2.9

1.9

1.9

1 .8

4.2
3.2
2.7

3.4

2 .2

2 .8
2 .0

1.5

1 .8

1.9
1.9

1.3
2.7

1 .6

2.7

2.9

2 .1

2 .0

2 .2

2 .1

2 .2

1.9

3.2
3.4
4.0
2.7
2.9

3.0
3.0
3.4
2.5

2 .8
2 .8

3.6
3.1
3.5
2.9

2 .1

2 .1

3.0
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
1.7
1.5
2.3
2.5

1.9
2.3

2 .0
2 .2

2 .1
2 .1

2.5
3.2

2 .2

2 .1

2 .6
2 .1

2.5
1.7

2.3
2.5

2.3
2.5

2.3

2.5

2 .0

2 .1

2.3
2.5

2 .2

2 .2

2 .2

2.5
2.5

2.3

2 .1

3.4

2.5
2.7

2.4

3.0

2.4
2.7

2 .0

2 .1

2 .1

2 .0

2 .6
1 .6

2 .8

1 .8

2.9
1.7

1.9

2 .6

2.9

1 .8

1 .6

2.3

1.4
2.5

1 .6

2 .6
2 .8

2.7

1 .8

1 .6
1 .8

1.3

1.4
2.4
2.5
3.7
2.7

2 .6

1.7
1.7

1 .6

2.5
3.1

2.3

2 .1
2 .6

2 .0
1 .6
1 .6
1 .8

1.9
2.5
2.7

2 .1

2 .0

1 .6
1 .6
2 .1

2.5
2 .6

4.3
3.3
2 .1

1.9
1.9
3.4
1.9
1.9
1 .8
1 .6

1.7
1.4
2.5
1 .6

1.9
2.7
3.2

2 .6
1 .8

2.4
2.5
.9

.7
2.5
2.5

1 .8
2 .1
2 .2

2 .1
2 .8

2 .2

1.9

1.9

1.9

2 .0

1 .8

2.5
3.5

2 .1

2 .2

3.5

2.3
2.9
1 .8

2 .1

2.9
1.5

2.5

1 .8

2 .8

2 .2

2.4
1 .2

1.7

1 .0

474
T able

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

C~4. Average overtime hours of production workers in manufacturing, by industry 1—Continued
1962

1963

A nnual
average

In d u stry
J a n .2

Manufacturing—Continued
Durable good»—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturingindustries
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods..
Pens, pencils, office and art materials..
Costume jewelry, buttons, and notions.
Other manufacturing industries____

2 .0

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

2.4
4.1
1.5

2.3
3.4

2 .6

2 .1
1 .8

2.5
3.4
2.3
3.1

3.2
2.4

2.3
2.7
1.9

2 .0
2 .6

2.9
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.4
7.0
3.7
4.9
3.4
3.2

2.5
1.9
1.9
1.7

2 .1
2 .2

2 .1

2.5

1.9
2.5

3.1
3.4
3.2
2.3
5.6
2.5
3.5
2.3
2.3

3.4
4.2
3.2

3.6
4.5
3.2

2.9
3.2
3.0
2.5

6.4
3.3
4.5
3.1
2.5

3.4
3.8
3.2
2.3
6.9
3.1
2.9
3.3
2.5

4.0

4.3

4.3

4.1

.6

1 .1
1 .2
1 .0

1 .6

2 .2
2 .1

2 .2

2.4
2.5

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

1.9

2.3
2.9

2.4
3.1

2 .2

2.9

2.3
3.0

2 .2
2 .1

2 .0
1 .6

2 .2

1 .8

2 .0

1.9
2.5
2.3

1.9
2.5
2.3

1.9

1.9
1.7

2 .2
2 .6

2 .0
2 .6

3.5
3.9
3.6
2.5

3.1
3.3
3.3
2.3
5.4

3.0
2.9
3.0

2.9
2.7
2.9
2.3
5.6
2.7
3.2

2 .2
1 .6
1 .6
2 .0
2 .1

3.0
2.4

Jan.

2 .1

1961

2 .1

1960

2 .1
2 .8

2.5
1.4

3.0
1.9

1 .6
2 .2

1.9

2.4

2 .2

1.9
1.5
1.7
2.3

3.1
3.4
2.9

3.3
3.7
3.1
2.4

3.3
3.7
2.9
2.3

1 .8

Nondurable good*

Food and kindred products_________
Meat products____ _______ ___
Dairy products................... ...........
Canned and preserved food, except meats.
Grain mill products____________
Bakery products...____________
Sugar............................................
Confectionery and related products__
Beverages______________ ____
Miscellaneous food and kindred prod­
ucts.......................... ................
Tobacco manufactures____________
Cigarettes___________________
Cigars_____________________
Textile mill products_____________
Cotton broad woven fabrics.... ...... .
Silk and synthetic broad woven fabrics.
Weaving and finishing broad woolens..
Narrow fabrics and smallwares_____
Knitting...................... ................
Finishing textlies,except wooland knit.
Floor covering________________
Yarn and thread______________
Miscellaneous textile goods_______
Apparel and related products_______
Mon’s and boys’suits and coats____
Men’s and boys’furnishings_______
Women’s, misses’, and juniors’ outer­
wear....... ................................. .
Women’s and children's undergar­
ments____________________
Hats, caps, and millinery__ _____
Girls’and children’s outerwear_____
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
Miscellaneous fabricated textile prod­
ucts............................................
Paper and allied products__________
Paper and pulp..______________
Paperboard.................................
Converted paper and paperboard prodPaperboard containers and boxes........
Printing, publishing, and alliedindustries.
Newspaper publishing and printing__
Periodical publishing and printing___
Books.......... ................ ..............
Commercial printing..................... .
Bookbinding and related industries__
Other publishing and printing indus­
tries. ................... ......................
Chemicals and allied products_______
Industrial chemicals____________
Plastics and synthetics, except glass__
Soap, cleaners, and toilet goods..........
Paints, varnishes and allied products..
Agricultural chemicals.....................
Other chemical products____ ____
Petroleumrefiningand relatedindustries.
Petroleum refining...........................
Other petroleum and coal products__
Bubber and miscellaneous plastic prod­
ucts........ ............ .....................
Tires and inner tubes.......................
Other rubber products.....................
Miscellaneous plastic products_____
Leather and leather products_______
Leather tanning and finishing__ ___
Footwear, except rubber_____ ___
Other leather products.....................

.5
.6
2 .8

3.0
3.9
3.3
3.2
1 .6

3.1
3.6

2 .2
6 .1

3.0
3.0
4.3
3.1
3.2
1.7
4.4
4.5

2 .1

1 .2

1.5

1.3

3.3
3.2
4.5
3.2
3.3
2 .2

4.7
5.1

2 .6

2 .6

2 .8

3.4

3.7

3.8
1.4

1 .0

1 .2

.9
.9

1.3
1 .0

1 .2
1 .0

1.4
3.2
3.1
4.4
3.4
3.4
2.3
4.2
5.0
3.1
3.5
1.4
1.3
1.3

1 .1

4.1

4.0

4.0

1 .6

1 .0
.8
1 .2

1.4
1.3
3.0
2 .8

4.2
3.7
3.2
2.3
3.7
4.7
2 .8

3.4
1.4
1.3
1.4

2 .6

6.9
3.3
4.4
2 .6

3.1
3.0
4.4
4.1
3.3
2.3
3.3
4.9
3.3
3.2
1.5
1 .2
1 .6

.6

.7
.4
3.1
2.9
4.2
4.4
3.3
2.4
3.2
3.4
3.2
3.7
1.3
1 .0

1.3

3.6
3.8
3.8
2.5
6.5
3.4
4.7
2 .0

3.3
3.9
.9
.9
.9
3.5
3.1
4.6
5.2
3.4
2 .6

4.7
3.8
3.5
4.2
1.4
1.3
1.4

6 .2

3.1
3.9
1.9
3.2
3.9
.7
.9
.5
3.3
3.3
4.3
4.9
3.3
2.3
4.3
3.4
3.4
3.4
1.3
1 .2
1 .2

2 .8

3.6
1.7
2 .6

3.7
.7
.6

.9
3.3
3.4
4.3
4.6
3.3

2.1

5.1
2.9
2 .6
2 .1
2 .6

2.3

3.9

4.0

1 .0
1 .2

.6

4.4
3.2
3.4
3.0
1.4
1.4

.9
3.3
3.5
3.8
4.6
3.4
2 1
4.5
3.8
3.5
3.3
1.4
1 2

1 .1

1 .2

2 .2

2 .1

.5
.5
3.3
3.4
4. 2
4.8
3.2

2 .0
6 .0

2.5
5.8
2 .1
2 .1

3.8
.5
.5
.4
3.2
3.4
4.2
4.0
3.3

2 .0

1 .8

4.3
3.7
3.4
3.3

4.1
3.4
3.2
3.4

1 .2
1 .0
1 .1

1 .0
.8
.8

6 .2

2.9
4.5
2.5

6 .0

2.9
4.2
2.4

2 .8

2 .8

3.9

3.9

1 .1
1 .2
1 .0

1 .0
1 .1
1 .0

2.7
2.7
3.2
3.3
2.9
2 0
3.7
3.3
2 .8

2.9

2 .6
2 .8

3.3
3.1
2.4
1.9
3.2
2 .8

2.4
2 .8

1 .1
.8

1 .2

.9

1 .0

1.4

1 .1

1 .2

1.3

1 .2

1.4

1 .6

1.5

1.5

1.5

1 .6

1 .6

1.3

1.1

1 .1

1 .1

.9

1 .2
1 .2

1.7

1 .2

1.3
1.5

1.4
1.4

.9
1.4
.9

1 .1

1.4
1.5
1.3

1 .1

.9

1.4

1.4

1 .1

1 .2

1 .0
1 .8
1 .2
1 .1

1 .1

1.5

1 .0
1 .1
1 .2

1.3

1 .6
1 .6
1 .1

1 .1
1 .2

.9
1.3

1 .6
1 .2
1 .2
1 .2

1.5

1 .2

1.7
1.5

1.3
1.3

.8

1 .1

1 .1

1.5
4.7
5.5

1 .8

4.5
5.2

1.4
4.3
5.2
5.7

1.5
4.3
5.2
5.7

1.3
4.2
5.2
5.4

2.9
3.7

2.9
3.2

2 .8
2 .0

2 .6
1 .8

3.3
3.8
3.2
2.4

3.0
3.7
3.0

2.5
2.4
2.3
2.3

1.1
.8
.8

1.1

1.3
4.2
5.4
5.4

1 .8

2 .0

2 .2

2 .1

1 .8

4.5
5.2
6.3

4.5
5.2

4.5
5.1
5.5

4.8
5.3
6.4

4.6
5.2
5.9

6 .8

6 .1

1.7
4.4
5.4
5.4

2 .8

2.9
3.6

2.7
3.8
3.0
3.0
2.4

3.0
4.2
2.7
2.4

3.7

2 .8

4.4
3.6
3.2
3.2

3.4
4.1
2.9
2.5
3.4
3.6
3.0
2.7

3.3
4.0

2 .8

3.3
4.6
3.1

2 .8

4.0

3.0
4.3

2 .8

3.3
2.7

2.4

2 .1

2.3
3.9
2.9
2.5

3.5
2.7
2.4
2.5
3.6
3.0
2.4

2.7
2.5
2.4

2.7
2.7

2 .8

2 .6

2.4

2 .2

2.5

2.4
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.7
2.3

2 .6
2 .6
2 .6

2 .6
2 .6

2.7
2.3
2.3

2.3
2.3

2.9
3.2
2.3
1 .8

2.3

.7

6 .0

3.2
3.8
3.0
3.1
3.3

2 .8

2 .6
2 .6

2 .8

2 .8

3.2

2.3

2 .1

2.9
2.3

2.4

2 .6

2 .2
2 .2

2.4
2.5

1.9
2.5

2 .1

2 .1
1 .6

2.4
2.4
1 .6

3.3
2.7

3.5
2.7

2 .0

2 .0

1.7
3.2
2.9
3.5
2 .6

3.0
1.3
2.4
1 .1

1.3

2.4
2.3
2.4
1.9
2.5
2.5
1.5
3.1

1.1

2 .0

2.7
2 .8
1 .8

3.6

2 .8

2 .6

2.3
2.5
3.2
2.3
3.9

2 .6

3.4

2.3
2.5
2.4
3.2

2 .6

2 .6

2 .8

2 .6
2 .8

2.5

3.0

2 .2

2 .6

1.5
4.0

2.5
1.9
4.8

1 .6

2 .0
6 .6

1.3
5.9

6 .2

3.2
3.5
3.1
3.0
1.3
2.5

3.1
3.3
3.0
3.2
1.4
2.5

3.3
3.6
3.2
3.3
1.4

3.1
3.5
2.9
3.0
1.5

1 .1
1 .6

1 .0
2 .1

2 .8
1 .0
1 .8

2 .8
1 .2
1 .8

5.9
3.0
3.3
2 .8

3.1
1.3
2.7
.9
1 .8

1 For com parability of d ata w ith those published in issues prior to Decem­

ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
These series cover prem ium overtim e hours of production a n d related
workers during th e pay period ending nearest th e 16th of th e m onth. Over­
tim e hours are those paid for a t prem ium rates because (1) th e y exceeded


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3.1

3.9
3.9
4.0
3.5
6.9
3.4
4.6
1.7
4.0

3.4
3.1
3.4

2 .6

1.7
3.0
3.6
2 .6

3.0
1.4
2.3
1.3
1.5

2 .6
2 .6
2 .6

2.4

2 .8
2 .8

1 .8

2 .6

2.4

2 .1

2 .1

2 .8
2 .8

2.3
3.1
7.2

2.4
2.3

3.3
3.0
2.5
1 .6
6 .1

3.7
4.4
3.5
3.5
1.5
3.0
1 .2
1 .8

2 .2

2 .2
2 .6

2 .8

2.4

1.7
4.4
2.5

2 .2
1 .6

2 .0
1 .6

1 .6
1 .2

4.7

3.8

3.7

3.2
3.3
3.1
3.3

6 .0

2.9
2.5

2.7
2.3

2 .8

2 .6

3.3
1.4

3.0

1 .2
2 .8
1 .0

2 .6
1 .1

1.3

1.7

2.4
1.3

1 .6
2 .0

1 .1

1 .6

4.2
5.3
5.6

4.3
5.0
5.6

1.7
4.1
5.1
5.1

2.9
3.3
2.5
3.4
3.2
2.7

3.0
3.6
2.7
2.4
3.1
3.7
2.9

3.3
2.9
2.7
3.8
3.7
3.1

2 .2

2 .0

2 .1

2 .1

2.7
2.5
2.4
2.4

2 .6

2 .6

2.9

2.5
2.3
2.3

2.3
2.5

2 .6

2 .0

2 .0

1.9

1.9
2.3
1.9
4.3
2.5

2 .6

2.9
1.5
3 8
2 .2

1.5
1.3
2 .6
2 .8

2.7
2.7
2.9
1 .6
2 .6

1.3
1.9

1 .8

2 .6

2.5
2 .8

2 .6

2 .8

1.5
2.9
2.4

1.9
3.8
2.5

2 .6

2 .0

2.4
3.5

2 .0

1.5
4.5

1.4
4.5

3.1
3.5
3.0
2 .8

1.5
2 .6

1.3
1 .8

2 .6

2.7
2.4
2.9
1.4
2.3

2.4
2.3
2 .2

2.5

1 .1

1 .2
2 .1
1 .1

1.7

1.4

either the straight-tim e w orkday or workweek or (2) they occurred on week­
ends or holidays or outside regularly scheduled hours. H ours for which
only shift diflerential, hazard, incentive, or other sim ilar types of pre­
m ium s were paid are excluded.
* Prelim inary.

