Full text of Monthly Labor Review : April 1949, Vol. 68, No. 4
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Monthly Labor Review
MÄY G 1249
n
W
UNITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L aw rence
R.
K l e in ,
Chief, Office of Publications
CONTENTS
Special Articles
389 Family Income and Expenditures in 1947
398 Salaries of Social Workers in Michigan, 1948
401 The South Korean Wage Earner Since the Liberation
Summaries of Studies and Reports
407
411
414
416
418
420
421
422
424
426
427
430
432
432
413
Developments in Consumers’ Co-ops in 1948
Wage Chronology No. 5: Chrysler Corporation, 1939-48
West Coast Sawmilling: Earnings in August 1948
Wood and Upholstered Furniture: Earnings in September 1948
Soap and Glycerin Manufacture: Earnings in August 1948
Local Transit Industry: Union Scales, October 1, 1948
Legislative Program of the Department of Labor
Advisory Council Report on Unemployment Insurance
Developments in the Profit-Sharing Movement
Holiday Practices in Industry, 1948
Beveridge Report on Voluntary Action
Joint Safety Program: A Case Study in Cooperation
Atmospheric Control in Textile Mills: Proposed Trade-Union Standard
Labor-Management Disputes in March 1949
Correction: Wage Chronology No. 4—Bituminous-Coal Mines
Technical Notes
434 Procedures Used in 1947 Family Expenditure Surveys
Departments
in
436
443
445
453
828 7 4 5 — 49 -
1
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The Labor Month in Review
Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)
April 1949 • Voi. 68 • No. 4
This Issue in B rief...
T ables showing how people of various income
groups spend their money hold a fascination even
for persons who abhor statistics generally. F amily
I ncome and E x pe n d it u r e s in 1947 (p. 389) is
based on studies made in Washington, D. C.,
Richmond, Va., and Manchester, N. H. Some
of the findings: Washington—For families with
incomes under $10,000, food took 31.5 percent,
but the $l,000-$2,000 group spent nearly 43 per
cent to feed itself (the corresponding figure for
Negroes was about 46 percent); Richmond—
Housing expenditures for Negro families were
generally less, proportionately, than those for
whites, the opposite of the Washington situation;
Manchester—The range in the proportion of in
come spent for food was narrower, despite higher
prices, than in the other two cities, and among
single consumers there was an average net deficit
of $129 as contrasted with Washington and
Richmond.
Social workers as a rule are among the persistent
users of income and expenditure data. In S ala
ries of S ocial W orkers in M ichigan (p. 398)
some 2,000 of them have their own wages scru
tinized. In November 1948 they averaged $3,100
per year in salary, but about 1 out of every 8
men received salaries of $5,000 or more. Super
visors and executives in private agencies on the
average were better paid than their counterparts
working for government agencies. Those with
long-term experience or graduate-study credit in
social work tended to be the better paid. The
workweek was typically 40 hours and paid vaca
tions and sick leave were the almost universal
practice. The workers studied expressed major
dissatisfaction concerning provision for pay in
creases, reimbursement for professional expenses,
and promotion opportunities.
The S outh K orean W age E a r ner since
L iber a tio n (p. 401) presents a plight which com
mands the attention of both students of expendi
n
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ture statistics and social workers. While “unem
ployment” in Oriental society has connotations
differing from our own concepts, the best local
estimates indicate from 1 to 2 million out of work
in a labor force of unknown dimensions but
probably exceeding 5 million. The wages of the
family head account for only about one-fourth of
the required family income. The deficit is made
up by other working members of the family,
illegal bonuses, loans, black-market activity, and
sales of possessions. Indeed, the wages of the
chief breadwinner were inadequate to win the
bread: food constituted 42 percent of family
expenditures. Actually, the main wage earner
received barely enough to cover the family ex
penditures for fuel and utilities, which in South
Korea account for more than a fifth of the family
budget. While the Military Government between
1945 and 1948 did institute many labor reforms,
including child labor regulations and limitations
on working hours, the effectiveness of labor’s
right to organize and bargain has been impeded
by general preoccupation with the struggle against
Communist control of the unions.
A fter e v e n a b r ie f glance at the bleak Korean
situation, what Americans have grown to consider
merely routine advances in living standards take
on aspects of near-opulence. Consider (entirely
apart from the question of absolute and relative
improvement) just the evidence of progress
implicit in W age C hronology No. 5: C hrysler
C orporation , 1939-48 (p. 411); or in the 15point L egislative P rogram of the D epart
ment of L abor (p. 421), coupled with the more
specialized A dvisory C ouncil R eport on U nem
ployment I nsurance (p. 422) which would bring
job insurance coverage to 7 million additional
workers.
Progress in standards is often the result of joint
labor-management action. The most fruitful
ventures in this type of cooperation have been
made in industrial safety. An excellent example
is found in J oint S afety P rogram : A C ase
S tudy in C ooperation (p. 430). The Textile
Workers Union of American (CIO) and the
Forstmann Woolen Co. in a combined effort
reduced accident frequency by 84 percent. The
article not only points up the results of the pro
gram but gives the organizational and operational
detail which made it work.
The Labor Month
in Review
during March 1949 were for
the most part relatively small but, on balance,
were probably still on the down side. The un
employment situation was largely unchanged.
Total employment increased with seasonal expan
sion in agriculture and the outdoor industries.
Production was lower than in February although
output of the important heavy durable goods
industries continued near capacity. Prices, on
the average, were relatively stable between Feb
ruary and March, although many decreases in
industrial prices were being reported. The Hous
ing and Kent Act of 1949, approved on March 30,
extends rent controls to June 30, 1950. No final
action was taken on Federal labor legislation.
Average earnings were little changed in Feb
ruary or March. Except for the railroad settle
ment, wage agreements reported in March were
mainly for small groups of workers. The out
standing settlement was the long-standing dispute
between the railroads and the nonoperating unions.
The 2-week “memorial holiday’’ of the coal miners
was the most important work stoppage.
E conomic changes
Unemployment Unchanged
Although scattered reports of small-scale lay
offs continued to be reported during March, the
upward trend in unemployment noted since the fall
months appeared to have been halted. At slightly
less than 3.2 million, unemployment in early March
was approximately 50,000 less than a month earlier,
according to the Census Bureau’s Monthly Report
on the Labor Force. However, the March level
was more than 700,000 above that of a year ago.
The seasonal expansion of employment in agri
culture and other outdoor industries, where
weather conditions permitted, counterbalanced
the effect of further contraction in other fields of
activity. Total employment in March increased
by almost half a million to 57.6 million—300,000
more than a year ago. Most of the gain occurred
in farm employment, which at 7.4 million was
about one-half million more than in March 1948.
Nonfarm employment, at 50.3 millions, was
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slightly above the February level but somewhat
lower than a year ago.
Wage Developments
Reports on hours and earnings in manufacturing
for February show little change from January.
Gross weekly earnings in manufacturing as a whole
were down slightly to $54.25, mostly as a result of
shorter workweeks in a number of industries.
Lower weekly hours were reported in February in
establishments in the iron and steel, automobile,
nonferrous metals, and lumber groups. This
resulted in a 50-cent decline in average weekly
earnings for the durable goods group of industries
to $58. In the nondurable goods group, expanded
seasonal activity in apparel and leather increased
average hours from 38.7 to 39.0 and average
weekly earnings by about 20 cents to $50.30.
The major union contracts for 1949 have not
yet been reached for negotiation, but a fair number
of new agreements, generally covering smaller
groups of workers, were signed during the month.
Some recent contracts have incorporated health
and welfare plans, provisions which are currently
being given more emphasis in union bargaining.
Wage increases were reported in March for build
ing-service workers in New York City, construc
tion workers in some smaller cities, and workers in
some establishments in the printing, chemical,
metalworking, trucking, air transportation, and
public utility fields.
Industrial Relations
One of the most important union contracts in
American railroad history was signed during the
month by the railroads and the 16 nonoperating
unions, representing almost 1,000,000 workers.
The dispute which had lasted almost a year, was
settled on the terms recommended by the Presi
dential fact-finding board on December 17, 1948.
After the parties failed to accept the board’s
recommendations, negotiations were resumed and
in the final stage of the settlement the parties
agreed to ask the board members to reconvene to
mediate the unsettled issues.
Employees affected under the contract will
receive an hourly pay increase of 7 cents, retro
active to October 1, 1948. On September 1, 1949,
the workers will go on a 40-hour week at the same
pay as for the present 48 hour week.
The only work stoppage of national importance
iii
IV
THE LABOR MONTH IN REVIEW
during March was the “ memorial” holiday taken
by the United Mine Workers. This stoppage was
largely responsible for increasing time lost through
work stoppages from 650,000 man-days in Febru
ary to about 3,000,000 during March. Acting
under a clause in its contract permitting memorial
periods, the union ordered all miners east of the
Mississippi River to observe a 2-week memorial
period beginning March 14. The statement of the
UMW president, John L. Lewis, addressed to the
miners, protested the appointment of James Boyd
as director of the Department of the Interior’s
Bureau of Mines and asked them to mourn the
injuries and deaths of 55,000 miners during 1948.
Stoppages in New York City affected port ware
house workers, employees of the Railway Express
Agency, and grave diggers in two cemeteries.
The operations of the Wabash Railroad were inter
rupted for a week by a strike of 3,500 workers,
members of the 4 unafliliated operating railway
brotherhoods.
Federal labor legislation was still under discus
sion in the Congress. The Administration-spon
sored labor bill which would repeal the TaftHartley Act and reenact the Wagner Act with
amendments was reported out of the committees
of both Houses of Congress without change.
Amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act
which, among other things, would raise the mini
mum wage to 75 cents an hour, were reported out
by the House Committee on Education and Labor.
A bill for a labor extension service was reported
out by the Senate Committee on Labor and Public
Welfare.
Rent Controls Extended
The new rent control act provides that rent
ceilings shall be set at levels which yield a fair net
operating income. The act also allows individual
cities, towns, or villages to terminate rent control
in their own locality upon approval of the Gov
ernor. State legislatures may also decontrol
rents in an entire State or any part of a State.
The Housing Expediter is given power to regulate
evictions, authority which was not in the 1947
and 1948 acts.
Price developments during March were marked
by comparative stability in retail food prices other
than fresh fruits and vegetables, which advanced
markedly. There was also a more widespread,
although small, downward movement of industrial
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prices. The month ended with prices of farm
products about unchanged from the beginning,
but with wholesale food prices and prices of other
commodities fractionally lower. Textile products
again showed a significant decline over the month,
while metals and metal products (particularly
nonferrous) and building materials prices also
moved downward.
The normal seasonal upward movement in retail
food prices was intensified by the effect of this
year’s bad weather on the winter crop of fresh
fruits and vegetables.
In the largest monthly decrease recorded since
the Bureau of Labor Statistics began to calculate
its consumers’ price index on a monthly basis in
late 1940, the index declined 1.1 percent between
January 15 and February 15, 1949. After five
consecutive months of decrease the index on Febru
ary 15 was 169.0 percent of the 1935-39 average,
0.9 percent higher than a year ago, but still 71
percent above the prewar level of August 1939.
Chiefly responsible for the decrease from January
to February was a drop of 2.5 percent in food
prices. There were small declines for apparel and
housef urnishings.
The substantial drop in food prices, much more
than the usual seasonal decline, marked the
seventh consecutive monthly decrease. The food
index on February 15 was 199.7 percent of the
1935-39 average, 8 percent below the July 1948
peak, and 2% percent lower than a jmar ago.
Significant reductions were reported in the prices
of eggs, fats and oils, and various types of meats.
Fresh fruits and vegetable prices rose more than
seasonally because of continued cold weather in
early crop areas.
The index of apparel prices declined 0.7 percent
from mid-January to mid-February. Continued
price decreases for many articles of cotton apparel,
including work clothing, reflected general declines
in the cotton market. There were further price
reductions for women’s nylon hose, rayon house-,
dresses and slips. Apparel prices in February 1949
were lower than in January in 8 of the 10 cities
surveyed both months and lower than in Novem
ber 1948 in all 18 cities surveyed.
Prices of housefurrishings averaged 0.5 percent
lower than in January. Furniture sales were
featured in February ail over the country, reflect
ing plentiful supplies and consumer resistance to
high presale prices.
Family Income and Expenditures in 1947
Analysis of Spending Patterns by Income Group
for Families of Two or More Persons and Single Consumers
in Washington, D. C., Richmond, Va., and Manchester, N. H.
Helen M. Humes1
1947 family expenditures and
savings in relation to incomes,2 in Washington,
Richmond, and Manchester, was obtained by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics in the spring of 1948.
The surveys included as economic families, persons
living together during 1947 who pooled incomes
and shared expenses, and individuals who lived
independently as single consumers.
Each family covered gave a detailed report of
its expenditures and savings for the year and re
ported its income from all sources, as well as
deductions from income for items such as taxes,
retirement, and insurance. In analysis of the
expenditure information, families were classified
by the amount of total net income (after payment
of personal taxes—Federal, State, and local income,
poll, and personal property—and occupational
expenses), since this most nearly represents
spendable income. Because of differences in [living
arrangements and spending patterns between
families of two or more persons and single con
sumers, data for the two groups are summarized
separately.
I nformation on
1 Of the Division of Prices and Cost of Living.
For a description of the procedures used in these surveys, see p. 434 of this
issue.
2 Beginning with 1945 data, the Bureau each year has made studies of
income and expenditures in 3 different cities of the 34 covered by the con
sumers’ price index. The purpose is to obtain data necessary to check prices
of goods and services, and weighting patterns, used in calculation of the
index. D ata for 1945 (for Birmingham, Ala., Indianapolis, Ind., and Port
land, Oreg.) are published in the M onthly Labor Review. June 1948 (pp.
622-626). Data for 1946 (for Milwaukee, Wis., Scranton, Pa., and Savannah,
Ga.) are available in mimeographed tables. Expenditure surveys for 1948
data are currently being conducted in Detroit, Mich., Denver, Colo., and
Houston, Tex.
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In 1947, according to these surveys, 97 percent
of families of two or more persons in the Washing
ton and Richmond areas had incomes under
$10,000 after payment of personal taxes, and 96
percent of such families in Manchester had
incomes under $7,500.3 Net incomes in 1947 of
families with incomes under $10,000 averaged
$4,610 in Washington4 and $3,594 in Richmond;
families with incomes under $7,500 in Manchester
averaged $3,408.
Family income represents the sum of all types of
income received by the family’s members during
1947: wage and salary earnings, entrepreneurial
net income or withdrawals, and non-earned income
from all sources (exclusive of inheritances, large
gifts, and lump-sum insurance settlements). Wash
ington and Richmond families with net incomes
under $10,000 had averages of 1.7 and 1.6 earners
per family, respectively. Manchester families
with net incomes under $7,500 had an average of
1.8 earners per family.
These families, averaging 3.3 persons in each
city, had money receipts from such sources as
inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements,
terminal leave payments, etc., amounting to $94 in
2 Both income and expenditure data obtained from the very-high-income
families in surveys of this type are subject, it has been found, to substantial
errors of under-reporting. The varied expenditure patterns of such families
make results obtained from small samples open to serious question as to
reliability of the averages to represent all such families. Therefore, the
combined income and expenditure averages in this report relate only to
families with net incomes under $10,000 in Washington, D. C., and Rich
mond, Va., and to families with net incomes under $7,500 in Manchester,
N. H.
4 For discussion of Washington income data, see p. 434.
389
390
FAM ILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURES
Washington, $88 in Richmond, and $40 in Man
chester. Washington and Richmond families re
ported net surpluses (i. e., increase in savings or
decrease in liabilities) of $36 and $260, respec
tively, for the year, but Manchester families
reported an average deficit (i. e., increased indebt
edness or use of previous savings) of $148. Al
though families on the average had net surpluses in
Washington and Richmond, data for individual
income classes show that net deficits were reported
for all income classes under $6,000 in Washington
and for income classes between $1,000 and $3,000
in Richmond. In Manchester, net deficits for the
year were reported for all income classes under
$5,000.
The deficits resulted in part from heavy pur
chases of durable goods such as automobiles and
household equipment, and in part from higher
prices paid for items of day-to-day family main
tenance, such as food and clothing. The relatively
small deficits reported in Richmond are in line
with results obtained in previous surveys in south
ern cities, where credit facilities for large purchases
are not generally available to the low-income
groups.
Substantial amounts were paid by families in
these cities during the year in income, poll, and
personal-property taxes, an average of $503 in
Washington, $368 in Richmond, and $279 in
Manchester. Also, as is typical of American fami
lies, substantial payments for life-insurance pre
miums were reported by families in all income
classes. Average premium payments for families
with incomes under $10,000 were $297 in Washing
ton and $210 in Richmond, and for families with
incomes under $7,500 in Manchester, $146. Insur
ance payments are given as expenditures in the
accompanying tables, although they are in a sense
savings. If they were so classified, some part of the
payments might be added to the surplus or sub
tracted from the deficit in evaluating a family’s
financial status for the year.
Washington and Richmond families gave an
average of $214 and $200, respectively, for gifts to
persons outside the family and contributions to
social, educational, religious, and similar organiza
tions. Manchester families averaged $124 for
these items.
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MONTHLY LABOR
Current Consumption Expenditures
Family expenditure patterns in 1947 reflected
the general economic conditions of that year which
marked the transition from wartime to postwar
economy. Price controls and war production short
ages no longer existed, but they had been replaced
by persistently increasing prices and shortages
caused by reconversion problems and unprece
dented demand for consumer goods of all kinds.
In 1947, incomes reached new high levels, con
sumers held substantial amounts of liquid savings,
and, toward the end of the year, consumer credit
controls were relaxed. All these factors, combined
with the pressure of earlier deferment of expendi
tures, contributed to the unusually large expendi
tures for automobiles, housefurnishings and equip
ment, etc., and to the substantial deficits reported.
The 1947 expenditure data for these three
cities are the Bureau’s first information on post
war expenditure patterns of city families. The
last such data for these cities were obtained for
1933 and 1934.5 Any comparison of 1947 expend
itures with information for 1934 must take into
consideration the general economic conditions pre
vailing in the respective periods. In contrast to
the conditions in 1947, the year of 1934 was
characterized by low incomes and a high rate of
unemployment. It was also a period when sup
plies of low-priced goods exceeded demand.
In order to evaluate properly differences in the
expenditure patterns shown by the two surveys,
comparisons must be made for families at compa
rable economic levels. The economic conditions
prevailing at the time of the two surveys make this
difficult. Because of increases in incomes, and
unequal rises in retail prices of various consump
tion items, comparison of data for families of the
same income class results in comparing families
that have very different relative positions in the
income scale or differ widely in occupational and
other characteristics, such as family size, ages of
members, or number of earners. For example,
5 For information covering Federal employees in Washington, D. C., for
1933, see Changes in Cost of Living of Federal Employees in the District of
Columbia, Monthly Labor Review, July 1934; covering Richmond, Va., for
1934, see Money Disbursements of Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in
Twelve Cities of the South—BLS Bulletin No. 640; covering M anchester’
N. H., for 1934, see Money Disbursements of Wage Earners and Clerical
Workers in the North Atlantic Region— BLS Bulletin No. 637.
391
FAM ILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURES
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
Spending Patterns of Families in Three Cities, 1947, in Selected Income Classes
Percent of Total Expenditures for Current Consumption Allocated to Major Groups of Goods and Services
A
N et Incom e C lasses [xT T i QOQ - 2 0 0 0 V^7\ $ 3 0 0 Q - 4 0 0 0 ! ~ ~ l$6 0 0 Q -7 5 0 0
----
WASHINGTON, D. C.
----
29 29
14
9
9
II
8
5 5 5
5
■■
H o u sin g * I
C lothing
IT r a n sp o r ta tio n l M ed ica l C a r e «
10
112%
»
1i
O ther
RICHMOND, VA,
3 0 29
24
18
13 14
H o u sin g *
I
§
1
10
C lo t h i n g
I T r a n s p o r t a t io n lM e d ic a l Care
MANCHESTER, N. H.
30 29
24
21
10
i o ' L l 0%
± 3
H o u sin g *
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Burgau of Labor Statistics
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ! M e d i c a l C a re I
O ther
^Includes housing, fuel, light, refrigeration,
household operation, housefurnishing.
392
FAM ILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURES
many families of full-time employed wage earners
in 1934-36 had incomes of less than $1,000. In
1947, because of high wages, good employment
conditions, longer workweek, and increase in the
number of family members who were employed,
practically no wage-earner families were in the
less-than-$ 1,000-income class except casual earners.
The problem of determining 1947 economic
levels equivalent to those of 1934 is not merely a
matter of finding an appropriate means of deflat
ing 1947 incomes to 1934 dollars (although this
operation presents certain technical difficulties).
The deflating technique would provide a way of
comparing expenditure patterns of 1947 families
with expenditures of 1934 families having equiva
T able
MONTHLY LABOR
lent purchasing power; but it does not follow that
the two groups would have comparable economic
status. Both income distribution and income
level have changed since 1934, and the significant
changes in employment, occupation, ages, and
family size and composition, at various income
levels, have affected patterns of consumption and
expenditure.
In addition to the economic factors affecting
comparison of data for the two surveys, important
differences existed between survey procedures
used in the two periods. The 1934 studies in
Richmond and Manchester were limited to fam
ilies of employed wage earners and lower-salaried
clerical workers, and the 1933 study in Washing-
1.— Washington, D. C.— All families of 2 or more persons: Average money income, expenditures, and savings, by net
income class, 1947
All families: Annual money income after personal taxes 1
Item
Under
$1,000
Percent of families in each class______________
Average family size 2__________ ______ _____
0.3
(*)
Expenditures for current consumption________
Food 3 ______ _________________ _____
Housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration *.........
Household operation______________ ______
Furnishings and equipment...........................
Clothing........................... ................................
Automobile____ _____ ________________
Other transportation............ ...... ..................
—Medical care._______ ______ ___________
Personal care.._________ _______________
Recreation.................................. .................. .
Tobacco....................... ........ ............. ............ .
Reading..... ........... ........ ...................................
Education..... ....................................................
Other_____________ ______________ _____
Gifts and contributions_____________________
Insurance____ ___________________________
Net surplus______________________ ________
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(,)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
$1,000 to $2,000 to $3,000 to $4,000 to $5,000 to $6,000 to $7,500 to $10,000 Under
$2,000
$3,000
$4,000
$5,000
$6,000
$7,500
$10,000 and over $10,000
5.1
2.7
16.5
3.4
19.8
3.4
14.4
3.4
18.1
3.1
15.0
3.4
7.7
3.8
3.1
4.0
96.9
3.3
$1, 507
641
351
82
31
128
24
50
81
35
29
38
13
3
1
50
101
0
$2,713
1,048
539
132
76
287
131
77
185
65
65
51
23
12
22
70
130
0
$3,396
1,170
646
165
189
439
182
105
158
85
119
60
35
13
30
134
198
0
$4,414
1,361
726
253
155
542
553
94
236
95
224
54
40
27
54
199
303
0
$4,984
1,520
856
294
234
710
490
125
240
117
197
75
45
30
51
268
362
0
$5,576
1,591
918
357
346
793
470
147
291
126
280
64
48
58
87
365
434
511
$7,222
1,987
960
524
469
1,091
1,010
142
277
172
327
90
68
79
26
455
621
504
$8,946
2,142
1,624
828
519
1,240
860
106
390
223
523
81
60
114
236
693
801
936
$4,257
1,342
729
250
210
567
388
108
215
99
176
62
39
29
43
214
297
36
Personal taxes’1........................ ...............................
<*)
55
131
384
438
645
998
1,019
1,495
503
Money income1......................................................
Other money receipts 6. .........................................
Net deficit................................................................
Balancing difference7............................................
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
1,525
11
100
-22
2,598
36
165
-114
3,529
31
48
-120
4,472
125
164
-155
5,429
38
81
-6 6
6,741
82
0
-63
8,104
530
0
-168
11,334
0
0
-4 2
4,610
94
0
-100
Percent of expenditures for current consumption.
F ood3________________________________
Housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration «_____
Household operation__________ ______ _
Furnishings and equipment-............ ...........
Clothing............................................................
Automobile....................... .............................
Other transportation___________________
Medical care.....................................................
Personal care.... ......................... ............ ........
Recreation..................... .................................
Tobacco______ _____ ________ _______
Reading..._____ _____ ___________ ____ _
Education....................... ...................... ..........
Other.......................................... ............. ........
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
100.0
42.5
23.3
5.4
2.1
8.5
1.6
3.3
5.4
2.3
1.9
2.5
.9
.2
.1
100.0
38.7
19.9
4.9
2.8
10.6
4.8
2.8
6.8
2.4
2.4
1.9
.8
.4
.8
100.0
34.4
19.0
4.9
5.5
12.9
5.4
3.1
4.7
2.5
3.5
1.8
1.0
.4
.9
100.0
30.9
16.5
5.7
3.5
12.3
12.5
2.1
5.3
2.2
5.1
1.2
.9
.6
1.2
100.0
30.5
17.2
5.9
4.7
14.3
9.8
2.5
4.8
2.3
4.0
1.5
.9
.6
100.0
28.6
16.5
6.4
6.2
14.2
8.4
2.6
5.2
2.3
5.0
100.0
27.5
13.3
7.3
6.5
15.1
14.0
2.0
3.8
2.4
4.5
1.2
.9
100.0
23.9
18.1
9.3
5.8
13.9
9.6
1.2
4.4
2.5
5.8
.9
.7
1.3
2.6
100.0
31.5
17.1
5.9
4.9
13.3
9.1
2.6
5.1
2.3
4.1
1.5
.9
.7
1 Families are classified by total money income from wages, salaries, selfemployment, receipts from roomers and boarders, rents, interest, dividends,
etc., after payment of personal taxes (Federal and State income, poll, and
personal property) and occupational expenses.
2 Family size is based on equivalent persons, with 52 weeks of family mem
bership considered equivalent to 1 person, 26 weeks equivalent to 0.5 person,
etc.
3 Includes expenditures for alcoholic beverages.
4 Includes rents for tenant-occupied dwellings and for lodging away from
home, and current operation expenses of home owners. Excludes principal
payments on mortgages on owned homes.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.0
1.1
.9
1.0
1.6
1.1
.4
1.0
8 Includes Federal and State income, poll, and personal property taxes
Excludes inheritance and gift taxes.
6 Includes inheritances, large gifts, lump-sum settlements from accident or
health policies, and terminal leave payments received upon discharge from
the armed forces, which were not considered current income.
7 Represents the average net difference between reported money receipts
and reported money disbursements (i. e. money income, other money
receipts, and net deficit minus expenditures for current consumption, gifts
and contributions, insurance, and net surplus).
‘Number of families in this income class not sufficient for reliable average.
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
393A
FAM ILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURES
T able 2.— Washington, D. C.— White and Negro families of 2 or more persons: Average money income, expenditures, and
savings, hy net income class, 1947
Negro families: Annual money income
after personal taxes1
White families: Animal money income after personal taxes
Item
Percent of families in each class_____________
Average family size 2_______________ ______
Expenditures for current consumption..... .........
Food 2__________ ________________ ___
Housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration i ___
Household operation____________ ______
Furnishings and equipment......................
Clothing......... .............................................
Automobile................ ............................ ........
Other transportation______ ____________
>Medical c a re .................................. ..............
Personal care_____ ________ ___________
Recreation......... .............................. ..............
Tobacco..... ............................ ......... ..............
Reading________________ _____________
Education.......... ............ ........... ........... ........
Other___________ _______ ____________
Gifts and contributions................. .......................
Insurance_____ ____________ _____ _______
Net surplus______________________________
Personal taxes 5. ................................. ...................
Money income 1....................................................
Other money receipts 0..................... ...... .............
Net deficit..................... ........................................
Balancing difference 7................................. .........
Percent of expenditures for current consump'
tio n ...................... ........... ...............................
Food 3__________________________ ____
Housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration4____
Household operation....................... ............
Furnishings and equipment..........................
Clothing___________ ____ _________ ____
Automobile....................................... .............
Other transportation_______ _____ _____
^•M edical care__ _______ _______________
z ' Personal care...................... .............. ............
*
Recreation.______________________ ____
Tobacco........................ ..................... ...........
Reading_____________________________
Education............... ......................................
Other________ _____________________ _
(t)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(•)
(»)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
1.9
2.5
11.7
3.6
18.0
3.1
16.5
3.4
18.4
3.4
9.2
3.8
3.9
4.0
96.1
3.3
1.5
(*)
17.9
2.8
35.8
3.2
26.9
4.1
17.9
4.0
82.1
3.4
1, 511 2,590 3, 534 4, 484 5,419 6, 752
84
37
34
137
55
38
122
0
146 171
329
361
-52 -159 -121 -177 -63 -68
8,129 11,334
0
552
0
0
-42
-182
4, 997 (*)
114 (*)
0 (*)
-116 (*)
1,531 2, 609 3,517 5,343 2,633
14
26
21
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
- 8 -54 -123 + 1 0 -66
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
36.2 36.7 33.6 30.8 29.9 28.5
19.6 19.5 18.2 16.8 17.6 16.5
6.4
5.9
6.0
5.4
5.1
8.8
6.2
4.4
3.5
3.3
5.5
3.9
9.2 12.6 12.0 13.7 14.2
8.5
8.6
6.2 12.2 10.8
3.2
6.0
2.4
2.6
2.2
2.5
3.0
3.3
4.9
5.0
9.2
5.3
5.5
8.5
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.1
2.1
1.9
3.9
5.1
3.9
5.1
2.6
2.8
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.5
.9
.9
.9
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.1
.6
.6
.5
.6 (t)
1.6
1.2
1.0
.3
.8
.8
100. 0
27.4
13.1
7.2
6.7
14.9
14.4
2.0
3.7
2.4
4.5
1.2
1.0
1.1
.4
100.0
23.9
18.1
9.3
5.8
13.9
9.6
1.2
4.4
2.5
5.8
.9
.7
1.3
2.6
100.0 (*)
30.4 <•)
16.8 (*)
6.1 (*)
5.1 <*>
13.2 <*>
10.0 (*)
2.5 <*)
5.3 n
2.3 n
4.3 n
1.4 n
.9 n
.7 (*)
1.0 (*)
100.0 100.0 100.0
45.9 41.6 36.8
25.2 20.3 21.3
4.2
4.2
3.6
5.7
1.1
2.0
8.5 12.7 13.8
3.1
3.0
.7
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
2.8
3.7
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.5
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.5
3.1
.5
.7
.7
0 1.1 . 1
1.2
0
.8
ton, D. C., included only Federal employees.
The 1947 surveys included families and individuals
of all occupational groups, employed as well as
unemployed.
Washington. The average Washington family
spent $4,257, or 92 percent, of the family income
for items consumed in family living. Food, which
requires the largest dollar expenditure at each
income level, cost onthe average $1,342, or 31.5
percent of total current consumption expenditures,
for all families with incomes under $10,000. Aver
age cost of this item ranged from $641, or 42.5
percent of total consumption expenditures, in the
$1,000 to $2,000 income class, to $1,987, or 27.5
percent, in the $7,500 to $10,000 class. These
annual totals, when converted to cost per person
per meal, ranged from approximately 22 cents for
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
20.4
3.0
$1, 759 $2,896 $3,475 $4,468 $4,996 $5, 592 $7,329 $8, 946 $4.636 (*) $1,400 $2,474 $3,196 $4,498 $2,439
979
642 1,029 1,178 1, 541
638 1,063 1,167 1,372 1,491 1, 594 2,010 2,142 1,410 <*)
522
614
681
501
353
779 C)
875 927
960 1,624
751
345
567 634
100
134
215
103
51
828
284 (*)
531
155
177 264 300 361
155
85
182 259
49
16
519
235 (*)
488
192 155 222 344
68
96
793
308
315
440
119
612 (*)
684 797 1,097 1,240
149
265 439
537
67
97 245
76
10
463 C)
860
544
539 480 1,052
56
173 214
81
82
106
116
46
114 (*)
145
106
99
147
105
120
59
73
75
88 239
52
80
244 C)
390
249 275
274
149 266
185 247
68
94
111
68
36
174
223
103 n
116
127
62
82
95
33
195
50
79
22
45
202 (*)
523
194 283
330
134 230
80
46
56
75
61
61
43
63 (*)
89
81
62
52
77
44
60
26
15
34
17
17
10
44 n
60
70
41
46
48
42
19
28
12
2
7
27
0
114
34 (*)
82
32
59
29
1
17
11
54
21
21
37
0
236
47 m
27
52
51
88
27
5
23
68
91
196
60
57
693
246 (*)
471
79
151
190 280 370
34
114
168 287
93
73
801
337 (*>
365 435
638
169
158 209 311
211
92
373
48
9
936
8 (*)
425
0
507
0
0
0
0
151
243
128
73
m
581 (*)
432 673 1,005 1,035 1,495
IS
133 m
See table 1, p. 392, for footnotes 1 to 7.
* Number of families in this income class not sufficient for reliable averages.
828745— 49------ 2
Un- $1,000 $2,000 $3,000 $4,000 Unto
and der
to
der
to
$1,000 $2, 000 $3, 000 $4,000 over $4, 000
Un- $1,000 $2, 000 $3, 000 $4,000 $5,000 $6,000 $7, 500 $10,000
and
to
to
to
to
to
der
to
to
$1, 000 $2,000 $3, 000 $4,000 $5,000 $6,000 $7, 500 $10,000 over
mo
34.2
13.6
4.8
5.8
17.6
5. 4
2.6
5.3
2.5
4.3
1.7
.8
.2
1.2
100.0
40.1
21.4
4.1
3. 5
12.6
2.7
3.3
3.1
2.8
2.1
2.3
.6
.5
.9
t Less than 0.05 percent.
the lowest-income class to approximately 48 cents
for the highest, with the average at about 37 cents.
Housing costs, including the cost of rent, current
maintenance costs to owners (such as taxes, in
surance, interest on mortgages, and repair ex
penses), and fuel, light, and refrigeration, ac
counted for the second largest expenditure at all
income levels except the $7,500 to $10,000 class.
For the under-$ 10,000 families, the 1947 average
was $729, or 17.1 percent of total consumption
expenditure.
Clothing expenditures at an average of $567
and transportation costs at $496 were the next
most important items in the budgets of families
with net incomes under $10,000. Expenditures
for automobile transportation (i. e., purchase and
maintenance), averaging $388, were significantly
larger in Washington than in the other two cities.
394
FAM ILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURES
At the same income levels in Washington, table
2 indicates that Negro families in 1947 generally
used a higher proportion of their total expenditure
for food, housing, and clothing, and a substantially
smaller proportion for automobile transportation,
medical care, and recreation, than did white
families. Actual dollar expenditures of Negro
familes for food, housing, and clothing were, how
ever, very similar to those for white families. The
higher percentage of expenditures for these items
by Negro families resulted from the fact that
white families had larger dollar expenditures for
other consumption items, particularly automobile
transportation, medical care, and recreation, and
incurred debts or used previous savings to meet
these larger expenditures.
MONTHLY LABOR
Richmond. The average Richmond family in
1947 spent $3,265, or 91 percent, of its income for
current consumption items. Food expenditures
accounted for 34.1 percent of total current con
sumption spending for the families in the “ under
$10,000” income class, but ranged from 48.6 per
cent for families with incomes under $1,000, to
23.4 percent for the $7,500 to $10,000 group. Cost
per meal per person averaged 31 cents, ranging
from 15 cents in the under-$ 1,000 income class to
39 cents in the $7,500 to $10,000 group. Housing
expenditures, including costs of fuel, light, and
refrigeration, averaged $542, or 16.7 percent of
total consumption expenditures, ranging from 20.4
percent in the lowest-income group to 12.3 percent
in the highest. Clothing expenditures, as is usu-
T able 3.—Richmond, Va.— All families of 2 or more persons: Average money income, expenditures, and savings, by net
income class, 1947
All families: Annual money income after personal taxes 1
Item
Under
$1,000
$1,000
to
$2,000
$2,000
to
$3,000
$3,000
to
$4,000
$4,000
to
$5,000
$5,000
to
$6,000
$6,000
to
$7,500
$7,500
to
$10,000
$10,000
and
over
Percent of families in each class__________________ _____
Average family size 2______________ ___________________
1.7
2.3
12.4
3.0
28.6
3.5
21.9
3.0
15.7
3.5
6.2
3.4
7.3
3.5
3.4
3.8
2.8
3.8
97.2
3.3
Expenditures for current consumption_____ ____________
F ood3 ______ _ ___ __ _
Housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration4_______________
Household operation. _______________ _
Furnishings and e q u ipm ent_________ _
Clothing_________ ___________ _ __
Automobile________ ___________ _ _
Other transportation. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Medical c a r e .___ _ ____ ___ _
Personal care____________ _____
Recreation___ __________ _ _____
Tobacco_________ ______
___ _
R ead in g_______ ______________
Education___ _ _____ _______
Other_ _____ _____ __ ______ _
Gifts and contributions. _. _________ __
Insurance_____ _______________ _
Net surplus ___________ _ _ _
$758
368
155
20
5
90
0
2
26
13
14
55
10
0
0
2
18
18
$1, 602
677
321
89
66
201
40
34
46
39
24
39
16
1
9
64
72
0
$2, 553
990
441
133
138
331
71
48
132
69
73
50
25
16
36
70
127
0
$3,136
1,057
555
192
156
450
136
84
188
74
128
57
29
9
21
145
221
332
$3, 862
1,304
583
244
250
557
254
83
204
106
130
80
36
13
18
274
259
323
$5, 065
1,496
701
322
418
715
413
62
352
90
217
72
51
13
143
388
320
181
$5,243
1,647
689
313
240
946
444
100
275
169
239
85
48
16
32
644
416
1,153
$7,022
1,640
1,497
536
757
1,111
445
73
303
136
345
58
70
0
51
603
560
1,304
$8,388
2,059
1,028
739
755
1,470
350
178
858
138
433
101
74
15
190
1, 411
810
982
$3,265
1,110
'542
196
196
472
174
65
174
83
119
59
31
11
33
200
210
260
Under
$10,000
Personal taxes 5_____________________
0
43
119
S56
512
671
1,110
1,090
1,158
368
Money income h . _ __ __ _____
Other money receipts 6_ ____________
Net deficit... _ _
Balancing diffence 7........... ..............
715
61
0
-2 0
1,632
34
17
-55
2,495
39
30
-186
3,475
87
0
-272
4,396
72
0
-250
5, 427
92
0
-435
6,619
432
o
-505
8,624
50
o
-815
11,190
0
o
-401
3,594
88
o
-253
100.0
48.6
20.4
2.6
.7
11.9
0
.3
3.4
1.7
1.8
7.3
1.3
0
0
100.0
42.3
20.0
5.6
4.1
12.5
2.5
2.1
2.9
2.4
1.5
2.4
1.0
.1
.6
100.0
38.7
17.2
5.2
5.4
13.0
2.8
1.9
5.2
2.7
2.9
2.0
1.0
.6
1.4
100.0
33.7
17.7
6.1
5.0
14.3
4.3
2.7
6.0
2.4
4.1
1.8
.9
.3
.7
100.0
33.8
15.1
6.3
6.5
14.4
6.6
2.1
5.3
2.7
3.4
2.1
.9
.3
.5
100.0
29.5
13.8
6.4
8.3
14.1
8.2
1.2
6.9
1.8
4.3
1.4
1.0
.3
2.8
100.0
31.5
13.1
6.0
4.6
18.0
8.5
1.9
5.2
3.2
4.6
1.6
.9
.3
.6
100.0
23. 4
21.4
7.6
10.8
15.9
6.3
1.0
4.3
1.9
4.9
.8
1.0
0
.7
100.0
24. 5
12.3
8. 8
9.0
17.5
4. 2
2.1
10.2
1.6
5.2
1.2
.9
.2
2.3
100.0
34.1
16. 7
6. 0
6.0
14.5
5.3
2.0
5.3
2. 5
3.6
1.8
.9
.3
1.0
Percent of expenditures for current consumption
F ood3.. __________
__
Housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration 4 __ . . .
Household operation___
Furnishings and equipment_____
Clothing__________
Automobile
Other transportation
__ _
Medical care_____________ ___
Personal c a r e ..______
Recreation ________
Tobacco________ _______
Reading___ _____ _____
E d u c a tio n ...________ ___
Other. ____________ ___
See table 1, p. 392, for footnotes 1 to 7.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
FAM ILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURES
395
T able 4.—Richmond, Va.— White and Negro families of 2 or more persons: Average money income, expenditures, and savings
by net income class, 1947
Negro families:
Annual money
income after
personal taxes 1
White families: Annual money income after personal taxes 1
Item
$6,000 $7,500 $10,000 Under Under
and
to
to
$7, 500 $10,000 over $10,000 $3,000
$3,000
and
over
$1,000
to
$2,000
$2,000
to
$3,000
$3,000
to
$4,000
$4,000
to
$5,000
$5,000
to
$6,000
(t)
(*)
4.6
2.3
25.4
3.3
26.2
3.0
18.5
3.4
7.7
3.2
10.0
3.5
3.8
4.0
3.8
3.8
96.2
3.2
79.2
3.5
20.8
3.8
Expenditures for current consumption_____________
(*)
Food 3_ ____ ______ ___ _______________ _ _ _ (*)
Housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration i _________
(*)
Household operation _______________________
(•)
Furnishings and equipment________ __________
(*)
Clothing____________ _____________________
(*)
(*)
Autom obile________________________________
Other transportation..- . . . . . . ______________
(*)
Medical c a re _________________________ _____
(•)
Personal care_______________________________
(*)
Recreation_________________________________
(*)
Tobacco___________________________________
:(*)
Reading_________________ ________________
(*)
Education___________ ___ . _______ ______
(•)
Other. .
. . _____________________________
(*)
Gifts and contributions__________________________
(•)
Insurance.____ ________________________________
(*)
Net surplus________________________ ___________
(*)
$1,631
472
391
138
70
165
145
37
54
43
31
49
17
0
19
100
45
0
$2, 699
1,008
494
157
156
323
92
47
161
63
88
52
27
15
16
79
114
0
$3,144
1,066
580
197
141
420
151
82
199
74
130
50
30
7
17
149
215
333
$3,831
1,279
594
263
212
512
288
79
229
102
127
75
37
15
19
285
258
297
$4, 973
1,426
725
329
424
735
445
50
283
84
214
56
48
10
144
379
331
286
$5,243
1,647
689
313
240
946
444
100
275
169
239
85
48
16
32
644
416
1,153
$7,312
1,753
1,315
601
728
1,198
520
88
363
152
391
67
75
0
61
642
641
1,016
$8,388
2,059
1,028
739
755
1,470
350
178
858
138
433
101
74
15
190
1,411
810
982
$3,616
1,179
603
235
211
511
230
70
209
89
142
60
35
11
31
244
236
301
$1, 883
827
311
78
82
270
18
39
62
56
34
43
18
8
37
48
109
54
$4,007
1,303
630
160
433
736
34
103
164
104
138
111
34
15
42
214
249
511
Under
$1,000
Percent of families in each class___________________
Average family size 2____________________________
..
(*)
60
131
363
518
735
1 ,1 1 0
1,1 7 3
1 ,1 5 8
Jf58
66
381
Money income 1 ______________________________
Other money receipts 6__ _ . . . _ . . .
..... _ _
Net deficit... _____ _______________ _________
Balancing difference 7___________________________
(*)
(*)
(*)
C)
1,678
125
29
+56
2,522
24
116
-230
3,478
96
0
-267
4,379
76
0
-216
5,464
102
0
-403
6, 619
432
0
-405
8,555
60
0
-996
11,190
0
0
-401
4,002
109
0
-286
1,960
36
0
-9 8
4,589
18
0
-374
Percent of expenditures for current consum ption.___
Food 3___. . . . . _____________ ____________
Housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration 4_________
Household operation . _. ___________________
Furnishings and equipm ent.. ________________
Clothing______________ ___________________
Automobile. __ _______ _______ _ _________
Other transportation.__ _______ . . . . . . . . . .
Medical care_______________________________
Personal care. ____________________ . . . . . . ..
R ecreation______
__
....
-----Tobacco___________ _________ _ ______ . . .
Reading__________ . __________ . . . . ____
Education______________ . _____ _ . . _. _ .
Other_____________________________________
C)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
(*)
100.0
28.9
24.0
8.5
4.3
10.1
8.9
2.3
3.3
2.6
1.9
3.0
1.0
0
1.2
100.0
37.3
18.3
5.8
5.8
12.0
3.4
1.7
6.0
2.3
3.3
1.9
1.0
.6
.6
100.0
33.9
18.4
6.3
4.5
13.4
4.8
2.6
6.3
2.4
4.1
1.6
1.0
.2
.5
100.0
33.4
15.5
6.9
5.5
13.4
7.5
2.0
6.0
2.7
3.3
1.9
1.0
.4
.5
100.0
28.7
14.6
6.6
8.5
14.8
8.9
1.0
5.7
1.7
4.3
1.1
1.0
.2
2.9
100.0
31.4
13.1
6.0
4.6
18.0
8.5
1.9
5.3
3.2
4.6
1.6
.9
.3
.6
100.0
24.0
18.0
8.2
10.0
16.4
7.1
1.2
5.0
2.1
5.3
.9
1.0
0
.8
100.0
24.5
12.3
8.8
9.0
17.5
4.2
2.1
10.2
1.6
5.2
1.2
.9
.2
2.3
100.0
32.6
16.7
6. 5
5.8
14.1
6.4
1.9
5.8
2.5
3.9
1.7
1.0
.3
.8
100.0
43.9
16.5
4.1
4.3
14.3
1.0
2.1
3.3
3.0
1.8
2.3
1.0
.4
2.0
100.0
32.5
15.7
4.0
10.8
18.4
.8
2.6
4.1
2.6
3.4
2.8
.8
.4
1.1
P e r s o n a l ta x es
5_______________________ ______
See table 1, p. 392, for footnotes 1 to 7.
(*) Number of families in this income class not sufficient for reliable averages,
(t) Less than 0.05 percent.
ally the case, accounted for an increasing propor
tion of the total expenditures as incomes increased.
They amounted to 11.9 percent for families with
incomes under $1,000, and 18.0 percent for
those in the $6,000 to $7,500 income class. The
average for all families with incomes under $10,000,
was $472 or 14.5 percent. Expenditures for housefurnishings and those for household operation
each accounted for 6.0 percent of total consump
tion expenditures, and exceeded by a small amount
the expenditures for automobile transportation
(i. e. purchase and maintenance.)
Expenditure patterns for white families and
Negro families in Richmond were similar to those
in Washington. The Negro families in Richmond
spent a higher proportion of total expenditures
for food and clothing, and substantially less for
automobile transportation and medical care, than
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did white families at similar income levels. Hous
ing expenditures for Negro families in Richmond
were proportionately somewhat less than those of
white families of comparable income levels. In
Washington, the opposite was true. The extent
to which these differences in housing expenditures
are due to differences in quality of the housing
occupied has not been ascertained.
Manchester. In Manchester, expenditures for
items of current consumption in 1947 averaged
$3,424, or 100.5 percent of the income of families
with net incomes below $7,500. For food, these
families spent on an average $ 1,182, or 34.6 percent
of total consumption expenditures; the proportions
ranged from 37.8 percent in the $1,000 to $2,000
income class to 30.3 percent in the highest-income
class. Despite the fact that retail food prices in
396
T
able
FAM ILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURES
MONTHLY LABOR
5.—Manchester, N. H.— All families of 2 or more persons: Average money income, expenditures, and savings, by net
income class, 1947
All families: Annual money income after personal taxes 1
Item
Percent of families in each class__________________________
Average family size2______ _ ______ _ ________________
Expenditures for current consumption ___________ _______
Pood 3_________ . _________
Housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration 4_________ ______
Household operation__ _____________ _ __ ____ ____
Furnishings and equipment_____ _ . ______________
Clothing______________ __ ___ ____ ____ . . .
Automobile_____________________________ _ . . . ___
Other transportation______________ _ __ . . . . __
Medical care___________ . . . . _ ___________________
Personal care__________ . . . ____________ _______
Recreation_________ . _ ______________ . . . .
Tobacco_______________ _________________________
Reading.. _______________________________________
Education__________________________________ _ _ _
Other____________________________________ _____ _
Gifts and contributions_________________ _______ _____
Insurance_________ ______________
Net s u r p lu s .._________________ . . ___________________
Personal taxes s________ __________________
Money income 1_______________________ _____
Other money receipts6 ______ . .
______
. . . ___
Net deficit. ________ __________________ _
Balancing difference7................ ............. .............
Percent of expenditures for current consumption . . . ______
Food 3. ________ ______
Housing, fuel, light and refrigeration <_______________ _
Household operation______ _ . . _______ ___
Furnishings and e q u ip m e n t...________ . . . ____ ____
Clothing_____________________ . . . ________ _ .
Automobile-. ___________ ___________ . . . ____
Other transportation________ ________________
Medical care____________ ___ .. ____________ ..
Personal care.... ............
.. . . . . _.
R ecreation_____
. . . . . . ______ .
Tobacco______________
__ _________
Reading___________________ _____________________
Education_______________________________ . . .
Other___________________________________ .
Under
$1,000
$1,000 to
$2,000
$2,000 to
$3,000
$3,000 to
$4,000
$4,000 to
$5,000
$5,000 to
$6,000
$6,000 to $7,500 and
over
$7,500
2.6
2.8
10.5
2.4
25.8
2.9
29.0
3.4
15.8
4.0
7.9
4.3
4.7
4.1
3.7
4.4
96.3
3.3
$1,346
448
299
64
88
237
60
16
29
19
18
34
18
1
15
38
33
0
$2, 201
832
460
86
114
297
17
53
132
44
84
41
21
3
17
61
83
0
$2, 783
981
507
98
197
389
136
48
139
64
93
66
29
11
25
112
111
0
$3,324
1,134
546
158
250
497
188
54
140
75
136
79
36
6
25
133
150
0
$4,325
1,529
620
135
256
711
348
62
176
93
200
74
38
40
43
140
171
0
$4, 988
1,612
631
231
318
1,047
217
112
190
129
268
130
50
17
36
134
211
189
$5, 759
1, 877
731
183
432
1,226
487
85
154
158
273
65
43
8
37
256
314
449
$5, 752
1,748
727
288
254
1,062
722
58
281
130
183
81
59
73
86
488
567
1,610
$3,424
1,182
548
135
232
555
195
59
147
79
144
73
34
13
28
124
146
0
Under
$7,500
2
79
150
292
365
553
750
886
279
742
140
477
-5 8
1,711
9
506
-119
2,534
37
346
-8 9
3,429
70
34
-7 4
4,432
5
91
-108
5,426
3
0
-93
6,499
69
0
-210
8,477
0
0
+60
3,408
40
148
-9 8
100.0
33.3
22.2
4.8
6.5
17.6
4. 5
1.2
2.2
1.4
1.3
2.5
1.3
.1
1.1
100.0
37.8
20.8
3.9
5.2
13.5
.8
2.4
6.0
2.0
3.8
1.9
1.0
.1
.8
100.0
35.3
18.2
3.5
7.1
14.0
4.9
1.7
5.0
2.3
3.3
2.4
1.0
.4
.9
100.0
34.1
16.4
4.7
7. 5
14.9
5.7
1.6
4.2
2.3
4.1
2.4
1.1
.2
.8
100.0
35.4
14.4
3.1
5.9
16.4
8.0
1.4
4.1
2.2
4.6
1.7
.9
.9
1.0
100.0
32.3
12.7
4.6
6.4
21.0
4.4
2.2
3.8
2.6
5.4
2.6
1.0
.3
.7
100.0
32.6
12.7
3.2
7. 6
21.3
8.5
1.5
2.7
2.7
4.7
1.1
.7
.1
.6
100.0
30.3
12.6
5.0
4.4
18.5
12.6
1.0
4.9
2.3
3.2
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.5
100.0
34.6
16.0
3.9
6.8
16.2
5.7
1.7
4.3
2.3
4.2
2.1
1. 0
.4
.8
See table 1, p. 392, for footnotes 1 to 7.
Manchester in 1947 were somewhat higher than
those in either of the other two cities, the range in
the proportions spent at the various income levels
was narrower than in either Washington or
Richmond. (This was probably because Man
chester families had greater opportunities to
supplement purchased food by home-grown foods.)
The average cost per person per meal in Man
chester was 33 cents for families with incomes
under $7,500, ranging from 15 cents for the lowestincome families to 42 cents for families with
incomes from $6,000 to $7,500.
Clothing expenditures, averaging $555, or 16.2
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percent of consumption expenditures, were second
in importance in the Manchester spending pattern
in 1947. For families with incomes over $5,000,
expenditures for clothing were of considerably
greater importance than those for housing.
Housing expenditures averaged $548, or 16.0
percent of total expenditures, and ranged from
22 percent in the lowest-income class to 12.5 per
cent in the highest. As in Richmond, housefurnishings and equipment and transportation
were next in importance, accounting respectively
for 6.8 percent and for 7.4 percent of current
spending.
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
FAM ILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURES
Single Consumer Patterns
The income and expenditure data for single
consumers reflect some marked differences in the
spending patterns of the three cities.
The average income of single consumers in
Washington was $2,542 after payment of personal
taxes averaging $306; and in Richmond, $2,489
after taxes averaging $310. The average net
income of single consumers in Manchester was
$1,068, after taxes averaging $92.
In Washington and Richmond, single consumers
reported average net surpluses for the year of $56
and $88, respectively, but in Manchester they
reported an average net deficit of $119 for 1947.
(Families of two or more in Manchester also had
deficits.) As might be expected because of their
lower income, Manchester single consumers de
voted a considerably larger proportion of their
expenditures to food—39.7 percent, as compared
with 29.1 and 29.7 percent, respectively, in Wash
ington, D. C., and Richmond. Housing expendi
tures accounted for 23 percent of total spending
in each of the three cities. The need for a greater
variety of clothing in Manchester because of
climatic conditions is reflected in the relative im
portance of expenditures for clothing to total
expenditures. Although the percentage of ex
penditures for clothing usually increases as
incomes increase, the highest proportion spent
for clothing—15.0 percent—was reported in Man
chester, where single consumers had substantially
lower incomes than in either of the other two
cities; the respective percentages of clothing ex
penditures in Washington and Richmond were 12.1
and 10.2. Transportation and recreation expenses
were actually and relatively smaller in Manchester
than in either of the other cities.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T
a ble
397
6 . — All
single consumers: Average money income,
expenditures, and savings, 194-7
Item
Wash Rich M an
ington, mond, chester,
D. C.
Va.
N. H.
Expenditures for current consumption^._ ______ $2,188
F ood1 ..
______
_ _________
636
Housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration 2__ ___
511
Household operation_____________________
118
Furnishings and equipment____ ______ . . .
56
Clothing. ___________ ________________
263
Automobile.. _____ ____ ________________
112
Other transportation ____________________
97
Medical care___________________________
117
Personal care_________ _______________
59
Recreation____________________________
85
Tobacco____________ _________________
29
Reading______________ ________________
25
Education______________________________
12
Other.
_ . . ___________________ _ .
68
Gifts and contributions______________________
202
Insurance. . . . . . . .. _ ___________ _______
112
Net surplus. ___________ _________________
56
$1, 984
590
467
i 165
71
204
146
59
59
30
79
22
23
0
69
401
83
88
$1,123
445
262
55
22
168
23
15
38
23
20
24
14
0
14
74
23
0
Personal taxes 3_______ ____________ ________
306
310
92
Money income 4_________________________ ._
Other money receipts 5. ____________________
_____________________________
Net deficit
Balancing difference 6___ ____________________
2,542
32
0
+16
2,489
2
0
-65
1,068
1
119
-3 2
Percent of expenditures for current consumption______ ___ __________________ ____
Food i
..
.......................
Housing, fuel, light, and refrigeration 2. . . ___
Household operation_____________________
Furnishings and equipment_______________
Clothing.. _______________________ _ __
Automobile. ________ ______ _ _______
Other transportation__ __________ ______
Medical care. _________________________
Personal care_______________________ _.
Recreation.
________ . . . . . .
Tobacco________________________ ______
Reading-----------------------------------------------Education____________________________ .
Other____ _______ ___________________
100.0
29.1
23.4
5.4
2.6
12.1
5.1
4.4
5.3
2.7
3.9
1.3
1.1
.5
3.1
100.0
29. 7
23.5
8.3
3.6
10.2
7.4
3.0
3.0
1.5
4.0
1.1
1.2
0
3.5
100.0
39. 7
23.4
4.9
2.0
15.9
2.0
1.3
3.4
2.0
1.8
2.1
1.2
0
1.2
1 Includes expenditures for alcoholic beverages.
2 Includes rents for tenant-occupied dwellings and for lodging away from
home, and current operation expenses of home owners. Excludes principal
payments on mortgages on owned homes.
3 Includes Federal and State income, poll, and personal property taxes.
Excludes inheritance and gift taxes.
4 Total money income from wages, salaries, self-employment, receipts from
roomers and boarders, rents, interest, dividends, etc., after payment of per
sonal taxes (Federal and State income, poll, and personal property) and
occupational expenses.
3 Includes inheritances, large gifts, lump sum settlements from accident or
health policies, and terminal leave payments received upon discharge from
the armed forces, which were not considered current income.
6 Represents the average net difference between reported money receipts
and reported money disbursements (i. e. money income, other money re
ceipts, and net deficit minus expenditures for current consumption, gifts
and contributions, insurance, and net surplus).
i Recomputed using average for all income classes for income class $4,000$5,000 where expenditure of $1,099 for domestic service by one person was not
considered typical.
Salaries of
Social Workers
in Michigan, 1948
L il y M ary D a vid 1
such positions was receiving less than $2,650 a
year, and a corresponding proportion more than
$3,850. The average for men was $3,700, that
for women $2,880. The higher earnings of men
were traceable partly to differences in pay for the
same type of position, and partly to employment
of men in the more responsible positions in greater
proportions than women. In some positions,
earnings of men were a fourth above those of
women, although a slightly higher proportion of
women than of men reported graduate study in
social work.
T able 1.— Annual salaries in Michigan social work
positions, by sex, 1948 1
Percent ofAnnual salaries1
in a wide variety
of activities, most of which involve guidance and
assistance to individuals and groups. A relatively
large number of these workers are employed in
public assistance programs; others are engaged in
such activities as child welfare, probation and
parole, aiding the mentally ill and the physically
handicapped, and group work (for example in
settlements and youth programs).
Despite the fact that the social work profession
employs many thousand workers, little informa
tion is available regarding their salaries and work
ing conditions. This article gives a general pic
ture of the economic status of such workers in the
State of Michigan.
S ocial w orkers a re engaged
Annual Salaries
The average annual salary 2for social work posi
tions in Michigan in November 1948 amounted to
$3,100 (see table 1). One out of four workers in
1 Of the Bureau’s Division of Wage Analysis.
Data summarized in this article were collected in a survey conducted by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics in cooperation with the National Council on
Social Work Education in November 1948. The information was obtained
by means of a questionnaire sent to all persons (except members of Catholic
orders) known to be employed full time in social work positions in Michigan.
Usable replies were received from 1,986 workers—57 percent of the approxi
mately 3,500 to whom questionnaires were addressed. (In addition, about
125 questionnaires were returned because the people to whom they were sent
had left their positions.) The survey was limited to Michigan because a list
of names of people in social work positions in that State was available. The
list was obtained from a census of social workers conducted in Michigan, by
the American Association of Social Workers, late in 1947.
2 All averages used are medians (the value below and above which equal
numbers of the replies fall). Medians were used in order to minimize the
influence of errors likely to arise in replies to a mail questionnaire.
Information on salaries refers to the annual rate in effect in November
1948, and not to actual earnings during the entire year.
398
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Under $1,800______
$1,800-$1,899_______________
$1,9Q0-$1,999__
$2,000-$2,099________
$2,100-$2,199___
$2,200-$2,299_________
$2,300-$2,399________
$2,400-$2,499________
$2,500-$2,599____
$2,600-$2,699________ _
$2,700-$2,799____________
All
workers
Men
Women
0.6
.8
.8
.8
2.2
1.0
.8
6.8
5.8
13.5
4.5
0.8
.8
.5
.7
.3
4.3
2.8
4.7
3.1
0.5
1.0
1.3
.9
3.1
1.3
1.1
8.0
7.0
17.6
5.4
$2,800-$2,899__________
$2,900-$2,999____
$3,000-$3,099_________
$3,100-$3,199_____
„
$3,200-$3,299_________
$3,300-$3,399_______
$3,400-$3,499__________
$3,500-$3,599_________
$3,600-$3,699____________
$3,700-$3,799_________
.
$3,800-$3,899_____
5.6
1.9
4.3
3.3
2.5
3.8
3.9
2.6
3.1
2.9
4.4
3.7
1.2
4.4
2.4
3.0
4.1
3.7
3.1
5.0
4.0
6.5
6.8
2.4
4.1
3.7
2.4
3.5
4.1
2.4
2.3
2.5
3.2
$3,900-$3,999_______ . .
$4,000-$4,099_______
$4,100-$4,199______
$4,200-$4,299-_ ____
$4,300-$4,399_______
.
$4,400 $4,499_____ . . .
$4,500-$4,599________
$4,600-14,699______
$4,700-$4,799________
$4,800-$4,899________
$4,900-$4,999_________
1.5
5.3
.9
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.2
.9
2.2
1.0
2.1
7.6
1.2
2.7
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.8
3.3
1.5
.8
1.2
4.0
2.3
1.1
.8
.7
.3
.4
.2
.2
(2)
.3
.3
4.0
1.4
1.8
1.8
.5
1.0
7
.5
$5,000-$5,499_________
$5,500-$5,999______
__
$6,000-$6,499________
$6,500-$6,999______
$7,000-$7,499______
$7,500-$7,999____ _____
$8,000-$8,499________
$8,500-$8,999_______ .
$9,000-$9,499__
$9,500-$9,999________
$10,000 and o v e r ...... ..........
Total_______________ .
Average,3 all workers________
.6
.6
1
.7
.6
1.0
.7
.8
.3
1.5
.7
.5
1.6
1.0
.2
1
.2
.2
.1
.7
.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
$3,100
$3,700
$2,880
1 Annual salaries in effect in November 1948. Salaries do not include cash
equivalent of any maintenance provided by employer.
2 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.
3 Median.
Average salaries varied with level of responsi
bility, from about $2,700 and $2,900, respectively,
for those working directly with individuals and
399
SALARIES OF SOCIAL WORKERS
groups, to $4,100 for executives. Probably
because they were concentrated in agencies with
relatively large budgets, persons performing such
staff services as research without supervisory
duties had higher salaries than the average
supervisor.
T able 2.— Average 1 annual salaries in social work positions
at selected levels of responsibility, by type of employer and
sex, Michigan 19J+8 2
Average1 annual salary
Level of responsibility
All
workers
Men
Women
No consistent salary variation between govern
ment and private agencies was reported. Indeed,
for the largest single group within the profession—
workers providing direct services to individuals—
average salaries in government and private organi
zations were practically identical. Within com
munities of comparable size, however, salaries
tended to be higher in government work.
Detroit salaries were higher than those paid
elsewhere in the State in both government and
private agencies. With this exception, no marked
and consistent variation was found in average
salaries by size of community.
A ll agencies
Workers providing—
Direct services to individuals______________ $2,700
Services to groups-. ____________________ 2,900
Workers with other nonsupervisory duties-„
3,800
Supervisors____ - _______ _________
3,540
Executives__ ____________________________ 4,100
$3,320
3,400
3,800
3,910
4,500
$2,640
2, 700
3, 850
3,420
3,680
3,360
(3)
3,500
3,960
4,020
2,640
(3)
(3)
3,420
4,000
A v e r a g e S a la r y R a n g e o f S o c ia l W o rk e rs ,
M ic h ig a n , N o v e m b e r 1 9 4 8
Government agencies
Workers providing—
Direct services to individuals______________
Services to groups___. . . __ ____
Workers with other nonsupervisory duties______
Supervisors_______
__- . ______________
Executives . ___________________________ -
2,730
3,200
3,800
3,420
4,020
Private agencies
Workers providing—
Direct services to individuals_____________
Services to groups_____ ____ ___________
Workers with other nonsupervisory duties______
Supervisors,-.
_____ . . . _____________
Executives
______________________ _____
W IR
2,700
2,800
3,740
3,820
4,200
3,180
3,420
3,800
3,770
4,600
2,640
2,700
(3)
3,820
3,620
Salaries tended to increase with experience and
those for workers with graduate-study credit
tended to be higher than for other workers.
Annual averages ranged from $2,500 for workers
with less than 2 years’ experience to $4,150 for
those with at least 20 years’ experience in social
work. For workers with no graduate social work
education, average annual salaries were about $700
below those of workers with some graduate edu
cation. In the latter group, workers who reported
some full-time social-work training earned more on
the average than those who reported only parttime work. There was also a tendency, which was
not entirely consistent, for salaries to be related
to the amount of full-time social-work education.
So far as general education is concerned, workers
with graduate study earned more than those with
no graduate study, but the amount of undergrad
uate education apparently had little or no effect
on the earnings of those reporting no graduate
study of any kind.
H
$2520
(1 1 1
1 Median.
2 Annual salaries in effect in November 1948. Salaries do not include cash
equivalent of any maintenance provided by employer.
3 Insufficient number of replies to justify presentation of an average.
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$4150
i n
1,
i
te s M ffiS
h M tfflH É I
-li.llM H B B l
1' l» «
1
M
Less than
2 Years
At least
2 0 Years
B y Xievel o£ R e s p o n s ib ility
$4100
$2700
t
lm_.ii m
Working directly
with Individuals
Executives
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Bureau of Labor S ta tistic s
Only a small proportion of the workers were
provided with any form of maintenance by the
employing agency. One meal a day was the most
usual supplementary maintenance furnished.
Private agencies gave maintenance somewhat more
commonly than public agencies. About 1 in 4
social workers in private organizations, compared
with 1 out of 20 in public agencies, received some
supplementary maintenance. The most usual
supplements in private agencies were either board
and room or one meal a day.
400
SA LARIES OF SOCIAL WORKERS
Hours of Work and Overtime Pay
The most typical scheduled workweek was 40
hours, two-thirds of all workers studied being on
this schedule. Four-fifths of the government em
ployees, compared with about three-eighths of the
workers in nongovernmental organizations, were
on a 40-hour week. Scheduled weekly hours of
private agency employees varied more than those
of government workers; in private organizations,
an eighth of the workers reported schedules of
more than 48 hours, and almost a fifth reported
37%hours.
About 7 out of 10 workers stated that they were
sometimes required to work beyond the normal
weekly schedule, and half of these reported that
they received some compensation for overtime.
Typically, the compensation took the form of time
off rather than additional cash pay. Overtime
work was reported by a larger proportion of em
ployees in private agencies than in government
agencies.
Supplementary Benefits
Paid vacations and sick leave after a year’s
service are provided for almost all social workers
in Michigan. In 1948, the most common provi
sion, for both vacation and sick leave, was 1 day
a month. The next most frequent provision was
2 workweeks. Private agencies were more liberal
than government in vacation allowances; over half
of the private-agency workers, compared with
about 1 in 14 government workers, reported at
least a 4-week annual vacation.
Roughly two-thirds of the Michigan social
workers were women. More than a third of these
workers were married, and about half stated that
they were entitled to maternity leave, typically
without pay. Such leave was much more common
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in government than in nongovernmental agencies.
About six out of seven social workers stated
that they were covered by some sort of retire
ment plan. Other types of insurance were less
common, being reported by one out of three
workers, with life insurance the most usual type.
Government agencies provided retirement pen
sions somewhat more frequently and other insur
ance plans somewhat less frequently than did
private agencies.
Opinions of the Workers
What did the workers who participated in the
study of salaries and working conditions in
Michigan social work think of these conditions, and
of their positions in general? What were their
major sources of complaint?
Expressions of opinion indicate that, of about
20 aspects of social work, most of the dissatisfac
tion centered around salaries and closely related
subjects—provision for pay increases, reimburse
ment for professional expenses, and opportunities
for promotion. The next most common causes of
complaint were the inadequacy of stenographic and
clerical help, physical working conditions, and lack
of opportunities for participation in determining
agency policies. There was greater satisfaction
with sick-leave provisions, which appeared to be
relatively liberal, than with vacation policies.
General satisfaction was expressed regarding length
of the workweek, the job as a whole, professional
contacts, and opportunities for attending profes
sional conferences. Some of the workers covered
by retirement-pension provisions expressed dis
satisfaction with regard to these arrangements.
It is not known whether the dissatisfaction re
sulted from the amount of the benefits, the fact
that they would presumably be lost if workers
transferred to other agencies, or other causes.
The South Korean
Wage Earner
Since the Liberation
J. L.
K aukonen 1
S outh K orea faced the necessity of industrial re
habilitation after 40 years of Japanese domination
ended by liberation in 1945. A major continuing
problem has been to replace skilled Japanese
labor and managerial staff, included among the
750,000 Japanese who were repatriated during
1945 and 1946. Adjustments have also been
required owing to the loss of Japanese sources of
raw materials, financial resources, and markets,
and similar dislocations resulting from the spread
of Communist control—for example, in North
Korea, Manchuria, and China.
Continuance of the north-south split2 has left
South Korea with a considerably increased popu
lation and reduced industrial resources. North
Korea has the greater part of the metal indus
tries and almost complete monopoly in the genera
tion of electric power and in the production of
fertilizer.
1 Of the Bureau’s Office of Foreign Labor Conditions.
2 As a result of a wartime Allied agreement, Korea was divided into Russian
and American zones along the 38th parallel, a division which survived the
end of the American occupation on August 15, 1948. The agreement was
intended only to facilitate the surrender of Japanese troops in Korea to the
Allied Powers. However, this military line of convenience immediately
became an international barrier, which has never been bridged despite re
peated American attem pts to negotiate broad-scale agreements to unify the
two sections and to achieve a free flow of transportation, power, communica
tions, and goods between all parts of Korea. The Russians early forbade
trade across the line except for specified goods for which they negotiated
with the American Command. Throughout the occupation, intercourse
between the southern (American controlled) and northern (Russian con
trolled) zones was limited to occasional exchange of mail, military liaison be
tween the two commands, movement of persons in large part from north or
south, and an exchange of goods and services limited principally to electric
power moving south, and certain goods moving north in exchange.
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After a brief initial period of direct control, the
United States Army Military Government worked
through the South Korean Interim Government.
A Department of Labor was established (on July
23, 1946); operation of industrial plants was as
signed to the Department of Commerce, under
the direction of the United States Military Gover
nor. The latter department assigned Korean
managers to operate industrial plants, wherever it
was possible to find technically qualified personnel
and the necessary materials for plant operation.
In some cases, United States advisors assisted the
plant managers.
Syngman Rhee was inaugurated as president on
August 15, 1948, the third anniversary of libera
tion. Although a small number of United States
representatives continue to serve the newly estab
lished Republic of Korea under the ECA economic
aid program, the Military Government ceased
to exist.
Population and Labor Force
It is estimated that the population of South
Korea alone increased by more than 5 million in
the 8 years from 1940 to 1948, compared with an
increase of 4% million in all of Korea in the 15
years before 1940. Population data for specified
years, 1925-48, are as follows:
A ll of Korea 1
South Korea 2
1925-------------- 19, 020, 000
1930-------------- 20, 438, 000
1935.................. 22, 208, 000
1940-------------- 23, 547, 000
1944------------------------------1946--------1948-------------------------------
_________
_________
_________
14, 969, 000
15, 877, 000
19,369,000
20, 200, 000
1 Korea’s Population and Labor Force, Department of Labor, USAMGIK
Seoul, Korea, August 1946. These figures are based on official Japanese’
censuses for the years cited.
2 Report to the National Economic Board of the Committee on Population
and Census Statistics, May 1948, quoted from Monthly Report, National
Economic Board, May 1948.
Although data on the Korean labor force avail
able for analysis are incomplete, they indicate
that a substantial degree of industrial develop
ment had taken place under the Japanese and
that, although Korea is a predominantly agri
cultural nation, industrial wage earners constitute
a substantial part of the total population. Accord
ing to the 1944 Government-General Census for
Korea, a total of about 5 million Koreans (20
percent of the population) depended at least in
part on wages from mining, manufacturing, corn401
SOUTH KOREAN WAGE EARNER
402
munications, and commercial enterprises. No
data were available on employment in home
industries and small handicraft shops. A census
of manufacturing for 1944 gives the number of
firms and employment in manufacturing. (See
table 1.) Although the numbers of firms and
employees were greater in the south than in the
north in the metal and chemical industries,
utilities, and lumber and wood products industries,
the large establishments were in the north.
T
able
1.— Census of manufactures, North and South Korea,
19U1
Number of firms Number of employees
Industry group
Total manufacturing
North South T otal North South Total
Korea Korea
Korea Korea
___ ____ 3, 721 8, 580 12,301 176, 512 244, 717 421, 229
Metal in d ustries_____________
Machines and tools..------- ------Chemical industries.
. . . -----Gas, water, and electricity------Ceramics and cements. . -------Textiles. _________ ________
Lumber and wood products____
Food processing. ----- ----------Printing and binding_________
Miscellaneous. ______________
199
397
230
69
597
642
596
561
172
258
420
829
789
71
1,355
1,440
1,203
1,429
414
630
619
1,226
1,019
140
1,952
2,082
1, 799
1,990
586
888
43, 531
20, 673
37,100
4,849
20,356
18,909
15, 520
9,763
2,390
3,421
17, 992
43,375
33, 238
2, 876
23, 836
62, 532
15,162
26, 243
7,731
11, 732
61, 523
64,048
70, 338
7, 725
44,192
81,441
30,682
36,006
10,121
15,153
1 This census of manufacturing was prepared from Japanese sources by the
Census Division, Office of Administration, USAMGIK.
In November 1946, an Industrial Labor Force
and Wage Survey of South Korea was undertaken
by the Census Division of the Interim Govern
ment. This survey, although subject to many
limitations, is important as a general indication of
the extent to which South Korean industrial em
ployment had declined since 1944.3 The number of
establishments actually in operation and the num
ber of laborers employed in November 1946, by
industry group, are as follows:
Number of—
Laborers
Factories
Metal
_ _
Machines and tools _ _. ._
Chemicals.
__ _
Electricity, gas, and water. _
Ceramics and cement
Textiles._ _ __________
Lumber and woodworking. _
Food processing _ _
Printing and binding
Engineering and construc
tion . . .