475

C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able

C-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours and payrolls in industrial and construction activities1
[1957-59=100]
1963

A nnual
average

1962

A ctivity
Feb.2 Ja n .2

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

M ay

Apr.

M ar.

Feb.

1961

1960

99.1
84.0
97.3

97.1
82.7
87.3
99.6

94.4
81.5
75.7
98.4

92.9
81.5
72.0
97.3

95.1
84.9
94.3
95.8

99.0
91.1
98.3
99.6

100.5
124. 6

98.8
123.0

97.7
122.2

93.9
118.1

99.4
111.7

100.4
98.0
99.9
99.7
105.8
92.1

M an-hours
T o t a l ....................................................................
M ining ________ ___________________ ____
C ontract construction___________________
M anufacturing_____________ _____ ______

92.3
78.1
69.1
97.3

93.5
78.0
75.1
97.6

100.0

D urable goods________ ______ ______
O rdnance and accessories ________
L um ber and wood products, except fu rn itu re_________________
F u rn itu re and fixtures___________
Stone, clay, and glass products........
Prim ary m etal industries______ _
F abricated m etal products_______
M achinery............................................
Electrical equipm ent and su p p lies..
T ransportation eq u ip m en t_______
Instru m en ts and related pro d u cts..
M iscellaneous m anufacturing industries_______________________

98.4
129.9

98.7
128.8

100.7
129.9

90.2

92.5
105.7
91.7
92.2

N ondurable goods______ . . . _________
Food and kindred p roducts_______
Tobacco m anufactures___________
Textile mill p roducts____________
Apparel and related products_____
Paper and allied p ro d u c ts.......... .
Printin g , publishing, and allied industries_______________________
Chemicals and allied products.........
Petroleum refining and related
industries_____ _____ __________
R ubber and miscellaneous plastic
products______ _______________
L eather a n d leather p roducts_____

89.1
102.5
87.7
92.5
97.9

101.8

96.3
79.8
80.7

99.2
81.3
94.9
100.9

101.7
83.3
105.3

101.2

10 1 .8

129.5

103.4
84.3
107.7
103.6

102 .0

10 0 .6

100 . 8

85.4
110.6

82.4
107.7

85.4
99.5

101.3

100.2

101 .8

100.1

99.0
127.4

99.8
123.1

102.2

101.2

127.4

102.4
128.0

122.4

123.8

99.6
107.9

103.1
108.0

100 .8

102.1

115.8
100.7
103.8

96.2
106.0
98.0
90.0
100.7
99.1
115. 8
99.5
104.1

116.9
95.7
103.0

105.0
107.3
103.0
90.5
99.6
99.6
113.4
82.9
103.1

10 2 .0

102.3
101.6
101.6

102.7
104.5
101.3
95.2

98.2

92.9

102.1

102.1

99.2
97.5

95.1

101.6

99.2
101.7
111.4
93.4
101.7

110. 4
92.8
100.7

96.2
97.9
109.9
91.8
99.9

94.0
97.7
94.8
91.6
94.1
93.2
104.1
83.8
98.8

88 .2

101.5
89. 5
103.0
97.6

89.9
100.2
88 .2
101 . 8

99.2
102.6

100.6

87.9
92.3
98.4
100. 3
113.3
98.1
101.7

94.6

92.2

98.9

107.6

111.2

110.7

107.2

101.5

105.1

102.6

100.6

97.9

94.1

98.8

101.4

95.8
85.2
84.2
90.7
104.8
101.3

96.1

99.1
93.3

100.6

102.2

105.2
110. 0

93.2
103. 5
105.0

102.5
120.5
94.8
105. 4
105.1

100 . 8
101.8

101.2

96.8
99.6
94.4
105.8
104.4

133.2
94.6
107.8
106.6

104.3
106.4
104.1
95.7
109.5
106.1

74.0
94.2
102. 7
104.1

95.9
75.6
97.7
105.5
105.8

98.8
91.3
75.4
96.4
103.3
103.0

98.4
89.1
76.3
95.9
105.1

96.8
86.3
85.7
94.9

99.8
98.0
97.1
96.5

102.8
100.8

98.2
96.5
94.4
93.5
99.1

102 .8

97.9
86.5
79.6
95.8
106.1
102 .3

104.2
103.5

106.0
103. 5

106.0
103.7

106.8
104.5

105.1
104.3

104.0
104.2

105.1
104.8

104.8
105. 7

105.2
105. 7

105.3
103.2

104.6

104.4

102 .3

100 .8

101.6

100.6

113.0
96.7

101.2
101.6

8 8 .2

90.5
90.3
100.8
102.8
101.6

102.5

100.2
100.2

100.0

89.8
101.9
99.6
116.4
97.9
103.3

92.5

102 .7
100.2

90.3
98.8
100.4

102.6
102.8

101.0

114. 5
95.2
103.1

111.8

93.9

100.8

101.9
112.2

95.6

102 .8

100.1

103.9

102 .0

10 2 .8

101.8
10 2 .1

78.5

81.0

81.4

82.7

83.5

88 . 5

88.4

90.7

90.2

88.4

87.5

85.4

85.5

89.0

93.5

107.9
96.9

110.0

111 . 1

112.0

112.0

97.0

108.2
95.3

105.9
96.4

104.4

93.7

106.8
99.5

105. 5

97.8

109.2
101.7

112.3

95.7

111.3
95. 9

100.2

99.5
97.4

101.5
97.5

90.3

89.7

111.6

101.2
112.6

88.7
87.6
110.9

88.4
82.4
109.5

89.9
106.4
105.2

95.2
106.9
106.6

100.6

99.9

Payrolls
M ining____ _____ _________________ _____
C ontract construction___________________
M anufacturing______________ __________

85.7
90.1
111.8

112.2

87.6
96.9
115.0

87.9
111.9
115.3

90.2
123.9
115.7

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem­
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2.
For mining and manufacturing, data refer to production and related workers

T able

92.0
127.0
117.4

92.2
128.5
113.6

88.8
124.8
113.2

92.0
114.0
115.1

113.2

and for contract construction, to construction workers, as defined in footnote
1, table A-3.
2 Preliminary.

C-6. Gross and spendable average weekly earnings of production workers in manufacturing 1
[In current and 1957-59 dollars]
Annual
average

1962

1963
Item
Jan.2 Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

1961

1960

M a n u fa c tu r in g

Gross average weekly earnings:
Current dollars__________________
1957-59 dollars............ ...........................
Spendable average weekly earnings:
Worker with no dependents:
Current dollars_______________
1957-59 dollars _______________
Worker with 3 dependents:
Current dollars___ ___________
1957-59 dollars...............................

$97.44 $98.42 $97.36 $96.72 $97.68 $95.75 $96.80 $97.27 $96. 80 $96.56 $95.91 $95.20 $94.88 $92.34
91.92 93.02 91.85 91.25 92. 06 90. 76 91.75 92.37 92.02 91.79 91.34 90. 84 90. 79 88.62

$89.72
87.02

78. 43 78.05
74. 48 74.19

72. 57
70.39

86.11
81.78

77. 86 77.34 76. 77 76. 51 74. 60
74.01 73. 66 73.25 73.22 71. 59
85. 73 85.53 85.00 84.41 84.15 82.18
81.49 81.30 80. 95 80. 54 80. 53 78. 87

80.11
77. 70

78. 50 77. 99 78. 76 77.21 78. 05
74.06 73. 58 74.23 73.18 73. 98
85. 78 87.05 86.19 85. 66 86. 45 84.87 85.73
80. 92 82.28 81.31 80. 81 81.48 80. 45 81.26
78.11
73.69

79.35
75.00

1 For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to Decem­
ber 1961, see footnote 1, table A-2. For employees covered, see footnote 1,
table A-3.
Spendable average weekly earnings are based on gross average weekly
earnings as published in table C-l less the estimated amount of the workers’
Federal social security and income tax liability. Since the amount of tax
liability depends on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income, spendable earnings have been com­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

puted for 2 types of income receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents,
and (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The earnings expressed in 1957-59 dollars have been adjusted for changes
in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index.
2 Preliminary.
N ote: These series are described in “The Calculation and Uses of the
Spendable Earnings Series,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , January 1959, pp. 50-54.

476

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able

D -l. Consumer Price Index.1 All-city average, “All items, groups, subgroups, and special
groups of items
[1957-59 = 100]
1962

1963

G roup

Feb.

Jan.

All item s................................................. . . . . .

106.1

106.0

105.8

Food 3_________
Food a t hom e............... ................ ..............
Cereals and bakery products_____
M eats, poultry, and fish_________
D airy p roducts.......................... .........
F ru its and vegetables____ ________
O ther foods a t home 3____________

105.0
103.5
109.2
103.6
109.4
97.1

104.7
103.2
108.7
102.5
103.8
106.4
97.6

103.5
101.9
108.2
102.5
103.9

H ousing *...........................................
R en t________________ ______
Gas and electricity__________________
Solid and petroleum fuels_____ _____ _
H ousefurnishings___________________
H ousehold operation............................. .

105.4
106.4
108.0
104.8
98.3
109.3

A pparel________________ ________
M en ’s and boys’____________________
W om en’s and girls’__________________
Footw ear______________ . . .
O ther a p p a re l8_____________ _______

103.3
103.7
100.7
109.9
100.9

T ran sp o rtatio n .................................................... 106.8
P riv a te _____________________________ 105.3
P u b lic______________________________ 116.3

•

102.1

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

106.0

106.0

106.1

104.1

104.3
102.9
108.0
104.1
104.3

104.8
103. 5
107.9
106.3
104.2

102.0

102.2

98.1

97.8

102.6

97.2

108.4
103.5
104.2
102. 1
97.2

105.4
106.3
108.2
104.9
97.9
109.3

105.2
106. 2
108.1
104.8
98.6
108.1

105.1
106.2
108.1
103.6
98.7
107.8

105. 0
106.1
108.0
102.4
98.8
107.6

104.9
105.9
108.0
101.3
98.7
107.6

103.0
103.5
109.8
100.3

103.9
104.3
101 .5
109.9
101.3

104.3
104.3
102.5
109.7

104. 9
104.2
104.0
109.6

104.6
104.0
103. 6
109.5

101.1

101.6

106.6
105.3
115.7

108.0
106.8
115.7

108.3
107.2
115.4

100.2

100.2

Aug.

A nnual
average

Ju ly

June

105.5

105.5

105.3

105.2

103.8
102.3
107.8

103.8
102.4
107.9
100 8
103.5
109.9
94.1

103.5
107.4
99.7
102.7
111.9
93.4

103.2
101.9
107.5
99.6
103.0
109.4
94.4

104.8
105.7
108.0
99.7
99.0
107.5

104.8
105.6
107.7
99.4
99.1
107.4

102.9
103.2
100.4
109.2

102.8

102.6

103.9
105.2
95.2
104.8
105.8
108.0
100.1

98.5
107.4

101.2

102.5
102.9
99.9
109.3
100.3

108.1
106.9
116.0

107.8
106.7
115.7

102.1

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

105 2

105.0

104.8

105. 4

104.2

103.4

103.1
101. 9
107. 1
105.1
102.9
97.4

103. 6
m2 . 2
107 fi
101. 7
104.1
105 0
96.1

102. 6

103.7
108.6
95.1

103.2
101.9
107. 3
100 . 6
105.0
104.4
96.1

104.7
105.5
107. 7
100 . 1
99.0
107.4

104.6
105.4
107.8
102.4
99.3
107.1

104.6
105.3
107.9
103.6
99.5
107.1

104.6
105. 2
107.9
104. 0
99.3
106.9

104.8
105 7
107.9
102 1
98. 9
107.4

103.9
104. 4
107.9

102.7
103. 1

102.7
102.8

102.0
102 . 8

100.4
109. 1
100.3

99.0
108.8
99.8

103.2
103.3
100. 9
109.3

102.8
102.8
101.0

105.9
104.6
114.9

106.0
104.7
114.8

102.1

107.3
100.1

109.1

100.8

103.1
100.5
109.1
100.4

100.6

102.7
102.9
100 3
109.2
100.3

107.4
106.2
115.7

106.8
105.4
115.6

107. 3
106.0
115.6

107.3
106.0
115.6

107.2
106.0
115.6

100.0

100.6

1962

1961

101 5
105 4
99 3
104.8
104.2
97.6

101.6

99 5
105.9

100.6

107.8
100.9

107.2
105. 9
115.4

105.0
104.0
111.7

M edical care___________ _______ _

115.6

115.5

115.3

115.0

114.9

114.7

114.6

114.6

114.4

114.1

113.9

113.6

113.0

114.2

111.3

Personal care________________ . . .