Others__
_. _
T otal. ______ ______
499
878
574
78
731
615
584
726
233
8, 966
17, 394
19, 171
2, 711
9, 693
36, 269
6, 502
8, 383
4, 450
175
156
5, 598
2, 932
15, 249
122, 159
1 Of these plants, 4,795 employed more than 5 workers and less than 50,
and 454 plants employed more than 50 workers.
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MONTHLY LABOR
In addition to the laborers enumerated in this
survey, it is reported that there were 8,990 techni
cians in these plants in 1946. The work of the
technicians is not clearly defined, and many of
them may have functioned as skilled workers or as
foremen. In the 1944 census they would probably
have been listed among the employees of industrial
plants.
In any case, it is clear that there had been a
drastic reduction in the number of plants and in
dustrial workers employed in South Korea between
1944 and the fall of 1946.
No attempt was made in the 1946 survey to find
out what had become of the industrial workers no
longer reported as employed in industry in 1946.
Probably, a substantial portion of the more than
100.000 who were working in South Korean indus
try in 1944 and not in 1946 were absorbed by
agriculture, and others may have found a new
livelihood in black-market operations or perhaps
other commercial or quasi-commercial employ
ment. Many of them were probably among the
750.000 Japanese who were sent to Japan in
1945-46.
Of the group classified as laborers, 40 percent
had no formal education and more than 50 percent
had gone only to primary school. All those clas
sified as technicians had at least primary school
education and one-third had gone beyond that
level.
Lack of technical education, as much as lack of
supplies and machinery, has made development of
an industrial economy in South Korea difficult.
Some progress has been made through Americaninitiated programs for technical training, but the
gap between need and accomplishment is still
great. Under United States auspices, the Depart
ment of Education undertook a vocational
education program, and an agency called the
Agricultural Improvement Service has made sub
stantial progress in technical agricultural educa
tion. A Technological Training Board has started
numerous in-service training programs, and a
8 This survey, covering all operating plants with more than five employees
(exclusive of a small number of government monopoly industries such as salt,
tobacco, ginseng, and the like) was carried out with questionnaires prepared
by the Koreans in the Census Division of the Interim Government using the
industrial classifications of the Japanese Census of 1944. The provincial
offices of the Interim Government Department of Home Affairs were respon
sible for the field work and supervised the activities of the local community
heads whose staffs visited the plants studied. The report was issued by the
National Economic Board.
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
SOUTH KOREAN WAGE EARNER
403
small number of Koreans are being trained in the
additional people. Skilled workers were few and
United States.
there was no clearing house to indicate specifically
The nature of the labor force in 1948, at the end
where skills were needed. The absorption of the
of the United States Occupation, was never
refugees, except for governmental relief and wel
measured quantitatively because of the shortage
fare, was therefore left largely to chance. Many
of statisticians and persons equipped to do field
refugees, shipped to the provinces upon entry,
interviewing. In June 1948, it was estimated that
found their way to Seoul (the capital) and Pusan
the maximum number of workers employed in the
(South Korea’s major port at the tip of the penin
Government-controlled
(formerly
Japanesesula), which put a heavy strain on housing and
owned) plants was 250,000, but there was no
relief facilities. It is not known how many were
statistical basis for calculating the trend from the
employed and how many were not.
fall of 1946. It was also estimated that an equal
number were employed by the national and
Wages, Living Costs, and Consumption Levels
provincial governments. Employment in indus
The great mass of the Korean people who
try under private control was much less than that
depended
on agriculture for its livelihood was
under Government control, although no statistics
relatively
well
off in a period of scarcity of con
are available to show the distribution.
sumer goods with consequently spiraling prices.
Little reliable information is available on the
Those in the urban population who depended on
extent of employment and unemployment gen
industrial wages for their livelihood andfwho were
erally in Korea. Estimates prepared by the
Korean Department of Labor indicated that
A v e r a g e F a m ily R e ce ip ts a n d E x p e n d itu re s in South
unemployment ranged from 1 to 2 million people.
K o re a , M a r c h 1 9 4 8
No quantitative method exists for determining the
extent, if any, to which “unemployment” in an
Thousands of Won
Oriental society like South Korea’s corresponds to
0
IO
20
30
40
1
I
I
5- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
that defined as “unemployment” in the United
States. About all that can be said is that un
Wage 8 Clerica!
skilled manpower was far too plentiful in terms
Workers
of the country’s other industrial resources, and
the influx of refugees from the north complicated
Government
the problem.
Employees
The North Koreans sought refuge in the south
for a variety of reasons: food was thought to be
more plentiful than in the north; Russian-spon
Merchants
sored regimentation; and expropriation of prop
erty. There was also evidence that the migrants
Earning from main r m * Total family »-era Total family
job of family hoad ¡£¿22 receipts
tsiaa expenditures
included some Communist agents who had been
sent south to spread Communist propaganda.
Their absorption into the southern half was
difficult. In agriculture, the labor supply was
employed in Government or in the Governmentalready plentiful, while the opportunities for
controlled (former Japanese) industries, were
industrial employment were negligible because of
caught in an economic squeeze early in the Occu
shortages of raw materials and engineering,
pation. After a short period in which a “free
supervisory, and technical personnel.
market ’ was permitted to function, the Mhitarv
Until the number of refugees began to reach
Government embarked on a program of controlled
floodtide proportions early in 1947, their distribu
prices for essential goods and services. But prices
tion throughout the provinces was left to chance.
for these items were adjusted upward periodically,
Refugee camps were then established near the
while wages, frozen in June 1946, were adjusted
border, and an attempt was made to distribute
only once, in March 1947.
migrants to the various provinces according to a
Studies carried out by the National Economic
plan based on their estimated capacity to absorb
Board in the fall of 1947 and the spring of 1948
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LA808 STATISTICS
SOUTH KOREAN WAGE EARNER
404
indicated that the wages of a family head ac
counted roughly for only one-fourth of the income
his family needed to live on. The balance was
made up by wages of other family members,
illegal bonuses, loans, sales of possessions, receipts
from debts, black-market activities, and the like.
Summary data (table 2) for March 1948,
typical of other months studied, illustrates the
wage earner’s status. While reports from indi
vidual families in this survey cannot be considered
accurate in all details, it is believed that there was
no bias in the reporting errors on earnings and that
the averages are generally accurate. In addition,
the wage data shown in table 2 were verified by
special wage studies in selected plants and indus
tries in the late spring and summer of 1948.
T able 2.— Average family receipts and expenditures in
South Korea, March 1948 1
Item
Wage and clerical workers 2------G o v e r n m e n t employees 3
__ __
__ ___ _
Clerical
S u p e r v is o r y clerical____
Arim ini strati ve __ __ ____
7VFer ehants
_ _________
Unlicensed- _ _________ -Licensed_________________
All occupations ____________
All wage earners _________
Average
income
from
main
occupa
tion
Average
familyreceipts
from all
sources
Won
4,850
2,456
1,972
2,545
3, 291
31,665
9,062
60,869
6,256
4,507
Won
14,399
22,590
11,032
18,477
51, 872
41,818
17,020
73,812
18,015
15,801
Average Percent of
family
or
expendi surplus
deficit3
tures
Won
13,957
15, 519
10,884
16,650
23,096
24,810
15, 420
37,296
15,130
14, 224
+3.0
+31.3
+1.3
+9.9
+55.5
+40.7
+9.4
+49.5
+21.6
+10.0
1 Source: Income and Expenditure Study, Wage Stabilization Committee,
National Economic Board, March 1948. (Based on an occupational sample
covering 1,034 families with 5,347 members in all but one of the provinces.)
The official exchange rate at the time of the study was 50 won to $1 (U. S.
currency); unofficial black-market rates ranged from 500 to 1,000 won to $1.
2 Clerks, clerk supervisors, skilled and unskilled workers in public utilities,
transportation, building construction, and mining.
Average receipts for all wage earners covered by
the study were distributed as follows:
Percent
Main occupation of household head— 28. 1
Receipts from—
Debts incurred_______________ 27. 3
Sales of possessions----------------- 21. 0
Other wages_________________
9. 0
Company bonuses------------------3. 4
Home industry_______________
3. 0
Investment__________________
3. 6
Gifts_______________________
2. 8
Other sources________________
1. 8
T otal_____________________ 100. 0
This pattern recurred consistently during the
months in which income and expenditure studies
were carried out. It seems doubtful that a Korean
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MONTHLY LABOR
wage earner’s family was able to obtain almost
half its total receipts month after month from
borrowing and the sale of possessions.
It seems likely that illegal bonuses in kind, which
were known to be paid frequently in the consumer
goods industries, and profits from black-market
operations were reported as proceeds of loans and
sale of possessions. This reasoning was substan
tiated by actual observation of these practices in
many Government-controlled industries and within
Government itself.
Following is a break-down of family expendi
tures by major groups of commodities and services
for all wage earners during March 1948:
Percent
of total
Food____________________________
Clothing________________________
Housing_________________________
Fuel, light, and water-------------------Education_______________________
Recreation______________________
Medicine________________________
Taxes___________________________
Transportation___________________
Tobacco_________________________
Others__________________________
41. 8
9. 6
5. 1
20. 6
4. 9
1. 3
4. 6
1. 6
0. 6
5. 9
4. 0
Total_________________________
100.0
Subject to seasonal variations, this pattern was
also considered generally valid. Except for wage
earners engaged in mining, expenditures for fuel
and utilities were substantially higher in the winter
months. But even in other months, fuel and
utilities accounted for a major part of a family’s
expenditures. Coal)and wood were perpetually in
such short supply that even twigs and grasses on
the barren hills were systematically harvested.
Korean coal is of low quality and it was formerly
made into briquets with a binder imported from
Japan; this binder was not available in sufficient
quantities during the United States Occupation
and ,coal imports were much smaller than require
ments. The cost of fuel was therefore extremely
high.
The general conclusion which was inevitable
from these data on family receipts and expendi
tures was that an unsound system of wage-price
relationship had been permitted to develop.
The Military Government and the South Korean
Interim Government in the spring and summer of
1948 attempted to alleviate the plight of the wage
earner in Government-controlled enterprises. As
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
SOUTH KOREAN WAGE EARNER
a first step, the program involved adjusting wages
upward in Government departments and offices
in textile mills, utilities, mining, manufacturing,
and other industries. These adjustments were
made in the summer of 1948. The next step in
the wage program was to have been quarterlyadjustments pegged to consumer-price indexes
which were to be developed. With the end of the
Occupation, the wage problem fell to the new
Korean Government.
No information is available in Washington as
to its wage policy.
Labor Legislation and Standards
Labor legislation enacted under the auspices of
the Military Government was substantial in cov
erage. Ordinance No. 19 of October 30, 1945,
undertook to relieve ‘‘labor from the condition of
absolute servitude/’ characteristic of Japanese
rule. An added provision, however, stated that
labor disputes would be settled by mediation
boards whose decision would be final and that
strikes were prohibited pending those decisions.
A further prohibition outlawed strikes in essential
industries. On December 8, 1945, Ordinance
No. 34 established one national and separate pro
vincial mediation boards, and Ordinance No. 97
established a Department of Labor on July 23,
1946, and gave labor the right to organize and
bargain collectively.4 Ordinance No. 112, as
modified by Public Act No. 4, effective June 18,
1947, aimed at eliminating the labor of children
under 12 years of age in all industries and of fe
male children under the age of 18 years in danger
ous or heavy industries. On November 7, 1946,
Ordinance No. 121 fixed a maximum workweek of
48 hours, with time and a half for work up to 60
hours; work beyond that limit was to be permitted
only under emergency conditions. Other laws
gave the Department of Public Health and
Welfare certain responsibilities in developing pro
grams for public assistance, child welfare, and
protection of women in industry. No legislation
was passed concerning workmen’s compensation
for industrial accidents or occupational disease
but, under existing custom varying from industry
to industry, some unsystematic provision was
4W ith the establishment of the Republic of Korea, the Department of
Labor ceased to exist. Its functions were placed in the M inistry of Social
Welfare which is responsible for labor, as well as for public health and welfare.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
405
made for payment of compensation to workers
incurring accidents at work.
The child labor ordinance, although enforced
in part, was unenforceable in many fields because
Korean tradition made certain jobs unacceptable
for adults and also because factory equipment
was efficient only with child labor. This was
particularly true in textile mills. The maximum
hours law did not represent a major enforcement
problem because, with shortages of power, raw
materials, and replacement parts, production in
many industries never reached a full 48 hours a
week. Little action was taken in the general
field of social security. Nor was a comprehensive
industrial safety program carried out. Most of
these shortcomings had their origin in the fact that
the country’s industries were not functioning
effectively, and that shortages of industrial raw
materials and skilled technical help were constant
and almost universal.
The development of labor’s right to organize
and bargain collectively (implicit in ordinances
Nos. 19 and 97) was hampered by the labor
unions’ intense concern with political affairs, the
Communists’ attempts to gain control of the labor
movement, and both American and Korean offi
cials’ concern with the responsibilities of the growth
of Communist influence.
Maintenance of order and the prevention of
demonstrations which might endanger the security
of the Occupation was a major goal of the United
States Military Government. Police permission
was required for meetings. It was not customarily
granted to, nor often sought by, labor groups sus
pected of being in sympathy with the Communists.
In addition, the police carried on an active cam
paign of surveillance against groups which were
considered actively or potentially dissident, and
a number of the labor unions were included in
these categories.
Industrial Relations
Another problem faced by the United States was
the establishment of governmental machinery to
take over after the Japanese surrender. In the
immediate postwar period, the Americans also had
to contend with conflicting pressures from the
Korean groups striving for governmental power.
Furthermore, Government controlled the coun
try’s major productive resources. Complicating
406
SOUTH KOREAN WAGE EARNER
these problems was constant Communist activity
such as riots and attacks on the police, which made
maintenance of order difficult. In some instances,
the disorders were directly inspired by Com
munists. In others, Communists took advantage
of local grievances and fanned the trouble to riot
proportions. The result was that relations be
tween capital and labor as they are understood in
the West were impossible.
Governmental intervention in industrial rela
tions had legal sanction in the ordinances which
stated that disputes arising over terms and condi
tions of work would be settled by mediation boards
whose decision would be final and binding on all
parties, and which outlawed strikes in govern
ment-controlled essential industries.
The Role of Labor Unions
Labor unions did not play an important role in
industrial relations during the American Occupa
tion. This situation had its origin in numerous
factors. The Koreans had never developed a
democratic labor tradition. The Japanese, whose
rule had been harshly suppressive in character, had
maintained for themselves a virtual monopoly of
industrial skills. Once they were gone, the over
riding problem was to get industrial production
underway in the south of Korea (which was only
half a country) where people whose skills in the
aggregate were insufficient.
Inexperienced industrially, “ liberated” but dis
united because of the Russian-imposed barrier,
Korean groups, including labor unions, were often
more preoccupied with political than with eco
nomic matters.
The All Korea Council of Labor Unions (Chung
Pyung) fell early into the Communist orbit, and
was driven underground in the fall of 1946,
through police arrests of its leaders and lock-outs
of many of its members. The union’s demands
in the railroad strike of September 1946, which
resulted in its gradual suppression, were motivated
politically as much as economically and evidence
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existed that its leadership was engaged in a Com
munist-developed plan to paralyze the entire
country. The Great Korean Independent Labor
League (No Chong or Tai Han), which was organ
ized to combat the influence of Chung Pyung, did
not take on any attributes of a labor union for a
long time because its primary goals were the fight
against Communism generally and the accelera
tion of production. Gradually, however, in a few
fields such as utilities, transportation, and in the
major ports, the league took on some labor union
characteristics. In Pusan, the country’s major
port, for example, the local stevedore union
worked successfully toward rationalization of the
stevedoring contractor system and the labor force.
In general, however, the League never successfully
differentiated between its economic and its polit
ical goals.
There is no way of determining membership
strength of the two labor federations. When the
All Korea Council of Labor Unions went under
ground in the fall of 1946, it claimed a total mem
bership of about 250,000. In June 1948, the
Great Korean Independent Labor League claimed
a total membership of slightly more than a million,
but the Interim Department of Labor’s estimate
was no more than 250,000. Even this seems high
in view of the data on total industrial employment.
Except for an agreement with the management
of the government-controlled Seoul Electric Co.,
collective bargaining has not been widely prac
ticed. Its practice was in effect prohibited by
Government control over wages in that portion
of industry subject to control, and by the ban on
strikes in essential industries. When disputes
between workers and management became critical,
solutions were found either through compulsory
arbitration by mediation boards, Military Gov
ernment orders, intercession by the Labor Depart
ment, or occasionally through the appointment of
special fact-finding boards who heard disputes
and acted in an advisory capacity to the Military
Governor who thereupon made decisions settling
the disputes.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Developments in Consumers’
Co-ops in 1948 1
F
or
th e
consum ers’
c o o p e r a t iv e
m ovem ent
as a whole, the picture in 1948 was one of gener
ally favorable operations, though with larger and
more frequent areas of difficulty. The whole
sales in 1947 had warned their member associa
tions that retail distributive cooperatives were
facing “the toughest competitive battle in years”
and this proved to be the case. Although the
supply situation had greatly improved, prices
were uncertain and net margins narrowed. The
more stringent business conditions also revealed
many instances of undercapitalization, member
ship apathy and resultant lack of patronage and
support, and weakness in management, sometimes
of fatal proportions. Many of the stable and
successful cooperatives found th e ir earnings
smaller than in previous years.
Among the wholesale cooperatives, one of the
most important activities consisted of steps to
insure adequate supplies of petroleum products
through the purchase of sources of crude oil.
Several wholesales extended their holdings of
producing oil wells and oil-bearing land.
Credit unions appear to have had another suc
cessful year, bringing membership, loans, and
assets to new high levels. Scattered reports
indicate that insurance associations also had a
good year.
One of the most significant events of 1948 was
the holding of the sixteenth biennial congress of
the Cooperative League of the U. S. A., bringing
together delegates from distributive, housing,
health, and other cooperatives from all over the
United States.
1Prepared by Florence E. Parker of the Bureau’s Office of Program Plan
ning. A somewhat more detailed report will appear later in bulletin form.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cooperative Congress
The sixteenth biennial cooperative congress
was held in Minneapolis, November 9-11. It
was preceded by the convention of the Coopera
tive Health Federation.
The League president praised the starting of
cooperatives by labor-union members, as a great
step in cementing “the social and economic bonds
between farmers and labor.” He recommended
establishment of a national research organization
for cooperatives.
The national secretary warned that “the next
few years will decide whether cooperatives in
America are to remain a comparatively small
segment of our economy and national life” or
whether they are to become a “vital and sig
nificant factor.” He pointed out that their fate
will be decided primarily by the following factors:
(1) The success of cooperative business enter
prise, (2) the relations of cooperative members
with their fellow citizens in the local communities,
(3) the effectiveness of their national public rela
tions program, and (4) the general attitude of the
American Nation toward cooperatives, and the
consequent action of the United States Govern
ment with respect to them.
Relative to petroleum, the congress adopted res
olutions (a) recommending that the Cooperative
League make a national survey to determine the
5-year requirements of cooperatives with respect
to crude-oil refining and distribution, and the cost
and means of financing such a 5-year program,
reporting from time to time to the league board
and finally to the next cooperative congress; (b)
urging the Federal Government to foster the de
velopment of synthetic fuels and to pass legisla
tion enabling cooperatives to participate in such a
program; (c) opposing any legislation quit-claim
ing to the States the tideland oil, and urging the
Eighty-first Congress to pass legislation providing
407
408
CONSUMERS’ CO-OPS IN 1948
for equitable access to such oil and for its conser
vation; and (d) supporting the request of the In
ternational Cooperative Alliance for a United
Nations study of international oil resources and
distribution.1
On the subject of taxation, the congress reaf
firmed “ the fundamental right of any group to
conduct a nonprofit business and to refund its
earnings to the patrons without taxation of such
refunds,” and urged the President and the Con
gress of the United States to appoint a tax com
mission to examine and reconstruct the national
tax structure. It also authorized the appointment
of a league committee composed of tax experts and
others to study the subject.
Regarding finance, the congress recommended
the elimination of credit business in cooperatives,
formation of community cooperative credit unions,
establishment of regional cooperative lending
agencies and of loan-rediscount facilities, and
functioning of the National Cooperative Finance
Association as a brokerage agency for the sale and
exchange of cooperative securities.
A resolution on public relations noted that the
objective should be to inform the public that co
operatives furnish the means to benefit both pro
ducers and consumers; authorized conferences on
area, regional, national, or other bases; and urged
coordination of the testimony of nonfarm groups
before the United States Congress.
Local Associations
For the stable consumers’ cooperative associa
tions, 1948 appears to have been a year fairly
satisfactory from the standpoint of supply of goods
and volume of business done, but yielding in many
cases lower operating savings. However, retail
earnings were supplemented for a substantial pro
portion of the associations by patronage refunds
from the district and regional wholesales. Excep
tions were those wholesales dealing largely or
mainly in food; these, it appears, again suffered
losses.
New departments or services were added by
many retail cooperatives. Some of the expan
sion was part of the present trend toward larger
premises (preferably with parking space), per
mitting operation of complete food, produce, and
meat departments, and, in some cases, appliance
and service departments. Other associations
‘■See Monthly Labor Review, December 1948, p. 600.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
closed departments which were “ in the red” ;
notable among these were many electricalappliance departments.
A rather large number of cooperatives disposed
of one or more of their branches during the past
year. Many of these branches were closed, but
some became independent associations.
In the local distributive field, 1948 ushered in
a comparatively small group of newly formed as
sociations. Reports received thus far indicate
that these were hardly sufficient in number to
offset the dissolutions, which continued at an un
usually high rate during the year. Many in the
latter group were associations which had never
been large enough for efficient operation, and some
probably should never have been started. The
urban associations—especially those handling food
only—accounted for a large proportion of the
failures. Among the new cooperatives which went
into operation in 1948 were those of industrial
workers in Bastrop, La., and Baytown, Tex. New
Negro associations were reported in Kansas City
and St. Louis, Mo., and New York City. Others
already were in successful operation in Chicago,
111., Gary, Ind., Inkster, Mich., and Richmond,
Va.
Two department-store organizations, financed
by the Consumer Distribution Corporation (estab
lished by the late E. A. Filene, of Boston), opened
in March and November, respectively, in Arling
ton, Va., and Providence, R. I. Eventually, it is
planned, these enterprises will become genuinely
cooperative, as members purchase share capital,
thus retiring the corporation’s investment.
Associations operating warehouse-type units,
handling only a few hundred items, are more than
holding their own, recent reports indicate. The
Motor City Consumers Cooperative (Detroit)
opened a second unit in November. Other such
warehouses were in operation in Flint and Pontiac,
Mich. All these organizations have had the sup
port of organized labor, especially of the auto
mobile workers. Plans for similar distribution
centers are reported from Grand Rapids and
Muskegon, Mich., and Toledo, Ohio. Advantages
claimed for this type of retailing are reduction in
handling costs and in investment in fixtures and
equipment, and rapid turn-over of goods, resulting
in greater savings for patrons.
Of the two union-supported stores in the Hamp
ton Roads (Va.) area, that at Hampton, whose
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
CONSUMERS’ CO-OPS IN 19^8
first month’s sales (in November 1947) averaged
$8,000 per week “ in an area that had had no co
operative and had never seen a co-op label,” was
by the end of its first year doing a business of over
$16,000 per week. The other, at Newport News,
which had sales of nearly $19,000 in its first 3 days
of business, had succeeded so well that by the end
of 1948 it had added a clothes and appliance
department to its supermarket and had an option
on a site for a second store.
An encouraging sign is the tendency to delay
opening any kind of business enterprise until
adequate capital, sufficient membership, and
suitable facilities are obtained.
Health Plans
At the first annual meeting of the Cooperative
Health Federation of America, which preceded
the congress of the Cooperative League in Novem
ber, the need for State and Federal legislation
authorizing and protecting consumer-controlled
medical-care plans was emphasized. Only Wis
consin now has legislation approaching the stand
ards contained in the Federation’s model bill.
About 30 States have laws which prohibit con
sumer-controlled or community-sponsored plans
and reserve to the medical profession the operation
of group prepayment plans.
The principal obstacles to the growth of co
operative health plans, according to the report of
the Federation’s executive secretary, are (1) mis
understanding by the organized medical profession
of the cooperatives’ aims and purposes, (2) dis
crimination against physicians who participate in
cooperative plans and threats of discrimination
against those contemplating such participation,
(3) “restrictive legislation denying the people
the right even to organize for the promotion of
their own health care,” and (4) a lack of informa
tion among the public about the benefits of co
operative health plans. It was felt that joint
meetings with representatives of the American
Medical Association had resulted in some progress
in remedying the first two situations mentioned
above. Thus, “ voluntary prepayment group
health plans” were recognized in the report of the
National Health Assembly3as the “ best available
3This was a conference of many agencies and groups concerned with health
matters, called by the Administrator of the Federal Security Agency at the
request of President Truman; it was held M ay 1-4,1948.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
409
means at this time of bringing about improved
distribution of medical care, particularly in rural
areas” ; an exchange of information on aims, pur
poses, and standards between the American Med
ical Association and the Federation was agreed
upon; the Puget Sound cooperative was placed on
the American Medical Association’s “ approved”
fist; and cooperative hospitals were admitted to
membership in the Texas Hospital Association.
Nevertheless, local associations were still re
porting discrimination at the county level and
difficulty in recruiting medical staff because of
opposition by organized medicine.
The cooperative health convention went on
record as favoring a revision of the financing
formula of the Hospital Construction Act, to
make Federal funds more easily available to areas
of greatest need and to require that bona fide
consumer representatives be included on State
hospital councils.
Other resolutions asked Group Health Mutual
of St. Paul (an insurance association providing
cash indemnity benefits for sickness and hospital
costs) to prepare a proposal for supplemental
insurance coverages for local direct-service plans;
directed the Cooperative Health Federation’s
board of directors to investigate the feasibility
of establishing a publication dealing with medical
subjects of interest to member associations;
and urged that provision for supplementary med
ical care of employees be made an integral part
of collective bargaining.
Two regional bodies were formed during 1948
to further the expansion of cooperative local health
service in the Puget Sound and Lake Superior
districts. In the Puget Sound area, a plan has
been worked out for integrated coverage of the
whole region by nine plans, each serving a “med
ical trade area” ; Group Health Cooperative,
Seattle, took the first step in this plan by establish
ing a branch clinic in the nearby town of Renton.
A similar plan is being worked out for the Lake
Superior district, under the leadership of the
Health Center Services Committee, St. Paul.
Among the local associations, Group Health
Association (Washington, D. C.) reported a mem
bership of 6,500 and (including their dependents)
15,500 participants; this organization opened a
12-chair dental clinic in December 1948, the first
such plan on a cooperative basis to come to the
attention of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
410
CONSUMERS’ CO-OPS IN 19^8
Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound (Se
attle) reported a membership of 2,900 families
and 12,000 industrial workers—a total of 25,000
participants. Arrowhead Health Center (Du
luth, Minn.) reported a membership of 1,400, with
3,800 participants. Organization of hospital and
medical-care associations was under way in several
places in Wisconsin, as a result of the 1947 en
abling act, and one hospital (at Wild Rose) was
already in operation.
Group Health Mutual of St. Paul reported a
total coverage of some 75,000, under its individual
and group policies.
Of 101 cooperative hospital associations reported
as having been chartered by the end of 1948, the
cooperative features or the entire project had
been abandoned in 29 because of inability to raise
funds, local opposition or disinterest, or other
reasons. Altogether, 28 hospitals were in opera
tion (8 more than at the end of 1947), and 21
others were known to be in various stages of prog
ress (buying land, collecting funds, building their
hospital, etc.). The exact status of the other 23
organizations at the end of the year was not known.
Texas was far in the lead, with 38 associations
(13 of these had hospitals actually in operation).
Housing Associations
Thirteen of the housing groups formed within
the past few years had one or more houses or units
built or under construction at the end of 1948.
Of the 1,767 dwelling units planned by these
associations, 571 were either finished or under
construction. Two additional associations (with
1,209 units planned) were building their first
group of houses, but did not report the number
involved. Four other housing organizations were
in process of constructing apartment-house proj
ects, expecting eventually to provide 2,700 living
units. Mutual housing associations had been
successful in reaching agreement with the Federal
Public Housing Administration to take over 8
public wartime housing projects involving over
5,500 dwelling units; 3 other projects (with 830
units) were in process of negotiation and financing.
Group Housing Association (Washington, D. C.),
whose Bannockburn project has been in process
for some time, broke ground for its first group of
24 houses early in January 1949. Its entire proj
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
ect, if local zoning regulations can be modified, will
include a whole community with varied types of
dwellings (single-family, semidetached, and apart
ment-house units).
Eight other projects (with 1,900 units planned),
for most of which land has been acquired, have
been halted at various stages of progress by high
prices, financing difficulties, legal troubles, etc.
It appears that few of the housing associations
will be all-the-way cooperatives, with the asso
ciations retaining titles to the entire properties.
Most of them (owing, in some instances, to in
ability to obtain financing on the fully cooperative
basis) provide for individual titles to land and
dwellings. In such co-venture associations, the
cooperative itself will disappear once it has served
the purpose for which it was formed, such as
buying land, obtaining plans, buying materials,
equipment, fixtures, etc. Where there are play
grounds, community buildings, or other real estate
used for the welfare of the whole group, the co
operative may be retained to hold title to and
manage the property.
At a Midwest meeting held in June 1949, cooperators and housing experts reached the con
clusion that present high costs preclude the build
ing of any 2-bedroom dwelling at a price within
the means of a family with an annual income of
$3,500 or less. A possible solution of such a
family’s problem was thought to be the construc
tion of an exterior (or “shell”) dwelling, which the
family could then finish inside by its own labor.
In fact, some of the projects are known to be
using self-help methods, with the members doing
a large share of the work themselves.
The Federal Housing Act, as amended in 1948
(Pub. 901, 80th Cong., 2d sess.), provides for FHA
mortgage insurance, of not over 90 percent of the
value, for nonprofit cooperative housing projects
(95 percent, if the membership consists primarily
of veterans of World War II). By the end of
1948, it appeared that only one such project had
actually been approved for FHA insurance. The
resumption of the previous 10-percent-down-payment requirement on public housing projects and
on the so-called “greenbelt towns,” and the author
ization of FHA insurance on them, has again
brought the purchase of such projects within the
means of mutual housing organizations of project
residents.
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 5— CHRYSLER CORP.
Wage Chronology N o. 5:
Chrysler Corporation, 1939-48 1
T he first agreem ent between the Chrysler Cor
poration and the United Automobile, Aircraft
and Agricultural Implement Workers of America
(UAW-CIO) was entered into on April 6, 1937.
The first agreement to include provisions affecting
wages or wage practices became effective on
November 29, 1939. This chronology traces the
general changes in wage rates and related wage
practices from that date. Thus, the provisions of
this agreement do not necessarily indicate changes
in the conditions of employment that existed prior
to November 29, 1939.
The current agreement covers approximately
73,000 workers in the corporation’s Detroit plants
known as Chrysler-Jefferson, Chrysler-Kercheval,
Dodge Main, Dodge Forge, Dodge Truck, De Soto,
1Prepared in the Bureau of Labor Statistics by Philip Arnow. For pur
pose and scope of wage chronology series, see Monthly Labor Review,
December 1948. Reprints of chronologies are available upon request.
411
Highland Park, Plymouth, Amplex-Harper, and
Lynch Road, and in the plants in Marysville,
Mich.; Los Angeles and San Leandro, Calif.; and
New Castle, Evansville, and Kokomo, Ind. The
Evansville and Kokomo plants, however, were
first covered by the agreements in 1941 and 1942,
respectively, the Lynch Road plant in April 1947,
and the San Leandro plant in January 1949.
During World War II, the Tank Arsenal and the
De Soto Bomber Plant in Detroit, and the DodgeChicago plant were also covered.
The initial (1939) contract and succeeding ones
have applied to all production and maintenance
employees, excluding foremen, assistant foremen,
timekeepers, plant protection employees, office
and confidential salaried employees, and salaried
engineers. Since 1940, the International Die
Sinkers Conference has represented employees in
this trade at the New Castle plant. In 1947, the
International Union of Operating Engineers (AFL)
was certified as bargaining agent for steam engi
neers in the De Soto plant. Since 1942, the
UAW-CIO has had bargaining rights for various
A—General Wage Changes 1
Effective date
Nov. 29, 1939.
Dec. 19, 1940 (by agreement of
Dec. 10, 1940).
June 1, f 941 (by agreement of
June 2, 1941).
June 1, 1942 (by directive orders of
National War Labor Board,
Oct. 2 and Oct. 24, 1942).
Provision
3 cents an hour increase in
Detroit and Los Angeles
plants; 4 cents an hour in
crease in Marysville, New
Castle, Evansville, and
Kokomo plants.
2 cents an hour increase_____
8 cents an hour increase_____
4 cents an hour increase_____
Oct. 6, 1944 (by directive order of
National War Labor Board,
Apr. 12, 1945).
Jan. 28, 1946 (by agreement of
Jan. 26, 1946).
Apr. 28, 1947 (by agreement of
Apr. 26, 1947).
18.5 cents an hour increase__
May 31, 1948 (by agreement of
May 28, 1948).
13 cents an hour increase.
See footnotes on p. 413.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Application, exceptions, and other related matters
11.5 cents an hour increase__
Minimum hiring and job rates (applicable to lowestpaid classifications) increased by only 5 cents.
Additional increase of 6 cents an hour to tool and
die makers and specific classifications of skilled
maintenance workers: machine repairmen, mill
wrights, and electricians. An average increase
of 1% cents provided for all other skilled mainte
nance and power-house employees.
Increase of 5 cents an hour to skilled maintenance
and power-house workers included in 1942 direc
tive orders and interpretations.
Additional increases of 5 cents an hour to skilled
maintenance and power-house workers; 4 cents
an hour to all foundry classifications.
Additional increase of 3 cents an hour to workers
at minimum rates.
MONTHLY LABOR
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 5—CHRYSLER CORP.
412
groups of timekeepers, office, cafeteria, and engi
neering employees, and, for a time, plant guards.
The adjustments affecting these workers are
omitted from this chronology.
The most recent agreement, entered into on
May 28, 1948, is to remain in effect until August
1, 1950. However, between June 15, 1949, and
August 1, 1950, the agreement may be opened
once by each party on the question of the general
level of wage rates.
B—Hiring and Minimum Job Rates (Detroit Plants) 2
Effective date
Nov
Dec.
June
June
Hiring
rate
29 1939
19, 1940_ _
1, 1941 _
1, 1942
_ __
Mini
Minimum job rate mum
job
attained after—
rate
$0. 78
. 80
. 85
. 89
$0. 68 6 months.
do
. 70
_do
. 75
. 79 ____ do________
Effective date
Hiring
rate
Mini
Minimum job rate mum
job
attained after—
rate
3 months __
$0, 79
Sept 10, 19433
. 975 ____ do________
Jan. 28, 1946______
1. 09 ____ do________
Apr. 28, 1947_____
1. 25 ____ do________
May 31, 1948_____
$0. 89
1. 075
1. 19
1. 35
C—Related Wage Practices 4
Effective date
Provision
Application, exceptions, and other related
matters
S H I F T P R E M IU M P A Y
Nov 29 1939
Jan. 26, 1946
5 percent on 2d and 3d shifts__
_ _
5 percent on 2d shift; 7.5 percent on 3d shift—
O V E R T IM E P A Y — D A I L Y A N D W E E K L Y
Nov. 29, 1939________
Time and one-half for work in excess of 8 hours
a day or 40 hours a week.
O V E R T IM E P A Y — W E E K END 5
Nov. 29, 1939 _______
Time and one-half for Saturday work in excess
of 40 hours a week.
Double time for work on Sunday___ _____
Sept. 10, 1943__
Added: Time and one-half for the sixth con
secutive day worked in the regularly sched
uled workweek.
Jan. 26 1946
No employee was to be laid off during week to
avoid overtime rates on Saturday.
Employees on 7-day operations were to receive
double time only for work on seventh con
secutive day.
A full day’s absence due to material shortages
(not caused by labor disputes) was to be
counted as a day worked for purposes of
determining sixth day.
H O LID A Y P A Y
Nov. 29, 1939 _______
Apr. 26, 1947_______
See footnotes on p. 413.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Double time for work on 6 specified holidays. _ New Year’s Day, Memorial Day, July 4, Labor
Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas
Day.
6 paid holidays established for which workers Holidays listed above. Those falling on
Saturday were to be paid for.
with seniority were to receive 8 hours’
straight-time pay. Double time (total)
for holidays worked.
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 5— CHRYSLER CORP.
413
C—Related Wage Practices—continued
Effective date
Application, exceptions, and other related
matters
Provision
P A Y I N L I E U OF V A C A TIO N
Nov. 29, 1939_________
Dec. 10, 1940_______
June 2, 1941 _
_ __ _
No provision for vacation payments
$40 to hourly rated workers with 1 year’s
seniority on Dec. 1, 1940.
Vacation pay increased to $45__
Oct. 2, 1942________
Added: Vacation pay of $90 to workers with
5 or more years of seniority on Dec. 1, 1942.
Jan. 26, 1946_______
Vacation pay increased to $52.40 for workers
with 1 to 5 years’ seniority and to $104.80
for those with 5 years’ or more.
Vacation pay increased to $57 and $114,
respectively.
Apr. 26, 1947________
May 28, 1948________
In lieu of vacation with pay for year 1941,
payable in December 1940.
In lieu of vacation with pay for year 1942,
payable in December 1941.
In lieu of vacation with pay for 1943, payable
in December 1942. In accordance with
directive order of National War Labor
Board. (Arrangement continued for vaca
tion years 1944 and 1945.)
In lieu of vacation with pay for 1946, payable
in May 1946.
In lieu of vacation with pay for 1947, payable
in May 1947. (Arrangement continued for
vacation year 1948.)
In lieu of vacation with pay for 1949, payable
in May 1949.
Vacation pay increased to $62.20 and $124.40,
respectively.
REPORTING T I M E
Nov. 29, 1939_______
2 hours’ pay at regular rate when employee
called in to work and no work available at
regular job or other employment.
Sept. 10, 1943________ Reporting time increased from 2 to 3 hours__
Apr. 26, 1947_________
Reporting time increased to 4 hours
Not applicable when lack of work was due to
labor dispute, fire, flood, or other cause
beyond control of management.
P A ID LU NCH PERIODS
Dec. 10, 1940________
On full-time 3-shift operations, where shift
did not exceed 8 hours, a one-quarter hour
paid lunch period was to be provided for
each shift.
* p e5er^ wage changes are construed as upward or downward changes
that affect an entire establishment, bargaining unit, or substantial group of
workers at one time. Not included within the term, and therefore omitted
from this tabulation, are adjustments in individual rates (promotions, merit
increases, ( tc.) and minor adjustments m wage structure (such as changes in
specific classification rates) that do not have an immediate and noticeable
effect on the general wage level of the establishment. (Examples of such
omitted adjustments are increases in classification rates ranging from 2 to 10
cents an hour in 1947 and adjustments of from 5 to 10 cents in 1948.) The
general wage changes listed above were the major adjustments made during
the period covered. Because of the omission of the non-general changes, and
Not applicable to shifts of 8 hours for which
an additional period for lunch was main
tained, or to shortened shifts allowing time
for a lunch period.
because of other factors, the total of the general wage changes listed will nntnecessarily coincide with the amount of change in average hourly earnincs
over the same period.
8
y earnings
3 Applicable to lowest-paid classifications. New hires advanced 5 cpnts a n
hour after the first 30 days.
3 The agreement of this date provided for advancement of probationary
employees to top rates of their respective classifications in 3 instead of 6
months.
msceaa ot b
4 The last entry under each classification represents the most recent chance
5 During the period covered by Executive Order 9240 (Oct. 1 1942_Anc
21,1945), these provisions were modified in practice to conform to that order'
Correction: Wage Chronology No. 4—Bituminous-Coal Mines, 1933-48
In the March 1949 issue of the Monthly Labor Review, page 307, the
last two figures in the last column (headed July 1, 1948) of table 4 should
read as follows for sand dryers, car cleaners, and other able-bodied labor:
$82.75 (instead of $18.75) for full-time weekly earnings, 6-day week, and
$1,756 (instead of $2,756) for straight-time hourly earnings.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
414
EARNINGS IN SAWMILLING
W est Coast Sawmilling:
Earnings in August 19481
of band-head-saw operators in
West Coast sawmills averaged $2.21 in August
1948, exclusive of overtime and shift premiums.2
For head-sawyers using circular saws, the average
was 5 cents higher. Only saw filers on bench
work had higher levels of pay, averaging $2.34,
than the head-sawyers among the 33 selected
sawmill occupational groups studied. Lumber
stackers working in air-drying or storage opera
tions, many of whom were paid on an incentive
basis, also averaged over $2. Janitors (mill
clean-up men) and watchmen had the lowest
pay, averaging $1.43 and $1.39 an hour, respec
tively.
Among logging occupations, rates of pay
frequently exceeded the top rates in the sawmills.
For example, hourly earnings of fallers using
power equipment averaged $3.36, and of those
performing both falling and bucking with powerdriven tools, $3.23. Workers performing com
parable operations by hand had respective aver
ages of $2.44 and $2.01; hand buckers averaged
$2.55. Most of the falling and bucking crews
were paid incentive rates. In addition to the
aforementioned, earnings of high riggers
(climbers), hook tenders (high lead), jammer
engineers, and saw filers of power saws equaled
or exceeded $2 an hour. Drivers of light trucks
(under 16,000 pounds) alone, of the 27 logging
groups studied, averaged as little as $1.55.
For all workers as a group, including those in
establishments having their own logging crews,
earnings averaged $1.70 an hour. About 2 per
cent of the workers earned less than $1.35 and a
slightly larger proportion received at least $3
an hour. Over 70 percent of all workers had
earnings within a 40-cent range—between $1.40
and $1.80. The general level of earnings in those
establishments without their own logging opera
tions was lower than in the integrated companies
($1.62 compared with $1.73). This relationship
H ourly ea r n in g s
1Prepared by Kermit B. Mohn of the Bureau’s Division of Wage Analysis.
Collection of the data was directed hy John L. Dana, the Bureau’s Regional
Wage Analyst in San Francisco.
The study covered 161 establishments employing approximately 49,000
workers. Included were independent sawmills as well as those having their
own logging operations; independent or contract loggers were excluded.
2Earnings data include payments under incentive systems but exclude
nonproduction bonuses as well as overtime and shift premiums.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
was primarily due to the higher wages paid in the
logging segment. Rates of pay among mill jobs
as between independent and integrated opera
tions revealed no consistent pattern of variation.
Separate data were prepared for each of four
important lumbering segments—Douglas Fir, Red
wood, and two districts for Western Pine.3 Pay
rates for the selected occupations were almost uni
formly higher in the Douglas Fir area in both
logging and sawmilling. The southern district of
the Western Pine area ranked second, with Red
wood next in line. Band-head-saw operators’
earnings ranged from $2.34 in Douglas Fir to
$2.07 in Western Pine (north), and janitors (mill
clean-up men) earned from $1.46 to $1.38. Fallers
and buckers (power) earned $3.76 an hour, on the
average, in Douglas Fir lumbering, $3.29 in the
southern district of Western Pine, $2.92 in Red
wood, and $2.40 in the northern Western Pine
district.
Interplant variations in occupational rates of
pay did not appear to be greatly influenced by
differences in establishment size, whether measured
by sawmill capacity or total employment. Differ
ences in occupational averages among various sized
establishments for the lower-pay time-rated jobs
frequently amounted to only a few cents an hour,
but for jobs at the higher end of the wage struc
ture the differences were slightly greater. In a
number of instances this was due to incentive
methods of wage payment and in others it prob
ably was a result of special rates paid to workers
in skilled occupations. Among these higher pay
jobs, however, there appeared to be no consistent
pattern of variation among the different sized
establishments.
The similarity of the wage structures among
different sized establishments was undoubtedly in
fluenced to a certain extent by the standardization
of the union agreements negotiated by various
employer groups in the region. In all areas except
Redwood, a substantial majority of the mills
studied were covered by agreements.
2The areas used in this study include: Douglas Fir—States of Wash
ington and Oregon west of the Cascade mountains and the counties of Del
Norte and Humboldt, in California; Redwood—the counties of Del Norte,
Humboldt, Mendocino, and Sonoma in California; Western Pine (north)—
State of Washington east of the Cascade mountains; the States of Idaho
and Montana; and the following counties in Oregon—Baker, Gilliam, Hood
River, Morrow, Sherman, Umatilla, Union, Wallowa, and Wasco; and
Western Pine (south)—the counties of Crook, Deschutes, Grant, Harney,
Jackson, Jefferson, Klamath, Lake, Malheur, and Wheeler in Oregon; and
the State of California except the counties of Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendo
cino, and Sonoma.
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
EARNINGS IN SAW MILLING
415
Straight-time average hourly earnings 1for selected occupations in West Coast sawmills, by area, August 1948
West Coast
Occupation
Number
of
workers
Average hourly earnings in—
Average
hourly
earnings
Western Pine area
Douglas
Fir area
Redwood
area
Northern
district
Southern
district
L o g g in g
Blacksmiths, maintenance.
Boom men_______
52
141
172
Buckers, hand____
Bulldozer operators____
Cat drivers, skidding____
Chokermen (choker setters)__
Engineers, railroad____
Fallers and buckers, hand__
Fallers and buckers, power
Fallers, hand ________
$1.72
1.85
1.59
Z- oo
1 lr±
0/1
1.
1 on
1. to
2. 01
309
608
Firemen, railroad. ..
Gravel truck drivers_____
Ground loaders (second loaders)
Groundmen, rigging
High riggers (climbers)___________
Jammer engineers______
Log scalers_________
Mechanics, automotive (garage mechanics)
Saw filers, cross-cut saws..
Saw filers, power saws
Truck drivers, loggmg-heavy, over 30,000 pounds
Truck drivers, logging-medium, 16,000-30,000 pounds.
Truck drivers, logging-light, under 16,000 pounds.
258
990
256
455
80
204
572
1,010
320
84
2. 44
3.36
1. OO
1 ft9
1 70
1.
tV
1.74
1.93
2.17
2.16
9>U
05d
Z
1 7A
1.
1.81
1. 95
9 uu
oo
z.
1.68
1. 64
1. 55
$1.80
1.86
1.65
2. 64
2. 03
2. 01
1. 66
1. 79
(2)
3. 76
2. 44
3. 45
1. 60
1. 64
1. 76
1.79
1. 97
2.23
2.19
2.15
1. 91
1. oo
2.10
2.11
1 71
1.
<1
1. to
\mJ
(2>
(2)
(2)
(2)
$1.89
1.86
1.58
(2)
(2)
2. 92
$1. 61
$1.73
1. 54
2. 24
1. 91
1. 87
1.60
1.75
2.01
3.29
(2)
(2)
1.89
1.82
1.58
1. 66
1. 98
2. 40
2.40
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.63
1.61
1. 77
1.96
1. 76
1.76
1.77
(2)
1. 74
1. 68
(2)
(2)
3.21
1. 54
1. 62
1. 66
1. 60
1.94
1.50
1.76
1. 87
(2)
(2)
1.86
1.38
1.67
1.60
(2)
1.53
1.51
1. 45
1.93
2.03
1.70
1.82
1.88
2. 07
1.73
1. 72
(2)
Saw milling
Band-head-saw operators_______
Blacksmiths, maintenance____
Block setters________ .
Carrier d riv ers___
Circular-head-saw operators___ .
Cut-off saw operators (treadle operated or swinging)
Dry-kiln operators________
Edgermen____
End lift truck operators___ .
Firemen, stationary boiler .
Graders, lumber (green chain)
Graders, planed lumber. _____
Janitors (mill clean-up men)____
Loaders, car and truck_______
Log deckmen_________
Lumber stackers, air-drying or storage .
Lumber stackers, kiln drying .
Machinists, maintenance. _
Mechanics, automotive____
Millwrights_____
Off-bearers, head r i g _____
Off-bearers, m ach in e____
Planer operators (set-up and operate). _
Planer operators (feed only)...
Pondmen and yardmen___ _____
Saw filers, bench w o r k ___
Saw filers, fitters and helpers__
Set-up men, woodworking machines
Sorters, green c h a in ______
Sorters, rough dry lumber_______
T a lly m e n .___ . . .
Trimmermen, all ty p es3___
1 saw operations (1 man) _
2 or 3 saw operations (1 man)
4-10 saw operations (1 man) ..
4-10 saw operations (trimmermen and 1 helper)
11 or more saw operations (trimmermen and 1 helper)
11 or more saw operations (trimmermen and 2 helpers)
Classification not available...
W atchmen_______ . . .
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Insufficient number of workers and/or plants to justify presentation of
an average, j
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
531
141
304
513
207
596
723
973
1,552
1,101
1,127
511
266
847
7309
1, 686
422
359
392
1,167
970
934
146
95
87
76
162
91
249
2 21
i1. 7A
11. 0/
ft7
11. ou
ftO
9 9ft
1.56
11. 70
/U
1. to
5Q
11. oy
1 59
1 71
1.
/1
1I. 7Q
to
1
1 QO
1 01
51
1.
9
10
Z. 1U
1 88
1 78
l.
to
1 79
1.
/Z
1
i. 7Q
/y
1 51
1 46
1.70
1 52
1. 54
9 *34
1 71
1.
<1
1.80
11. 0/
57
1 62
i1. fti
01
1 60
1. 52
1 54
1.57
1. 61
1.66
1. 67
1 69
QQ
i1. o
y
i. /y
1. 66
1. oz
2.30
1. 55
1. 69
1. 78
1. 63
1. 04
l. oy
1.70
1. 96
1. 53
2. 47
1. 66
1. 80
1. to
1. 82
1. 00
l. 4y
i. / y
1. 00
1. 58
2.07
1.65
1. 61
1.54
2.15
1.42
1. 61
1.62
1.49
1.45
1. 70
(2) '
1.74
(2)
1. 73
1.50
1. 61
1. 57
1.38
1. 77
1. 45
1.84
1.87
1. 68
1. 56
1. 68
1. 44
1.41
1. 57
1.44
1.45
2.19
1.65
1.72
1.50
1.45
1.55
1.51
1. 45
1.54
1.52
1. 77
1. 66
(2) ’
1.51
Z. oo
1. 75
1 85
1. o2
1. oo
1. 64
1. 04
1. 53
\)
(2)
1. 72
1.74
1 64
1. 59
1. 58
(2) '
(2)
(2)
(2)
1. 4 4
3 Includes data for types not shown separately.
2.20
1.75
1. 73
1. 60
2. 29
1.60
1. 76
1. 73
1. 61
1. Ô3
1.77
1. 87
1.40
1. 83
1. 53
2.16
2.08
1.83
1.74
1. 78
1.51
1.46
1. 70
1.51
1. 53
2. 60
1. 72
1.72
1. 80
1. 74
1. 57
1. 60
(2)
(2)
1.53
1.50
1.59
1.63
1. 57
(2)
1. 64
1.33
416
EARNINGS IN WOOD FURNITURE
Related Wage Practices
In August 1948, the 40-hour workweek was
scheduled in about three-fourths of the mills
studied. Longer workweeks, with 48 hours being
most frequent, were reported in the remainder of
the establishments. About 42 percent of the mills
operated a second shift, all but a few of which
paid a differential, generally amounting to less
than 5 cents an hour. Only 9 percent of the
workers were employed on the second shift.
Third shifts were in operation in only 8 of the
161 mills studied.
Vacations with pay after 1 year of service were
provided for nonoffice workers by about seveneighths of all establishments studied. In all except
one case, the vacation period was 1 week. Paid
vacations were least frequently granted in the
northern district of the Western Pine area. Paid
holidays for plant workers were practically non
existent, with only two mills reporting this prac
tice.
About a third of the establishments had life
insurance plans for their nonoffice workers and
slightly less than a fourth provided health insur
ance. Only one company reported a retirement
pension plan for these workers. Nonproduction
bonuses for plant workers existed in 10 percent of
the companies. In most of these cases, the bo
nuses were paid at Christmas time.
Wood and Upholstered Furniture:
Earnings in September 1948
employed in 12 wood-furni
ture plant occupations in Los Angeles ranged
from $1.22 to $1.70 an hour in September 1948
(table l).2 Hourly averages for individual jobs
were from 8 to 33 cents lower in Chicago—the
E arnings of m en
1 Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Wage Analysis by Louis E.Badenhoop. Data were collected by field representatives under the direction of the
Bureau’s regional wage analysts. The study was limited to plants with 21
or more workers in the wood household and office furniture industry, and to
plants with 8 or more workers in the upholstered furniture industry. Greater
detail on wages and wage practices for each area represented here is available
on request.
2 Earnings data represent average straight-time hourly earnings, including
earnings under incentive pay plans but excluding premium pay for overtime
and night work
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
area ranking next to Los Angeles among 10 leading
wood-furniture production centers. In Grand
Rapids (Mich.) and Rockford (111.) earnings were
usually near the Chicago levels. These 4 areas,
as well as Fitchburg-Gardner (Mass.) and James
town (N. Y.), seldom had job earnings averaging
less than $1.10 an hour. Among 3 southern areas
(Martinsville, Va.; Morganton-Lenoir, N. C.; and
Winston-Salem-High Point, N. C.), individual
job averages rarely differed by more than 5 cents
an hour and were usually below the $1.10 level.
Earnings of men in 4 upholstered-furniture pro
duction areas were highest in New York, where
hourly averages ranged from $1.46 to $2.52, and
were lowest in Winston-Salem-High Point, where
averages ranged from 82 cents to $1.60 (table 2).
Off-bearers, the lowest-paid men’s occupation
in each area, averaged $1.22 in Los Angeles woodfurniture plants; among the other areas, hourly
earnings ranged from 76 cents in MorgantonLenoir to 97 cents in Chicago. Among the higherpay jobs, general maintenance men and hand shaper
operators in Los Angeles averaged $1.67 and $1.70.
In the other areas, averages for general main
tenance men ranged from $1.04 in Martinsville
to $1.37 in Grand Rapids, and for shaper opera
tors from $1.01 in Winston-Salem-High Point to
$1.38 in Chicago.
Upholsterers and cover cutters were among the
highest paid men in upholstered-furniture plants;
area averages of complete-suite upholsterers rang
ed from $1.56 to $2.43 and of cover cutters from
$1.31 to $2.50. Earnings of furniture packers,
representative of wages in the lower-pay jobs,
ranged from 89 cents to $1.46. In each of these
comparisons, earnings were highest in New York
and lowest in Winston-Salem-High Point.
Women plant workers accounted for a very
small proportion of the labor force in both wood
and upholstered furniture plants. Women hand
sanders in nine wood-furniture areas earned from
70 cents in Morganton-Lenoir to $1.26 in Los
Angeles, and slightly over $1 in Rockford and
Chicago. A majority of the women plant workers
in the upholstered-furniture industry were em
ployed as cover sewers. Their earnings averaged
$1 or more in all areas, and as much as $2.13 in
New York.
Area averages of women hand bookkeepers were
above $1 in both industries. General stenograph
ers and clerk-typists were also above the $1 level
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
EARNINGS IN WOOD FURNITURE
417
T able 1.— Average straight-time hourly earnings 1 in selected occupations in wood furniture establishments in selected areas«
September 1948
FitchChicago,
burg111.
Gardner,
Mass.
Occupation and sex
Plant occupation
Men:
Assemblers, case goods................................
Assemblers, chairs..___________________
Cut-off saw operators__________________
Qluers, rough stock_______________ ____
Maintenance men, general utility_______
Off-bearers, machine ...................... ........ __
Packers, furniture______ _________ ____ _
Rubbers, h a n d ....................................... .
Sanders, b e lt........... .............. ...... ............. _
Sanders, hand__ ____ _________________
Shaper operators, hand, set-up and operate
Sprayers________ ____________________
Women:
Off-bearers, machine____ ______ _______
Sanders, hand.............................. .................
$1.43
1.38
1.32
1.18
1.34
.97
1.19
1.30
1.30
1.14
1.38
1.34
Grand
Rapids,
Mich.
$1.15
1.11
.99
1.17
1.15
.87
.92
1.33
1.14
(2)
1.16
1. 27
.92
1.06
.74
.98
1.28
1.00
1.23
1.03
.78
$1. 41
1.33
1.27
1.16
1.37
.91
1.17
1.31
1.39
1.12
1.36
1. 38
James
town,
N. Y.
Jasper[■: T ell
City,
Ind.*?'
$1.41
$1.28
(2)
(2)
1.16
1.16
1.28
.92
1.12
1.49
1.29
1.20
1.25
1. 45
.90
.86
.99
.83
1.07
1.04
1. 06
.96
1.05
(2)
1.16
1.10
1.11
1.20
(2)
.97
Los
Angeles,
\ Calif.
F
WinstonMartins Morgan
tonRockford, Salemville,
High
Lenoir,
a
HI.
Va.
Point
N. C.
N. C.
$1. 51
1.46
1.59
1.39
1. 67
1.22
1.46
1.46
1. 54
1.29
1.70
1.60
(2)
1.26
$0.93
(2)
1.00
.90
1.04
.80
.82
.83
1.02
.83
1.04
.95
$0. 98
.96
1.08
.91
1.10
.76
.86
.85
1.02
.81
1.03
.99
(2)
( 2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
.70
$1.35
$ 0 . 95
.94
.97
.88
1. 13
.78
.85
(2)
1.27
1.12
1.31
.94
1.11
1.24
1.39
1.25
1.47
1.42
.86
.96
.80
1.01
.94
.78
(! )
1.02
.75
Office occupation
Women:
Bookkeepers, h an d ..__________________
Clerk-typists_____ ____________________
Stenographers, general________ ________
.87
1.31
.84
1. 17
0)
.78
.88
1. 10
.83
.89
1.69
1.02
1.20
1.01
1.16
.82
.98
(2)
1.02
(2)
(2)
.83
1.07
1Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2Insufficient data to justify presentation of an average.
in upholstered-furniture plants in two of three
areas; in wood furniture, general stenographers
were in this category in five, and clerk-typists in
three, of nine areas studied.
Comparisons of earnings for occupations in
cluded in both the 1947 and 1948 studies showed
increases ranging from 5 to 15 percent in approxi
mately two-thirds of the area averages in both
industries. Areas with increases of at least 10
percent in more than half the jobs were WinstonT able 2 — Average straight-time hourly earnings 1in selected
occupations in upholstered furniture establishments in
selected areas, September 1948
Occupation and
sex
Plant occupation
Men:
Cut-oil saw operators.. _______
Cutters, cover___ _ ________
Frame m a k e r s ..._____ ____
Gluers, rough s to c k .___ ____ _
Maintenance men, general u tility ..
Packers, fu rn itu re _____________
Upholsterers, chairs___ _ _____
Upholsterers, complete work___ .
Upholsterers, section work_______
Women:
Cutters, co v er... . ____________
Sewers, cover.. _______________
Office occupation
Women:
Bookkeepers, hand ___________
Clerk-typists__________________
Stenographers, general__________
An New
Chica Los
geles, York,
go, 111.
Calif. N.Y.
$ 1.33
1.69
1.54
1.22
1.30
1.27
(2)
1.80
(2)
$ 1.61
1.94
1.63
1.47
1.55
1.31
2.23
2.38
1.98
(2)
1.33
1.70
1.45
1.14
1.04
1.17
1.61
1.05
1.17
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
2 Insufficient data to justify presentation of an average.
828745— 49------ 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$ 1.82
2.50
1.95
(2)
(2)
1.46
(2)
2.52
WinstonSalemHigh
Point,
N. C.
$ 0.94
1.31
.96
.82
1.16
.89
1.60
1.56
1.39
(2)
1.06
1.00
1.48
1.07
.71
.78
2.13
( 2)
(2)
Salem-High Point in both industries, and Chicago
and Los Angeles in wood furniture. A few area
averages in both industries showed declines—
probably a result of turn-over in employment and
of changes in work flow in incentive pay jobs.
Related Wage Practices
Over half the wood-furniture plants had work
week schedules of 44 or more hours for both men
and women plant workers. All plants in Los
Angeles and Martinsville and a high proportion in
Winston-Salem-High Point had 40-hour sched
ules; and only Jamestown reported schedules of 50
or more hours for men and 48 or more for women
in more than half the plants. In the upholsteredfurniture industry, most New York plants had
35-hour schedules for both men and women; in the
other three areas a 40-hour schedule predominated.
Paid vacations were provided plant workers in
approximately seven-eighths of the wood-furniture
plants and five-sixths of the upholstered-furniture
plants. Those reporting no vacations with pay
were primarily located in the Morganton-Lenoir
and Winston-Salem-High Point areas. In both
industries practically all plants reporting formal
paid vacation provisions allowed 1 week to plant
workers after a year of service, except in New
York where about two-thirds of the upholsteredfurniture plants allowed 2 weeks. Office workers
418
were granted 2 weeks with pay in about two-fifths
of the wood-furniture plants and three-fifths of the
upholstered-furniture plants; practically all other
plants limited the vacation to 1 week.
Typically, office workers in both industries were
allowed either 5 or 6 holidays with pay in all areas
except in New York upholstered-furniture plants,
where the number reported varied from 5 to 14.
For plant workers, no paid holidays were reported
by about two-thirds of the wood-furniture plants
and one-third of the upholstered-furniture plants.
Of the plants which reported paid holidays for
plant workers in both industries, most plants in
Chicago allowed 6 days and in Los Angeles 2 or 3
days. In the wood-furniture industry, a few
plants in Grand Rapids allowed 6 holidays; most
of the others reporting paid holidays were in
Fitchburg-Gardner, and in Morganton—
Lenoir
where approximately half the plants allowed from
1 to 4 days. Half the New York upholsteredfurniture plants allowed 9, and the others from 5
to 10 holidays with pay.
Soap and Glycerin Manufacture:
Earnings in August 1948 1
A bout a fifth of the workers in the soap and
glycerin industry in August 1948 earned between
$1.50 and $1.70 an hour, on a straight-time basis.2
Hourly earnings in the industry as a whole ranged
from 50 cents to more than $2.50; less than 3
percent of the workers were paid under 90 cents,
but for more than 8 percent earnings exceeded $2.
The national average for all plant workers was
$1.51. (See table 1.)
Skilled maintenance workers 3—carpenters, elec
tricians, machinists, and pipefitters—had the
highest wage levels among the selected occupations
1 Prepared by Kermit B. Mohn of the Bureau’s Division of Wage Analysis8 Based on a mail questionnaire study of establishments employing 8 or
more workers, whose major activity was the manufacture of soap in any form
and the manufacture of crude and refined glycerin. Also included were a
num ber of establishments manufacturing cleansers, washing powders, and
washing compounds from purchased soap.
The form used in the study requested that all earnings data shown exclude
overtime and shift premiums, but include earnings under incentive systems
•of wage payment.
8 Inasmuch as the material used in the study was obtained by mail ques
tionnaire, no uniform set of job descriptions was used in classifying workers.
Therefore, the same degree of comparability cannot be assumed to exist as in
those Bureau studies made by field representatives using standard descrip
tions.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
EARNINGS IN SOAP AND GLYCERIN
for which information was obtained. Average
earnings for these jobs ranged from $1.78 to $1.86
(table 2). Men crutcher operators and pumpmen
averaged $1.72 and $1.76, respectively, and fire
men, slabbers, soap makers, and wrappingmachine operators averaged at least $1.60. Pack
ers were the lowest-paid men, then* average
earnings of $1.23 being 35 cents below the average
of $1.58 for all men combined.
Women constituted less than a sixth of the plant
labor force in soap and glycerin manufacture.
Over a fourth of the women workers were soap
packers with an average wage of $1.16 an hour.
T
1.— Percentage distribution of soap and glycerin
plant workers by straight-time average hourly earnings,1
United States and selected regions, August 19^8
able
Average hourly earnings
so Q—
54 9 p.pnts
fifi 0-59 9 BP,nt,s
fiO0—
04.9 Bpnts
fifi 0-09.9 bp,nts
70 0-74 9 bp,Tits
75.6-79.9 cents.. ____ ________
80 0-84 9 bp,nts
85 0—
89 9 BPTits
00 0-94 9 BPTits
95 0-99.9 cents
_________
100 0-104 9 bp,nts
105.0-109.9 cents
_________
110 0-114.9 cents . _________
115.0-119.9 cents_____________
120.0-124.9 c e n ts ____________
125.0-129.9 cents ___________
130 0-134.9 cents
.. .. ____
135 0-139.9 cents
. . _ ____
140.0-144.9 cents______ ____
145 0-149.9 cents _____
___
150.0-159.9 cents_____________
100.0-109.9 ppnts
_________
170.6-179.9 cents_________
180.0-189.9 cents _________ .
190 0-199.9 cents ____ _____
200 0-209.9 cents . __________
210 0-219.9 p,p,nts ___________
220 0 229 9 bp,nts
220 0-229 9 bp,nts
240 0-249 9 op/nts
250 0 CP^t*5 find over
Total number of workers_____
Over-all average hourly earnings1 ____________________
United Middle Great Middle Pacific
States2 Atlantic Lakes West
0
0.3
.2
.3
.2
.5
.5
.9
3. 2
1.3
3.6
2.8
4.1
2.3
3.7
4.9
3.6
4.2
5.5
6.1
10.6
10.7
6.8
8.4
6.8
4.3
3.1
.8
.2
0
.1
0.3
.1
.2
.3
.7
1.6
4.8
3.1
7.6
4.8
5.1
4.3
4.2
4.9
4.6
4.3
2.3
1.4
3.7
3.6
7.1
6.5
5.9
8.2
7.5
1.9
.5
.1
.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
14,786
4,479
$1.51
$1.50
0
0.1
.2
.6
.6
4.2
.6
2.4
3.1
5.9
2.4
3.0
4.8
2.8
3.4
5.4
5.4
11.7
14.4
6.7
10.5
7.5
3.0
.9
.3
0.9
.3
.5
.2
1.5
.2
.2
.5
.3
1.2
.5
.4
.3
3.8
1.0
4.9
2.4
9.2
8.1
11.5
11.8
8.4
14.4
11.8
4.5
1.2
.1
0.1
.3
.1
.6
.2
9.3
5.9
6.1
16.8
9.7
11.1
9.1
4.7
5.9
3.9
7.0
3.2
3.7
1.6
.5
.2
100.0
100.0
4,997
1,165
1,253
$1.51
$1.59
$1.54
i Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
8 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
8 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.
The Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes regions
each contained over 30 percent of the total em
ployment in the industry. Although there was a
difference of only 1 cent ($1.50 in the former and
$1.51 in the latter) in the over-all average earnings
for these two regions, actually there was little
similarity in the wage levels for comparable occu
pations. Among 20 occupational groups (18 for
men and 2 for women), the hourly averages were
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
EARNINGS IN SOAP AND GLYCERIN
higher for 10 groups in the Middle Atlantic and
for 10 in the Great Lakes region. Frequently the
differences were quite sizable.
The Middle West and Pacific regions each had
less than 10 percent of industry’s total employ
ment. The general levels of earnings, however,
exceeded those in the Middle Atlantic and Great
Lakes regions. The over-all averages were $1.59
in the Middle West and $1.54 in the Pacific
region.
Although over half of all soap and glycerin
establishments within the scope of the study had
between 8 and 50 employees, the bulk of the em
ployment and production was concentrated in a
relatively few large plants. Earnings appeared to
be higher in large establishments, the highest
419
levels prevailing in plants with more than 250
workers. These differences, however, could not
be attributed to size alone, inasmuch as the effect
of the size factor could not be isolated from that
of other factors, such as unionization which was
generally more extensive in larger than in smaller
establishments.
The 40-hour week was in effect in 73 percent of
the establishments studied. In the remainder,
the normal workweek ranged up to 48 hours.
Extra shifts were in operation in about 28 per
cent of the establishments, all of which paid wage
differentials for the extra-shift work. Most fre
quently, these differentials amounted to either 5
or 10 cents an hour for the second shift and 10
cents for the third.
T able 2.— Average hourly wage rates (straight-time hourly earnings)1for selected occupations in soap and glycerin establish
ments, United States and selected regions, August 1948
United States 2
Occupation and sex
Number
of
workers
Middle Atlantic
Average N umber
hourly
of
rate
workers
Great Lakes
Average Number
hourly
of
workers
rate
Middle West
Average Number
hourly
of
rate
workers
Pacific
Average
hourly
rate
Number
of
workers
Average
hourly
rate
M en
Carpenters, maintenance______ _____ _________
Crutcher operators. _________________________
Driers__________ _____ ________________
Electricians, maintenance______________ _____
Firemen________ _____________
__ _________
Helpers, maintenance_______________ ____ . . .
69
248
163
159
279
169
$1.80
1. 72
1.39
1. 79
1.65
1.51
27
81
39
32
114
15
$1. 83
1.67
1.10
1.84
1. 71
1.23
14
68
62
57
71
66
$1.69
1.80
1.44
1.78
1.59
1.55
3
27
8
22
29
12
(3)
$1.80
(3)
1.81
1.73
1.47
15
22
29
15
20
28
$1. 81
1.70
1.46
1.79
1.80
1.56
Janitors____
...
____________________
Machinists, maintenance____________ . . .
___
Packers, soap___ _____ . . . . . . . . . . . . . _.
Pipefitters___________________________________
Press operators__ _ ____ _ . ._ . ________ _
Pum pm en____ _________ .. . . . _________ _
571
403
174
236
141
347
1.55
1.86
1.23
1.78
1.33
1.76
166
100
56
68
62
80
1.68
1.90
1. 04
1.64
1.16
1.80
281
138
67
97
31
117
1.50
1.85
1 3/5
1.83
1.45
1. 75
30
44
1.56
1.84
1.55
1.88
28
9
46
1.82
(3)
1.80
28
47
28
u
3
33
Slabbers__________ . ____________ _________
Soap makers________ ____ _ _________________
Truck drivers____________ ___________ ______
Truckers, hand____________ ________ _ . . . . . .
Warehousemen (shipping)______ ____ _ _____
Wrapping-machine operators_________ . ______
240
275
110
90
269
109
1.67
1.60
1.45
1.25
1.43
1. 67
92
71
34
19
59
16
1.67
1.35
1.43
.99
1.33
1.88
65
95
34
15
61
50
1.70
1.61
1.41
1.01
1.45
1. 55
11
19
17
3
17
11
1. 90
1.76
1.49
(3)
1.45
1.92
49
27
1
52
1
Women
Packers, soap__________ _______________ _ . . .
Wrapping-machine operators____________ . . . ..
645
329
1.16
1.33
167
88
1.16
1.36
171
136
1.12
1.33
19
17
1.24
1.38
119
23
1Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
*Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4
3Insufficient number of workers to justify presentation of an average.
1.80
(3)
V 1. 77
1.59
1.65
(3)
1.39
(3)
(3)
1.21
1.42
UNION SCALES— TRANSIT INDUSTRY
420
Local Transit Industry:
Union Scales, October 1, 19481
U nion conductors , motormen, and bus drivers
had an average pay scale of $1.38 an hour 2 on
October 1, 1948, according to the annual Bureau
of Labor Statistics survey.3 This was 10 percent
above the previous year’s average and brought
the 1948 wage-rate index to a point about 78 per
cent above the June 1, 1939 base. Almost threefourths of this increase took place since VJ-day.
Index (June 1,1939=100)
Hourly wage rate
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
June
June
July
July
July
July
July
Oct.
Oct.
1________________________
1________________________
1________________________
1________________________
1________________________
1________________________
1________________________
1________________________
1________________________
101. 1
104. 8
112. 5
119. 8
120. 8
122. 1
143. 1
161. 5
177. 9
MONTHLY LABOR
Entrance rates for one-man car and bus operators
ranged from 90 cents in Charlotte (N. C.), Wichita
(Kans.), and Miami (Fla.), to $1.53 an hour in
Chicago; maximum rates for this classification
varied from $1.07 in Jackson (Miss.) to $1.56 in
Detroit. Hourly scales for 7 of every 10 of these
workers ranged from $1.25 to $1.50.
For two-man surface car operators, the lowest
entrance rate ($1.09) was reported in Birming
ham, and the highest ($1.38) in Chicago. Ninetyfour percent of all union motormen and conductors
on two-man cars had scales from $1.25 to $1.50.
Hourly W age Rates: Local Transit Operating
Employees
Hourly pay scales of local transit workers are
usually flat hourly rates, the most important of
which is a “maximum” scale ordinarily reached
after 1 year of service with the company. Most
agreements provide for an entrance rate, one or
more intermediate rates, and a maximum rate.4
Although the period of time intervening between
rate steps varies from city to city, the entrance
rate is most frequently paid for the first 3 or 6
months, and the intermediate rate for the re
mainder of the first year of employment. Con
tracts in a few cities, including San Francisco,
Providence, Reading (Pa.), and San Antonio,
provide for only one scale, regardless of length of
service.
1 Prepared by James P. Corkery of the Bureau’s Division of Wage Analysis.
Detailed union scales by city and occupation will be presented in a forth
coming bulletin.
2 This average is based on scales of rates paid to all transit operators in 75
cities, regardless of length of experience; individual rates are weighted by the
number of union members working at each rate. In the index series, yearto-year changes are based on comparable quotations for each trade weighted
by the membership for the current year.
* Information for this report is based on union wage scales in effect October
1, 1948, covering 107,933 local city transit operating employees in 75 cities.
Trackmen and maintenance workers were not included in the study. Munic
ipally owned intracity transit systems were included if unions acted as
bargaining agents for the employees. Data were obtained primarily from
local union officials through mail questionnaires, and in a few cities by per
sonal visit of Bureau field representatives. Of the total union membership
studied, 67 percent operated 1-man cars and busses; 21 percent, 2-man cars;
and 12 percent were employed on elevated and subway lines.
* This so-called maximum rate is really the minimum scale after a specified
period of employment with the company, and is not a maximum rate in the
sense that the company may not pay more.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U N ITED S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF L A B O R
B U R E A U OF L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S
Over two-fifths of all elevated and subway
operating employees had pay scales varying from
$1.55 to $1.60. In contrast, only 5 percent of all
one-man car and bus operators and less than 1 per
cent of the two-man car operators had hourly rates
of $1.55 or more.
kU
As in previous years, the highest scale reported
was in Detroit, where “owl” car and bus operators
received $1.66 an hour—10 cents above the
maximum rate for day runs.
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
LABOR DEPARTMENT LEGISLATIVE PROGRAM
In most cities, higher rates were specified for
operators of one-man than for operators of twoman cars.5 Differentials ranged from 5 cents an
hour in Atlanta and Baltimore to 13 cents in Los
Angeles. However, in Milwaukee and San Fran
cisco, identical rates were reported for busses and
one- and two-man car operators.
421
local bus and streetcar operators in St. Louis and
1,500 in Kansas City were granted hourly wage
increases of 13 and 11 cents, respectively. Union
workers in Baltimore and Reading also benefited
from a 10-cent hourly increase. Among several
smaller wage adjustments were those of 5 cents
granted to local transit employees in Cincinnati
and in Miami.
Wage-Rate Changes, 1947 to 1948
Between October 1, 1947, and October 1, 1948,
contract changes in 72 cities resulted in an average
10-percent increase in the hourly scales of all local
transit operating employees. An average increase
of 12 cents for one-man car and bus operators
advanced their hourly wage level to $1.37 on
October 1, 1948. The average for two-man car
operators was only slightly lower, $1.36.
Wage scales of 9 of every 10 local transit
operating employees were advanced during the
year. The increases ranged from less than 5 to
more than 35 percent; but only about 3 percent
of the workers received advances of as much as
25 percent. The amount of increase for over
two-fifths of the one-man car and bus operators
and two-thirds of those operating two-man surface
cars was from 5 to 10 percent. Another fourth of
the one-man car operators and a fifth of the
motormen and conductors on two-man cars
received increases of from 10 to 15 percent.
Operators of elewated and subway lines, repre
senting but a small portion of all transit workers
studied, had increases of 17 percent over the year;
these amounted to 21 cents and raised the hourly
rate to $1.44 on October 1, 1948. This change was
primarily the result of a 24-cent increase granted
to subway employees in New York City.
Boston, Birmingham, and San Francisco were
the only cities in which pay scales remained
unchanged between October 1, 1947, and October
1, 1948.
Pay Increases since October 1, 1948
Further increases in pay scales of local transit
workers have been granted in several cities since
the Bureau’s survey on October 1, 1948. For
example, effective in January 1949, about 3,000
8 Effective union scales were reported for two-man surface cars in only 13
of the 75 cities surveyed. Since the 1947 survey, operation of two-man surface
cars has been discontinued in Cincinnati, Omaha, Reading (Pa.l, and Wash
ington, D. C.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Standard Schedule of Hours, October 1, 1948
The tendency to standardize the number of
weekly hours worked before overtime is paid
appears to be growing in the local transit industry
in some cities. Contracts in the great majority of
the cities covered in the Bureau’s survey usually
provided premium overtime rates after a definite
number of hours per day or after the completion
of scheduled runs. However, a fourth of the
cities had a straight-time workweek of 40 hours;
44- or 48-hour weeks were typical of another small
group. Daily overtime in most cities was paid
after 8 or 8^ horns. In some cities such as
Charleston (S. C.) and Charlotte (N. C.), the
premium overtime rate did not become effective
until after 9% hours had been worked. Bus drivers
in Chattanooga and Savannah and one-man car
and bus operators in Syracuse (N. Y.) were paid
overtime rates only after completion of regular
scheduled runs.
Legislative Program
of the Department of Labor
15-point legislative program of the
United States Department of Labor, as outlined
in the thirty-sixth annual report of the Secretary
of Labor for the fiscal year 1948, is designed to
improve the economic status of those who work.
Continuing studies of problems involving the
welfare of the wage earners in the United States,
made by the Department, have indicated the need
for enactment of specific legislative proposals to
meet these problems. This program contains the
following points:
1.
Repeal the Taft-Hartley Law and reenact
the original Wagner Act; additional labor relations
T he basic
422
REPORT ON UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE
legislation should be designed to promote the
public interest and should be fair to labor and
industry alike.
2. Increase the minimum wage under the Fair
Labor Standards Act to at least 75 cents an hour
with increases up to $1 an hour on an industry
basis through industry-committee procedure, and
extend the act to large numbers of workers who
either are not now covered or are now exempt;
improve and extend bans on child labor under
the act.
3. Provide Federal aid for labor education
through a labor extension service in the Depart
ment of Labor.
4. Centralize Government labor functions in
the Department of Labor and provide adequate
appropriations for the Department to enable the
proper discharge of its functions.
5. Control inflationary tendencies.
6. End job and wage discrimination against
minority groups in interstate industries by enact
ing a sound fair employment practices act.
7. End wage discrimination against women
workers and write into law the principle of equal
pay for equal work for women in interstate indus
tries.
8. Provide Federal aid to the States to promote
industrial safety.
9. Enact a law establishing a fair policy for
admitting displaced persons.
10. Amend the Social Security Act to provide
higher old-age and survivors insurance and unem
ployment compensation and extend coverage of
the act to a large number of people not now entitled
to its benefits.
11. Provide for rehabilitation, job counseling,
and placement for handicapped workers.
12. Create a commission to investigate the legal
status of women and to recommend means of
wiping out unfair laws and practices operating
against them.
13. Promote in the United States the labor
standards set by the International Labor Organi
zation.
14. Kegulate private employment agencies and
labor contractors operating in interstate com
merce.
15. Protect American workers working outside
the country under Government contracts.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
Advisory Council Report on
Unemployment Insurance
for streng th ening the existing
State-Federal system of unemployment insurance
were recommended by the Advisory Council on
Social Security in its final report to the Senate
Committee on Finance.1 Establishment of a
single Federal system of unemployment insurance
was favored by 5 of the 17 Council members.
However, 4 of the dissenting members would
join the majority in supporting the recommenda
tions for improving the State-Federal system if
Congress decided against a national program.
Under the Council’s proposals, coverage would
be extended to more than 7 million additional
workers. The changes would also make possible
more adequate benefits and financing, improve
the methods and financial basis of administration
in the States, and provide a more rational rela
tionship of the contribution rate to the state of
the national economy.
M ea su r es
Coverage and Benefit Financing
Specifically, the Council favored immediate ex
tension of the Federal Unemployment Tax Act to
employees of small firms, nonprofit organizations
(with certain exceptions), Federal civilian employ
ees,2 and members of the armed forces who do not
come under the servicemen’s readjustment allow
ance provisions. It also advocated restoration of
specified borderline agricultural workers engaged
in commercial operations. These additions would
increase coverage to an estimated 85 percent of
all individuals employed by others.
1 Unemployment Insurance: A Report to the Senate Committee on Finance
from the Advisory Council on Social Security (Senate Doc. No. 206, 80th
Cong., 2d sess., Washington, [December] 1948.) The Advisory Council was
appointed by the Committee on September 17, 1947, in accordance with
Senate Resolution 141, 80th Cong., 1st sess. The other three reports in the
series deal, respectively, with old-age and survivors insurance, permanent and
total disability insurance, and public assistance. For summaries of the earlier
reports (Sen. Docs. Nos. 149,162, and 204, 80th Cong. 2d sess.), see Monthly
Labor Review, June 1948, p. 641, August 1948, p. 146, and January 1949, p. 53.
The Council, in its final report, also included a discussion on temporary-disa
bility insurance, but made no recommendations.
2 The States would be reimbursed for the amounts actually paid for bene
fits based on Federal employment. If employment under both the State
and the Federal Government occurred during the base period, the wage
credits would be combined and the States reimbursed proportionately. It
was recommended that special provisions for federally employed maritime
workers be extended until this proposal for covering all Federal employees
should become effective.
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
REPORT ON UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE
More adequate benefits and financing would be
provided by (1) setting a Federal minimum rate
of contribution below which no further reduction
could be made as a credit on account of State ex
perience rating;3 (2) requiring employees, as well
as employers, to contribute to the financing of
the fund; (3) establishing a permanent Federal
loan fund to assist the States in time of serious
unemployment if their reserves for benefits should
be threatened; and (4) increasing the maximum
annual wage-base of covered workers from $3,000
to $4,200. (Tips would also be included as
wages.)
The standard minimum Federal rate recom
mended, for employers and employees alike, is
0.75 percent of covered wages, or a total of 1.5
percent. The Federal tax rate would be subject
to a maximum credit of 80 percent on account of
contribution to a State fund. This would result
in a minimum of 1.2 percent for the State rate
(employers and employees combined). The pres
ent Federal rate under the Unemployment Tax
Act is 3 percent, which may be offset up to 90
percent to cover contributions to a State system
including State credits to employers through
experience rating.
Because of reduction brought about by experi
ence rating, 15 States in 1948 had average em
ployer contribution rates of only 1 percent or
less; the average for continental United States
was 1.2 percent (the same amount that under the
proposed plan could be credited, for combined
contributions from employers and employees, to a
State fund against the Federal rate). The 0.3
percent remaining for Federal rate income would
be continued under the new standard.
Some States, the Council estimated, would have
to charge rates higher than the State minimum
suggested 4 if they are to support an adequate
system of benefits. “ The Council’s proposed
minimum contribution rate is a return to the prin
ciple of assuring relative equality among employers
in the various States. It will remove an important
barrier to the liberalization of benefits by requiring
8 Experience- or merit-rating provisions of State unemployment insurance
laws permit a reduction in contribution rate to employers whose accounts
have indicated a low unemployment risk, generally speaking.
4 In recommending the rate, the Council assumed that in meeting benefit
costs, most States during the next 10 years would utilize a portion of their
currently large reserves as well as contributions.
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423
that all covered employers and employees through
out the Nation pay a minimum rate.”
The proposal for a Federal minimum contribu
tion rate was also intended to counteract the nonrealistic tendency of fluctuations in the employer’s
rate of contribution with reference to economic
conditio as. Under State experience rating, these
fluctuations tend to be inverse to the volume of
employment, declining when employment is high
and contributions to the unemployment fund are
easiest to make, and increasing when the markets
are falling. This failure to relate State rates to
the needs of a changing economy was felt to have
potentially serious implications.
Administrative Procedures
The Council carefully considered the imposition
of Federal minimums concerning eligibility, dura
tion of benefit, and benefit amount, but decided
to leave these matters with the individual States.
However, it recommended the adoption of a
Federal standard on disqualification, which would
bar the States from (1) reducing or canceling bene
fit rights as the result of disqualification for causes
other than fraud or misrepresentation—the num
ber of States following the practice had grown
from 7 in 1937, to 22 in 1948; (2) disqualifying
workers who are discharged because of inability
to do the work; and (3) postponing benefits for
more than 6 weeks as the result of disqualification,
except when caused by fraud or misrepresentation.8
Other improvements in administration recom
mended by the Council concerned financing of
administrative costs, interstate claims, the prompt
payment of benefits, and the prevention of pay
ment of unwarranted claims.
Changes in the present method of financing
administrative costs, which would provide addi
tional funds for State administratiou, were advo
cated by the Council which proposed that “ income
from the Federal Unemployment Tax Act should
be dedicated to unemployment insurance pur
poses.”
Believing “ that it is possible to work out a more
equitable protection for the interstate worker,”
5 Disqualification provisions have been adopted by some State systems,
according to the Council report, which deny benefits to individuals who are
genuinely unemployed through no fault of their own and are ready, willing,
and able to accept suitable work. In other States, unreasonable penalties
have been attached to the qualifying acts.
424
DEVELOPMENTS IN PROFIT SHARING
the Council majority recommended that authority
be given the Social Security Administration, in
consultation with administrators of State programs
of unemployment insurance, to establish standard
procedures for combining the wage credits of a
worker earned in more than one State and for
processing interstate claims. It further proposed
that all States should be required to follow these
procedures “ as a condition of receiving adminis
trative grants.” Similar procedure, in coopera
tion with the Railroad Retirement Board, was
advocated for combining wage credits earned
under the State systems and under the railroad
system.
Study of Supplementary Plans
The Council also advocated that the Federal
Security Agency be directed to study in detail the
comparative merits during times of severe unem
ployment of (a) unemployment assistance, (b)
extended unemployment insurance benefits, (c)
work relief, and (d) other devices, including public
works. This study, it specified, should be made
in consultation with the Social Security Adminis
tration’s Advisory Council on Employment Secur
ity, the Council of Economic Advisers, and the
State employment security agencies. The agency
should then formulate specific proposals for Fed
eral measures to provide economic security in a
depression for the unemployed who are not
adequately protected by unemployment insurance.
Dissents Favoring a National Plan
The five members who preferred the establish
ment of a single Federal system to the current
State-Federal system of unemployment compen
sation believed that unemployment is essentially
a national problem, unsuited to State operation.
They pointed out that workers in search of jobs
and labor market areas cross State lines. More
over, the maintenance of 51 separate systems,
each with its own reserve, was considered to be
actuarily unsound. Variations in benefit and
contribution rates and in administration between
States were held to be discriminating, and the
trend was toward growing restrictions. One of
the five members refused to sign the majority
proposals on the ground that they did not contain
sufficiently far-reaching improvements even under
a continued State-Federal system.
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MONTHLY LABOR
Developments in the
Profit-Sharing Movement
C o ntinued dem ands for wage increases and dis
turbed industrial relations have resulted in con
siderable interest in profit sharing during the
postwar years as a means of insuring labor par
ticipation in increased prosperity. Three recent
studies point out that the success or failure of such
a plan depends primarily on the extent to which
the plan, its operation, and the company’s business
and production problems are understood, the
health of labor-management relations, and the
degree of real participation and partnership in the
enterprise.
Survey of Profit-Sharing Plans
One of the most significant developments in the
growth of the profit-sharing movement during the
past decade has been the more widespread adop
tion of deferred-distribution plans. Out of 167
active profit-sharing plans studied by the National
Industrial Conference Board,1 100 or 60 percent
were of this type. The remaining 67 plans were
of the current-distribution type, in which cash pay
ments are made periodically.
Under the deferred-distribution plan, employees
or their beneficiaries receive their shares at some
future time—termination of employment, per
manent disability, retirement, or death. The em
ployees’ share of the profits is deposited in an
irrevocable trust for this purpose. The greatest
impetus was given to the growth of these plans by
the fact that employers’ contributions are deduct
ible from taxable income currently, and employees’
proceeds are not taxed until they are made avail
able. A further impetus, the Board stated, was
the changing concept of the purpose of profit
sharing. During the war years, for example,
profit-sharing retirement funds gained recognition
because, in this way, employee pensions could be
provided without the company assuming obliga
tion for the fixed contributions required under an
actuarially determined pension plan. All but 7
1 Profit Sharing for Workers, by F. Beatrice Bower, Division of Personne
Administration, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc. (New York).
Studies in Personnel Policy, No. 97.
The survey is based on 202 profit-sharing plans, of which 167 are active and
35 have been abandoned. Over 300,000 workers were employed in companies
reporting active plans
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
DEVELOPMENTS IN PROFIT SHARING
of the deferred-distribution plans provide for the
individual employee’s share to be distributed at a
specified retirement age. In nearly half of these
plans, the age specified is 65 years; in the remain
der, it varies from “any time after 50” to 60 years
for women and 65 years for men.
Profit-sharing plans, the Board found, were
more prevalent in the small and medium-size es
tablishments where workers may more readily see
the connection between their actions and the
profitableness of the enterprise than they would
in a larger firm.
Ten current-distribution and three deferreddistribution plans had been in operation over 25
years when the study was made. About threefourths of the latter type were initiated in 1941-45.
An industrial distribution of the plans shows the
heaviest concentration in the machinery and the
metals and metal products industries; about twothirds of these were deferred-distribution plans.
Advantages of profit sharing most frequently
mentioned by employers with active plans were
improved employer-employee relations, increased
interest in the business, improved efficiency, and
lowered turn-over.
Dissatisfaction with the operation of profitsharing plans was reported by about a third of the
companies. The largest group of complaints was
against unsatisfactory employee attitudes, such as
taking the plan for granted, or not seeing the con
nection between their efforts and the profitableness
of the business.
Abandonments of profit-sharing plans were
fairly low in 1947, compared with previous studies:
35 plans or 17 percent, nearly 60 percent in 1937,
and over half in 1920 and 1924. Employer or em
ployee dissatisfaction was responsible for about
half of the 35 abandonments; the others were the
result of lack of profits, Government restrictions,
or wartime conditions. Nearly two-thirds of the
abandoned plans had been in existence for 5 years
or more, and a third for 10 years or more.
In the 1946 survey, the Board found that 11.5
percent of 3,498 establishments had profit-sharing
plans as compared to 5.9 percent of 2,700 estab
lishments in its 1939 survey. “While the com
panies were not identical in the two surveys,”
in the opinion of the Board, “the increase seems
sufficiently large to indicate a definite trend.”
Unions have been “traditionally opposed” to
profit sharing, according to the Board’s study.
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425
Recently, however, several plans were inaugurated
at union request. Very few profit-sharing plans
were found to be incorporated in union agreements
(8 percent). In the current study, such agree
ments had been negotiated by 25 percent of the
companies with current-distribution plans and by
43 percent of those with deferred plans.
Case Studies Under Collective Bargaining
The fundamental prerequisite in a profit-sharing
plan is that workers should have a sense of par
ticipation and partnership. This was brought
out in an analysis of three such plans under collec
tive bargaining.2 With this fully developed, the
author states, the kind of plan is of secondary
importance. This was demonstrated in the his
tory of the one successful plan among the three
surveyed. The company and union had a healthy
and stable relationship, with no work stoppages of
any kind in 9 years of collective bargaining. The
labor-management production committee, estab
lished in 1942, had been so successful in increasing
efficiency during the war years that its members
had a sincere desire to continue their efforts.
Accordingly, management and union worked
together for months studying profit-sharing plans
already in operation and analyzing their own busi
ness and production facilities before adopting a
plan.
The plan which was put into effect in 1945 used
a ratio of labor costs to sales value of production.
During the first year’s operation, new and im
proved methods were introduced that greatly
increased productive efficiency and more than
doubled profits. Each employee’s share in the
benefits of increased efficiency was approximately
41 percent of his base wage or salary.
A change to a straight profit-sharing plan was
mutually decided upon, however, and became
effective January 1, 1946. Union as well as man
agement recognized that factors inherent in the
original application under certain conditions (such
as improved equipment) might work a hardship
on the company. The employees’ share under
the new method was 50 percent of profits before
taxes for each month; the individual employee’s
2Profit Sharing under Collective Bargaining: Three Case Studies, by
Joseph N. Scanlon (formerly research director of United Steelworkers of
America, CIO; currently teaching at Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
and with the Trade-Union Fellowship Program at Harvard University).
In Industrial and Labor Relations Review (Ithaca. N. Y.), October 1913
(pp. 53-75).
426
HOLIDAY PRACTICES IN INDUSTRY
proprotionate share was calculated percentage
wise, and applied to his total earnings for the
month in which the profit was earned. Under
these conditions, the employees’ share averaged
54 percent in 1946 and the company’s profits,
before taxes, were almost double those in 1945.
Despite this change in method, cooperation and
efficiency levels continued to expand and improve.
Of the two plans which Mr. Scanlon catalogs as
failures, the method of application in one was a
fixed amount, 5 cents per hour per employee, and
in the other half of the profit over 4 percent of
net worth. In the first instance, there was no
incentive to increase the base minimum profit
level. Kelationship between employee efforts and
returns from the plan had not been established.
Furthermore, the bonus share remained constant
even though company profits might greatly exceed
the base. Both of these plans have come to be
accepted as a part of the general wage structure.
These plans, it is pointed out, should not be
charged as failures against profit sharing. The
reasons for considering them failures is that neither
case comprehended the need for developing a
sense of partnership and participation essential
to enhance profit-making possibilities. One of
the companies sponsored the plan for the sole
purpose of preventing its employees from joining
a bona fide trade-union; in this it failed. The
other plan was proposed shortly after a strike
settlement; and, although sincerity of purpose
could not be doubted, the basic factors of confi
dence and a stable relationship essential to suc
cessful development were lacking.
Economic and Legal Aspects 3
In addition to the incentive that profit sharing
gives to production, another economic advantage,
according to Mr. Simons, is that it provides a possi
ble solution to the problem of the “inelasticity of
wages.” This is “one of the most dangerous things
in our economy” because of the fact that prices
and profits can be adjusted more rapidly than
wages. If labor shares in the profits, the increased
costs in living can be met; the situation automatic
ally adjusts itself when the “inevitable reversal”
comes. When prices and profits decline, share
3 Economic and Legal Aspects of Profit-Sharing Plans, by Gustave
Simons (member of New York Bar, and member of Federal Tax Forum, and
chairman of Economic and Legal Problems in Marketing Group, American
Marketing Association). In Industrial and Labor Relations Review (Ithaca,
N. Y.), October 1948 (pp. 78-89).
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MONTHLY LABOR
payments to labor also decline, but “management
is not left holding the bag. On the other hand,
labor loses nothing on the uphill side and can be
treated more generously than would be the case
with fixed wage increases.” The profit-sharing
trust fund, Mr. Simons points out, has an added
psychological advantage in its long-term benefits
which continue even though profits may tempora
rily cease.
Certain legal restrictions must be met before
profit-sharing plans can qualify under Government
regulations. For example, a profit-sharing plan
primarily intended to provide disability benefits,
or severance benefits, is not valid under Treasury
rulings. However, if a plan is carefully drawn,
the profit-sharing trust fund can provide disability
benefits, severance pay, and guaranteed annual
wages, despite these limitations. To accomplish
this the coverage must be sufficiently broad with
a certain discretion as to the nature of the benefits.
Holiday Practices in
Industry, 1948
to grant unworked holi
days with pay to hourly workers was noted by the
National Industrial Conference Board in summa
rizing the results of its 1948 survey of holiday
practices.1 Of the 265 companies2 cooperating in
the survey, over three-fourths were granting one
or more unworked paid holidays to hourly workers,
as compared with slightly more than two-fifths of
the 254 companies cooperating in 1946 and fewer
than 10 percent of the 446 reporting in 1936.
All the companies gave unworked paid holidays
to salaried employees in 1948. In 3 out of 4
companies, the number of holidays was the same
for hourly and salaried employees; in the remain
ing companies, salaried employees received more
holidays, but in only a few cases was the difference
greater than 3 for the year.
Six unworked paid holidays were the most com
mon in 1948, being specified for hourly workers by
A n increasing tendency
1National Industrial Conference Board, Inc. Studies in Personnel Policy,
No. 99: Holiday Practices. New York, 1948.
2The cooperating companies included 224 manufacturing and 41 non
manufacturing firms.
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
REPORT ON VOLUNTARY ACTION
64.7 percent, and for salaried employees by 57.2
percent, of the companies granting paid holidays.
In 1946, five or fewer such holidays were the rule
in 26 percent, and six in 44 percent, of the com
panies; only 15 percent were giving five or fewer
holidays in 1948. There appeared to be no trend
toward allowing more than six per year.
Unionization appeared to have little effect on
holiday policies: 75.8 percent of the unionized
companies, and 73.2 percent of those not union
ized, granted one or more paid holidays. Size of
company also seemed to have little effect, although
companies with 5,000 or more employees showed
the “ least deviation from the pattern of six annual
holidays.”
In individual industries, public utilities seemed
to be most liberal in regard to paid holidays, over
half of the 13 companies in this field granting
seven or more during the year. None of the
companies covered in the shipbuilding industry,
and none of those producing iron and steel, granted
paid holidays.
Specific eligibility requirements for paid holi
days for hourly workers were reported by 88.4
percent of the companies granting such holidays,
and for salaried employees, by 37.0 percent.
Nearly 40 percent had a minimum service re
quirement for hourly workers, and 11.2 percent
for salaried workers. An attendance requirement
for hourly workers was reported by 94.6 percent
of the companies having eligibility rules, and for
salaried workers by 83.7 percent. Attendance
requirements varied, but the most common was
that employees were to be at work on the sched
uled workday before and/or after a holiday.
Some types of absences on these days, however,
were excused by the majority of the companies.
In most instances, pay for an unworked holiday
was not forfeited because of authenticated illness,
death in immediate family, or jury duty.
If a holiday fell on Sunday, the following Mon
day was observed as the holiday by over 90 per
cent of the companies granting paid holidays, the
usual pay and eligibility rules being applied.
When it fell on Saturday, however, 62.6 percent
gave neither time off nor pay to hourly workers
if Saturday was normally not a scheduled work
day; 23.2 percent paid hourly workers for the
unworked Saturday even if it was not a scheduled
workday; and 8.9 percent gave an additional day
off with pay.
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427
When a holiday occurred during an employee’s
regular vacation, an additional day’s vacation with
pay was granted to hourly workers by 46.3 per
cent of the companies with paid holidays and to
salaried workers by 52.6 percent. An additional
day’s pay but no extra time off was allowed hourly
workers by 29.5 percent, while 21.0 percent gave
no additional time or pay.
Practically all companies allowed “regular”
pay for unworked holidays, and nearly all granted
premium pay for time worked on holidays.
Hourly workers were paid double time by 66.8
percent of the companies, double time and a half
by 20.0 percent, and triple time by 7.4 percent
for work on holidays. Salaried employees also
usually received extra pay for holiday work, the
most typical amount being the regular salary for
the day plus straight time for the hours actually
worked.
Beveridge Report on
Voluntary A ction1
has stated the case for voluntary
action2 in achieving social advance. His con
clusions appeared in 1948—6 years after the issu
ance of his social security report which was the
basis for broadening the public program of social
protection in Great Britain through cooperation
between the State and the individual.3 The
author’s conviction of the need for a combined
State and private program was brought out in his
earlier report, when he said : “The State in organ
izing security should not stifle incentive, oppor
tunity, responsibility; in establishing a national
minimum, it should leave room and encourage
ment for voluntary action by each individual to
provide more than that minimum for himself and
L ord B everidge
1Voluntary Action: A Report on Methods of Social Advance, by William
Beveridge, London, George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., 1948.
2According to the author, “the term ‘Voluntary Action,’ as used here
means private action, that is to say action not under the directions of any
authority wielding the power of the State. A study of Voluntary Action,
without further limitation, would be as wide as life itself, covering all the
undirected activities of individual citizens in their homes as well as outside
their homes. This study is confined to Voluntary Action for a public pur
pose—for social advance. Its theme is Voluntary Action outside each citi
zen’s home for improving the conditions of life for him and for his fellows.”
*For a summary of the 1942 Beveridge Report, see Monthly Labor Review,
February 1943 (p. 272).
428
REPORT ON VOLUNTARY ACTION
his family.” In concentrating attention on vol
untary efforts, he has now added: “Voluntary
action outside one’s home, individually and in
association with other citizens, for bettering one’s
own life and that of one’s fellows, are the distin
guishing marks of a free society.” Independence
of voluntary action does not mean that there is
not the closest cooperation between public and
voluntary agencies. On the contrary, such co
operation is one of the special features of British
public life.
Existing Voluntary Services
Descriptive material in the volume on voluntary
action traces the history, existing status, and,
insofar as possible, membership and financial
statistics of the major voluntary agencies that
have been developed in Great Britain. Included
are those agencies established for mutual aid and
also as a form of philanthropy. The motive of
the first form of assistance, according to Lord
Beveridge, arises from the individual’s sense of
his own need and that of others for security against
misfortune and the realization that by helping
others all may help themselves. The second is
motivated by social conscience on the part of in
dividuals who are unwilling to accept comforts
without alleviating some of the ills of others.
Of the mutual aid bodies—which include friend
ly societies, trade-unions, building societies, hous
ing societies, social clubs, consumers’ co-ops,
trustee savings banks, and hospital contributory
schemes—the first are the most fully dealt with by
the author. The reasons cited are that these
societies have not received the attention they
deserve and that the making of the study origi
nated in a friendly society.
Legislation adopted in 1793 to encourage the
friendly society in Britain defined it as “a society
of good fellowship for the purpose of raising from
time to time, by voluntary contributions, a
stock or fund for the mutual relief and mainte
nance of all and every the members thereof, in old
age, sickness, and infirmity, or for the relief of
widows and children of deceased members.” In
essence, the members of a friendly society pay
money into a common fund regularly in order to
be able to draw on the fund when they are in need.
Societies are divided roughly between those that
pay sick benefits and those that do not. The
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MONTHLY LABO
provision of sick benefits has placed heavy adm
istrative duties on the societies, the success
solution of which has been their outstanding co.
tribution to social advance. The friendly societies have been the democratic pioneers of mutua
insurance. Moreover, they have been socia
clubs, they have dealt with the general welfare o
their members, and “they have been channel
for the spirit of voluntary service.”
At different times, legislation has both favorer
and hampered the growth of friendly societies
Cooperative arrangements in administering sict
ness benefits that were entered by the Gover;
ment (under its sickness insurance system) and tl
friendly societies in 1911 were abandoned in 194t
In their place, the Government is establishing
its own complete and exclusive administrates1
machinery. In this situation, Lord Beveridge
states: “The greatest danger * * * is not of
the side of the friendly societies. * * * Wil
the State be able to create a machine capable c
doing what the affiliated orders did in the most
difficult of all forms of social insurance, of combin
ing soundness with sympathy in administratioi
of cash benefits to the sick?”
The variety of institutions established b
reason of philanthropic motives is wide but r
numerical estimate is available of the total seal
of such action. Only the main types are described
such as residential settlements, urban and rura
amenities, women’s organizations, youth organiza
tions, and family welfare bodies, and a few in
stances of their work are cited. Another of thes
agencies—the charitable trust—is given specia
attention because (like the friendly society) h
has been neglected, in the author’s opinion.
Early charitable trusts were for the most part
small, local, and were devoted to definite purposes.
Problems that arose in their administration were
largely those that resulted from changed condi
tions. Within the past 50 to 60 years, a new type
of trust has been established in Britain. Large
amounts of money are involved and the expendi
tures are not restricted to any given purpose.
The five foundations of this kind and the year of
establishment are the City Parochial Foundation
of 1891; the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust of
1913; the Pilgrim Trust of 1930; the King George
Jubilee Trust of 1935, and the Nuffield Foundation
of 1943. Their combined incomes aggregate
something like £750,000 a year (roughly $3,000,-
.EVIEW, APRIL 1949
REPORT ON VOLUNTARY ACTION
0). In addition, the King Edward’s Hospital
nd for London dating from 1897 and the Royal
»mmission for the Great Exhibition of 1851
xandle over £150,000 a year (roughly $600,000).
This is money “in living hands not dead hands,
;-n private hands not those of the state, but for
mblic purposes * * * for experiment and
pioneering by Voluntary Action.” In the opinion
>f the author, however, the availability of these
tunds does not reduce the need for a complete
tverhaul of the charitable trusts that have come
’.own from the past and of the law under which
iture trusts may be created.
Personal thrift and the business motive, in
addition to the two main motives of mutual aid
and of philanthropy already discussed, round out
he subjects in this study. Some of the most
ntercsting forms of voluntary association of citi
zens are motivated by personal thrift, that is the
lesire of the individual to save in order to have
aoney at his own command and to obtain personal
mdependence. The business motive, that is,
earning a livelihood or obtaining personal gain in
neeting the needs of others, in combination with
he motive of mutual aid or personal thrift have
esulted in the establishment of extremely sig
nificant organizations.
Recommendations for Voluntary Services
t
■ Increasing leisure of wage earners and the grow
ing complexities of modern life contribute to the
heed for an expansion of voluntary action. The
\uthor points out that the last stage in totalitari
anism would result if the State planned every
bitizen’s leisure. But he warns against tolerance
by the State of organized gambling and wasteful
use of leisure. He recommends that the Govern
ment should seek to guide the individual through
the complexities of modern life indirectly rather
than directly, by making use of voluntary action.
In this connection, education in its widest sense
is urged.
No discussion of the future of all forms of volun
tary action with which the volume deals is at
tempted by the author. He refers to the notable
contribution of the cooperative movement to the
economic organization of Britain and points to
the great educational and social purposes of which
this association of nine million citizens might be
the instrument. Trade-union effort in improving
8 2 8 7 4 5 — 49 -
4
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429
the position of members with respect to wages
and working conditions far outweighs their effort
in protecting members in time of sickness, old
age, etc. ,H is even more important, in the
opinion of the author, “to preserve genuine
educated democracy in the choice of trade-union
leaders,” owing to the enlarged political power
of these organizations.
An eight-point program is recommended for the
State in relation to voluntary action: (1) Coopera
tion of Public Authorities and Voluntary Agencies;
(2) A Friendly Societies Act; (3) A Royal Com
mission on Charitable Trusts; (4) Reexamination
of Taxation of Voluntary Agencies; (5) An
Enquiry as to the Physically Handicapped;
(6) A Minister-Guardian of Voluntary Action;
(7) Specialized Staff Training; (8) Continuance
and Extension of Public Grants to Voluntary
Agencies.
Points (1), (7), and (8) represent policies already
accepted and those remaining are departures from
existing policies but follow established lines.
In conclusion as to the State and voluntary
action, Lord Beveridge adds:
The State should encourage Voluntary Action of all
kinds for social advance. In respect of that form of
Voluntary Action for Mutual Aid which is the startingpoint of this Report—the friendly societies—the
State should make amends for damage to them in the
past by a generous agreed measure of legislation
opening the road to new service in the future. It
should remove difficulties in the way of the other
forms of Mutual Aid discussed in this Report. It
should in every field of its growing activity use where
it can, without destroying their freedom and their
spirit, the voluntary agencies for social advance, born
of social conscience and of philanthropy. This is one
of the marks of a free society.
He continues that “ * * * the aim of the
first [Beveridge] report, of putting first things first,
cannot be accomplished simply by redistribution of
purchasing power. * * * If we are really to
put first things first, bread and health for all at all
times before cake and circuses for anybody, we
must go beyond the simple redistribution of
money. * * * It is necessary to face two new
difficulties in the way of doing this. First, it
involves making and keeping something other than
pursuit of gain as the dominant force in society.
* * * Second, with the passage from class rule
to representative democracy, little can be done
except by influencing directly, not a few leaders,
but the mass of the people.”
430
JOINT SAFETY PROGRAM
Joint Safety Program:
A Case Study in Cooperation
MONTHLY LABOR
in detail the purposes, organization, and proce
dures of the joint safety program.
Program Organization and Procedure
adopted in mid-1945 by
Local 656 of the Textile Workers Union of America
(CIO) and the Forstmann Woolen Co., of Passaic,
N. J., has contributed to a lower accident rate,
according to a recent study;1 this company has
also had “exceptionally good” industrial relations
since the signing of a contract with the union in
August 1944.
Over a 4-year period, the accident-frequency
rate 2 dropped 84 percent—from a peak of 9.36
for 1943 to a low of 1.46 for 1947.3 With the
formation of the joint safety program in 1945, the
accident-frequency rate for that year fell 47 per
cent—from 8.66 to 4.55. The severity rate 4 also
showed marked improvement throughout these
periods.
In 1935, however, the company had established
an organized safety program among its supervisory
force; and for the next 5 years noteworthy progress
was made in reducing accidents. But during the
war years 1941-43, when production problems were
paramount and workers largely unskilled, the rela
tive number of disabling injuries mounted, reach
ing an all-time high in 1943.
When management accepted the offer of union
cooperation to prevent accidents in early 1945, it
laid down two conditions: That final responsibility
for safety (including final decisions on safety mat
ters) remain in the hands of management; and
that no office-holding union member serve on any
safety committee, the purpose being to keep safety
activities out of the area of controversy and sep
arate from the grievance procedure.
The collective agreement between the union and
the company does not provide for a joint safety
program, nor does it contain the “safety and
health” clause frequently found in such agree
ments. However, a constitution and bylaws,
formulated and revised by joint action, prescribe
1The Joint Safety Program of the Forstmann Woolen Co. and Local 656,
T he
sa fety
program
Textile Workers Union of America (CIO). Rutgers University, Institute of
Management and Labor Relations, New Brunswick, N. J., 1948. (Case
Studies of Cooperation Between Labor and Management, No. 1.)
2Number of disabling injuries per million employee-hours worked.
2The annual rate for the woolen and worsted textile manufacturing in
dustry in the United States in 1947 was 18.6, according to the annual survey
of the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (See M onthly Labor Review,
November 1948, p. 508.)
4Average number of days lost, because of disabling injuries, per 1,000
employee-hours worked.
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The formal work of the program is conducted
by a joint council and 16 departmental joint
committees. Each holds separate monthly meet
ings. The council supervises the work of the
individual committees. Council members serve
for 12 months; their terms are staggered, and no
second term is permitted until all who are eligible
have served. This diffusion of experience also
extends to the departmental joint committees.
Union members on these committees serve only
6 months, so as to permit participation by as
many employees as possible; foremen serve 12
months.
The council and committees are in reality a
training center in safety for their members; at
any given time there are 39 union members
serving in one capacity or another, and an equal
number from management. Union members are
paid for all time spent at meetings of the joint
program, even when overtime is involved. The
flow of suggestions and related information and
education forms a continuous process through a
wide variety of devices, and results in the securing
and maintaining of broad worker interest and
participation in safety.
Potential Areas of Disagreement
Although no formal grievances have been
presented by the union on the subject of safety
during the 4 years of collective bargaining, the
survey analyzes five areas of possible friction.
(1) Enforcement of safety rules has occasioned no
discharges and no serious disagreements, because
of the joint approach. The union has taken a
leading part in helping “to correct violators,” so
that discipline on the part of management has not
been required; for instance, it has assisted materially
in reducing horseplay and in stimulating the use
of safety goggles.
(2) In placing disabled workers, the word of the
medical department has generally been accepted
as to the proper time for injured employees to
return to work and in determining the type of
work they are able to perform. Disputes on
these matters have been settled in fairly short
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
JOINT SAFETY PROGRAM
order. Greater leeway in the retention of senior
ity is given to an employee transferred for medical
or physical reasons to a new seniority area than
to one experiencing an ordinary transfer.
(3) The management lays great emphasis on the
importance of prompt action. Under company
policy, any suggestion accepted under the joint
safety program must be put into effect as soon as
possible, otherwise prompt explanation must be
given together with a statement as to when action
is to be expected; prompt explanation is also re
quired in case of a rejected suggestion.
(4) Certain union requests for wider plant in
spection by safety representatives and advance
reports on accidents for its joint council represent
atives had not been granted at the time of the
study.
(5) The union has been vigorous in presenting
its members’ claims for workmen’s compensation,
yet its representatives on the joint safety program
do not become involved directly in compensation
hearings. Individuals representing the union in
these two functions are not the same—in line with
the agreed policy of keeping the joint safety pro
gram noncontroversial, but in contrast to company
representation.
In spite of disagreements which inevitably have
arisen and might arise, the study emphasizes the
fact that “both parties agree, and the record indi
cates, that the joint safety program has been re
markably successful.”
This procedure stands in the forefront as a means of
securing and maintaining broad interest and participa
tion in safety. I t has proved to be by far the best way
of securing suggestions from employees. Publicity on
the subject of accident prevention, designed to pro
mote safety consciousness on the part of all the em
ployees, is handled most effectively under this program.
Most of the issues concerned with the daily operation
of the accident-prevention program are noncontro
versial, and the joint safety program appears very well
suited to handle such matters.
Factors in Success of Accident Prevention
The joint safety program, according to the study,
is only one of three parts in the accident-preven
tion program at Forstmann, the others being (1)
activities of the company’s supervisory force,
trained for many years to think in terms of safety
and management’s final responsibility for accident
prevention, and (2) the collective-bargaining
machinery.
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431
Eight factors, listed in the following order, were
given as predisposing to the success of accident
prevention at Forstmann:
(1) The relatively noncontroversial character of
the subject of accident prevention.
(2) A relatively peaceful and constructive back
ground of industrial relations, which in turn ap
pears to have been still further improved by the
cooperation of union and management in this
enterprise.
(3) Both parties seem to enjoy a feeling of
security.
(4) General understanding of location of author
ity as between management and union; manage
ment consults with union representatives, when
ever possible, on the soundness of decisions before
putting them into effect.
(5) Ineligibility of union officers to serve as
safety representatives in the joint programs, thus
maintaining its noncontroversial character and
keeping the formal meetings on the cooperative
level, since controversies arising as to safety are
settled informally.
(6) The considerable effort put into securing
general employee interest and participation in
safety. Attention is paid to the matter of keeping
all employees informed about safety, with special
attention to the systems of communicating with
supervisors and safety representatives.
(7) Promptness with which suggestions are
acted upon, on the whole.
(8) General attitude of management and union
toward each other—their basic confidence and
mutual respect, coupled with their objectivity
in handling common problems—is probably the
most important factor, according to the study.
Background Relationships
The Forstmann Co., for some years, has been
a leading producer of better woven woolen and
worsted fabrics. At the time of the study, some
what fewer than 4,000 employees were in the
bargaining unit. Acceptance of the union in 1944
and development of the joint safety program in
1945 occurred during relatively high levels of
employment. Union security has progressed from
maintenance-of-membership to full-fledged unionshop status, granted by management in 1947 on
its own initiative. Arbitration is provided for in
the contract (and functions under an impartial
432
ATM O SP H E R IC CONTROLS— T E X T I L E S
chairman), but has been invoked in only one case.
With the exception of a few departmental stop
pages, no strike or lock-out has occurred since the
recognition of the union.
It should be clear th at this account of the joint
safety program at the Forstmann Woolen Co., is a
study of cooperation between management and labor
under most favorable circumstances. This must be
borne in mind in any attem pt to apply the findings
of this case study to the problem of promoting more
general cooperation between management and labor.
* * * Even in the relatively noncontroversia
field of accident prevention, successful cooperation
comes only from the diligent application by both
parties of the highest skill in human relations.
Atmospheric Control in Textile M ills:
Proposed Trade-Union Standard
T h e T e x t il e W o r k e r s U n io n of America (CIO)
has proposed a specific standard for temperature
and humidity control in textile mills, in the in
terest of improved production and working con
ditions. It has also advocated the installation
of adequate air conditioning in connection with
the standard proposed, according to a report issued
by the union for information and guidance of its
members.1
“Good controls of temperature and humidity,”
the study emphasizes, “insure conditions for work
ers to produce their best in comfort and good
health, and also provide the most advantageous
conditions for efficient processing.”
The physiological effects of high temperatures
and humidities upon the worker in the cotton
textile industry had been fully explored, according
to a study published in 1945, which stated:
“There are plenty of data now available to show
* * * that the efficiency of the worker * * *
begins to fall off when the dry and wet bulb ex
ceed certain combinations.” 2 According to the
current study, the ability of textile workers to
1Air Conditioning in Textile Mills. The Case for Temperature and
Hum idity Control To Provide Comfort, Health, Safety, and Optimum
Production. New York, Textile Workers Union of America (CIO), 1948.
(Research Department Technical Report: Prepared by Franklin G. Bishop
and Solomon Barkin.)
2Atmospheric Conditions in Cotton Textile Plants by Philip Drinker:
Special Bulletin No. 18, U. S. Department of Labor, Division of Labor
Standards, 1945. (p. 5).
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MONTHLY LABOR
produce drops noticeably if air conditions rise
above 80° ET (effective temperature). The range
between the comfort level (about 70° ET) and the
80° limit permits the highest and the best-quality
output. “ Immediately above this range, output
drops as much as 15 percent from the optimum in
an 8-hour day, with some variation” depending
on the nature of the work. From 87° to 94° ET,
production falls very rapidly—as much as 50
percent below the optimum in an 8-hour day; and
when the effective temperature reaches 94°, output
is likely to drop 80 to 90 percent. On heavy jobs,
the decline in productivity is earlier and more
serious.
The relative humidity used for different fibers
and processes were found, in the study reviewed,
to range from 50 to 90 percent. Good textile
processing requires a constant level of humidity
in every operation, even though the actual level
may vary from room to room. Careful tempera
ture control is also crucial in some operations and
desirable for all processes. A maximum of 80°
ET, the report states, will assure satisfactory con
ditions for both the worker and the process.
Labor-Management Disputes
in March 1949
T h e n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s idle during work stop
pages increased substantially in March 1949 after
3 months in which comparatively small numbers
were affected. Idleness, which ran below 1,000,000
man-days per month in December, January, and
February, exceeded 3,000,000 man-days in March
according to preliminary indications. The wide
spread memorial stoppage of coal miners, together
with a suspension of Railway Express Agency
operations in New York City and adjoining New
Jersey areas, were the two largest factors in the
month’s idleness.
Coal Mining Stoppage
Invoking a clause in the agreement with mining
operators providing that the union may designate
memorial periods provided it shall give proper
notice to each district, President John L. Lewis
of the United Mine Workers of America issued a
statement on March 11 as follows:
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
LABOR-M AN AG E M E N T D ISP U TE S
Exercising its contractual options, the United Mine
Workers of America is authorizing a Memorial period
during which a suspension of mining will occur. The
authorization affects all bituminous coal and anthra
cite mines east of the Mississippi River. It is effective
Monday, March 14, and production in the described
area will resume Monday, March 28.
Mines in all States west of the Mississippi River
are authorized to remain at work to avoid public
hardship in areas where climatic conditions have
recently been unfavorable.
This period of inaction will emphasize the Mineworkers’ opposition to one Boyd, an incompetent,
unqualified person who has usurped the office and
functions of Director of the Federal Bureau of Mines
without Senate confirmation as required by statute.
Concurrently the Mineworkers will mourn the un
necessary slaughter of 55,115 men killed and injured
in the calendar year 1948, during Boyd’s incumbency
of his usurped office. Meanwhile the Mineworkers
will pray for relief from the monstrous and grotesque
injustice of an ignorant and incompetent Boyd having
the power to decide whether they shall live or con
tinue to die in the mines.
Dr. James Boyd was appointed by President
Truman as Director of the United States Bureau
of Mines in August 1947. His confirmation by
the United States Senate was still pending, how
ever, at the time the stoppage began. On March
14 the Senate Interior and Insular Affairs Com
mittee approved the nomination of Dr. Boyd by a
10 to 1 vote, and on March 23 his appointment
was confirmed by the Senate.
On March 24, Mr. Lewis reaffirmed his original
statement that work was to be resumed on
Monday, March 28. The miners returned to their
jobs, and production of coal was resumed on that
date as scheduled.
Railway Express Agency Stoppage
On or about March 10 the Railway Express
Agency distributed notices of termination of
employment to approximately 9,000 employees
in New York City and the northern New Jersey
area, effective March 12. The action of the agency
was based on an alleged slow-down of employees
causing interruptions to service and congestion at
company terminals. Members of the union
involved—Botherhood of Railway and Steamship
Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express and Station
Employees (AFL)—were reported to have started
the slow-down as a protest against alleged
“stalling” by the company in negotiating a new
contract. The union’s principal demands were
for a 5-day, 40-hour week in lieu of the existing
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433
6-day, 44-hour week, with two consecutive days
off, and a 25-cents-an-hour increase in wages.
Negotiations under the auspices of the National
Mediation Board continued during the month, but
the dispute was still not settled at the end of
March. Developments in the meantime included
(1) the placing of an embargo by the company on
express shipments of less than carload lots into and
out of New York City, (2) the filing of a $5,000,000
damage suit by the company against the Clerks’
Union, claiming that the slow-down was a violation
of agreement, and (3) the picketing of agency
depots.
Brief Strike on Wabash Railroad
An accumulation of grievances—some of long
standing—provoked a walk-out of 3,500 operat
ing employees of the Wabash Railroad on March
15 which stopped all service on the line. The
unions involved were the four unaffiliated railroad
Brotherhoods—Locomotive Engineers, Locomo
tive Firemen and Enginemen, Railroad Train
men, and Railway Conductors.
The day the strike began President Truman
created an emergency fact-finding board to investi
gate the issues. As the strike continued, the rail
road, on March 18, began to lay off the 8,500
nonoperating employees.
An agreement was signed on March 22, settling
many of the issues and providing a return to work
while negotiations continued on those remaining,
with the emergency board standing by to take
jurisdiction over any problems the parties them
selves could not settle.
Railroads and Nonoperating Employees
Agreement was reached on March 20 between
the Nation’s railroads and 16 nonoperating unions
under the terms of which the workers will receive
48 hours’ pay for 40 hours’ work plus a 7-cents-anhour wage increase. The agreement affects ap
proximately 1,000,000 clerks, trackmen, shop
mechanics, and other rail groups other than those
who man the trains. The 40-hour week schedule
will take effect September 1, 1949, while the pay
increase of 7 cents an hour is retroactive to Oc
tober 1,1948. This settlement ended an 11-month
dispute and incorporated the recommendations
made December 17 by a presidential fact-finding
board appointed under provisions of the Railway
Labor Act.1
1See M onthly Labor Review, January 1949, p. 58.
Technical Notes
Procedures U sed in
1947 Family Expenditure Surveys 1
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
for 1947 income, expenditures, and savings in
Washington, Richmond, and Manchester are
based on samples of families representative of all
types of consumers.2 Personal interviews with
these families were conducted during February,
March, and April, 1948. The sample units were
selected by ratio from lists of dwellings prepared
for the Bureau’s Dwelling Unit Survey 3 and sup
plemented by field investigation to include rooms
in lodging houses, hotels, employee quarters of
institutions, and new construction.
When a sample unit was found to house more
than one “economic family,” each family was in
cluded in the sample. The “economic family”
may be either (1) a family of 2 or more persons
dependent on a common or pooled income for the
major items of expense, and usually living in the
samp, household; or (2) a single consumer who
lived as an independent economic family either in
a separate household or as a roomer in a private
home, lodging house, or hotel.
All relatives of the family head who ordinarily
lived with the family, but were temporarily away
from home at work or school, in a hospital, or on
a visit, were included as family members provided
they either contributed to the family income or
received a large part of their support from family
funds. Children away at school, who earned
their living or lived on veteran education benefits,
and persons in military service, living on military
reservations, were not included as family members.
Related persons living in one household were
D ata obtained
i
Prepared by Helen M. Humes of the Bureau’s Division of Prices and Cost
of Living.
3 See Family Income and Expenditures in 1947, p. 389 of this issue, for sum
mary of survey findings.
>For a detailed description of the sampling design, see The Rent In d e x Part 2: Methodology of Measurement, Monthly Labor Review, January
1949; also reprinted as Serial No. R. 1947.
434
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considered as forming two or more economic fam
ilies only when the separation of finances was
clearly defined.
To have been considered eligible for inclusion
in the survey, it was necessary for the family to
have existed as an economic family during all of
1947. Full-year economic families may have had
part-year family membefs, i. e., persons who
joined or left the family during 1947. Income and
expenditures for part-year family members, for
that part of 1947 when they were in the family,
were combined with the data for the rest of the
economic family.
Sample Size and Coverage
For Washington, the sample provided usable
data for 323 economic families, of whom 273 were
families of 2 or more persons and 50 were single
consumers. The survey included the city proper
and the suburban areas in Montgomery and Prince
Georges Counties, Md., and Alexandria, Arlington
County, and part of Fairfax County, Va.
The Richmond sample consisted of 196 economic
families who were eligible for inclusion in the study
and were willing and able to give a complete report
(178 families of 2 or more persons and 18 single
consumers). The survey included the city proper
and the suburban areas located in Henrico and
Chesterfield Counties, Va.
In Manchester, the sample provided complete
reports for 236 economic families (190 families of
2 or more persons and 46 single consumers).
Since there are no important concentrations of
housing outside the city limits, the survey included
only the city proper.
No substitutions were made for families or
single consumers who refused information or who
could not be contacted.
Income Data for Washington
The income data for the Washington, D. C.,
area (like those for the other two cities) are based
on reports of gross income and of income after
payment of personal taxes. These data were ob
tained in connection with the reports on expendi
tures and savings, primarily for use in classifying
the summary expenditure data.
The Bureau of the Census, in February and
March 1948, obtained data on 1947 gross money
FAMILY EXPENDITURE SURVEY
income from a very much larger sample of Wash
ington area families and individuals not in families.
The income-size distributions obtained in the two
sample surveys differ in some respects.
The differences result from underlying differ
ences in the survey design, the most important of
which are definition of the family, the number and
type of questions asked to obtain the data, and
sample size and coverage. The Census sample
included all the Washington metropolitan area
and covered 4,254 families and individuals. The
expenditure survey covered the city and the urban
fringe outside the district as defined for housingmarket surveys, and used a sample consisting of
323 economic families.
The Census survey defined the family as a
group of two or more persons related by blood,
marriage, or adoption, and residing together;
single persons living with relatives were considered
family members even though they did not pool
their incomes or share expenses. The economic
family as defined for the BLS survey included only
persons who pooled incomes and shared expenses,
regardless of relationship; related persons who
handled their incomes and expenditures independ
ently were considered separate economic families,
even though they resided in the same dwelling.
The Census income data refer to families as they
existed at the time of the survey in the spring of
1948. The BLS income data refer to families as
they existed in 1947, including members who left
the family after December 31, 1947, and excluding
members who joined the family after that date.
The Census Bureau obtained a report of gross
money income only, itemized by family member
and general source classification, and the survey
procedure did not afford an opportunity to check
the income data reported. The BLS procedure
obtained gross income itemized by family member
and detailed source classification, as well as net
income after deductions. Records were made of
the amounts of the deductions, and these, together
with the complete expenditure report, provided the
basis for checking the incomes reported. Revisits
were made to families whose income reports did
not balance with their reports of expenditures and
4 Due to the difficulty experienced by respondents in accounting completely
for receipts (i. e., income, other money receipts, and funds made available
through liquidation of assets or through credit) and disbursements (i. e.,
outlays for current consumption, gifts and taxes, and money used to increase
assets or decrease debts), a margin of tolerance was set up for discrepancies
between the two. A schedule was considered acceptable if the difference
was less th an 10 percent of receipts or disbursements, whichever was the
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435
savings or deficits within a 10-percent tolerance.4
These revisits frequently resulted in reports of
additional income. It has been found that sur
veys of income made in connection with expendi
ture studies result in higher income reports than
those obtained independently.
Because Washington expenditure data relate to
the incomes obtained in the Bureau of Labor
Statistics survey, summary expenditure data for
combined income classes are based on income
distributions obtained in that survey.5
Reliability of the Data
The data obtained in these surveys are based
on reports from a sample of all families in each
city, and are thus subject to sampling variability.
The sampling variability of a percentage figure
depends on both the size of the percentage and the
size of the total on which it is based. The
variability of an average depends on the size and
shape of the distribution from which it is derived.
These measures of sampling variability can be
calculated through use of standard statistical
formulae. However, in addition to sampling
variability, the data are subject to errors of
response and nonreporting. Most of the infor
mation given is based on memory rather than on
records. Because of the tendency to forget
irregular sources of income and some expenditures
for day-to-day living essentials, the memory
factor probably results in underestimates. Since
such errors cannot be easily measured, no estimate
of probable errors in the data has been made.
All averages are based on all families in the
income class, regardless of whether or not they
had expenditures for each particular item. In
small samples in which data are subdivided by
classes, some irregularities are to be expected,
especially among items on which expenditures
may vary substantially in amount or may occur
at infrequent intervals—for example, medical care
items. With few exceptions, adjustments are
not made in the averages; any exceptions are
noted in the statistical tables. Income-class
averages are those yielded by the original reports.
larger. The “balancing difference” is the average net difference between
reported money receipts (i. e., money income, other money receipts, and net
deficit) and reported money disbursements (i. e., expenditures for current
consumption, gifts and contributions, insurance, and net surplus).
8For detailed income data, see U. S. Bureau of the Census, Consumer
Income Report, Series P-60, No. 4.
Recent Decisions
of Interest to Labor'
Wages and Hours 2
Enforcement of Act, Civil Contempt. A February
1949 decision of the Supreme Court of the United
States is important in enforcement of the Fair
Labor Standards Act. The Court held 3 an em
ployer liable for civil contempt for disobeying a
general decree enjoining violation of the wage,
hour, and record-keeping provisions of the act
although the plan adopted by the employer for
payment of wages was not specifically enjoined.
The decree, issued by a district court in 1943,
prohibited the employer from paying less than the
minimum wage, and overtime compensation due
under the act, to certain designated classes of em
ployees, and from failing to keep records of their
wages and hours. In 1946 the Administrator of
the Wage and Hour Division brought civil con
tempt proceedings against the employer for vio
lating the decree. The district court found that
the employer, in violation of the act, had set up
a fictitious method of compensation without re
gard to hours actually worked; had adopted a
plan giving a wage increase in the guise of a
bonus, which was excluded from the regular rate
for purposes of computing overtime; had classified
some employees as administrative in plain viola
tion of the Administrator’s regulations; and had
employed piece workers for more than 40 hours a
1 Prepared in the Office of the Solicitor, U. S. Department of Labor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or
to indicate the eflect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached, based upon local statutory provisions, the existence
of local precedents, or a diflerent approach by the courts to the issue presented.
2This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions involv
ing the Pair Labor Standards Act and the Portal-to-Portal Act. I t is not to
be construed and may not be relied upon as interpretation of these acts by
the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division or any agency of the
Department of Labor.
3McComb v. Jacksonville Paper Co. (U. S. Sup. Ct., Feb. 14/1949).
436
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
week without paying them overtime. This court
found, however, that such violations did not
constitute civil contempt, on the ground that
they were not willful and were not specifically
covered by the decree. The court of appeals
affirmed the district court’s decision.
Reversing this decision, the Supreme Court
held that absence of willfulness was no defense
against a remedial action for civil contempt. An
action did not cease to be a violation of the law
because it was perpetrated innocently. The fact
that those specific violations were not singled out
for mention in the injunction decree was likewise
held no defense. The persistent violations in
this case indicated that a decree in general terms
had been necessary—otherwise the employer
could, after each new decree, devise a new evasion.
The employing company knew that it was taking
a risk in adopting measures designed to avoid
liability under the act. Moreover, it could have
avoided this risk by petitioning the district court
for a clarification of the order.
The Supreme Court held it was proper to order
the employer in the contempt action to pay back
wages and overtime pay to its employees as
damages. The requirement was merely a method
of enforcing the district court’s decree.
Two justices dissented on the ground that the
Court should be sparing in construing the extent
of an injunction decree punishing contempt, when
there was no trial by jury. These justices were
of the opinion that the order of the district court
was not sufficiently clear in its prohibition of the
acts charged to make the employer committing
them liable for contempt. Reference was made
to the former abuse of injunctions of a general
nature against labor unions, which the NorrisLaGuardia Act was designed to prevent.
Portal Act— Contract or Custom; de Minimis.
Maintenance employees were required by their
employer to report, dressed ready for work, in
their respective shops at its plant at 7:55 a. m.
each day, when they were to punch their time
clocks. In computing their compensation, how
ever, the employer did not include the period
from 7:55 to 8 a. m. The employment contract
with the union provided that employees required
to work over 8 hours in any 1 day would be paid
one and a half times their regular rate for all such
overtime. The employees sued for overtime
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
compensation for work during the 5 minutes each
day from 7:55 to 8 a. m. The employer argued
that such claims were barred by the Portal-toPortal Act of 1947 as relating to preliminary
activities not compensable according to the
employment contract or according to a custom or
practice at the place of employment. The de
fense claimed also that insubstantial periods of
time spent in preliminary activities need not be
included for the purpose of computing overtime
compensation. The district court upheld the
employees.
The court of appeals 4approved the lower court’s
finding that the activities during the 5-minute
period were compensable under the employment
contract which provided for payment of overtime
to employees required to work over 8 hours a day.
Since the employees were required to report ready
for work at the beginning of the 5-minute period,
they were held required to work during that period
within the meaning of the contract. But the
appellate court also held that the time of 5 minutes
was so insubstantial and insignificant that it need
not be included in the statutory workweek for
purposes of computing overtime compensation,
and therefore upheld the employer.
The employees have filed a petition for a rehear
ing, in which the Administrator of the Wage and
Hour Division has joined, on the ground that the
de minimis rule does not apply to a fixed period
of time, no matter how small, as fixed periods are
made compensable by the contract of employment.
Production o j Goods f o r Commerce— R ep a ir o j H ig h
w ays. Employees of a contractor—truck drivers
and a mechanic working on truck maintenance
and repair—were engaged in intrastate transpor
tation of sand and gravel purchased from a local
producer and used in maintenance and repair of
the State highway system. The hauling for the
State highway system constituted about a third
of the contractor’s total business. The employees’
services were not segregated between this and
other work. A district court held5 that the
employees were engaged in commerce and pro
duction of goods for commerce within the meaning
of the Fair Labor Standards Act, since the State
highway system was used by vehicles engaged in
interstate commerce as well as by those engaged
4Frank v. Wilson <& Co. (U. S. C. C. A. (7th), Feb. 10, 1949).
8McComb v. Carter (U. S. D. C., E. D. Va., July 31, 1948)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
437
in intrastate commerce. They were, therefore,
not exempt from the overtime provisions of the
act.
Commerce— R eta il E xem ption. An automobile
dealer was engaged in the business of selling and
repairing trucks and truck parts purchased outside
the State, to local customers engaged in commercial
hauling. Some of the trucks purchased were used
by the customers to transport goods across State
lines. The dealer had five employees and his
business amounted to over $200,000 in 1 year.
The Administrator of the Wage and Hour
Division sought to enjoin the dealer from violating
the Fair Labor Standards Act. The Federal dis
trict court held 6 that the employees of the dealer
were engaged in commerce, since the goods they
sold were purchased outside the State and could
never be said to have left the stream of commerce
prior to their sale to customers. The retail and
service establishment employee exemption of
section 13 (a) (2) was held inapplicable to these
workers, who sold or repaired trucks for com
mercial users only.
oj Executive E m ployees. A circuit
court of appeals considered7 the application of
section 13 (a) (1) of the Fair Labor Standards Act
exempting employees “ employed in a bona fide
executive * * * capacity.” The chief build
ing-maintenance engineer of a department store
engaged in the manufacture and sale of women’s
clothing sued his employer for overtime compensa
tion. The employer disclaimed liability on the
grounds that (1) the engineer was not engaged in
commerce or the production of goods for com
merce, (2) he was exempt as an employee of a re
tail and service establishment, and (3) he was
exempt as an executive employee. The district
court upheld the employer.
The court of appeals overruled the lower court
on all three grounds. As 40 percent of the annual
gross sales of clothing manufactured by the em
ployer were shipped out of the State, the employer
was clearly engaged in the production of goods
for commerce. The retail exemption was held
inapplicable to employees whose activities were
not separated between manufacturing and selling
E xem p tio n
• McComb v. Deibert (U. S. D. C., E. D. Pa., Feb. 14, 1949).
'‘Grant v. Bergdorf & Goodman (U. S. C. C. A. (7th), Jan. 28 ,1949).
4 38
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
carried on in the same store building. The engi
neer was responsible for maintenance of the whole
building.
The court ordered a new trial on the issue of
whether the engineer was an executive. He ad
mitted performing “ minor supervisory duties,”
but claimed his main activity was maintenance
and repair of the building and a major portion of
his time was spent in manual labor. The regula
tions of the Administrator of the Wage and Hour
Division provided that to be exempt as an execu
tive an employee must, among other things, be
one “ whose hours of work of the same nature as
that performed by nonexempt employees do not
exceed 20 percent of the number of hours worked
in the workweek by nonexempt employees under
his direction.” The trial court had charged the
jury that, even if the engineer performed manual
work, if he alone could do it because of the special
skill required, then the work was not of the same
nature within the meaning of the regulation. The
court of appeals held this charge to be error, since
the nonexempt work referred to in the regulation
did not refer only to work performed by others
under the direction of the employee in question,
but to all nonexempt work, which might be of
any kind, including highly skilled work by all
employees who were not directing others. The
trial court was also held to have erred in charging
that the nonexempt hours were to be measured
as a percentage of the engineer’s workweek,
rather than of the workweek of the employees
under his direction.
Labor Relations
State Ju risd ic tio n To P revent In term itten t W ork
Stoppages. The United States Supreme Court
held8 that a State employment relations board
was not prohibited by either the Federal Consti
tution or the National Labor Relations Act from
ordering a labor union to cease instigating inter
mittent and unannounced work stoppages.
The stoppages represented a new technique
openly adopted by a union as a means of bringing
pressure against an employer. Twenty-six of the
stoppages occurred during a 5-month period, with
consequent disruption of work. Upon employer’s
request, the State board ordered the union to
8International Union United Automobile Workers of America (A F L ) v.
Wisconsin Employment Relations Board (U. S. Sup. Ct„ Feb. 28, 1949).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
cease engaging in concerted efforts to interfere
with production by arbitrarily calling union meet
ings or causing other stoppages during scheduled
working hours. It also ordered the union to cease
engaging in other efforts to interfere with pro
duction, except by leaving the premises in an
orderly manner and going on strike. The State
supreme court upheld the order of the State board,
but construed it to prevent only the acts in which
the union had actually engaged.
In affirming the State court decision, the United
States Supreme Court held that the order did not
impose involuntary servitude (it did not prevent
individual quitting of work), or invade rights of
freedom of assembly, or interfere with the Federal
power over commerce, but that it was a valid
exercise of the State police power.
The Court rejected the union’s contention that
the order conflicted with provisions of the National
Labor Relations Act either as originally enacted,
or as amended in 1947. The action prohibited by
the State board’s order was held to be—along with
other coercive tactics in labor controversies—in
an area which had been left open for State control.
The National Labor Relations Board was held to
have power neither to approve nor to forbid the
acts in question. No conflict existed between the
order of the State board and the policy of the
National Labor Relations Act, as would exist if
a State board should select a bargaining repre
sentative. The work stoppages were held not to
be protected by section 7 of the amended NLRA,
which guaranteed to employees the right to selforganization and the right to engage in concerted
activities for mutual aid and protection. Section
7, the Court said, did not make all concerted
activities immune; it merely prevented discrimi
nation against employees or unions because such
activities were concerted. Activities, otherwise
illegal, were not protected merely because they
were performed in concert. Section 13, which
stated that nothing in the act should be construed
to limit the right to strike, was held to apply only
to the National Labor Relations Act itself; it did
not attempt to modify other laws concerning
strikes or to make the right to strike absolute.
Previous decisions of the Court were cited as
establishing the State’s power to prohibit strikes
in certain instances.
Four justices dissented. Two thought the
order of the State board to be in conflict with
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
section 7, which had previously been held to
protect “ partial” strikes. Three justices believed
the State Board’s order to be in conflict with
section 13, which they thought established a policy
protecting the right to strike.
Interference— R efu sa l o f Use o f C om pany A u d i
torium . An employer’s refusal to allow its audi
torium, the only available meeting hall in a
company town, to be used for a union meeting
was held 9 to be an unfair labor practice discrimi
natory against the union’s organizing activities.
The employer rented the hall to a fraternal order
with directions that no other organization be
allowed to use it. In practice, however, this direc
tion was not enforced, and many organizations
used the hall. When, the union organizer first
asked to be allowed to use the hall, the request
was granted by the lessee but the permission was
later canceled on request of the employer. The
NLRB found the denial of the hall to the union
to be discriminatory and ordered the employer to
cease refusing its use to this or any other union.
The court refused to enforce the Board’s order.
The United States Supreme Court reversed the
appellate court’s decision.
The Supreme Court held that the Board’s order
did not deprive the employer of its property with
out due process of law. Not every interference
with property rights was protected by the fifth
amendment, the Court stated, but “ inconvenience
or even some dislocation of property rights may be
necessary to safeguard collective bargaining.”
It was pointed out that the situation in a
company-dominated town was very different from
the situation in a large metropolitan area where
the union could easily have secured access to
another hall. The grant of facilities to the union
could not have been held to be an attempt to
dominate the union in violation of section 8 (a) (2)
of the amended National Labor Relations Act,
since the grant of a meeting place, by itself, had
never been held to show company domination.
The Board’s order as originally worded was so
broad that it would have prohibited the denial of
the hall to the union at any time, regardless of the
employer’s policy toward other organizations.
Therefore, the Board was directed to modify its
#National Labor Relations Board v. Stowe Spinning Co. (U. S. Sup. Ct.,
Feb. 28, 1949).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
439
order so that it would prevent only a discrimina
tory denial of the hall’s use.
Two justices dissented, on the ground that denial
of the hall was not discriminatory interference with
union activities, but was merely a refusal to aid
organizational activities. Employees were held to
possess no rights in their employer’s nonbusiness
property.
Justice Jackson agreed with the Court insofar as
it directed the employer to revoke its order that
the lessee deny use of the hall to the union. But
he thought the employer should be directed only
to desist from interfering with the discretion of the
lessee.
Free Speech in Labor D isp u te— S o u n d T rucks. The
United States Supreme Court upheld 10 the con
stitutionality of a city ordinance prohibiting use
upon the public streets of sound trucks and other
devices from which are emitted “ loud and rau
cous” noises.
The case arose upon the arrest of a person who
used a sound truck in commenting upon a labor
dispute. The majority of the Court held that the
ordinance was a valid exercise of the local police
power to prohibit nuisances. A previous decision11
striking down an antinoise ordinance was dis
tinguished from this instance, on the gound that
in the former case the local chief of police was
given discretion to censor such broadcasts without
reference to any standards. In the instant case,
the Court pointed out, all loud and raucous noises
from sound trucks were prohibited. The right of
free speech was held not to include the opportunity
to gain the public’s ear by objectionably amplified
sound on the street. Four justices dissented on
the ground that the ordinance was an unconsti
tutional abridgment of free speech, which was
held to include modern methods of communication
to the public.
The Court of Appeals for
the Second Circuit held 12 that section 304 of the
Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, which
prohibits expenditures by a labor organization in
connection with an election, primary, or conven
tion for the selection of senators, congressmen, or
P olitical E xpenditures.
10Kovacs v. Cooper (U. S. Sup. Ct., Jan. 31, 1949).
11Saia v. New York (334 U. S. 558).
12 United States v. Painters Local Union No. 481 (U. S. C. C. A. (2d), Feb.
8, 1948).
440
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
Presidential and Vice-Presidential electors, did not
apply to expenditures for a newspaper advertise
ment or radio program.
A union paid out of its general funds, derived
from dues of members, for an advertisement in the
Hartford Times—a daily newspaper of general
circulation—and a broadcast over a commercial
radio station. Both advertisement and broadcast
advocated rejection of a certain candidate for the
Presidential nomination and of six incumbent
congressmen as candidates for reelection; both
referred specifically to the State and National
Republican conventions and to the National
election to be held November 2, 1948.
The district court had held the union guilty of
violating section 304. On the ground that the
section was unconstitutional, the union appealed.
The court of appeals refused to consider the ques
tion of constitutionality, but held that the act had
not been violated, basing its ruling on a previous
Supreme Court decision 13 that publication of a
political article in the CIO News did not violate
the act. It was pointed out that fewer people
probably were affected by the advertisement and
the broadcast than by the CIO News article. The
broadcast and advertisement were held to be
natural modes of communication of the union’s
views, expenditures for which were authorized by
vote at a regular union meeting. To the court
there seemed to be no logical distinction between
the two cases. Therefore the Supreme Court’s
warning that section 304 should not be interpreted
to cause undue infringement of freedom of speech
was held to be applicable to the case under con
sideration.
Non-Communist Affidavits. An interesting deci
sion of the NLRB concerned the interpretation of
the non-Communist affidavit provisions of the
amended National Labor Relations Act.
The Board ruled14 that an organizing com
mittee which had filed a representation petition
was so closely connected with its parent federation,
the CIO, that the latter’s noncompliance with the
non-Communist provisions was ground for dis
missal of the petition. A previous ruling,15 in
which the Board held that compliance by the
parent federation was not required when the peti1S United States v. Congress of Industrial Organizations (335 U. S. 106.—See
M onthly Labor Review August 1948, p. 167).
14In re American Optical Co. (81 NLRB No. — , Jan. 31,1949).
18Matter of Northern Virginia Broadcasters, Inc. (75 NLRB 11).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
tioning local and its international or national af
filiate had complied, concerned a different situa
tion.
In the more recent case, the organizing commit
tee had no constitution or bylaws of its own, but
was governed by those of the CIO, and the com
mittee’s officers were appointed either by the CIO
or by the CIO’s appointees. Like international
and national unions, the committee issued charters
to locals in its own name, collected a per capita tax
on dues raised by its locals and in turn paid a per
capita tax to the CIO, contributed to a regional
organizing campaign, maintained its own office
and bank account, held its own conventions, sent
delegates to the CIO conventions; its collective
bargaining agreements and strike orders required
approval by the local membership. The Board
recognized that an organizing committee might
later become an international, but held it had not
yet reached that status.
Two Board members, dissenting, pointed to the
similarities between the committee and interna
tionals and to the fact that internationals were
also governed by the CIO’s constitution. If the
CIO’s power to appoint officers of the committee
were considered to make the latter subject to its
will, the same could be said also of international
unions whose officers were likewise officers of the
parent.
Restraint or Coercion. A union’s conduct during
a strike in barring supervisors from a plant by
force and intimidation in the presence of non
striking employees was ruled 16 by the NLRB to
be an unfair labor practice under section 8 (b) (1)
(A). Use of force against the supervisors was
held to contain an implied threat of force against
the nonstrikers should they attempt to enter the
plant. Other threats against supervisors, uttered
when there were no nonstriking employees present
and which nonstriking employees would not hear,
were held not to constitute restraint or coercion.
In the same case, a threat against a nonstriker
by a union official that “when we get in with the
union you * * * won’t have a job” was held
to be coercive within the meaning of section
8 (b) (1) (A). Such a threat manifestly was cal
culated to have an effect on the listener, even
though the union was incapable of carrying it out
48In re United Furniture Workers of America, Local 509 (81 NLRB No.
—, Feb. —, 1949).
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DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
because of provisions of the law that forbid dis
crimination against employees.
Both the local and the international union were
held responsible for the acts of restraint or coer
cion, since officers of both were at the scene of the
strike and it had been authorized by both organi
zations. The acts of violence or intimidation
were held to have been within the scope of their
authority. Moreover, since there had been con
sultation between the local and the international
in carrying on the strike, each organization was
held responsible, not only for actions of its own
officers, but for actions of its affiliate’s officers.
Seconda? y Boycott— Peaceful P icketin g N o t P ro
tected Free Speech. An NLRB ruling held 17peace
ful picketing and circulation of a blacklist by a
union in furtherance of a secondary boycott to be
an unfair labor practice under section 8 (b) (4) (A)
of the amended National Labor Relations Act,
and not protected free speech under section 8 (c).
The picketing was engaged in by members of a
union which had a dispute with a manufacturer
of prefabricated houses. It was directed against
an employer, using materials supplied by the man
ufacturer, because he refused to cease using such
materials. The employer was placed on the
union’s “We Do Not Patronize” list, which was
circulated among all unions in the local buildingtrades council. Although picketing was wholly
peaceful, truck drivers of several companies refused
to deliver materials through the picket line.