107.3

107. 4

107.6

107.1

106.9

106.8

106.8

106.8

106.1

106.4

106.3

105.9

105.8

106.5

104.6

Reading and recreation..................................... 110.0

110.2

110.0

110.1

109.5

110.0

110.3

110.0

109.2

109.5

109.4

109.2

109.1

109.6

107.2

O th er goods and services______ __________ 105.7

105.7

105.6

105.6

105.6

105.6

105.5

105.6

105.2

105.1

105.1

105.1

105.0

105.3

104.6

Special
All
All
All

106.5
105.9

106.7
105.8
103.4

106.7
106.0
103. 5

106.7
106.1
103.6

106.6
106.1
103.4

106.2
105.5

102.6

106.1
105. 4
102.5

106.1
105.3

106.0
105.2

106.0
105.2

105.5
104. 8

104. 8
104. 2

102.6

102.6

102.8

105.7
105.0
102.4

106.1
105 4

102.6

102.2

102.8

102.1

103.6
104.0
104.6
105.1
101.7
98.6

103.9
104.2
104.4
104. 5

104.0
104.4
104.6
104. 5

104.1
104.7
104.6
104.6

103.1
103.4
103.4
103.8

102.0

101.6

98.6

98.6

98.8

103.0
103.2
103.5
104.0
101.5
98.9

103.1
103.5
103 8
104.4
101.4
98.9

103.2
103.5
104.0
100.9
99.0

102. 7
103. 1
103. 3
104.1

98.6

103.1
103.5
103.3
103.5
101.5
98.7

102.8

102.2

103.2
103. 5
103.2
103.7
101.7
98.7

103.2
103 fi
103 8
104. 2
101 5
98.8

102.4
102 . 8
103.2
103.3
100.5
98. S

110.1
110.8

110.0
110.6

109.8
110.5

109.8
110.5

109.9

109.5

109.4

110.2

110.1

109.2
109.8

109.0
109.6

108. 9
109.5

109 5

110.6

109.8
110.5

107-6
108.3

109.1
110.9
118.2
109.3

108.8

108.7

108. 5
111. 7
117.3
109.3

108.6
111.7
117.2
109.1

108.5
111.5
116.9
108.7

108.4
111.5
116.6
108.7

108.2
111.5
116. 2
108.2

108.2
111. 3
115. 8
108.0

108 5

117.8
109. 1

108.6
110.5
117.5
109.3

108 1

118.0
109.3

groups:
item s less food....................................... 106.6
item s less shelter.......... ................ ....... 106.1
commodities less food____ ________ 102.7

All commodities_____________________
N ondurables 8___________________
N ondurables less food____________
N ondurables less food and a p p arel..
D urables 7____________ ____ _____
D urables less cars____________

103.8
104.5
104.1
104.6
98.4

103.6
104.3
104.0
104.7
100.4
98.5

All services 8_ . . . . . _________
All services less re n t__________ . . .
Household operation services,
gas, and electricity_________
T ransportation services_______
M edical care services_________
O ther services_______________

110.5

110. 5

111.2

111.2

109.9
111.4
118.7
109.6

109.9

100.6

111.1

118.5
109.7

no. 7

110.8

*The Consumer Price Index for F ebruary 1963 calculated from a 1947-49
=100 base was 130.2.
1 The Consumer Price Index measures th e average change in prices of
goods and services purchased b y u rb an wage-earner and clerical-worker
families. D ata for 46 large, medium-size, a n d sm all cities are com bined for
th e all-city average.
* In addition to subgroups shown here, to tal food includes restau rant meals
a n d other food bought and eaten aw ay from home.
3 Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
a n d other miscellaneous foods.
4 In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes th e purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
8 Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items.
8 Includes food, house p aint, solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefumishings,
household paper, electric light bulbs, la u n d ry soap a n d detergents, apparel


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101.6

100.8

99.0

111.2

115. 5
107. 9

110.2
111.2

116 8
108.7

107.2
109.5
113.1
106.8

(except shoe repairs) gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet
goods, nondurable toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, and whiskey.
7 Includes water heaters, central heating furnaces, kitchen sinks, sink
faucets, porch flooring, household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor
coverings, dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable
toys, and sporting goods.
8 Includes rent, home purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage, interest, prop­
erty insurance, repainting garage, repainting rooms, reshingling roof, refinishing floors, gas, electricity, dry cleaning, laundry service, domestic
service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs, auto repairs, auto insurance,
auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares, professional medical services!
hospital services, hospitalization and surgical insurance, barber and beauty
shop services, television repairs and motion picture admissions.

m

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D - 2 .

Consumer Price Index 1—A ll items and food indexes, by city
[1957-59 = 100]

City

Feb.

Annual
average

1962

1963
Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1963
(194749= 100)

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

1962

1961

Feb.

130.2

All Items
All-city average 3.......

106.1

106.0

105.8

106.0

106.0

106.1

105.5

105.5

105.3

105.2

105.2

105.0

104.8

105.4

104.2

Atlanta, G a .............
Baltimore, Md_____
Boston, Mass______
Chicago, 111............
Cincinnati, Ohio.......

(3)
(3)
108.6
104.7
(3)

104.5
105.7
0
104.7
104.0

104.7
106.0
0
105.2
104.3

104.0
104.8
0
104.5
103.3

103.7
104.6
0
104.5
103.3

103.2
104.4
105.1
103. 6
102.6

105.9
107.3

0
102.8
0
0
107.2

0
101.9
0
106.0
106.8

0
101.8
0
0
107.0

0
102.2
0
105.7
106.3

0
102.0
0
0
106.1

0
0
0
104.4
0
103.1
102.0
104.5
0
105.7

104.1
105.2
107.4
104.6
103.6

0
102.8
0
107.1
107.2

0
0
0
104.6
0
103.5
102.0
104.7
0
106.9

0
0
107.1
104.8
0

0
102.5
0
0
107.2

0
0
0
104.4
0
103.8
102.3
104.6
0
106.6

0
0
107.2
104.5
0

«
102.5

0
0
0
105.0
0
103.7
102.6
104.5
0
107.1

0
0
108.2
105.0
0

Cleveland, Ohio........
Detroit, Mich______
Houston, Tex........ .
Kansas City, Mo___
Los Angeles, Calif__

0
0
0
104.7
«
104.3
102.6
105.0
(3)
107.8

103.5
102.2
104.6
106.1
106.6

103.2
101.9
102.6
104. 5
105.4

134.4

Minneapolis, Minn..
New York, N.Y___
Philadelphia, Pa___
Pittsburgh, Pa_____
Portland, Oreg_____

(3)
107.6
106.2
(3)
(3)

106.0
107.5
105.9
106.5
105.7

0
107.1
105. 8
0
0

105.9
107.2
105.8
106.3
105.3

0
106.6
105.2
0
0

105.7
106. 4
105. 3
106.0
104.8

105.5
106.0
105.1
105.7
103.9

105.5
106.4
105.2
105.9
104.6

104.2
104.8
104.4
105.0
104.1

0
129.7
130.4
0
0

0
0
105.7
106.3
104.2

0
105.9
105.0
0
0
104.8
107.3
0
0
0

0
105.9
105.0
0
0

(3)
(3)
106.9
107.2
105.6

0
105.8
104.9
0
0
104.4
107.5
0
0
0

0
105.7
104.7
0
0

St. Louis, Mo______
San Francisco, Calif..
Scranton, Pa.............
Seattle, Wash______
Washington, D.C__

0
107.3
106.0
0
0
105.6
107.5
0
0
0

0
0
105.5
105.9
104.0

105.1
107.4
105.9
106.5
104.6

103.9
105.8
104.1
104.9
103.7

0
0
127.5
134.8
127.1

O)

0
0
0
0
0

0
106.9
105.7
0
0
106.0
107.8
0
0
0

0
0
106.5
107.0
105.3

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
106.0
106.7
104.8

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0

0
132.0
0
129.5
126.5
129.4
0

Food
All-city average1

105.0

104. 7

103.5

104.1

104.3

104.8

103.8

103.8

103.5

103.2

103.4

103.2

103.1

103.6

102.6

Atlanta, Ga_______
Baltimore, Md_____
Boston, Mass______
Chicago, 111.............
Cincinnati, Ohio___

104.2
103.9
106.3
105.4
103.7

104.0
104.6
106.4
105.6
103.1

102.7
103.4
105.7
104.3
101.7

103.1
103.6
106.4
105.7
102.8

103.9
104.2
105.7
105.7
103.0

104.3
104.5
105.7
106.7
103.7

103.4
104.2
105.0
105.8
102.2

102.9
103.4
104.3
105.7
102.4

103.0
103.0
104.2
105. 2
101.5

103.1
102.7
103.7
104.6
101.2

102.7
102.7
103.5
105.6
101.5

102.5
102.4
104.0
105.2
101.3

102.2
102.8
103.3
105.2
101.0

103.0
103.3
104.6
105.3
101.9

101.8
102.4
102.4
103.2
101.8

Cleveland, Ohio____
Detroit, Mich_____
Houston, Tex______
Kansas City, Mo___
Los Angeles, Calif__

102.2
101.7
103.0
104.3
107.8

101.7
101.3
103.2
103.2
106.8

100.8
100.6
102.4
103.2
105.6

101.3
101.6
102.8
104.4
105.3

101.7
101.5
103.6
104.5
105.6

102.4
101.6
104.0
105.1
105.9

101.5
100.8
102.9
104. 2
104.7

101.4
101.2
103.1
103.7
105.0

101.2
100.9
102. 2
103.0
106.1

101.1
101.4
103.1
102.6
106.2

100.6
101.2
102. 9
101.8
105.4

100.4
100.9
102.9
103.1
105.5

100.1
100.8
102.9
102.5
105.2

101.0
101.1
102.9
103.3
105.5

100.9
101.4
101.3
101.9
104.5

Minneapolis, Minn..
New York, N.Y____
Philadelphia, Pa.......
Pittsburgh, Pa_____
Portland, Oreg_____

101.7
106.8
104.4
104.3
105.2

101.5
106.6
104.5
103.2
105.3

100.8
104.9
103.0
101.7
103.9

100.9
105.8
103.5
102.5
104.1

101.5
106.3
104.8
102.8
104.5

102.5
107.0
104.8
103.4
104.8

101.8
105. 7
103.6
102.5
103.4

102.5
104.8
103.8
102.4
103.6

102.3
103.7
102.6
102. 5
104. 2

102.4
103.5
102.3
102.4
104.3

102.4
104.5
102.6
101.7
103.0

101. 7
104.4
102.5
102.5
102.5

102.0
104.5
102.5
102.3
102.4

101.8
104.9
103.1
102.4
103.6

101.2
102.9
101. 9
102. 3
103.0

St. Louis, Mo...........
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton, Pa______
Seattle, Wash______
Washington, D.C__

105.0
107.0
104.4
106.9
103.2

104.9
106.7
104.1
106.3
103.9

104.6
105. 6
102.9
105.9
101.8

104. 5
105.8
103. 6
105.9
102.1

103. 8
105.6
104.1
105.9
103.4

104.2
105.0
103.8
106.6
103.0

102.7
104.3
102.3
106.0
102.6

102. 8
105.5
103.1
108.1
102.2

102.3
105.9
103.5
106.5
101.1

102.3
105. 4
103.2
105.5
101.5

102.2
105.4
102.9
106.3
101.6

102. 5
105. 7
102. 6
105.0
101.7

102.2
105. 5
102. 3
105.1
101.3

103.0
105.4
103.1
105. 7
102.0

102.0
104.0
101.3
104. 5
101.6

1 See footnote 1, table D-l. Indexes measure time-to-time changes in
prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one
city than in another.


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* Average of 46 cities.
3
All items indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every
month on a rotating cycle for 15 other cities.

478

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963
T able

D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 by group and subgroup of commodities
{1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified] *

1962

1963

Annual
Average

Commodity group

All commodities_____________________

Feb. 3 Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

100.2 <100.5

100.4 100.7

100.6

101.2 100. 5 100.4

June

May

Apr.

100.0 100.2

Mar.

Feb.

19623 1961
100. 6 100.3

100.4

100.7

100.7

98.7

100.1

100.1

99.6

98.6

97.6
90.9
98.1
98.5
98. 4
100.8
98. 0
105. 2
89.9
101.5
107.8
101.0
106.1

96.5 95.3 96.2
92.2 98. 7 107.1
99.1 90.9 101.0
95.8 91.6 91. 4
99 3 99. 6 98 9
99.8 97.0 96.7
86.2 80. 0 75 3
105. 3 106. 3 107.6
92. 5 92.5 93.4
100.8 99.8 99.6
107. 9 107. 6 107.4
99.0 95.7 95.5
105. 7 105.0 104. 5

96.9
99.0
98.6
94. 1
98 9
98.8
91. 7
107.4
93.2
100.2
108.0
95.6
106 0

98.4 98.2 97.7
106. 0 104. 3 97.7
97.4 96.7 98. 8
95.7 94. 5 96.2
Q8 5
102 7 104.8 101.2
90 8
105. 5 104.7 105.4
93.6 93 5 91.8
101.6 101.8 101.2
107. 4 107.3 107.6
98.4 98.7 99.1
108.0 109.1 106.9

96.0
93.7
95.6
92.5

96.6
102.1
82.4
91.4
76.7
84.6
92.6
102.8
101. 2
100. 8
100. 6
101.3
90.4
94.0
125.2
101.6
122.1

97.1
102. 7
82.6
89.5
77.9
85.2
92.9
101.1
100.8
100. 6
100.8
101.7
99.3
94.3
132.4
101.8
119.4

98.7
102. 2
82.6
85.8
78.2
85. 2
94. 5
101.0
100.8
100. 8
100.9
101.9
99.3
94.7
130. 2
101.8
121.6

99.0
102.3
82. 6
86. 2
91. 4
94.9
101.9
101.2
100. 8
100.9
100.5
102. 4
98.6
93.7
121.6
101. 3
118.5

107. 4
108.8
106. 5
108.6
104.8
100.8
97.2
103.6
122. 7
102.7
98.1
98.9
97.1
96. 1
103 8
93.9
95.1
70.7
103.4
99.0
99. 5
93.1
92.7
86.4
100.0
96.6
96.7
102.3
91 9
99.3
91.3
96.1
102.3
94.0

107 5
110.8
106. 6
108.8
104.0
100.8
96.6
103.6
120.1
102.8
98.2
99.2
96.9
95.9
103.8
94.5
95.0
72.3
103.9
98.6
99.5
92.8
92.0
86.4
99.4
97.0
97. 2
102.3

107. 5
104. 2
108.4
108.8
105.0
100.0
95.3
103.6
119.7
102.8
98.2
98.0
97.2
96.1
103.8
96.0
95.1
73.5
103.9
101.0
99.4
92.7
92.4
86.4
99.1
97.5
98.0
102. 3

99.3
101. 7
82 4
89.1
92.9
104.5
102.5
102.7
100.9
100.8
100. 5
102. 4
98 3
93. 5
116. 3
101.3
122.3
107 4
103. 8
109. 6
108. 7
¡04, 5
98.9
98.7
103.6
119.4
103.1
98.2
95.3
98.0
96. 6
103. 7
96. 5
97.1
81.3
104.3
103.7
99.3
93.6
94.3
87. 6
99.5
96. 2
95 8
101.1

99.5
93.6
96.4
102.4
94.0

107 0
105.1
106.9
108.8
103.9
99.5
95.6
103. 6
117.8
102.8
98. 2
97.2
97.0
95.9
103.8
95.3
95.0
73 0
103.9
98.4
99.4
92.7
92.3
86.4
99.1
97.4
97. 7
102.7
Q9 1
99.7
93.6
95.1
102.6
94.0

99.1
102. 4
82. 6
85. 7
80.8
88.8
100.1
101. 8
100. 6
100. 7
100.8
102.0
99.1
94 6
130.7
101.5
123.9
108 0
108. 5
110.0
108.7
104.9
99.6
94.6
103.6
113.8
102.8
98.2
98.1
97.6
96.2
103. 8
96. 2
97.0
73.4
103. 9
103.6
99.4
93.0
93.5
86.4
99.4
97.3
97. 6
101. 9

100.0
93.6
96.8
102.6
94.0

100. 5 100. 8 101.3
93.6 93.6 95.0
96.4 96.2 98.0
103.1 103.1 103.1
93.8 93.8 93.8

101.0 99. 9 100.0 98.8
95.0 95.0 93.2 95.0
103. 2 100.1 97. 5 80.5
102.7 102. 5 102. 6 102. 2
92.8 89.7 93.1

100.0
96.3

100.0
97.1

100.4
97.1

101.0
96.3

101. 6 102.1
95.5 97.7

102.5
98.2

98.7

99.8

99.3

100.4

100. 3 102.1

Farm products.................
Fresh and dried fruits and vegetables..
G rains...____ ____ ______________
Livestock and live poultry_________
Plant and animal fibers. _______ ___
Fluid milk........ ...................................
Eggs___ ____ ____ ______ _______
Hay, hayseeds, and oilseeds........ .........
Other farm products_________ ___
Processed foods...............
Cereal and bakery products..................
Meats, poultry, and fish___________
Dairy products and ice cream..............
Canned and frozen fruits and vegetables___ ___________________
Sugar and confectionery____________
Packaged beverage materials________
Animal fats and oils................ ............
Crude vegetable oils_____
Refined vegetable oils___
Vegetable oil end products__________
Miscellaneous processed foods 5__
All commodifies except farm products__
All commodities except farm and foods___
Textile products and apparel__
Cotton products______________
Wool products______________ ____
Manmade fiber textile products_____
Silk products_______
Apparel__________________ _____
Miscellaneous textile products «__
Hides, skins, leather, and leather prodnets______________ ___
Hides and skins__________________
Leather_____________________
Footwear__________________ _
Other leather products____ ________
Fuel and related products, and power__
Coal_________ _____ _____
Coke.___ ______ ___ ____
Gas fuels 7___ ________________
Electric power7______________
Crude petroleum and natural gasoline..
Petroleum products, refined
Chemicals and allied products__
Industrial chemicals___________
Prepared paint__________________
Paint materials______________ .
Drugs and pharmaceuticals___ _____
Fats and oils, inedible ________ ___
Mixed fertilizer....... .................
Fertilizer materials....................... ...
Other chemicals and allied products__
Rubber and rubber products_________
Crude rubber..____ ______
Tires and tubes_______ ___ ___
Miscellaneous rubber products 9_____
Lumber and wood products........
Lumber.......................................
Millwork___________
Plywood________________
Pulp, paper, and allied products............
Woodpulp______ _____
Wastepaper_____________________
Paper________ ___________
Paperboard..... ............ ............
Converted paper and paperboard products.............. ......... ...
Building paper and board.....................

96.4
96.6
103.0
89. 5
100.8
100.6
99.1
113. 5
89.1
100. 5
108.9
95. 6
108.0

98.5
4104.0
102.0
294.1
99. 3
101.3
100 1
4111. 9
87.4
4100.8
107.4
97.9
4107. 8

97.3
88.5
101.1
96.2
98. 1
101.9
09.3
108.2
89. 0
100.9
107.6
99.4
108.1

99.3
96.4
99.5
98.3
97. 6
102. 1
112.4
106. 9
90.1
101.3
107.7
100.1
108.0

98.7
97.5
98. 5
98.6
97. 5
102.5
103.1
103.1
89.7
101.5
107. 6
100.0
107.7

100.6
94.9
98.6
104.4
97.4
101.6
110. 7
99.8
00.8
103. 3
107.6
106.8
106.0

100.0
105.1
80.2
86.0
82. 5
89.2
91.9
101. 6
100. 7
100.7
100.3
100.6
100.7
93.8
150. 2
101.3
118.2

95.7
102.8
80.2
85.2
78.9
90.0
91.8
100.4
100.8
100.7
100. 6
100.8
100. 2
93.7
143.3
101.7
127.9

90.3
102.5
80. 2
92.2
79.8
88.7
91.8
101.2
100.8
100.7
100. 5
100.7
100.1
93.6
130.3
101.7
127.8

96.4
103.0
SO. 2
95.2
80.9
86.2
90.9
104.6
100.8
100.7
100. 5
101. 0
99.6
93.6
129 5
101. 7
121. 6

105.1
86.1
104.7
108.4
104.8
100. 3
98.3
103.6
128.4
102 5
(s)
97.1
96.8
95.6
103.8
93.0
95.1
72.7
103.2
102.3
99.5
94.2
93.7
89.0
99.7
96.1
96.2
102.2
90.5
99.1
89.4
96.1
102.2
94.1

4100.0
105.0
80 2
4 82.8
81.0
88.4
91.9
100.2
4100.7
100.7
100.4
100.6
100.7
493.7
149.8
4101. 3
4123.3
4100 0
95.2
105.2
108.5
4104. 9
4100.4
98.3
103.6
4120. 8
4102. 5
o
98.2
96.9
96.0
103.8
93.0
495.2
71.7
103.0
100.8
99.6
94.3
94.1
89.0
99.7
95.9
95.9
102.3
490. 5
99.0
89.4
94.7
102.2
94.1

100. 9
101.6
106.1
108.7
105.5
100.8
98.3
103.6
123.1
102.7
98.1
98.6
96.8
95.9
103.8
92.9
94.8
72.8
102.8
99.6
99.5
94.4
94.7
89.0
99.7
95.8
95.8
102.1
90 4
99.0
89.4
94.6
102. 2
94.1

107.3
107.1
106.8
108.6
105. 0
100.8
97.7
103.6
122.3
102. 7
98.1
98.9
97.0
95.9
103.8
93.9
95.1
75. 9
103.1
99.2
99.5
93.7
92.8
88.0
99.7
96.3
96.3
102.3
91. 5
99.1
89.4
96.0
102. 2
94.1

99.8
95.5

99.6
95.6

99.6
96.2

99.7
96.6


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

July

98.0

Farm products and processed foods............

See footnotes a t end of table

Aug.

c\? 2

99.8

98.9

97.7

98.6
102.1
82 6
87.7
87.1
89.9
101.9
100.7
100. 7
100.9
100. 7
102.1
98.9
94. 5
126. 4
101.4
119.7
107 2
105. 4
110.6
108.7
101.7
99.7
94.6
103. 0
116.6
102.9
98.2
97.9
97.7
96.3
103.8
96.4
97.0
77.1
103.9
103.6
99.4
93.2
94.9
86.4
99.4
97.1
97. 5
101.8

106 9
103. 3
109. 5
108. 7
102. 6
100. 2
95. 3
103. 6
115. 3
103.0
98.2
98.9
97.9
96. 5
103.7
96.6
97.0
79.3
104.3
103.7
99. 3
92.9
94.1
86.1
99.1
96.8
96 8
101.3

103.0
97.9

99.8
101.8
82 4
88.2
93 9
106.9
103.3
102. 0
101.0
100.8
100.4
102.2
98.1
93.3
113 2
101.2
121.7
105.4
110.6
108. 5
104.6
100. 4
98.7
103. 6
122.0
103.0
98.2
97.8
98.1
96. 8
103.7
97.0
97.1
77 0
104.0
106 3
99. 3
93. 5
94.6
87.0
99. 5
95. 2
Q4 8
100.7

101.3
98.4

303.9
107.2
93. 2
100.7
105.1
95.4
107.5

98.0
102.2

101.7
101.3

88.4
84.5
93.1
97.3
101. 8
100.9
100. 8
100.6
101.7
99.1
93.9
125.9
101. 5
122.4

94.4
102.6
108.3
102.7
105.8
100.8
100.8
99.7
100.4
97.1
93.4
113. 2
101.0
4123.3

106.2
108. 5
10S.7
104.3
100.2
96.8
103.6
119.2
102.8
98.1
98.2
97.5
96.3
103.8
95.6
96.0
76.3
103. 8
101. 9
99.4
93.3
93. 6
87.1

107.9
106.0
107.4
103. 2
100.7
97.7
103.6
118.7
102.4
98.0
99.3
99.1
98.4
103.6
99.6
98.3
87.5
102.6
104.3
99.2
96.1
96.3
92. 4
qq a 100.0
96. 5 95.9
r->

Q4 7

101.8 101. 9

101.0
97.2

99.5

100.8

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T

a b l e

479

D-3. Indexes of wholesale prices,1by group and subgroup of commodities—Continued
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified] *

1963

1962

Annual
Average

Commodity group
Feb.3 Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

19623

1961

499. 5 99.3 99.3 99.4 99. 7 99. 8 99. 7 99.8
98.8 98.7 98.4 98.7 99.0 99.1 98. 9 98. 9
498.0 97.7 98.3 97.9 98.9 99.0 99.0 99.3
4104.5 103.7 103. 7 103. 7 103. 7 103. 7 103.7 103. 7
103.8 103.8 103.8 103.7 103.7 103.7 103.7 104.2
97.5 97.5 97. 5 97.2 96.8 96.8 97.1 98.5
492.5 93.3 92.8 92.7 92.6 92.9 92.9 92.9
98.1 98.1 98.1 98.2 98.2 98. 3 98.3 98.3

100. 2
99. 2
99.9
103. 7
104.1
103.8
93.1
98.3

100 3
99. 6
99.8
103.7
104.1
103. 7
93.7
98.1

100. 4
99.8
100.1
103. 7
104.4
103.9
93.7
98.1

100.6
100.4
100.3
103.7
104.4
104.1
93.8
98.2

100.0
99.3
99.2
103.7
104.0
100.1
93.2
98.2

100.7
100.7
100.4
102.0
103.8
103.1
94.6
99.0

104.1
102.3
109.3

103.1
102.3
107.4

All commodities except farm and foods—
Continued
Metals and metal products___________
Iron and steel..."._________________
Nonferrous metals________________
Metal containers_________________
Hardware_________________ ___ _
Plumbing fixtures and brass fittings....
Heating equipment....... ............ ...........
Fabricated structural metal products..
Fabricated nonstructural metal prod­
ucts________ ______ ___________
Machinery and motive products..........
Agricultural machinery and equipment.
Construction machinery and equip
m e n t . _____ ___________ ____ _
Metalworking machinery and equip­
ment________________ ________
General purpose machinery and equip­
ment_____________ ___________
Miscellaneous machinery.................... .
Special industry machinery and equip­
ment 10__________________ _____
Electrical machinery and equipment...
Motor vehicles__________ ________
Transportation equipment, railroad
rolling stock w....................................
Furniture and other household durables.
Household furniture______________
Commercial furniture_____________
Floor coverings__________________
Household appliances...___ _______
Television, radio receivers, and phonoOther household durable goods______

onmetallic mineral products____ ___

Flat glass............................... ...............
Concrete ingredients______________
Concrete products............... .......
Structural clay products.................... .
Gypsum products________________
Prepared asphalt roofing___________
Other nonmetallic minerals.. ______
Tobacco products and bottled beverages.
Tobacco products_________________
Alcoholic beverages__________
Nonalcoholic beverages____________
Miscellaneous products______________
Toys, sporting goods, small arms, am­
munition______________________
Manufactured animal feeds_________
Notions and accessories____________
Jewelry, watches, and photographic
equipment___________________ _
Other miscellaneous products_______

99. 4
98.6
98.0
104.5
104.0
101.1
92.5
88.0

103.7 103.7
102.3 102.3
110. 8 110.8

103.8 103.9 103.8 103.9 103.9
102.3 102.2 102.2 102.3 102.3
110.5 110.2 109.6 109.4 109.4

108.3

108.3 108.2

108.0

107.7

107.7

107.6

107.7

107.7

104.4 104.1 103.3 103.9
102 3 102 3 102 3 102.3
109.2 109.4 109.2 109.5
107.7 107.6 107. 6 107.8