Section 8 (b) (4) (A) was held to apply to peace
ful picketing and circulation of a blacklist, because
it made it an unfair labor practice to “induce or
encourage,” as well as to engage in, a secondary
strike or boycott. The Board pointed out that
the act described other unfair labor practices in
stronger language, such as “restrain or coerce”
employees, in section 8 (b) (1), and “cause or
attempt to cause” an employer to discriminate
against employees in section 8 (b) (2). Since
threats and violence were already prohibited as
a method of carrying out a strike by other pro
visions of section 8 (b), subsection (4) would have
served no purpose if it had not been intended to
prevent peaceful picketing. Not to have pro
hibited such picketing would have vitiated the
purpose of the subsection, since peaceful picketing
17In re Klassen & Hodgson, Inc. (81 NLRB No. 127, Feb. 18, 1949).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
441
was one of the most effective methods of boycott.
For these reasons, section 8 (c), providing that the
expression of views shall not constitute or be evi
dence of an unfair labor practice unless accom
panied by threat of force or reprisal or promise of
benefit, could not have been intended to protect
peaceful picketing in a secondary boycott. Even
peaceful picketing was not immune when performed
in pursuance of an unlawful purpose. The legisla
tive history of the Labor Management Relations
Act was held to indicate that Congress intended to
prohibit all forms of secondary strikes and boy
cotts, and that the objective, rather than the
method of carrying on, a strike was the test of
violation of section 8 (b) (4) (A). Section 8 (c)
was ostensibly intended to apply to all unfair
labor practices, but, as a general provision, it
was held to be modified by the specific language
of section 8 (b) (4).
Two Board members dissented on grounds
which included the following: (1) The “expression
of views” protected by section 8 (c) included
peaceful picketing. (2) Provisions of that section
were expressly made applicable to an unfair labor
practice under any of the act’s provisions. (3)
The majority’s opinion would read into section 8
(c) the words “except under section 8 (b) (4) ( V).”
It would mean the prohibition not only of picket
ing and blacklists, but of all types of advertising
though far removed from the employer’s place of
business. (4) The legislative history of the act
does not show an intention to prevent peaceful
picketing in this instance. Thus, a proposal to
prohibit picketing in certain cases was omitted
from the conference report on the bill. Com
mittee reports stated that the free speech pro
visions were intended to apply to both employers
and unions. (5) The argument that the purpose
of the secondary boycott prohibition might be
defeated if peaceful picketing were permitted
applies to other union unfair labor practices, such
as to cause or attempt to cause an employer to
discriminate against employees for failure to join
a union. If Congress was aware of the possible
conflict between sections 8 (c) and 8 (b) (2), it
was probably also aware of the conflict between
sections 8 (c) and 8 (b) (4) and (6). Where there
is a conflict between ambiguous and unambiguous
terms of a statute, the unambiguous terms should
prevail.
442
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
Decisions of State Courts
A r k a n s a s —In ju n c tio n s;
P eaceful P icketing. A
State supreme court18 directed a lower court to
modify its order enjoining all picketing in the
vicinity of a plant to permit peaceful picketing.
More than 2 years had elapsed since the lower
court had granted a temporary injunction. The
supreme court stated that, in view of the system
atic violence used by union members in carrying
on a strike against the employer’s plant, the lower
court probably was justified in its original order
enjoining all picketing. But the lower court, 20
months after its original order, had made the in
junction permanent. The supreme court held
that the presumption that the picketing would be
violent no longer was justified and peaceful
picketing could be permitted—predicated upon the
assumption that pledges regarding lawful conduct
would be faithfully observed.
P e n n sy lv a n ia — U nion N o t Liable fo r Discharge.
A union had a collective agreement with an em
ployer permitting the union to encourage em
ployees to join, but not requiring union member
ship as a condition of employment. An employee,
who, despite frequent requests, had failed to be
come a member, was told by a union officer that if
18Henderson v. Southern Cotton Oil Co. (Ark. Supreme Ct., Jan. 24,1949).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
he did not join, he would find his card missing
from the company rack, which meant that he
would lose his job. The employer’s plant super
intendent and the vice president were standing 8
feet away at the time, engaged in conversation of
their own. A half hour later the plant superin
tendent went to the employee and told him that
his card would “be pulled for not joining the
union.” The employee sued the union for
damages caused by unlawful interference with his
employment. The lower court granted the union’s
motion for nonsuit.
On appeal the decision was affirmed by the
State supreme court19 on the ground that there
was no evidence in the record to show that the
union communicated its threats against the em
ployee to the employer. The circumstantial
evidence—the presence of the superintendent
nearby while the union officer threatened the
employee, followed shortly by the employee’s
dismissal by the superintendent—was held not to
furnish adequate proof. Since the employee was
employed at the will of the employer, he could be
dismissed at any time with or without cause, and
could be dismissed for his refusal to join a union.
It was possible that the employer, in order to
maintain harmonious labor relations, favored and
encouraged membership in the union.
18Polk v. Steel Workers (Pa. Sup. Ct., Jan. 3, 1949).
February 18
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
T h e NLRB, in the case of General Motors Corp. and In
ternational Union, United Automobile, Aircraft and Agri
cultural Implement Workers of America (UAW -CIO), held
that the employer’s unilateral introduction of a group
insurance plan, thus altering existing wages and conditions
of employment without consulting the statutory bargain
ing representative, constituted a refusal to bargain.
(Source: Labor Relations Reporter, vol. 23 LRRM, p.
1422.)
February 20
February 12, 1949
(Ind.) ex
ecutive board recommended th at its members should vote
to join the Congress of Industrial Organizations (see
Chron. item for Apr. 7, 1947, MLR, Aug. 1947). A 60-day
referendum starting March 7 is to determine whether the
union will join the CIO or will remain independent.
(Source: CIO News, Feb. 21, 1949, and CWA release of
Mar. 3, 1949.)
T h e C om m u nic ation s W o rkers
of
A m erica
February 14
T h e S u pr em e C ourt of the United States, in the case of
McComb, etc. v. Jacksonville Paper Co., ruled th at absence
of willfulness does not relieve an employer from civil
contempt for disobeying a general decree enjoining the
employer from violating minimum-wage, overtime, and
record-keeping provisions of the Fair Labor Standards
Act. (Source: Labor Relations Reporter, vol. 23, No. 33,
Feb. 21, 1949.)
T h e P r e sid e n t of t h e CIO addressed a letter to the
presidents of the United Automobile, Aircraft & Agricul
tural Implement Workers of America and the United
Farm Equipment & Metal Workers of America calling for
the merger of the latter union with the UAW. He stated:
“There can be no misunderstanding about the decision
twice arrived a t by the CIO executive board (see MLR,
Jan. 1949, p. I l l and footnote, p. 11). * * * No
consideration has or will be given to the formation or
recognition of any new union in this field.” (Source:
UAW-CIO Public Relations Department release, Feb. 17,
1949.)
in the case of
Earl McMillian Co., held th at an employer reconditioning
automobile engines and using motor parts manufactured
outside the State in which he operates may not be “en
gaged in commerce” within the meaning of the Fair Labor
Standards Act, but is engaged in operations which “affect
commerce,” and is therefore subject to the jurisdiction of
the NLRB. (Source: U. S. Law Week, vol. 17 LW, p.
2378.)
T h e N a tio na l L abor R e l a tio n s B oard ,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The 10-day strike of Local 234 of the Transport Workers
Union (CIO) against the Philadelphia Transportation Co.
ended with acceptance of a wage increase of 8 cents an
hour. (Source: BLS records.)
NLRB, in the case of M. L. Townsend, Santa Maria,
Calif., automobile dealer, and the International Association
of Machinists (Ind.), announced a unanimous ruling th at
franchised dealers in new automobiles are subject to the
Labor Management Relations Act of 1947. The Board’s
decision reversed a previous holding of one of its trial
examiners that the dealer’s activities did not affect inter
state commerce within the meaning of the LMRA of
1947. (Source: NLRB release R-159, Feb. 20, 1949.)
T he
February 22
T he NLRB, in the case of Wadsworth Building Co., Inc.
and Klassen & Hodgson, Inc. and Carpenters District
Council of Kansas City and Walter A. Said, issued its first
ruling involving two “inconsistent” provisions of the
LMRA of 1947. Provisions involved are (1) the so-called
“free speech” clause (sec. 8c) which states th at uncoercive
expression of “any views, arguments, or opinion” or their
dissemination is not an unfair practice, and (2) the second
ary boycott clause (sec. 8b 4A) which forbids a union to
“induce or encourage” employees to withhold their labor
from one employer to bring pressure upon another.
(Source: NLRB release R-160, Feb. 22, 1949.)
February 25
NLRB, in the case of Smith Cabinet Manufacturing
Co. and United Furniture Workers of America (CIO), and
its Salem Local No. 809, held unanimously that under the
LMRA of 1947 a union is responsible for strike violence
directed or incited by th at union. The Board ordered
both the national union and its local, and 10 officials to
cease restraining or coercing employees of the firm, and to
post notices announcing that they would cease such
activities. (Source: NLRB release R-161, Feb. 25, 1949.)
443
T he
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CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
February 28
March 6
T he S u pr em e C ourt of the United States, in the cases of
International Union, UAW, AFL, Local 232, et al. v.
Wisconsin Employment Relations Board et al., upheld the
State’s order directing the unions to cease interfering with
production by suddenly and intermittently calling union
meetings and inducing temporary work stoppages during
regularly scheduled working hours. (Source: Labor Rela
tions Reporter, Extra Edition Bull., vol. 23, No. 35, Feb.
28, 1949, p. 1.)
T h e NLRB, in the case of Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co.
and Amalgamated Meat Cutters Union (AFL), announced its
unanimous decision that a strike for a closed-shop clause
in a union contract violates the provisions of the LMRA
of 1947. (Source: NLRB release R-164, Mar. 7, 1949.)
of the United States, in the case of
N LR B v. Stowe Spinning Co., et al., held th at the com
pany’s refusal to permit the union to use the company’s
hall for union meetings in a company town constituted
discrimination against the union, in violation of section 8
[a] (1) of the National Labor Relations Act. (Source:
Labor Relations Reporter, Extra Edition Bull., vol. 23,
No. 35, Feb. 28, 1949, p. 11.)
T h e S u pr em e C ourt
T h e U n it e d S ta tes C ourt of A p p e a l s , Seventh Circuit,
in the case of McComb v. Robert W. Hunt Co., held that the
fact th at an employer relied in good faith on an adminis
trative ruling in failing to make overtime payments
required by the Fair Labor Standards Act will not afford
a good faith defense in an action brought by the Adminis
trator to restrain violations of the law in the future.
(Source: Labor Relations Reporter, vol. 23, No. 37,
Summary, p. 2, and 8 WH cases, p. 553.)
March 1
An NLRB T rial E x a m in e r , in the case of H. MacCanlis
Co. Inc., and Wholesale and Warehouse Workers Union,
Local 65 (Ind.), held th at the union violated the LMRA of
1947 by physically forcing four of its members to attend a
meeting at union headquarters. The meeting was called
as part of an effort to prevent employees of the company
and another firm from unseating Local 65 as their bar
gaining agent. (Source: NLRB release R-162, Mar. 1,
1949.)
March 3
March 7
T he S u pr e m e C ourt of the United States, in the case of
Algoma Plywood and Veneer Co. v. Wisconsin Employ
ment Relations Board, held that the States may impose
more stringent curbs on union security than those provided
by the Federal Government. (Source: Labor Relations
Reporter, vol. 23, Extra Edition Bull., Mar. 7, 1949,
P- 1.)
of the United States, in the case of
Foley Bros. Inc., et al v. Filardo (a United States citizen
employed by private contractors on United States Govern
ment construction in Iraq and Iran), unanimously held
that the 8-hour day law is inapplicable to a contract for
the construction of public works in a foreign country over
which the United States has no direct legislative control.
(Source: Labor Relation’s Reporter, vol. 23, Extra Edition
Bull., Mar. 7, 1949, p. 11.)
T he S u pr e m e C ourt
of the United States in the case of
Virmilya-Brown Co. Inc., v. Connell, maintained the posi
tion taken in its December 6 decision (see Chron. item for
Dec. 6, 1948, MLR, Jan. 1949) namely, th at a United
States military base in Bermuda was, for purposes of the
Fair Labor Standards Act, a “possession” of this country
where the 40-hour week and other requirements of that
law are applicable. (Source: U. S. Law Week, 17 LW,
p. 4250.)
T he S u pr e m e C ourt
March 11
p r e s id e n t of th e United Mine Workers of America
(Ind.) announced a 2-week “memorial period during which
a suspension of mining will occur.” The stoppage was to
begin on March 14 and to affect all bituminous-coal and
anthracite mines east of the Mississippi River, he stated.
(Source: UMW Journal, Mar. 15, 1949.)
T he
NLRB, in the case of Moore Drydock Co. and Inter
national Association of Machinists and its Lodge 68, ruled
3 to 2 that, under the LMRA of 1947, the union was not
lawfully entitled to force or require the company to assign
machinists’ work to their members rather than to members
of any other labor organization. (Source: NLRB release
R-163, Mar. 3, 1949.)
T he
March 5
T he S e n a t e confirmed the nomination of Michael J.
Galvin to be Under Secretary of Labor to succeed David
A. Morse (see Chron. item for June 10, 1948, MLR,
Aug. 1948). (Source: Congressional Record, vol. 95, No.
33, Mar. 5, 1949, p. 1964.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
An NLRB tr ia l e x a m in e r recommended that the Maine
Fillet Co. should be required to withdraw all recognition
from the Independent Federation of Labor. He stated
that the company’s president originally founded the union
and that the company dominated and supported it. The
union was stated to be guilty of interfering with the right
of the firm’s employees to self-organization. (Source:
NLRB release R-166, Mar. 11, 1949).
Publications
of Labor Interest
Special Reviews
Workers Wanted: A Study of Employers’ Hiring Policies,
Preferences, and Practices in New Haven and Charlotte.
By E. William Noland and E. Wight Bakke. New
York, Harper & Bros., 1949. 233 pp. (Yale Labor
and Management Center Series.) $3.
In this volume an attem pt is made to measure scientif
ically the criteria by which New Haven, Conn., and
Atlanta, Ga., employers judge and select job applicants.
A separate analysis is made for each of five groups of em
ployees—production workers, common labor, service and
maintenance workers, routine clerical workers, and exec
utive and administrative assistants. The results dis
close points of likeness and dissimilarity between the
qualifications that employers stated to be essential in the
two cities and in the five groups of occupations. However,
the authors themselves regard their study as supplying
only “hypotheses” which are “legitimately suggested by
the evidence concerning hiring policy and practice,” and
not as affording conclusions.
Management’s choices of personnel were far from per
sonal selections. In exercising their hiring functions,
employers perform an assigned role in society and fulfill
one of the institutional requirements of productive enter
prise and the community. They are inclined to take the
line of least resistance. They reduce their risks by hiring
candidates who “stand in with” their working force,
that is, who are like their present employees. Employers
tend to accept employee evaluations “concerning char
acteristics presumably revealed by groups of people: all
women, all men; all Negroes, all whites; all Jews, all
gentiles; all churchgoers, all nonchurchgoers; all Native
Americans, all foreign-born; all conservatives, all radicals;
all young people, all aged; and so on.” It is not possible
to wish or legislate away such commonly accepted evalua
tions of individuals by their affiliations rather than by
their personal qualifications.
A painstaking point by point tabulation of charac
teristics desired in workers—such as stability of character,
reliability, good appearance, capacity for teamwork, and
loyalty—is made. However, the conclusions which point
out deep rooted motivations of human beings stand out in
Workers Wanted.
—M. H. S.
E d i t o r ' s N o t e .— C o r r e s p o n d e n c e r e g a r d i n g t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s t o w h i c h
r e f e r e n c e is m a d e in t h is lis t s h o u ld b e a d d r e s s e d to t h e r e s p e c tiv e p u b lis h in g
a g e n c ie s m e n tio n e d . W h e n d a ta o n p ric e s w e re r e a d ily a v a ila b le , th e y h a v e
b e e n s h o w n w ith th e title e n tr ie s .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Role of Collective Bargaining in a Democracy. By
Herman Lazarus and Joseph P. Goldberg. Wash
ington, Public Affairs Institute, 1949. 72 pp., bibliog
raphy. (Report No. 3.) 50 cents.
As stated by the authors, this brief study is “intended
merely as a guide with which the questioning public can
approach the issue of a constructive labor policy.” The
origins, characteristics, and motivations of trade-unions
are analyzed to provide a back drop against whch the
usual charges against unions may be examined in their
proper perspective. The Taft-Hartley Act, theiy assert,
is not the proper approach to such a constructive labor
policy. That act resulted from “attacks on trade-unions”
during the postwar period which were “characterized by
lack of perspective and balance.” They gave “the im
pression that the activities of unions are directed toward
the creation of a gigantic ‘labor monopoly’.”
Taking issue with this premise, the authors charge that
the provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act served “to inject
artificial impediments into the collective bargaining proc
ess, to lay the basis for tipping the balance against labor
unions, and to make the Government an intrusive factor
in labor relations.” However, they maintain that the law
did not come to grips with the real problem, which does
not consist in devising means of dealing with monopoly
seeking unions. Rather, a procedure must be devised to
establish a “constructive governmental policy” designed
to answer the question, “How can the collective bargain
ing process be developed to make a maximum contribution
to the public welfare?”
Messrs. Lazarus and Goldberg do not claim to have
answered this question. In the last analysis, they con
tend, the answers must be arrived at by “representatives
of management and labor, with governmental assistance.”
They recommend adoption of the procedure used in draw
ing up the Railway Labor Act. This act, as first enacted
in 1926, was the product of joint conferences between
railway management executives and officials of unions in
volved. A labor program evolved from such a procedure
would be accepted by both labor and management, the
authors believe. The President and Congress would be
called upon to evaluate and take action upon such a policy
from the point of view of the public interest.
—I. R.
Child and Youth Employment
Child Labor After Ten Years of Federal Regulation: Annual
Report of National Child Labor Committee, for the Year
Ending September SO, 19^8.
New York, National
Child Labor Committee, 1948. 21 pp. (Publication
No. 399.)
Fair Labor Standards Act Seeks to Protect Children in
Agricultural Jobs. By William R. McComb. (In
The Child, Federal Security Agency, Social Security
Administration, Children’s Bureau, Washington,
January 1949, pp. 101-103. 10 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.)
The author, whose division in the U. S. Department of
Labor administers the child labor provisions of the Fair
Labor Standards Act, states that it does not give all
445
446
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
children hired to work at agricultural jobs a chance to
go to school full time. He suggests th at the law be
changed so as to prevent employment of children in agri
culture during school hours.
Trends in Child Labor and Youth Employment. By Ger
trude Folks Zimand. (In Public Welfare, Chicago,
February 1949, pp. 33-37. 50 cents.)
The Protection of Young Workers Employed Underground
in Coal Mines. Geneva, International Labor Office,
1948. 40 pp. 25 cents. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.
Report prepared for third session of Coal Mines Com
mittee, International Labor Organization, 1949.
Youth Problems: Child Labor and Institutional Services.
Seattle, University of Washington, Bureau of Govern
mental Research and Services, 1948. 29 pp.; proc
essed. (Report No. 97.)
Proceedings of the Local Action in Democracy Section,
13th Annual Institute of Government, 1948.
Cooperative Movement
State Councils and Associations of Farmer Cooperatives,
194.7. By Jane L. Scearce. Washington, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Farm Credit Adminis
tration, Cooperative Research and Service Division,
1948. 65 pp., map, illus.; processed. (Miscellaneous
Report No. 117.)
Gives individual descriptions of the organization and
activities of 30 State councils; a few (in Minnesota,
Texas, Vermont, and Wisconsin) admit nonfarm as well as
farmers’ cooperatives. These councils operate for the
most part as public relations and educational organizations,
as well as for the defense of cooperatives.
Vermont Cooperatives— Their Business Activities. By
Thurston M. Adams. Burlington, University of
Vermont and State Agricultural College, Agricultural
Experiment Station, 1948. 27 pp., maps, illus. (Bull.
No. 540.)
The report notes th at although there are several types of
consumers’ cooperatives in Vermont (such as store,
electricity, cold-storage locker, credit union) membership
consists largely of farmers. One section of the report
describes the Vermont Cooperative Council, in which all
types of associations are united for purposes of exchange
of information, public relations, and coordination of
activities.
Report of the Administrator of the Rural Electrification
Administration, 1948. Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of Agriculture, 1948. 26 pp., map. 10 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Contains statistics on amount of REA loans made and
results accomplished (in terms of miles of line energized
and consumers connected) in 1947-48; discussion of some
of the problems encountered (obtaining power, materials,
etc.) ; and description of some of the ways in which REA
cooperatives have improved working and living conditions
in rural areas.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
Ontario's Cooperatives, 1946-1947: A Suivey of Cooperative
Business Organizations in the Province of Ontario. By
J. E. O’Meata. [Toronto, Ontario Department of
Agriculture, Cooperation and Markets Branch?],
1948. 72 pp., map, charts, illus.
Discussion and statistics of cooperatives, covering types,
services rendered, age, capitalization, membership, busi
ness practices, volume of business, etc.
Consumers Cooperation in Sweden. By Anders Hedberg.
New York, National Cooperatives, 1948. 80 pp.,
diagrams, illus.
Concise account (in English) of Swedish consumers’
cooperative organizations—retail distributive cooperatives,
the wholesale society (Kooperativa Forbundet), and in
surance societies—and of their activities. The latter
include manufacture of various products by local and
wholesale associations.
Economic and Social Problems
The Age of the Great Depression, 1929-41. By Dixon
Wecter; edited by Arthur M. Schlesinger and Dixon
Ryan Fox. New York, Macmillan Co., 1948. 434
pp., bibliography. (A History of American Life, Vol.
13.) $5.
The editors of this latest volume of the History or
American Life describe the author’s point of view as fol
lows: “Believing that the historian’s function is to explain
and interpret rather than to advocate, he seeks to give a
sympathetic portrayal of both the Old Deal and the New.”
Nearly all phases of the life of the people are described by
extensive use of contemporary references. The author’s
own reflections and interpretations are minimized. Several
chapters have special labor interest. Among these are
Unions on the March, Old Sections and New Regions,
Youth in Search of a Chance, Age in Quest of Security,
and The Consumer and Science. The last named chapter
emphasizes “the shift from a producers’ to a consumers’
economy” and the resulting emphasis on research affecting
production of consumer goods, dietary standards, and
testing and standardization of products.
Foreign Economic Policy for the United States. Edited by
Seymour E. Harris. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard
University Press, 1948. 490 pp., charts. $6.
Written by 24 experts, this volume contains a chapter
on the economic organization of the United States for
handling economic policy; accounts of individual countries
and areas of special importance to our international
policy; discussions of international economic agencies;
five chapters on the European Recovery Program; and
several contributions to the theory of international
equilibrium.
The Economics of John Maynard Keynes: The Theory of a
Monetary Economy. By Dudley Dillard. New York,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1948. 364 pp., bibliographies,
diagrams. $5 ($3.75 to schools).
Exposition of the economics of John Maynard Keynes
which focuses on the forces determining the volume of
effective demand. The book follows the outline of the
General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money and
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
447
refers to the other aspects of Keynes’ work which con
tribute to his fundamental thesis. The writer concludes
with an interpretation of the “economics of Keynes,”
with which the book is concerned (rather than with
“Keynesian economics”). Chapter II, entitled “ The
Classical Background,” provides the setting for Keynes’
ideas.
plans already in operation. The successful employeremployee relationships promoted by these plans demon
strate, the author believes, what can be done by a prevent
ative approach to industrial or labor problems.
A Survey of Contemporary Economics. Edited by Howard
S. Ellis. Philadelphia, Blakiston Co. (for American
Economic Association), 1948. 490 pp., bibliographical
footnotes. $4.75.
The volume consists of reviews by experts of develop
ments in major fields of economic ideas and analytical
techniques during the past 10 or 15 years. It is intended
to provide an intelligible and reliable account of these
developments and their applications to public policy.
One of the 13 chapters is devoted to the economics of
labor, and other chapters, such as the one on employment
theory and business cycles, have special bearing on labor
interests. The participation of the American Economic
Association consisted of appointment in 1945 of a com
mittee on the development of economic thinking and
information and an appropriation of funds for use by the
committee.
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Housing to the Gov
ernor and the Legislature, [New York State], for Year
Ending March 81, 1948. New York, Executive De
partment, Division of Housing, 1948. 108 pp., illus.
(Legislative Doc. No. 14.)
Discrimination in Employment— A Selected Bibliography.
Chicago, American Council on Race Relations, 1949.
8 pp.; processed. (Bibliographic Series, No. 2.)
The Social Politics of FEPC: A Study in Reform Pressure
Movements. By Louis Coleridge Kesselman. Chapel
Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1948.
253 pp., bibliography. $3.50.
Account of the movement for a permanent national fair
employment practice commission to combat racial dis
crimination against applicants for employment.
Southern Textile Communities. By William Hays Simp
son. Charlotte, N. C., Dowd Press, Inc., 1948.
139 pp., bibliography.
Having decided th at “our industrial communities are
seriously misunderstood,” the author outlines the his
torical setting of the mill towns and the facilities avail
able to their residents. The conclusion is reached that
the operators, “by virtue of their contributions to the
recreational, educational, religious and other phases of
life in mill villages, have aided greatly in the development
of the people of the area.”
Guaranteed Wage
Guaranteed Employment and Wage Plans: A Summary
and Critique of the Latimer Report and Related Docu
ments. By William A. Berridge and Cedric Wolfe.
Washington, American Enterprise Association, Inc.,
1948. 87 pp., bibliography. (National Economic
Problems Series, No. 428.) 50 cents.
Wage Guarantee Plans: A Study of Employment Regular
ization. By Howard Wilson. Chicago, Economic
Institute, 1948. 14 pp., bibliography. 35 cents.
Describes the Hormel, Procter & Gamble, and NunnBush wage-guarantee plans as representative of numerous
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Housing
New Homes for Old: Publicly Owned Housing in Tennessee.
By William P. Larsen. Knoxville, University of
Tennessee, Bureau of Public Administration, 1948.
81 pp., illus. (University of Tennessee Record, Ex
tension Series, Vol. xxiv, No. 7.)
Covers the development and operational experience of
local housing authorities. in six Tennessee cities which
engaged in federally-aided low-rent public housing pro
grams during 1937-42.
Who Can Afford Our New Housing? By Miles L. Colean.
Washington (815 15th Street NW.), Construction
Industry Information Committee, [1948?]. 5 pp.,
chart.
The author draws on Federal statistics to show that
private industry has built homes within the reach of at
least three-fourths of the Nation’s families, and that the
family of average income was able to afford the average
price of homes built in 1947.
Housing the Country Worker. By Michael F. Tilley.
London, Faber and Faber, Ltd., 1947. 152 pp., plans,
illus. 12s. 6d.
Discusses future of farming in Britain, rural location of
industry, political and economic problems such as the
“tied” cottage and cottage ownership, planning of a village
as a social and economic unit, and specialized housing
requirements of farmers and country people.
New Methods of House Construction. London, Ministry of
Works, 1948. 36 pp., pasters, charts, illus. (National
Building Studies, Special Report No. 4.) Is. net,
.
H. M. Stationery Office, London.
Income
Analysis of Wisconsin Income. By Frank A. Hanna,
Joseph E. Pechman, Sidney M. Lerner. New York,
National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1948.
261 pp., charts. (Studies in Income and Wealth, Vol.
9.) $3.50.
A study based largely on publications of the Wisconsin
Tax Commission, which are described as the fullest and
most detailed compilations ever made from income tax
data. The central theme of the present volume is described
as the personal distribution of income, or how the income
derived from productive activity is divided among individ
ual members of the community. Parts I and II deal,
respectively, with income received in Wisconsin in 1936
and with patterns of income, including some reference to
448
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
changing patterns. Part III analyzes data for the period
from 1929 to 1935.
National Income and Expenditure. By J. E. Meade and
Richard Stone. Cambridge, England, Bowes & Bowes,
1948. 45 pp. 2s. 6d. net.
Describes the various meanings of the term national
income and compares national income of the United States
and the United Kingdom in terms of 5 different definitions,
for the years 1938, 1943, and 1946. Similarly defines and
compares national expenditures.
The Measurement of Colonial National Incomes: An Experi
ment. By Phyllis Deane.
Cambridge, England,
National Institute of Economic and Social Research,
1948. xvi, 173 pp., bibliography. (Occasional Papers,
No. 12.) 12s. Gd. ($3, Macmillan, New York).
Pioneer and exploratory study undertaken during the
war to test the application, to primitive economies, of
techniques developed for measurement of national income
of the United Kingdom. Methods, sources, and possibilities
of error are discussed in detail. Northern Rhodesia,
Nyasaland, and Jamaica are the subjects of study. A fore
word and a final chapter deal with methodological prob
lems, and the usefulness of such studies for colonial admin
istration and economic planning.
Industrial Accidents; Workmen’s Compensation
Annual Report on Industrial Accidents in Illinois for 1947.
Chicago, Illinois State Department of Labor, Divi
sion of Statistics and Research, 1948. 149 pp.;
processed.
Summary of industrial injuries reported in 1947 as
compensable under the Workmen’s Compensation and
Occupational Diseases Acts, and of compensation cases
closed in 1947.
Activities of the Health and Safety Division, Bureau of Mines,
U. S. Department of the Interior, During the War Years,
1941-45. By D. Harrington. Washington, U. S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1949.
40 pp., map, illus.; processed. (Information Circular
No. 7487.)
National Directory of Safety Films, 1948-49 Edition. Pre
pared by National Safety Council in cooperation with
Business Screen Magazine. Chicago, National Safety
Council, Inc., 1948. 57 pp., illus. 25 cents.
Includes films on safety education in industry.
Measurement of the Slipperiness of Walkway Surfaces. By
Percy A. Sigler, Martin N. Geib, Thomas H. Boone.
Washington, U. S. Department of Commerce, Na
tional Bureau of Standards, 1948. 8 pp., diagrams,
illus. (Research Paper RP1879, Vol. 40.) 10 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Basic data requisite for establishing a safety code for
walkway surfaces.
State Workmen’s Compensation Laws as of October 1, 1948.
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Standards, 1948. 31 pp. (Bull. No. 99.) 15
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
Industrial Hygiene
Environmental Cancer. By W. C. Hueper, M.D. Wash
ington, Federal Security Agency, [National Cancer
Institute, 1948?]. 19 pp., illus. 20 cents, Superin
tendent of Documents, Washington.
Discusses the causative factors in cancer, and emphasizes
this hazard as the newest and one of the most ominous in
the industrial environment. A program of “social and
technical” controls over the hazards of exposure to carcino
genic agents is outlined.
Ionizing Radiation Injury-—Its Diagnosis by Physical
Examination and Clinical Laboratory Procedures. By
Eugene P. Cronkite. {In Journal of American Medical
Association, Chicago, February 5, 1949, pp. 366-369,
chart. 35 cents.)
Outlines available knowledge concerning diagnosis of
injury from ionizing radiation and points out that pre
ventive measures are of prime importance, as injury mani
festations appear relatively late. The author notes the
rapid increase in sources of exposure with the growth in
the use of the cyclotron in scientific research and the
development of the atomic energy industry.
Occupation Marks and Other Physical Signs— A Guide to
Personal Identification. By Francesco Ronchese,
M.D. New York, Grune & Stratton, 1948. 181 pp.,
bibliography, illus. $5.50.
Spectral-Transmissive Properties and Use of Eye-Protective
Glasses. By Ralph Stair. Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards,
1948. 34 pp., bibliography, charts. (Circular No.
471.)
20 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Data on protective glasses for industrial workers exposed
to “ultraviolet, visible, or infrared energy,” particularly
welders, steel workers, and glass blowers; for night driving;
and for other activities.
The Noise Hazard. By W. E. Grove, M.D. {In Industrial
Medicine, Chicago, January 1949, pp. 25-28, charts.
75 cents.)
Advocates accurate audiometric preemployment and
follow-up examinations, to prevent occupational injury to
hearing.
Industrial Relations
Beyond Collective Bargaining. By Alexander R. Heron.
Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Press, 1948.
214 pp. $2.75.
The author’s thesis is that there are a great many
relationships involving employees and employers which
are, and always should remain, beyond collective bargain
ing in their nature. Among these are hiring, inducting,
and training new employees; safety; retirement and other
“social security” plans; selecting supervisors; etc. Col
lective bargaining is “primarily a negative influence” in
labor-management relations. What is needed in this area
“beyond collective bargaining” is a spirit of understanding
and cooperation, rather than the element of power associ-
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
ated with collective bargaining. Management must take
the initiative in meeting and dealing constructively with
the problems and issues raised by employees or their
representatives affecting daily relations in the plant.
The employer must “share his ideas, his hopes, his plans
and his problems” with his employees if he wishes to build
sound relations. Only in this practical way can he limit
the scope of collective bargaining and create positive and
dynamic cooperation.
Economic and Psychological Principles of Collective Bargain
ing. By W. V. Owen and H. F. Rothe. Chicago,
Stevenson, Jordan & Harrison, Inc., 1948. 228 pp.,
bibliography; processed.
Part I deals with the individual, or psychological,
aspects of collective bargaining, Part II with institutional
aspects (e. g., management, unions, free enterprise), and
Part III with “relationships of individuals to individuals,
individuals to institutions, and of institutions to institu
tions.”
Freedom and the Administrative State. By Joseph Rosenfarb. New York, Harper & Bros., 1948. 274 pp.,
bibliography. $4.
Three of the 22 chapters are devoted to labor relations
in the administrative state.
Government as Employer. By Sterling D. Spero. New
York, Remsen Press, 1948. 497 pp. $5.65.
A study of employer-employee relationships as they
exist in Federal, State, county, and municipal government
employment, with particular attention to the position and
activities of labor unions.
Managers, Men, and Morale. By Wilfred B. D. Brown
and Winifred Raphael. London, MacDonald &
Evans, 1948. 163 pp. 10s. 6d.
The authors discuss, from a practical standpoint,
management’s problem of securing the responsible partici
pation of workers in industry, and the relationship of
various levels of management to top management and to
the workers.
The Termination Report of the National War Labor Board:
Industrial Disputes and Wage Stabilization in Wartime,
January 12, 1942— December 31, 194.5, Volume II,
Appendixes to Volume I, Part I. Washington, 1948.
1,222 pp. $2.50, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Contains basic statutes and executive orders; regulations
and directives of the Director of Economic Stabilization;
and general orders and selected opinions of the National
War Labor Board, selected opinions and memoranda oi its
general counsel, and other material pertaining to over-all
policy.
Labor and Social Legislation; Court Decisions
Annual Digest of State and Federal Labor Legislation, En
acted September 1, 1947, to November 15, 1948. Wash
ington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Standards, 1949. 22 pp. (Bull. No. 101.) 10
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
828745— 49------ 5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
449
Federal Court Decisions on Labor, 1947-48. By Murray
Edelman. Urbana, University of Illinois, Institute
of Labor and Industrial Relations, 1948. 22 pp.
(Publications Series A, Vol. 2, No. 5.) 5 cents.
Cases on Labor Law. By Archibald Cox. Brooklyn,
Foundation Press, Inc., 1948. xxxv, 1,432 pp. (Uni
versity Casebook Series.) $8.50.
Part I consists of a historical introduction dealing with
the development of the labor movement and labor law
from the end of the Civil War to the 1930’s. Parts II and
III concern negotiation and administration of collective
agreements and establishment by the National Labor
Relations Act of collective bargaining rights. Parts IV
and V deal with recourse to economic weapons and the
individual worker’s relation to the union.
Anti-Discrimination Legislation in the American States.
By W. Brooke Graves. Washington, U. S. Library
of Congress, Legislative Reference Service, November
1948. 92 pp., bibliography; processed. (Public Af
fairs Bull. No. 65.)
The historical background is briefly sketched. Pro
visions of the New York law of 1945 and its operation are
summarized; less detailed information is given concerning
the laws of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey,
Indiana, and Wisconsin.
Legislative Shackles on Featherbedding Practices. By
William L. Brach. (In Cornell Law Quarterly, Vol.
XXXIV, No. 2, Ithaca, N. Y., Winter 1948, pp.
255-263.)
Labor Management Reiations Act, 1947
The Taft-IIartley Act. By Sumner H. Slichter. (In
Quarterly Journal of Economics, Cambridge, Mass.,
February 1949, pp. 1-31. $1.25.)
Examines the terms and effects of the Taft-IIartley Act
and the background in which it has operated, and con
cludes that Congress should be able to draft a much better
law than either the Taft-Hartley Act or the Wagner Act.
The Taft-Hartley Act: A Year and a Half of Administrative
and Judicial Construction. By Robert A. Levitt.
(In New York University Law Quarterly Review,
New York, January 1949, pp. 76-156. $2.)
Labor Organizations
Annual Conventions of the AFL and CIO. By Nelson M.
Bortz and Abraham Weiss. Washington, U. S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1949. 14 pp. (Serial
No. R. 1948; reprinted from Monthly Labor Review,
January 1949.) Free.
Directory of Labor Unions in New York State. New York,
State Department of Labor, Division of Research and
Statistics, December 1948. 124 pp. (Special Bull.
No. 223.) 75 cents.
A Directory of Government Employee Organizations in
New York State, 1948 (Publication No. B-14, Nov. 1948,
67 pp., processed), is also available.
450
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Labor Press in the United States. By James J. Bambrick,
Jr. (In Management Record, National Industrial
Conference Board, Inc., New York, December 1948,
pp. 579-584.)
Lists publications issued by the principal national
AFL, CIO, and independent unions.
Wobbly: The Rough-and-Tumble Story of an American
Radical. By Ralph Chaplin. Chicago, University of
Chicago Press, 1948. 435 pp., illus. $5.
The story of the making of an American radical and of
his long experience in the labor movement. As one of
the leaders in the Industrial Workers of the World, Chaplin
describes its struggles and its personalities.
Thirty-Seventh Annual Report on Labor Organization in
Canada (for the Calendar Year 1947). Ottawa,
Department of Labor, 1949. 96 pp., charts. 25 cents.
Directory of Employers’ Associations, Trade Unions, Joint
Organizations, etc., [Great Britain]. London, Ministry
of Labor and National Service, 1948. 190 pp. 3s. 6d.
net, H. M. Stationery Office, London.
Trades Councils Guide: A T. U. C. Handbook for Officers and
Delegates of Trades Councils and Federations. London,
Trades Union Congress, 1948. 38 pp. 6d.
Describes relationship of trades councils and federations
of trades councils to the TUC, to local labor parties, and
to national unions. Cautions trades councils against
engaging in certain activities without due authorization.
Over 500 trades councils in England and Wales are regis
tered with the TUC and voluntarily accepting its rules
and conditions; none is known to be functioning
independently.
What Happened to the Trade Unions Behind the Iron Cur
tain. By International Labor Relations Committee,
American Federation of Labor. New York, Free
Trade Union Committee, AFL, 1948. 44 pp. 50
cents.
Collection of articles reprinted from the International
Free Trade Union News describing how the Communists
gained control of trade-unions and made them instruments
of the state in the Soviet Union, the Baltic countries,
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Ru
mania.
Medical Care; Sickness Insurance
Effect of Rising Hospital Costs on Group-Payment Plans.
By C. Rufus Rorem. (In American Journal of Public
Health, New York, January 1949, pp. 50-56. 70
cents.)
The writer holds th at voluntary group-payment plans
ought to pay the full costs of the hospital services provided
to subscribers.
Studies in Disability Insurance: I, State and Federal Dis
ability Insurance Systems; II, The Nature and Extent
of Voluntary Disability Insurance in New York State.
New York, Department of Labor, Division of Research
and Statistics, 1949. 55 and 38 pp.; processed. (Pub
lication No. B-16, Parts I and II.)
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MONTHLY LABOR
Sickness Benefits for Railroad Employees. By Daniel Carson. (In American Economic Security, Chamber of
Commerce of the United States, Washington, Decem
ber 1948, pp. 29-35. 25 cents.)
Covers the first year’s operation (ending June 30, 1948)
of the temporary disability insurance program under the
Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act.
Annual Report of Department of National Health and Wel
fare, Canada, Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 1948.
Ottawa, 1948. 185 pp.
Of particular interest among the matters reported upon
are the health insurance studies made in connection with a
civil service medical benefit scheme, studies under way for
the purpose of developing a workable plan for an over-all
Canadian health insurance program, and operations under
the Family Allowances Act.
Minimum Wage
Recommendations on Minimum Wage Legislation. Report
of the Committee on Minimum Wage of the Industrial
Council, [New York State] Department of Labor, to
the Industrial Commissioner. New York, Depart
ment of Labor, 1949. 26 pp.; processed.
State and Federal Minimum Wage Coverage in New York
State, [April 1948]. New York, Department of Labor,
Division of Research and Statistics, 1948. 20 pp.;
processed. (Publication No. B-15.)
Old-Age Pensions
Current Trends in Public Pension Policies. By A. A.
Weinberg. (In Minnesota Municipalities, Minneap
olis, January 1949, pp. 12-17; February 1949, pp.
47-49. 25 cents each.)
Employee Retirement Plans. Chicago, Continental Illinois
National Bank and Trust Co., 1948. 67 pp.; charts;
processed.
Consists of addresses, given by members of the bank
staff, on various aspects of retirement and profit-sharing
plans.
Present-Day [Company] Pension Problems. By Walter J.
Couper. (In Management Record, National Indus
trial Conference Board, Inc., New York, January 1949,
pp. 4-6.)
Retirement Plans in Indiana. By Eldon Howard Nyhart.
Indianapolis, Indiana State Chamber of Commerce,
1948. 96 pp.; processed.
Study conducted among members of Indiana State
Chamber of Commerce.
Pensamiento y Acción de la Cámara Gremial Durante el
Periodo 1945-46. Buenos Aires, Secretaría de Trabajo
y Previsión, Instituto Nacional de Previsión Social,
1948. 140 pp.
Description of the retirement laws and regulations of
Argentina and of the activities of the agency administering
them during the years 1945 and 1946.
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Personnel and Industrial Management
Personnel Management and Industrial Relations. By Dale
Yoder. New York, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1948. 894
pp., bibliographies, charts, forms. 3d ed. $6.65
($5 to schools).
The Scope of Modern Personnel Administration. By Thomas
G. Spates. New York, Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1948.
71 pp. (Reading Course in Executive Technique,
Section III, Book 1.) $1.
Middle Management: The Joh of the Junior Administrator.
By Mary Cushing Howard Niles. New York, Harper
& Bros., 1949. 274 pp. Rev. ed. $3.50.
Prices
The Consumers’ Price Index: Report of the Joint [Congres
sional] Committee on the Economic Report, on the Con
sumers’ Price Index of the U. S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics. Washington, 1949. 20 pp., bibliography.
(Joint Committee Print, 80th Cong., 2d sess.)
Rent Component of the Consumers’ Price Index [of the Bureau
of Labor Statistics]. Washington, I). S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1949. 16 pp., diagrams. (Serial
No. R. 1947; reprinted from Monthly Labor Review,
December 1948 and January 1949.) Free.
Prices and Price Indexes, [Canada], 1944-47. Ottawa,
Dominion Bureau of Statistics, 1948. 115 pp., charts.
25 cents.
The general wholesale price indexes go back to 1867,
indexes of prices of commodities and services used by
farmers to 1913, and cost of living indexes to 1913.
Social Security (General)
Readings in Social Security. Edited by William Haber
and Wilbur J. Cohen. New York, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
1948. xx, 634 pp., charts. $7.65 ($5.75 to schools).
Survivor Benefits: Characteristics of Awards. (In Monthly
Review, U. S. Railroad Retirement Board, Chicago,
January 1949, pp. 2-6.)
Survivors of 98,800 railroad employees were paid over
40.6 million dollars in benefits under the Railroad Retire
ment Act, from January 1, 1947, when the benefit program
became effective, to June 30, 1948.
National Insurance and Industrial Injuries. By F. N.
Ball. Leigh-on-Sea, England, Thames Bank Pub
lishing Co., 1948. 508 pp. 50s.
Reprints the four acts passed by the British Parliament
from 1944 to 1946 to implement the plan proposed by the
Beveridge report on social security, and the regulations
issued up to time of publication of the book. Supple
mentary material is being published in loose-leaf form.
In the present volume, each act is preceded by notes on
the history and intent of the legislation, a review of dis
cussions concerning alternative methods of meeting the
problems, and other data. The introduction by Sir David
Maxwell Fyfe comments particularly upon changes made
in the workmen’s compensation system by the industrial
injuries act of 1946.
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451
Seafarers Welfare: Some Postwar Developments. (In
International Labor Review, Geneva, November 1948,
pp. 625-636. 50 cents. Distributed in United States
by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Suggestion Systems
Putting Suggestion Systems to Work. By H. J. Richey.
San Francisco, California Personnel Management
Association, Research Division, 1948. 14 pp.; proc
essed. (Management Report No. 24.) $1.
Suggestion Plans for Employees. New York, Metropolitan
Life Insurance Co., Policyholders Service Bureau,
1948. 46 pp., illus.
Analysis of suggestion plan policies and procedures of
45 companies in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing
businesses, with statistics on results in 1946 and 1947.
Employees Suggestion Programs in the Iron and Steel In
dustry. New York, American Iron and Steel Insti
tute, 1948. 92 pp., forms; processed.
Unemployment Insurance
Unemployment Insurance. A report to the Senate Com
mittee on Finance from the Advisory Council on
Social Security. Washington, 1948. 103 pp. (Sen
ate Doc. No. 206, 80th Cong., 2d sess.) 20 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Summarized in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review
(p. 422).
Unemployment Compensation in a Stable Economy. By
H. W. Steinhaus. Chicago, Research Council for
Economic Security, 1948. 14 pp., charts. (Publica
tion No. 47.)
The author undertakes to show th at unemployment
compensation cannot be an instrument of social relief and
at the same time a weapon with which to combat economic
depression.
Report of the New York State Advisory Council on Placement
and Unemployment Insurance for the Year 1948.
New York, State Advisory Council on Placement and
Unemployment Insurance, 1949. 38 pp. and appen
dixes; processed.
In addition to reviewing operations, the council makes
legislative recommendations, including the extension of
unemployment insurance to cover workers of firms with
fewer than four employees. I t emphasizes the crisis in
the functioning of the State’s employment security pro
grams, caused by the inadequacy of Federal funds for their
administration.
Vacations and Holidays
Holiday Practices. By John J. Speed. New York, Na
tional Industrial Conference Board, Inc., 1948. 36
pp., charts. (Studies in Personnel Policy, No. 99.)
Data from this report are given in this issue of the
Monthly Labor Review (p. 426).
452
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Paid Vacation and Sick Leave Provisions in Union Agree
ments, California, 1948. San Francisco, State Depart
ment of Industrial Relations, Division of Labor
Statistics and Research, 1948. 3 pp.; processed.
Wages, Salaries, and Hours of Labor
Clerical Salary Administration. Edited by Leonard W.
Ferguson. New York, Life Office Management
Association, 1948. 220 pp., bibliography.
Submits details of a wage and salary program based on
job evaluation and employee appraisal.
Office Workers Salaries and Personnel Practices, San Fran
cisco Bay Area, Mid-Year 1948. Oakland, Calif.,
United Employers, Inc., Research Department, 1948.
34 pp.
Clerical Salaries Analysis, 1948 (as at March 1, 1948)’
London, Office Management Association, Ltd., 194871 pp., charts. 21s.
The data in this study of clerical salaries in Great
Britain are presented by age and sex of workers, by indus
try group, and by locality. A brief summary of civil
service pay scales in London is included.
Salaries of Village Officials in Michigan, [1948]. Ann
Arbor, Michigan Municipal League, 1948. 20 pp.;
processed. (Information Bull. No. 56.) 50 cents.
Wages and Hours in Hotels and Other Establishments
Offering Lodging for Hire, New York State, 1947.
New York Department of Labor, Division of
Research and Statistics, 1948. 77 pp., charts; proc
essed. (Publication No. B-13.)
Time Rates of Wages and Hours of Labor, [Great Britain],
September 1, 1948. London, Ministry of Labor and
National Service, 1948. 177 pp. 3s net, H. M.
Stationery Office, London.
Women in Industry
The Outlook for Women in Science. Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1949. 78
pp., bibliography, charts, illus. (Bull. No. 223-1.)
20 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Summary report in a series of eight individual bulletins
on future job opportunities for women in the physical and
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MONTHLY LABOR
biological sciences, mathematics, engineering, and archi
tecture.
Women’s Occupations Through Seven Decades. By Janet
M. Hooks. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Women’s Bureau, 1947. 260 pp., bibliography,
charts. (Bull. No. 218.) 45 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
General Reports
Thirty-Sixth Annual Report of the Secretary of Labor, for
Fiscal Year Ended June 80, 1948. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, 1949. 104 pp. 25 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
A 15-point legislative program recommended in the
report is reproduced in this issue of the Monthly Labor
Review (p. 421).
Annual Report of the Department of Labor and Industrial
Relations, Territory of Hawaii, July 1, 1947, to June
80, 1948. Honolulu, [1948]. 74 pp., charts.
Digest of Conference Discussions, Second Annual Conference
on the Teaching of Labor Economics, Ithaca, N. Y.,
August 26-30, 1948. Ithaca, Cornell University,
New York State School of Industrial and Labor
Relations, [1948?]. 99 pp., bibliography; processed.
“Austria from Habsburg to Hitler’’. By Charles A. Gulick.
Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California
Press, 1948. 2 vols., 1,906 pp. $20.
Comprehensive history of Austria from the end of the
Habsburg Empire to the annexation by Hitler, analyzing
the economic, social, and political changes which occurred
during that period. Volume I, Labor’s Workshop of
Democracy, deals largely with the working-class move
ment, particularly the activities of the Social Democratic
Party in the fields of social and labor legislation, finance,
housing, welfare work, and education. Volume II,
“Fascism’s Subversion of Democracy,” discusses the rise
of Fascist organizations, the civil war of 1934, the theory
of Austro-Marxism, and the workers’ underground move
ment between 1934 and 1938.
Report of Conference on Joint Consultation, Training within
Industry, Works Information, and Personnel Manage
ment, London, September 15, 1948. London, Ministry
of Labor and National Service, 1948. 55 pp. Is. net,
H. M. Stationery Office, London.
Current Labor Statistics
A.— Employment and Pay Rolls
455 Table A -l: Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
456 Table A-2: Estimated number of wage and salary workers in nonagricultural es
tablishments, by industry division
456 Table A-3: Estimated number of wage and salary workers in manufacturing indus
tries, by major industry group
457 Table A-4: Estimated number of wage and salary workers in nonagricultural
establishments for selected States
458 Table A-5: Estimated number of wage and salary workers in manufacturing indus
tries, by State
459 Table A-6: Estimated number of production workers in manufacturing industries
462 Table A-7: Indexes of production-worker employment in manufacturing industries
464 Table A-8: Indexes of production-worker weekly pay rolls in manufacturing
industries
467 Table A-9: Estimated number of employees in selected nonmanufacturing
industries
468 Table A -10: Indexes of employment in selected nonmanufacturing industries
468 Table A -ll: Indexes of weekly pay rolls in selected nonmanufacturing industries
469 Table A-12: Federal civilian employment by branch and agency group
470 Table A -l3: Federal civilian pay rolls by branch and agency group
471 Table A -14: Civilian Government employment and pay rolls in Washington,
D. C., by branch and agency group
472 Table A-l 5: Personnel and pay in military branch of Federal Government
B.—Labor Turn-Over
!
472 Table B -l: Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turn-over
473 Table B-2: Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in selected
groups and industries
C.—Earnings and Hours
475 Table C -l: Hours and gross earnings in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing
industries
486 Table C-2: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing in
dustries for selected States and areas
488 Table C-3: Estimated average hourly earnings, gross and exclusive of overtime, of
production workers in manufacturing industries
489 Table C-4: Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected in
dustries, in current and 1939 dollars
489 Table C-5: Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1939 dollars
490 Table C-6: Average earnings and hours on private construction projects, by type
of firm
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453
MONTHLY LABOR
CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
454
D .—Prices and Cost of Living
492 Table D -l: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities, bygroup of commodities
493 Table D-2: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city, for
selected periods
494 Table D-3: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city and
group of commodities
495 Table D-4: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by group, for selected periods
496 Table D-5: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by city
497 Table D-6: Average retail prices and indexes of selected foods
498 Table D-7: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities, for selected
periods
499 Table D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
E.—Work Stoppages
500 Table E -l: Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F.—Building and Construction
500 Table F -l: Expenditures for new construction
501 Table F-2: Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on federally
financed new construction, by type of construction
502 Table F-3: Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
503 Table F-4: New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
504 Table F-5: Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units
started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds
N
—Earlier figures in many of the series appearing in the following tables are shown in the Handbook of
Labor Statistics, 1947 Edition (BLS Bulletin 916). The Handbook also contains descriptions of the
techniques used in compiling these data and information on the coverage of the different series. For
convenience in referring to the historical statistics, the tables in this issue of the Monthly Labor Review
are keyed to tables in the Handbook.
ote,
M LR
table
Handbook
table
A -l_______________
A-2_______________
A-3_______________
A-4________-----------------A-5_______________
A-6_______________
A-7________-----------------A-8_______________
A-9_______ _______
A-10______ ------------------
M LR
table
A-12 A - l l ________ ________
A -l A -1 2 ________ ________
A-3 A -1 3 ________ ________
C)
A -1 4 ________ ________
A-2 A -1 5 ________ ________
A-4 B - l _________ ________
0
B - 2 _________ ________
A-5 C - l _________ ________
A-6 C - 2 _________ ------------0
C - 3 _________ ________
1 New or revised series; not included in Handbook.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
H andbook
table
A -6
A -8
0
A -7
A -9
B -l
B -2
C -l
0
C -2
M LR
table
Handbook
table
M LR
table
C-4_______________
0) D-8.
C-5_______________ C-10 E -l_
C -6_______________
C -l F - l .
D - l_______________ D -l F -2 .
D -2_______________ D-2 F -3 .
D -3_______________ D-2 F -4 .
D -4_______________ D-4 F -5 .
D -5________ D-2 and D-3
D-6__........................... D-4
D -7_______________
D-5
5 Not included in 1947 edition of Handbook.
Handbook
table
D-6
E-3
H -l
H-2
H-4
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
455
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
A: Employment and Pay Rolls
T able
A -l: Estimated Total Labor Force Classified by Employment Status, Hours Worked, and Sex
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 (in thousands)
Labor force
1949
Feb.
1948
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.2
Oct.
Sept.2
Aug.
July 2
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Total, both sexes
Total labor force3............................................. .
61,896
61, 546
62,828
63,138
63,166
63, 578
64, 511
65,135
64, 740
61,660
61,760
61,005
61,004
Civilian labor force—................................. ........
Unemployment...........................................
Employment..............................................
Nonagricultural....................................
Worked 36 hours or more_______
Worked 16-34 hours___________
Worked 1-14 hours *___________
With a job but not at work 8____
Agricultural____________________
Worked 35 hours or more.............
Worked 15-34 hours___________
Worked 1-14 hours *___________
With a job but not at work 8____
60,388
3, 221
57,167
50,174
40, 830
5,737
1,876
1,730
6,993
4,591
1,776
367
260
60,078
2,664
57,414
50, 651
41, 314
5, 533
1,899
1,907
6, 763
4,299
1,725
392
345
61,375
1,941
59,434
52,059
43,425
5,303
1,844
1,488
7,375
5,235
1,680
265
196
61, 724
1,831
59, 893
51, 932
40,036
8, 469
1,877
1,549
7, 961
5, 485
1, 997
279
201
61,775
1,642
60,134
51, 506
42. 451
5, 747
1,726
1, 583
8,627
6,811
1,455
223
140
62, 212
1,899
60,312
51, 590
30,372
17,149
1,596
2,472
8, 723
6,705
1,636
218
165
63,186
1,941
61, 245
52, 801
42,305
4,811
1, 447
4,239
8,444
6,122
1,669
249
405
63, 842
2,227
61,615
52,452
32, 404
12,147
1,394
6,508
9,163
7,011
1,767
203
184
63, 479
2,184
61,296
51, 899
43, 240
4,910
1,403
2,348
9,396
7,390
1,669
182
154
60,422
1,761
58,660
50,800
42, 726
4,886
1,637
1,650
7,861
6,936
1,513
201
211
60, 624
2,193
58,330
50,883
42,179
4,902
1,776
2,027
7,448
5,670
1,336
187
255
69, 769
2,440
57,329
60,482
42, 576
4,467
1,684
1,753
6,847
4, 754
1,397
265
431
59, 778
2,639
57,139
50,368
40, 977
5, 255
1,798
2,338
6, 771
3, 844
1, 759
386
782
Males
Total labor force3...............................................
44, 721
44,614
45,012
45,182
45, 229
45,453
46, 525
46, 715
46,039
44,519
44, 589
44, 228
44,236
Civilian labor force— .............. ........................
Unemployment______________________
Employm ent______________________ _
N onagricultural_________ _____ _
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours___________
Worked 1-14 hours 8________ _
With a job but not at work 8____
Agricultural_____________________
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours___________
Worked 1-14 hours *_____ ____
With a Job but not at work 8____
43, 229
2, 417
40, 812
34, 689
29, 425
3,199
825
1,239
6,123
4,344
1,263
270
246
43,161
2,011
41,150
35,193
29,888
3,075
879
1,352
5,957
4,102
1,261
275
318
43,573
1,411
42,162
35,991
31,469
2,678
763
1,082
6,171
4,813
1,046
143
170
43, 782
1,231
42, 551
36, 079
29, 442
4, 719
808
1,110
6, 472
5,007
1,120
163
182
43,851
1,088
42, 763
36,016
31,081
3,092
711
1,132
6, 747
5,772
738
124
114
44,101
1,251
42,850
35,960
23,115
10,577
646
1,622
6,890
5,858
743
138
151
45, 215
1,326
43,889
36,836
31, 226
2,599
563
2,448
7,053
5,663
882
179
330
45,437
1,448
43, 989
36,633
24,344
7,766
563
3,962
7,356
6,152
903
145
157
44, 794
1,375
43,420
36,162
31, 700
2, 535
597
1,332
7, 257
6, 310
707
111
129
43,298
1,239
42,058
35,386
31,006
2, 565
709
1,105
6,673
5, 525
862
136
150
43,369
1,567
41,801
35, 362
30, 575
2, 525
787
1,465
6, 450
5,321
816
124
189
43,009
1,765
41, 244
35,063
30,649
2, 390
729
1,294
6,181
4, 548
1,035
211
387
43,026
1,889
41,137
35,046
29, 592
2,800
899
1,755
6,091
3, 698
1,375
330
688
Females
17,175
16,932
17,816
17,956
17,937
18,125
17,986
18, 420
18, 701
17,141
17,171
16, 777
16,768
Civilian labor force— ......... ......... ...... ............. 17,159
804
Unemployment........... ................................
Employment _______ _______ _______ 16,355
Nonagricultural__________________ 15,485
Worked 35 hours or more_______ 11,405
Worked 15-34 hours.......... ........... 2,538
Worked 1-14 hours *___________ 1,051
With a job but not at work 8____
491
Agricultural________________ _____
870
Wrorked 35 hours or more— .........
247
Worked 15-34 hours______ _____
513
Worked 1-14 hours *___________
97
With a job but not at work 8____
14
16, 917
653
16, 264
15, 458
11,426
2, 458
1,020
555
806
197
464
117
27
17,802
530
17, 272
16,068
11,956
2, 625
1,081
406
1,204
422
634
122
26
17, 942
600
17,342
15,853
10, 594
3, 750
1,069
439
1,489
478
877
116
19
17,924
554
17,371
15, 490
11,370
2, 655
1,015
451
1,880
1,039
717
99
26
18,111
648
17,462
15,630
7, 257
6,572
950
850
1,833
847
893
80
14
17, 971
615
17,356
15,965
11,079
2,212
884
1,791
1,391
459
787
70
75
18,405
779
17,626
15,819
8,060
4,381
831
2,546
1,807
859
864
58
27
18,685
809
17, 876
15,737
11, 540
2,375
806
1,016
2,139
1,080
962
71
25
17,124
522
16,602
15,414
11,720
2,321
928
445
1,188
411
651
65
61
17,155
626
16, 529
15, 531
11, 604
2,377
989
562
998
349
520
63
66
16, 760
675
16,085
15, 419
11, 927
2,077
955
459
666
206
362
54
44
16,752
750
16,002
15,322
11,385
2,455
899
583
680
146
384
56
94
Total labor force3_______________________
1 Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to
group totals.
2 Census survey week contains legal holiday.
3 Total labor force consists of the civilian labor force and the armed forces.
* Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than
16 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
8 Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute, or
because of temporary lay-off with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of lay-off. Does not include unpaid family workers.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
N o t e .— Explanatory notes outlining briefly the concepts, methodology, size of the reporting sample, and
sources used in preparing data presented in tables A-2 through A-15 are contained in the Bureau’s monthly mimeo
graphed release, “Employment and Pay Rolls—Detailed Report,” which is available upon request.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
456
T a b l e A -2 :
Estimated Number of Wage and Salary Workers in Nonagricultural Establishments, by
Industry Division 1
[In thousands)
Annual
average
1948
1949
Industry division
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Sept.
Oct.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1943
Total estimated em ploym ent...................... 43,997 44, 329 46,090 45,739 45,877 45,889 45,478 45,098 45,009 44,616 44,299 44,600 44, 279 42,042
1939
30,287
Manufacturing------------------------------------ 15,756 15, 880 16,284 16,461 16, 597 16,697 16,441 16,172 16,115 15,892 15,950 16, 269 16,183 17,381 10,078
924
914
845
952
922
935
817
924
939
938
941
950
917
922
948
M ining______ ____________________ _
82
82
82
83
89
82
82
82
81
81
81
82
82
83
Anthracite _______ ______ ________
81
423
309
419
415
423
421
422
395
426
437
388
426
426
Bituminous coal____ ______________
417
419
104
102
103
102
101
126
103
101
99
100
99
103
104
100
103
Metal_________________ ___________
95
93
90
87
76
97
97
90
93
95
96
98
98
Quarrying and nonmetallic__________
85
86
Crude petroleum and natural gas pro234
189
241
230
246
231
230
181
240
241
242
246
duction 2_______________________
235
237
238
1,150
Contract construction 3____. . . _________ 1,824 1,906 2,079 2,162 2, 206 2, 239 2, 253 2, 219 2,173 2,052 1,933 1,805 1,731 1,567
2,912
Transportation and public utilities............. 3,957 3,978 4,066 4,066 4.091 4,092 4,139 4,136 4,105 4,042 3,974 4,032 4,019 3,619
2,080
Transportation __________ ________ 2,704 2,729 2,809 2,809 2,836 2,832 2, 869 2, 873 2,860 2,809 2,744 2,808 2,802 2,746
734
731
728
391
745
731
723
488
734
740
741
747
Communication___________________
740
740
736
441
502
499
496
494
385
511
518
515
517
515
519
523
517
Other public utilities._____ _________
517
Trade__ ________________ ____________ 9.513 9, 625 10,381 10,034 9,889 9, 733 9,660 9, 646 9,670 9,617 9, 576 9,598 9, 520 7,322 6,705
1,382
Finance_________ _________ _______ ___ 1,706 1,709 1,722 1,720 1,723 1,732 1, 761 1,754 1,726 1, 716 1,704 1,697 1,690 1,401
3, 228
Service______ _______ ________________ 4, 560 4, 546 4, 625 4,644 4,641 4,647 4, 622 4, 645 4,663 4,738 4, 768 4, 729 4,730 3,786
3,987
Government._________________________ 5,759 5,761 5,994 5, 714 5, 789 5, 801 5,650 5, 604 5,607 5,624 5, 577 5, 546 5,492 6,049
898
Federal__________________________ 1,877 1,876 2,156 1,856 1, 875 1,873 1, 855 1,837 1,804 1,788 1,771 1,758 1,746 2,875
3,089
State and local____________________ 3,882 3,885 3,838 3,858 3,914 3,928 3, 795 3, 767 3,803 3,836 3,806 3, 788 3, 746 3,174
forces are excluded. These estimates have been adjusted to levels indicated
by Federal Security Agency data through 1946 and have been carried forward
from 1946 bench-mark levels, thereby providing consistent series. Data for
the three most recent months are subject to revision.
2 Includes well drilling and rig building.
3 These figures cover all employees of private firms whose major activity is
construction. They are not directly comparable with the construction em
ployment estimates presented in table 2, p. 1111, of the June 1947 issue of this
publication, which include self-employed persons, working proprietors, and
force-account workers and other employees of nonconstruction firms or public
bodies who engage in construction work, as well as all employees of con
struction firms. An article presenting this other construction employment
series appeared in the August 1947 issue of this publication, and will appear
quarterly thereafter.
1 Data are based upon reports submitted by cooperating establishments
and therefore differ from employment information obtained by household
interviews, such as the Monthly Report on the Labor Force. The Bureau
of Labor Statistics estimates of employment in nonagricultural establish
ments differ from those on the Monthly Report on the Labor Force (table
A-l) in several important respects. The Bureau of Labor Statistics data
cover all full- and part-time wage and salary workers in private nonagricul
tural establishments who worked or received pay during the pay period end
ing nearest the 15th of the month, in Federal establishments during the pay
period ending just before the first of the month, and in State and local govern
ment during the pay period ending on or just before the last of the month.
Persons who worked in more than one establishment during the reporting
period would be counted more than once. Proprietors, self-employed per
sons, domestic servants, unpaid family workers, and personnel of the armed
T able
A-3: Estimated Number of Wage and Salary Workers in Manufacturing Industries, by Major
Industry Group 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1948
1949
Major industry group
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1943
All manufacturing____________________ 15, 756 15, 880 16,284 16,461 16,597 16,697 16, 441 16,172 16,115 15,892 15,950 16, 269 16,183 17,381
Durable goods.. __________________ 7,891 8,006 8, 226 8,303 8,318 8,294 8,188 8,165 8,122 8,114 8,164 8,258 8,167 10, 297
Nondurable goods __________ _____ 7,865 7,874 8,058 8,158 8, 279 8,403 8,253 8,007 7, 993 7,778 7,786 8,011 8, 016 7,084
Iron and steel and their products_______
1,867
Electrical machinery___________________
700
Machinery, except electrical____________ 1, 515
Transportation equipment , except automobiles. ____ _____ _________________
578
Automobiles.. __________ _ . ________
949
Nonferrous metals and their products___
448
Lumber and timber basic products______
790
Furniture and finished lumber products__
526
Stone, clay, and glass products....................
518
Textile-mill products and other fiber manufactures... ____________ _______ . .. 1,313
Apparel and other finished textile products. 1, 358
Leather and leather products. _________
412
Food__ ______________ ____________ 1,687
Tobacco manufactures_________________
96
Paper and allied products__ _____ _____
476
Printing, publishing, and allied industries..
726
Chemicals and allied products._________
778
Products of petroleum and coal...................
237
Rubber p ro d u cts___ ____ _____ _______
235
Miscellaneous ind u stries............................
547
10,078
4,357
5, 720
1,894
714
1,537
1,935
730
1, 560
1,952
735
1,563
1,955
731
1, 569
1,945
725
1,569
1,928
716
1,564
1,897
714
1,571
1, 904
726
1,577
1,894
727
1, 568
1,897
742
1, 562
1,929
756
1,587
1,920
763
1, 591
2,034
914
1,585
1,171
355
690
579
972
454
803
528
525
588
980
468
874
552
539
588
977
474
908
562
544
583
982
473
918
562
545
572
985
469
930
558
541
542
953
465
930
552
538
561
984
457
912
542
527
562
918
469
881
550
535
565
964
467
851
548
530
589
979
475
833
561
526
589
985
482
827
576
527
589
914
478
813
581
518
2,951
845
525
589
429
422
193
466
283
465
385
349
1,322
1,309
410
1.719
96
481
728
783
236
241
549
1,358
1,327
409
1,792
100
491
738
788
240
246
569
1, 368
1,340
408
1,840
103
493
734
790
242
249
591
1,371
1,353
421
1,931
103
491
735
789
240
248
597
1,384
1,348
425
2,069
101
487
725
785
245
246
588
1,397
1,329
429
1,957
99
479
720
775
246
245
577
1,364
1, 235
421
1, 903
96
476
716
751
247
240
558
1,418
1,263
419
1,786
98
477
719
762
245
243
563
1,416
1,247
404
1,610
97
476
718
759
242
243
566
1, 425
1,268
418
1,562
99
476
718
767
238
246
569
1,435
1,334
442
1,655
100
480
722
773
238
253
579
1,428
1,333
448
1,658
101
479
724
773
237
257
578
1,330
1,080
378
1,418
103
389
549
873
170
231
563
1,235
894
383
1,192
105
320
561
421
147
150
311
'D a ta include all full- and part-time production and nonproduction
workers in manufacturing industries who worked or received pay during the
pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. These estimates have been
adjusted to levels indicated by Federal Security Agency data through 1946
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1939
and have been carried forward from 1946 bench-mark levels, thereby providing consistent series. Data for the three most recent months are subject to
revision,
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
457
T able A-4: Estimated Number of Wage and Salary Workers in Nonagricultural Establishments for
Selected States 1
[In thousands]
1949
1948
Region and State
New England:
M aine..
_______
______
Vermont A _____ _________
Massachusetts_________ ___
Rhode Island _____ _______ .
Connecticut___________ _____
Middle Atlantic:
New York. ______
____
New Jersey_________________
Pennsylvania____________ _.
East North Central:
Indiana________
_________
Illinois_____________________
Wisconsin.
____
_ __
West North Central:
M innesota... ___________ ____
Missouri____________ ______
Kansas___ _____ __________
South Atlantic:
M aryland__________________
Georgia____________________
East South Central:
Tennessee_____ _ . _________
West South Central:
Arkansas____________________
O klahom a__________________
Texas______________________
Mountain:
M ontana. .. . ____________ .
Idaho_______________________
W yoming _____ ___________
New Mexico_________________
Arizona_____________________
U tah_____ _________________
N evada2 . ________________
Pacific:
Washington_______________ .
California_____ ___ ________
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Eeb.
Jan.
251
92
1,680
275
751
262
95
1,754
287
788
263
94
1,727
288
775
269
94
1,732
288
776
275
95
1, 735
288
771
280
96
1,726
285
761
276
95
1, 714
286
762
270
96
1,731
287
766
259
95
1, 720
287
768
253
94
1,701
288
773
201
94
1, 711
290
773
261
94
1.706
289
*770
264
94
*1, 720
289
*771
.301
91
1,734
313
799
5, 483
1,537
3,581
5, 699
1,586
3, 701
5, 649
1,585
3, 671
*5, 661
1,594
3, 668
*5,653
1.604
3,660
*5, 618
1,599
3, 627
*5, 559
1.589
3, 586
*5, 570
1,592
3, 009
*5,521
1, 576
3, 579
*5, 508
1, 568
3,522
*5.538
1.563
3, 584
*5, 508
1,553
3, 548
*5, 517
1,561
3, 566
5, 268
1,732
3, 480
1,176
3,157
971
1,226
3,256
1,006
1,215
3, 230
1,000
1. 220
3, 228
1,003
1,237
3, 218
1,018
1,203
3,195
1,007
1, 205
3,185
1,016
1,207
3, 174
993
1,197
3,126
977
1,183
3,110
973
1,194
3,144
974
1,180
3,151
972
1,186
3,172
971
1,191
2,957
885
775
1,112
433
809
1,158
454
813
1,144
447
813
1,153
447
825
1,144
449
823
1,141
445
813
1,140
442
803
1,139
442
782
1,126
432
767
1.120
420
762
1,120
415
764
1,114
411
773
1,125
419
666
1.081
464
700
729
723
753
723
751
719
753
720
749
*714
747
*707
736
707
742
698
739
686
738
885
740
676
731
682
737
756
733
720
749
748
752
756
*755
743
743
740
733
734
721
720
669
295
462
1, 760
311
486
1,808
306
472
1,777
308
472
1, 768
306
475
1,758
301
469
1,746
299
467
1,740
298
470
1, 725
294
459
1,702
288
452
1,693
282
436
1,670
276
432
1,664
282
439
1, 677
277
436
1,044
137
124
74
126
155
168
46
142
131
78
130
159
184
48
142
132
79
129
156
186
48
143
*133
83
129
156
191
48
143
132
87
*133
154
195
49
142
*121
87
*132
153
189
50
141
121
85
*131
155
189
50
139
118
82
*130
156
184
49
130
*116
75
*128
156
180
48
136
115
72
*124
156
171
48
133
115
70
*122
155
173
47
133
115
69
*120
155
171
47
134
*117
70
*121
155
173
48
117
101
64
95
142
2 187
55
646
2,991
688
3,115
692
3, 085
*704
3,122
*707
3,160
*693
3,146
*687
3,109
*671
3, 077
*648
3,040
*665
3,024
*654
3, 029
*642
3,024
*647
3, 037
726
3,065
1 Revised data in all except the first three columns are identified by an
asterisk for the first month’s publication of such data. Comparable series,
January 1943 to date, are available upon request to U. S. Department»'
Labor or cooperating State agency. See table A-5 for addresses of cooperating
State agencies.
828745—
49
-6
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual
average
1943
2 Does not include contract construction.
3 Average for 1943 may not be strictly comparable w th current data.
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
458
T able
A-5: Estimated Number of Wage and Salary Workers in Manufacturing Industries, by State1
[In thousands]
Jan.
New England:
107. 8
M aine3
_
_
___
77.7
New Hampshire- ___ - ___
35.2
____
Verm ont3 __
696.7
Massachusetts
___
136.1
Rhode Island
____
387.6
Connecticut3____________
Middle Atlantic:
New Y o rk 3
_
___
1, 807.8
707. 5
New Jersey— ___ ______ ____
Pennsylvania_________
___ 1, 461. 4
East North Central:
1,189. 9
Ohio
' 533.5
Indiana
- — _____
1,211.5
Illinois
__
972.9
...