109. 2 109.2

109.3 109.3

109.3

109.3

109.5

109.6

109.7

109.5

109.4

108.5

109.2

107.5

109.0

109.3

107.0

103.5 103.9 103.8 103. 7 103.7 103. 6 103.3 102.9 103.1 /l03. 2 103.1 103. 2 102.8
103.5 4103. 4 4103.4 4103.3 <103.3 4103.2 <103.5 *103.4 4103.2 <103.1 4103.1 4103.2 <103.1
103.1 102.9 102.8 102.5 102.2 102.0 102.0 102.0 101.8 101.8 101.7 101.5 101.5
98.0 98.0 98.1 98. 1 98. 4 98.4 98.0 98.1 98.4 98.6 98.6 98.7 98.8
100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.4 100.9 100.9 100.9 100. 9 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.2
100.5 100.5 100.5 100. 5 100.5 100. 5 100. 5 100.5 100.5 100. 5 100.5 100.5 100. 5
98.2 98.3 98.4 98.6 98.5 98.6 98.7 98.8 98.9 99 0 98.9 99.0 99.1
104.4 4104. 5 104.2 104.1 104.0 103. 9 104.0 104.1 103.9 103.7 103. 4 103.4 103.5
102.3 102.3 102.3 102.5 102.5 102.5 102. 5 102.4 102.2 102.2 102.2 102.2 102.2
95.9 96.2 96.4 96.8 96.8 96.7 96.7 96.7 96.9 97.0 97.0 97.0 97.0
92.3 492. 3 93.0 93.1 93.0 93.2 93.6 93.9 94.3 94.3 94.7 94.9 95.0
90.1 490.1 90.4 90.4 90.7 90.7 90.8 90.8 90.9 92.3 91.2 91.4 91.7
102.8 4102. 8 102.8 102.9 102. 9 103.1 102.9 103.0 103.2 103.2 103.2 103.2 102.9
101. 5 101. 4 101.5 101.6 101.6 101. 5 101.6 101.6 101.9 102.1 102.4 102. 2 102.1
96.6 96.6 96.6 96.6 96.6 96.6 96.6 98.0 98.0 98.0 97.9 96.2 96.2
103.0 4102. 7 103.2 103.3 103.3 103.3 103.3 103.3 103.2 103.2 103.1 103.1 103.0
102.2 102.5 102.5 102.8 102.7 102.6 102. 6 102.7 102.5 102.5 102. 6 102.6 102.6
103.6 4103. 7 103. 5 103.4 103.4 103.6 103.6 103.6 103.6 103.6 103. 6 103.6 103. 5
105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 105. 0 105.0 105.0
94.0 89.4 89.4 89.4 89.4 89.4 89.4 89.4 95.3 99.0 101.4 101.4 101 4
101. 7 102.4 102. 4 102, 4 102. 2 101 5 101.7 101. 7 102.0 102.0 102.8 102.8 102.8
104.3 104.3 104.3 104.5 104. 5 104.2 104.2 104.0 104. 1 104.1 104.0 104 0 103 8
102.2 102.2 102.2 102.2 102.2 102. 0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0 102.0
101.1 101.1 101.1 101. 5 101.5 101.1 101. 1 100. 7 101 1 101.1 100. 8 100.8 100.7
117.4 117.4 117.4 117.4 117.4 117.1 117.1 116.7 116.7 110.7 116. 7 116.7- 116.2
111.5 4111. 6 110.2 109.8 108.7 109.1 107.2 107.6 105.4 106.0 106.0 105.6 105.6

103.3
103.4

102. 8
102.8

101.9
98.4
100.5

100.4
100.0
100.7

100. 5
98.8
103.8
102.3
97.0
94.0

100.2
99.5
102. 8
101.8
99.3
95.2

91.1
103.1
101.3
97.0
103.2
102.6
103.5
105.0
94.8
102.2
104.1
10?. 1
101.0
116.9
107.3

95.3
102.5
101.8
96.8
102.8
102. 5
103. 2
103.8
98. 6
102. 2
103. 2
102. 0
100.6
112.8
103.9

101.1 4101.3
118.2 118.3
98.7 98.7

101.3 101.2
115. 7 114.9
98.7 98.7

101.2
112.8
98.7

101.1
113.7
98.7

100.8
110.6
98.7

100.9
104.6
98.9

104.0 <104.0
101.7 101.8

104.4 104.4
101.5 101.7

104.4
101.6

104.4 104 4 104. 3 104.2
101. 2 101.0 101.0 100.9

103.7 103. 8 104.2
101. 6 101 6 101.3

103.5
101.2

1 As of Jan u ary 1961, new weights reflecting 1958 values were Introduced
into the index. See “ W eight Revisions in the Wholesale Price Index 18901960,” M onthly Labor Review, February 1962, pp. 175-182.
3 As of Jan u ary 1962, the indexes were converted from the former base of
1947-49=100 to the new base of 1957-59=100. Technical details and earlier
d ata on the 1957-59 base furnished upon request to the Bureau.
* Prelim inary.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

103.9 103.9
102.3 102.4
109. 5 109.5

101.0
110.2
98.7

101.0
111.0

98.7

100.7
107.2
98.7

100. 5 100. 5 100. 5 100.3
108.2 108.3 107.5 107.6
98.7 98.7 98.7 98.8
104.1
100.9

104.1
101.3

4 Revised.
5 Form erly titled “ other processed foods.”
4 Form erly titled “ other textile products.”
7 January 1958=100.
4 Discontinued.
9 Form erly titled “other
14 January 1961=100.

rubber products.”

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

480
T able

D-4. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings 1
[1957-59=100, unless otherwise specified]!
1962

1963

Annual average

C om m odity group

All foods_________________________________________
All fish............ .............. ......................................................... .
All commodities except farm p ro d u cts.............................
Textile products, excluding hard fiber pro d u cts______
B itum inous coal—domestic sizes.......................................
Refined petroleum products....... ........................................
E a st Coast m arkets...... ..................................................
M id co n tin en t m arkets_________________________
Gulf Coast m arkets____________________________
Pacific Coast m ark ets__________________________
M idw est m arkets 6____________________________
S o a p s..__________________________________________
Synthetic deterg en ts.......................................... .................
Pharm aceutical prep aratio n s.............................................
E th ical preparations 8....................................................
A nti-infectives6__________________ ____ ____
A nti-arthritics 5___________________________
Sedatives and h y p n o tic s5---------------------------A ta ra ctics5. . . ............................ .............................
Anti-spasmodics and anti-cholinergics 5_ .........
Cardiovasculars an d anti-hypertensives 5------D iabetics 6
H o rm o n es8—............................ ...............................
D iu re tic s5________________________________
D erm atologicals8---------- --------- - -------------H e rm a tin ic s5_______ _______ _______ _____ A nalgesics5_______________________________
A nti-obesity preparations 5_________________
Cough and cold preparations 5_____ _________
V itam ins 5____________________ _______ ____
P roprietary p rep aratio n s5______________________
V itam ins 5----------------- ------------------------------Cough and cold p re p a ra tio n s8__ ____ _______
Laxatives and elim ination aids 5____________
In tern al analgesics 5___________ ___________
Tonics and a lte ra tiv e s5____________________
E xternal analgesics8_______________________
A ntiseptics 8______________________________
A ntacids 4--- -- ------------- -------- ---------------L um ber and wood products (excluding m illw ork)____
Softwood lu m b er.................... ...........................................
P ulp, paper, and allied products (excluding building
paper and bo ard )____ _____________ ____ _________
Special m etals and m etal p ro d u c ts6________________
Steel mill p ro d u c ts..________ ______________ ____ _
M achinery and equipm ent_________________________
A gricultural m achinery (including tractors)_________
M etalw orking m achinery__________________________
All tra c to rs .._______________________ _____________
Industrial valves....................................................................
Industrial fittings__________ __________________ ____
Antifriction bearings and com ponents_______________
Abrasive grinding wheels______________ _ ________
Construction m aterials.......................... ......... ..................
i See footnote 1, table D-3.
3 See footnote 2, table D-3.
3 Prelim inary.
4 Revised.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

June

M ay

Dec. N ov.

100.2

121.9
4 100.7
4 98. 4
101.5
98.2
4 98.9
88 .6
94.4
97.9 4 97.9
90.7 91.7
98.0 97.6
103. 5 103. 5
99,6 99.6
99.6 4 96.6
95.7 95.7
88.5 88.5

99.9 101.3 101.2 102.9 100.5 99.6 98.9 99.3
120.9 118.3 119.0 119.8 121.6 119.0 118.3 119.4
100.8 100.8 100.8 101.2 100.8 100.8 100.6 100.7
98.5 98.3 98.4 98.7 99.0 99.2 99.2 99.2
101.5 100.4 99.1 98.1 95.9 95.0 94.0 93.6
98.6 98.6 98.9 99.2 97.2 98.0 98.1 97.9
98.9 97.8 97.8 97.8 97.8 97.8 99.0
100.1
97.5 101.4 101.4 101.4 101.4 101.4 101.4 98.6
97.4 95.6 97.9 99.2 99.2 99.2 97.2 96.0
91.7 91.7 91.4 91.4 91.4 91.4 92.9 92.9
97.7 98.3 97.2 97.2 87.0 90.8 93.4 95.9
103.5 103.5 103.5 103.5 102 . 2 102.2 102.2 102.1
99.6 99.6 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8
96.1 96.4 96.3 96.3 96.3 96.4 98. 5 98.4
95.0 95.4 95.4 95.4 95.4 95.5 98.4 98.4
87.6 87.6 87.7 87.7 87.9 98.7 98.7
8 6 .6

100.6

100.6

101.1

118.4
100.7
98.5
101.5
97.1
98.9

100.6

100.6

Oct.

Sept. Aug. Ju ly

Feb.3 Jan.

100.6

100.6

100.6

100.6

100.6

100.6

Apr. M ar. Feb.
99.7 101.4 101 .7
118.9 120.3 119.7
100.8 100 .9 101.0
99.0 98.9 98.6
95.4 102.1 102.3
98.9 95.3 97.8
100.0 101.5 102.2
99.4 85.1 91.6
97.9 99.7 102 .0
89.3 89.3 89.3
98.4 88 .2 90.7
102.1

102.1

102.1

99.8
98.3
98.3
98.7

99.8
98.3
98.4
98.7

99.8
98.3
98.4
98.9

100.6

100.6

100.6

112.5 4 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112.5
100.0 100.0 100.0
100.0 4 100.0 100.0

100.0
100.0
101.6

100 .0
100.0

100.0
100.8

100.0
100.8

100.0
100.8

100.0
100.0

100.0
100.0

100.0
100.0

100.0
100.0

100.0
100.0

100.0 100.0
100.0 100.0

100.0

160.0
100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100.9 100. 9 100. 9 100.9
100.7 100. 7 98.7
103.8 103. 8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 103.8 104.2 104.2 104.2 104. 2 104.2 103. 8
99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 99.6 98.5 100.0 100.0
100.0
100.8

100.0
100.8

101.8
100.0

100.0

100.0
100.8

100.0
100.8

100.0
100.8

100.0
100.8

100.0
100.8

100.0
100.6

100.0
100.6

100.0
100.6

108.8 4 108.8 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5 108.5
101.8 101.8 101.8 101.8 10 1 .8 101 . 8 101.8 101.8 101 .8 101.8 101.8 101.8

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 .0
100.7 100.7 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.6 98.9 98.9
88 .1
88 .1
88 .1
88 .1
88 .1
88 .1
88.1
88 .1
8 8 .1
88.1 4 88.1 88.1
101.0 4 100.9 100.7 100.7 100.5 100.5 100.5 100.5 100.7 100.7 100.4 100.3
100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 99.0 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.0 100.0
100.1 4 99.5 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
101.7 101.7 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.6 101.5 101.5 102.0 102.0 101.2 99.7
101 .3 4 101.3 101.3 101.3 101 .3 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
102.3 4 102.3 101.3 101.3 100.8 100.7 100.7 100.7 101.2 101.2 101.2 100.2
101.7 4 101.7 100.9 100.9 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
98.9 98.9 98.9 98.9 100.6 100.6 100.6 100.0
100.1 4 100.1 98.9 98.9

94.9
95.3

94.6
95.0

94.6
95.0

95.2
95.6

95.6
96.1

99.2

99.1

99.1

99.2

99.4

100.2

100.2

100.1

100.1

100.1

101.3
103.0
111.9
108.6
110.4
107.8
94.6
90.8
97.7
97.7

101.3 101.3 101.3
103.0 103.0 102.8
111.8 111.4 111.3
108.6 108.7 108.7
110.4 110.2 110.0
107.8 108.0 108.0
94.6 94.6 94.6
90.8 90.8 90.8
97.7 97.7 97.7
97.7 97.7 97.9

101.4
4103. 0
110.7
108.8
109.5
108.0
94.6
90.8
97.7
98.0

96.8
97.6

96.6
97.1

96.4
67.0

99.6 99.9 100.2
100.4 100.5 100.5
101.3 101.3 101.4
102.8 102.8 102.9
110.5 110.4 110.5
108.7 109.0 109.1
109.2 109. 1 109.3
107.7 107.3 4104.6
93.9 93.9 93.9
90.8 90.8 90.8
97.7 97.7 97.7
98.1 98.3 98.4

100.7
100.5
101 .5
103.0
110.5
109. 2
109.4
106.6
92.7
90.8
97.7
98.5

101.0

96.1
96.8

96.4
97.3

100.5
101.5
103.1
110.3
109.0
109.4
107.2
92.7
90.8
98.3
98.9

100.0

98.9
88.1

100.3
100.0
100.0

99.7
101.1
100.0
100.2
100.0
100.0

19623
100.6

119.2
100.9
98.8
98.3
98.2
99.4
98.2
98.6
90.9
94.2
102.6

99.7
97.3
96.9
93.1
100.6

112.5
100 0
100.0

100.5
104.0
99.6
100.0

100.7
108.5
101.8
100.0
100.0
88.1

100.5
100.1
100.0
101.1
101.2
100.0
100.8
100.2

1961
100.0

107.9
100.8

97.7
99.9
99.3
100.9
99.6
101.2

89.9
93.5
101 .4
100.8

98.9
99.3
99.3
100.3
102.6
100.0
100.0

100.5
101.9
100.0
100.0
100.2

106.1
100.9
100.0

99.4
95.0
1 0 0.1
100.0
100.0

99.8
100.4
100.0
1 0 0.0
100.0
100.0

95.5
95.0

94.3
93.8

99.6
95.6
95.9

101.5 101.1
100.6 100.7
101.5 101.5
103.1 103.1
110.2 110.4
109. 0 108.8
109.3 109.6
107.9 107.9
92.7 92.7
0 0 .8
90.8
98.3 100.4
98.9 98.7

100.0

100.1

98.7

100.5
101.4
102.9
110.5
108.8
109.4
107.4
93.0
90.8
98.5
98.3

101.0

96.2
96.1

100.9
101.5
102.8
110.2

108.5
109.3
107.4
89.8
90.8
100.4
98.4

94.7
93.5

101.7
102.9
108.3
106.6
108.0
108.7
8 8 .2

92.5
96.2
98.6

8 N ew series. Jan u a ry 1961=100.
« M etals and m etal products, agricultural m achinery and equipm ent, and
m otor vehicles.

D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES

T able

481

D-5. Indexes of wholesale prices,1 b y stage of processing and durability of product
[1957-59=100] 2

Com m odity group

1963
Feb.s Jan.

All com m odities__________________________________

A nnual
average

1962
Dec. N ov.

Oct.

100.2 4100 .5 100.4 100.7 100.6

Sept. Aug. Ju ly
101.2

June

M ay

Apr. M ar. Feb.

100.5 100.4 100.0 100.2 100.4 100.7 100.7

1962 3

1961

100.6

100.3

97.1
96.8
97.4

96.1
94.9
97.9

Stage of processing

C rude m aterials for fu rth er processing..............................
C rude foodstuffs and feedstuffs_________________
C rude nonfood m aterials except fuel____________
C rude nonfood m aterials, except fuel, for
m anufacturing__________________________
C rude nonfood m aterials, except fuel, for construction___________ ____ ___________ ____
C rude f u e l... ________________________________
C rude fuel for m anufacturing_______________
C rude fuel for nonm anufacturing____________

95.5
94.6
96.4
95.8
103.0
105.8
105.6
106.1

96.8
97.1
95.8

96.8
97.1
95.8

95.2

97.6
98.2
95.9

97.4 99.2
97.9 100.6
96.0 96.3

97.2
97.4
96.6

96.5
96.0
97.0

95.2
94.0
97.3

95.8
94.7
97.9

96.5
95.5
98.3

97.6
96.9
98.7

97.5
96.3
99.3

96.0

96.5

96.8

97.4

97.9

98.3

95.1

95.3

95.3

99.1

96.9

97.4

103.2
4103.3 104.0
4103. 2 103.9
4103.5 104.3

103.3
103.4
103.4
103.7

103.3
103.2
103.2
103.5

103.3 103.3 103.3 103.2 103.3 103.1 103.1 103.0
102 . C 100.6 101 . C 98.7
99.6 99.7 103.1 104.0
102 . C 100.6 101.0
98.8 99.6 99.7 103.0 103.9
102.2 100.8 101.2
98.8 99.7 99.7 103.3 104.2

103.2

102 .8

101.8
101.8
102.0

102.3

100.1

100.1

100.1

100.2

100.1

100.3 100.2 100.4 100.5 100.3 100.2

100.2

100.3

98.7 98.8 98.9 99.0
99.9 100.2 100.8 100.4

99.1
99.8

99.2
99.4

99.3
99.5

98.8 99.4 99.5 99.4
99.6 100.4 101.5 101.9

99.2
100.5

102.6

97.3

97.8

98.1

98.3

98.4

4102 .7

95.7

Interm ediate m aterials, supplies, a n d com ponents___
Interm ediate m aterials and components for m anufacturing_____________________ ______________
Interm ediate m aterials for food m anufacturing.
Interm ediate m aterials for nondurable m anufacturing---- ----------------------------- ---------Interm ediate m aterials for durable m anufacturing______________ ________________ _
Com ponents for m anufacturing-------------------M aterials and components for construction.............
Processed fuels and lu b rican ts--------------------------Processed fuels a n d lubricants for manufactu rin g ----- ------------- -------- -----------------------Processed fuels and lubricants for nonm anufacturing_____________________ __________
Containers, nonreturnable-------------------------------Supplies.......... ......................... ............................. ...........
Supplies for m anufacturing.............. — ..............
Supplies for nonm anufacturing----- --------------M anufactured anim al feeds--------- ---------O ther supplies.............................. — ..............

101.9 4101 .9

102.6 102.7 102.9 102.9 100.9 102 .4

102.1

97.6 98.4
101.3 101.6
106.7 106.6
105. 8 4105. 7
106.4 106.4
111.4 111.5
101.5 101.3

99.4
101.5
105.9
105.9
105.3
109.1

100.4
101.4
105.0
106.1
104.0
106.2
101.1 101.0 100.9

99.7 99.5 99.9 96.8
102.6 102.7 103.4 103.1
103.8 104.2 104.2 103.9
105.9 105.7 105.5 105.5
102.4 103.0 103.1 102.7
100.8 101.8 101.9 101.1
101.6 101.9 102.1 101.8

Finished goods (goods to users, including raw foods
a nd fuels)--------------- --------- - ..........................................
Consumer finished goods_______________________
Consumer foods.----------- ---------------------------C onsum er crude foods--------------------------Consumer processed foods______________
Consum er other nondurable goods__________
Consumer durable goods----------------------------Producer finished g o o d s.............................................
Producer finished goods for m anufacturing----Producer finished goods for nonm anufacturing.

101 . 5 101.8
100.9 4 101.2
100.5 4101 .4
99.0 4103.4
100.7 101.1
101.7 101.7
99.8 99.8
103.0 4103.0
104.6 104.7
101.5 101.5

101.6
101.0

100.1

100.2

98.8 98.8
101.3 4101.0
97.3

97.3

97.4

97.6

97.7

98.5

98.3

1 0 2 .2

102.4

99.8

98.2

98.0

98.6

99.8 100.0 99.9 100.1 100.1 100.4 100.5 100.6 100.6 100.7 100.7 100.6 100.4
98.7 4 98.6 98.8 98.6 98.6 98.7 98.7 98.7 98.9 98.8 98.9 99.1 99.0
99.0 98.8 98.9 99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.3 99.5 99.7 99.8 99.7 99.4
100.3 4100 . 6 101.4 101.7 102 .0 102.1 100.8 101.4 101.2 101.2 101.5 99.5 100.6

100.4
98.8
99.3

100.5
99.6
99.7

100.0
101.6

105.6
105.9
104.9
108.3

100.6

99.0

101.4
105.2
106.0
104.3
107.0

99.6

101.6

102.1

104.3
105.8
103.2
103.7

104.7
105. 9
103.7
104.5
100.8 101.1 101 .3

102.0 101.9 102.6
101.5 101.5 102.3
100.7 102.1 101.9 103.9
95.9 102 .8 100.9 101.5
101.4 101.9 102.0 104.3
101.8 101.7 101.8 101.7
99.9 100.0 99. 9 100.1
103.0 102.9 102.8 102.9
104.7 104.6 104.5 104.5
101.4 101.3 101.3 101.3

102.2

102.4 101.1 102.0
98.2
102.3
103.5
105.4
102.2
101.2
101.1

101.7 101. 5 101.1 101.2 101.4 101.8 102.1
100.8 100.4 100.5 100.7 101.3 101.7
101.3 100.3 99.3 99.5 100.1 101.9 102.3
96.3 93.4 93.7 96.7 97.6 101.7 102.9
102.1 101.4 100.2
99.9 100.4 101.9 102.2
101.4 101.5 101.4 101.5 101.6 101.3 101.8
100.1 100.2 100.0 100.0
99. 9 100.0 100.1
103.0 103.0 102.8 102.9 102.9 102.8 102.8
104.5 104.6 104.4 104. 4 104.4 104.3 104.3
101.5 101.5 101.3 101.4 101.4 101.4 101.4
101.1

101.2

101.6

102.3

102.5

99.4

100.1

102.2

100.9
102.3
105.2

104.5
105.7
103.5
104.1
101.3
101.7
101.2

101.3
98.6
101.7
101.6
100.0

102.9
104.4
101.4

100.6

97.5
100.5
101.4
100.9
100.4
97.6
100.8

101. 5
100.5
102.5
103.8
101.2

D urability of product

T otal durable goods----------------------------------------------- 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.7 100.9
T otal nondurable goods------------------------------------------ 99.7 4100.2 100.0 100.5 100.4 101.2
T otal m anufactures_______________________________ 100.5 100.6 100.6 100.7 100.7 101.1
D urable m anufactures_________________________ 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.1 101.3
N ondurable m an u factu res..------ ----------------------- 99.8 100.0 100.0 100.2 100.2 100.9
T otal raw or slightly processed goods.-------- ------------99.0 100.2 99.4 100.5 100.2 101.1
D urable raw or slightly processed goods---- --------88.7 87.9 86.4 85.4 86.3 87.8
N ondurable raw or slightly processed goods........... 99.6 100.9 100.1 101.4 101.0 101.9
i S ee fo o tn o te 1, ta b le D -3 .
> S ee fo o tn o te 2, ta b le D - 3 .
* P r e lim in a r y .
* R e v is e d .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

101.0
100.0

101.0

101.0

101.1

101.2

101.2

101.2

99.8 99.3 99.5 99.7 100.2 100 .3
100.7 100.8 100.6 100.7 100. 7 100.7 100.8
101.3 101. 4 101.4 101.5 101.5 101.4 101.3
100. 0 100.1 99.8 99.8 99.9 100.0 100.1
99.2 98.4 97.3 98.1 98.8 100.1 100 .3
88.3 8 6 .8 86.7 89.1 90.8 91.9 95.1
99.9 99.0 97.9 98.6 99.2 100.6 100.7

101.3

101.3
99.6
100.7
101.4

100.1

100.0

99.5
89.2

98.3
95.2
98.5

101.0
100.1
100.8

100.1

N o t e : F o r d e sc r ip tio n o f th e series b y s ta g e o f p ro ce ssin g , see “ N e w B L S
E c o n o m ic S ecto r In d e x e s o f W h o le sa le P r ic e s ,” Monthly Labor Review,
D e c e m b e r 1955, p p . 1448-1453; a n d b y d u r a b ility o f p r o d u c t an d d a ta b e ­
g in n in g w it h 1947, see Wholesale P rices and P rice Indexes, 1957, B L S B u l­
le tin 1235 (1958).

482

MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

E.—Work Stoppages
T able

E -l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
W orkers involved in stoppages

N um ber of stoppages
M o n th and year
Beginning in
m onth or year

In effect d u r­
ing m onth

Beginning in
m onth or year

1935-39 (average)_____________________________________
1947-49 (average)__________________ ___________________
1945 . ' ........ L I ......................................................... ...................
1946 ........ ............................................... ...........- .............. - .........
................................................................... - ........................
1947
1948
....................... - .............. - ...............- _____ __________
1949
................................................................................... .
1950 ..............................................................................................
1951
__________ _____________ ____ ___ ____ _______
1952........................................................ .............. ............ ...............
1953. ................... .......................................... ............................
1954
_________________ ____________________________
1955 ..............................................................................................
1956
________ ______________________ _________—
1957.......................................... ............... ........................................
________________________________________
1958
1959—
__________________ ____ ___________ _________
______ _____ __________________________ ___
I960.
1961.
__________________________________________

2,862
3, 573
4, 750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3j 606
4, 843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3, 468
4,320
3,825
3, 673
3,694
3,708
3,333
3,367

1962: Jan u ary 2. ----------------------- ---------------------------------F ebruary 2............ - ................ ................ ............ ................
M arch 3_______________ ______ _____________ . .
A p ril2------ -------------------------------------------------------M a y 2-------------------------------------------------- ---------- -June 2____________ ______ _____________________
Ju ly 2__________________________________________
A u g u st2________________________________________
S ep tem b er2___. -----------------------------------------------October 2------------------ --------------------------------------N o v e m b er2 . . . ---------------------- . . . . . . . - . . .
D ecem b er2-------------- . ---------- ---------------

265
225
260
320
440
410
350
335
350
275
215
105

400
330
350
460
625
650
575
570
580
500
430
265

3 70,000

1963: Jan u a ry 2. ---------- ---------------------------------------------Feb ru ary 2----------- ---------- ------------------------------

230
200

360
320

75.000
60,000

1 T he d ata include all know n strikes or lockouts involving 6 or more
workers and lasting a full day or shift or longer. Figures on workers involved
and m an-days idle cover all workers made idle for as long as 1 shift in estab­
lishm ents directly involved in a stoppage. T hey do no t measure the indirect


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

In effect d u r­
ing m onth

1,130,000
2,380,000
3,470.000
4.600. 000
2,170,000
1,960,000
3,030,000
2,410,000
2 ,220,000
3,540,000
2 ,400,000
1,530,000
2,650.000
1,900,000
1, 390, 000
2 , 060, 000
1,880,000
1,320,000
1,450,000
67, 000
98, 000
125,000
195.000
155,000
90.000
120 . 000
95,000
110,000

80,000
50,000

2 95,000
100 , 000

136,000
155,000
240,000
300, 000
189.000
186.000
170,000
168, 000
125, 000
150,000
185,000
120,000

M an-days idle during m onth
or year

N um ber

Percent of
estim ated
working tim e

16.900,000
39, 700,000
38,000.000
116.000.000
34,600, 000
34,100,000
50, 500,000
38’ 800,000
22, 900,000
59,100.000
28,300,000
22 ’ 600,000
28! 200,000
33,100,000
16. 500,000
23, 900,000
69, 000, 000
19,100,000
16,300,000

0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26

3 940,000
808,000
1,180, 000
1,240. 000
2, 650,000
2 , 880,000
2,040,000
1, 950,000
1, 590,000
1, 440. 000
1 ,000,000
1, 400,000

2 .10

2,340,000
1,100,000

.2 1

.26
.29
. 14
.2 2

.61
.17
.14
.09
.1 2

.13
.26
.29
.2 1

.18
.18
.13
.11

.15
.23
.1 2

or secondary effect on other establishm ents or industries whose employees
are made idle as a result of m aterial or service shortages.
3 Prelim inary.
3 Revised prelim inary.

F.—WORK INJURIES

483

F.—Work Injuries
T able

F -l.

Injury-frequency rates1for selected manufacturing industries
1962 2

In d u stry

Food and kindred products:
M eat packing and custom slaughtering.................
Sausages and other prepared m eat p ro d u c ts ...
P o u ltry and small game dressing and packing___
D airy products___ _____________________
C anning an d preserving............... .............. ............
G rain-m ill products__________________ _______
B akery pro d u cts.......... .............. ...................................
Cane sugar_______ . . . _____________________
Confectionery and related products
B ottled soft d rin k s_______________ _______
M alt and m alt liq u o rs___________________
D istilled liquors_________ ____ _ _____
M iscellaneous food products___ ___________
Textile mill products:
C otton y a m and textiles__________________ .
R ayon, other synthetic, and silk textiles________
W oolen and w orsted textiles___
K n it goods...................... . .............................
D yeing and finishing textiles__________ _____
M iscellaneous textile goods______________
A pparel a nd other finished textile products:
C lothing, m en’s and boys’__
C lothing, w om en’s and children’s _______
F u r goods and miscellaneous apparel__________
M iscellaneous fabricated textile p roducts___
L um ber and wood products (except furn itu re):
Logging_________ ____ _______________ ____ ___
Sawmills and planing m ills________________
M illw ork and stru ctu ral wood p roducts________
Plyw ood m ills_________________
W ooden containers______________
M iscellaneous wood p ro d u cts._____________
F u rn itu re and fixtures:
H ousehold furniture, n onm etal__________ .
M etal household f u r n itu r e _______
M attresses and b e d sp rin g s...
Office furn itu re_______________
P ublic building and professional fu rn itu re—.
P artitions and fixtures_________
Screens, shades, and b lin d s______
P aper and allied products:
P u lp , paper, and paperboard m ills________
Paperboard containers and boxes_________
M iscellaneous paper and allied products___
P rinting, publishing, and allied industries:
N ew spapers a n d periodicals_____________
B ookbinding and related products_____
M iscellaneous p rin tin g and p u b lish in g .. . . . .
Chem ical and allied products:
In d u strial inorganic chem icals__
Plastics, except synthetic ru b b e r________ _
Synthetic r u b b e r . . ___ _____ ________
S ynthetic fib e rs.________________ _
E xplosives__________________
M iscellaneous in d u strial organic chem icals______
D rugs and m edicines______
Soaps and related products________ . .
P aints. Digments. and related products
Fertilizers___________
Vegetable and anim al oils and fats_________
Compressed and liquified gases
Miscellaneous chemicals arid allied products
R ubber products:
Tires and inner tu b e s_______________ _______
R ubber footwear__________________
M iscellaneous ru bber p ro d u c ts .. . . . ________ _
Leather and leather products:
L eather tanning and finishing_____
_ ......
Boot and shoe cu t stock and findings
Footw ear (except ru b b e r)___________ :_________
Miscellaneous leather products________________
Stone, clay, a n d glass products:
Glass and glass n ro d u cts_____________________
S tructural clay products____________________ _
P o ttery and related products .
. __________
Concrete, gypsum , and m ineral wool.......................
M iscellaneous nonm etallic m ineral products..........
See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1960 2

A nnual
average

F o u rth quarter
Oct. Nov.