Michigan- ___
Wisconsin3____ ______ ____
415.5
West North Central:
191.7
M innesota3___ - ___ ____153.9
Iowa 3_
___
___
__
M issouri3 - - - - 342.0
6.6
North Dakota_____ _
--_ -_
11.7
South Dakota. - ___________
42.6
Nebraska___ - ______________
86.6
K ansas3 ___ — ____ - South Atlantic:
44.5
Delaware__
____ _________
219.1
Maryland . ____________ _
16.7
District of Columbia
___ _
206.3
Virginia____________ -_ ___
West Virginia_____________ -- 129. 6
360.1
North Carolina. - ____ ____
South Carolina. __ _______ ___ 188. 8
Georgia 3_________ _________
266.6
99.3
Florida3- . . ____ _ _ _____ __
East South Central:
K entucky... ___ _ ________ 122.7
Tennessee 3___ __ _________ 235.4
223.3
Alabama 3_ _________________
Mississippi__________________
83.5
West South Central:
Arkansas3_____ . . ________
74.7
148.6
Louisiana3___________
64.3
Oklahoma3- . . ___ __ _ __ _
___
345.2
Texas_______ . _____
Mountain:
16.9
Montana ___________
Idaho 3_______ ___ _
_ ___
19.0
Wyoming 3_ _ ___
___ . _
6.1
Colorado_________
. .
53.5
New Mexico 3
9. 5
14.3
Arizona 3____________________
Utah 3______________________
25.5
3.2
N evada3______ ____________
Pacific:
Washington 3_ _____________ 163.5
Oregon... _________ ___ _ 102. 9
California --------___
702.8
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
109.3
79.2
36.2
715.5
139.5
395.1
111.2
80.4
36.6
722.8
142.1
396.5
113.7
82.1
36.7
727.9
142.8
397.0
117.9
82.1
37.3
731.3
144.7
397.1
120.2
83.6
37.9
725.6
144.1
392.1
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
116.5
82.1
37.1
710.0
144.8
393.3
115.2
82.7
37.8
726.1
146.5
396.5
108.2
81.6
37.7
723.4
147.0
401.1
106.7
82. 6
38.0
729.7
149.9
406.4
115.2
84. 4
38.7
745.7
153.6
412.5
116.5
85. 6
38. 8
745.9
154. 5
*418.8
116.9
35. 3
39.1
747.3
153. 5
*417. 4
1, 853.1 1, 884. 7 1,896.9 1,900. 0 1,878. 4 1,818. 4 1, 842. 7 1, 829. 5 1,849.9 1,904. 0
753.7
746.0
740.7
741.8
750.4
743.9
732.8
747.8
740.9
724.7
1, 498.9 1, 504.0 1, 508.1 1, 508.1 1, 498.0 1, 481. 2 1,495.4 1,489. 4 1,497. 5 1, 514. 3
1, 210. 4 1,224.6 1, 226. 5 1, 231.8 1,224. 5 1, 216. 4 1, 228. 2 1, 221.3 1,230.7 1,244. 0
552.8
540.0
541.9
544.1
545.5
569.4
542.7
545.8
551.6
542.9
1, 234. 5 1, 242.7 1, 243.3 1, 243. 8 1,231. 0 1, 227. 4 1, 228. 7 1,203. 5 1,198. 0 1, 253. 5
998.5 1, 002.7 1, 010.9
962.7
996.8
987.8
988. 5 993.4 1,002.0 1,004.9
432.5
426.3
420.0
429.7
447.9
434.5
430.7
431.8
445.9
426.5
1943 2
144.4
77.0
41.3
835. 6
169. 4
504. 2
1,912.1 1,902.0 2,115.7
757.3
951.1
757.8
1, 513.1 1, 515. 6 1, 579. 3
1, 243.9 1, 246. 0
556.3
553.4
1, 267. 0 1,271.0
970.7 1, 019. 6
433.9
434.2
1,363.3
633.1
1,263.7
1,181.8
442.8
200.0
155. 5
350. 3
6. 6
11. 2
43. 8
81.6
215.1
161.7
412.9
5. 6
10. 3
60.8
144. 2
45.7
226.9
1/. 3
213. 6
132.4
382. 7
198.3
281.3
100.3
55.2
348. 8
15. 6
231.9
132. 2
399.9
191. 8
302.9
136.0
197.5
155.9
345.5
6.6
12.0
42.9
87.8
200.8
153.8
347.2
6.9
12.2
44.1
87.8
201.9
153.8
349.8
7.0
11.9
43.6
88.3
210.2
153.9
347.3
6.8
11.6
42.4
87.5
210.0
153.0
349.1
6.9
11.7
43.1
87.6
206.6
152.1
345.7
7.0
11.8
43.6
87.6
203.3
149.8
343.9
7.1
11.9
43.0
87.6
190.9
135.1
339.3
6.7
11.3
36.1
80.7
188.7
133.8
339.9
6.4
11.3
34.9
75.4
198.0
153.7
346.6
6.3
11.0
42.4
79.8
199.0
154.7
349.2
6. 4
li. i
43.0
79.8
44.8
227.7
17.1
211.3
132.3
367.2
193. 0
271.7
99.7
45.2
233.0
17.0
215.5
132.7
369.3
193.6
277.6
97.3
46.3
235.3
16.9
218.4
134.1
370.8
193.8
*279. 9
90.7
48.9
242.4
17.0
217.7
132.9
375.4
194.3
*279.4
89.9
48.2
239.2
16.7
214.5
133.7
378.9
196.9
*280.1
88.2
46.6
232.8
17.2
211.5
133.3
362.9
195.8
*273.6
88.0
46.6
229.4
17.1
211.1
133.9
381.7
200.5
276.3
90.0
45.8
228.5
17.2
210.8
132.4
381.4
199.3
*275.0
93.2
46.6
228.2
17.4
212.8
131.9
382.6
199.3
*276. 5
96.5
46.5
228.9
17.1
213.7
130.9
385.8
200.5
281.1
99.4
45.9
228.5
16.8
213.5
130.3
380.4
196.9
280.1
98.9
126.8
245.3
224.8
86.6
128.6
250.8
228.7
87.0
129.2
*256.6
229.1
87.2
128.1
*256. 6
227.1
87.4
127.4
*259.1
228.3
90.6
126.8
255.6
228.9
91.3
127.0
255.7
227.4
89.5
125.9
258.0
227.2
88.1
128.2
257.7
226.5
88.6
129.5
259.9
230.9
. 90. 0
129.4
256.1
230.2
90.5
129.5
255. 4
232. 7
95. 5
131.7
255.9
258. 5
95.1
77.1
150.9
66.7
353.3
79.0
152.6
67.4
358.0
80.2
153.6
67.9
352.8
79. 5
155.7
67.2
351.4
79.6
155.6
66.9
353.6
78.8
150.0
66.7
352.9
79.0
148.7
68.9
354.8
77.4
147.9
65.2
341.7
74.9
148.3
65.5
338.7
73.0
145.9
62.6
337.0
69.8
142.6
62.6
340.1
71.9
150.4
64. 0
342.7
76.7
166.1
99.7
424. 8
18.1
20.9
6.4
55.9
9.9
15.2
27.7
3.3
18. 6
23.4
7.1
59.2
10.1
15.1
30.9
3.4
18. 8
26.0
7.3
60.2
10.1
14.8
31.6
3.4
18.1
24.8
6.7
58.3
*9 8
13.8
32.8
3.5
18.0
20.1
6.9
56.9
*9. 8
15.1
29.1
3.6
18.1
20.6
6.9
56.5
*9. 8
15.8
29.4
3.4
17.7
18.8
6.8
56.3
*9.5
15.4
26.7
3.4
17.1
18.1
6.1
53.3
*9. 4
15.2
25.2
3.3
17.1
16.7
5.9
54.0
*9.0
14.9
23.3
3.3
17.2
16.9
5.6
55.5
8.2
14.7
24.4
3.3
17.3
17.6
5.7
55.1
8.2
14.6
24.1
3.3
17.7
18.2
6.0
57.2
8.3
14.7
25.1
3.3
15.7
15. S
5.1
67.5
7.9
19.4
33. 5
7.9
174.5
109.9
727.1
184.8
113.3
737.1
192.9
118.8
768.0
192.8
121.5
801.7
183.7
121.2
771.6
180.6
117. 3
741.3
164.2
112.8
713. 0
150.5
110.7
696.3
174.5
110.2
695.8
171.3
110.2
700.4
167.2
109. 2
703.5
169.4
109.8
705.0
285.6
192.1
1,165. 5
1 Revised data in all except the first three columns are identified by an
asterisk for the first month’s publication of such data. Comparable series,
January 1943 to date, are available upon request to U. S. Department of Labor
or cooperating State Agency listed below.
2 Average for 1943 may not be strictly comparable with current data for
those States now based on Standard Industrial Classification.
3 Series based on Standard Industrial Classification. Data for New York,
Washington, and Wyoming may not be strictly comparable with those
published prior to the current report.
Cooperating State Agencies:
Alabama—Department of Industrial Relations, Montgomery 5.
Arizona—Unemployment Compensation Division, Employment Secu
rity Commission, Phoenix.
Arkansas—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor,
Little Rock.
California—Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Department of
Industrial Relations, San Francisco 3.
Connecticut—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor
and Factory Inspection, Hartford 15.
Delaware—Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1, Pa.
Florida—Unemployment Compensation Division, Industrial Commis
sion, Tallahassee.
G eorgia— E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity A g e n c y , D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r, A tla n ta
3.
Idaho—Employment Security Agency, Industrial Accident Board,
Boise.
I llin o is — D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r, C h ica g o 1.
Indiana—Employment Security Division, Indianapolis 4.
I o w a — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity C o m m is sio n , D e s M o in e s 8.
K a n s a s — E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r ity D iv is io n , S ta te L a b o r D e p a r tm e n t,
T opeka.
K e n t u c k y — D e p a r tm e n t o f E c o n o m ic S e c u r ity , F r a n k fo r t.
Louisiana—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Baton Rouge 4.
Maine—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Augusta.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual
1948
1949
Region and State
Ü
Maryland—Department of Employment Security, Baltimore 2.
Massachusetts—Division of Statistics, Department of Labor and In
dustries, Boston 10.
Michigan—Departm ent of Labor and Industry, Lansing 13.
Minnesota—Division of Employment and Security, Department of
Social Security, St. Paul 1.
Missouri—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor
and Industrial Relations, Jefferson City.
Montana—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Helena.
Nebraska—-Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Lincoln 1.
Nevada—Employment Security Department, Carson City.
New Hampshire—Unemployment Compensation Division, Bureau of
Labor, Concord.
New Jersey—Department of Labor, Trenton 8.
New Mexico—Employment Security Commission, Albuquerque.
New York—Division of Placement and Unemployment Insurance,
Department of Labor, New York 17.
North Carolina—Department of Labor, Raleigh.
Oklahoma—Employment Security Commission, Oklahoma City 2.
Pennsylvania—Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1
(manufacturing); Bureau of Research and Information, Department
of Labor and Industry, Harrisburg (nonmanufacturing.)
Rhode Island—Division of Census and Information, Department of
Labor, Providence 2.
Tennessee—Department of Employment Security, Nashville 3.
Texas—Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas, Austin 12.
Utah—Department of Employment Security, Industrial Commission,
Salt Lake City 13.
Vermont—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Montpelier.
Virginia—-Division of Research and Statistics, Department of Labor and
Industry, Richmond 21.
Washington—Employment Security Department, Olympia.
Wisconsin—Statistical Department, Industrial Commission, Madison 3.
Wyoming—Employment Security Commission, Casper.
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
T able
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
459
A-6: Estimated Number of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries 1
[In thousands]
1949
Annual
average
1948
Industry group and industry
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1943
12,555 12,67i 13,05‘ 13,23! 13,37, 13,48! 13,24, 12,98" 12,95! 12,73 12,79 13,131 13, 066 14, 56(
6, 41i 6,525 6,73( 6,81
6, 821 6,80! 6, 70! 6, 68: 6,66! 6, 64. 6,68
6, 791 6, 711 8,72"
6,131 6,14S 6, 32f 6,42! 6,55C 6,68, 6,536 6,306 6, 29' 6,09( 6,10! 6, 34C 6,355 5, 834
A ll m a n u fa c tu r in g .............. ......................................
D u r a b le g o o d s .....................................................
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s .............................................
1939
8,192
3, 611
4,581
Durable goods
1, 574 1,597
Ir o n a n d s te e l a n d th e ir p r o d u c ts L . ..............
B la s t fu r n a c e s, s te e l w o r k s, a n d r o llin g
m ills .......................................................................
G r a y -iro n a n d s e m is te e l c a s tin g s ..............
M a lle a b le -ir o n c a s tin g s _________________
S t e e l e a s tin g s ........................................................
C a st-ir o n p ip e a n d f it t in g s ............ ..............
T in c a n s a n d o th e r t i n w a r e . . . ..................
W ir e d r a w n from p u r c h a se d r o d s ______
W ir e w o r k ............................................ ...................
C u t le r y a n d e d g e to o ls _________________
T o o ls (e x c e p t e d g e to o ls , m a c h in e to o ls,
files, a n d s a w s ) ______________ _____ ____
H a r d w a r e ______ _____ ___________________
P lu m b e r s ’ s u p p lie s _____________________
S t o v e s , o il b u r n e rs, a n d h e a tin g e q u ip
m e n t , n o t e lse w h e r e c la s s ifie d ________
S te a m a n d h o t-w a te r h e a tin g a p p a r a tu s
a n d s te a m f it t in g s ____________________
S ta m p e d a n d e n a m e le d w a r e a n d g a l
v a n iz in g ...................................... .......................
F a b r ic a te d s tr u c tu r a l a n d o r n a m e n ta l
m e ta lw o r k ______________ _______ ______
M e ta l d oors, s a sh , fra m es, m o ld in g ,
a n d t r im _____________________________ _
B o lt s , n u t s , w a sh e r s, a n d r iv e t s ................
F o r g in g s, ir o n a n d s t e e l___________ _____
W r o u g h t p ip e , w e ld e d a n d h e a v y r iv e t e d ........... .......... ..................... ................. ..
S c r e w -m a c h in e p r o d u c ts a n d w o o d
s c r e w s ____________ _________ __________
S te e l barrels, k e g s , a n d d r u m s ....................
F ir e a r m s ......... .......... ............................ .................
M a c h in e r y , e x c e p t e le c t r i c a l3..............................
M a c h in e r y a n d m a c h in e -s h o p p r o d u c ts .
E n g in e s a n d tu r b in e s _______ _____ ______
T r a c to r s ........................... ............................ ..........
A g r ic u ltu r a l
m a c h in e r y ,
e x c lu d in g
tr a c to r s ______________ _______ _________
M a c h in e to o ls ___________________________
M a c h in e -to o l a c c e sso r ie s________________
T e x tile m a c h in e r y _________________ _____
P u m p s a n d p u m p in g e q u ip m e n t ______
T y p e w r it e r s _____________________ _______
C a sh registers; a d d in g , a n d c a lc u la tin g
m a c h i n e s . . .............. ........ ................... .............
W a sh in g m a c h in e s, w rin g er s, an d
d riers, d o m e s tic ....... .......................................
S e w in g m a c h in e s , d o m e s tic a n d i n
d u s t r ia l_______________________________
R efrig e ra to rs a n d re frigeration e q u ip
m e n t ......................................................................
—
1,657
1, 648
535.0 535.1
115.8 114.9
38.5
38.6
75. C 74.7
29. S 29. 4
48.7
50.1
29.1
28.6
42.1
42.8
24.3
23.9
24.0
52.0
41.4
24.4
54.2
42.4
24.5
54.1
42.6
24.6
53.8
42.4
24.7
53.5
41.3
64.0
76.4
87.6
93.3
63.3
65.3
66.1
66.6
106.4
113.5
117.6
65.0
65.6
65.8
10.3
28.5
38.1
11.0
28.7
38.4
1,631
1,601
1,610
1,600
1,603
1,634
1,628
1,761
991
535.8
112.:
37.4
73.1
29.5
49.1
28.4
42.4
22.5
526.5
110.4
36.1
71. S
28.9
47.3
28.0
41.8
21.8
523.0
114.6
37.!
73.S
28.9
44.7
28.7
40.2
22.1
517.7
112.!
37.!
72.1
28.4
42.8
29.4
41.1
23.1
511.8
116.6
37.2
72.:
27.6
42.1
30.1
41.9
23.7
516.1
119.9
37.9
73.0
28.3
44.5
30.6
43.4
24.0
508.5
120.5
37.8
72.3
28.0
45.7
30.9
42.5
24.6
516.7
88.4
28.8
90.1
18.0
32.4
36.0
32.8
21.8
388.4
62.2
19.2
32.1
17.6
31.8
22.0
30.4
15.4
24.6
53.0
40.4
24.6
52.2
38.8
25.1
52.7
40.3
25.2
54.6
39.3
25.5
55.9
39.4
25.7
57.2
40.2
25.8
56.9
40.0
27.8
45.3
25.0
15.3
35. 7
26.2
92.0
88.5
81.8
83.0
83.7
81.9
87.5
91.0
60.4
49.2
65.3
63.9
60.0
63.8
64.0
63.0
66.0
66.5
64.4
32.3
116.5
114.3
114.9
116.0
116.9
116.8
118.1
120.1
121.2
97.0
59.2
66.3
65.0
64.2
62.5
62.8
63.2
63.8
63.9
63.4
71.0
35.5
11.3
28.4
38.2
11.2
28.3
37.4
11.0
28.1
36.9
10.9
27.9
35.3
10.4
28.1
35.1
10.4
28.5
34.9
10.2
28.6
35.1
10.1
28.9
36.7
10.5
28.9
37.5
10.2
28.7
37.6
12.8
31.6
43.6
7.7
15.2
16.4
19.6
19.5
19.7
19.9
19.8
19.7
19.8
20.1
18.8
18.8
19.2
19.1
28.4
8.9
35.7
7.8
22.4
35.9
7.8
22.4
35.5
7.9
22.1
35.0
8.0
21.7
35.1
8.1
21.4
35.2
7.9
21.5
35.9
7.9
21.4
36.4
7.6
21.2
36.8
7.7
21.0
36.8
7.9
20.8
36.6
8.1
20.4
53.8
8.5
71.7
18.0
6.5
5.3
536
354.5
93.5
88.1
552
363.4
97.2
91.5
557
367.9
95.9
93.5
553
367.1
93.1
92.4
548
368.6
89.7
89.7
538
363.9
86.9
87.5
535
362.3
85.9
87.0
547
367.7
89.0
90.3
548
368.3
90.0
90-0
563
376.0
93. 4
93.9
577
382.9
97.6
96.5
584
387.7
99.2
97.2
741
497.5
124.1
119.3
259
182. 7
44.0
32.5
1,158 1,179 1,202 1, 204 1,209 1,208 1,202 1,209 1,217 1,207 1,202 1,232 1,237
,293
499.1 506.0 505.6 506.7 509.0 502.2 505.9 511.8 507.9 514.4 518.6 521.3 586.0
52.3
52.6
52.1
50.5
52.4
52.1
53.9
51.5
53.5
54.4
52.5
54.7
79.5
61.8
61.6
59.8
60.9
59.2
61.1
60.4
56.3
44.8
60.0
62.2
61.9
52.4
529
207.6
18.7
31.3
76.5
44.1
53.5
41.2
68.6
16.8
—
T r a n s p o r ta tio n e q u ip m e n t , e x c e p t a u t o
m o b ile s ........................... .............................................
L o c o m o tiv e s _______________ _____ _______
C a rs, e le c tr ic - a n d s te a m -r a ilr o a d ______
A irc ra ft a n d p a r ts, e x c lu d in g aircraft
e n g i n e s ................................................................
A irc ra ft e n g in e s ................. ................................
S h ip b u ild in g a n d b o a tb u ild in g ________
M o to r c y c le s , b ic y c le s , a n d p a r ts _______
1, 654
543.0 538.1
113.1 115. £
39.0
38.6
74.9
75.]
30. C 29.!
46.4
47.0
28.8
28.7
42.2
42.1
24.3
25.0
35.1
7.7
22.6
521
E le c tr ic a l m a c h in e r y 1___________ __________
E le c tr ic a l e q u ip m e n t ............. ................... ..
R a d io s a n d p h o n o g r a p h s_______________
C o m m u n ic a tio n e q u ip m e n t ........................
1,638
543. 0
109.0
36.5
73.8
29.8
44.8
28.5
41.6
23.2
442
77.1
47.3
54.4
41.6
69.4
18.4
76.2
47.5
54.5
41.6
69.1
18.9
75.9
47.6
54.7
41.6
68.9
20.6
72.8
48.0
55.3
41.8
69.1
21.0
72.6
47.8
55.1
41.8
67.9
22.1
74.9
46.8
51.8
41.4
68.5
22.9
76.3
47.0
55.4
42.0
70.0
23.7
75.2
47.5
55.4
41.6
71.6
23.8
76.2
47.7
55.5
41.4
72.2
24.1
75.9
49.2
55.9
41.1
73.7
24.9
74.6
50.4
56.3
40.8
75.4
25.1
45.1
109.7
105.4
28.5
92.8
12.0
28.5
36.6
25.8
21.9
24.9
16.2
42.4
43.8
44.1
44.2
44.9
44.6
45.2
45.8
45.6
46.3
46.1
45.9
34.8
19.7
10.2
12.5
15.5
15.7
15.7
15.6
15.7
16.4
16.0
16.2
16.3
16.5
13.3
7.5
15.1
15.0
14.9
14.8
14.6
14.3
14.0
14.0
13.9
13.8
13.7
13.5
10.7
7.8
76.3
79.3
79.5
81.0
81.7
82.3
84.3
84.8
82.5
79.7
81.0
81.6
54.4
35.2
444
25.3
56.2
453
26.5
56.1
453
26.5
55.9
449
26.6
54.5
439
26.5
54.5
414
17.2
54.6
430
26.4
54.5
434
26.3
55.0
438
26.4
53.9
462
26.6
53.9
465
26.6
54.4
464 2,508
34.1
26.5
60.5
54.0
159
6.5
24.5
151.4
28.7
88.9
9.5
151.6
28.5
92.7
12.0
149.8
28.0
94.5
13.6
145.3
27.5
97.3
13.8
138.5
26.7
97.5
13.3
133.5
21.6
99.5
11.6
130.3
25.6
103.4
10.8
127.6
25.9
108.9
12.4
125.1
25.1
116.1
12.9
137.3
24.8
122.5
14.4
136.1
24.6
125.8
14.8
135.3 794.9
24.9 233. 5
127. 7 1, 225.2
14.6
10.0
39.7
8.9
69.2
7.0
A u t o m o b ile s ...................................................................
758
776
784
780
782
788
763
787
739
767
772
784
720
714
402
N o n fe r r o u s m e ta ls a n d th e ir p r o d u c t s 3___
S m e lt in g a n d re fin in g , p r im a r y , of
n o n fe r r o u s m e t a ls __________ _______ _
A llo y in g ; a n d r o llin g a n d d r a w in g of
n o n fe r r o u s m e ta ls, e x c e p t a lu m in u m .
C lo c k s a n d w a t c h e s ___________ _________
J e w e lr y (p recio u s m e ta ls) a n d je w e le r s ’
f in d in g s __________ _____________________
S ilv e r w a r e a n d p la te d w a r e _______ _____
378
385
398
404
403
399
395
388
399
398
406
413
409
449
229
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
40.6
41.2
41.4
41.2
40.2
41.4
41.9
42.0
41.4
41.0
40.8
40.2
56.4
27.6
54.4
24.2
54.7
27.0
54.5
28.2
54.6
28.8
54.3
28.6
52.9
27.5
51.9
25.9
52.6
28.3
52.6
28.3
53.7
28.5
54.6
28.8
53.1
28.6
75.8
25.2
38.8
20.3
26.1
27.01
26.8
28.0
27. 5
28.3
27.5
28.1
27.1
27.7
26.3
27.4
25.8
26.5
26.3
27.4
26.4
27.2
27.1
27.5
27.6
27.5
27.5
27.1
20.5
15.1
14.4
12.1
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
460
T able
A-6: Estimated Number of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries ^C ontinued
[In th o u san d s]
Annual
average
1948
1949
I n d u s tr y group a n d in d u s try
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Feb.
Mar.
1943
1939
D u ra b le goods —C o n tin u e d
N onferrous m etals and their p ro d u cts2- -C o n .
L ig h tin g e q u ip m e n t______ ______ ____
A lu m in u m m a n u fa c tu re s ------------------ .
S h e e t-m e ta l w o rk , n o t e lsew here classi
fie d .......................................... ......................
31.9
40.1
32.2
38.5
31.6
39.5
30.2
39.3
30. 9
42.3
30.4
42.7
31. 3
44.2
33.9
45.2
33.1
45.2
28.2
79. 4
20.5
23.5
29.9
39.7
30.9
40.6
31.8
40.9
34.3
36.4
37.1
37.3
37.0
37.3
36.8
36.4
36.7
37.5
38.3
38.4
37.9
18.7
843
691.4
152.1
844
692.1
152.5
829
681.1
148.3
799
654.5
145.8
772
627.7
144.0
754
611.0
142.7
749
606.9
142.3
736
594.1
141.1
535
435.8
99.2
420
313.7
79.1
L u m b e r a n d tim b e r basic p r o d u c t s 2.
S aw m ills a n d logging c a m p s ------P la n in g a n d p ly w o o d m ills _____
708
720
574.3
145.7
785
635.2
152.9
821
667.2
154.1
831
678.2
152.8
F u r n itu r e a n d fin ish e d lu m b e r p ro d u c ts 2_
M a ttre s se s a n d b e d sp rin g s........................
F u r n itu r e ____________________________
W o o d e n boxes, o th e r t h a n cigar---------C ask ets a n d o th e r m o rtic ia n s ’ g o o d s .-.
W o o d p re s e rv in g ------------------------------W ood, tu r n e d a n d s h a p e d - - ...................
437
440
31.4
242.1
32.2
18.7
16.3
32.4
462
33.4
254.1
34.9
18.8
16.8
33.4
470
35.7
256. 5
35.6
19.5
17.0
33.9
470
37.1
255. 6
34.9
19.2
17.1
34.5
406
36.8
252.5
34.4
19.5
17.3
34.3
461
35.2
249.7
34.6
19.4
17.7
34.6
452
33.2
244.4
35.6
18.9
17.2
33.6
459
458
470
33.4
34.9
33.3
248.1 249.6 256.2
34.8
36.0
35. 6
19.4
19.9
20.3
16.2
16.8
16.5
35.4
34. 3 35.0
485
37.0
263.7
37.0
20.9
16.7
35.7
490
38.6
266.2
37.6
20.7
16.7
35.1
366
21.7
200.0
35.4
14.2
12.4
26.4
328
20.5
177.9
28. 3
13.9
12.6
24.6
S to n e, clay , a n d glass p ro d u c ts
.................
G lass a n d g lassw are------ ------- --------------G lass p ro d u c ts m a d e from p u rc h a se d
g la s s ........................- ......... - ..................... ..
C e m e n t......... ....................... ...........................
B ric k , tile , a n d te rra c o t ta -------------- P o tte ry a n d re la te d p ro d u c ts --------------G y p s u m . -------------------------------------------W a llb o a rd , p la ste r (except g y p s u m ),
a n d m in e ra l w o o l__________ _______ _
L im e ---------------------- --------------------------M a rb le , g ra n ite , s la te , a n d o th e r p ro d
u c ts .................................................................
A b ra siv e s........ ............. ................................. .
A sbestos p ro d u c ts .......................................
440
448
113.6
462
118.8
467
121.8
468
123.2
464
122.9
461
119.7
450
114.9
458
120.5
454
121. 5
451
121.8
452
121.7
443
118.8
360
99.8
294
71.4
14.4
36.5
80.2
60.2
7.4
14.7
37.0
83.1
61.6
7.5
14.7
37.2
83.5
61.5
7.8
14. 4
36.9
83.5
61.0
7.9
13.9
36.2
83.6
60.3
7.8
13.9
36.9
83.4
60.0
7.8
14.3
37.0
81.9
57.0
7.8
14.2
36.5
82.1
59.0
7.6
14.1
36.0
79.6
58.5
7.5
14.2
35.5
77.9
57.9
7.5
14.4
35. 3
77.3
58.9
7.6
14.3
35.2
75.3
57.8
7.6
11.3
27. 1
52.5
45.0
4.5
10.0
24. 4
58.0
33.8
4.9
14.3
10.4
14.8
10.7
14.9
10.7
14.8
10.7
14.7
10.8
14.7
10.8
14.7
10.8
14. 5
10.7
14. 5
11.0
14.5
11.1
14.3
10.9
14.4
10.7
11.1
9. 3
8.1
9.5
18.4
20.6
24.1
19.2
20.6
25.3
19.0
20.5
25.8
19.0
20.6
25.7
18.9
20.5
24.9
19.0
20.7
25. 1
18.7
21. 1
24.1
18.5
20. 5
25.0
18.1
20.1
25.1
17.9
20.1
25.2
18.4
20.1
25.3
17.9
19.7
25.1
12.5
23.4
22.0
18.5
7.7
15.9
N o n d u ra b le goods
T ex tile-m ill p ro d u c ts a n d o th e r fiber m a n
u factu res 2---------- ------------- --------------------C o tto n m a n u factu re s, except sm allw a re s _________________ ____ _______
C o tto n sm allw ares---------------------------Silk a n d ray o n goods------------ ------- -----W oolen a n d w o rsted m a n u factu re s, ex
ce p t d y ein g a n d fin ish in g -------- ------H o sie ry .......... ......... ............................... .......
K n itte d c lo th ________ _______________
K n itte d o u te rw ea r a n d k n itte d gloves.
K n itte d u n d e r w e a r .-------------------------D y e in g a n d finishing textiles, in c lu d
ing w oolen a n d w o rs te d .......................
C a rp e ts a n d ru g s, w o o l-........... ...............
H a ts , fu r-felt__________ ______ _______
J u te goods, except fe lts .—........................
C ordage a n d tw in e ...... ............. ............. ..
A p p arel a n d o th e r finished textile p ro d
u c ts 2................... ......................................... ----.
M e n ’s clothing, n o t elsew here classified
S h irts, collars, a n d n ig h tw e a r-------U n d e rw e a r a n d nec k w ea r, m e n ’s . ..
W o rk s h irts _____________ _______ _
W o m e n ’s clo th in g , n o t elsew here classi
fie d ________________ ____ _______
C orsets a n d allied g a r m e n ts ............
M illin e ry ..................................................
H a n d k e rc h ie fs........................................
C u rta in s , d rap eries, a n d b e d s p re a d s . _
H o u se fu rn ish in g s, o th e r th a n c u rta in s ,
e t c .............. .............................................
T e x tile b a g s ............................... ..........
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts 2...................
L e a th e r.................... ......... ......................... ..
B o o t a n d shoe c u t sto ck a n d fin d in g s.
B o o ts a n d shoes.............. ......... ...................
L e a th e r gloves a n d m itte n s .....................
T r u n k s a n d s u itc a s e s ........................... .
F o o d 2........................ ......................... .........
S lau g h terin g a n d m e at p a c k in g ..
B u tt e r _________ ______ _________
C o n d en sed a n d e v a p o ra te d m ilk .
Ice c re a m ________ ______ _______
F lo u r ......................................................
F eed s, p re p a re d .......... .......................
Se e fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,190 1,200
1,236
1.245
1,249
1,261
1,274
1,243
1,295
1,293
1,301
1,312
1,306
529.4
14.9
120.0
1,144
526.3
17.8
104.1
418.4
14.1
126.6
178.3 179. 5
151.9 150.8
11.7
11.7
34. C 33.9
54.1
53. 5
174.1
125.9
12.6
34.8
44.9
157.7
168.0
11.5
29.7
40.7
95.5
39.0
13.7
4.2
17.2
80.2
24.5
11.C
4.2
18.3
70.6
27.0
15.4
3.8
12.8
1,147 1,161 1,175 1,173 1.157 1,070 1,095 1,082 1,103 1,165 1.166
274.8 291.8 287.! 287.1 291.3 288.2
279. S 281.3 285.f 296. f 297.1 295.
74.4
74.:
74.2
72. ‘
73.2
69.1
62.
70.]
68.5
70.7
66.
70.
18.'
18.7
19.0
18.2
18. ‘
17.
16.7
17.
18. S 18.1
19. C 19.
15.4
14.
16.4
16.
15.7
16.3
16.
16.
16.
13.
16. C 16.
958
265.9
67.2
16.3
18.
790
229.6
74.0
17.0
14.1
485.
20.1
24.
5.1
25.
345.3
16. £
23.3
5."
25.
286.2
18.8
25. 5
5.1
17.8
507. 5 508.9
13. 1 13.3
120.8 122.0
511.4
13.4
122.4
516.9
13.4
122.1
521.5
13.5
121.5
509.9
13.4
116.5
527.7
14.0
121.2
524.7
14.4
120.3
149.1
137.7
10.9
31.4
40.4
157.4
140.5
11.2
33.2
43.6
158.2
142.3
11.5
33.9
46.1
159.6
141.7
11.3
32.8
47.9
165.8
141.7
11.1
31.8
49.1
169.8
143. 7
11.2
31.7
50.1
167.5
135.3
11.1
30.3
50.2
173.8
145.6
11.2
33.1
51.8
173.2 175.0
147. C 149.7
11.8
11.5
33.4
33.8
52.3
53.8
90.2
40. f
11.7
4.3
14.7
92. 5
40.7
11.7
4.3
14.9
91.9
40.7
12.0
4.3
15.1
91.5
40.8
11.5
4.1
14.9
91.1
40.7
12.5
4.0
15.3
91.7
40.0
13.3
4.3
15.4
91.0
40.0
12.8
4.8
15.8
93.1
40.0
13.4
4.3
16.2
94.2
39.7
12.9
4.2
16.4
95.0
39.4
12.7
4.8
16.7
95.1
39.4
13.7
4.1
17.1
1,177 1,129
367
1,237
525.3
14.9
119.2
526.4
14.6
120.1
494.9
12.8
118.0
435.4 427.
440. C 481.7
19.
19.2
18.1
18.5
24.2
17.5
18.C 20.
5.]
5.1
4.!
5.
23.2
21.1
19. S 20.
483.
18.
21.
5.
17.
486.
19.
20.8
5.
19.
489.
19.3
19.4
5.
20.
488.8
19.3
22. €
5.3
20. £
490.3
19.0
21.
5. (
21.3
478.8
18.
21.'
4.1
21.8
437.0
17.3
19. ‘
4.0
19.1
24.
24.
25.
24.
26.3
23.
25.5
23.5
24.8
23.2
24.
22.
22.2
22.8
22.1
21.5
21.!
21.8
22.
21.2
24. C
21.7
23.
22.
24.
19.6
11.2
12.6
364
47.3
17.
232.1
10. f
13.1
363
46.4
17.
229.1
12.4
14.
376
47.7
17. €
238.
12.8
14. €
379
48.0
17.
241.0
13.0
14.3
383
47.'
18.
244.8
13.
13.8
375
47.2
17.7
239.
12.
13.3
373
47.!
17.8
236.6
12.!
13.3
359
47.5
17.8
225.
12. 13.2
372
47.6
17.7
235.
12.2
13.3
396
49.2
18. £
254.:
12. £
13. £
402
50.,
19.
257.
12.
14.
340
46.
19.!
205.
15. ^
13.'
347
50.0
20.0
230.9
10.0
8.3
365
46.
17.1
■ 237.
9.
11.
855
1,253 1,306 1,400 1,537 1,418 1,364 1,257 1,091 1,047 1,149 1,159 1,056
174.
135.0
213. i 218.2 205.3 197.7 195.2 196.8 201.8 199.6 124.5 104. ( 193.6 199.
33.
34.3
32.
20.1
36. !
40.5
39.2
38.2
39.6
36.6
33.4
34. S 34. C 35.5
10.9
19.!
19.3
18.
21.0
23. (
20.
21.1
22.6
21.1
18. 7 19.5
20.:
19.
24.4
23.!
23. C 17.6
29.2
27.]
31.8
32.8
31.6
29.6
23.9
26.2
23.6
24.3
32.!
27.8
40.3
40.'
41.4
39.!
40.:
42.
41.5
42.7
41.5
41.7
40.1
41.3
26.3
27.
25. C 17.3
26.6
29. £ 29.3
27.!
29.3
28.7
29.2
28. S
28.7 ! 28.9
1,153 1,182
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
T able
A; EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
461
A-6: Estimated Number of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1948
1949
Annual
average
Industry group and industry
Jan.
Dec.
12.8
244.1
24.6
5.3
74.1
38.7
74.5
131.8
12.5
251.7
24.2
10.8
82.4
39. 5
77.9
163.1
13.1
255.7
22.4
25.2
89.8
40.4
80.7
195.2
13.2
258.0
22.4
25.0
88.9
43.0
81.3
289.1
83
83
33.5
42.1
87
34.1
45.2
90
35.1
47.2
90
35.1
46.5
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.9
386
391
204.4
62.2
12.8
16.5
94.5
401
207.0
63.5
13.1
16.7
99.9
403
206.6
63.6
13.1
17.0
101. 5
401
206.0
63.5
12.9
17.8
99.8
433
436
149.6
186.5
30.1
33.9
443
152.3
188.7
31.3
34.5
442
151.0
187.8
31.4
35.1
442
150.7
188.8
31.4
34.9
436
149.4
185.4
31.1
34.4
594
47.1
65. 6
11.3
26.4
65.1
209.4
27.1
9.3
7.1
2.6
24.0
30.4
597
47.6
64.4
12.3
26.5
64.8
211.2
27.4
9. 5
7.2
2.4
25.7
28.7
599
48.1
64.8
12.9
26.5
63.9
210.7
27.4
9.5
7.4
2.6
27.2
28.7
600
48.7
64.4
12.8
27.2
63.9
210.0
27.7
9.9
7.4
2.6
27.3
28.8
Feb.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
13.2
253. 2
25.0
10.6
81.1
46.6
86.0
444.4
13.8
251.0
25.3
9.1
71.6
49.6
87.8
326.2
13.9
250.0
25.8
7.5
63.0
50.3
88.2
274.3
13.0
247.8
22.1
7.3
64.5
46.2
83.1
186.9
12.8
242. 2
21.4
6.6
62.1
43.4
73.6
153.2
12.2
239. 5
20.8
5.7
67. 1
40.5
77.3
140.7
12.1
241.7
23.5
5.9
72.5
38.4
74.8
135.5
88
34.9
44.9
86
34.5
44.1
83
33.6
41.7
85
33.3
43.6
84
33.1
43.7
86
33. 2
45. 2
87
33.2
46.2
7.8
7.8
7.6
7.7
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
9.3
10.1
398
394
206. 7 206.7
62.7
61.8
12.6
12.3
17.8
17.7
97.0
94.8
388
205.8
60.5
12.3
17.4
90.9
390
204.2
61.7
12.5
17.5
92.8
389
204.7
61.5
12.7
17.6
91.4
389
203.7
61.4
12.7
18.0
92.7
393
203.8
62.0
12.7
18.2
95.2
392
203 0
61.9
12.5
18.0
96.5
324
160.3
50.2
10.2
13.1
89.6
265
137.8
37.7
8.7
11.1
69.3
432
147.7
183.1
31.2
34.8
430
146.8
183.0
31.2
33.3
433
146.9
184.4
31.1
35.1
432
146.4
184.2
30.9
35.1
432
145.0
183. 2
31.3
35.9
435
144. 8
185.4
31.4
37.2
438
144.1
187.7
31.8
37.4
331
113.0
138.7
25.9
29.4
328
118.7
127.6
26.3
25.8
597
48.6
64.2
12.5
27.0
63.7
210.9
27.6
9.8
7.5
2.8
23.4
28.7
586
49.7
63.9
12.4
25.1
64.9
211.2
27.8
10.1
7.5
2.7
14.3
26.8
567
574
49.1
49.1
63.4
63.6
10.8
10.9
24.0
23.7
64.4
64.3
202.0 207.6
27.4
26.7
10.0
10.1
7.7
7.8
2.2
2.5
12. 5 12.7
25.5
27.2
572
48.7
63.6
11.0
21.7
63.4
204.8
25.7
10.0
7.8
2.6
13.6
32.3
580
48.0
64.2
11.2
21.8
63.5
207.2
25.6
10.0
7.8
2.4
15.2
36.7
587
48.6
65.2
11.6
24.9
63.7
205.4
25.8
9.9
7.8
2.4
17.6
38.1
588
49.3
65.6
12.1
25.4
63.7
205. 5
25.5
9.8
7.8
2.6
19.5
35.4
734
288
38.2
28.3
56.0
27.5
14.1
10.4
17.9
15.3
54.0
48.3
144. 5 69.9
112.0
7.3
7.8
4.0
154.1
4.3
28.2
1.2
20. 4 15.3
27.5
18.8
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1943
1939
12.4
238. 7
24.2
6.8
77.3
36.1
74.1
136.8
11.4
211.3
16.7
10.1
59.5
32.2
54.3
188.5
8.4
190.4
15.9
11.6
55.7
23.8
40.5
150.3
88
33. 5
46.2
91
33.9
47.5
93
27.4
55.8
Nondurable ¿roods—Continued
Food J—Continued
Cereal preparations....... .
Baking........ ....................
Sugar refining, cane____
Sugar, beet.......................
Confectionery___ _____
Beverages, nonalcoholic..
M alt liquors................... .
Canning and preserving.
Tobacco manufactures J_______ _______ _
Cigarettes........ ......................................
Cigars............................................. .........
Tobacco (chewing and smoking) and
snuff.......................... ........... ............ .
Paper find allied products
Paper and p u lp .............
Paper goods, other____
Envelopes.......................
Paper b ags................. .
Paper boxes__________
Printing, publishing, and allied industries!
Newspapers and periodicals....... ..........
Printing; book and job..... ............. ........
Lithographing....................................
Bookbinding............ ....................... .
Chemicals and allied products *...................
Paints, varnishes, and colors.......... .....
Drugs, medicines, and insecticides___
Perfumes and cosmetics........................
Soap......... ...............................................
Rayon and allied products..................
Chemicals, not elsewhere classified___
Explosives and safety fuses.................
Compressed and liquefied gases______
Ammunition, small-arms___________
Fireworks..............................................
___
588
___
___
C o tto n se ed o il___________ _________ _
Fertilizers__________ __________ _
Products of petroleum and coal ».
Petroleum refining________
Coke and byproducts...........
Paving materials..... ...............
Roofing materials......... ..........
162
162
112.9
32.3
2.3
13.4
164
113.3
32.1
2.7
15.1
167
113.7
32.2
2.8
17.2
162
107. 6
32.1
2.9
18.1
168
114.0
32.4
2.9
18.0
170
115.9
32.4
2.8
17.8
170
117.0
31.8
2.7
17.4
170
116.6
31.7
2.6
17.7
167
114.7
31.1
2.4
17.3
164
113.6
29.7
2.3
17.4
165
113. 5
30.7
1.8
17.4
163
112.1
30.3
1.8
17.6
125
83.1
25.5
2.1
13.1
106
73.2
21.7
2.5
8.1
Rubber products *____________
Rubber tires and inner tubes.
Rubber boots and shoes____
Rubber goods, other........... .
186
191
88.4
22.4
80.1
196
89.6
23.5
82.6
199
91.2
23.2
84.5
198
90.0
22.9
84.7
197
91.4
22.5
82.9
195
91.5
22.0
80.8
191
90.9
20.7
79.2
195
91.9
21.8
81.7
195
91.4
21.7
81.7
198
92.6
22.1
84.0
204
96.4
22.6
85.7
208
98.9
22.8
86.5
194
90.1
23.8
79.9
121
54.2
14.8
51.9
Miscellaneous industries 1______________
Instruments (professional and scien
tific), and fire-control equipment. ..
Photographic apparatus____________
Optical instruments and ophthalmic
goods........................................ ...........
Pianos, organs, and parts.......................
Games, toys, and dolls....... ...................
B uttons...... ....................... ........ ............
Fire extinguishers....... ...... .................. .
411
415
435
453
460
451
441
425
430
432
436
447
445
445
244
30.6
38.4
30.2
39.6
30.3
39.6
29. 5
39. 7
29.0
39.7
28.1
39.7
28.0
39.0
27.7
38.3
27.5
37.8
27.6
38.4
r 27. 7
38.8
27.7
39.0
86.7
35.5
11.3
17.7
26.1
12.6
32.5
12.5
2.6
26.3
13.3
37.8
13.0
2.8
26.0
13.5
46.6
13.1
2.9
26.4
13.9
49.4
13.1
2.9
26.1
13.5
48.1
13.0
2.8
26.0
13.3
45.3
13.0
2.7
23.9
12.3
42.4
12. 5
2.8
25.6
13.5
41.1
12.9
2.8
26.7
13.7
40.2
12.8
2.7
27.0
13.3
40.3
13.1
2.7
27.2
14.8
38.5
13.8
2.6
27.4
15.7
36. i
13.4
2.5
33.3
12.2
19.1
13.1
9.3
11.9
7.8
19.1
11.2
1.0
1 Data are based upon reports from cooperating establishments covering
both full- and part-time production and related workers who worked or
received pay during the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
Major industry groups have been adjusted to levels indicated by Federal
Security Agency data through 1946 and have been carried forward from 1946
bench-mark levels, thereby providing consistent series. Data shown for the
three most recent months are subject to revision without notation. Revised
figures in any column other than the first three are identified by an asterisk
for the first month’s publication of such data.
* Estimates for the individual industries comprising the major industry
groups have been adjusted to levels indicated by Federal Security Agency
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
data through 1946 and have been carried forward from 1946 bench-mark
levels, thereby providing consistent series. Comparable data from January
1939 are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Such
requests should specify the series desired.
More recently adjusted data for the individual industries comprising the
major industry groups listed below supersede data shown in publications
dated prior to:
Major industry group
Mimeographed Monthly Labor
release
Review
Apparel and other finished textile products__
Jan. 1949
Apr. 1949
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
462
T
a
b
l
e
A-7: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment in Manufacturing Industries 1
[1939 average=100]
An
nual
aver
age
1948
1949
Industry group and industry
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1943
All manufacturing..................................................... 153.2
Durable goods...................................................... 177.7
Nondurable goods------------- ------ -........ - .......... 133.9
154.7
180.7
134.2
159.4
186.5
138.0
161.6
188.6
140.3
163.3
188.9
143.0
164.6
188.4
145.9
161.7
185.8
142.7
158.5
185.0
137.7
158.2
184.5
137.5
155.5
183.9
133.1
156.1
185.1
133.3
160.3
188.1
138.4
159.5
185.8
138.7
177.7
241.7
127.4
161.1
139.8
175.1
190.1
230.3
169.3
140.9
129.6
136.9
150.3
165.2
139.8
181. 7
203.1
233.6
170.3
145.9
130.8
138.8
157.8
166.8
138.5
185.6
200.8
234.2
169.9
148.0
130.6
138.4
162.1
167.1
137.7
186.1
200.3
234.1
166.3
153.2
132.5
138.4
157.7
166.2
137.7
184.7
200.8
233.1
167.0
157.7
130.3
140.8
154.9
164.5
137.9
180.5
194.6
228.1
167.8
154.4
129.1
139.6
146.0
161.4
135.5
177.4
188.0
224.1
164.5
148.8
127.5
137.6
141.2
162.4
134.6
184.2
197.0
228.8
164.5
140.8
130.7
132.4
143.6
161.4
133.3
181.4
194.2
224.9
161. 6
134.9
134.0
135.2
149.9
161.7
131.8
187.3
193.6
225.5
157.0
132.4
137.1
137.9
153.8
164.8
132.9
192.7
197.0
227.7
160.8
140.0
139.4
142.9
155.9
164.2
130.9
193.7
196.7
225.5
159.1
143.8
140. 5
139.9
159.4
177.6
133.0
142.1
149.6
281.1
102.5
102.0
163.8
108.0
141.3
157.1
146.0
157.9
159.3
152.0
161.5
160.3
151.8
162.4
160.8
150.9
161.7
161.6
150.0
157.2
160.6
148.8
154.0
160.8
146.4
147.8
163.9
147.9
153.7
164.7
153.2
149.8
166. 7
156. 8
150.3
167.9
160. 5
153.2
168.8
159. 7
152.6
181.5
127.1
95.3
Durable goodt
Iron and steel and their products 2----------------- -.- 158.8
Blast, furnaces, steel worts, and rolling mills __
Gray-iron And spmistppl castings
___ __
Malleable-iron castings
Steel castings
Cast-iron pipe and fittings
Tin cqns and other tinware
Wire drawn from purchased rods
Wire w ort
Cutlery and edge tools
Tools (except edge tools, machine tools, files,
and saws)
TTard ware
Plumbers’ supplies
Stoves, oil burners, and heatiDg equipment,
not elsewhpre classified
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and
steam fittings
Stamped and enameled ware and galvanizing
Fabricated structural and ornamental metalwork
Metal doors sash frames, molding and trim
Bolts mits washers, and rivets
Forcings iron and steel
Wrought pipe, welded and heavy-riveted.-- -- ..........
Screw-machine products and wood screws____ _______
Steel barrels, kegs, and drum s-. ___________ _______
Firearms
130.3
155.3
178.3
189.8
187.2
180.1
166.4
168.8
170.4
166.7
178.1
185.2
122.9
196.1
179.8
202.3
191.9
204.7
198.8
206. 4
196.9
202.3
193.1
198.1
194.2
185.9
196.1
197.5
197.6
198.2
197.4
195.0
189.6
204. 5
203. 0
206.1
204.9
199.4
163.9
182.9 184.7
133.0 141.7
186.9 188.4
232.6 234.2
219.3 219.2
194.5 197.8
118.5 120.6
424. 9 421.3
185.3
145. 7
186.3
233.2
220.7
199.3
120.3
421.3
186.7
144.1
185.6
228.1
223.6
196.8
122.1
414.9
183.0
142.1
184.6
225.1
222.2
194.3
124.2
406.4
180.8
141.2
183.1
215.6
221.1
194.5
125.9
401.0
176.0
134.2
184.5
214.5
222.1
195.3
122.4
403.0
176.9
133.7
187.3
213.3
225.1
199.1
121.7
402.6
178.0
131. 4
187.8
214.2
211.0
202.1
117.7
397.9
179.8
130.6
189.8
223.9
210.8
204.4
119.5
395.1
179.9
135. 4
190.0
228.8
215.5
203.9
121.9
390.0
178.4
131.2
188.2
229. 5
214.6
203.2
125.5
383.0
200.0
164.9
207.4
266.3
318.5
298.5
131.8
1346.4
Electrical machinery 2_________ ________ ______ 201.2
"Electrical equipment
"Radios and phonographs
Communication equipment
206.9
194.1
212.5
271.3
213.1
199.0
221.0
281.9
215.1
201.4
218.1
288.0
213.4
201.0
211.7
284.7
211.5
201.8
203. 8
276.2
207.7
199.2
197.6
269.5
206.6
198.3
195.3
268.1
211.1
201.3
202.3
278.2
211.6
201. 6
204.6
277.3
217.4
205.8
212.2
289.3
222.9
209.6
221.9
297.4
225.4
212. 3
225. 5
299.3
285.9
272.4
2«?. 0
367.5
Machinery, except electrical2__________________ 219.1
Machinery and machine-shop products
Engines and turbines
___
Tractors
Agricultural machinery, excluding tractors
Machine f ools
Machine-tool accessories
Textile machinery
Pumps and pumping equipment
rPyppwriters
Cash registers; adding and calculating machines
Washing machines, wringers, and driers,
domestic
Sewing machines domestic and industrial
Refrigerators and refrigeration equipment
223.1
240.4
280.4
197.8
268.3
120.5
207.3
188.2
275.9
103.4
215.5
227.5
243.7
281.9
197.0
270.1
129.3
210.6
190.0
278.9
113. 2
222.5
227.9
243.5
281.2
194.6
267.1
129.7
211.1
189.7
277.6
116.6
224.1
228.7 228.7
244.0 245.1
279.1 270.8
191.2 189.4
266.1 255.2
130.0 131.2
211.9 214.0
190.1 190.7
276.8 278.0
126. 8 129.8
224.8 228.1
227.4
241.9
276.3
192.0
254.5
130. 5
213.5
191.0
273.1
136.5
226.7
228.8 230.4 228.5
243.7 246. 5 244. 6
281.0 279.5 286.7
195.2 193.0 180.1
262.6 267.4 263.7
127.9 128. 4 129.7
200.7 214. 5 214.4
188.9 191. 6 189.8
275. 5 281.4 288.0
141.0 145.9 147.0
229.8 232.9 231.8
227.4 233.1
247.7 249.8
289.1 293.3
143.4 198.8
267.0 266.1
130. 4 134.5
214.8 216.6
189. 2 187. 6
290. 2 296. 2
148.7 153. 5
235.2 234.2
234.0
251.1
291.6
197.9
261.6
137. 6
218.0
186.2
303.1
154. 9
233.4
244.7
282. 2
426.4
167. 5
158.1
299. 5
408.1
130.1
372. 9
73. 8
177.0
136.4
192.1
216.9
167.3
191.4
225.6
207.3
189.8
226.0
210.6
188. 6
230.4
210.3
186.4
232. 3
208.7
182.4
234.1
209.9
178. 8
239.9
220.0
178.6
241.3
214.6
177.2
234.6
217.0
175.9
226.7
218.4
174.8
230.4
221.1
172. 5
232.2
178.8
136. 6
154.9
Transportation equipment, except automobiles___ 278.3
Locomotives
Cars, electric- and steam-railroad
Aircraft and parts, excluding aircraft engines
Aircraft engines
Shipbuilding and boatbuilding
Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts
280.0
390.4
229.3
381.6
323.2
128.3
136.4
285. 3 285.7
410.1 409.6
228.6 227.8
382.1 377.4
320.9 315.0
133.9 136.5
171.6 194.6
282.9
410.7
222.1
366.2
309.0
140.5
197.4
276.3
409.0
349.2
300.1
140.8
190.3
260.8
265.6
222.8
336.4
243.2
143.7
165.8
270.6
407.4
222.3
328. 5
287.4
149.3
154. 4
273.7
406. 6
224. 4
321. 5
290.8
157.2
177. 5
276.0 290.9 292.7
407.7 410. 5 411.3
219.6 219. 7 221.8
315.3 346. 0 342. 9
282.4 278.4 276.9
167. 6 176.8 181. 6
185.2 206. 0 211. 7
292.6
409.1
220. 2
341.1
280.1
184.4
209.4
1580.1
526.8
246 5
2003 5
2625.7
1769.4
143 7
Automobiles............................................................... 188.5
193.0
194.8
193.9
194.4
195.9
189.7
195.5
183.6
190. 5
191.9
195.0
178.9
177.5
Nonferrous metals and their products 2__________ 164.9
Smelting and refining, primary, of nonferrous
metals
Alloying; and rolling and drawing of nonferrous
metals, except aluminum. _________
Clocks and watches
_
___ ___ Jewelry (precious metals) and jewelers’ findings . . .
Silverware and plated ware___________ ____ _ _______
Lighting equipm ent______________________
Aluminum manufactures
. ___________
Sheet-metal work, not elsewhere classified____
168.0
173.6
176.1
176.0
173.9
172.4
169.2
173.9
173.7
176.9
180.0
178.5
196.0
146.8
149.1
150.0
149.1
145.5
150.0
151.7
151.8
149.8
148.4
147.8
145.4
204.3
140.1
119.3
180.8
223.0
146.1
168.6
182.7
141.0
133,3
185.3
230.8
151.0
172. 5
194.4
140.4
139.0
190.3
233.5
155.2
173.6
197.9
140.7
141.9
190.6
231. 5
155.6
170.5
199.0
140.0
141.1
187.7
228.5
157.3
163.5
197.2
136.2
135.3
182.3
226.2
154.1
167.9
198.7
133.7
127.8
178.4
218.3
147.6
166.7
196.1
135.5
139.5
182.1
225.5
150.8
179.5
193.9
135.6
139.2
182.6
224.2
148.4
181.5
195.5
138.3
140.7
187.6
226.8
152.7
187.7
199.9
140.6
141.9
191.0
226.5
161.7
192.1
204.4
136.9
141.1
190.4
223.1
165.4
192.0
204.9
195.2
124.2
141.8
124.5
137.8
337.4
201.9
Lumber and timber basic products 2....... ................. 168.4
Sawmills and logging camps............................... _
Planing and plywood m ills...............................
171.3
183.1
184.2
186.7 195.4
202. 5 I 212.7
193.3 ' 194.8
197.7
216.2
193.2
200.6
220.4
192.3
200.8
220.7
192.8
197.3 190.0
217.2 208.7
187. 5 184.2
183.6
200.1
182.0
179.4
194.8
180.4
178.3
193.5
179.9
175.0
189.4
178.4
127.3
139.0
125.4
S e e fo o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
222.2
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
463
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
T able A-7: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment in Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[1939 average^ 100]
An
nual
aver
age
1948
1949
Industry group and industry
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1943
137.8
161.9
137.4
125.6
135.6
137.1
136.7
139.8 139. 7 143.4
163.0 162.6 170.4
139.4 140.3 144.0
125.6 122.8 127.2
139. 7 142.8 145.8
133.6 131.1 128.7
144.0 139.5 142.6
147.8
180.3
148.2
130.5
150.2
132.7
145.5
149.2
188.5
149. 6
132.6
148.9
133.1
142. 7
111.7
105.9
112.4
125.0
102.4
98.7
107.4
May
Durable goods— C o n tin u e d
F u r n it u r e a n d fin is h e d lu m b e r p r o d u c t s 2....... ............
M a ttr e s s e s a n d b e d s p r in g s ......................................
F u r n it u r e ..................................................................... ..........
W o o d e n b o x e s, o th e r t h a n c ig a r................................
C a sk e ts a n d o th e r m o r tic ia n s ’ g o o d s .............. ........
W o o d p r e s e r v in g ____________ ______ ____________
W o o d , tu r n e d a n d s h a p e d .................— .....................
132.3
134.1
152.9
136.1
113.6
134. 4
129.6
132.0
140.7
162.9
142.8
123.2
135.0
134.0
136.1
143.1
173.9
144.2
125.7
140.1
135. 5
138.0
143.3
180.9
143.6
123.3
138.4
136.0
140.4
142.0 140.5
179.5 171.7
141. 9 140.3
121. 5 122.3
140.1 139.6
137.9 141.0
139.7 140.9
S to n e , c la y , a n d g la ss p r o d u c t s 2 .................... .................
G la ss a n d g la s s w a r e _____________________________
G la ss p r o d u c ts m a d e fro m p u r ch a se d g la s s.........
C e m e n t ....................................................................................
B r ic k , t ile , an d terra c o tta _ ____________________
P o t t e r y a n d r e la te d p r o d u c ts ............ __.....................
G y p s u m ___________________________ _______ ______
W a llb o a r d , p la s te r (e x c e p t g y p s u m ) , a n d m in
e r a l w o o l---------------------- ------------------------ ----------L im e ______________________________________ ______
M a r b le , g r a n ite , s la te , a n d o th e r p r o d u c ts _____
A b r a s iv e s ____________________________ ___________
A s b e s to s p r o d u c ts ______ ________________________
150.0
152.5
159.2
144.1
149.8
138. 2
177.9
150.4
157.4
166. 5
147.0
152.1
143.1
182.0
151. 5
158.9
170.6
147.3
153.0
143.9
181.7
157.6
159.4
172.6
143.8
151. 5
143.9
180.4
160.7
158.2
172.3
139.1
148.5
144.0
178.3
158.5
157.0 153.2
167.8 161.0
138.5 143.0
151. 7 151.8
143. 7 141.0
177.3 168.6
157.1 157.4
156.0
168. 9
142.0
150.0
141.4
174.5
154.4
154.7
170.3
140.7
147.7
137.1
173.1
152.5
153.7
170.7
142.1
145.9
134.3
171.2
152.8
153.9
170.6
143.5
144.8
133.1
174.2
154.5
150.9
166.5
142.4
144.6
129.8
170.7
153.8
122.5
139.9
113.1
111.5
90.5
132.9
91.2
176.3
110.3
99.6
265.7
151.8
181.9
112.7
103.9
266.9
159.4
183.6
112.6
102.6
264.6
162.5
182.6
113.4
102.9
265.7
161.7
181.7
114.1
102.1
264.6
157.0
180.8
114.3
102. 5
267.4
157.9
180.6
114.6
101.0
272.7
151.7
178.5
113.3
99.6
265.0
157.5
179.0
116.1
97.8
260.2
157.9
178.7
116.9
96.6
260.4
158.3
176.2
115.0
99.3
260. 5
159.0
177.2
112.7
96.5
254.1
158.0
137.2
98.7
67.4
302.2
138.2
104.9
118.3
90.7
93.2
108.0
321.3
93.2
95.4
108.9
121.6
94.2
96.4
109.2
122.2
95.1
96.7
110.3
123.6
95.4
96.5
111.4
124.7
96.2
95.9
108.7
121.9
95.3
92.0
113.2
126.1
99.4
95.8
113.0
125.4
102.3
95.0
113.7
125.8
103.6
94.9
114.7
126.6
105.8
94.8
114.2
125.6
105.8
94.1
108.2
125.8
126.6
82.2
94.6
82.0
94.8
105.7
99.3
99.8
83.6
97.2
111.8
107.1
100.4
84.7
99.3
134.2
113.3
101.2
84.4
98.0
110.2
117. 7
105.2
84.3
95.9
107.1
120.6
107.7
85.5
97.5
106.6
123. 0
106. 3
80.5
96.7
101.8
123.2
110.3
86.7
96.8
111.5
127.1
109.9
87.5
99.4
113. 8
128.3
111.0
89.1
101.9
112.3
132.0
113.1
90.4
101.4
114.4
132.8
113.9
89.7
101.8
114.0
131.4
110.4
74.9
109.4
117.2
110.4
127.7
148.0
76.0
112.2
115.1
130.9
150.7
75.8
113.5
116.7
130.1
150.7
78.4
114.3
117.8
129.5
150.9
74.6
107.1
116.8
129.0
150.6
81.4
104. 5
119.5
129.8
148.1
86.7
114.3
120. 7
128.8
148.0
80.1
112.6
124.0
131. 9
148.1
87.0
114.2
127.0
133.3
146.8
84.2
112.0
128.7
134.4
145.7
82. 7
112.8
130.9
134.7
145. 7
89.3
109.3
134.1
135.3
144.1
89.0
110.3
134. 7
113.6
90.8
71.3
110.6
143.4
Nondurable goods
T e x t ile - m ill p r o d u c ts a n d o th e r fib er m a n u fa c
tu r e s 2______________________________________________
C o tto n m a n u fa c tu r e s , e x c e p t s m a llw a r e s ,...........
C o tto n s m a llw a r e s ..------------------------------------------S ilk a n d r a y o n g o o d s ____________________________
W o o le n a n d w o r s te d m a n u fa c tu r e s , e x c e p t d y e
in g a n d fin is h in g ------------- ----------- --------------------H o s ie r y ______________ _________ - ...........- .....................
K n it t e d c lo t h _________________________ _______ _
K n it t e d o u te r w e a r a n d k n it t e d g lo v e s ...................
K n it t e d u n d e r w e a r _____________________________
D y e in g an d fin is h in g te x tile s , in c lu d in g w o o le n
a n d w o r s te d _______________________ ________ _
C a r p e ts a n d ru g s, w o o l . . . ............................................
H a t s , fu r -fe lt____________________________________
J u t e g o o d s, e x c e p t f e lt s __________________________
C o r d a g e a n d t w i n e _______ _________ ____________
104.0
A p p a r e l a n d o th e r fin is h e d te x tile p r o d u c t s 2_______
M e n ’s c lo th in g , n o t e lse w h e r e c la ss ifie d ................
S h ir ts , co lla rs, a n d n ig h tw e a r __________________
U n d e r w e a r a n d n e c k w e a r , m e n ’s _______________
W o r k s h ir t s ___________________ _________ ________
W o m e n ’s c lo th in g , n o t e lse w h e r e c la ssifie d .........
C o r se ts a n d a llie d g a r m e n ts ......... ................................
M i lli n e r y ____________________________ _____ ______
H a n d k e r c h ie fs ___________________________________
C u r ta in s, d ra p eries, a n d b e d sp r e a d s ___________
H o u s e fu m is h in g s , o th e r t h a n c u r ta in s, e t c _____
T e x tile b a g s _____________________________________
149.1
143.0
121.8
85.0
102.7
97.7
168.9
100.2
84.5
106.5
99.2
214.5
192.7
145. 3
122. 5
90.3
111.9
112.9
170.0
102.9
81.6
108. 1
109.9
228.8
190.9
147.0
124.4
95.2
114.3
117.1
171.0
102.8
76.0
108.4
116. 2
235.6
187.2
148.8
128.9
95.6
111.3
117. 5
170.8
103.0
88.4
104.4
117.5
228.5
186.2
148.6
129.4
94.8
107.0
113.8
171.3
101.5
84.8
98.8
119.9
222.4
183.6
146.5
128.8
94.1
105. 5
116.3
167.3
99.0
85.2
96.2
122.8
215.5
181.6
135.6
119.7
92.6
98.5
115.7
152.7
92.4
76.2
77.7
107.5
198.9
176.6
138.6
126.9
97.9
107.4
116.1
152.1
96.5
68.4
96.6
112.2
197. 7
170.2
137.1
125.0
99.0
108.3
114.3
149.4
98.8
70.4
99. 2
113.3
196.3
168.6
139.8
125.0
100.3
110.1
111.4
153. 7
102.4
80.8
99.8
118.8
205. 5
168.2
147. 5 147.7
126.8 125. 5
100.6 100. 2
112.0 110.3
109.0 104. 8
168.3 169. 5
106.1 107.0
94.8
96.1
99.6
97.9
130. 4 143.9
215.0 206. 7
171. 7 174.3
121.4
115.8
90.9
96.3
131.3
120.6
88.1
91.5
113.1
141.9
214.9
155.7
L e a th e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts 2______________ _______
L e a th e r _______________________________ __________
B o o t a n d sh o e c u t s to c k a n d fin d in g s .......... ..........
B o o ts a n d s h o e s ...................................................................
L e a th e r g lo v e s a n d m i t t e n s ..........................................
T r u n k s a n d s u itc a s e s .............. .........................................
105.8
105.0
92.9
85.9
102.7
93.6
132.3
104.8
94.6
85.1
100.5
106.0
157.3
104. 5
92.8
85.1
99.2
124.1
175.6
108.3
95.4
88.1
103.3
128.2
175.2
109.3
96.0
89.8
104.4
129.9
171.8
110.4
95.3
90.7
106.0
132.1
166.0
108.1
94.3
88.6
103.7
127.8
159.6
107.4
95.7
88.9
102. 5
128.8
159.3
103.3
94.9
86.9
97.7
123.9
158.6
107.1
95.1
88.7
102.2
121.9
160.1
114.1
98.4
94.7
110.1
125.4
166.4
115.8
100.4
97.8
111. 7
124.9
168.6
98.1
92.9
96.0
89.0
153. 7
161.2
F o o d 2_ _ .___________ _________________________________
S la u g h te r in g a n d m e a t p a c k in g ________________
B u t t e r ..................................... ................. ................................
C o n d e n s e d a n d e v a p o r a te d m i l k . . . .........................
Ic e c r e a m ....................................... .........................................
F l o u r ................. ........................................................................
F e e d s, p r ep a re d ............................ .......................................
C ereal p rep a r a tio n s____ ______ ______ ___________
B a k in g ......................................................................................
S u gar r e fin in g , c a n e ............. .............................................
S u g a r , b e e t . . . ............................................................... ..
C o n fe c tio n e r y ______________________________ _____
B e v e r a g e s , n o n a lc o h o lic _________________________
M a lt liq u o r s _____ ______ ________________________
C a n n in g a n d p r e s e r v in g ________________________
134.9
138.3
158.4
166.2
174.8
134.0
148.8
166.1
152.8
128.2
154.7
45.2
133.0
162.2
184.0
87.7
146.6 152.9
161.5 152.0
173.4 172.1
172.1 179.6
135.7 137.8
149.4 150.2
167. 5 167.3
149.8 156.8
132.2 134.3
152.8 141.4
93.0 217.0
147.9 161.2
165.7 169.7
192.5 199.5
108.5 129.9
163.8
146.4
176. 2
186.3
148.6
144.5
169.1
158.0
135. 5
141.0
215.2
159.5
180.5
200.9
192.3
179.9
144.5
181.7
194.3
167.9
149.4
170.0
157.6
133.0
157.4
91.0
145.6
195.4
212.6
295.7
166.0
145.7
189.8
201.4
180.7
152.2
170.8
165.6
131.8
159.1
78.0
128.5
207.9
217.0
217.0
159.7 147.1 '127. 7 122.6
149 1 147.8
92.2
77.0
196.8 201.2 194. 5 183.3
207.4 211.2 198.3 188.3
186.3 179.1 166.0 153.9
153.7 349.0 143.6 144.3
169.7 166.5 161.5 153.9
165.7 155.2 152.6 146.4
131.3 130.2 127.2 125.8
162.4 139.1 134.5 131.3
65.0
63.0
57.2
49.3
113.0 115.8 111.4 120.5
210.9 194.0 182.0 170.1
218.0 205. 5 181.9 191.2
182.5 124.3 101.9
93.6
134.5 135.6
143.3 148.0
170.5 158.8
177.2 172.5
138. 5 133.8
145.2 146.7
152.0 158.7
144.7 147.8
126.9 125.4
148.1 152.7
50.6
58.7
130.2 138.8
161.2 151.3
184.9 183.1
81.2
91.0
123. 5
128.9
165. 2
182.6
130. 7
118.5
145.0
136.0
105.1
86.8
106.7
135.1
134.1
125.4
T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu r e s 2. . .......................................................
C ig a r e tte s .............. .................................................................
C ig a r s ................ ........................................................................
T o b a c c o (c h e w in g a n d sm o k in g ) an d s n u ff____
88.6
89.3
122.0
75.5
77.1
93.3
124.2
80.9
78.0
95.9
128.2
83.2
78.6
93.9
127.3
80. 5
77.7
92.5
125.8
78.9
77.2
88.8
122.4
74.7
75.6
93.4
121.1
82.7
77.3
97.2
123.8
85.0
92.5
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
96.5
127.9
84.5
77.2
90.6
121.2
78.1
76.1
90.5
120.7
78.3
75.9
92.4
121.1
81.0
77.0
93.9
122.1
82.8
78.3
111.0
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
464
T able A-7: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment in Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[1939 a v er a g e= 1 0 0 ]
1949|
A n
nual
aver
age
1948
I n d u s tr y gro u p a n d in d u s tr y
Feb.
Ja n .
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
1943
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts 1_________ ______________
P a p er and p u lp
P a p e r g o o d s, oth er
E n v e lo p e s
. _________ ________
P a p er b ags
_
__ _______________________
P ap er boxes
145.4
147.5
148.3
164.9
147.2
148.5
136.3
151.1
150. 2
168.2
150.4
150. 5
144.0
151.7
150. 0
168.6
150.5
152.6
146.3
151.0
149.5
168.4
148.0
160.1
144.0
149.8
150.0
166.1
145.2
159.9
139.9
148.6
150.0
163.9
141.4
159.2
136.7
146.1
149.4
160.2
140.9
156.3
131.0
146.9
148.2
163.6
144.0
157.8
133.9
146.5
148. 5
163.0
145.8
158.5
131.8
146.8
147.8
162.6
145.6
162.3
133.7
148.0
147.9
164.2
145.7
164.1
137.3
147.8
147.3
164.1
143.9
162.0
139.1
122.2
116.3
133.1
116. 9
118.0
129.3
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , an d a llied in d u str ie s 2_______
N e w s p a p e r s an d p erio d ica ls
P r in tin g ; b o o k a n d job _
__
. _
L ith o g r a p h in g .
____________________________
B o o k b in d in g
. . ____________________________
132.1
132.9
126.0
146.2
114.5
131.5
135. 2
128.3
147.8
119.3
133.8
134. 7
127.2
147.1
119.7
136.0
134.8
127.0
147.9
119.7
135.3
133.0
125.9
145.3
118.5
133.7
131.8
124. 4
143.5
118.9
134.8
131.1
123.7
143.4
118.9
129.1
132.3
123.8
144.5
118.3
136.3
132.0
123.3
144.3
117.6
136.2
131.8
122.2
143.5
119.0
139.2
132.8
122.0
145.3
119.5
144.5
133.5
121.4
147.1
121.2
145.1
100.8
95.2
108.7
98.5
114.1
C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts 2_____ _____ _________
P a in ts , v a r n is h e s , an d colors
_________
D r u e s , m e d ic in e s , an d in s e c tic id e s __
P e r fu m e s a n d c o s m e tic s ____
_________________
S oap
_______________________
R a y o n an d a llie d p r o d u c ts _____________________
C h e m ic a ls, n o t else w h e r e c la ssifie d
_ _
E x p lo s iv e s and s a fe ty f u s e s .
C o m p r esse d an d liq u e fie d g ases . .
A m m u n itio n , s m a ll-a r m s. _ _________________
F ir e w o r k s
______
____- __________
C o tto n s e e d o il_____ _
________ __________
F e r tiliz e r s _
__________ ____________________
203.9
206.1
166. 7
238.2
108.3
173.3
134.6
299.5
371.7
232.8
165.7
227.2
157.1
161.5
207.0
168.2
233.9
118.0
173.5
134.0
302.1
375.2
239.6
167.7
208.0
168.3
152.1
207.8
170.2
235. 3
124. 1
173.9
132.3
301.4
375.4
239. 2
171.5
220 .6
178.0
152. 4
208.1
172.1
234.1
122.7
178.4
132.3
300.3
379.3
247.9
173.7
227.4
179.0
152.9
207.1
172.0
233.2
119.7
177.2
131.8
301 .6
379.2
247.0
174.2
243.3
153.3
152.3
203.3
175.7
232.1
119.0
164.7
134.3
302.1
380 .7
253.1
173.9
231.8
93 .8
142.2
196.6
173.6
23 0 .2
104.1
157.6
133.2
288.9
376.1
252.1
180.2
190.2
82.0
135.6
199.2
173.6
231.1
105.0
155.4
133.0
296.9
365.7
254.2
181. 5
212.2
83.0
144.4
198.4
172.1
231.1
105.2
142.2
131.2
292.9
351.9
250.9
181.6
219.7
89.1
171.4
201.4
169.8
233.3
107.6
142.9
131.4
296.3
350.7
252.4
182.5
210.1
9 9 .5
194.7
203.6
171.9
236.9
111.2
163.1
131.8
293.8
354.1
250.1
182.8
203.9
115.0
202.3
204.2
174.5
238.3
116.2
166.3
131.8
293.9
349.9
246.2
182.2
221.8
127.7
188.1
254.5
135.1
203.6
135.8
117.1
111.7
206.7
1536.9
197.3
3595.4
2426.5
133.4
146.2
P r o d u c ts of p e tr o le u m a n d co a l A . ----------------------P e tr o le u m r e fin in g
__
__________ ____
C oke a n d b y p r o d u c ts ___________________________
P a v in g m a te r ia ls . .
. __ ____________________
R o o fin g m a te r ia ls _______________________________
152.8
153.0
154.2
148.9
9 4 .7
165.8
155.0
154.8
147.8
108.8
186.7
157. 7
155.3
148.2
113.6
211.9
152.7
146.9
147.8
117 .2
223.3
159.1
155.7
149.2
118.0
222.7
160.3
158.3
149.3
113.5
219.4
160.7
159.8
146.7
108.8
215. 5
160.3
159.2
145.9
107.1
218 .2
157.3
156.7
143.2
97.1
213.2
154.9
155.2
136.8
92 .7
214.6
155.4
155.0
141.4
75.3
215.3
153.9
153.1
139.6
73 .2
217.5
117.6
113.4
117.4
87.0
161.2
R u b b e r p r o d u c ts A
_________ ________ __
R u b b e r tires an d in n er t u b e s ___________________
R u b b e r b o o ts an d s h o e s . ______________________
R u b b e r g o o d s, o th e r ____________________________
154.1
157.8
163.0
151.1
154.4
161. 8
165.3
158.0
159.2
164.5
168. 2
156. 2
162.9
163.5
165.9
154. 0
163.4
162.8
168.6
151. 2
159.9
160.9
168.7
148. 3
155.8
157. 7
167.6
139.4
152.7
161. 6
169.4
146. 9
157. 5
161.
168.
146.
157.
163.8
170.7
149.0
161.9
168. 9
177.7
152.4
165. 3
172.0
182.4
153.8
166.9
160.3
166.1
160. 5
154.1
M is c e lla n e o u s in d u str ie s A ------------------------------------I n s tr u m e n ts (p rofessio n a l a n d s c ie n tific ), an d
fire-con trol e q u ip m e n t _______________________
_____________ - ___
P h o to g r a p h ic a p p a r a tu s
O p tic a l in s tr u m e n ts an d o p h th a lm ic g o o d s ____
P ia n o s , org a n s, an d p a r ts . _____________________
G a m e s, to y s , a n d d o lls _________________________
B u tto n s
______________________________________
F ir e e x tin g u is h e r s .......... ....................................................
167.9
Nondurable goods—C o n tin u e d
1
1
5
4
5
169.4
177.7
184.9
187.8
184.2
180.1
173.9
175.7
176.6
178.4
182.6
181.9
181.7
270.4
217.1
219.6
161.8
170.3
111. 1
252.4
267.1
223.9
221.5
170.8
198.0
116. 2
272.6
268.1
224.1
218. 7
173.7
243.9
116.6
281.0
261.0
224. 5
221.8
178. 2
258. 7
117.0
281.8
256.7
224.4
219. 7
173.6
251.7
116.1
271.3
248.8
224.5
218. 3
170. 4
236. 9
116.2
269.1
247.4
220.9
201.0
157. 3
221.8
111.2
271.8
244. 5
216.6
215. 6
173. 7
214. 8
114. 8
270.6
242. 8
214.1
224.1
175. 2
210. 3
114. 2
260.9
244.1
217.1
226. 9
170. 5
210. 7
116. 3
266.8
244.6
219.8
229.1
189. 7
201.2
122. 6
258.6
245.2
220. 9
230.0
201. 5
189. 9
119. 4
249.3
766.4
200.9
280.3
156. 2
99. 7
116.6
913.1
S ee fo o tn o te s 1 an d 2, ta b le A -6 .
T able A-8: Indexes of Production-Worker Weekly Pay Rolls in Manufacturing Industries 1
[1939 a v er a g e = 1 0 0 ]
I n d u s tr y gro u p
A n
nual
a v er
age
1948
1949
and industry
m a n u fa c tu r in g __________________ ________________
D u r a b le g o o d s ................... - _______ ________________
N o n d u r a b le g o o d s ................ ...........................................
Feb.
Ja n .
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
1943
357.9
403. 2
313 .6
363.2
412.8
314.7
377.6
430.1
326.3
379.3
430.3
329 .5
382.9
435. 7
331.2
382. 2
4 2 3.7
341.6
374.7
418.8
331.6
360.0
403.0
318.0
359.0
401.3
317.6
346.7
390.8
303.6
347.1
393.4
301. 9
358.4
402.0
315.7
354.1
393.1
316.0
334.4
469.5
202.3
348.4
35 6 .7
304. 6
39 5 .8
471.3
50 6 .0
475 .5
317. 7
268. 3
332.0
3 7 1 .2
371.4
305.1
424. 1
520.8
525.2
471.2
340.3
271.4
334.7
394.3
373. 6
303.4
429. 4
505. 7
528.0
470.9
334.7
271.3
331.6
405.8
376.0
305. 0
436.1
512. 2
523. 2
445. 7
351.6
276. 2
3 33.2
392.1
365. 0
300. 3
433. 3
493.1
504.4
437.1
391.7
263.8
322.5
374.9
360.5
295.8
417. 1
478. 8
498.6
432.7
364.9
262.5
326.6
359.3
336.9
269.9
398 .2
448.8
464.3
414.3
353.2
242.8
315.1
335.7
340.5
268.4
421. 5
468.1
494.7
422.0
310. 8
243.3
295.7
343.6
334.4
265.4
394.3
460.3
478.5
401. 4
286.1
249.8
298.2
357.8
329.6
253.0
415.6
453.0
477.3
370.0
274.9
255. 3
302.0
364.6
340.8
260. 9
444.0
469. 7
481.0
397.5
289.8
269.1
316.4
370.6
337.6
257. 5
436.7
467.6
465. 6
392. 5
302.4
268.7
309.0
377.2
311.4
222. 3
261.1
278.9
493.5
177. 2
161. 6
255. 3
202. 6
279.5
Durable goods
n a n d s te e l an d th e ir p r o d u c ts !------- ----------------B la s t fu rn a ces, s te e l w o r k s, a n d r o llin g m ills ..
G r ay-iron an d s e m is te e l c a s tin g s _________ _____
M a lle a b le -ir o n c a s tin g s ________________________
S te e l c a s t i n g s . __
- _________________________
C a st-iro n p ip e a n d f it t in g s _____________________
T in ca n s an d o th er tin w a r e _____________________
W ir e d r a w n from p u r ch a se d r o d s ______________
W ir e w o r k ______ _________________________________
C u tle r y a n d ed g e t o o l s . . ____ _________ _________
S ee fo o tn o te s a t en d of ta b le.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.........
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
465
T able A-8: Indexes of Production-Worker Weekly Pay Rolls in Manufacturing Industries1—Con.
[1939 a v er a g e = 1 0 0 ]
An
1949
nual
aver
age
1948
I n d u s tr y gro u p a n d in d u s tr y
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
1913
361 .3
350.0
343.3
372.5
370.8
378.3
373.8
367. 4
376.9
376.3
363.1
381.9
366 .3
349.2
338 .7
373.4
347.1
338.7
358.7
325.0
31 6 .7
370.8
340.9
329.0
366 .6
343. 9
324 .0
37 2 .4
362.4
322.2
378.4
373.9
329.0
379.0
372.1
320.3
334.1
245.8
161. 7
27 7 .2
Durable goods—Continued
Iron and steel and their products2—-Continued
Tools (except edge tools, machine tools, files,
and saws)........... ....................... ......................Hardware............................. ..............................
Plumbers’ supplies.......................... ................ ..
Stoves, oil burners, and heating equipment, not
elsewhere classified___________ _____ ____
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and
steam fittings______ ____________________
Stamped and enameled ware and galvanizing...
Fabricated structural and ornamental metal
work_________________________________
M etal doors, sash, frames, molding, and trim __
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets.........................
Forgings, iron and steel____________ _______
Wrought pipe, welded and heavy-riveted........
Screw-machine products and wood screws____
Steel barrels, kegs, and drums............................
Firearms........... ........ ...........................................
350.4
400.0
448.4
426.7
416.9
371.0
379.2
371.4
36 3 .8
388 .2
407.6
21 0 .9
418.1
44 0 .0
454.6
481.0
466 .5
491.9
474.3
482.6
447.6
453 .7
436. 4
467.9
414.7
452.0
431.4
462.9
427.6
464.1
41 4 .7
46 3 .2
438.5
470.6
447. 5
471 .0
360.6
307.0
398.5
311.7
420.5
540.5
499.1
441.3
321 .8
1007.6
406.8
341.8
445.1
548.5
497.2
453.5
349.4
1005.6
406. 2
344.0
433. 6
54-4.8
515.8
450 .5
328 .8
1018.0
409.4
340.1
428.0
533.6
505.1
453.0
329.8
998 .7
371.9
340.4
415.5
513.4
487.1
433.1
306. 9
963.1
384.5
328.5
424.6
47 5 .8
495.4
429. 4
338.0
92 7 .8
346. 7
287.5
401.0
449 .6
473.0
426. 8
301.4
952 .7
363 .7
309.1
412.8
454.1
467.3
436.9
313.3
945.9
364.2
288.6
408.2
443.7
443.1
445.4
302.6
915 .6
358 .7
283.9
416. 7
467.6
437. 7
452.0
298.1
906.0
361.5
292.2
422.4
487.5
455.3
456. 5
302.0
9 1 1 .3
353.0
276.9
406.0
496.2
443.2
452.1
300.5
872.2
364.3
292 .6
382.0
507. 9
610.9
560.4
247 .0
2934. 8
Electrical machinery
........................................... .
Electrical equipment.................................... ......
Radios and phonographs........................... ........
Communication equipment..... ........... ..............
454.3
427 .0
511.2
544.0
474.6
444.1
551.4
561.3
479.2
447.8
539.7
587.6
474.4
445.4
509.1
591.6
465 .4
442. 2
489. 4
567. 3
454.8
434. 7
468.9
550.6
436.3
418.3
456.9
513.4
440.0
419 .2
458.6
534.8
431.6
410.3
451.4
530.0
444.3
420.5
468.5
551.2
459.1
432 .2
488.4
578.6
465.1
436. 7
495.6
593.7
488.0
475.6
505.0
538.2
473.7
517.7
609.9
374 .6
599.0
224.2
384.0
437.8
609.7
229.5
491.6
532.6
639.3
369.6
613.7
249.3
395. 7
461.4
632. 9
265.7
486.9
527.3
620.1
358.4
592.4
248.1
387.1
452.0
625.5
271.1
491.7
531.5
622.1
364.1
597.9
250.3
391. 8
453.2
620.1
255.0
484.0
523.2
581.9
360 .5
577.1
248.3
391.0
458.9
615.0
286 .8
482.3
520.0
594.5
369.1
559. 3
246.8
400.8
454. 3
605. 0
298 .0
473.6
507.9
585. 4
369.2
574.2
239.0
361 .6
438.6
605 .0
319 .2
480. 7
519.6
601 .4
355. 5
595.4
242.9
383.5
459.1
616.5
32 5 .2
466. 4
509.3
61 7 .6
285.4
571.2
240.7
389.9
444.8
630. 7
325.0
463.8
511.9
6 1 1 .7
248.9
571.9
240.2
392.6
441.3
630.2
336.8
475. 2
514 .7
632.3
353 .8
576 .8
249.2
388.9
443.2
638 .0
347.5
471.9
513.7
622.1
351.9
550.5
254. 4
3 9 8 .0
420 .9
647.5
357 .6
443.7
501.8
849 .4
256.7
298.6
503.9
671.1
230.1
761.8
143.8
Machinery, except electrical V____ ____________
Machinery and machine-shop products............
Engines and turbines..........................................
Tractors-------------------------------- ---------------Agricultural machinery, excluding tractors____
Machine tools.............. ........................................
Machine-tool accessories....................................
Textile machinery.......................................... .
Pumps and pumping equipm ent......................
Typewriters_______ ____________________
Cash register«; adding, and calculating ma
chines___________________ ________ ____ _
Washing machines, wringers, and driers,
domestic______________________________
Sewing machines, domestic and industrial____
Refrigerators and refrigeration equipment____
463.0
Transportation equipment, except automobiles___
Locomotives................. .......................................
Cars, electric- and steam-railroad......................
Aircraft and parts, excluding aircraft engines...
Aircraft engines............................. ............ ........
Shipbuilding and boatbuilding------ ------ ------Motorcycles, bicycles, and p arts........................
474 .2
494.2
487.9
481.3
492.3
489.2
507.0
505.9
489.4
504.7
499.9
489 .0
341.6
274.5
490.1
460.8
316.6
504.1
490.0
470.0
501.9
486.2
484.2
491.6
508.7
460.6
478.8
493 .3
469.3
460.4
491.4
439. 2
432.3
486.0
480.9
439. 5
508.9
454.2
428.0
472.3
465.3
399.9
450.4
454. 0
414.5
454. 7
470.4
404.0
433. 7
301.5
282.3
264. 5
607.9
608.5
635.5
917 .9 1024.4
557.1
565.9
808.0
838.5
617 .2
618.9
274.4
288.6
274.4
353.7
611.8
942.5
535. 4
830.7
601.3
262.4
468.2
613.3
909.4
526.6
794.9
599.7
291.2
474.3
581.8
948.4
477.3
746.1
570.0
283.1
424.5
547.7
599.4
516.9
698.4
453.7
290.6
374.2
552.4
907.3
467.9
661.1
533.1
304.5
301.8
561.2
913.7
492.5
649.2
517. 5
321.7
345.7
566.4
916.4
478.5
634.2
493.5
345.7
370.5
601.4
928.1
483.8
695.2
481.0
373.6
418.2
600.4
908.6
490.3
675.9
473.9
383. 7
426.6
593.3
869. 2
479.5
667.3
469.4
385.4
420.6
3080.3
1107.3
457.9
3496.3
4528.7
3594. 7
253.6
Automobiles.................................................... ...........
444.7
455.3
451 .2
438.9
451.3
425.9
419.1
423.3
385.7
362.6
386.2
396.5
357.6
321.2
Nonferrous metals and their products 2...................
Smelting and refining, primary, of nonferrous
metals............ ............................................. ......
Alloying; and rolling and drawing of nonfer
rous metals, except alum inum ....................
Clocks and watches__ _____________ ______
Jewelry (precious metals) and jewelers’ findings
Silverware and plated ware______ ______ ___
Lighting equipm ent.........................................
Aluminum manufactures__________________
Sheet-metal work, not elsewhere classified____
636 .6
372.2
391.2
391 .9
394.2
386.3
379.3
360.6
308.2
362.5
368.3
377.1
372.9
354.5
344.1
342.1
340.0
344.6
342.4
345.7
338.6
329.7
321.6
314.1
307 .2
303.7
353.9
296 .9
295 .9
371.5
512.7
319.8
349.8
422.8
309.8
335.9
402.3
554.3
335.4
357.5
453.3
298.2
348.1
407.3
572.0
343.1
360. 2
45 2 .3
308.0
353.0
397.0
565.0
340.0
355.7
467.4
307.0
348.6
383 .8
555.4
345.6
325.8
443.9
298 .5
334 .9
365.9
519.4
328.2
332.9
454.5
284.3
304 .5
345. 7
481.8
317.0
316.8
434.1
278.3
332.2
372 .5
527.4
305 .9
338.5
438.1
268.9
327.4
362.4
522.4
293.3
347.0
430.2
271.7
336.8
377.7
529.4
308. 3
356.8
434.8
283 .5
339.1
391.8
543.3
328.4
362.0
450.6
273.2
333.4
396.2
525.6
333.7
366.8
447.1
353. 4
238.4
211.8
212.8
240.4
591.6
357.6
421 .0
452. 0
446.3
465.6
505.7
488.7
499.7
549.7
484.9
519.2
575.3
491.9
523.3
584. 4
478.6
538.8
604 6
485.4
502.9
563.3
455.3
488.5
543.3
456.1
461.1
496.8
445.1
433.4
471 0
435.4
427.6
4
424.7
417.2
422.2
197.8
31 7 .9
326.8
32 3 .0
281.7
282.6
350.6
314.8
345.4
351.3
354.4
314. 7
282.4
368.4
331.1
349.2
371.2
356.7
320 .7
287.8
378.3
328.3
354.9
414.3
358.1
325.0
284.9
383.3
338.7
344.5
411.5
344.2
315.7
289.7
379.3
323 .8
337.3
385.5
334.8
327.3
289.0
382 .8
332.1
320.4
354.1
317. 5
318.6
273.4
378.0
31 3 .9
326.0
347.9
325.7
325.7
283.4
358.1
322 .8
325.6
340 .2
328.6
301.1
'289.2
351.5
325.1
333.0
359. 5
336.3
304.8
300.3
334.2
331.8
349.2
387.9
353.4
320 .5
315. 7
331.6
339.0
350.2
410.9
356.0
311.8
310.5
31 1 .6
327.9
183.9
165.7
185.3
215.8
159.3
181.9
175.5
349.5
371.9
323 .6
308.1
331.9
386.8
366.9
366 .9
385.3
384.0
350.7
344.6
312.2
315.2
355.5
356. 5
404.1 1 407.5
372.1
395.8
329.0
316.1
362.4
399.8
361 .2
383.2
310.9
310.4
353 .5
374.0
358. 9
369.3
309.3
322.5
358.6
383.4
334.2
327.9
293.4
319.2
335.7
345.2
347.1
360.5
308 .5
314.0
338.1
364.2
343.4
364.4
304 .6
305.0
328.6
359.8
337 .9
367.1
299.1
288.2
312.9
357.0
336 .6
370.0
307. 8
278.5
304.1
361.2
321.4
35 0 .9
307.0
273.9
285.4
345 .2
189.1
208.3
165.9
156.5
135.8
191.9
Lumber and timber basic products 2....... ................
Sawmills and logging camps..................... .........
Planing and plywood mills................................
Furniture and finished lumber products 2___ ____
Mattresses and bedsprings..................................
F urniture...... ........................................................
Wooden boxes, other than cigar.........................
Caskets and other morticians’ goods_________
W’ood preserving........... ........................ .............
Wood, turned and sh a p e d ................................
Stone, clay, and glass products 2........................... .
Glass and glassware........ .................. .................
Glass products made from purchased glass___
Cement_________________ ____________ _
Brick, tile, and terra co tta._______ _________
Pottery and related products.............................
See fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
315.7
215.1
228 2
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
466
T able A-8: Indexes of Production-Worker Weekly Pay Rolls in Manufacturing Industries
Con.
[1939 average=100]
An
nual
average
1948
1949
Industry group and industry
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1943
Durable goods—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products 2—Continued
Gypsum____________________ ___________
Wallboard, plaster (except gypsum), and min
eral wool................................................... .......
Lime___________________________________
Marble, granite, slate, and other products----Abrasives_____________________ ______ —
Asbestos p ro d u cts.............................................
343.9
378.5
387.7
397.1
386.5
380.1
353.2
352.7
349.7
343.7
328.3
320.1
151.7
. 454.9
. 304.3
. 190.6
574.9
362.2
493.0
313.0
204.2
580.7
398.9
495.7
322.3
190.9
583.3
406.7
493.8
326.9
196.8
594.6
414.5
491.8 484.7
323. 8 324.5
194.2 195.6
588.5 576.3
402.7 395.6
491.6
309.9
184.9
571.6
377.5
475.7
311.9
185.9
578.8
385.4
465.0
314.7
183.2
565.0
380.0
467.9
314.5
176.6
546.6
378.5
448.7
301.5
179.3
560.2
376.2
431.7
280.3
169.5
526.0
370.6
223.8
171.6
90.8
480.2
254.6
276.7
331.9
213.8
276.2
291.9
352.7
224.2
293.4
291.9
348.9
222.1
299.1
291.2
350.0
222.5
299. 4
295. 5
354.9
228.7
301.3
298.2
357.4
227.3
295.2
285.4 304.6
342.0 365. 9
226. 5 238.0
276.9 292.2
303.8
369.7
238.3
289.0
307.1
374.7
243.0
287.6
315.6
385.1
249.1
288.0
310.6
377.0
249.3
282.2
178.9
215.9
214.6
138.6
297.8
202.8
228.4
244.1
313.2
Nondurable goods
Textile-mill products and other fiber manufactures2. 274.8
Cotton manufactures, except smallwares_____
Cotton smallwares_______________________
Silk and rayon goods.------------------------------Woolen and worsted manufactures, except dye
ing and finishing............. ............................
Hosiery.................... ....................... - ................
Knitted cloth____________________________
Knitted outerwear and knitted gloves...........
Knitted underwear_________ _____________
Dyeing and finishing textiles, including wool
en and worsted______________ ______ ___
Carpets and rugs, wool__________ _________
Hats, fur-felt_______________ _____________
Jute goods, except felts_______________ ____
Cordage and tw ine.------- --------------------------
258.5
192.2
226.3
258.1
231.0
275.0
201.8
227.0
264.6
256.1
268.8
210.3
232.9
272.7
273.6
265.7
208.8
228.7
249.8
291.2
286.1
201.1
219.7
250.5
297.3
295.5
184.2
224.4
228.2
305.2
311.5
199.8
223.2
260.8
324.9
307.9
197.6
223.1
266.4
326.5
308.6 322.1
203. 5 212.6
237.1 243.3
261.2 268.8
344.5 348.1
321.1
204.8
242.6
269.1
334.4
199.5
109.6
174.7
192.7
183.3
309.0
382.1
177.8
271.1
278.9
327.7
389.8
176.8
283.6
288.6
316.8
393.5
164.5
285.9
291.5
311.6
393.2
162. 9
266.8
284.7
310. 7 309.2 299.8
387.5 381.5 368.4
180.9 200.3 171.8
248.4 282. 2 273.0
283.7 286.4 288.2
320.6
371. 8
197.4
277.5
306.5
321.7
358.1
184.6
272.2
303.4
328.7
348.8
176.4
275.9
311.4
332.1
352.6
197.5
264.2
330.4
334.6
346.0
202. 2
265.7
337.6
174.9
145.2
121. 5
196.4
240.3
Apparel and other finished textile products2-------- 345.8
M en’s clothing, not elsewhere classified--------Shirts, collars, and nightwear........................... .
Underwear and neckwear, men’s------- ------ Work shirts______________________ ______
Women’s clothing, not elsewhere classified___
Corsets and allied garments_____ __________
Millinery__________________________ - ........
Handkerchiefs______________ ______ - ........Curtains, draperies, and bedspreads____ ____
Housefurnishings, other than curtains, etc___
Textile bags________ _____ - ............................
327.2 329.2
269.6 271.9
192.9 211.5
282.4 320.3
238.4 271.0
376. 9 370.7
223. 0 232.4
161.2 146.8
279.8 295.9
240.4 265.2
483. 9 560.4
451.0 455.7
336.8 325.0
276.0 280.5
234.5 231.8
333.6 309.9
288.7 309.7
380.6 351.0
236.3 233.1
121.6 169.2
303.9 289.3
283.8 286.2
576. 2 553.1
438.7 441.0
348.1 342.3
301.1 300.3
230.0 223.7
301.3 294.1
301.0 299.7
390.2 380.3
225. 8 217.0
177.7 172. 5
259.4 241.0
289. 5 291.2
502. 5 501.3
435.5 413.6
303. 6
272. 6
221.9
269.6
290.5
326.6
201.1
144.7
181.3
241.5
453.3
394.8
303.6
290.0
234.0
289.1
294.2
310.7
210.8
115.5
231.0
252. 0
464.6
373.1
297.9
288.6
241.4
296. 7
289.6
299.3
213.0
111.9
239.1
255.0
430.4
368.1
306.5 343.2
293. 7 300.8
248.4 252.9
297.0 313.7
278.5 269.1
307.1 376.4
229.1 241.6
149.9 185.9
251. 5 259.4
265.3 303.8
462.2 481.6
353.5 355.7
345.2
293.0
246.0
300.0
250.6
387.1
237.7
206.4
243. 4
329.8
452.9
365.4
185.2
174.9
143.6
166. 5
220.4
184.4
137.1
123.3
184.0
230.2
370.3
233.0
Leather and leather products2..... ...........
Leather___________________ _____
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings.
Boots and shoes_______________
Leather gloves and mittens________
Trunks and suitcases_______ _____
239.4
235.0
204.6
177.4
234.4
194.2
256.3
234.3
210.9
178.1
227.5
209.9
343.2
224. 4
202.0
166.5
212.3
259.4
417.5
236.8
206.3
175.3
227.6
266.8
401.4
245.1 248.3
206.5 207.3
185. 2 189.5
238. 7 242.9
274.5 285.4
393.3 376.2
236.5 233.4 215.4
203.6 205.2 201.1
178.6 179.9 169.6
230.6 225.3 202.8
267.4 273. 6 256.9
339. 5 339.5 339.8
227.1
197.9
173.4
219.5
241.3
347.2
251. 7 262.5
206.4 216.4
187.9 198.6
249.7 261.0
252.8 252.2
364.1 366.9
154.2
140.6
142.2
142.0
239.4
240.3
Food 2____________________ _____
Slaughtering and meat packing..
B utter--------- ------ ----------------Condensed and evaporated milk.
Ice cream .............. ...................
Flour_______________________
Feeds, prepared............................
Cereal preparations......................
Baking................ ..........................
Sugar refining, cane___________
Sugar, b e e t............ ...... ...............
Confectionery______ _____ ___
Beverages, nonalcoholic...............
M alt liquors..... ...........................
Canning and preserving...............
302.9
312.8
346. 4
371.2
414.1
268.6
362. 5
391.9
338.1
264.6
343.0
110.6
304.6
276.1
331. 8
226.8
333. 5
365.6
380.9
407.4
270.4
346.6
396.0
326.8
279.5
316.9
194.2
347.0
284.7
359.5
280.0
340.7
336.2
379.0
424.4
273.9
351.9
405.9
342.3
280.8
285. 3
528.9
388.7
287.1
377.4
313.7
358.2 389.8
305.4 303.5
384.7 397.8
435.6 473.7
291.2 333.5
355.2 360.7
405.8 415.4
341. 6 326.0
286.6 282.6
286.4 348.2
455.8 207.7
376.4 345.7
298.6 340.9
371.8 417.2
537.1 835.0
351.3
296.0
418.5
492.5
348.4
368.6
405.0
349.5
273. 5
369. 5
161.1
296.2
349.0
419.6
525.4
352. 2
318.8
432.6
509.9
365.8
368.3
400.0
377.5
273.5
378.5
138.6
255. 4
387.1
435.7
469.2
328.3
329.2
429.8
520.3
341. 5
339.9
391.7
353.7
270.8
295.0
130.6
261.8
342.6
389.9
314.8
281.3
226.4
407.2
477.9
311.3
314.6
367.4
333.6
259.2
274.4
117.0
235.5
311.6
332.8
260.4
267.4
192.5
381.0
438.1
286.4
304.7
337.1
313. 0
250.7
275.8
100.6
265.2
289.9
350.3
240.8
285.8
295.8
348.2
403.0
261.3
292.2
329.6
297.8
249.8
298.5
103.2
283.4
270.7
324.4
227.0
288.5
280.6
332.7
388.1
250.9
318.2
314.7
322.2
257.2
278. 8
132.2
302. 6
254.3
320.7
239.9
180.9
188.6
231.0
268. 5
170.6
182.9
230.0
223. 3
153.0
152.8
119.6
157.6
163.2
180.5
216.0
Tobacco manufactures 2__...................................
Cigarettes.......................................................
Cigars................ ........ ........... .......................
Tobacco (chewing and smoking) and snuff.
193.5
200.5
249.9
174.8
166.3
217.9
269.2
192.1
178.5
223. 5
264.4
207.4
173.1
224.3
279.0
197.2
180.7
214.8
268.1
187.4
176.1
218.3
288.3
180.9
173.3
205.5
270.0
171.1
164.1
205.8
263.1
175.8
166.7
201.3
253.1
175.1
161.8
205.7
254.3
182.7
161.6
204.6
246.5
186.6
159.6
195. 7
219.3
189.4
162.2
151.0
172.0
141.0
132.3
P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts 1........................... ........................ 335.3
P a p e r a n d p u l p ____ ______ ___________ ________ __________
P a p er g o o d s, o th e r ......... .......... .................................. ......................
E n v e lo p e s ................................................................................................
P a p e r b a g s ...............................................................................................
P a p e r b o x e s ................................................................................ ............
342.6
349.9
381.2
302.8
355.4
305.6
356.5 362.2 357.4
357. 9 364.7 359.1
394.7 392. 8 381. 2
317.5 317.3 307.0
364.5 365.3 391.4
335.3 344.5 342.1
355. 0
362.9
372.3
298.3
390.2
328.0
352.1
363.6
365.1
290.0
392.7
318.6
341.7
357. 7
355.3
272.9
380.0
294.9
337.8
347.7
358.4
284.0
364.4
304.8
331.1
343.2
355.0
283.3
355.4
290.4
325.7
333.3
350.7
282.1
365.3
292.5
330.8
335.6
354.2
283.7
373.7
305.4
328.9
333.8
352.9
282.8
357.8
307.1
184.8
181.6
193. 2
165. 7
183.4
189.6
P r in tin g , p u b lis h in g , a n d a llie d in d u str ie s 2................ 269.7
N e w s p a p e r s a n d p e r i o d i c a ls ......................................................
P r in tin g ; b o o k a n d j o b ............ ................... ................................
L ith o g r a p h in g ......................................................................................
B o o k b in d in g ........................................................................................ .
268.8
241.9
309.4
218.6
1 305.4
280.6
258.9
316.0
233.3
316.6
273.6
253.6
304.8
233.1
307.8
264.8 260.1
240.6 235.5
297.6 296. 0
231.8 223.5
310.2 291.8
264.9
238.1
299.3
230.3
310.0
262.2
236.5
296.7
224.1
302.9
259.5
234.6
291.0
221.4
304.0
258.5 254.7
229.2 224.6
292. 5 290.9
227.2 219.0
313.4 307.7
124.7
111.7
137.3
124.9
174.8
S e e fo o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
275.4
253.3
307.9
234.5
315.1
273.6
252.2
305.4
235.5
309.7
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
467
T able A-8: Indexes of Production-Worker Weekly Pay Rolls in Manufacturing Industries1—Con.
[1939 average=100]
1949
An
nual
aver
age
1948
Industry group and industry
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
C hemicals and allied products 2________________ 454.2
Paints, varnishes, and colors_______________
Drugs, medicines, and insecticides_________
Perfumes and cosmetics___________________
Soap.
_______ _ - __________________
Rayon'and allied products_________________
Chemicals, not elsewhere classified
Explosives and safety fuses ______________
Compressed and liquefied gases_____________
Ammunition, small-arms _______ _______
Fireworks ____________________________
Cottonseed o i l __________________________
Fertilizers - ____________________________
459.1
317.2
534.6
231.7
385.0
304. 5
639.3
707.6
487.7
380.6
587.4
475.6
449.8
462.3
325.5
514.4
249.0
404.1
305.3
639.7
746.9
483. 8
395.2
541.4
539.9
427.5
461.9
329.9
514. 9
261.9
405.3
300.1
637. 5
749.1
491.0
403.7
544.2
555.4
415.3
460.1
338.4
506.9
252. 2
412.2
296.7
628. 6
763.8
488.5
409.4
552. 7
559.8
430.8
462.5
339. 3
491.1
243.0
400. 7
297. 5
641. 6
796.0
513.9
411.2
621.0
459. 3
436.1
450.6
345.1
485.3
237.4
365.7
302. 7
629 1
798. 3
512.0
403.1
630.2
261. 7
408.9
432.7 434.9 422.5
343.0 335.6 329.9
480.6 486.7 481.5
204. 3 213.7 209.7
344.3 343.1 322.9
289.6 280. 2 275.1
600 4 613 6 589. 6
760.2 737.6 683. 8
518. 2 505. 4 491.7
420.8 411.2 404.1
507.0 572.5 594.9
230.1 228.3 245.9
396.7 414.5 470.4
422.1
315.9
479. 9
215.1
321.8
274.6
591.1
648.3
483.7
398.8
572.5
270.2
530.1
425.1 425.6
422.5
319.1 324.4
197. 2
487.6 489. 2 286. 3
222.0 231.2
180. 6
359.0 376.4
174. 5
271.9 270.2
168. 2
584 3 584 8 336 9
675. 2 678. 2 2,361.8
473. 6 475. 5 325 3
396.8 388.7 6,734.4
625.8 610.2 5) 963.9
316.4 338. 0 230. 4
540.2 482.2 272.2
Products of petroleum and coal2 _____
______ 339.2
Petroleum refining ... ___________________
Coke and byproducts_____ . _____________
Paving m aterials________ _______ _______
Roofing materials .. _____________________
349.6
346.4
358.4
201.4
368.5
345.5
338. 2
350. 7
259. 6
413.2
354.9
343.9
346.7
253.3
507.0
344.8
324.7
349. 5
276.3
577.7
345.6
326.1
353.2
279.1
558.3
358.2
345.5
350.8
264.3
548.7
353.4
344.9
329.5
248.1
531.9
342.2
330. 8
330.1
235.0
523.3
335.8
326.2
320.6
222.8
508.5
316.7
310. 9
287.3
206.5
495.6
320.0
306. 6
314.6
173.1
502.7
315.4
302.1
312.3
160.6
500. 7
184.3
176. 7
183. 4
144. 8
267.2
Rubber products 2— ___ ________
______ 309.8
Rubber tires and inner tubes_______________
Rubber boots and sh o e s____ _____________
Rubber goods, other.. ____________________
320.6
294.5
351.1
353.9
332.7
299.6
388.2
370.0
341.9
312.9
377.2
378.7
345.5
318.2
369.0
383.0
344.9
326.2
355.9
370.8
347.2
341.0
344.1
356.3
329.7
329.8
321.7
331.9
330.2
322.0
329.7
343.7
318.9
305.7
328.1
337.7
312.8
286.4
333.9
347.1
320.6
292.4
347.0
356.2
337.2
315.4
345.0
366.2
263.9
265. 7
268. 8
255.8
Miscellaneous industries 2. ___________________ 381.4
Instruments (professional and scientific), and
fire-control eq u ip m en t_____ ____ _______
Photographic a p p a ra tu s__
______ _____
Optical instruments and ophthalmic goods___
Pianos, organs, and parts
_ _____________
Games’, toys, and dolls_______________ _____
Buttons
__________________________
Fire extinguishers________________________
384.2
406.8
420.8
422.6
411.8
397.4
375.0
386.7
384.2
382.6
394.0
393.9
322.7
588.1
440.7
452.9
341.3
405.7
267.4
601.7
578.6
455.1
455.7
381.2
470.8
281.7
635.1
576.9 555.5
455.4 450.2
447.8 451.9
389.5 387. 6
633.2 651.1
273. 6 275.4
638.1 616.9
530.1
450. 5
444.4
369.1
613. 5
271.9
606.1
505.9
444.1
439.6
361.7
566.8
275.3
566.7
487.2
443.8
393.1
327. 9
521. 2
254.0
573.0
491.0
438.8
421. 6
362. 7
510.6
271.7
595.6
492.6
409.7
426. 7
367.8
496.7
269.4
563.4
494.2
416.2
438.1
357.9
487.6
269.4
575.5
489.3
422.3
444.8
396.0
463.7
284.3
541.0
487.1 1 356.9
424.2
311. £
446. 3 439 0
421.1
295.1
450.1
169.7
285. 5 204.1
523.2 1, 622. 9
June
Feb.
1943
Nondurable poods—Continued
1 See footnotes 1 and 2, table A-6.
T able
A-9: Estimated Number of Employees in Selected Nonmanufacturing Industries 1
[In thousands]
1949
Annual
average
1948
Industry group and industry
M ining:2 3
Coal:
Anthracite_________ __________.
Bituminous_____________________
M etal_______________________ ____
Iron -------------- -------------------C o p p e r . ----------------------------Lead and z in c ________________
Gold and silver_______________
Miscellaneous......................... ........
Quarrying and nonmetallic------ ------Crude petroleum and natural gas pro
duction L_. .. . ----------------------Transportation and public utilities:
Class I railroads A -------- -----------Street railways and busses 6------------Telephone_______________________
Telegraph7____ . --------------Electric light and power___________
Service:
Hotels (year-round)______________
Power laundries8---- -- ---------------Cleaning and dyeing 2„ . ----------------
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1943
1939
76.2
399
92.8
32.0
26.7
16.9
9.2
8.0
76.6
77.2
401
89.5
31.8
24.2
16.9
8.8
7.9
77.5
77.0
405
90.1
32.3
24.4
16. 9
8.7
7.9
83.4
77.0
403
88.5
32.1
23.9
16.6
8.2
7.7
85.3
76.6
404
92.0
32.8
27.0
16.2
8.1
7.9
86.6
77.5
408
89.4
33.4
26.9
13.0
8.2
7.9
87.8
77.7
408
88.4
33.7
26.5
12.0
8.1
8.0
87.8
76.2
378
91.7
33.7
26.6
15.0
8.4
8.0
87.1
77.4
407
92.8
33.7
26.7
16.2
8.3
7.9
86.8
76.4
405
91.4
32.7
26.5
16.4
8.1
7. 7
85.1
76.9
296
91.7
32.5
26.8
16.3
8. 5
7.7
83.9
77.4
401
91.4
31.5
26.9
16.3
8. 7
7.9
80.0
76.6
397
90.2
31.0
27.0
16.3
8.7
7.8
76.8
78.4
419
112.7
35.3
33.3
21.6
7.7
14.8
80.9
83.6
372
92.6
21.1
25.0
16.3
26.0
4.2
68.5
129.6
129.5
129.6
130.4
129.9
133.2
137.1
136.6
133.5
128.7
127.2
127.1
127.1
103.2
114.4
1232
1,256
1,306 1,329 1,345 1,350 1,356 1,361 1,352 1,321 1,258 1,316 1,311 3,355
242
243
244
'245
248
248
249
249
’249
'249
'249
227
’246
246
642
642
643
647
644
633
630
630
627
623
402
640
638
642
34.5
34.7
35.1
36.3
36.9
36.9
46.9
32.8
33.3
33.9
34.2
36.0
36.1
36.8
274
273
271
211
2o2
281
282
282
281
284
283
279
269
286
988
194
318
37.6
244
364
217
83.3
366
221
84.5
370
224
86.3
372
224
87.5
375
229
89.4
1 Unless otherwise noted, data include all employees. Data for the three
most recent months are subject to revision without notation. Revised data
for earlier months are identified by an asterisk.
2 Includes production and related workers only.
3 Estimates have been adjusted to levels indicated by Federal Security
Agency data through 1946 and have been carried forward from 1946 bench
mark levels, thereby providing consistent series.
• Does not include well drilling or rig building.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
373
232
88.7
369
233
89.7
375
239
92.6
379
238
94.7
377
233
93.4
377
232
92.5
375
231
90.0
377
230
86.8
344
252
78.0
323
196
58.2
3 Includes all employees at middle of month. Excludes employees of
switching and terminal companies. Class I railroads include those with over
$1,000,000 annual revenue. Source: Interstate Commerce Comission.
8 Includes private and municipal street-railway companies and affiliated,
subsidiary, or successor trolley-bus and motor-bus companies.
7 Includes all land-line employees except those compensated on a commis
sion basis. Excludes general and divisional headquarters personnel, trainees
in school, and messengers.
MONTHLY LABOR
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
468
T able A-10: Indexes of Employment in Selected Nonmanufacturing Industries 1
[1939 average=100]
A n
nual
aver
age
1948
1949
I n d u s tr y grou p a n d in d u s tr y
M i n i n g : 13
C oal:
A n t h r a c it e __________________________________
B itu m in o u s
________________________ ______
M e ta l.
_____________________________________
I r o n _________________________________________
C o p p e r --------------- ----------------------------------------L ead an d z in c ____________________ _________
G o ld a n d s ilv e r _____________________________
M isc e lla n e o u s . . . ______________________
Q u a rr y in g a n d n o n m e t a llic ________ __
______
C ru d e p e tr o le u m an d n a tu r a l gas p r o d u c tio n A
T r a n s p o r ta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s :
C la ss I ra ilro a d s 8______. . . ______________ _____ _
S tr e e t r a ilw a y s a n d b u sse s 8____________________
T e le p h o n e ___ __________________________________
T e le g r a p h ?______________________________________
Fdectric lig h t a n d p o w e r ________ ______________
T ra d e: 8
W h o le s a le ______________ ________ ________________
R e t a il______________________ .
_____________
F o o d . . . ------------------------------------------------------G e n e ra l m e r c h a n d is e ____ _______ __________
A p p a r e l------- ------------------- ------------------------F u r n itu r e a n d h o u s e fu r n is h in g s ____________
A u to m o tiv e
..............
. ___________
L u m b e r and b u ild in g m a te r ia ls ____________
S ervice:
H o te ls ( y e a r -r o u n d )______________________ ______
P o w e r la u n d r ie s 2________________________________
C le a n in g a n d d y e i n g 2___________________________
i See footnote 1, table
* See footnote 2, table
* See footnote 3, table
* See footnote 4, table
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
91.1
107.3
100.2
151. 7
106.8
103.7
3 5 .2
191.7
111. 9
113.2
9 2 .3
107.8
9 6 .6
150.5
96 .7
103.5
3 3 .8
188.0
113.2
113.2
9 2 .0
109.0
97.3
152. 7
9 7 .7
103. 6
33.6
189.4
121.8
113.2
92.1
108.3
95. 6
152.1
9 5 .6
101.9
3 1 .6
183 .2
124.6
114.0
91 .7
108.8
99.3
155.4
107. 9
99.8
30 .9
188.6
126. 5
113.5
9 2 .7
109. 7
96. 5
158.2
107.7
79 .8
3 1 .4
188.9
128.3
116.4
9 2 .9
109.7
95 .5
159.6
106.0
74.0
31.1
190.0
128.2
119.8
91.1
101.8
99.1
159.5
106.6
9 2 .2
3 2 .2
191.3
127.3
119.4
9 2 .6
109.6
100.2
159.6
106.9
99. 7
3 1 .9
188.6
126.8
116.7
91 .4
108.9
98 .7
155.0
106.0
100.6
31.3
182.9
124.2
112.5
9 1 .9
79 .7
9 9 .0
153.7
107.2
100.4
32 .5
182 .8
122.5
111.2
9 2 .6
108.0
9 8 .7
149.4
107. 9
100. 2
3 3 .3
189.1
116.8
111.1
9 1 .6
106.8
97.4
146.8
108.2
99.9
33 .4
187.0
112.2
111.1
93.7
112.6
121.7
167.4
133.2
132.7
29.7
352.0
118.2
9 0 .2
124.7
125.1
201.6
87.1
115.6
127.2
125.4
200.8
8 8 .6
115.2
132.2
125.9
202.2
9 0 .0
115. 6
134.6
126.2
202.1
90. 7
115. 5
136.2
126.9
201.9
9 1 .6
115.1
136. 7
127.9
202.3
92 .3
116.2
137.3
128.1
203.7
93 .3
117.1
137.9
127. 2
202. 8
95. 7
115. 8
136.9
128.3
199.4
9 6 .0
114.1
133.8
128.5
198.4
96 .3
112.3
127.3
128.3
198.3
9 7 .9
111.7
133. 3
128.7
197. 4
9 8 .2
110.9
132. 7
128.6
196.2
97 .8
110.3
137. 2
117.0
126.7
124.7
86.3
114.9
109.1
111.8
118. 7
106.3
90.1
107.3
115.0
115.9
111.7
111.6
126.0
110 .9
91.1
108 .9
117 .6
117.8
129.0
114. 6
177.1
135.0
9 7 .5
113. 7
123. 9
118.3
119.4
113.8
146.4
122.5
93 .8
111.7
126.6
118.1
116.0
113.8
135.3
119.4
9 2 .2
110.0
127.8
117.1
113.4
112.0
127.2
113.9
9 1 .6
117.0
111.2
112.3
120. 8
105.1
90.1
110.1
111.1
129.6
115.3
113.6
115.5
124.8
115. 4
9 1 .2
108.4
126.3
114.5
113.1
116. 3
123. 7
115.2
91 .9
107.0
123.7
114.8
112.8
116.1
123.4
114.6
9 1 .6
107.1
121.9
115.3
113.8
116.7
124.5
116.8
9 1 .9
105.8
119.4
116.1
111.8
113.9
122.9
108.2
9 1 .0
128.0
116.2
112.0
113.8
121.3
108.0
90. 5
109.8
128.2
118.8
6 3 .0
9 1 .5
112.9
110.8
143.3
113.4
113.1
145.3
114. 6
114.2
148.4
115.3
114.6
150.5
116.2
116.7
153.7
115.7
118.4
152.5
114.6
119.0
154.3
116.2
122.1
159.2
117.6
121.5
162.9
117.0
119.0
160.6
116.9
118.3
159.0
116.4
117.7
154.8
116.8
117.6
149.3
128. 7
134. 0
105. 7
1943
9 5 .9
99.9
106. 2
116. 9
110.1
67.7
106. 6
s See footnote 5, table A-9.
8 See footnote 6, table A-9.
2 See footnote 7, table A-9.
8 Includes all nonsupervisory employees and working supervisors.
A-9.
A-9.
A-9.
A-9.
T able A -ll: Indexes of Weekly Pay Rolls in Selected Nonmanufacturing Industries 1
[1939 average=100]
An
nual
aver
age
1948
1949
Industry group and industry
M ining:2 3
Coal:
Anthracite______________ ___________ _
Bituminous. __________ ____ _________
M etal. ________________________________
Iron__________ ______ _______________
Copper_____________ ________________
Lead and zinc................... ......... .................
Gold and silver__________________ ____ _
Miscellaneous_______ ____ _______ _____
Quarrying and nonmetallic. _______________
Crude petroleum and natural gas production4..
Transportation and public utilities:
Class I railroads
........................................
Street railways and busses _ ..........................
Telephone_____ _________________________
Telegraph i_______________________ _____ _
Electric light and power__________________
T rad e:8
Wholesale___________________________ ___
R e ta il....................................... ........... ..............
Food_______________________________
General merchandise__________________
Apparel_____. . . _____ . . . __________
Furniture and housefurnishings.. ______
Automotive
Lumber and building materials ________
Service:
Hotels (year-round) »_____________________
Power laundries 2________________________
Cleaning and dyeing 3________ ____________
1 See footnote 1, table A-9.
2See footnote 2, table A-9.
* See footnote 3, table A-9.
* See footnote 4, table A-9.
1 Not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
1943
247.3
355.1
211.2
361.0
247.6
199.2
54.1
*382. i
342.4
235.6
260.3
365.8
210.4
355.8
254.8
189.1
56.1
387.5
348.5
251.0
193.3 246.0
293.0 344.2
202.2 208.2
331. 5 345.0
242.4 232. 9
193.2 238.1
54.2
57.1
383.0 360.7
329. 7 329.1
240.8 227.1
246.2
344.3
206.1
336.3
232.6
238. 9
54. 6
352. 5
312. 5
223. 4
195.4
167.4
201. 7
319. 7
232.6
235. 8
55. 2
343.1
295. 4
213.4
255. 9
342.0
201.3
313.8
234.8
232.8
56.7
349.2
272.7
208.3
232.8
320.0
201.7
310.3
241.7
235.0
58.4
347.4
262.0
219.9
146.1
203. 3
184.9
257. 9
214.6
226. 7
37.2
500. 7
199.6
128.0
(')
235.7
338.8
217.4
204.5
«)
233. 4
335.4
220.4
204.3
0)
235. 2
331.7
225. 5
204.9
(»)
232.2
336.1
233.2
202.8
(»)
(s)
231.2 228.1
327.1 326.1
228. 5 231.1
196.4 192.1
(8)
227.1
317.7
224.8
188.6
«
(»)
232. 6 234. 7
314. 7 316.3
213.0 212.6
184.4 188.2
(»)
155. 7
144. 9
159.3
109. 2
224.2
228.4
229.7
270.3
226.9
182.5
219.0
254.7
222. 5
223. 5
227.4
252. 7
222.2
184.3
215 6
261.3
220.8
219. 4
226.0
238.3
210.8
179.9
217.0
258.3
220.6
218.1
229.0
231.8
195.5
178. 5
219. 6
264.6
215.3
218.6
232.9
233.6
202.1
176.7
213.4
257.3
211.8
218.3
231.9
236.5
214.3
179.6
209.6
252.8
211.8
213.8
227.0
229.2
211.8
180.3
205.3
242.6
211.0 210.8
211.1 210. 4
225. 5 226.1
225.8 225.5
2C9.2 208. 8
175. 6 173. 7
204. 7 197. 5
234.9 228.6
214.9
208.4
221. 5
221.4
194.3
177.8
196.8
227.6
127.0
120. 6
129. 2
135. 9
133.9
86. 5
84. 7
120.7
237.9
226.8
289.3
238. 7
227.6
300.0
235.3
232. 9
296.8
233.7
228.1
287.2
234.4
240.6
308.0
236.3
238.3
324.8
234.6
232.3
312.4
233.4
231.5
308.0
233.2
225.4
271.9
138.7
167.0
185. 4
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
168.3
350.1
228.6
264.7
252.9
272.2
66.6
398.1
281.2
236.7
238.6
353.0
222.8
354.4
241.2
278.0
60.6
412.3
288.1
245.1
224.6
350.0
224.4
358.0
244.4
277.8
62.2
408.2
321.2
235.7
216.0 260.4
343.1 358.5
215.3 224.9
353.2 371.6
232.2 255. 6
265.4 252. 7
56.4
56.6
374.1 *388. 7
329.5 345.2
235.3 230.7
(5)
230.6
346.2
208.6
206.2
(5)
231.3
337.2
210.9
206.8
(*)
233.4
339. 7
212.6
206.4
(«)
231.2
349.7
215.3
205.8
219. 3
214.4
232. 4
225.0
198. 7
180. 3
210. 4
234. 4
222.7
222.6
232.4
248.3
211.9
186.8
216.5
239.8
224.0
251.4
234. 8
340.8
254.7
201.1
224. 7
251.0
235. 9
219.8
271.1
235.6
228.5
284.3
237. 9
227.6
291.3
Oct.
229.0
227.5
291.2
• See footnote 6, table A-9.
' See footnote 7, table A-9.
1 See footnote 8, table A-10.
• Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.
469
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
T able A-12: Federal Civilian Employment by Branch and Agency Group 1
Executive*
Year and month
All branches
Total
Defense
agencies 4
Post Office
D epartm ent5
All other
agencies
Legislative
Judicial
Government
corporations3
Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1939.................. .
1943............ .......
968, 596
3,183,235
935, 493
3,138, 838
207, 979
2, 304, 752
319, 474
364,092
408, M0
469, 994
5, 373
6, 171
2,260
2, 636
25, 470
35, 590
1948: Febm ary.
March___
April.......
M ay____
Ju n e........
July------August__
September
October__
November
December.
1,986, 946
1,996,306
2,010,189
2,025, 801
2,038,194
2,065, 672
2,073, 728
2,083. 630
2,070,035
2,078, 661
2, 380, 239
1,947,317
L 956', 507
1,970, 562
1,986,188
1,998,797
2,026,086
2, 034, 538
2,044,087
2,036,951
2.039,218
2,340,902
895,850
897,917
903,814
909,885
916,864
919, 784
924, 555
933,214
931, 918
934, 509
937,178
427, 480
431,691
438,824
442,661
442, 588
452,932
455, 549
457,003
458, 414
459,685
759,268
623,987
626,899
627,924
633,642
639,345
653,370
654,434
653,870
646,619
645,024
644,456
7,101
7,217
7, 186
7, 257
7, 308
7, 305
7,341
7,377
7,355
7,443
7,343
3, 470
3, 462
3, 461
3, 468
3,459
3, 477
3, 495
3, 485
3, 500
3, 537
3, 512
29,058
29,120
28, 980
28,888
28, 630
28, 804
28,354
28,681
28, 229
28, 463
28,482
1949: January...
February.
2,089, 607
2,089,099
2,050, 381
i, 049, 787
933,670
935, 216
475, 832
475,018
640,879
639,553
7, 414
7,420
3,538
3, 552
28, 274
28, 340
Continental United States
1939.
1943.
926, 659
2, 913, 534
897,602
2,875,928
179,381
2,057,696
318,802
363, 297
399,419
454, 935
5, 373
6.171
2,180
2, 546
21, 504
28, 889
1948: February..
M arch___
April____
M ay_____
June_____
July...........
August . . .
September.
October__
November.
December.
1,760,914
1, 770,672
1, 781,238
1,795, 611
L 808, 240
1,839, 560
L 854,250
1,868, 606
L 868,871
1,876.482
2,181,798
1, 728, 482
1,738,043
1,748,658
1,763,092
1, 775,838
1,806,926
1,821,574
1, 836,008
1,836,310
1.843.888
2,149.306
705,792
708,934
710, 991
717,072
724,683
732,217
742,925
756, 500
762, 682
770,286
777,474
425,998
430,116
437,242
441,076
440,977
451,339
453,926
455,372
456,708
457.972
756, 549
596,692
598,993
600,425
604,944
610,178
623,370
624,723
624,136
616,920
615, 630
615,283
7,101
7,217
7,186
7, 257
7,308
7,305
7,341
7,377
7,355
7,443
7,343
3, 396
3, 388
3, 387
3, 3y4
3, 388
3, 406
3, 424
3, 409
3. 426
3, 462
3,437
21, 935
22,024
22,007
21,706
21, 923
21,911
21,812
21, 780
21,689
21,712
1949: January...
February.
1, 896,032
L 897', 725
1, 863, 569
1,865,196
777,679
781,956
474,096
473,285
611,794
609,955
7, 414
7, 420
3, 463
3,476
21, 586
21, 633
1 Employment represents an average for the year or is as of the first of the
m onth. Data for the legislative and judicial branches and for all Govern
ment corporations except the Panama R. R. Co. are reported directly to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for the executive branch and for the Pana
ma R. R. Co. are reported through the Civil Service Commission but differ
from those published by the Civil Service Commission in the following
respects: (1) Exclude seamen and trainees who are hired and paid by private
steamship companies having contracts with the Maritime Commission,
included by Civil Service Commission starting January 1947; (2) exclude
substitute rural mail carriers, included by the Civil Service Commission since
September 1945; (3) include in December the additional postal employment
necessitated by the Christmas season, excluded from published Civil Service
Commission figures starting 1942; (4) include an upward adjustment to Post
Office Department employment prior to December 1943 to convert temporary
substitute employees from a full-time equivalent to a name-count basis,
the latter being the basis on which data for subsequent months have been
reported; (5) the Panama R. R. Co. is shown under Government corpora
tions here, but is included under the executive branch by the Civil Service
Commission; (6) employment published by the Civil Service Commission
as of the last day of the month is presented here as of the first day of the next
month.
Data for Central Intelligence Agency are excluded.
3
From 1939 through June 1943, employment was reported for all areas
monthly and employment within continental United States was secured by
deducting the number of persons outside the continental area, which was
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
21, 868
estimated from actual reports as of January 1939 and 1940 and of July 1941
and 1943. From July 1943, through December 1946, employment within
continental United States was reported monthly and the number of persons
outside the country (estimated from quarterly reports) was added to secure
employment in all areas. Beginning January 1947, employment is reported
monthly both inside and outside continental United States.
3 Data for current months cover the following corporations: Federal Reserve
banks, mixed ownership banks of the Farm Credit Administration, and
the Panama R. R. Co. Data for earlier years include at various times the
following additional corporations: Inland Waterways Corporation, Spruce
Production Corporation, and certain employees of the Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation and of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency,
Treasury Department. Corporations not included in this column are under
the executive branch,
* Covers the National Military Establishment, Maritime Commission,
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, The Panama Canal, and
until their abolition or amalgamation with a peacetime agency, the agencies
c r e a te d s p e c ific a lly to m e e t w a r a n d r e c o n v e r s io n e m e rg e n c ie s .
« For ways in which data difier from published figures of the Civil Service
Commission, see footnote 1. Employment figures include fourth-class post*
masters in all months. Prior to July 1945, clerks at third-class post offices
were hired on a contract basis and therefore, because of being private em
ployees, are excluded here. They are included beginning July 1945, how
ever, when they were placed on the regular Federal pay roll by congressional
action.
470
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
MONTHLY LABOR
T able A-13: Federal Civilian Pay Rolls by Branch and Agency Group 1
[In th o u sa n d s]
E x e c u tiv e a
Y e a r a n d m o n th
A ll b r a n c h e s
T o ta l
D e fe n s e
a g e n c ie s *
L e g is la tiv e
P o s t O ffice
D ep a rtm en t8
J u d ic ia l
A ll o th e r
a g en cies
G overn m en t
c o r p o r a tio n s 3
T o ta l (in c lu d in g a reas o u ts id e c o n tin e n ta l U n it e d S ta te s )
1939....................
1944 A..................
$1, 757, 292
8, 301, 111
$1, 692, 824
8, 206, 411
$357, 628
6,178,387
$586,347
864,947
$748, 849
1,163,077
$14, 767
18,127
$6,691
9; 274
$43,010
67,299
1948: February..
M arch.......
April____
M ay..........
June....... .
J u ly ..........
August___
September.
October__
November.
December .
445,134
498,325
477,620
474, 725
505, 345
528, 437
543. 421
547, 818
533,834
550, 308
624, 693
435,894
488, 676
468,100
465,356
495, 792
518, 639
533, 523
537,969
523,860
540, 393
614, 566
191,372
218, 706
204. 606
205, 912
225, 440
223, 968
229, 236
232, 975
225, 675
235, 507
245,159
98,054
102,124
100, 894
100, 925
102, 653
121,677
122,320
121, 908
124,095
125,130
178,899
146, 468
167, 846
162,600
158, 519
167,699
172, 994
181,967
183, 086
174,090
179, 756
190, 508
2,414
2,499
2,482
2,469
2,536
2,600
2,695
2,694
2,656
2,682
2; 722
1,199
1,343
1,322
1, 207
1Í 279
Ï, 301
1,390
1,453
1 419
1,468
6,627
5,807
5, 716
5,693
5,738
5,897
5, 813
5,702
5,864
5,814
5,937
1949: January__
February..
537,835
517, 921
527,836
508,053
230, 653
218,909
121, 598
121, 768
175, 585
167, 376
2, 657
2, 650
1,352
1, 306
5,990
5,912
1,454
C o n tin e n ta l U n it e d S ta te s
1944«...................
$7, 628,017
$7, 540,825
$5, 553,166
$862, 271
$1,125,388
$18,127
$8,878
$60,187
1948: February..
March___
April____
M ay_____
July..........
August___
September.
October. . .
November.
December-
408,614
456, 878
439, 691
434. 657
461, 406
487,057
501, 794
506, 281
491, 288
509, 069
581,480
399,975
447,901
430,845
426,011
452,529
478,016
492, 593
497, 084
482, 045
499.801
572, 012
161,996
185, 284
174, 409
174,209
189,974
191,686
197,058
200, 912
192, 530
203, 323
211, 614
97, 703
101, 765
100, 543
100,570
102, 306
121, 263
121,906
121, 479
123, 633
124, 667
178,151
140, 276
160, 852
155,893
151,232
160, 249
165,067
173, 629
174, 693
165, 882
171,811
182, 247
2,414
2,499
2,482
2, 469
2, 536
2,600
2, 695
2, 694
2.656
2, 682
2, 722
1,165
lj 305
Í, 287
1,174
1, 242
1,263
1.351
1,414
1,413
1,379
li 428
6,060
5.173
5,077
5,003
5,099
5,178
5,155
5,089
5.174
5, 207
5,318
1949: January__
F ebruary..
498,545
480, 317
489, 331
471,184
200, 204
189, 644
121,154
121, 325
167, 973
160,215
2, 657
2,650
1,314
1,268
5,243
5,215
June_____
' Data are from a series revised June 1947 to adjust pay rolls, which from
July 1945 until December 1946 were reported for pay periods ending during the
month, to cover the entire calendar month. Data for the executive branch
and for the Panama R. R. Co. are reported through the Civil Service Com
mission. Data for the legislative and judicial branches and for all Govern
ment corporations except the Panama R. R. Co. are reported directly to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for Central Intelligence Agency are
excluded.
1 From 1939 through May 1943, pay rolls were reported for all areas monthly.
Beginning June 1943, some agencies reported pay rolls for all areas and some
reported pay rolls for the continental area only. Pay rolls for areas outside
continental United States from June 1943 through November 1946 (except
for the National Military Establishment for which these data were reported
monthly during most of this period) were secured by multiplying employ
ment in these areas (see footnote 2, table A-12, for derivation of the employ
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ment) by the average pay per person in March 1944, as revealed in a survey
as of that date, adjusted for the salary increases given in July 1945 and July
1946. Beginning December 1946 pay rolls for areas outside the country are
reported monthly by most agencies.
3 See footnote 3, table A-12.
4 See footnote 4, table A-12.
8 Beginning July 1946, pay is included of clerks at third-class post offices
who previously were hired on a contract basis and therefore were private
employees and of fourth-class postmasters who previously were recompensed
by the retention of a part of the postal receipts. Both these groups were
placed on a regular salary basis in July 1945 by congressional action.
« Data are shown for 1944, instead of 1943 as in the other Federal tables,
because pay rolls for employment in areas outside continental United States
are not available prior to June 1943.
471
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
T able A-14: Civilian Government Employment and Pay Rolls in Washington, D. C., by Branch and
Agency Group 1
Federal
Year and month
District of
T otal
Columbia
government government
Executive
Total
All agencies
Defense
agencies *
Post Office
Depart
ment*
Legislative
Judicial
All other
agencies
Em ploym ent1
1039......................
1943......................
143, 548
300,914
13,978
15; 874
129, 570
285,040
123, 773
278,363
18,761
144,319
6,099
8,273
99,913
125,771
5, 373
6,171
424
506
1948: February...
M arch........
April..........
M ay...........
June_____
July............
August___
September.
October___
November.
December. _
224, 517
226,256
227, 627
228,877
229, 526
233, 308
234,253
235,063
234, 544
236, 478
242,659
18, 625
18; 668
18', 626
18, 682
18,848
19, 294
18, 882
18, 853
18, 564
19,065
18, 764
205,892
207,588
209,001
210,195
210,678
214,014
215,371
216, 210
215,980
217, 413
223,895
198, 201
199,784
201, 227
202,350
202,782
206,110
207,438
208, 245
208,036
209, 373
215,955
65, 543
66, 050
66, 635
67,212
67, 592
69,056
70, 217
70, 771
70, 666
71,084
72,219
7,235
7, 412
7,396
7,380
7,387
7,499
7,486
7, 551
7, 589
7,702
12,015
125,423
126,322
127,196
127,758
127,803
129, 555
129,735
129,923
129,781
130, 587
131, 721
7,101
7,217
7,186
7,257
7,308
7, 305
7,341
7,377
7,355
7,443
7,343
590
587
588
588
588
599
692
588
589
597
697
1949: January__
February...
237,493
238, 856
18, 880
19,013
218,613
219.843
210, 596
211,819
71,202
71,723
7,623
7,613
131, 771
132,483
7, 414
7,420
603
604
Pay rolls (in thousands)
1939.
1943.
1948: February...
M arch____
April..........
M ay...........
June_____
Ju ly ...........
August___
September.
October__
November.
December..
19
49: January...
February.
$305,741
737,792
$25,226
32; 884
$280, 515
704,908
$264, 541
685,510
$37,825
352,007
$12, 524
20,070
$214,192
313,433
$14,765
17,785
$1,209
1,613
57,991
65,336
62,987
63,492
66, 658
67,208
71, 251
73, 551
70, 755
73, 223
78,846
4,281
4, 518
A 495
4,422
4,561
3; 461
3, 480
4,607
4,450
4; 528
L 741
53,710
60,818
58i 492
59,070
62,097
63, 747
67, 771
68, 944
66, 305
68, 695
74,105
51,099
58,104
55, 799
56,400
59,350
60,931
64, 848
66,020
63,421
65, 782
71,139
15,910
17,900
16,324
18,045
19. 250
20, 235
21,114
22,141
20, 908
21, 656
22, 526
2,165
2, 340
2, 277
2, 234
2, 300
2, 651
2,695
2, 722
2,684
2, 750
3,704
33,024
37,864
37,198
36,121
37,800
38,045
41,039
41,157
39, 829
41, 376
44,909
2,414
2, 499
2, 482
2,469
2, 536
2,600
2, 695
2,694
2, 656
2,682
2, 722
197
215
211
211
216
228
230
228
231
244
71,401
62, 287
4,646
4, 414
66, 755
63,873
63,872
61,005
20, 687
19,692
2,132
2,135
41,053
39,178
2,657
2,650
226
218
1Data for the legislative and judicial branches and District of Columbia
Government are reported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for the
executive branch are reported through the Civil Service Commission but
differ from those published by the Civil Service Commission in the following
respects: (1) Include in December the temporary additional postal employ
ment necessitated by the Christmas season, excluded from published Civil
Service Commission figures starting 1942; (2) include an upward adjustment
to Post Office Department employment prior to December 1943 to convert
temporary substitute employees from a full-time equivalent to a namecount basis, the latter being the basis on which data for subsequent months
have been reported; (3) exclude persons working without compensation or
for $1 a year or month, included by the Civil Service Commission from
June through November 1943; (4) employment published by the Civil
Service Commission as of the last day of the month is presented here as of
the first day of the next month.
Beginning January 1942, data for the executive branch cover, in addition to
the area inside the District of Columbia, the adjacent sections of Maryland
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
201
ind Virginia which are defined by the Bureau of the Census as in the metro
politan area. Data for Central Intelligence Agency are excluded.
* Covers the National Military Establishment, Maritime Commission,
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, The Panama Canal, and
intil their abolition or amalgamation with a peacetime agency, the agencies
jreated specifically to meet war and reconversion emergencies.
t
xitotto
r\ a t o rlifF o r f r n m
n n h li s h p H fifiTlTfiS Of t h f i
Commission, see footnote 1.
,
. ... ..
4
Yearly figures represent averages. Monthly figures represent U) tne
number of regular employees in pay status on the first day of the mouth plus
the number of intermittent employees who were paid during the preceding
month for the executive branch, (2) the number of employees on the pay roll
with pay during the pay period ending just before the first of the month
for the legislative and judicial branches, and (3) the number of employees on
the pay roll with pay during the pay period ending on or just before the last
of the month for the District of Columbia Government.
472
MONTHLY LABOE
B: LABOR T URN-OVER
T able A-15: Personnel and Pay in Military Branch of Federal Government1
f in th o u sa n d s]
Personnel (average for year or as of first of month) 3
Type of pay
Year and month
Total
Army and
Air Forces3
1939___________ ____ ______
1943_________ _____________
8 ,944
6,733
1948: February______________
March________________
April_________________
M ay____ ________ ____
June__________________
July--------------------------August_______________
September____________
October______________
November_____________
December_____ _______
1,419
1,423
1,417
1,420
1,439
1,463
1, 514
1.548
1. 585
1,610
1,628
905
909
906
917
930
940
978
1949: J a n u a ry .......... ...... ........ .
February. _ __________
1,644
1,687
345
Marine
Corps
Navy
192
124
1, 744
19
311
80
80
79
80
82
84
1,042
1,057
1,072
414
413
412
403
407
420
430
432
438
446
449
1,089
1,127
447
450
86
1,010
Coast
Guard
86
86
87
Family al Leave pay
Pay rolls 4 Musteringout pay { lowances 8 ments 7
156
$331, 523
11,181,079
$331, 523
10,14«, 745
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
» 21
22
281, 423
285,Oil
285, 210
278,967
277,368
276, 590
278, 234
292,040
294,843
298. 971
294,061
240, 493
242,969
247,452
242, 292
243,239
246, 422
244. 547
251, 398
259,175
264,137
260. 046
$11, 838
13, 051
9.751
9,057
5, 756
2, 516
3, 955
9, 292
5. 818
5. 733
5. 221
23. 567
24, 997
25, 414
25, 736
26, 476
26,353
27, 756
28. 115
28, 253
28. 534
28, 605
$5, 526
3,995
2,593
1,882
1,898
1,299
1, 976
3,235
1, 598
' 567
190
22
22
299, 593
289,960
265,618
257, 503
5,023
4, 210
28,709
28,163
243
85
10
84
85
85
1 Except for Army personnel for 1939 which is from the Annual Report of
the Secretary of War, all data are from reports submitted to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics by the various military branches. Because of rounding,
totals will not necessarily add to the sum of the items shown.
3 Includes personnel on active duty, the missing, those in the hands of the
enemy, and those on terminal leave through October 1, 1947, when lump-sum
terminal-leave payments at time of discharge were started.
3 Prior to March 1944, data include persons on induction furlough. Prior
to .Tune 1942 and after April 1945, Philippine Scouts are included.
4 Pay rolls are for personnel on active duty; they include payment of per
sonnel while on terminal leave through September 1947. For officers this
applies to all prior periods and for enlisted personnel back to October 1, 1946
only. Beginning October 1, 1947, they include lump-sum terminal-leave
payments made at time of discharge. Coast Guard pay rolls for all periods
and Army pay rolls through April 1947 represent actual expenditures. Other
Total
SI 032 334
data represent estimated obligations based on an average monthly personnel
count. Pay rolls for the Navy and Coast Guard include cash payments for
clothing-allowance balances in January, April, July, and October.
* R e p r e s e n ts a c tu a l e x p e n d itu r e s.
• R e p r e s e n ts G o v e r n m e n t’s c o n tr ib u tio n .
th e p a y ro lls.
In
T h e m e n ’s sha re is in c lu d e d
7 Leave payments were authorized by Public Law 704 of the 79th Congress
and were continued by Public Law 254 of the 80th Congress to enlisted per
sonnel discharged prior to September 1, 1946, for accrued and unused leave,
and to officers and enlisted personnel then on active duty for leave accrued
in excess of 60 days. Value of bonds (representing face value, to which in
terest is added when bonds are cashed) and cash payments are included.
Lump-sum payments for terminal leave, which were authorized by Public
Law 350 of the 80th Congress, and which were started in October 1947, are
excluded here and included under pay rolls.
B: Labor Turn-Over
T able B -l: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Bates (Per 100 Employees) in Manufacturing Industries,
by Class of Turn-Over 1
Class of turn-over and year
Total accession:
1949____________________________________
1948________________________________
1947__________ _____ ___
1946 _________________________ _ .
_
1939 3_________________
Total separation;
1949________________________________
1948_____________
.
1947_____________________________
1946 _____________ . .
1939 3____________
Quit: 4
1949_____________________________
1948___ _______________________
.
1947__________________
.
1946_____________
1939 *....................
Discharge:
1949_____________________________
1948 ______________
1947__________________
1946__________________
19393_________
Jan.
3 3.3
4.6
6.0
8. 5
4.1
3 4.7
4.3
4. 9
6. 8
3.2
2 1.8
2.6
35
43
.y
2.3
.4
.4
.1
Feb.
Mar.
3. 9
5.0
M iscellaneous, in c lu d in g m i l i t a r y : 4
1949_______________
1948______________________
1947____________________
1946_____________
2 2.5
1.2
.9
1. 8
2. 2
2.1
.1
.1
9
4.1
4.8
3.1
4.0
5.1
6.7
2.9
42
45
6.3
4.5
49
6.6
June
July
3.3
5.7
55
6.7
3.9
4.7
4.9
7.4
4.2
47
5.2
6.3
3.5
4.3
54
6.3
3.5
4.5
4.7
5.7
3.3
44
4.6
5.8
3.3
3.0
3.7
4.3
g
2.8
.6
3.5
42
.8
2.9
3.1
4.0
7
2.9
3.1
4.6
.4
.4
.5
.i
4
4
.4
.1
4
^4
’4
,i
3
^4
4
.]
4
4
’4
1. 2
.8
1.2
1.7
1.9
.9
1.2
1.0
1 8
2.2
2.6
] 1
1.4
15
2.7
.1
.1
,2
.1
.1
2
2.6
2. 5
3.2
3. 9
1 Month-to-month changes in total employment, in manufacturing indus
tries as indicated by labor turn-over rates are not precisely comnarable to
those shown by the Bureau’s employment and pay-roll reports, as the former
are based on data for the entire month, while the latter, for the most part,
refer to a 1-week period ending nearest the 15th of the month. The turn
over sample is not so extensive as that of the employment and pay
roll survey—proportionately fewer small plants are included; printing and
publishing, and certain seasonal industries, such as canning and preserving.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
May
4.0
5.1
7.1
3.3
6 8
3 1
2 8
L a v -o ff:3
" 1949_____________________________
1948________________________
1947_________________ .
1946 _______________________ ..
1939 3______________________
Apr.
14
6 1
3.5
4.2
7
1
.1
2
1
_2
J3
Aug.
Sept.
5.0
f, 2
7.0
5.1
5.1
5.9
7.1
5.1
5.3
5.4
5.9
6.9
6.6
3.0
3.4
4.0
5.3
2.8
3.9
4.5
5.3
Oct.
4.5
5.5
6.8
5.9
4.5
5.0
6.3
2.9
2.8
3.6
4.7
1.1
.4
1
1 i
1 i
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.0
1.2
2.5
2.1
1.0
1.6
1.0
1.8
.1
1
*]
2 2.7
4.1
4.0
n
3.0
A 9
3.7
4. 0
9 *
Z. Z
Z. i
97
8
1.7
Z. 9
9n
y
.
A
.3A
a
.1
.1
Dec.
3.9
4.8
57
4.1
A
.1
95
Nov.
9
A
o. D
4.3
2.8
A
.1
.1
1 A
Q
7
9 9
Q
1.0
¿0
2.7
.1
.1
1
!i
are not covered. Plants on strike are also excluded. See Note, table B-2.
2 Preliminary figures.
3 Prior to 1943, rates relate to wage earners only.
4 Prior to September 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with
quits.
8 Including temporary, indeterminate (of more than 7 days’ duration), and
permanent lay-oils.
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
473
B: LABOR TURN OVER
T able B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-over Rates (per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Industries1
Separation
Industry group and industry
Total accession
Jan.
1949 2
Dec.
1948
Jan.
1949 2
Dec.
1948
Jan.
1949 2
Dec.
1948
Jan.
1949 2
Miscellaneous,
including
military
Lay-ofl
Discharge
Quit
Total
Dec.
1948
Jan.
1949 2
Dec.
1948
Jan.
1949 2
Dec.
1948
M A NUFACTURING
3.1
3.6
2.7
2.7
5.0
4.5
4.3
4.4
1.7
1.9
1.8
1.7
0.3
.3
0.3
.3
2.8
2.2
2.1
2.3
0.2
.1
0.1
.1
Iron and steel and their products- ____
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills
Gray-iron castings ___________ . .