A ll m anufacturing___________________ ____ ______

19612

11.4

10.7

28.1
27.2
40.1
18.5
23.2
15.8
17.0
(3)

24.3
26.4
34.8
15.8
2 0 .2

2 0 .0

20.3
16.7
(3)
16.4

23.7
19.8

20.7

2 0 .0

Dec. Quar
ter

3d
1st
2d
4th
3d
2d
1st
4th
3d
2d
quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter

9.6

10.6

11.7

11 .2

ii. i

10 .6

11 .8

10.5

10.4

10.4

11.9

H .i

11.4

11 .0

28.7

26.8
24.8
36.1
16.5
20.5
18.2
16.8

29.1
29.7
29.6
17. 5
24.5
18.0
16.9
9.7
17.3
27.0
17.2
4.6

26.1
27.4
36.8
17.1
19.6
17.6
15.3

26.9
35.9
28.0
IS. 7
19.7
15.6
19. 1
8.3
16.4
24.2
17.5
4.8
17.4

24.3
20.9
38.9
16. 5
19.4
16.9
15.2
15.4
19.1

26.2
33.9
45.5
17. 6
24.2
16.2
17.6
13.8
19.6
24.8
19.1

22.4
27.7
31.8
14. 9
18.5
15.9
16.3
10.7
19.1
24.3
17.2
5.3
13.8

21.4
29.9
32.1
15. 6
18.1
15.8
17.4

27.1
30.0
32.6
17.1

23.5
28.4
37.2
15.9

22 .0

2 0 .8

21.1

2 1 .0

17.8
5.7
14.0

17.9
4.2
12.9

24.5
28.6
40.8
15. 3
23.7
17.6
17.9
18.2
14.5
25.2
18.1
5.0
18.0

26.2
29.1
34.0
20. 4
18.6
14.5
16.8

15.2

24.0
26.3
35.8
15. 8
19.6
16.9
14.1
14.2
16.1

17.3
16.6
9.4
17.0
25.4
18.7

16.2
16.6
12.5
18.4
22.7
18.2
6.3
14.8

7.8
7.5
17.1
4.7
13.1
14.4

5.9
14.8
5.9
15.0
14.8

2 0 .6

32.9
15.0
17.2
18.7
16.9
(3)
14.5
18.1
17.3

12 .8

17.2
20.7
19.2
9.0
14.5

6 .2

16.0
27.9
2 0 .6

7.6
13.8

2 1 .0

19.0
7.1
15.1

10.1

6 .0

11.8

16.3

13.7

13.6

8 .1

7.2
6.4
15.3
5.4

5.6
15.8
5.2

1 1 .2
2 1 .0

10.1
11.6

11.5
17.5

7.9
7.0
(3)
9.6

5.4
5.1
(3)

5.4
4.5
(3)

8 .6

6 .8

6.3
5.5
7.1
8.4

10.4
8.4

46.8
34.3
20.4
24.5
33.6
26.0

47.9
40.4
26.5
24.6
38.8
26.7

35.1
37.1
16.5
25.4
36.4
20.7

43.8
37.2
21.3
24.8
36.1
24.5

52.9
39.3
26.8
24.4
37.3
26.5

15.6
(3)
28.8
15.7
(3)
16.0
(3)

14.6
(3)
29.3
13. 1
(3)
16.0
(3)

18.4
(3)
26.9
7.9
(3)
12.9
(3)

16.2
(3)
28.4
12.4
13.7
15.1
(3)

(!)
25.8
13.1
18.2
(3)

15.0
12.3
20.9
(3)

1 0 .6

9.6
17.6
16.6

8.5

9.3
15.6
15.1

9.0
15.6
13. 1

10.6

10.6

11.6
10.0

9.6
15.6
14.9

15.9
10.3

15.2

7.7
(3)

9.6
19.8

9.0
29.5
11.5

9. 1
12. 5

10.1

8 .8

16.2

11.6

12.1

20.5
10.3

5.5
5.2
4.0

4.6
4.4
4.4
2.7

9.3
11.4
7.4
13.1
19.3

17.0
17.7
10.4
(3)

10.5
(3)

6 .6

7.4
7.1
14.1
6 .0

12.1

12.3

11.8

12.1

6 .1
6 .0

5.0
4.7
3.8
(3)

5.3
4.7
.7
(3)
(3)
3.7
3.4
6.7
8.4
(3)

5.5
5.2
3.2
4.0
2.5
3.7
4.7

5.1
(3)
(3)
3.7
5.1
10.2

9.8
(3)
28.4
(3)
13.0

(3)

3.7
5.6
6 .6
11 .8

(3)
18.6
(3)
9.7

2 1 .8

8 .0
10.1

30.9
23.0

(3)
15.0

11.8

12.5

5.1
8.4
9.6

4.8
3.3
8.9

4.1
4.4
9.3

4.6
5.3
9.3

34.7
(fi
8.9

31.2

31.2
(3)

32.4

12.8

(3)
8 .2
10.1

8 .6
11.1

6 .6

6 .1

6 .8

29.0

30.4
19.1
15.2
9.2

23.5
10.3
21.7

2 0 .0

24.9
7.8

19622 1961»

8 .2

2 0 .6

7.2

8 .6
10.0

8 .1

9.3

17.2
6.5
14.1
21.4

8 .1

2 0 .2
6 .8

15.5
5.7
13.7
20.9

7.3

7.1

6 .0

6 .8
8 .2

7.2
5.6
5.8

5.7

8 .1

39.8
36.0
18.3
24.5
34.4
30.1

50.2
35.1
22.7
18.3
31.8
28.2

21.3
(3)

2 2 .8

2 0 .6

5.9
2.5
3.7
3.4
2.9
3.1
6.3
12.4
11.5
15.7
21.5
9.4
13.6
4.1
6 .2

9.5

12.7
2 0 .2

21 .0

2 .2
2. 1

3.3
6.5

4.9
6. 1

59.7
35.9
22.3

65.5
39.4
25.0

58.3
34.7
2 0 .0

50.5
32.9
22.7

24.8
30.2
27.6

33.3
33.3

19.6
14.8
13.8
17.6
(3)

18.3
16.2
14.3
14.3
13.5
15.9
(3)

10.9
13.3
12.7

13.3
21 . 1
19.7
9.6
14.2

7.8
19.5
17.0
7.1
14.3

4.6
5.5
11.4

3.6
5.5

6 .8

1 1 .2

11.4

13.1

10.6

6.4
27.7
16.7
20.7
8.4

7.5
29.0
17.7
24.8

7.0
27.9
17.0
25.2
9.9

8.3
32.3
15.5
24.9
10.5

11.0

7.6

17.8
25.4
16.0

2 1 .8

9.9
14.3
14.5

10.1

13.9

9.6
14.2

12 .2

10 .6

7.7
13.2
10. 7

8.4
14.6
10.5

8.9
18.5

5.0
3.8

4.1
4.3
1.5
3.1
3.3
4.3
6.4
10.5
9.8
19.1
18.8

20 .6
2 0 .6

2 .2

6 .0

19.0
22.7
11.5
12.7
15.9
15.4
(3)

20.7
2 2 .2

4.9
4.9
4.2
3.4
3.9
3.5
6.7

2 1 .0

60.0
45.2
25.8
23.2
33.6
34.8

21.9

12 .2

11.8
2 0 .0

59.3
32.9
19.2
23.4
26.4
29.4

2 0 .2

16.2
11.5
13.9
18.3
(3)

5.6
5.1
5.5
10.5

9.2
7.5
19.2
4.9
10.3

6 .2

21 .1

17.3
20.4
16.6
22.3
(3)

6 .2

8 .0
8 .0

13.7
4.2

4.5
7.4
10.3

31.2
32.4

31.2
(3)
9.0
7.9

10.2

7.5
6.3
7.7
9.1

2 0 .8

30.6
(3)
9.8

35.9
(3)

6 .1

17.5
16.8

6 .8

5.8
3.8
4.6
7.2

5.0
5.8
15.2
11.3
13.9
23.6
14.3
12.5

12 . 1

8 .1

7.0
17.1

32.3
27.2

10.2

(3)
8 .6

7.2
7.0
17.6
4.6
13.1
19.2

6 .8

16.6

10.0

2 .6

2.9
3.2
5.0
6.4
11.3
11.0

6 .0

2 2 .2

10.1

4.8
3.8
1 .8

3.1
4.1
3.7
6.7
13.3
1 2 .2

7.9
8.5

8 .2

7. 1
18.4
4.8
11.6
12.2

6.4
5.2
4.4
12.1

60.1
38.9
25.6

6 .8

16.7
7.9
8 .6

16.9
6.3
13.0
20 .0
6 .8
6 .2

7.8
7.6

7.6
7.0
16.6
5.3
14.5
16.2
6 .2

5.0
5.8
8.3

22.3
14. 2
16.0
16.3
22.3
(3)

19.2
17.8
11.3
15.0
18.6
18.5
18.1

18.5
23.2
15.4
15.3
20.3
12.5

9.6
14.1
15.2

9.4
14.5
15.1

9.6
15.7
13.4

9.9

11.3

2 0 .2

2 1 .2
11.1

9.9
16.1
10.9

9.5
19.3

8.5
16.7

12 .2

10.6

5.4
4.6
3.9
3.1
2.4
3.8
5.8

4.6
4.1

12 .2
12.0

11.7
10.5
19.3

1 0 .8

19.9
13.5
(3)

12.9
5.9
10.6
1 .2

3. 1
3.2
3.1
6.4

5.4
4.3
1.7
2.7
3.9
3.7

22 .1

5.5
4.7
1.9
1 .6

4.5

2 0 .8

59.0
36.0
2 2 .6

22.3
31.6
29.9
19.6
20.4
15.3
13.0
14.2
17.1
10.2

10.5
14.2
12.9

2 .6

3.1
3.7
4.2

6 .6

2 .6
6 .0

7.8
19.1
19.8
10.9
13.1

10.3
9.0
19.9
21.5
10.5
14.5

7.2
12.7
18.6
21.5
9.7
13.5

27.8

33.6
19.0
9.4

29.8
21.9

1 0 .8

11.5

7.5
29.3
16.9
24.0
12 .6 1 9.8

32.0
15.7
22.9
10.5

11.0

13.9

9.5

3.7
9.3
10.5

3.4
5.2
9.5

3.2
5.8
8.3

4.4
7.4
9.1

4.0
7.3
12.5

29.8

33.1

28.1

(3)

9.3

8.7

(3)
8 .6

26.9
(3)

19.5

(3)
12 .8

12.2

9.0
31.1
15.5
25.4

9.2
30.3
15.4
22.9
13.3

11.1

19.0
7.6
13.2

36.0
27.3

24.4
21.3
12.4
13.3

5.2

17.3
21.1

46.2
37.6
22.3
23.2
34.7
27.4

13.0
23.8
14.8
14.3

6 .0

10.0

8 .8

7.6

34.1
(3)
9.4

13.5

7.6

1 2 .8

12.0

7.1
36.4
16.2
21.4
8.7

6 .8

30.5
16.1
20.5
8.7

8.3
29.8
11.7
17.6

32.8
14.2

8 .8

9.2

(3)

8 .0
2 1 .2

19.9
22.1
12.6

6 .6

21.1

13.0

10.3
13.9

4.0
9.0

4.3
5.6

10.6

10.6

4.1
7.0
9.6

(3)

7.9
12.4
9.6
32.5
12.4
24.6

8 .8
8 .1

LABOR REVIEW, APRIL 1963

M ONTHLY

484
T a ble

F -l.

Injury-frequency rates1 for selected manufacturing industries—-Continued
1962 2

Oct. N ov.