Malleable-iron castings________ .
Steel castings _______________ .
Cast-iron pipe and fittings_________
Tin cans and other tinware _ _
Wire products. . . .
_________
Cutlery and edge tools__________ .
Tools (except edge tools, machine tools, files, and
saws)____________ _________ .
Hardware________ __________
Stoves, oil burners, and heating equipment
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam
fittings___________ ____ ..
Stamped and enameled ware and galvanizing
Fabricated structural-metal products
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets____
Forgings, iron and steel_________
2.7
2.7
3.4
2.8
2.3
1.9
2.6
2.5
2.7
2.2
2.0
2.6
3.3
2.6
1.6
4.8
1.8
1.3
3.8
2.2
7.1
7.9
4.6
2.6
9.4
2.8
3.0
3.6
2.2
7.3
6.6
4.0
2.3
7.0
2.6
5.5
1.5
1.4
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.7
1.6
2.4
2.6
1.7
1.4
2.0
1.0
1.2
.3
.2
.6
.5
.4
.2
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.5
.5
.3
.2
.4
.3
.3
1.8
.3
4.4
5.4
2.4
.8
7.2
1.1
1.1
1.4
.2
4.2
3.3
1.9
.6
4. 5
1.1
3.9
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.3
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
2.1
2.6
3.1
1.5
2.5
1.3
3.1
5.2
9.5
2.5
4.3
13.7
1.0
2.5
1.7
1.2
1.9
1.8
.2
.4
.2
.2
.4
.3
1.8
2.2
7.5
1.0
1.9
11.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
4.2
3.0
3.6
1.9
1.7
3.1
2.3
3.1
1.7
1.9
6.1
7.1
3.6
2.4
3.6
5.7
5.7
3.2
2.6
2.9
2.2
1.5
1.6
1.3
1.0
2.0
2.0
1.6
1.2
1.2
.4
.3
.2
.2
.2
.6
.4
.2
.2
.1
3.4
5.1
1.5
.7
2.3
3.1
3.1
1.3
.8
1.5
.1
.2
.3
.2
.1
Electrical machinery_____________ .
Electrical equipment for industrial use—
Radios, radio equipment, and phonographs
Communication equipment, except radios
2.4
1.6
5.3
1.0
2.1
1.5
4.2
1.5
4.1
2.1
6.4
4.2
3.7
1.7
4.4
4.0
1.4
.9
2.7
1.3
1.4
.9
2.2
1.6
.2
.1
.4
.1
.2
.1
.4
.2
2.4
.9
3.1
2.7
2.0
.6
1.7
2.0
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
Machinery, except electrical_________
Engines and turbines________
Agricultural machinery and tractors
Machine tools________________
Machine-tool accessories_____
Metal working machinery and equipment, not
elsewhere classified____
General industrial machinery, except pumps
Pumps and pumping equipm ent...
2.2
3.5
2.7
1.5
2.7
2.1
3.0
2.7
1.7
2.5
3.9
3.4
3.2
3.8
5.3
3.3
4.1
2.8
3.3
4.5
1. 2
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.1
1.4
.3
.3
.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
2.2
1.9
1.1
2.4
4.0
1.6
2.4
.5
1.9
2.8
.2
.2
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
1.4
2.2
2.2
1.6
2.3
2.4
4.0
3.3
2.9
2.7
2.9
2.8
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.1
1.5
1.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.5
2.4
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.0
.9
.1
.1
.1
.1
6.2
4.7
2.6
12.0
5.5
3.5
3.0
11.9
6.6
4.8
2.8
13.0
6.8
3.3
1.3
17.3
1.8
1.9
1.2
2.1
1.6
1.8
.8
1.8
.3
.3
.3
.4
.3
.3
.2
.7
4.4
2.5
1.2
10.4
4.8
1.1
.2
14. 7
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
Automobiles..
. . __ ________
Motor vehicles, bodies, and trailers
Motor-vehicle parts and accessories
3.1
3.3
2.8
3.4
3.9
2.4
5.5
5.6
5.3
4.4
4.6
3.6
2.3
2.7
1.3
2.4
2.8
1.4
.4
.4
.3
.4
.4
.3
2.7
2.3
3.4
1.4
1.2
1.8
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
Nonferrous metals and their products.
Primary smelting and refining, except aluminum
and magnesium.. ._ _. . . .
Rolling and drawing of copper alloys___
Lighting equipm ent._______
Nonferrous metal foundries, except aluminum and
magnesium_____ __ __ ____
2. 5
2.0
5.0
4.4
1.2
1.3
.3
.3
3.4
2.7
.1
.1
.9
.8
.9
.3
.1
.2
.3
.2
.3
1.1
1.9
6.9
.6
.6
3. 5
.2
.2
.2
Durable goods____________ _______
Nondurable goods______________________________
Durable goods
Transportation equipment, except automobiles
A ircraft... . . . ___ . . . . . .
Aircraft parts, including engines
Shipbuilding and repairs... . .
.2
4.3
1.9
1.5
.7
.3
3.9
2.3
.1
.2
2.2
2.2
1.6
3.1
2.4
1.9
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
4.1
2.7
2.9
3.0
2.1
2.2
.1
.1
3.2
2.6
4. 4
2.8
3.3
2.8
2.0
6.6
5.1
4.8
6.4
4.8
4.3
Furniture and finished lumber products
fe Furniture, including mattresses and bedsprings...
4.2
4.0
2.4
2.4
7.9
8.3
5.9
6.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.1
.5
.6
.4
.4
5.1
5.5
3.4
3.5
Stone, clay, and glass products ... ______
Glass and glass p ro d u cts___ ______ .
Cement . . . . . .
. . . . ... _ . ...
Brick, tile, and terra cotta _______ _
Pottery and related products_____
_________
2.1
2.5
1.9
2.5
2.1
2.2
2.7
1.7
2.5
4.2
5.8
2.3
4. 1
2.9
3.8
5.6
2.5
3.6
1.6
1.3
1.4
2.4
1.6
1.3
1.5
2.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.3
.2
.5
.4
2.1
4.0
.5
1.2
1.7
3.9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.1
6.6
2.6
3.0
8.1
Lumber and timber basic products .
Saw m ills_______ _________
Planing and plywood mills__________
Seejfootnotes attend of table.
.1
.1
1.0
.8
1.0
1.6
2.0
2.3
2.6
.2
.1
.4
.1
2.0
1.8
4.7
1.5
1.1
1.8
4.3
(3)
3.3
2.0
2.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
.8
.7
(3)
.2
(3)
(3)
.1
.2
.2
.2
.3
.1
.1
.2
.1
(3)
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
474
B: LABOR TURN-OVER
T
a b l e
MONTHLY LABOR
B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-over Rates (per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and
Industries 1—Continued
S e p a r a tio n
I n d u s t r y gro u p a n d in d u s t r y
Total accession
Total
Jan.
1949 2
Dec.
1948
Jan.
1949 2
Quit
Dec.
1948
Jan.
1949 8
Discharge
Dec.
1948
Jan.
1949 2
Miscellaneous,
including
military
Lay-off
Dee.
1948
Jan.
1949 2
Dec.
1948
Jan.
1949 2
Dec.
1948
M A N U FA CTU EIN G —Continued
Nondurable goods
Textile-mill products............................................. .........
Cotton________________ ___________________
Silk and rayon goods________________________
Woolen and worsted, except dyeing and finishing.
Hosiery, full-fashioned..._____ ____ ___________
Hosiery, seamless_____ _____ _______________
K nitted underwear________________________ _
Dyeing and finishing textiles, including woolen
and worsted_______ ______________________
2.7
2.9
2.5
2.1
2.2
3.5
2.4
Apparel and other finished textile products________
M en’s and boys’ suits, coats, and overcoats_____
M en’s and boys’ furnishings, work clothing, and
allied garments___________________ ____ ___
4.2
1.7
Leather and leather products____________________
Leather__________ ______ ________ ____ _____
Boots and shoes_______________ _____________
4.0
2.5
4.2
3.7
2.0
4.1
Food and kindred products______________________
Meat p ro d u cts_________ ___________________
Grain-mill products_________________________
4.8
5.7
2.0
4.4
6.1
1.9
5.9
6.7
2.5
Tobacco manufactures_____ _____________________
3.8
2.1
3.9
5.2
2.0
1.8
.3
Paper and allied products_______________________
Paper and pulp_____________________________
Paper boxes....................... ........................................
1.9
1.4
2.2
1.6
1.4
1.9
3.0
2.4
4.6
2.5
2.1
3.7
1.4
1.2
1.9
1.3
1.1
1.9
.3
.2
.5
Chemicals and allied products______ _____________
Paints, varnishes, and colors...___ ______ _____
Rayon and allied products____________________
Industrial chemicals, except explosives........... ......
1.3
1.0
.9
1.4
1.0
.9
.7
1.1
2.3
2.1
2.5
2.3
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.8
.7
.8
.6
.7
.7
.9
.6
.8
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
Products of petroleum and coal............. .................. ......
Petroleum refining___________ ______ ________
.8
.5
.6
.6
1.3
1.0
1.1
.8
.4
.3
.4
.3
.1
.1
Rubber products___________________________ ____
Rubber tires and inner tubes_________________
Rubber footwear and related products...................
Miscellaneous rubber industries_______________
2.2
1.4
2.8
3.3
1.7
.8
2.8
2.5
3.9
2.6
6.6
3.9
3.9
2.8
5.5
4.6
1.6
1.1
2.6
1.8
1.4
.8
2.3
1.8
.1
.3
.3
Miscellaneous industries______ ____________ _____
2.2
2.5
1.8
2.3
1.5
3.3
.9
4.2
4.5
4.3
5.9
2.8
4.3
4.9
3.6
4.1
3.3
4.3
2.6
4.4
5.6
2.0
1.2
3.0
2.2
4.9
4.4
2.8
3.5
5.3
3.0
5.2
5.0
6.6
6.3
3.5
3.4
2.7
3.5
3.3
2.4
3.4
2.2
1.1
2.5
7.1
7.0
2.7
2.1
2.2
1.6
2.1
2.3
1.5
«
2.0
(4)
3.2
1.9
2.3
1.7
1.0
1.6
2.5
2.2
1.6
2.0
1.4
.9
1.4
1.8
1.8
0.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
0.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.8
.8
.2
.4
2.8
2.0
2.2
1.6
.3
.2
.2
.1
2.6
.2
.2
2.0
1.1
2.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.5
.7
.3
.6
.8
.4
(4)
1.1
1.7
1.7
1.6
3.0
1.0
2.5
3.6
0.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
(3)
(3)
1.9
.9
.1
2.2
.8
2.8
3.3
(3)
0
0
0
2.9
3.5
0
0
.9
1.3
.7
1.0
1.1
.9
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
3.2
3.7
.5
4.2
3.7
.7
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.3
1.5
3.1
.1
.2
.2
.3
1.2
.9
2.0
.9
.7
1.4
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
1.3
1.0
.6
1.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
( 3)
.6
(3)
.4
.6
.4
.3
.7
Mi
.3
2.0
1.3
3.6
1.7
2.1
1.7
2.7
2.3
.2
.1
.3
.3
.2
(4)
2.0
1.8
2.3
4.6
.9
1.7
2.5
(4)
1.8
0.1
.1
.1
.2
0
0
0
.1
0
.1
0
Nonmanufacturing
Metal mining____________ __________ ___________
Iron-ore____________________________________
Copper-ore_________________________________
Lead- and zinc-ore__________________________
3.8
2.4
5.5
3.4
4.4
1.9
6.7
4.6
3.8
2.5
5.3
3.2
3.9
2.7
5.0
3.6
2.6
1.0
4.5
2.7
2.7
1.1
4.1
2.8
Coal mining:
Anthracite______________________ ______ ____
Bituminous________________________________
1.7
2. 5
1.4
2.3
1.7
2.6
1.6
2.4
1.1
1.8
1.2
1.9
0
1.3
1.0
(4)
(4)
Public utilities:
Telephone____ ____________________________
Telegraph________________________________
0)
(4)
1.2
.9
(4)
(4)
1 S in c e J a n u a r y 1943 m a n u fa c tu r in g fir m s r e p o r tin g labor tu r n -o v e r in fo r m a
tio n h a v e b e e n a ssig n e d in d u s tr y co d es o n th e b a sis of cu rr en t p r o d u c ts.
M o s t p la n ts in th e e m p lo y m e n t a n d p a y -ro ll sa m p le , c o m p r isin g th o se w h ic h
w ere in o p era tio n in 1939, are cla ssified a cc o rd in g to th e ir m ajor a c t iv it y a t
t h a t tim e , regard less o f a n y s u b s e q u e n t c h a n g e in m a jo r p r o d u c ts. L a b o r
tu r n -o v e r d a ta , b e g in n in g in J a n u a r y 1943, refer to w a g e a n d s a la r y w o rk ers.
1.6
1.9
(4)
(4)
.2
.1
.2
.2
.3
.1
.2
.6
.7
1.0
.5
.2
.7
1.2
.5
.1
.3
.4
.1
.1
.2
.3
.2
.1
.1
(3)
.1
.4
.5
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
(2)
(4)
(4)
.1
.8
.1
.1
E m p lo y m e n t in fo r m a tio n for w a g e a n d s a la r y w o rk ers is a v a ila b le for m ajor
m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr y g ro u p s (ta b le A -3 ); for in d iv id u a l in d u str ie s th e s e
d a ta refer to p r o d u c tio n w o rk ers o n ly (ta b le A -6 ).
2 P r e lim in a r y figu res.
8 L e s s th a n 0.05.
4 N o t a v a ila b le .
N o te : Explanatory notes outlining the concepts, sources, size of the reporting sample, and method
ology used in preparing the data presented in tables B -l and B-2 are contained in the Bureau’s
monthly mimeographed release, “Labor Turn-Over,” which is available upon request.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
0
475
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
C: Earnings and Honrs
T able
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries
M A NUFACTURING
Iron and steel and their products
All manufacturing
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Total: Iron and steel
and their products
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills
Gray-iron and semi
steel castings
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1939: Average_____ $23.86
1941: January_____ 26.64
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
37.7 $0.633 $26. 50
.683 30.48
39.0
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
38.0 $0.698 $21.78
.749 22. 75
40.7
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
37.4 $0. 582 $27.52
.610 31.07
37.3
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
35.3 $0.845 $25.93
.869 30.45
38.7
37.2 $0. 739 $29.88
.769 33.60
40.4
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
37.1
41.2
$0.699
.739
1948: Ja n u ary ..........
February____
M arch.............
April_______
M ay ________
June________
July____ ____
August_____
September___
October_____
November___
December____
52.07
51.75
52.07
51. 79
51.86
52. 85
52. 95
54.05
54.19
54.65
54. 56
55.01
40.5
40.2
40.4
40.1
39.9
40.2
39.8
40.1
39.8
40.0
39.8
40.0
1.285
1.287
1.289
1.292
1.301
1.316
1.332
1.349
1.362
1.366
1.372
1.376
55.46
54.77
55. 25
54.96
54. 81
56.13
56.21
58.19
57. 95
59. 41
58. 71
59.23
40.9
40.5
40.9
40.5
40.1
40.5
40.0
40.7
40.0
40.9
40.4
40.7
1.355
1.352
1.352
1.357
1.366
1.385
1.407
1.431
1.448
1.452
1.454
1.456
48.45
48. 56
48.66
48.33
48. 65
49.37
49.49
49. 79
50.37
49.70
50.18
50. 52
40.0
39.9
39.9
39.6
39.6
39.8
39.5
39.5
39.6
39.1
39.1
39.3
1.210
1.217
1.220
1.220
1.230
1.242
1.252
1.262
1.272
1.271
1.282
1.287
57.43
56. 99
57.28
56. 49
57.39
57.70
57. 71
60. 52
60. 69
62.17
61.72
61.95
40.6
40.4
40.6
39.9
40.3
40.3
39.6
40.3
39.7
40.8
40.5
40.5
1.414
1.409
1.412
1.416
1.423
1.431
1.457
1.501
1.528
1.525
1.526
1.528
60. 58
59. 74
59.26
58.37
60. 54
59. 54
60.37
65.10
66.02
67.02
66.27
66. 00
39.5 1.533
39.5 1. 513
39.4 1.510
38.6 1.513
39.9 1.515
39.3 1. 515
38.7 1.559
39.6 1.642
39.3 1.679
40.4 1.657
40.0 ; 1.657
39.8 1.656
57. 31
57.24
58.47
56.39
55.15
57. 85
56.66
58.26
59.44
59.27
58.45
58. 88
41.6 ,
41.2
41.8
40.2
39.3
40.7
39.8
40.3
40.2
40.2
39.8
40.0
1.379
1.390
1.401
1.404
1.403
1.422
1.426
1.447
1.480
1.475
1.472
1.472
1949: January_____
54. 41
39.4
1.381
58.51
40.1
1.459
50.08
38.7
1.294
61.01
39.9
1.529
66.16
39.7
1.657
57.14
39.0
1.467
Iron and steel and their products—Continued
Malleable-iron
castings
1939: Average......... . $24.16
1941: January-....... . 28. 42
Steel castings
36.0 $0.671 $27.97
.707 32. 27
40.2
Cast-iron pipe and
fittings
36.9 $0. 759 $21.33
41.4
.780 25. 42
Tin cans and other
tinware
36.4 $0. 581 $23.61
.626 25.31
40.5
Cutlery and
tools
Wirework
38.8 $0.611 $25.96
.639 28. 27
39.8
38.1 $0.683 $23.11
.712 -¿5. 90
39.7
39.1
40. 5
$0.601
.652
1948: January_____ 59 03
February....... 57. 44
M arch........... 67 79
April_______ 56 77
M ay ------------ 57. 21
June________ 57 46
J u ly ................ 57.37
August_____ 59 44
September__ 59. 24
October_____ 61. 58
November__ 60. 71
December___ 61.49
41.5
40.8
40.8
39. 8
40.4
40.1
39.9
40. 2
39. 4
40.6
39.9
40.1
1. 420
1.405
1. 414
1. 424
1.415
1.430
1.441
1.470
1. 505
1. 517
1. 527
1.532
59. 48
58. 52
59.88
60.13
60.49
61. 60
58. 71
61. 79
61. 27
63.36
63.92
63.79
41.1
40.5
41.3
41.2
41.3
41.7
40.0
41.4
39.8
41.0
41.3
41.2
1.446
1.445
1.450
1.45$
1.463
1.479
1.467
1.492
1. 539
1.544
1.547
1.547
49. 67
50.42
50.21
48. 52
51.07
52.74
51.94
52.84
53.93
55.08
56. 97
57.06
40.4
40.3
40.1
38.5
40.2
40.9
40.5
40.6
41.1
41.7
42.9
42.9
1. 225 51.45
1. 250 50.44
1.248 49. 76
1. 258 49. 65
1.271 50.98
1.288 63.04
1.281 56. 99
1.302 57.04
1.309 60.03
1.319 55. 46
1.326 54.51
1.330 56.23
40.7
40.1
39.8
39.8
40.2
41.0
42.0
41.6
42.8
40.3
40.1
41.3
1.263
1. 263
1. 251
1.250
1. 273
1.295
1.362
1. 368
1.401
1.378
1.363
1.363
56. 36
55. 47
55.70
54.96
55.11
55. 82
57.36
58.11
56.91
59. 74
59.47
60.05
41.8
41.1
41.0
40.4
40. 5
40.6
40.0
40.3
39.2
40.8
40.5
40. 5
1.347
1.349
1. 355
1.360
1.367
1.373
1.422
1. 443
1. 451
1.463
1.468
1.481
49.91
50.09
50. 20
49.90
50.22
50. 36
50.03
51. 77
51.25
52.49
52. 89
52. 78
41.8
41.6
41. 5
41.4
41. 2
41. 4
40. 5
41. 6
41.3
42.0
41. 7
41.6
1.192
1.193
1.207
1.205
1.217
1. 216
1.235
1.245
1.240
1.248
1.267
1.269
1949: Ja n u ary .......... 59.31
39.3
1.517
62.21
40.3
1.542
58.09
42.5
1.368
54.45
39.9
1.363
60.18
40.7
1.477
51.96
41.3
1.260
Iron and steel and their products—Continued
Tools (except edge
tools,
machine
tools, files, and
saws)
1939: A verage.......... $24.49
1941: January......... . 29.49
Plumbers’ supplies
Hardware
39.7 $0.618 $23.13
.662 25.24
44.7
38.9 $0. 593 $25.80
.621 27.13
40.9
Stoves, oil burners,
and heating equip
ment, not else
where classified
38.2 $0.676 $25. 25
.696 26.07
39.0
Steam and hotwater heating ap
paratus and steam
fittings
38.1 fO.666 $26.19
38.7
.678 30.98
Stamped and enam
eled ware and gal
vanizing
37.6 $0. 697 $23.92
.732 26.32
42.5
38.1
39.4
$0.627
.665
1948: January_____
February____
M arch........... .
April—............
M ay_______
June________
J u ly .............. .
August_____
September__
October_____
November__
December___
54. 24
54.02
54.68
54.15
54.01
54. 96
54.11
56.53
55.09
56.80
56. 54
56. 80
42.6
42.3
42.6
41.9
41.6
42.1
41.2
42.2
40.6
41.6
41.2
41.5
1. 273
1. 278
1.287
1.293
1.299
1.308
1.314
1.342
1.356
1.366
1.373
1.368
53.29
52. 79
52.63
52. 05
50. 84
52. 22
50. 27
52. 62
52. 62
54.30
54.61
55.04
42.4
42.3
42.0
41.6
40.4
40.6
38.8
40.3
39.5
40.8
40.9
41.2
1.256
1.249
1.252
1. 251
1. 253
1.285
1.295
1.306
1.331
1.331
1.334
1.336
55. 61
55. 26
56. 54
56. 27
66.93
56. 51
56. 48
58.12
56.78
62.31
61.27
62.01
40.8
40.4
41.2
40.6
41.0
40.4
40.2
40.7
38.7
41.4
40.9
41.3
1.365
1.367
1.374
1.386
1.388
1.401
1.405
1.429
1.466
1. 506
1.499
1.501
54.24
54. 59
54.12
54.34
54.18
55.95
55.26
57.04
56.24
58.12
55.02
55.29
40.3
40.2
40.1
39.9
39.7
40.2
39.7
40.5
39.5
40.9
39.0
39.2
1.345
1.358
1.352
1.363
1.366
1.392
1.392
1.411
1.424
1.423
1.410
1.412
54.87
57.07
56.53
56.13
56. 90
57.68
59. 42
58.18
58.39
60.66
60.17
59.34
40.3
41.3
40.9
40.7
40.7
40.7
41.0
40.3
40.3
41.0
40.6
40.3
1.363
1.383
1.380
1.378
1.396
1.418
1.448
1.444
1. 450
1.479
1.482
1.478
53.65
52.42
52.78
52.93
53. 75
53.54
52.62
54.80
53.37
55.97
56.33
57.14
40.7
40.0
40.3
40.1
40.3
40.2
38.6
39.8
38.4
39.9
40.1
40.4
1.319
1.311
1.311
1.321
1.332
1.330
1.363
1.378
1.397
1. 403
1.403
1.414
1949: January_____
55. 85
41.0
1.364
54.14
40.4
1.339
57.26
38.6
1.483
52.22
37.4
1.395
56.61
38.9
1.454
55.63
39.3
1.414
See footnotes at end of table,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
476
T able
C : EARN IN G8 AND HOURS
MONTHLY LABOR
C—1 : Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries 1—Con.
M ANUFACTURING—Continued
Iron and steel and their products—Continued
Year and month
Fabricated s t r u c
tural and orna
m e n ta l m e ta l
work
Metal doors, sash,
frames, molding,
and trim
Bolts, nuts, washers,
and rivets
Forgings, iron and
steel
S c re w - m a c h in e
products and wood
screws
Steel barrels, kegs,
and drums
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
w’kly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
1939: Average.......... $27. 95
1941: January....... . 31.01
38.5 $0. 727
41.8
.743
1948: January...........
February____
M arch.............
April_______
M ay________
June................
July.................
August--------September___
October_____
November___
December........
55. 76
55. 31
56.15
55. 77
57.16
57. 84
55. 39
59. 92
57. 25
61.83
61.74
61.79
41.1
40.9
41.1
40.8
41.2
41.2
39.4
41.1
39.2
42.3
41.9
42.2
1.356 $56. 49
1. 353 55. 88
1. 371 57. 35
1.365 57. 97
1.388 58.55
1.395 61.49
1.398 56. 45
1.447 61.80
1.448 63. 75
1.462 62. 98
1.472 62.43
1.465 63.87
42.0 $1. 346
41.7 1.342
41.1 1.385
41. 2 1.392
41.0 1. 412
42.7 1.439
39.4 1. 435
42.2 1.465
42.7 1.489
42.4 1.478
42.1 1.483
42. 9 1. 488
1949: January_____
61.22
41.5
1.468
41.9
$26. 04
29. 58
62.13
1.475
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
38.4 $0. 767
45.0
.818
55.68
57. 38
59.20
58. 44
57. 88
58. 76
57. 37
60. 97
59. 43
60. 87
61.41
62. 77
40.6
42.0
43.1
42.5
42.2
42.3
41.5
42. 3
40.8
41.5
42.0
42.6
1.369
1.364
1.372
1.375
1.371
1. 386
1. 383
1. 440
1. 454
1.464
1.458
1.472
65. 74
65. 51
64. 42
63.10
62.64
64. 74
63. 44
66. 59
68.82
70. 63
70. 61
71.27
41.6
41. 4
40.8
40.0
40.0
40.7
40.0
40. 4
40. 6
41. 4
41.2
41.7
1. 581 $56. 54
1.583 56. 62
1.579 56. 99
1. 577 56. 30
1. 566 56. 06
1.580 55. 65
1.585 55. 85
1. 647 56. 52
1.695 56. 77
1. 708 58. 61
1.715 57.39
1.708 58.15
42.7 $1. 324 $55. 31
42.8 1.324 51. 35
42.9 1. 327 53.16
42.4 1. 327 53. 49
42.1 1. 331 55. 31
41.9 1.328 55. 41
41.2 1. 355 53.24
41. 2 1.366 58. 39
41.0 1.386 53. 74
41.8 1.400 58, 59
41.2 1.393 59.33
41.6 1.398 62.86
41.0
38.2
39.5
39.2
40.4
40.5
38.6
39.9
36.5
39.7
40.1
41.6
$1. 356
1.343
1.344
1.361
1. 369
1.369
1.381
1.462
1.468
1.477
1.479
1.511
59. 76
40.9
1.459
70.57
41.3
1.708
41.2
39.7
1.489
57. 62
1.400
Electrical equipment
58. 55
Machinery, except
electrical
Electrical machinery
Total: Electrical
machinery
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
37.7 $0. 690 $29. 45
41.9
.706 36. 75
Iron and steel and
their products—
Continued
Firearms
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Radios and phono
graphs
1939: Average........... $27. 28
1941: January_____ 35.09
41.3 $0. 660 $27.09
48.6
.722 31.84
38.6 $0. 702 $27. 95
42.4
.751 33.18
38.7 $0. 722 $22. 34
43.4
.765 24.08
1948: January_____
February,.......
M arch.............
April......... ......
M ay........... .
Ju n e ...............
July.................
August______
September___
October........ .
November___
December____
59.88
60.80
62.33
61.16
61.42
63.10
63.06
61. 73
63.23
64. 47
64. 44
63. 76
41.8
42.1
42.7
41.8
41.9
42.1
42.4
42.1
42.3
42.3
42.2
41.4
1. 434
1. 446
1.460
1.463
1.466
1.489
1.489
1.468
1. 493
1.523
1.528
1.541
54.82
54. 50
54. 41
53. 86
53.70
54. 86
55. 46
57. 49
57. 72
58.17
58.29
58. 29
40.5
40.4
40.3
39.9
39.6
40.0
39.4
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.3
40.3
1. 352
1.348
1. 350
1.350
1.357
1.372
1.407
1. 439
1. 443
1.448
1. 446
1.446
56. 77
56.11
56.23
55.70
55. 41
56.67
57.24
59.18
59. 37
60. 04
60.18
60.41
40.8
40.6
40.5
40.2
39.9
40.3
39.5
40.0
40.0
40.3
40.3
40.5
1.391
1.382
1.388
1.387
1.390
1. 408
1. 449
1.478
1.486
1.492
1.493
1.492
47. 56
47.00
47.00
47.01
46. 97
48.10
49. 45
50. 21
50.66
50. 74
52.09
52. 49
39.6
39.2
39.2
39.1
38.8
39.1
39.7
39.3
39.6
39. 5
40.4
40.3
1.202
1.200
1.199
1.201
1. 211
1.229
1.247
1.279
1.278
1.285
1.288
1.301
1949: January_____
63. 72
41.0
1.544
57. 47
39.8
1.444
59. 67
40.0
1.489
50. 61
39.3
1.289
Communication
equipment
38.5 $0. 581 $28. 74
38.2
.632 32.47
Total: Machinery,
except electrical
38.3 $0. 751 $29.27
41.4
.784 34. 36
39. 3
44.0
$0. 746
.781
54. 64
55. 83
54. 78
53. 49
53. 59
54.06
53.82
57.56
57. 80
58. 21
57.15
55. 74
40.5
41.1
40.5
39.6
39.3
39.7
38.8
40.3
40.6
40.6
40.1
39.6
1.351
1. 359
1. 355
1.353
1.364
1.366
1.387
1.429
1.426
1.435
1.426
1.413
59.13
58.65
59.12
59.30
59.33
60.50
59.83
61.45
61.31
62. 25
61.92
62. 68
41.8
41.4
41.6
41.4
41.2
41.4
40.6
41.0
40.6
41.0
40.7
41.1
1.415
1.417
1.421
1.431
1.441
1.461
1.473
1.498
1.510
1.518
1.520
1.525
56.15
39.5
1.423
61.41
40.4
1.520
Machinery, except electrical—Continued
Machinery and ma Engines and turbines
chine-shop products
1939: Average___
1941: January__
$28. 76
34.00
1948: January__
F ebruary..
March____
A pril.........
M ay_____
June...........
July ..........
August___
September.
October___
November.
December..
1949: January___
A g ric u ltu ra l ma
chinery, excluding
tractors
Tractors
Machine tools
Machine-tool acces
sories
39.4 $0. 730 $28.67
43.7
.777 36.50
37.4 $0. 767 $32.13
44.1
.827 36. 03
38.3 $0.839 $26.46
41.5
.868 29.92
37.0 $0. 716 $32.25
39.5
.757 40.15
42.9 $0. 752 $31. 78
50.4
.797 37.90
40.9
50.0
$0. 777
.758
58. 33
58.11
58. 29
58. 57
59. 05
59. 51
58.81
60. 73
60.42
61.76
61.46
62.11
42.0
41.8
41.8
41.6
41.6
41.6
40.7
41.3
40.7
41.3
41.0
41.5
1.389
1.392
1.395
1.408
1.418
1.432
1.444
1.470
1.486
1.495
1.499
1.499
62.79
62.66
63.31
62. 47
63. 46
63.59
61.53
63. 78
63. 66
66.10
65. 27
66. 96
41.3
41.6
41.6
41.0
41.2
40.2
38.8
40.0
39.4
40.6
40.1
41.1
1.529
1.527
1. 525
1.530
1.543
1.581
1.588
1. 599
1.621
1.634
1.629
1.632
60.10
59. 40
59. 43
60. 08
54.12
61.83
63. 30
64. 33
63. 70
63. 76
61.67
62.84
41.1
40.6
40.6
39.4
35. 5
40.8
41.1
40.5
40.4
40.4
39.3
40.0
1.462
1.464
1.464
1. 526
1.526
1. 516
1. 541
1. 586
1. 578
1.578
1.569
1.572
57.84
57.80
59. 55
58.87
59. 44
61.31
60. 22
60.37
62.20
61.45
60.59
62.18
40.4
40.4
41.0
40.5
40.7
41.1
40.0
39.7
40.5
40.0
39.6
40.1
1.433
1.432
1. 451
1. 455
1. 461
1.493
1.504
1. 529
1.537
1. 534
1.531
1.552
59.64
60. 54
60.58
60. 29
60.63
61.75
61.09
61.85
62.11
63. 31
62.84
63. 09
42.0
42.3
42.3
42.0
42.0
42.0
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.8
41.5
41.6
1.420
1.432
1.433
1.437
1.443
1.469
1.469
1.486
1.492
1.514
1.513
1.516
63.58
63. 59
62.30
63.50
63.19
62.23
62.71
65.17
63. 43
64. 40
63.87
65.54
42.2
42.2
41.8
42.0
41.8
41.4
41.3
41.4
40.6
41.0
40.8
41.7
1.508
1.508
1.491
1. 513
1.514
1.504
1. 518
1.574
1. 564
1.570
1.566
1.572
61.20
40.8
1.499
64.31
39.9
1.616
63.44
40.3
1. 573
60.97
39.4
1.546
61.07
40.6
1.504
64.35
41.1
1.565
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T
a
b
l
e
477
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
C - l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
M A NUFACTURING—Continued
Machinery, except electrical—Continued
Year and month
Textile machinery
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
$26.19
30.13
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Typewriters
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
39.8 $0.660 $23.98
.677 26. 40
44.6
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Cash registers: adding, and calculâting machines
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
37.3 $0.643 $30.38
.675 34.78
39.1
Washing machines,
wringers, and driers, domestic
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Sewing m achines,
domestic and industnal
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn- wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
37.2 $0.821
846
41.4
69. 21
59. 50
61.40
61.01
61.28
62.53
60.61
62. 21
62.86
62. 26
62.24
63. 58
43.1
42.8
43.7
43.5
43.3
43.3
42.1
42.3
42.4
42.1
41.8
42.3
1.374
1.390
1.406
1.403
1.417
1.443
1.440
1.470
1.483
1.480
1.490
1.498
55. 59
55.68
54.62
54.63
53.31
53. 75
54.62
52.78
53.31
48.51
56.11
56. 63
42.6
42.4
42.0
42.0
41.2
41.2
41.5
40.6
40.5
36.9
40.9
41.3
1.305
1.312
1.301
1.301
1.294
1.305
1.317
1.300
1.316
1.316
1.371
1.372
65.39
64.11
65.30
65.62
64. 55
66.43
67.45
66.00
66.04
65.51
66.63
67. 99
42.4
41.6
42.2
42.1
41.5
41.5
41.5
40.8
40.4
40.0
40.8
40.9
1.557 $58. 28
1.554 57.69
1.561 56.38
1.573 58.15
1.570 57.39
1.614 59. 29
1.639 57.05
1.628 61.27
1.646 59.32
1.646 62.13
1.644 61.04
1.673 51.12
42.6 $1.369 $62. 74
41.8 1.382 63.14
41.2 1.370 63.90
42.1 1.383 61.01
41.3 1.390 64.89
41.8 1.417 65.99
39.5 1.445 65.19
41.2 1.486 68.04
39.5 1.500 69.17
41.5 1.498 70.20
40.7 1.499 71.30
35.1 1. 458 71.02
1619: January.......... - 61.15
41.6
1.459
53.59
39.5
1.356
67.33
40.3
1.679
37.6
1Q4S- .Tannarv____
February____
M arch______
A p ril_______
M ay________
June _______
July _______
A u g u st_____
September___
October_____
November----December____
Refrigerators and refrigeration equipment
54.02
1.446
68. 62
42.4 $1. 476 $57.62
42.8 1.476 52. 55
43.0 1.483 55.51
42.3 1.434 55. 99
41.8 1. 551 56. 72
42.5 1. 553 59.47
41.5 1.571 57.22
43.1 1.578 59.40
43.1 1.604 60.07
43.7 1.608 62.60
44.0 1.618 61.02
44.0 1.608 61. 60
41.6
38.1
39.9
40.2
40.5
40.5
38.6
39.2
39.5
40.6
40.0
40.0
$1.386
1.378
1.392
1.391
1.402
1.467
1.482
1.514
1.522
1.540
1.526
1. 541
42.8
39.3
1.535
1.601
60. 32
Transportation equipment, except automobiles
Total: Transportation equipment,
except automobiles
Locomotives
38.9 $0. 785 $28.33
.828 34.79
43.1
1948: January_____
February____
M arch______
April....... ........
M ay________
June________
July ______
A u g u s t,____
September___
October_____
November----December.......
59. 56
58. 67
59. 40
59. 89
59.30
59. 27
58. 95
60. 53
60. 74
62. 70
61.98
64.34
40.3
39.6
40.3
40.5
40.0
39.8
39.2
39.7
39.0
39.8
39.3
40.6
1.479
1.482
1.472
1.478
1.481
1.489
1. 503
1.527
1.556
1.575
1.579
1.585
62. 34
61.01
63. 46
64. 96
64. 57
64. 58
64.00
64.76
66. 52
63. 74
66.29
71.90
40.1
39.2
40.2
40.5
40.1
39.7
38.4
38.7
39.7
38.3
39.0
40.5
1.553
1.555
1.579
1.604
1.610
1.626
1.665
1. 674
1. 677
1.663
1.698
1.774
1949: January_____
62.65
39.7
1. 57S
67. 68
39.6
1.708
Aircraft and parts,
excluding aircraft
engines
Aircraft engines
Shipbuilding and
boatbuilding
36.0 $0. 741 $30.34
38.5
.768 34.13
41.5 $0. 745 $36. 58
.776 42.16
44.7
44.1 $0.835 $31.91
47.2
.892 37.69
38.0
42.0
$0.835
.893
58. 51
58.02
58.90
58.70
58.07
58. 46
56.19
61.81
57. 21
63.16
62.74
66. 03
40.7
40.2
40.9
40.9
40.2
39.9
38.3
40.5
37.4
40.8
40.2
42.0
1.439
1. 442
1.439
1.437
1.446
1.467
1.466
1.526
1.531
1.548
1.562
1.571
55.53
56.13
56. 71
57. 75
57.74
57.99
57.89
59.68
61.38
62. 45
63. 30
63.11
39.4
39.9
40.1
40.6
40. 4
40.4
40.0
40.5
40.7
40.6
40.9
40.9
1.408
1.406
1.414
1.421
1.428
1. 436
1. 449
1.475
1.507
1.537
1.54S
1.541
59. 30
58. 29
59. 53
60. 33
62.14
64. 79
65.11
66.26
67.73
66.61
67.30
40.6
40.1
40.6
40.5
40.9
40.6
40.6
41.1
41.2
41.7
41.2
41.7
1.461
1.452
1.467
1.491
1.494
1. 532
1.594
1.583
1.609
1.623
1.617
1.616
64.05
61.54
62. 07
62.04
60.40
69. 76
59. 49
58.87
58.62
60. 52
56.16
63.21
40.9
38.9
40.3
40.2
39.4
39.2
38.8
37.7
36.6
37. 5
35.0
39.1
1.567
1. Ö82
1. 539
1.541
1.531
1.525
1.532
1.564
1.604
1.616
1.606
1. 617
64. 96
41.5
1.567
60. 89
39.6
1.535
66.63
41.3
1.615
62.77
38.6
1.622
61.02
Nonferrous metals and their products
Automobiles
Motorcycles, bicycles,
and parts
1939: Average
1941: J a n u a ry ____
s te a m - ra ilro a d
36.7 $0. 771 $26.71
.814 29. 57
42.8
1939: Average....... . $30. 51
1941: J a n u a ry ....... - 35.69
Transportation
ennirvment. exee/nt.
automobiles —Con.
Cars, electric- and
$32. 91
37. 69
T otal TAT f
met als and their
proclucts
35. 4 $0.929 $26. 74
38.9
.969 30. 47
Smelting and refin
ing, primary, of
nonferrous metals
Alloying; and rolling
and drawing of nonferrous metals, ex
cept alum inum
38.9 $0. 687 $26.67
41.4
.736 29. 21
38.2 $0. 699 $28. 77
38.7
.755 35.96
Clocks and watches
39.6 $0.729 $22. 27
.818 23.90
44.0
37.9
38.9
$0.587
.614
54. 07
54. 28
62. 67
61.79
66. 51
66.68
57.12
40.3
39.8
40.4
40.3
39.4
37.5
37.6
41.6
41. 1
42.9
43.6
38.8
$1. 373
1.400
1.3.84
1.398
1.410
1.442
1. 445
1.508
1.503
1. 551
1.529
1.472
60.96
59.00
59.81
59.14
54. 44
61.30
63. 48
64.67
62. 74
67.29
65.41
66.90
39.6
38.1
38.9
38.6
35.2
37.7
38.5
38.9
37.4
39.9
38.6
39.4
1.538
1.548
1.539
1. 533
1.548
1.624
1.649
1.664
1.676
1.689
1.693
1.696
55.06
55.07
55. 23
54. 87
54. 96
55.91
56. 34
57.97
58. 73
59.25
58.80
59.45
41.2
41.2
41.1
40.9
40.6
40.8
40.1
40.7
40.8
41.2
40.8
41.2
1.336
1.338
1.344
1.343
1.355
1.369
1.404
1.424
1.438
1.440
1.440
1.444
55. 85
55. 58
55. 31
56. 49
57. 33
57. 96
59.75
61. 74
63.39
62. 01
60. 78
61.59
41.1
41.0
40.5
41.1
41.5
41.3
41.2
41.4
41.6
41.4
40.6
41.0
1. 360 57.30
1. 357 57. 73
1.366 58. 25
1.375 56.84
1.380 57.42
1.403 59. 35
1. 4-19 61. 61
1. 493 63. 37
1.522 63. 36
1. 497 63.20
1.498 61.33
1.503 63.34
40.4
40.6
40.8
40.0
40.1
41.2
40.8
41.0
40.8
40.8
39.8
41.0
1.418
1.422
1.429
1.422
1.431
1.440
1.511
1.547
1.552
1. 549
1.541
1.546
47.63
48. 59
49.15
49.09
48. 27
48.89
48.96
50.80
50. 76
51.11
51.47
51. 78
40.2
41.0
41.1
40.8
40.1
40.1
39.8
40.7
40.3
4d. 4
40.3
40.1
1.185
1.186
1.196
1.205
1.205
1.219
1.230
1.249
1. 259
55. 69
37.9
1. 468
68.10
39.8
1.711
58.48
40.5
1.444
62.65
41.0
1.530
61.43
40.1
1.533
50.78
39.7
1.281
1948: January....... .
February.
M arch.........
April.-- ____
M ay________
J u n e ____ _
J u l y ________
A u g u st...........
September__
October_____
November___
December.......
$55. 33
55.65
55.88
56.36
1949: January.........
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.266
1.277
1. 292
478
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
MONTHLY LABOR
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries 1—Con.
M A N U FA CTU RIN G -Continued
Nonferrous metals and their products—Continued
Year and month
Jewelry
(precious
and plated Lighting equipment
metals) and jewel Silverware
ware
ers’ findings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
1939: Average.......... $26.36
1941: January........... 26.43
39.4 $0.660 $26.03
39.1
.664 27.37
1948: January..........
February____
M arch.............
April..... ........ .
M ay................
June................
J u ly ...............
A ugust..........
September___
October_____
November___
December___
51.69
52.98
52.17
51.31
50.59
52.10
49.30
51.07
51.86
52. 74
54.35
55.23
41.9
42.6
42.2
41.2
39.8
40.9
39.8
40.3
40.3
40.8
41. 5
41.7
1.237 62. 54
1.249 62. 52
1.237 63.81
1.246 62.09
1.271 62.00
1.274 62. 24
1.240 58. 55
1.267 60. 79
1.290 64. 35
1. 296 64.67
1. 310 64. 78
1.326 63.50
46.3
46.1
46.5
45.7
45.5
45.5
43.7
44.6
46.2
46.0
46.0
45.0
1.354
1.356
1.374
1.360
1.363
1.367
1.340
1.365
1.392
1.407
1.409
1.409
1949: January_____
52.36
40.4
1.298
60. 79
43.4
1.401
40.7 $0.643 $25. 73
41.4
.666 28.19
Lumber and timber
basic products—Con.
Planing and
plywood mills
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Lumber and timber basic products
Aluminum manu
factures
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Total: Lumber and
timber basic products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
mgs hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
37.1 $0. 693 $27.49
39.3
.717 32.85
39.3 $0.699 $19.06
.782 20.27
42.0
39.0 $0.489 $18. 29
38.9
.521 19. 59
38.4
38.4
$0.476
.510
53.92
52.86
53. 22
52.90
51.75
53.19
56.31
55.88
57.64
57.13
57. 91
58.05
39.8
39.3
39.2
38.8
37.7
37.5
38.6
38.4
39.4
39.3
39.7
39.7
1.356 53.35
1.345 52. 75
1.359 52.05
1.364 52. 53
1.373 52.83
1.419 52.13
1.460 52. 79
1.454 55.16
1.463 55.41
1.453 58.04
1.460 57. 73
1.463 57.68
40.2
39.6
39.4
39.7
39.7
39.1
37.3
38.9
38.7
40.2
40. 1
40.1
1.329
1.330
1.322
1.323
1.332
1.333
1.414
1.419
1.432
1.444
1. 440
1.437
44.49
45.01
45.32
45.59
47.39
48.43
48.14
50. 64
49. 22
49.60
48. 30
47.02
42.4
41.7
42.3
42.1
42.5
42.8
41.9
43.1
41.8
42.5
41.6
41.4
1.050
1.080
1.071
1.083
1.115
1.131
1.149
1.175
1.178
1.167
1.160
1.136
42.94
43.41
43.86
43.99
45.06
47.37
47.29
49.90
48.31
48.45
47. 14
45.54
42.0
41.1
42.0
41.6
41.3
42.6
41.7
42.9
41.6
42.2
41.3
41.0
1.023
1.055
1.046
1.057
1.095
1.113
1.133
1.162
1.162
1.148
1.141
1.111
57.34
39.0
1.472
40.2
1.433
46.38
41.3
1.123
45.07
41.2
1.094
57.34
Stone, clay, and
glass products
Furniture and finished lumber products
Total: F u r n i t u r e
and finished lum
ber products
Caskets and other
morticians’ goods
Furniture
Wood preserving
1939: Average.......... $22.17
1941: January.......... 22.51
41.1 $0. 540 $19.95
.554 20.90
40.5
1948: January..........
February____
M arch.............
April...............
M ay................
June................
July________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
50.67
51.31
51.06
51.94
52.53
52.61
51.91
53.88
53.27
54.47
53. 41
54.09
43.9
43.8
43.8
44.0
43.9
43.8
42.7
43.9
42.8
43.9
42. 9
43.3
1.152 47.02
1.171 46.68
1.166 47.08
1.181 46.34
1.197 46.39
1.213 46.54
1.220 46.30
1.231 47.68
1.247 48.16
1.246 49.20
1. 243 48.41
1.251 48. 70
41.9
41.4
41.8
41.0
40.8
40.7
40.3
41.0
40.8
41.5
40.8
41.1
1.122 48.54
1.127 48.38
1.126 48.58
1.131 47.64
1.136 47.60
1.145 47. 57
1.149 46.95
1.163 48.47
1.181 49.25
1.184 50.56
1.188 50. 17
1.186 50.42
42.2
41.9
42.1
41.1
40.8
40.6
40.0
40.7
40.7
41.5
40.9
41.1
1.151 $48. 52
1.155 48.85
1.156 49.21
1.161 48.23
1.167 47.48
1.174 47.61
1.176 47.37
1.189 48. 56
1.211 48. 54
1.217 48.20
1. 226 48. 39
1.227 49. 25
41.8 $1,157 $39. 71
41.8 1.155 36.95
42.3 1.156 39. 59
41.3 1.167 41.09
40.7 1.165 42.29
40.6 1.172 42.45
40.0 1.177 43.51
40.6 1.195 42.77
40.5 1.194 43.45
40.4 1.189 44.54
39.9 1.209 43. 99
41.0 1.200 42.93
1949: January_____
51.83
41.9
1.234
39.9
1.184
39.5
1.226
40.3
47.24
Sawmills and
logging camps
38.5 $0. 518 $20. 51
.540 21.42
38.7
47.81
38.9 $0. 530
.552
39.0
49.59
1.227
42. 25
Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
$23.94
25.02
37.6
37.4
$0.637
.669
39.2 $1,014
35.8 1.031
38.6 1.026
39.8 1.033
40.3 1.050
40.4 1.050
41.1 1.059
40.9 1.046
40.7 1.068
41.7 1.069
41.2 1.069
40.3 1.074
50.10
49.98
51.41
51.77
52.30
52.45
51.50
54.07
53.98
55.11
54.31
54.83
40.0
39.8
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.6
39.4
40.9
40.2
41.0
40. 1
40.6
1.253
1.255
1.260
1.271
1.286
1.292
1.307
1.322
1.344
1.345
1.354
1.352
39.7
53.97
39.8
1.356
1.073
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Glass products made
Glass and glassware from
purchased glass 2
1939: Average_____ $25.32
1941: January_____ 28.02
35.2 $0. 721
36.3
.772
1948: January_____
F eb ru ary ___
M arch______
April________
M ay................
June________
July.................
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
52.49
53.00
54.42
54.12
53.44
53.32
50.90
54.88
55. 57
57. 00
55. 58
57.18
38.0
38.8
40.0
39.9
39.3
39.2
37.0
39.5
39.0
40.0
38.4
39.4
1.383 $44.48
1.368 44.18
1.362 43.96
1.355 43.16
1.360 45.53
1.361 45. 75
1.376 43.32
1.393 47.14
1.428 47.18
1.427 48.35
1.448 49. 38
1.453 50. 34
41.1 $1,083
40.0 1.105
40.5 1.085
39.6 1.089
40.4 1.131
40.3 1.136
37.4 1.158
40.6 1.161
40.3 1.172
41.4 1.168
41. 2 1.200
42.1 1.200
1949: January_____
57.61
39.2
1.469
40.1
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$26.67
26.82
47.38
1.187
Brick, tile, and
terra cotta
Cement
Pottery and
related products
Gypsum
38.2 $0.699 $20.55
37.9
.709 21.74
37.8 $0.543 $22. 74
36.9
.587 22.92
37.2 $0 625
36.4
635
51.21
51.07
51.72
53. 27
55.85
56.38
56.61
57.35
56.48
56.26
55.42
55.27
41.4
41.7
42.0
42.0
42.6
42.7
42.1
42.7
41.4
41.7
41.2
41.5
1.237
1.226
1.231
1.269
1.311
1.321
1.346
1.344
1.365
1.348
1.346
1.333
46. 74
45.52
47.54
48.39
49. 75
49.66
49. 52
52.05
51.25
52.48
51. 75
51.92
40.5
38.9
40.5
40.6
41.1
40.8
40.2
41.4
40.3
41.0
40.4
40.6
1.150
1.163
1.166
1.186
1.206
1.210
1.227
1.254
1.265
1.270
1. 274
1.271
47.32
46.98
48.17
48.45
48.09
48.42
47.30
49.96
48.31
51.33
51.86
51.34
38.2
38.5
39.4
39.2
38.7
38.6
37.6
39.3
37.7
39.4
39. 0
38.9
1 234 $55.94
1 230 54.58
1 233 55.71
1 249 58.98
1 263 60.17
1 272 59.91
1 293 58.86
1 294 63.44
1 305 63.95
1 325 64.81
1 338 64.60
1 326 65.61
55.26
41.1
1.344
50. 21
39.2
1.268
50.35
38.1
1
.
342
60.09
45.3
44.4
45.0
46.8
47.2
46.2
44.2
47.1
46.4
47.2
47.0
47.9
$1,234
1.229
1.237
1.261
1.275
1.298
1.332
1.347
1.378
1.372
1.375
1.370
44.6
1.346
479
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
M ANUFACTURING—Continued
Textile-mill products and other fiber
manufactures
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Marble, granite, slate,
and other products
Lime
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
mgs hours
1939: Average
1941: January
$26.18
24.29
1948: January . . .
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay _______
June________
July _______
A u g u st_____
September___
October.. ---November . . .
December____
$49.10
47.86
50.58
52.08
52.41
53.32
52. 46
54. 78
54.75
55.45
55.24
53.89
1949: January_____
53. 56
Asbestos products
Abrasives
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
ings hours
$24. 43
27.26
36.9 $0.714
34.6
.708
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Total: Textile-mill Cotton manufactures,
productsand other
except smallwares
fiber manufactures
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
39.0 $0. 627 $16. 84
.660 18.01
41.3
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
36.6 $0.460 $14. 26
36.9
.488 15.60
36.7
37.2
$0.389
.419
44.2 $1,094
43.7 1.091
45.8 1.102
46.3 1.127
46.1 1.136
45.9 1.153
44.4 1.169
45.8 1.192
45.0 1.217
45.8 1.203
45.4 1.213
44.5 1.203
46.89
46.23
47. 57
47. 97
49. 44
49. 21
48. 27
50.32
50.05
50. 34
48.76
51.80
40.6
40.4
40.9
40.9
41.3
40.9
39.8
41.1
40.9
41.2
39.3
41.6
1.153 $59.07
1.146 58.38
1. 162 60. 62
1.100 59.02
1.193 61.04
1.198 61.39
1.209 58. 53
1.219 60.17
1.221 62.09
1.220 62.30
1.238 61.37
1.246 60. 57
44.4 $1,331
42.6 1.372
42.6 1.424
41.5 1.423
41.9 1.457
42.2 1.456
41.3 1.423
41.5 1.449
42.0 l. 479
41.8 1.492
41.4 1.482
40.7 1.490
53.98
54.04
54. 49
55.11
55.45
56.17
57.18
57. 52
58.81
58.85
57.45
57.67
41.4
40.9
41.3
41.2
41.3
41.7
41.7
41.4
42.0
41.6
40.9
41.2
1.305
1.322
1.318
1.338
1.340
1.348
1.373
1.391
1.400
1.415
1.406
1.399
45.19
45. 79
46.32
45. 46
45. 22
45.29
44.15
45.07
45.12
44. 94
45.17
45.55
40.5
40.2
40.6
39.9
39.6
39.5
38.6
38.5
38.0
37.9
38.0
38.3
1.115
1.139
1.140
1.138
1.142
1.147
1.145
1.170
1.188
1.187
1.190
1.189
43.81
43.43
43. 98
43.08
42. 64
42.00
40.63
41.61
41.69
41.60
41.60
42. 21
40.7
40.1
40.7
40.1
39.6
39.1
38.0
37.7
37.1
36.9
37.0
37.5
1.077
1.083
1.081
1.076
1.078
1.075
1.070
1. 106
1.125
1.127
1.125
1.126
1.192
50.24
40.8
1.242
40.2
54.92
39.8
1.381
44.47
37.4
1.189
40. 74
36.3
1.125
44.7
60.03
1.500
Textile-mill products and other fiber manufactures—Continued
Cotton smallwares
1939: Average ___ $18. 22
1941: January_____ 19. 74
Silk and rayon
goods
39.0 $0.474 $15. 78
39.3
.603 16.53
Woolen and worsted
manufactures, ex
cept dyeing and
finishing
Knitted cloth
Hosiery
36.5 $0.429 $19.21
.461 21.78
35.7
36.4 $0. 528 $18.98
.576 18. 51
37.9
35.6 $0. 536 $18.15
33.8
.550 19.90
Knitted outerwear
and knitted gloves
38.4 $0. 468 $17.14
37.9
.503 17.65
37.0
35.8
$0.461
.489
1948: January_____
February____
M arch_______
April________
M ay _______
June________
J u l y ________
August ____
September___
October______
November . . .
December........
43.15
43. 23
43. 31
43. 03
42. 72
43. 98
43. 48
43.40
44. 09
42. 87
43.19
44.12
40.3
40.4
40.2
39.6
39. 3
39.8
39.3
38.9
39.0
38.0
38.3
39.4
1.071
1.072
1.080
1.087
1.089
1.106
1.107
1.115
1.130
1.129
1.130
1.122
47. 55
47. 92
48. 53
48. 31
48. 38
48. 47
47.69
48. 85
49.62
49.13
49.26
48.81
41.9
41.8
42.2
41. 8
41.8
41.8
41.6
41.3
41.2
41.1
41.1
40.8
1.137
1.147
1.151
1.156
1.157
1.159
1.147
1.182
1.206
1.195
1.200
1.197
48. 79
52. 82
53. 49
52. 33
52. 61
53.10
52.31
52.13
51.19
49. 37
50. 25
51.66
40.8
40.8
40.7
39.9
40.1
40.3
39.5
39.6
38.8
37.6
38.1
39.1
1.195
1.303
1.313
1. 311
1.314
1.320
1. 327
1. 317
1.323
1.315
1.320
1.321
41. 76
41.72
42.80
41. 61
41. 14
42. 01
41. 52
42. 98
43. 38
45.11
45.26
43.77
37.9
37.6
38.6
37.4
36.7
36.6
36.1
30.8
36.2
37.5
37.4
36.5
1.103
1.108
1.108
1.112
1.120
1.146
1.148
1.167
1.200
1.204
1.209
1.198
44. 65
45. 23
45. 84
44. 39
42. 79
43. 94
44. 21
44. 70
43. 72
44. 61
44.82
44.66
42.1
41.9
41.9
41.4
39.7
40.7
40.5
40.8
39.1
39.1
39.3
39.2
1.062
1.079
1.094
1.072
1.078
1.079
1.091
1.097
1.117
1.141
1.141
1.140
37. 94
39.18
39.08
38. 73
39. 00
38. 84
37. 28
37. 89
38. 91
37.78
39.85
39.37
37.7
38.7
38.6
38.4
38.5
38.3
37.2
37.3
37.7
36.6
38.2
38.0
.992
1.001
1.004
1.007
1.012
1.004
.987
1.000
1.016
1.021
1.029
1.021
1949: Ja n u a ry .........
43.43
38.7
1.111
47.00
39.8
1.181
51.37
38.8
1.325
42.63
35.5
1.199
45.65
40.0
1.140
40.63
38.3
1.044
Textile-mill products and other fiber manufactures—Continued
K nitted underwear
Dyeing and finish
ing textiles, in
cluding
woolen
and worsted
36.9 $0.410 $20. 82
.446 21. 65
36.0
Carpets and rugs,
wool
38.6 $0. 535 $23.25
39.3
.551 25.18
Hats, fur-felt
36.1 $0. 644 $22.73
37.3
.675 27.12
Jute goods, except
felts
Cordage and twine
32.2 $0. 707
36.2
.755
1939: Average___
1941: January___
$15. 05
16.06
1948: January___
February...
M arch____
April_____
M ay...........
Ju n e...........
J u ly ..........
August___
September..
October___
November.
December.
37. 77
37. 76
38. 89
38. 72
37. 88
38.09
36.98
38. 05
36. 80
37.00
36.19
35.89
39.4
38.9
39.5
39.1
38.3
38.4
37.3
37.3
35.8
36.0
35.3
34.9
.959
.969
.981
.988
.987
.994
.990
1.016
1.023
1.023
1.025
1.023
51.04
51.80
51.85
51.44
50. 67
51.05
48. 76
49. 86
50. 47
50. 54
50.98
52.36
42.3
42.2
42.3
41.8
41.3
41.5
39.9
40.1
39.9
39.7
39.9
41.2
1.204
1.227
1. 227
1. 229
1.226
1. 229
1. 221
1.241
1.264
1. 271
1.274
1.269
55. 23
55. 35
55.79
55.18
56. 22
57.86
57. 42
59. 36
59. 30
60.08
60.27
59. 56
41.9
42.0
42.1
41.4
41.8
42.0
40.7
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.0
40.6
1.322
1.319
1.327
1.336
1.348
1.380
1.412
1.439
1.438
1.464
1.471
1.467
50.17
51.79
50. 36
48. 58
49. 94
51.72
49. 52
52. 52
50. 54
49. 78
47.87
53.07
37.8
38.7
37.2
35.3
36.7
37.7
37.1
37.3
35.7
35.5
33.9
37.6
1.328 $41. 75
1.328 42.28
1.348 42. 44
1. 379 42. 93
1. 364 42. 69
1. 375 42. 65
1.338 42. 58
1.411 43. 37
1.414 41. 77
1.397 43. 77
1.407 43.91
1.413 43.89
40.8 $1. 024 $44.63
40.1 1.053 44.44
40.0 1. 060 43.65
40.6 1.057 42. 21
40.1 1.064 41.82
40.2 1.060 42.68
40.6 1. 048 41.08
41.1 1.056 41.82
40.3 1.036 41. 85
41.3 1.059 42.90
41.4 1.062 43.54
41.2 1.066 43. 79
41.3
40.8
40.6
39.1
38.5
39.0
37.7
38.0
37.4
38.4
38.3
38.4
$1.081
1.091
1.079
1.079
1.084
1.094
1.088
1.101
1.120
1.119
1.136
1.139
1949: Ja n u a ry ...
34.95
34.1
1.019
50.51
39.8
1.270
59. 60
40.7
1.465
53.26
37.2
1.434
39.2
42.99
37.7
1.141
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42.43
1.081
480
T able
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
MONTHLY LABOR
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
M A N U F A C T U R I N G —C o ntinued
Apparel and other finished textile products
Year and month
Total: Apparel and
other finished tex
tile products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
M en’s clothing, not
elsewhere classi
fied
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Underwear and
neckwear, men’s
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Women’s clothing,
not elsewhere clas
sified
Work shirts
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1939: Average_____ $18.17
1941: Jan u ary ,......... 18. 76
34.5 $0. 527 $19.32
33.5
.560 20. 40
33.2 $0. 581 $13. 75
33.4
.607 14.22
34.6 $0. 398 $14.18
33.0
.431 14. 85
35.4 $0. 401 $11.03
33.6
.442 12.33
35.8 $0. 309 $19. 20
33.6
.367 19. 47
33.9
33.2
$0. 519
.553
1948' January...........
February____
March..........
A p ril,,............
M ay________
June________
July_________
A ugust,...........
September___
October,.........
November___
December____
40. 00
40. 23
40.09
37.61
37. 24
37.61
38. 74
40. 27
40.38
37. 77
39. 40
38. 95
36.6
36.7
36.7
36.2
35.8
35.6
35. 8
36. 4
36.1
34.8
35.9
35.4
1.094
1.098
1.092
1.040
1. 040
1. 055
1.081
1.106
1. 117
1.087
1.099
1. 101
44.11
44. 05
44.73
44.31
43. 50
43.19
43. 03
43.98
43.81
41.07
41. 78
41.95
37.1
37.1
37.4
37.3
36.8
36.4
36.8
36.8
36.7
35. 0
35. 4
35.3
1.178 34.45
1.176 34.20
1. 188 35. 02
1.173 34.39
1. 171 33. 83
1. 169 33. 00
1.160 33.14
1.180 32. 88
1.178 33. 59
1.160 33.44
1.167 34.04
1.180 32. 26
36.9
36.8
37. 4
36.9
36.3
35. 5
36.2
35.7
35.9
35.9
36.1
34.2
.929
.928
.934
.928
.927
.925
.924
.921
.933
.931
.942
.944
35. 03
34. 78
35. 77
34. 35
34.80
34. 00
34. 54
35. 31
35. 74
35.29
37.07
36.37
36.4
35.5
36.3
36.0
36.8
35.6
36.0
36.5
36.0
35.9
36. 9
36.6
.957
.974
.984
.954
.946
. 950
.950
.968
.993
.982
1.004
.997
23. 73
25. 69
26. 50
26. 85
27.22
27. 21
26.67
27.70
28.41
28.34
26. 46
25. 75
32.7
35. 6
36.9
36.8
36.5
37.1
36.9
37.4
37.4
37.6
35.1
33.3
.725
.721
.718
.730
.744
.732
.735
.739
.759
.751
.754
.771
48.52
49.09
48.10
43.20
43.27
43.94
46.09
49. 06
49.15
44.39
48.05
47.34
36.0
36.1
36.1
35.1
35.1
35.0
34.9
36.0
35.6
33. 5
35.7
35.1
1.327
1.334
1.310
1.201
1.206
1. 239
1.304
1.336
1.352
1.302
1.321
1.317
1949: January_____
39.34
35.0
1.124
41.52
34.8
1.180
32.8
.948
34.94
35.3
.998
26. 29
34.4
.769
48. 45
35.1
1.355
31.24
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Corsets and allied
garments
Millinery
Handkerchiefs
Curtains, draperies,
and bedspreads
1939: Average_____ $17.15
1941: January_____ 17.24
37.5 $0. 456 $22.19
35.6
.482 22.31
1948: January..........
February........
March______
April ______
M ay________
June_______
Ju ly ................
August .........
September___
October...........
November___
December___
37.37
37.07
38.14
37.39
35.85
36.58
36.10
36. 51
37.07
37.66
38. 25
37. 57
38.0
37.9
38.5
37.8
35.8
36.2
36.0
36.6
37.1
37.0
37.8
37.4
.985
.979
.993
.991
1.003
1.013
1. 003
.999
1.002
1.019
i.012
1.007
53.14
57.84
52.77
49. 95
42. 82
45. 29
50. 99
54.26
55. 64
51.37
42. 97
48. 46
37.3
39.3
36.9
36.0
31.5
32. 7
34.8
36.7
36.5
34.0
30.4
34.4
1.365 $30. 46
1. 415 32. 66
1.394 34.21
1. 353 33. 09
1.333 31.66
1.352 31.40
1.414 30. 62
1.449 32.79
1.467 34.34
1.467 36.24
1.381 36. 70
1.380 35. 69
34.4 $0.884 $31.44
36. 4 .897 30.69
37.1
.922 31. 40
36.1
.917 30.17
34.8
.909 30. 41
34.3
.917 30. 50
33.8
.907 30. 33
35.7
.920 31.97
37.2
.924 32. 54
38.7
.937 32.86
38.9
.944 32. 93
37.7
.946 32.49
1949: January_____
37.11
36.5
1.017
51.51
34.9
1.435
36.3
H ousefurnishings,
other than cur
tains, etc.
Textile bags
33.8 $0,636
30.5
.648
34. 56
.942
32. 68
36.8 $0,856 $38. 54
35.9
.854 36.83
35.4
.882 38.29
.891 38. 46
33.1
32.9
.912 37. 52
33.6
.898 40.19
34.6
.892 39.01
35.8
.898 39. 72
35.8
.922 38.65
36.0
.920 41. 33
36.6
.909 41. 78
35.2
.920 41.85
38.2 $0. 999 $37.20
37.7
.965 36.23
38.1 1.000 35.80
38.2 1.001 36.35
37.2
.998 37.94
39.1 1.019 38.10
38.2 1.010 38.93
38.6 1.014 39.68
36.7 1. 032 41.34
39.4 1.036 41.42
39.8 1.038 40.98
39.7 1.041 44. 81
38.9
38.0
37.1
37.2
38.4
38.3
38.9
39.2
39.7
40. 2
39.8
40.3
$0. 956
.952
.964
.977
.987
.995
1. 001
1.012
1.042
1. 030
1.029
1.038
35.2
37.0
1.032
39.5
1.041
.930
38.37
41.14
Leather and leather products
Total: Leather and
leather products
Boot and shoe cut
stock and findings
Leather
Boots and shoes
Leather gloves and
mittens
1939: Average_____ $19.13
1941: January.......... 20.66
36.2 $0. 528 $24. 43
37.3
.554 25.27
38.7 $0,634
38.3
.662
1948: January_____
February___
M arch______
April_______
M av________
June_______
Ju ly ________
A ugust,.........
September___
October..........
November___
December____
42. 63
42.99
41.87
40. 34
39.65
41.38
41.64
42.80
42.65
41.56
40. 84
42.61
39.0
39.0
37.8
36.2
35.5
37.0
37.4
37.9
37.3
36.3
35. 5
37.2
1.095
1.102
1.106
1.116
1.118
1.118
1.114
1.128
1.143
1.145
1.151
1.146
53. 06
53.38
51.91
51.59
52.38
53.11
53.39
53.70
53.13
53. 52
.53. 82
55.39
40.8
40.5
39.4
39.1
39.4
39.5
39.5
39.8
38.9
39.1
39.1
40.1
1.299 $41.36
1.317 41.23
1.315 40.55
1.318 39.90
1.330 39.72
1.345 41.24
1. 351 41.09
1.356 42.62
1.367 42.00
1. 368 40. 46
1. 377 39. 73
1.381 42. 51
38. 9 $1,075
38.4 1.080
37.6 1.086
36.5 1.107
36.3 1. 105
37.4 1.108
37.4 1.104
38.8 1.105
38.1 1.117
36.2 1.125
35.6 1. 134
37.6 1.137
41.09
41.35
40. 21
38.09
36.79
39.00
39.41
40. 65
40.61
39.15
37. 97
40.23
38.8
38.8
37.5
35.3
34.3
36.4
37.0
37.4
36.8
35.6
34.4
36.6
1. 059 $33.75
1.065 33.67
1.071 33.82
1. 080 33.18
1.074 34.77
1.074 35.78
1.069 35.01
1.087 35.79
1.104 35.41
1.102 34.72
1.105 34. 74
1.101 33.15
1949: January_____
42. 52
37.2
1.143
54.61
39.7
1.375
37.6
40. 62
36.9
1.101
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$17.83
19.58
41.95
1.127
Trunks and suit
cases
35.7 $0.503
37.0
.530
34. 68
35.7 $0,947 $12. 33
.941 45.61
36.0
36.0
.940 45. 83
35.4
.938 45. 35
.991 45.06
35.2
35.8
.999 44.86
35.8
.988 44.42
36.3 1.005 47.19
35.6 1.002 47.65
35.1
.995 47.61
34.9 1. 004 49. 26
34.4
.962 45.24
38.4
40.6
40.6
40.1
39.6
39.0
38.8
40.6
40.7
40.0
41.4
38.2
$1,105
1.129
1.135
1.130
1.137
1.150
1.152
1.168
1.175
1.193
1.193
1.183
35.8
35.0
1.148
.973
39. 78
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
481
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries 1—Con.
M ANUFACTURING—Continued
Food
Total: Food
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Slaughtering and
meat packing
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Condensed and
evaporated milk
Butter
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings hours
1939: Average____
1941: January____
$24. 43
24. 69
40.3 $0. 607 $27.85
39.0
.633 26.84
40.6 $0. 686 $22. 60
39.3
.681 22.84
46.7 $0.484
44.6
.509
1948: January........
February___
M arch_____
April______
M ay..............
June_______
July----- -----August—.......
September__
October____
November__
December___
49. 44
49.18
49.36
50. 95
51.26
52.09
51.77
49. 74
51. 76
51.47
51. 83
52.86
42.0 1.177 57.12
41.6 1.181 51. 88
41.6 1.187 56.62
42.4 1.201 68.51
42. 5 1.207 67. 66
42.8 1. 217 61.24
42.6 1.215 58. 75
41.0 1. 214 55. 71
42.6 1. 216 57. 64
41.8 1.232 57.38
41. 5 1.249 61.07
41.8 1.264 62.63
44.8 1.275 45.92
40.7 1.277 47.28
43.6 1.301 45. 92
48.1 1.425 47.16
46.7 1.424 47. 52
44. 1 1.383 48.42
42.9 1.368 49.66
41.2 1.351 49.82
42.3 1.361 49. 58
41.9 1.367 49.43
43.1 1. 416 49.87
44.5 1.404 49.62
45.9
46.3
45.8
45.6
45.9
46.3
46.9
46.6
45.8
45.8
46.0
45.0
.995 $50. 20
51.68
52. 28
1.032 53.51
1.033 55.36
1.043 56.66
1.063 56. 42
1.067 56.07
1.081 55. 99
1.079 53. 71
1.083 54. 29
1.100 54.18
1949: January____
52.66
41.5
43.2
45.5
1.104
1.269
60.85
1.396
50.71
Ice cream
Avg. Avg.
Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings hours
$29. 24
29.41
1.011
1.011
54.26
Flour
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
46.2 $0. 626 $25.80
44.2
.653 25. 27
42.3
41.0
$0.605
.608
45.5 $1,103 50.50
45.9 1.125 51.12
46.4 1.126 51.44
46.7 1.147 50.86
47.5 1.165 51.11
48.5 1.168 52. 22
47.6 1.186 53. 58
47.7 1.174 52. 81
47.0 1.191 54.46
45.4 1.183 53.92
45.9 1.182 54. 45
45.6 1.193 54.66
45.3
45.0
45.4
45.3
45.0
45.8
46.2
44.7
45.3
44.5
44.3
45.0
1.079 54.43
1.093 54.56
1.095 50.99
1.087 53.07
1.086 55.12
1.103 57.48
1.125 60.05
1.147 61.14
1.173 60. 77
1.163 62.03
1.177 58. 94
1.161 58. 34
46.4
45.9
43. 7
45.3
46.1
47.8
48. 4
48.1
46.3
47.9
45.6
45.2
1.175
1.189
1.167
1.173
1.196
1. 204
1. 241
1.271
1.315
1.297
1. 291
1.293
44.8
44.8
1.172
46.4
1.322
1.217
55.00
61.26
Food—Continued
Cerea 1 preparations
1939: Average.
1941: January.
1948: January_____
February........
M arch______
April_______
M ay................
June................
J u ly ................
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December____
$25.70
26.46
$54.10
55. 58
52. 46
54. 50
55. 64
58. 00
57.92
63. 66
52.61
54.96
55. 53
55.49
1949: Ja n u ary ......... 56.10
Sugar refining,
cane
Baking
Sugar, beet
Confectionery
41.7 $0.621 $23.91
41.1
.644 22.73
37.6 $0. 636 $24.68
35.0
.650 24.03
42.9 $0. 585
36.5
.630
40.5 $1.335 47.03
40.6 1.369 49.30
38.7 1.356 47.38
39.8 1.370 48.00
40.4 1.377 49. 09
41.5 1. 398 50.03
41.7 1.391 50.01
39.2 1.368 49. 77
37.8 1.391 51.11
39.4 1.395 50. 89
39.3 1.413 50. 41
38.7 1.435 50. 88
41.6
43.6
41.9
42.1
42.7
42.9
42.7
42.5
42.8
42.4
41.9
42.0
1.131.