3.3
26.0
20.9
13.5
2 2 .6

13.9
15.1
14.7
7.5
6 .2
0

25.4

3.1
2 2 .6

16.7
9.4
17.8
16.3
15.1
15.1
13.4
5.9
(3)
23.9

11.1
11.0

8 .6
12.0

17.6
19.7

12.5
21.3
(3)
14.5

0

13.4
18.5

Sheet-metal w o rk .........................................
12.0
Stam ped and pressed m etal products............
0
M etal coating and engraving..........................
Fabricated wire products--------------------------------- 21.4
(3)
M etal barrels, drum s, kegs, and pails...........
(3)
Steel springs.........................................................
14.2
Bolts, nuts, washers, and riv e ts................................
Screw-machine products.............................................. 10.1
Fabricated m etal products, n o t elsewhere
8 .8
classified------ --------------------------------------------M achinery (except electrical):
7.6
10.4
18.8
Construction and mining machinery.
11.0
Metalworking machinery.....................
14.8
14.3
Textile machinery............................................
15.4
Miscellaneous special industry machinery.
9.0
Elevators, escalators, and conveyors....................... 15.9
M echanical power-transmission equipm ent (ex­
cept ball and roller bearings)......... ...................... 14.7
M iscellaneous general industrial m achinery......... 11.1
5.2
Commercial and household m achinery...................
Valves and fittin g s...................................— ............ . 11.6
(3)
Fabricated pipe and fittings.....................................
6.4
13.2
Electrical machinery:
6 .2
Electrical industrial a
5.8
Electrical appliances.
16.2
2.4
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t for v e h ic le s .................................
(3)
E le c tr ic la m p s ( b u lb s )------------------------------------------4.9
R a d io s a n d r e la te d p r o d u c t s ..........................................
3.1
R a d io tu b e s _______________________________________

2 .2
M is c e lla n e o u s c o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t - ............
11.9
B a tte r ie s
______________________ __
E le c tr ic a l p r o d u c ts, n o t e lse w h e r e c la ss ifie d -------0
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t:
3.5
M o to r v e h ic le s , b o d ie s , a n d t r a ile r s ...........................
5.0
M o to r -v e h ic le p a rts an d a c c e ss o r ie s ...........................
2 .0
A ir c r a ft....... ...........................................................- ...................
4.7
A irc ra ft p a r ts ............... .............................................................
14.6
S h ip b u ild in g a n d re p a irin g ...............................................
B o a tb u ild in g a n d re p a irin g ..............................................
(3)
7.2
R a ilr o a d e q u i p m e n t .............— .......................................
I n s tr u m e n ts an d r e la te d p ro d u c ts:
2.4
S c ie n tific in s tr u m e n ts .......................................................... .
M e c h a n ic a l m ea su rin g a n d c o n tr o llin g in s tr u ­
7.7
m e n t s __________________________________________ .
O p tic a l in s tr u m e n ts a n d le n s e s ------- ------------------- (3)
8.1
M e d ic a l in s tr u m e n ts an d s u p p l i e s . . . ....................... .
3.8
P h o to g r a p h ic e q u ip m e n t a n d s u p p lie s .................... .
(3)
W a tc h e s an d c lo c k s ------- -------------- ----------------------- M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa ctu rin g :
P a v in g a n d roofing m a te r ia ls ------------------------------ (8)
4.'5
J e w e lr y , s ilv e r w a r e , a n d p la te d w a r e ----------------- .
F a b r ic a te d p la s tic s p r o d u c t s ........................................ . 16.3
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu r in g ........................................ . 11.2
2.6
O r d n a n ce a n d a cc esso ries------------------------------------ .

A nnual
average

4th
4th
2d
1st
3d
1962 2 1961*
3d
2d
1 st
3d
2d
quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­ quar­
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
Dec. Quar­ ter
ter

3.5
24.5
15.5
10.0

17.2
16.0
13.5
11.2
6 .6

4.1
(3)
18. 1
8.5
11.6
1 2 .8

17.9
(3)
10.4

2 0 .2

2 2 .2

9.2
(3)

9.4
(3)
14.1
(3)
(3)
17.9
12.9

2 0 .1
0

(3)
16.1
18.1

3.3
24.4
17.8
10.9
19.3
15.4
14.6
13.7
9.2

3.3
27.9

5.4
13.2

7.1
13.2
15.1
10.4

6.3
15.1
18.1

11.6

9.2
13.7

2 2 .6

9.4
11.5
14.4
19.7
23.0
12 .8
2 0 .2
10.2

29.3
18.7
0
0

20.1
12.1

23.6
21 .1

14.0
14.2
8 .6

17.7
22.5
26.0
17.5
24.6
11.7
28.2
22.4
0
0
1 1 .6

15.9
13.6

13.8

3.8
25.4
20.4
10.9

3.7
25.3
18.0
11.3

2 1 .2
2 0 .6

2 0 .2

16.7
15.0
8.4

10.0
2 0 .6
2 2 .1

18.1
25.9
12.7

14.6

14.3

9.1

10.4
9.6
5.9
12.9
(3)
4.6
11.3

11.5
10.3
5.5
11.7
17.6

15.6

5.5
4.8
15.0

6 .2

10.0

5.3
10 .6

(3)
8 .6

15.3
6.9
6.3
14 6
3.0
(3)
3.8
1.7
2 .2

11.4
(3)
3.2
3.8

1 .8

(3)
3.3
2.9
2.9
11.9
(3)

6 .6

13.3

12.8

11.0

5.5
12.8

13.9
5.4
14.3

13.9
13.3

11.8
22.1

27.5
17.3
27.4
11 .6

8.7

12.7

8 .6

11.8

15.1
19.6
20.5
16.9

19.6
16.3
2 0 .0

18.0
9.5
22.7
15.2
14.4

2 2 .2

0
12 .8

0
10.8

9.2

8 .8
11 .6

19.0
18.1
17.7
17.3
9.6
23.8
15.3

9.1
15.1
16.7
9.3
13.6
17.0
22.4
15.0
22.9
19.7
11.8

2 1 .2

18.1
15.0
9.7

17.0

6.4
14.2
18.1

10.0
11 .8

10 .0
1 0 .8

7.0
15.0
13.3
9.9

12.3
21.3
16.5

15.4
21.5
23.6
16.9
23.4

10 .6

7.3
7.4
10.1

2 0 .6
2 2 .8

9.6
25.6
18.0
14.1
25.9
12.4

1 1 .8

11.1

10.1

11.1

16.9

10.3

1 0 .2

9.9

6 .8

5.8
7.3
13.9

6 .0

6 .1

7.1
15.8
9.0
14.1
14.7
13.8

8.9
14.7
8.9

6 .0
8 .1

12.9
11.7
13.0
16.2

7.7
16.3
9.9
11.5
13.9
13.8
12.9
15.8

7.8
15.2
8.4
11.4
13.2
13.1

17.5

12.5
13.0
12.3
10.9
15.2

7.0
7.7
15.1
10.4
14.8
16.9
15.7
12.7
15.9

6 .0

13.0
14.0
9.7
16.3

5.9
7.3
15.4
8.7
14.9
17.3
14.8
13.1
17.0

6 .0

8 .1

5.7
7.0
14.4
9.0

11.0
11.2

11.1
12.0

9.7
11.7

11.5

11.0

5.9
13.6
11.9
4.1
14.3

5.7
13.4

1 2 .8
1 1 .6

6 .0

1 0 .8
11 .2
6 .8

12.3
10.4

5.7

14.6
17.9
4.6
13.7

15.4
16.9
5.2

10.9
11.4
5.9
13.2
14.0
5.1
13.2

6 .0

5.0
6.5
14.5

15.4
13.0
19.7
11.9
11.9
5.8
14.2
15.9
4.4
14.8

7.1
15.2
9.9
12.7
12.2

14.1
13.8
16.3
12.3
12.1

7.1
15.1
13.6
5.7
15.7

8 .1

9.5
10.7
12.9
30.0
12.9

11.1
12 .2

4.7
12.0

6.4
8.3
19.4

1 1 .2

4.7
2.4
2.7
13.5

3.5
3.3
4.1
1.9
4.4
14.9

3.8
4.5
1.9
4.8
17.0

3.7
5.1

3.2
4.1
1.9
5.0
18.5

4.5
15.2

4.2
5.0
1.9
5.0
17.8

0

7.8

0
6 .8

0
6 .8

2 .6

6.9
7.8
2 2 .6
2 .0
2 .2

2 .2

6 .8
8 .0

11 .6

14.9
0
6 .1

16.5

11.1

0

12.5

5.4
13.3

5.5
6.5
14.3
2.3

5.6
5.4
16.6
2.9

2 .6

15.3
3.0

3.7
4.0
3.5
2.3
13.1
6.5

2 .2

1 .2

1 .6

3.9
3.2
1.4
18.0
3.1

3.9

4.3

2 .1

2 .8
2 .6
12 .8

3.4
3.8

2.5
15.2
6.4

2.4

3.7
4.1

3.6
4.8

2 .2

2 .0

4.5
14.2

4.7
11.3

0
8 .2

0

7.1

0
0

13.9

12.0

10.9
5.7
11.9
17.3
5.2
12.0

4.8
6.7
17.2
2.9
1.9
3.7
3.0
1.9
14.9
4.4

5.0
15.1
2 .6

3.2
4.2
2.9
3.2
11.7
1 1 .0

6 .2

12.1

2 .6
2 .0

4.2
2 .6

2.3
14.1
3.4
4.2
3.9

0
6. 4

3.7
4.2
1.9
3.6
13.8
26.2
6.3

3.8
4.0
2.3
5.6
15.1
36.1
8.5

3.8
15.8
18.4
7.4

5.8
13.4
14.7
5.6
15.0
6 .2
6 .6

18.0
2.5
3.0
4.5
3.0
2 .6

13.4
4.7

4.7
16.8
(3)
6 .8

8 .6

7.5

0

0
10.1

1 .0

1 .6

1 .6

2.9

1 .6

1.4

2.4

2 .2

1 .6

2.3

1.9

1 .6

2 .6

2 .1

5.9
(3)

6 .6

7.1
3.4
9.4

8.9

6 .0

2 .8
8 .2

8 .6

5.9
3.9

5.7
4.0
8.5
5.5
5.8

5.8
3.4
9.7
5.5
5.6

7.1
4.1
5.6
4.7
6.4

6 .6

0

6.7
4.4
9.1
4.9
3.4

6.9

(3)

6.7
5.3
6.3
5.5
3.5

6 .0

6 .6
6 .2

6.5
(3)
3.7
6.5

7.0
8.7
14.7
12.7
2.5

7.1
7.1
17.2
13.0
2.5

6.7
15.9
12.3
3.7

(3)
7.6
17.2
9.0
3.9

0
6. 2

17.2
10.9
3.7

6.7
6 .1

16.9
10.4
3.3

11.2

13.1
20.5
19.9
17.5
22.4
10.7
17.6
14.7

11.0

4.2
2.3
2.5
14.7
7.0

2.7
4.8
4.6
5.2

8 .8

13.4

0
0

0

10.9
14.1

3.2
3.3
1.5
3.8
13.2
(3)

2 .2

10.8
2 1.2

19.8
14.5
13.6
9.7

9.1

0
0

5.6
7.6
16.5
3.0

1 1 .8

11.0

18.3
17.6
14. 5

11.3

0
0

12.7
17.8

5.9
5.0
17.5
2.7
4.3
4.9
4.8
2.7
13.6
5.4

5.7
15.3
2.4
3.5
4.1
2.5
2.5

8.1

5.5
15.2
15.0
8.7

8 .6

10.0

3.3
24.9
17.3

7.1

12.8

11 .0

1 2 .6

16.4
11.9
10.5

4.7
14.3

10.1

18.4
17.7
14.9
8.7
10.5

3.6
25.9
19.2
11.3

11.1

10 .6

11.7

11.5
15.9
14.2

6 .8

3.6
24.0
17.1

1 0 .0

11.0

8.3

2 2 .8

9.2

3.6
25.4
16.8

1 0 .0

16.1
13.9

12.0
11.2

10.4
13.1
14.0
19.3
17.9
15.2

17.9
14.6
10.3
7.1

3.2
22.5
17.8
10.5
18.1
16.2
13.1
8.7

15.1
14.2

5.2
7.5
16.8
9.6

12.8

11.6

8 .8
20.1

3.3
24.8
16.6
8.4
19.2
15.6
15.3
9.9
9.5

14.6
14.2

5.6
7.3
17.1
10. 1

10.4

7.2
18.7

2 .6

22.5
15.9

15.4
13.8

0
0

14.3
13.6

6 .1

12.1
11.8

12.1

21.4
19.2
16.7
8.4
9.3

3.5
28.3
16.4
13.2
23.5
18.9
13.4
10.7
9.3

25.6
18.3
13.7
24.2
14.5
13.6

5.0
7.1
11.3
7.1
7.4

14.9
15.5
9.1
11.3
14.5
20.5
21.4
18.2

3.5
23.4
20.4

22.5
16.6
7.1
23.0
13.0
13.9

5.9

11.6

6 .6

15.0

8 .0

8.5
14.6
9.3

12.4

17.0

8.4

8 .2

11.8

2 0 .6

6 .8

13.1
9.7
9.6
13.0
16.3

19.8
13.3

2 1 .2
12.2
21.1

12.9

i T he injury-frequency rate is th e average n um ber of disabling work injuries
for each million employee-hours w orked. A disabling work in ju ry is any
inju ry occurring in the course of and arising ou t of em ploym ent, which
(a) results in death or perm anent physical im pairm ent, or (b) m akes the
injured w orker unable to perform th e duties of any regularly established job
which is open and available to him throughout the hours corresponding to
his regular shift on any one or more days after th e day of in ju ry (including
Sundays, days off, or p lan t shutdow ns). T h e term “ in ju ry ” includes
occupational diseases.


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1960 *

F o u rth q u arter

In d u stry

P rim ary m etal industries:
B last furnaces and steel mills-------- --------- ------Gray-iron and malleable foundries-----------------Steel fo u n d ries............................................... - .........
Nonferrous rolling, drawing, and alloying...........
Nonferrous foundries-----------------------------------Iron and steel forgings..............................................
W ire draw ing---------------------------------------------W elded and heavy-riveted p ip e ......................... —
Cold-finished steel............. .............. ........................
F abricated m etal products:
T in cans and other tinw are.........................................
C utlery and edge tools--------------------------------H andtools, files, and saws........................................
H ardw are__________________________________
Sanitary ware and plum bers’ su p p lie s....................
Oil burners heating and cooking apparatus.
Structural steel and ornam ental m etal work
M etal doors, sash, frame, and trim ................

19612

2 .0

4.7
17.1

5.4
8.4
5.7
5.3

7.0
7.0
19.1

10 .6

3.0

6.7
10.4

17.5

2 0 .0

11.8

12 .8

2.4

2.5

12. 5
3.6

1 .6

6 .2

8.3
5.4
4.6

4.5

4.3

4.7
4.9

11.5
7.0
14.6
14.6

9.1
10.3
15.0
13.9

4.6
6.4
13.6

4.9
10.7
19.6

12.1

1 2 .0

2 .2

2 .2

2.4

2.5

6 .6

2 .2

0

3.6
4.6
1.9
4.7
17.6
33.3
8 .0

4. 6
7.2
5.2
4. 6
5.9
7.9
18.8
1 2 .0

3.0

1 2.8

18.8
13.5
11.8

10.8

15.1

6 .0

7.4
16.5
2.7
2 .2

4.1
3.0
2.3
14.7
4.6
3.7
4.5
2 .0

4.7
15.1
33.4
7.0
2.3
7.2
4.3
8.5
5.7
4. 5
7.8
8.5
15.8
13.2
2.4

become available.
s Insufficient d ata to w arrant presentation of average.
N ote: These d ata are compiled in accordance w ith the A merican Standard
M ethod of Recording and M easuring W ork In ju ry Experience, approved by
the A merican Standards Association, 1954.

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