1.132
1.131
1.138
1.148
1.165
1.168
1.169
1.191
1.197
1.202
1.210
45. 66
44. 66
49.30
52.57
51.08
53.14
57.73
57. 52
54.79
51. 04
50. 69
50.86
38.0
37.9
41.0
43.2
41.9
44.0
45.9
45.6
43.7
41.5
41.9
40.0
1. 201 50.45
1.177 55.30
1.202 50.11
1.217 50.19
1.220 50. 27
1.207 50. 71
1.258 51.94
1.261 50.73
1.254 56.21
1. 229 52.12
1.210 60. 20
1.272 51.58
39.0
42.4
38.7
38.4
37.5
38.9
39.4
38.2
41.3
42.5
47.9
38.2
1. 293 40.82
1.305 40.45
1.296 40.48
1.302 40.83
1.339 39.21
1.303 42.15
1.321 41.83
1.326 42. 98
1.362 44. 20
1. 226 43.93
1. 257 44. 67
1.349 43. 52
39.6
38.9
39.1
38.6
37.5
39.5
39.3
40.2
40.7
40.7
41. 4
40.6
1.034
1.045
1.050
1.060
1.036
1.069
1.078
1. 088
1.087
1.077
1.081
1.074
39.5
40.8
1.222
54. 67
42.4
1.275
40.5
1.488
42.17
39.2
1.077
1.421
49.54
60.25
Food—C ontinued
Malt liquors
Beverages, non
alcoholic
$0. 492 $24.21
25.28
19.19
43.6
42.0
$0. 556
.602
45.05
44.99
44.93
45. 46
45. 75
47.20
49.39
45.18
47.05
44. 45
45.48
46.18
43.0
42.9
43.0
43.7
43.9
45.0
46.1
42. 5
43.8
41.8
42.6
42.9
1.055
1.048
1.044
1.041
1. 041
1.052
1.076
1. 059
1.073
1. 061
1.069
1.080
45.74
45.8
1.077
Tobacco manufactures
Canning and pre
serving
Total: Tobacco
manufactures
Cigarettes
Tobacco (chewing
and smoking) and
snuff
Cigars
1939: Average_____ $35. 01
1941: January_____ 34. 57
38.3 $0.916 $16. 77
36.4
.952 16. 67
37.0 $0. 464 $16.84
33.0
.510 17.89
35.4 $0. 476 $20.88
35.7
.501 22.38
37.2 $0.561 $14. 59
37.3
.600 15.13
34.7 $0.419 $17.53
35.0
.432 18. 60
34.1
34.9
$0. 514
.537
1948: January_____
February____
M arch ............
April________
M ay.... .........
June................
Ju ly ................
August............
September___
October...........
November___
December____
61.03
62.25
62. 57
65. 24
65.31
67. 74
71.35
69.14
70.27
66.11
67.45
67.14
40.4
40.9
41.2
42.5
42.5
42.9
44.1
42.9
43.4
41.1
41.1
41.5
1.510
1.520
1.516
1.532
1.537
1. 578
1.610
1.612
1. 618
1.606
1.639
1.613
41.10
42.73
40.77
41.63
41.35
41.16
41.78
39. 50
46.01
45.32
39.02
42.02
37.3
38.4
36.5
37.0
36.8
38.0
39.0
36.1
41.4
39.5
35. 4
36.3
1.102
1.118
1.120
1.130
1.125
1.090
1.083
1.105
1.121
1.153
1.107
1.162
37. 97
35. 04
36. 52
37.19
37.12
37.86
38. 51
39.26
37.97
38. 78
38.37
38. 78
38.6
36.2
37.7
38.2
37.7
37.8
38.0
39.0
38.0
38.9
37.8
38.1
.984
.968
.968
.973
.984
1.003
1.014
1.008
1.000
.998
1.016
1.018
44. 74
37.93
42. 99
44.35
44.32
45.84
46.59
48.39
44. 47
45.95
43. 61
45.74
39.4
33.9
38.2
39.6
38.9
39.1
39.8
41.5
38.4
40.0
36.6
37.9
1.135
1.120
1.124
1.119
1.139
1.172
1.171
1.167
1.159
1.149
1.193
1.207
32.64
32.59
32.12
32.13
31.80
31.73
32.24
32.29
32. 84
33. 43
34.63
33.58
38.1
37.9
37.5
37.4
36.9
36.8
36.7
37.1
37.6
38.0
38.8
38.1
.860
.857
.852
.857
.858
.863
.877
.867
.870
.876
.889
.879
35.38
35.89
35.78
36.32
36.91
37.93
37.59
38. 81
39.11
39,63
38.62
39.31
37.1
37.2
36.9
37.1
37.3
37.6
37.1
38.4
38.2
39.2
37.5
39.2
.955
.965
.971
.979
.991
1.009
1.015
1.012
1.023
1. Oil
1.031
1.003
1949: January_____
65.11
40.2
1.605
42.00
36.7
1.155
37.20
36.4
1.022
43. 22
35.5
1.218
32.61
37.2
.874
36.90
36.3
1.016
See f o o t n o t e s a t e n d of table.
828745— 49------ 7
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
482
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
M ANUFACTURING—Continued
Printing, publishing,
and allied industries
Paper and allied products
Total: Paper and
allied products
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$93 72
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Envelopes
Paper bags
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours earn
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours earn
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours earn
ings
ings
40.1 $0. 592 $24.92
40 0
.629 27.02
1948: January_____
February____
March- ____
April
May
June
_July
August__
September___
October_____
November- __
December____
53. 20
53.61
53.82
53.36
54.28
55.34
55.97
56. 94
56.98
56.95
57.35
56.66
43.1
43.1
43.1
42.7
42.8
42.8
42.5
43.1
42.7
42.9
42.9
42.6
1.235
1.245
1.249
1.250
1.269
1.292
1.317
1.320
1.334
1.328
1.336
1.330
57.75
58.41
58. 50
58.02
59. 47
60.40
61.49
62.32
02. 21
61.77
62. 50
61.25
44.4
44.5
44.5
44.1
44.6
44.1
43.9
44.4
43.8
43.8
44.0
43.4
1.301 $46. 50
1.310 46.68
1.313 46.30
1.313 46. 26
1.334 46.34
1.368 47. 02
1.400 45.87
1.402 49.02
1.419 49.10
1.409 49. 56
1.419 49.90
1.408 49.97
1949: January_____
55.70
41.6
1.339
60.64
42.9
1.412
40.2
48. 61
$1.139 $45.23
1.146 44.34
1.144 45.69
1.149 45.14
1.150 44.93
1.158 46. 29
1.148 48.61
1.194 49.32
1.203 48.69
1.213 48.78
1.206 47.64
1.211 48.20
1.222
47.61
$37 ñR
2R* 1ñ
68. 96
Printing: book and
job
30 1 $1 004 $30.30
4 1.052 31.64
40.2 $0.547 $32.42
38.8
.576 33.49
37.4
37.8
$0.866
.886
40.8 $1.112
39.5 1.120
40.7 1.121
40.5 1.113
39.8 1.126
40.8 1.130
41.6 1.167
41.3 1.193
41.0 1.192
41.0 1.192
39.8 1.195
40.2 1.197
48.35
48.75
49.14
48.32
48.64
50.48
49.87
51.75
52.05
52. 79
52. 23
51.58
42.0
41.9
41.8
41.0
40.7
41.6
40.7
42.0
41.9
42.6
42.2
41.9
1.155 62.41
1.167 62.72
1.177 63.97
1.180 64.62
1.199 65.06
1.216 65.48
1.229 65.08
1.234 65.96
1. 245 67.39
1.243 66.48
1.239 66.98
1.234 68.11
39.5
39.1
39.5
39.2
39.1
39.1
38.9
39.2
39.4
38.9
39.1
39.6
1.579
1.604
1.621
1.646
1.663
1.676
1.675
1.683
1.712
1.709
1.713
1.722
39.4
49.47
40.0
1.241
66. 51
38.6
1.723
1.209
Chemicals and allied products
Printing, publishing, and allied industries—Continued
Newspapers and
periodicals
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly.
earn
earn hours earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
$21.78
22.26
40.3 $0. 620
.662
40.8
41.4
41.3
41.1
40.8
40.8
41.3
40.6
41.5
41. 5
41.4
41.8
41.7
Total: Printing, pub
lishing, and allied
industries
Paper boxes
Paper and pulp
Lithographing
Total: Chemicals
and allied products
$25. 59
27.53
38.3 $0.804
.810
39.6
Paints, varnishes,
and colors
39.5 $0.649 $28.48
.690 29.86
39.9
Drugs, medicines,
and insecticides
40.5 $0.704 $24.16
.741 24.68
40.3
39.7
39.3
$0. 592
.619
70.36
71.32
72. 79
73.04
73. 26
72.39
73.69
76.80
75.47
76. 04
77.05
37.8
38.3
38.4
38.5
38.4
38.0
37.8
38.4
38.9
38.5
38.3
38.7
1.797
1.812
1.843
1.870
1.877
1.896
1.894
1.908
1.954
1. 942
1.956
1.972
60.23
60.13
60.96
61.26
61.92
62.25
62.06
62.32
63.02
61.96
62. 83
64.18
40.7
39.8
40.3
39.9
39.8
39.7
39.7
39.8
39.8
39.1
39.6
40.3
1.493 $61.03
1.528 60.04
1.528 62.92
1.551 61.78
1.570 63.24
1.579 64.60
1.576 62.45
1.578 64. 55
1.595 65. 38
1.597 65. 71
1.600 65.34
1.605 65.17
40.4 $1.511
39.8 1. 509
40.3 1.560
39.5 1.565
39.5 1. 601
40.0 1.616
38.6 1.618
39.8 1.621
39.9 1.638
40.4 1.627
40.5 1. 612
40.6 1.608
54. 31
54.12
54.15
54. 38
55. 24
56.64
57. 21
57.69
58. 20
57. 60
57. 87
58.09
41.4
41.1
41.2
41.0
41.0
41.4
41.1
41.0
41.3
41.4
41. 4
41.4
1.311 55.34
1.315 55. 73
1.315 55. 71
1.327 55. 54
1.347 57.22
1.369 57. 84
1.390 59.24
1.407 59.03
1.410 59. 34
1.390 59.10
1. 398 58. 22
1.403 58.18
42.0
41.8
41.7
41.5
42.2
42.4
42.9
42.2
42.2
42.1
41.3
40.9
1.321
1.334
1.338
1.344
1.358
1.365
1.385
1.399
1.410
1.407
1.411
1.422
48.31
48. 42
48. 44
48.36
48.91
49. 56
49. 21
49.48
49.75
50.98
51.50
51.76
40.4
40.2
40.2
39.8
39.4
39.5
39.0
39.1
39.7
40.0
40.2
40.6
1.196
1.206
1.205
1949: January......... . 73.36
37.3
1.952
63.65
39.6
1.618
38.4
57.89
41.0
1.412
40.7
1.429
52.82
40.6
1.312
1948: January_____
February____
March _____
April ______
May
June
July
August
September
October____
N o v em b er__
December____
63. 59
1.659
57.36
1.216
1.241
1.257
1.260
1.266
1.255
1.276
1. 283
1.276
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Rayon and allied
products
Soap
1939: Average_____ $28.11
1941: January_____ 29.58
39.8 $0. 707 $24. 52
.740 27.26
40.0
Chemicals, not else- Explosives and safety
where classified
fuses
37.9 $0.646 $31.30
39.2
.696 33.10
Ammunition, smallarms »
40.0 $0. 784 $29.99
.822 31.56
40.3
38.8 $0.773 $22.68
37.8
.835 24.05
nil
V
U
ttU
J-lO
Ct/Utill
39.0 $0.612 $13. 70
38.6
.623 15.55
44.3
44.6
$0.302
.338
1948: Ja n u a ry ____
February____
March
___
April _- ___
M ay________
June________
July ________
August______
September. ..
October ____
November___
December___
64.69
64. 54
62. 83
64. 29
64.99
63.09
62. 44
63.49
64. 76
66.24
66. 79
66.72
44.1
43.8
42.8
42.1
42.1
41.5
41.0
41.6
42.3
42.9
42.3
42.3
1.466
1.475
1.467
1.528
1.543
1.521
1.523
1.525
1.532
1.543
1.579
1.575
50.36
50. 33
50. 68
51.29
51.46
51.72
53.38
55.32
55.31
54. 99
55. 55
55.79
39.2
39.3
39.5
39.8
39.7
39.8
40.1
39.8
39.5
39.2
39. 5
39.5
1.284
1.280
1.284
1.287
1.296
1.298
1.330
1.391
1.400
1.402
1. 406
1.413
60.80
60.82
60.84
60.97
61.48
63.17
63. 49
63.80
65. 27
64.02
64. 65
64.72
41.2
41.1
41.0
41.1
41.2
41.9
41.3
41.1
40.9
41.0
41.1
41.1
1.477
1.479
1.483
1.484
1.493
1.509
1.539
1.552
1.596
1.563
1. 574
1.574
58.85
59.20
58. 24
56. 47
59. 34
61.58
61.65
63.93
64.01
61.26
60. 71
60. 58
40.8
41.2
40.5
39.6
40.6
41.9
41.8
41.8
41.9
40.8
40.3
40.3
1.441 48.09
1.438 48.19
1.437 49.04
1.427 49. 37
1.462 50. 28
1.471 51.48
1.473 53.05
1.529 52. 64
1.527 53.61
1.501 53. 55
1.508 53. 46
1.502 53.53
40.5
40.6
40.7
40.8
41.3
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.5
41.7
41.4
41.5
1.188 38. 86
1.187 36.59
1.204 37.95
1.209 37. 50
1.218 38.07
1.257 37.94
1.294 38. 77
1.285 38.59
1.291 41.64
1.283 43.69
1. 291 43. 56
1.290 44.56
52.2
48.8
50.3
49.4
49.0
48.0
47.6
49.0
52.3
55. 3
55.5
55.7
.746
.750
.755
.759
.778
.791
.816
.787
.796
.790
.785
.800
1949: January____
63.63
41.0
1. 552
55. 44
39.1
1.411
65.11
41.1
1.584
57. 77
38.2
1.507
40.6
1.284
52.7
.797
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
52.16
42.07
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
C: E ARNI NGS AND HOURS
483
T able C 1: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
M A N U F A C T U R I N G — C o n tin u e d
Chemicals and allied
products—Con.
Products of petroleum and coal
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
Fertilizers
Y ear and month
Avg.
wkly Avg.
earn wkly.
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Rubber products
Coke and by
products
Petroleum refining
Avg. Avg.
| Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly. earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours ings
ings hours
Total: Rubber prod
ucts
Roofing materials
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$27. 84
30. 38
36.9
39.0
$0.754
.779
1939: Average____
1941: January____
$14. 71
14.89
35.8 $0. 412 $32. 62
34.8
.429 32.46
36.5 $0.894 $34. 97
36.6
.887 34.46
36.1 $0. 974
35.7
.970
1948: January_____
February___
M arch-..
April_______
M ay----------June________
July------------A u g u s t--___
September___
October ____
November___
December____
37.23
34. 96
36. 25
36.49
37.40
39.34
40.82
40.32
40. 37
39. 37
37.86
38. 69
41.5
39.7
41.6
41.5
41.4
41.2
42.1
40.7
40.4
39.9
38.4
39.5
.897
.881
.871
.880
.904
.954
.970
.990
1.001
.988
.985
.980
64.47
64. 58
64. 62
64.45
67.16
67.18
69. 45
70. 71
68. 72
71.48
71.17
70.20
40.7
40.8
40.6
40.3
41.2
40.7
40.8
41.2
39.3
41.1
40.4
40.3
1.586
1.581
1.593
1.600
1.631
1.650
1.703
1. 716
1.748
1.738
1.763
1.743
67. 54
67.64
67. 77
68.50
71.14
70. 96
74.01
75.13
72.09
76.14
76.35
75.03
39.8
40.0
40.1
40.2
40.9
40.2
40.4
41.0
38.5
40.8
40.3
40.4
1.699
1.689
1.692
1.704
1.740
1.763
1.832
1.832
1.873
1.868
1.894
1.857
$56. 70
57. 06
56. 74
53.54
57.01
57. 84
57. 44
59. 97
60. 59
60. 51
60.03
61.10
40.4 $1. 404
40.9 1.395
40.3 1.408
38.4 1.395
40.2 1.419
40.3 1.437
39.8 1.443
39.9 1.503
39.1 1. 551
39.9 1. 517
39.5 1. 521
40.0 1. 529
$58.35
58.67
59.51
58.84
60. 66
61.09
62.78
63. 58
63. 67
65.69
60.58
56.13
44.4 $1.314
44.1 1.332
44.3 1.342
44.0 1.338
44.9 1.352
44.7 1.367
45.2 1. 390
44.9 1.415
44.5 1.431
45.6 1.440
42.5 1.425
40.3 1.394
57.33
54. 70
53. 24
53.39
55. 45
57.14
58.37
60.47
59.31
59.19
58.27
57.68
39.7
38.5
37.8
37.8
39.0
39.7
39.7
40.3
39.4
39.3
38.6
38.5
1.444
1.421
1.408
1.412
1. 424
1.439
1.472
1.500
1.504
1. 507
1.508
1.499
1949: Ja n u a ry .........
38. 25
39.8
.964
72.18
41.2
1. 752
76.93
41.6
1.855
61.95
40.2
56.42
40.3
56.93
37.9
1.502
1. 550
Rubber products—Continued
Rubber tires and
inner tubes
Rubber boots and
shoes
1.402
Miscellanous industries
Rubber goods, other Total: Miscellaneous
industries
Instruments (profes
sional and scien
tific) , and fire-con
trol equipment
Pianos, organs, and
parts
1939: Average_____ $33.36
1941: January_____ 36.67
35.0 $0.957 $22.80
37.7
.975 26. 76
37.5 $0. 607 $23.34
41.9
.639 24.97
38.9 $0.605 $24.48
39.4
.639 25.35
39.2 $0.624
.645 $35.33
39.3
45.7 $0. 773
1948: January_____
February____
M arch______
April________
M ay_______
June______ _
July________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
62. 72
58.22
55. 54
56. 54
61.15
63. 96
66.30
68.29
65.27
64.82
62. 79
61.10
38.2
36.0
34.8
35.3
37.4
38.8
39.3
39. 5
37.7
37.2
36.2
35.6
1.646 51.08
1.613 50.65
1.599 51.42
1. 603 50. 59
1.636 50.61
1.651 50.69
1.684 52.12
1.730 52. 53
1. 732 53.38
1.734 53.86
1.735 54.29
1.721 55.23
42.1
41. 7
42.2
41.7
41.7
41.7
42.3
41.5
41.6
42.2
41.6
42.4
1.214 51.79
1.214 51.33
1.219 50. 60
1.214 50.16
1.214 50.34
1.215 51.15
1.231 51.07
1.266 53.70
1.283 54.35
1.278 55.08
1.305 54. 61
1.303 54.64
41.1
40.8
40.4
39.9
40.0
40.2
39.4
40.9
40.8
40.8
40.5
40.5
1.260 49. 60
1.258 50.11
1.251 49. 84
1.256 49. 60
1.260 50.19
1.272 50.92
1.296 50.02
1.312 51.24
1.333 51. 63
1.350 51.86
1.347 52.47
1.349 52. 79
40.4
40.8
40.6
40.4
40.3
40.3
39.4
40.3
40.3
40.6
40.8
40.5
1.227
1.230
1.229
1.228
1.244
1.262
1.269
1.271
1.280
1.279
1.287
1.302
59. 59
57.20
57. 54
58.16
58.35
57.73
56. 68
58.44
59.26
60.90
61.80
62.18
41.2 1.419
40.0 1.388
40.1 1.407
40.5 1.413
40.2 1.430
39.7 1.434
39.7 1.448
40.0 1.458
40.1 1.472
40.4 1.487
40.9 1.487
40.7 1.504
$52. 52
51.88
51.82
52.34
52.36
52.11
52.07
52.42
52.54
53.73
55. 41
55.26
40.4
40.0
40.3
40.8
40.8
40.9
40.9
40.7
39.9
40.3
40.8
40.4
$1,311
1.305
1.288
1.286
1.286
1.280
1.283
1.293
1.322
1.339
1.365
1.375
1949: January_____
61.08
35.4
1.719
40.3
1.297
40.1
1.348
52.02
39.8
1.307
62. 51
40.6
52.24
38.9
1.342
52. 24
53.89
1.515
NONM ANUFACTURING
Mining
Coal
Anthracite 3
Metal
Bituminous 3
Total: Metal
Iron
Copper
Lead and zinc
1939: Average......... . ¡>25.67
1941: January_____ 25.13
27.7 SO. 923 ¡>23. 88
27.0
.925 26.00
27.1
29.7
0.886 $28.93
.885 30.63
40.9
41.0
0.708
.747
26. 36
29.26
35.7
39.0
0.738
.750
28. 08
30.93
41.9 50.679
41.8
.749
26. 39
28.61
38.7
38.2
$0.683
.749
1948: January...........
February___
March_____
April________
M ay_______
June________
July_________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December____
68.79
65. 78
71.59
55.05
69.89
68. 91
55.11
72.77
69.35
73.74
60.90
63.39
39.0
36.2
40.3
32.1
39.4
39.4
31.7
38.3
36.6
38.7
33.4
34.0
1.764
1.817
1.776
1.708
1.774
1.749
1.736
1.901
1.897
1.904
1.824
1.862
75. 78
70. 54
74. 84
49.53
74. 08
73.87
67. 62
78.10
75. 51
76.40
73.52
75. 89
40.9
38.7
40.6
27.0
40.3
39.9
34.2
39.4
37.9
38.6
37.1
38.5
1.847
1.826
1.842
1.821
1.841
1.850
1.936
1.967
1.970
1.959
1.951
1.960
58.23
58. 79
57.90
57.84
59.26
58. 79
58.00
62.49
62.07
64.18
63.84
65.50
42.5
42.9
42.4
42.1
42.8
42.4
40.6
42.9
41.4
42.7
42.5
43.3
1.371
1.370
1.366
1.373
1.384
1.386
1.427
1.455
1.501
1.502
1.504
1.513
54. 99
56. 40
56.04
55. 48
57.91
57.41
55.30
59. 21
60.77
63.56
61.71
62.45
40.5
41.4
41.3
40.7
42.1
41.5
40.3
41.6
40.4
42.2
41.5
41.6
1.356
1.361
1.357
1.364
1.377
1.383
1.371
1.424
1.504
1.506
1.487
1.502
62. 21
62.84
61.25
61.04
61.73
61.33
63.99
67. 62
64. 67
66. 62
68. 26
70. 36
45.2
45.8
44.7
44.6
45.0
44.5
43.6
45.1
42.8
44.6
44.8
46.0
1.377
1.373
1.371
1.369
1.373
1.378
1.468
1.498
1.513
1.494
1.525
1.530
59.88
59.16
59. 04
59.58
60.27
60. 42
53.11
64.95
63.26
64.19
66.04
67. 77
42.0
41.9
41.6
41.7
41.8
41.7
35.3
42.9
41.4
41.5
42.3
43.3
1.425
1.412
1.415
1.430
1.442
1.449
1.505
1.515
1.529
1. 544
1.560
1.569
1949: January_____
67.11
36.0
1.873
75.61
38.4
1.959
65.46
42.7
1.533
62. 71
41.7
1.504
69. 99
45.0
1.557
67.70
42.2
1.613
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
484
T able
MONTHLY LABOR
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries 1—Con.
NON M A N U FA CTU RIN G —Continued
Public utilities
Mining—Continued
Year and month
Quarrying and
nonmetallic
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Crude petroleum and
natural gas production
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
ings hours
Street railways
and busses 4
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
Telegraph«
Telephone •
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
Electric light
and power
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
ings hours
39. 6 $0. 869
39.4
.903
38.3 $0. 873 $33.13
37.7 0. 885 33. 63
45.9 $0. 714 $31.94
45.3
.731 32. 52
39.1 $0.822
39.7
.824
64. 53
65. 77
63. 44
63. 96
65. 88
64.88
67.17
69. 59
67. 58
67. 67
68.80
69.12
39.9 1.627
40.4 1.638
39.7 1. 605
40.0 1. 599
40.2 1. 646
39.5 1.636
40.1 1. 676
41. 3 1.682
39.6 1.711
39.7 1.716
39.6 1.734
40.0 1.730
60. 73
62.15
61.36
60.10
60. 32
61.21
62.01
62. 68
62.29
63.40
62. 51
63. 26
46.3
47.7
47.3
46. 6
46.8
46.8
47. 0
47. 5
46.3
46.4
46.1
46.4
1.299
1.295
1.295
1. 293
1. 302
1.315
1.328
1.327
1.355
1.380
1.383
1.393
48.20
47. 82
47. 31
47. 56
48. 82
48. 67
49.19
48. 35
49. 21
49. 81
51.37
49. 95
38.9 1. 241 $55. 81
38.7 1.238 56. 26
38.7 1.223 56.19
38.8 1.225 59.45
39.4 1. 240 62.12
39.5 1.232 61.63
39.8 1.237 63.10
39. 4 1.229 62. 59
39.4 1.250 61.83
39.5 1.263 61.46
39.4 1.305 61.44
38.7 1.290 61.20
44.4
44.5
44.4
44.1
45.0
45.1
45.8
45.6
44.8
44. 5
44.5
44.2
$1,257
1.265
1.267
1. 349
1.381
1.367
1.379
1. 373
1.379
1.380
1.381
1.385
59. 87
59.60
58. 27
59.10
59. 83
60.41
61.46
61.46
61.75
62. 38
62. 57
62. 72
42.4
42.2
41.6
41.8
41.7
41.8
41.8
42.1
41.6
41.6
41.8
41.9
1.426
1.428
1.408
1.427
1.444
1.455
1.483
1.472
1.490
1. 509
1.508
1.508
71.94
41.1
62.91
45.4
1.416
49.91
38.4
44.4
1.388
63. 28
41.8
1. 520
1939: Average
$21. 61
1941: J a n u a ry ____ 22.06
39.2 $0. 550 $34.09
38. 2 0. 576 33. 99
1948: January_____
February____
M arch______
A p r il..___ _
M ay______
June________
July________
A u g u s t.____
September___
October___ _
November___
December___
50.92
50. 39
51.04
52. 83
54. 73
55. 38
55. 83
58. 72
57. 82
59. ('8
57. 22
56. 93
42.7
42.1
42.9
43. 7
44.4
45.0
44.1
45.9
45.0
45.8
44.3
44.1
1.187
1.199
1.190
1. 206
1. 226
1.228
1.266
1.281
1.284
1.288
1.291
1.290
1949: January. .
54.98
42.6
1.287
1. 765
1.301
$34. 38
35.49
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
61.66
Trade
Retail
Wholesale
Food
Total: Retail
1939: Average _____ $29.85
1941: January_____ 30.59
41.7 $0. 715 $21.17
4.06
.756 21.53
43.0 $0.536 $23.37
.549 23.78
42.9
General merchandise
Furniture and housefurnishings
Apparel
43.9 $0.525 $17.80
43.6
.537 18.22
38.8 $0.454 $21.23
38.8
.466 21.89
38.8 $0.543 $28.62
39.0
.560 27.96
44.5
43.9
$0.660
.666
1948: January_____
February.
M arch______
April ______
M ay________
June________
July ______
August ____
Septem ber...
October. __
November___
December___
54.36
55.87
55.17
55. 84
56.61
56.00
56. 54
57.51
57.67
57. 54
57.60
57.69
41.0
41.1
40.9
41.0
41.2
41.1
41.2
41.3
41.2
41.0
41.2
41.3
1.309
1.343
1.334
1.346
1.363
1.353
1.365
1.379
1.378
1.381
1.383
1.380
37.62
38.33
38.89
39. 27
39.84
40.52
41.19
41.19
40.48
40.32
39.67
40.62
39.8
40.0
39.8
39.8
39.9
40.3
40.8
41.0
40.2
39.7
39.5
40.2
1.044
1.050
1.044
1.055
1.064
1.070
1.077
1.080
1.086
1.080
1.084
1.072
45.46
46.33
46.14
46.66
47.08
48.52
49.44
49.35
48.86
48.15
48.69
49. 47
39.9
39.7
40.0
39.6
39.6
40.6
41.0
41.1
40.3
39.8
39.4
39.9
1.108
1.119
1.123
1.150
1.148
1.159
1.162
1.160
1.177
1.172
1.186
1.191
32.09
32.09
32. 28
33.17
34.04
35.04
35.30
35.03
34.20
34.10
33.77
35.69
35.9
35.7
35.3
35.3
35.2
35.8
36.5
36.5
36.5
35.9
35.7
37.3
.889
.883
.878
.895
.907
.915
.915
.914
.903
.902
.907
.894
37.68
37.94
37.50
38.23
38.54
39.33
39.48
39.17
38.96
39.43
38. 81
39.68
36.9 $1.007
37.3 1.002
36.2 1.025
36.6 1.030
36.5 1.040
36.9 1.049
37.2 1.045
37.1 1.043
36.8 1.050
36.3 1.063
36.2 1.060
37.1 1.058
50.62
53.05
51.30
50. 24
50.96
50.86
51.31
51.33
50. 87
51.79
51.65
54.17
42.3
43.9
43.7
43.5
43.4
43.4
43.3
43.7
43.2
42.9
43.0
43.8
1.254
1.253
1.242
1.261
1. 281
1.281
1.284
1.280
1.290
1.297
1.306
1.320
1949: January_____
58.41
41.2
1.399
41.79
4 0 .0
1 .1 1 0
50.26
39.5
1.226
35.54
36.5
.921
40.20
37.0
52. 90
43.0
1.332
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.063
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
T able
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
485
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
N O N M A N U F A C T U R I N G — C o n tin u e d
Trade—Continued
Finance 7
Retail—Continued
Year and month
Automotive
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Lumber and build
ing materials
Service
Bro Insur
ker ance Hotels 8 (year-round)
age
Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly. wkly. wkly.
earn
earn earn wkly.
earn- earn earn hours
ings
ings hours ings
ings
ings
infs
Power laundries
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Cleaning and dyeing
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1939: Average___________ $27.07
1941: January _________ 28.26
47.6 $0. 571 $26. 22
46.8
.606 26.16
42.7 $0.619 $36.63 $36.32 $15.25
41.7
.634 38.25 37. 52 15. 65
46.6 $0.324 $17. 69
45.9
.338 18.37
42.7 $0.417 $19. 96
42.9
.429 19.92
41.8
41.9
$0. 490
.488
1948: January. _________
February_____ ___
M arch______ ______
April. .. _____ ____
M ay______________
June . . . _______ . . .
Ju ly _______________
August ______ _ . . .
September_________
October___ ________
N ovem ber... . . . ___
December ------- ._
51.66
53.03
52.98
54. 53
54.49
54. 65
55.03
56.04
55.87
55. 53
55.99
56.44
44.4
45.0
44.6
45.5
45.5
45.5
45.1
45.6
45.3
45.4
45.3
45.7
41.8
42.1
42.5
42.6
42.8
43.2
42.8
43.4
42.4
42.7
42.0
42.5
1.154
1.174
1.170
1.175
1.193
1.237
1.251
1.247
1.241
1.265
1.250
48.19
49. 56
49.24
49.64
50.32
51.08
51.31
52. 51
52.00
52.68
51.92
52.85
62.35
63.37
62.60
65.76
71.15
69.35
1949: January. _________
56.55
45.5
1. 260
53.09
42.0
1.179
1.186
1.202
1.216
1.220
1.221
1.202
1. 216 68.12
1.220 65.42
1.231
1.233
1.235
1.230
63.59
66.27
65.38
67.75
55.09
56.63
55. 51
54.94
56.22
54.75
55.22
55.09
54.35
53.97
55.12
56.10
30.55
31. 19
30.96
31. 59
31.70
31.88
32.04
32.34
32.21
32.45
32. 52
33.02
43.9
44.6
44.0
44.2
44.2
44.1
44.0
44.9
43.9
44.2
44.1
44.1
.695
.695
.695
.700
.707
.711
.714
.709
.725
.726
.734
.739
33.99
33.54
33.74
34.29
34.22
34.36
34. 55
33.70
34. 56
34.16
34. 51
34. 72
42.3
41.9
42.0
42.2
41.8
41.8
42.2
41.1
41.8
41.3
41.5
41.7
.807
.802
.805
.810
.817
.823
.820
.822
.828
.829
.836
.836
37.64
36. 55
37.96
39.18
39.13
40.14
39.02
37. 55
39.36
39.42
39.01
39.97
41.4
40.5
41.5
42.1
42.0
42.4
41.7
39.8
41.1
41.0
40.9
41.4
.924
.923
.924
.933
.936
.947
.942
.951
.963
.970
.962
.968
1.254
67.62
57. 24
33.05
43.8
.743
35. 25
42.0
.841
39.71
41.0
.972
i These figures are based on reports from cooperating establishments cov
ering both full- and part-time employees who worked or received pay during
the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. As not all reporting
firms supply man-hour data, the average weekly hours and average hourly
earnings for individual industries are based on a slightly smaller sample
than are average weekly earnings.
For manufacturing, mining, power laundries, and cleaning and dyeing
industries, the data relate to production and related workers only. For the
remaining industries, unless otherwise noted, the data relate to all nonsnpervisory employees and working supervisors. Data for 1939 and January
1941, for some industries, are not strictly comparable with the periods cur
rently presented. All series, by month, are available upon request to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Such requests should specify the series desired.
Data for the two current months are subject to revision without notation.
Revised figures for earlier months are identified by an asterisk for the first
m onth’s publication of such data.
J New series beginning with month and year shown below; not comparable
with data shown for earlier periods:
Glass products made from purchased glass.—M ay 1943; comparable
April data are $44.36 and $1,121.
Ammunition, small-arms.—fu n s 1948; comparable May data are
$1,232.
April 1948 data reflect work stoppages.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4Data include private and municipal street-railway companies and affil
iated, subsidiary, or successor trolley-bus and motor-bus companies.
s Prior to April 1945 the averages of hours and earnings related to all em
ployees except executives; beginning with April 1945 these averages reflect
mainly the hours and earnings of employees subject to the Fair Labor Stand
ards Act. At the same time the reporting sample was expanded to include
a greater number of employees of “long lines.” The April 1945 data are
$40.72, 42.9 hours, and $0,952 on the old basis, and $37.50, 40.6 hours, and
$0,928 on the new basis.
9Data relate to all land-line employees except those compensated on a com
mission basis. Excludes general and divisional headquarters personnel,
trainees in school, and messengers.
7Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail
able.
8Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.
* Revised.
N o t e : Explanatory notes outlining briefly the concepts,
methodology, size of the reporting sample, and sources
used in preparing the data presented in tables O-l
through 0-5 are contained in the Bureau’s monthly
mimeographed release, “ Hours and Earnings—Industry
Report,” which is available upon request.
MONTHLY LABOR
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
486
T able C-2: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for
Selected States and Areas1
Arizona
California
State
State
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Los Angeles
Connecticut
Delaware
State
State
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
San Francisco Bay
Year and month
1948: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
Ju n e..............July________
August—....... .
September___
October_____
November___
December___
$55. 77
54.48
54.98
56.71
57.43
55.11
55.51
55. 97
57. 63
57. 49
57.12
56.88
1949: January_____
55.84
43.3 $1. 288 $57.84
42.3 1. 288 58.20
42.0 1.309 57.51
42.8 1.325 57. 54
42.7 1.345 59.04
41.5 1.328 59. 62
41.0 1.354 59. 78
41.4 1.352 60. 52
41.7 1.382 60.38
41.9 1.372 61. 70
41.3 1.383 60. 57
41.1 1.3o4 61. 33
38.7 $1. 494 $57. 64
39.1 1.488 58.21
38.6 1. 491 58.11
38.5 1. 495 58.08
38.9 1. 516 59.03
38.9 1. 531 58.69
38.8 1. 542 59. 28
38.9 1.555 60. 94
38.8 1. 558 59. 84
39.6 1. 559 60.60
38.4 1. 579 60. 92
38.7 1. 586 61.16
39.1
39.4
39.2
39.1
39.3
38.9
39.0
39.6
38.6
39.1
39. 1
39.0
40.2
38.5
38.7
1.389
61. 45
Delaware (Con.)
Florida
Wilmington
State
1948: January_____
February-----M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June________
July------------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
$55. 07
54. 50
55.43
55. 68
55. 27
55. 99
57.14
58.15
57.03
58. 78
58. 35
61. 07
1949: January_____
61.57
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
1. 596
42.2
44.2
.961
$57.06
57.58
56. 98
57.14
56. 77
58. 06
57. 92
59. 26
60. 01
60. 43
60.05
60. 60
41.5
41.6
41. 2
40.9
40.3
41. 0
40.5
40.9
41.0
41.0
40.6
41.0
59. 81
40.4
Michigan
October,
1949: January.
$60. 63
59.02
59. 68
59. 04
56. 75
60. 81
62. 57
63. 44
63. 32
64. 86
64. 40
— 64. 81
65.03
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
38.8
1.660
55.96
Chicago city
$1.37 $59. 08
1.38 59.47
1.38 58. 60
1.40 58. 85
1.41 58. 79
1. 41 59. 76
1.43 59. 70
1.45 61. 51
1.46 62. 03
1.47 62. 06
1.48 61. 78
1.48 62.30
1.48
Duluth
State
40.8 $1.488 $51. 92
39.7 1.489 51. 74
40.1 1.488 51.58
39.7 1.489 52. 22
*38.0 1.500 53.19
39.7 1.539 52. 46
39.9 *1. 568 53. 78
40.1 1.584 53. 07
39.4 1.610 53.70
40.4 1.608 54. 87
39.7 1.636 55. 79
40.3 1.611 56.14
39.9
64. 41
38.7 $1. 570 $54. 08
38.7 1. 551 54. 54
37.6 1.547 54. 94
37.8 1. 548 54. 21
38.7 1.566 53. 52
38.5 1. 589 54.51
38.6 1.603 54.86
38.2 1.601 56.02
38.4 1. 593 56.33
38.7 1. 657 56. 64
37.6 1. 648 56. 78
38.7 1.651 57.04
61.20
40.7
41.1
40.7
41.1
41.3
41. 2
40.9
41. 2
$1. 44 $55.53
1.45 57.19
1.47 57.51
1. 50 58.37
1.50 57. 75
1.51 59.93
1.51 59. 95
1.51 60.58
40.5
1.51
59.30
1.633
55. 49
41.6 $1. 248 $51.19
41.1 1.259 53.45
41.0 1.258 52. 07
40.8 1.280 51. 48
41.3 1.288 52. 25
40.7 1.289 52. 59
41.4 1.299 57. 43
40.7 1.303 58.98
41.0 1.311 54. 78
41.0 1.338 57.14
41.5 *1.344 56. 04
41. 5 1.353 57.11
40.8
1.361
55.37
40.0
39.5
40.0
40.4
39.9
40.0
39.6
40.1
41.6
40.2
39.3
40.2
$1,171
1.172
1.177
1.177
1.165
1.184
1.207
1.161
40.4
40.5
1.270
1.38
Minneapolis
1.409
51.37
1.122
1.200
1. 248
1.269
Indiana
Massachusetts
State
State
40.1 $1.386
40.6 1.407
40. 2 1. 431
40.6 1.436
40.5 1.427
40. 9 1.466
40. 8 1.470
40. 9 1.480
40.2
1.476
$50. 73
51.43
51.39
51.07
51.28
51. 76
51.44
52. 29
*52. 42
50. 74
50. 87
52.15
51.47
New Jersey
39.9 $1. 283 $51.13
*41.5 1.288 51.29
40.4 1.289 50. 52
40.0 1.287 50.94
40.1 1.303 51.67
39.9 1.318 53. 42
41.5 1.384 53. 99
42.1 1.401 54. 81
39.1 1.401 53.38
40. 7 1.404 54.18
40.0 1.401 54. 54
40.3 1.417 54. 81
39.3
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.9 $1.29 $46. 79
1.30 46.36
41.9
41.9
1.31 47. 11
41.4
1.28 47. 49
4u. 9
1.31 46.51
41. 1 1.33 47.37
40.8
1.34 47. 75
41.2
1.36 46. 62
41.0
1. 37 46.62
41.1
1.38 48.24
41.2
1.38 *49. 03
41.1
1.39 51.05
Minnesota
State
1948: January___
February__
March_____
April______
M ay______
June______
July----------
1. 577
State
42.6 $0. 973
41.1
. 981
.984
41.8
.992
41.5
.965
42.6
44.1
.956
42.48
$1. 476 $60. 72
1.476 60. 07
1.482 58.16
1.486 58. 56
1.500 60.62
1. 507 61.10
1. 522 61. 94
1.538 61.20
1 552 61.08
1. 550 64.20
1. 560 62. 02
1. 567 63. 94
Illinois
40.8 $1. 318
40. 7 1.331
41.1 1.343
41.1 1.345
40. 9 1.361
40. 7 1.384
40.6 1.419 $41. 44
40.7 1. 424 40.32
40.5 1. 422 41.13
41.1 1.429 41.17
40.4 1.442 41.11
41.6 1.468 42.16
1.461
61.03
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
53.16
St. Paul
41.0 $1. 247 $53.30
40.8 1.257 53.67
40.0 1.263 52. 48
40.3 1.264 53. 03
40. 4 1.279 52.54
40.5 1.319 52. 32
40.5 1.333 54. 89
41.0 1.337 56.03
39.6 1.348 55.35
40.1 1.351 55. 50
40.4 1.350 55.73
40.6 1.350 55.23
39.0
1.363
55.74
State
41.8 $1. 275 $57.15
41.7 1.287 56.71
41.1 1.277 56. 71
41.3 1.284 56. 29
40.6 1.294 56. 49
40.0 1.308 57.38
41.0 1.339 57. 73
41.2 1.360 58.57
40.7 1.360 59.25
40.6 1.367 59. 01
40.8 1.366 59.03
40.4 1.367 59. 97
41.6
41.2
41.1
40.8
40.7
40.9
40.7
40.8
40.9
40.6
40.5
40.9
$1. 374
1.377
1.379
1.380
1.387
1.403
1.419
1.435
1.448
1.452
1.457
1.465
59. 07
40.4
1.4 7
40.1
1.390
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
T able
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
487
C-2. Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for
Selected States and Areas1—Continued
New York
Albany-Sehnectady-Troy
State
Year and month
Buffalo
New York City
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hour
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hour
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hour
ings
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hour
ings
1948: January..........
February____
M arch______
April_______
M a y ... . ___
June________
Ju ly ________
August______
September___
O cto b er____
November___
December___
$56.97
56.87
56.88
55.49
55.94
56.97
57.75
58.36
59.39
57. 47
59.42
59. 73
40.1
39.7
39.8
39.3
39.2
39.5
39.5
39.4
39.6
38.4
39.5
39.6
$1.42 $55.37
1.43 54.40
1.43 56. 52
1.41 56.39
1.43 56. 65
1.44 57.21
1.46 57. 88
1.48 60. 55
1.50 62.12
1.50 59.79
1.51 63.65
1.51 64.87
$1.38 $56.72
1.38 57.15
1.41 56.99
1.42 56. 56
1.43 57.59
1.44 58.32
1.49 59.34
1.52 60.70
1.53 61.61
1. 51 61.71
1.53 61.71
1.56 62.13
40.6
40.6
40.5
40.0
40.2
40.2
40.5
40.7
40.5
40.5
40.6
40.7
$1.40 $61. 55
1.41 61.65
1.41 60. 53
1.41 58.19
1.43 59.09
1.45 60.09
1.47 61.61
1.49 62.39
1.52 63. 22
1.53 58.86
1.52 62. 59
1.53 62. 63
38.8
38.4
38.3
37.7
37.6
37.8
37.9
37.9
37.9
35.6
37.7
37.9
1949: January_____
59. 22
38.9
60.90
39.9
62. 79
37.5
1. 52
62.16
40.3
39.6
40.2
39.9
39.7
39.8
39.1
40.0
40.6
39.7
41.7
41.8
1.54
40.6
North Carolina
Oklahoma
State
State
1948: January . .
February ____
M arch
April _ ___
M ay________
June________
July________
August_____
September___
October. . ..
November___
December___
$40. 86
38. 79
41. 30
40. 54
40.12
39.80
39. 20
40.36
40. 75
41.58
41.40
41.58
1949: January_____
40. 50
1.096
54.82
41.0
1948: January_____
February____
March
___
A p r i l .____ _
M a y . . - ____
June________
July________
August. _____
September___
October _____
November
December___
$52.63
52.34
52.31
51.98
52.25
53. 43
51.71
53. 74
54.26
55.39
56.23
54. 80
1.337
1949: January_____
53.25
38.9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.377
53. 02
47.14
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hour
$1.60 $54.97
1.62 55. 09
1.60 55.49
1.55 55. 58
1.57 55.33
1.59 57.74
1.64 57.39
1.66 57. 61
1.68 58. 37
1.66 57.88
1.67 58.56
1.66 58.25
$1.37 $54. 98
1.37 54. 54
1.38 54. 74
1.39 55.16
1.39 54.20
1.44 55. 72
1.43 54. 62
1.45 55.78
1.45 57. 24
1.46 56. 78
1.46 56.42
1.47 55.87
1.69
58.04
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.1
39.8
40.1
40.1
39.9
40.2
39.7
40.0
39.6
39.7
1.46
56.28
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
42.0
41.6
41.8
41.9
41.2
42.0
40.6
40.9
41.5
41.0
40.7
39.9
$1.31
1.31
1.31
1.32
1.31
1.33
1.35
1.36
1.38
1.39
1.38
1.40
40.6
1.39
40.0 $1,243 $51. 92
39.9 1.242 51. 58
40.0 1.246 51.10
39. 6 1.252 49.25
39.9 1.260 52. 65
39.8 1.267 51.15
39.2 1.282 51.78
39.5 1.320 52. 88
39.5 1.335 54. 06
39.9 1. 339 54.65
39.7 1.342 53.77
39.7 1.344 53.44
39.3
1.349
39.8 $1.320 $54.78
39.7 1.306 54. 78
39.5 1.299 54.91
37.8 1.303 55. 22
38.8 1.340 55.19
38.8 1.349 55. 44
38.4 1.372 55.60
38. 5 1.392 56.88
38.8 1.407 57.37
39.5 1.386 57.42
38.8 1.392 57. 78
38.7 1.385 57.96
39.0
1. 411
56. 52
Pittsburgh
40.6 $1. 338 $56. 97
40. 4 1.339 56. 84
41.3 1.310 57. 96
40.3 1.355 57. 55
40.1 1. 356 58. 54
40.1 1.364 58. 55
39.9 1. 374 58. 07
40.0 1.404 62. 34
40.1 1.415 62.32
39.9 1.422 63. 46
40.2 1.438 62. 51
40.2 1. 443 62. 73
39.1
39.0
39.9
39.5
40.3
39.7
39.0
39.9
39.2
40.3
39.6
39.7
$1. 421
1.425
1.421
1.437
1.433
1.455
1.490
1.566
1.586
1.575
1.578
1.580
39.4
39.8
1.558
1.434
62.11
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
State
State
State
State
40.8 $1. 091 $48.12
41.0 1.107 50. 22
41.3 1.115 50. 36
41.0 1.113 49. 82
41.8 1.132 49.60
41.9 1.132 49. 82
41.2 1.147 49. 52
41.4 1.150 47.85
40.5 1.136 48. 37
42.0 1.146 44. 87
41.3 1.156 47.57
40.9 1.179 49.18
40.8 $1.180
41. 2 1.218
41.3 1.220
40.7 1. 225
40.4 1.228
40.1 1. 241
39.9 1.242
39.0 1.228
39.0 1.242
36.1 1.244
37.9 1.254
39.2 1.254
40.2
38.8
1.193
54. 68
Philadelphia
Rhode Island
York-Adams
40.4 $1. 301 $43.67
40.5 1.306 44. 89
40.5 1.304 45. 49
40.2 1.307 44. 72
40.6 1.305 46.49
40.7 1.317 46. 34
39.5 1.324 46.26
39.7 1.362 46.76
39.4 1.393 45.49
40.1 1.388 47.33
40.4 1.396 46.87
39.6 1.390 47. 43
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hour
Allentown-B et hlehem
State
Pennsylvania—Continued
Reading-Lebanon
Syracuse 2
Pennsylvania
$49.69
39.7 $1.029
49. 50
37.6 1.031
49.91
40. 0 1. 032
49.63
39. 4 1.028
50.32
38.9 1.031
38.4 1.036 $53.15. .. 42. 5 $1. 250 50.38
1.277
50. 20
37.8 1.037 53. 03 41.5
42.7 1.296 52. 20
38.1 1.059 55.30
52.
73
42.2
1.320
37.7 1.082 55. 70
38.4 1.084 54. 74
42.6 1.286 53.38
53.
24
41.7 1.297
38.0 1.090 54.15
42.3 ' 1.310 53.40
38.1 1.093 55. 46
37.0
1.53
Rochester2
48.26
1.245
$41. 43
41.55
41.86
41.67
41.67
42.03
43.13
43.09
42. 85
43.63
43.80
43. 98
43.73
40.7 $1.018 $49. 79
40.7 1.021 48. 85
40.8 1.026 48.26
40.3 1.034 50.19
40.3 1.034 52.10
40. 3 1.043 52. 71
40.5 1.065 51. 54
40.5 1.064 53.39
39. 9 1.074 53. 98
40. 4 1.080 55. 09
40.0 1.095 *53.11
40.2 1.094 53.93
39.4
1.110
53. 42
42.7 $1.166 $52. 78
41.4 1.180 51.97
41.6 1.160 52.50
42.5 1.181 50.05
43.2 1.206 53.04
43.6 1.209 53. 99
42.7 1.207 51. 73
43.3 1.233 53. 28
42.5 1.270 53. 45
43.9 1.255 53. 73
*42.8 *1. 241 56.99
42.9 1.257 56.56
40.6
40.6
40.7
39.1
40.8
40.9
40.1
41.3
40.8
39.8
41.3
40.4
$1.30
1. 28
1.29
1.28
1.30
1.32
1.29
1.29
1.31
1.35
1.38
1.40
58.87
40.6
1.45
42.5
1. 257
MONTHLY LABOR
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
488
T able C-2: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for
Selected States and Areas1—Continued
Wisconsin
State
Kenosha city
LaCrosse city
Madison city
Milwaukee county
Racine city
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hour
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hour
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hour
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hour
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hour
Avg, Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly . wkly.
earn earn hour
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1948: January_____ $55. 05
February. _ __ 54.63
M arch______ 55. 56
April______ 55.11
M ay________ 55. 73
June___ __ 56. 69
Ju ly________ *54.97
August _ ___ 56. 46
September__ 55. 74
October_____ 58. 04
November.
58.16
December___ 58.15
42.3 $1. 303 $60. 41
41.9 1.303 54.11
42.3 1.313 60. 41
42.0 1.314 57.12
42. 0 1.326 58.38
42.1 1.347 63. 01
41.6 1.320 67.31
41.9 1.346 61.38
41.5 1.342 61.79
42.0 1. 383 61.73
41.9 1.388 60. 72
41.7 1.396 61.22
41.6 $1. 453 $52. 30
37. 5 1.444 49. 35
41.4 1.460 50.17
39.6 1.443 49. 60
40. 1 1. 455 49. 60
41.1 1. 532 49.74
40.3 1. 671 50.13
39.5 1. 552 53.35
40.0 1. 545 54.32
39.7 1.554 52. 61
39.2 1. 548 53. 92
39.3 1.558 55. 24
41.4 $1. 263 $49. 85
40.0 1.233 50.11
40.3 1.246 50. 97
39.7 1.250 55. 54
39.7 1.251 59.10
39.5 1.259 58.12
39.6 1.267 54.70
39.2 1.362 54.15
39.7 1.369 52.59
38.7 1.361 54. 55
39.4 1.369 56.27
40.1 1.378 57.98
39.6 $1. 253 $58.76
38.7 1.290 58. 20
39. 5 1.289 59. 09
41.4 1.343 58.77
42.9 1.377 58.82
42. 0 1.385 60. 20
39.7 1.377 60.92
39. 5 1.372 61.44
38.5 1.365 61.81
40.1 1. 362 63.09
41.2 1.364 62. 69
40.9 1.416 62. 54
41.6 $1.411 $61. 48
41.3 1.411 60.27
41.7 1.418 61.44
41.4 1.419 60. 58
41.0 1.434 61.97
41.2 1.461 63.32
41.1 1.481 63.46
41.3 1.489 65. 35
40.8 1. 515 65.15
41.5 1.521 65. 28
41.3 1.516 65.78
41.2 1. 516 64.83
42.0 $1.465
41.5
1. 451
41.8
1.469
41.2
1.470
41.7
1.485
42. 4 1.493
1.509
42.0
42.1
1.553
41.6
1. 568
41.4
1.575
41.5
1.585
40.9
1.586
1949: January_____ 57. 33
40.9
38.2
39.9
39.3
40. 5
40.9
1.400
59.30
1. 554
55. 25
i State and area hours and gross earnings are prepared by various cooper
ating State agencies. Owing to differences in methodology the data may
not be strictly comparable among the States or with the national averages.
Variations in earnings among the States and areas reflect, to some extent
differences with respect to industrial composition. Revised data for all ex
cept the two most recent months are identified by an asterisk for the first
1. 385
55.16
1. 403
61.57
1.520
65. 07
1.593
months publication of such data. A number of States also make available
more detailed industry data, as well as information for earlier periods which
may be secured directly upon request to the appropriate State agency as
listed in footnote 1, table A-5.
8Entire series revised since last publication.
T able C-3: Estimated Average Hourly Earnings, Gross and Exclusive of Overtime, of Production
Workers in Manufacturing Industries 1
All manufacturing
Year and month
January 1941_____
January 1945____
July 1945________
June 1946________
1941:
1942:
1943:
1044:
1945:
1946:
1947:
Average___
Average____
A verage-__
Average-— —
Average —
Average__ .
Average____
Durable goods
Gross
Exclud
ing
over
time
Gross
Exclud
ing
over
time
Gross
$0. 683
1.046
1.033
1.084
$0. 664
.970
.969
1.053
$0. 749
1.144
1.127
1.165
$0. 722
1.053
1.052
1.134
$0.610
.891
.902
1.003
$0.601
.840
.854
.972
.729
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.084
.702
.805
.894
.947
8. 963
1.049
1.182
.808
.947
1.059
1.117
1. Ill
1.156
1.292
.770
.881
.976
1.029
81.042
.640
.723
.803
.861
.904
.625
.698
.763
.814
8.858
.978
1.109
1.221
1.122
1. 250
1.012
1.145
Exclud
ing over
time
1Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours a week and paid for at
time and one-half. The method of estimating average hourly earnings exclu
sive of overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on
holidays.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
All manufacturing
Nondurable goods
Durable goods
Nondurable goods
Gross
Exclud
ing
over
time
Gross
Exclud
ing
over
time
1948: January____
February___
M arch_____
April______
M ay_______
June_______
July_______
August_____
September__
O cto b er.......
N ovem ber...
December 3__.
$1.285
1.287
1.289
1.292
1.301
1.316
1.332
1.349
1.362
1.366
1.372
1.376
$1.243
1.247
1. 248
1.253
1. 262
1.275
1.295
1.309
1.323
1.323
1. 333
1.333
$1.355
1.352
1.352
1.357
1.366
1.385
1.407
1.431
1.448
1.452
1.454
1.456
$1.308
1.309
1.306
1.314
1.324
1.341
1.369
1.385
1.408
1. 403
1.411
1.408
$1.210
1.217
1.230
1.242
1. 252
1.262
1.272
1.271
1.282
1.287
$1.173
1.181
1.183
1.184
1.194
1.204
1.216
1. 228
1.235
1.236
1.247
1.251
1949: January 3___
1.381
1.344
1.459
1.419
1.294
1.263
Year and month
Gross
1.220
1.220
Exclud
ing
over
time
8Eleven-month average only; August 1945 excluded because of VJ-day
holiday period.
8Preliminary
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
489
T able C-4: Gross Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Selected Industries, in Current
and 1939 Dollars 1
All manufacturing Bituminous-coal
mining
Electric light and
power 3
Year and month
January 1941_____
January 1945_____
July 1945________
June 1946________
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
All manufacturing Bituminous-coal
mining
Electric light and
power 2
Year and month
Current
dollars
1939
dollars
Current
dollars
1939
dollars
Current
dollars
1939
dollars
$26.64
47.50
45. 45
43.31
$26. 27
37.15
34.91
32.30
$26.00
54.11
50.66
64. 44
$25.64
42. 32
38.92
48.06
$35. 49
48.90
50.34
52.07
$35.00
38.24
38.67
38.83
23.86
25.20
29.58
36. 65
43.14
46.08
44.39
43. 74
49. 25
23. 86
25.00
27. 95
31.27
34. 69
36.50
34.36
31.21
30.75
23.88
24. 71
30.86
35.02
41.62
51. 27
52. 25
58.03
66. 86
23.88
24. 51
29.16
29. 88
33.47
40.61
40.45
41.41
41.75
34.38
35.10
36. 54
39.60
44.16
48.04
50.05
52.04
57.12
34.38
34.82
34. 53
33. 79
35. 51
38.05
38.75
37.13
35.66
Average____
Average____
Average... ..
Average... ..
Average... ..
Average____
Average____
Average___
Average____
1These series indicate changes in the level of weekly earnings prior to and
after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from the
Bureau’s consumers’ price index, the year 1939 having been selected for the
base period. Estimates of World War II and postwar understatement by
the consumers’ price index were not included. See Monthly Labor Beview,
March 1947, p. 498. (See also footnote 1, table D -l.)
Current
dollars
1939
dollars
Current
dollars
1939
dollars
Current
dollars
1939
dollars
1948: January
February___
March
April
M ay_______
June
July
August
September.-.
October
November__
December A
$52.07
51.75
52.07
51. 79
51.86
52.85
52.95
54.05
54.19
54.65
54.56
55.03
$30. 66
30. 71
31.01
30.41
30.23
30.60
30.30
30.79
30.87
31. 29
31.49
31.91
$75. 78
70.54
74.84
349 53
74.08
73.87
67.62
78.10
75.51
76. 40
73. 52
74.87
$44. 62
41.86
44. 57
329.08
43.19
42. 76
38. 70
44.49
43.01
43. 75
42. 44
43.42
$59.87
59. 60
58. 27
59.10
59.83
60.41
61 46
61. 46
61.75
62. 38
62. 57
62.72
$35. 26
35.37
34.70
34. 70
34.88
34 97
35.17
35.01
35.17
35. 72
36.12
36. 37
1949: January 4___
54. 41
31.65
75. 61
43.98
63. 28
36.81
2Data relate to all nonsupervisory employees and working supervisors.
3April data reflect work stoppages.
4Preliminary.
T able C-5: Gross and Net Spendable Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in
Manufacturing Industries, in Current and 1939 Dollars 1
Net spendable average weekly
earnings
Year and m onth
Gross
average
weekly
earn
ings
Worker with no
dependents
Worker with
three dependents
1939 Current
Current
dollars dollars dollars
Year and month
Gross
average
weekly
earn
ings
1939
dollars
January 1941.
January 1945.
July 1945.......
June 1946___
$26.64
47. 50
45.45
43.31
$25.41
39. 40
37. 80
37.30
$25.06
30.81
29.04
27.81
$26.37
45.17
43. 57
42. 78
$26.00
35.33
33.47
31.90
1939: Average.
1940: Average.
1941: Average.
1942: Average.
1943: Average.
1944: Average.
1945: Average.
1946: Average.
1947: Average.
23.86
25.20
29. 58
36.65
43. 14
46.08
44.39
43. 74
49. 25
23.58
24.69
28.05
31. 77
36.01
38.29
36. 97
37. 65
42.17
23.58
24.49
26. 51
27.11
28. 97
30.32
28.61
26. 87
26.33
23. 62
24.95
29. 28
36. 28
41.39
44.06
42. 74
43.13
47.65
23.62
24. 75
27. 67
30. 96
33.30
34. 89
33.08
30. 78
29. 75
1Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which the specified
type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability depends, of
course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as on
the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have, therefore, been
computed for two types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents:
(2) A worker with three dependents.
The computations of net spendable earnings for both the factory worker
w ith no dependents and the factory worker with three dependents are based
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Net spendable average weekly
earnings
1948: January____________
February________
March______________
April___ __________
M ay______________
June_______________
July________________
August_____________
September-__________
October_____________
November__________
December2____ ____
1949: January 2_________
Worker with no
dependents
W orker with
three dependents
1939
Current
dollars dollars
1939
Current
dollars dollars
$52.07
51.75
52.07
51.79
51.86
52. 85
52.95
54.05
54.19
54.65
54.56
55.03
$45.69
45.42
45.69
45.45
45. 51
46.35
46. 48
47.35
47. 47
47.86
47.78
48.18
$26.91
26.95
27. 21
26.68
26. 53
26.83
26.60
26.97
27.04
27.40
27.58
27.94
$51.43
51.16
51.43
51.19
51.25
52.08
52. 22
53.09
53.21
53.60
53. 52
53.92
$30.29
30.36
30.63
30.05
29. 88
30.15
29.88
30.24
30.31
30.69
30.89
31.29
54. 41
47. 66
27. 72
53.40
31.06
upon the estimates of gross average weekly earnings for all production work
ers in manufacturing industries without direct regard to marital status and
family composition. The primary value of the spendable series is that
of measuring relative changes in disposable earnings for two types of incomereceivers. T hat series does not, therefore, reflect actual differences in levels
of earnings for workers of varying age, occupation, skill, family composition,
etc.
Preliminary.
490
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
MONTHLY LABOR
C-6: Average Earnings and Hours on Private Construction Projects, by Type of Firm 1
Building construction
All types, private
construction projects
Special building trades
Total building
General contractors
Year and month
All trades1
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings 5
1940: Average___
1941: January___
(0
«
(0
m
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings ings 3 hours
to
<*)
$31. 70
32.18
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings 3
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings 3
33.1 $0. 958 •$30. 56 « 33.3 •$0.918 $33.11
• .946 33. 42
32.6
.986 * 30.10 •32.7
Plumbing and heat
ing
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings ings 3 hours
Painting and deco
rating
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings ings 3 hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
32.7 $1,012 $32.87
32.6 1.025 34.16
34.6 $0.949 $33.05
35.8
.955 31.49
32.5
29.7
$1,016
1.062
1947: Average____ $62.85
38.0 $1. 654
63.30
37.6
1. 681
59. 39
37.0
1. 603
67.97
38.4
1. 772
69. 66
39.2
1. 779
63.37
36.7
1. 724
1948: Average___
January___
February__
M arch_____
A p r il..___
M ay______
Ju n e ______
July_______
August____
September __
October.......
November...
December A.
37.7
37.3
37.0
37.4
37.5
37.5
38.5
38.4
38.4
38.1
37.9
37.0
38.0
69. 80
66.28
66.31
66. 89
67.31
68.13
70.49
71. 38
71.89
72. 06
71.69
70.73
73.32
37.4
37.2
36.7
37.1
37.0
37.1
37.9
37.8
37.8
37.5
37.4
36.7
37.9
1.869
1. 781
1.806
1. 805
1.818
1.835
1.858
1.890
1.901
1.919
1.919
1.929
1.935
66.30
62.05
62. 70
63. 28
63. 62
64. 74
67.00
67.90
68.47
68. 56
36.8
36.4
36.3
36.7
36.5
36.5
37.4
37.2
37.4
37.0
36.8
36.0
37.7
1.800
1.707
1. 727
1.724
1.745
1.772
1.789
1.826
1.833
1.853
1.852
1.867
1.869
74.36
71. 43
70.99
71.47
72.08
72. 67
75.14
75. 88
76. 57
76. 67
76.33
75. 25
77.15
38.0
38.2
37.3
37. 5
37.7
37.9
38.6
38. 5
38.5
38.2
38.1
37.5
38.1
1. 955
77. 24
75. 79
74.17
74. 01
74.64
75. 55
79.03
78.89
79.81
78.97
77. 97
76.44
81. 26
39.2
40.7
39.1
39.0
38.9
39.1
40.0
39.2
39.1
38.7
38.5
38.0
39.9
1. 971
1.862
1.895
1.897
1.919
1.933
1.976
2.014
2.041
2.042
69.52
65.79
65.03
66. 80
68.29
69. 76
70.27
71.20
71.27
71.67
70. 72
69.92
71.32
36.0
36.7
34.7
35.7
36.3
36.6
36.4
36.8
36. 5
36.6
35 7
34.9
35.8
1.929
l. 840
1.872
1.870
1.880
1.906
1.930
1.934
1.951
1.959
1.980
2. 001
1.995
69.69
65. 73
66.17
66.73
67. 25
67.90
70. 57
71.53
71.99
72.12
71. 71
70. 46
72. 85
1. 846
1.762
1. 788
1. 786
1. 795
1.812
1.835
1.S65
1.876
1.894
1.894
1.906
1. 918
68.10
67.25
70.45
1.868
1.899
1.905
1.909
1.916
1.948
1.972
1.991
2. 005
2.005
2.009
2. 023
2.020
2.010
2.037
Building construction—Continued
Special building trades—Continued
Year and month
Electrical work
Plastering and
lathing
Masonry
Carpentry
Roofing and sheet
metal
Excavation and
foundation
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. hourly
wkly. wkly.
hourly wkly.
hourly wkly. wkly. hourly wkly. wkly. hourly wkly. wkly.
wkly. wkly. hourly
earn hours earn earn wkly.
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn
ings 3
ings ings 3 hours ings ings 3 hours ings ings 3 hours ings ings 3 hours ings ings 3 hours ings
1940: Average_____ $41.18
1941: January_____ 43.18
34.5 $1.196 $29. 47
36.5 1.184 25.66
29.8 $0.988 $36. 60
25.3 1.012 35.36
28. 5 $1,286 $31.23
27.5 1. 287 30. 40
33.0 $0. 947 $28.07
31.2
.974 27. 60
31.8 $0. 883 $26. 53
30.3
.910 23. 86
30.9
29.1
$0.859
.820
1947: Average_____
77. 78
40.3
1.930
62.39
36.4
1.716
73.15
37. 5
1.951
63.33
38. 5
1.645
57.81
36.7
1. 577
60.12
37.8
1. 590
1948: Average_____
January..... .
February____
March.......... .
April...........
M ay________
June________
J u ly .. ...........
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December 9___
84.33
81.62
82.10
83. 75
81.76
81.44
82.60
84.31
85.63
85.69
87. 62
86. 72
88. 79
40.0
40.6
40.0
40.6
39.7
39.7
39.8
40.3
40.3
39.7
40.0
39.4
40.5
2.106
69.16
61.61
59. 50
61.38
64. 61
66. 91
71.21
74. 78
73.83
73.97
73. 74
72.96
70. 51
35.4
33.0
31.6
32.6
34.3
34.8
36.2
37.8
37.0
36.9
36.6
36.1
35.3
1. 957
1. 862
1.881
1.883
1.885
1.923
1. 967
1.977
1. 994
2. 005
2.015
2. 022
2. 000
79. 79
75. 84
74. 81
75.10
76.61
79. 22
83. 54
83.12
82.07
84. 29
82. 28
77. 66
80. 52
36.6
36.7
35.9
36.0
36.6
37.1
38.2
37.4
36.8
37.3
36.6
34.7
36.0
2. 179
2. 069
2. 087
2. 087
2.094
2.137
2.185
2. 223
2.231
2. 258
2.250
2.238
2. 237
68.35
37.8
36.5
35.2
35.4
38.0
38.8
39.4
39.2
39.3
38.4
37.6
37.2
37.9
1.807
1.750
1. 752
1.778
1. 799
1.795
1.794
1.795
1.800
1.837
1. 854
1.855
1.847
62.00
56. 64
55.38
55. 86
58. 33
59.89
63.15
64.42
65.36
66. 27
05.15
65.17
65. 22
36.3
34. 6
33.7
34.4
35.3
35.9
36.8
37.1
37.7
37.8
37.3
37.2
36. 5
1.709
1.638
1.643
1. 622
1.652
1.669
1.717
1.736
1.734
1.753
1. 749
1.751
1.788
66. 47
38.5
37.7
37.3
36.4
37.9
39.3
40.4
38.6
39.5
39. 5
38.8
38.4
37.4
1.727
1. 690
1.725
1.689
1. 672
1.671
1.695
1.724
1. 749
1.768
1.760
1.789
1.761
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.012
2. 052
2. 064
2.061
2.051
2.075
2.090
2.126
2.159
2.191
2. 203
2.194
63.94
61.60
62. 93
68.41
69. 55
70.64
70. 28
70.65
70. 50
69. 77
68. 99
70.10
63.79
64.37
61. 57
63.40
65. 72
68. 45
66.63
69.11
69. 77
68.37
68. 61
65. 85
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
T
a
b
l
e
G: EARNINGS AND HOURS
491
C-6: Average Earnings and Hours on Private Construction Projects, by Type of Firm 1—Con.
Nonbuilding construction
Total nonbuilding
Year and month
1940:
1941:
Avg.
wkly.
earnings*
Avg.
wkly.
hours
(9
(9
(9
(9
Average_____ _____
January _.................... .
Highway and street
Avg.
Avg.
hourly
wkly.
earnings earnings*
(9
(9
Avg.
wkly.
hours
(9
(9
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
hourly
earnings earnings*
(9
(9
(9
(9
Other
Heavy construction
(9
(9
Avg.
wkly.
hours
(9
(9
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
hourly
earnings earnings*
(9
(9
(9
(9
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hourly
earnings
(9
(9
(9
(9
1947: Average______________
$60. 87
39.5
$1. 539
$56. 77
39.1
$1. 454
$63. 02
39. 5
$1. 594
$58. 27
40.1
$1.454
1948: Average______________
January__ __________
69.14
63.28
65.42
65.85
66.92
66.72
70.93
72. 27
72. 26
72.42
71. 82
69. 25
70. 47
39.6
37.8
38.5
38.9
39.6
39.1
40.9
41.2
40.9
40.7
40.3
38.4
38.4
1.745
1.676
1.700
1.692
1.691
1.706
1.735
1.756
1.768
1.779
1. 780
1.803
1.833
65.88
61.25
60.96
60.71
61.63
63.09
67. 53
69.73
68.85
69. 22
68.63
63. 27
65.80
39.8
37.9
37.4
37.7
38.5
38.8
40.8
42.2
41.6
41.3
40.2
37.6
38.7
1. 654
1.618
1. 629
1.609
1.601
1.627
1.656
1. 652
1. 657
1.676
1. 707
1.684
1.699
71.64
65.57
68.78
68.79
69. 53
69.30
74.06
74.42
75.06
74.90
73. 85
72.05
72. 67
39.6
37.6
38.6
39.3
39.9
39.4
41.5
41.0
40.6
40.4
40.0
38.3
37.6
1. 811
66.41
58.14
61.24
62.89
65.08
63.86
66.61
69.23
69. 02
69. 88
70. 23
67.58
69. 94
39.8
38.1
39.0
38.9
39.8
38.8
39.5
40.6
40.7
40.9
41.2
39.4
39.9
1. 669
1.624
1.570
1.615
1.637
1.647
1.685
1.705
1.694
1.708
1.704
1.717
1. 754
February__________
March .......................
April_____________
May.................... .......
June_____________
July________________
August__ ____ ___ _
September_____ _____
October
___ _______
N ovem ber.. ________
December« ______
1Covers all contract construction firms reporting to the Bureau during the
months shown (over 14,000), but not necessarily identical establishments.
The data include all employees of these construction firms working at the
site of privately financed projects (skilled, semiskilled, unskilled, superin
tendents, time clerks, etc.). Employees of these firms engaged on publicly
financed projects and off-site work are excluded.
* Includes types not shown separately.
* Hourly earnings, when multiplied by weekly hours of work, may not
exactly eaual weekly earnings because of rounding.
4Not available prior to February 1946.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.746
1.781
1. 750
1.743
1.760
1.785
1.814
1.847
1.854
1. 846
1.881
1.931
5Includes general contracting as well as general building maintenance, and
other special building data.
6Revised. D ata for both January and February 1949 will appear in the
May issue. January data are unavailable at this time because this series is
being revised to combine information on private and public construction and
to show hours and earnings data for all “construction” workers, including
those engaged in the employer’s shop or yard at jobs (such as precutting, pre
assembly) ordinarily performed at the site of construction. As stated in
footnote 1 above, the series through December 1948 covers only site workers of
construction firms employed on privately financed projects.
492
MONTHLY LABOR
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
D : Prices and Cost of Living
T able
D -l: Consumers’ Price Index1 for Moderate-Income Families in Large Cities, by Group of
Commodities
[1935-39=100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration*
Year and month
All items
Food
Apparel
Rent
Total
1913: Average—..........................
1914: July_______________ ..
Gas and
electricity
Other
fuels
Ice
Housefurnishings
Miscellaneoust
70.7
71.7
79.9
81.7
69.3
69.8
92.2
92.2
61.9
62.3
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
59.1
60.8
50.9
52.0
December_____________
June______ ___________
Average______________
Average______________
118.0
149.4
122.5
97.6
149.6
185.0
132.5
86.5
147.9
209.7
115.3
90.8
97.1
119.1
141. 4
116.9
90.4
104.8
112.5
103.4
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
169.7
111.7
85.4
121.2
83.1
100.7
104.6
101.7
1939: Average______________
August 15_____________
1940: Average______________
1941: Average______________
January 1 _ _ . ___
December 15 _________
100.2
105.2
100.8
99. 4
98.6
100.5
100.3
101.7
106.3
114.8
104.3
104.3
104.6
106.2
105.0
108.2
99.0
97.5
99.7
110.5
95.2
93.5
96.6
105.5
97.6
113.1
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
Average______________
A verage______________
Average_____ _______
Average_____________
August 15_____________
116.5
123.6
125.5
128.4
129.3
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
140.9
124.2
129. 7
138.8
145. 9
146.4
108.5
108.0
108.2
108.3
(3)
1946: A verage______________
June 15___ _____ ____
November 1 5 _________
139.3
133.3
152.2
159.6
145.6
187.7
160.2
157.2
171.0
1947: Average—_ _________
December 15__________
159.2
167.0
193.8
206.9
185.8
191.2
115.4
1948: Average_______________
February 15___________
March 15_____________
April 15______ _______
May 15_______________
June 15_______________
July 15_ ____________
August 15_____________
September 15__________
October 15 __________
November 15...............
December 15___________
171.2
167.5
166.9
169.3
170.5
171.7
173.7
174.5
174.5
173.6
172.2
171.4
204.7
202.3
207.9
210.9
214.1
216.8
216.6
215.2
211.5
207.5
205.0
210.2
198.0
195.1
196.3
196.4
197.5
196. 9
197.1
199.7
1949: January 15____________
February 15____________
170.9
169.0
204.8
199.7
1918:
1920:
1929:
1932:
104.1
98.9
99.0
98.0
97.1
97.5
96.7
99.1
95.2
101.9
108.3
105.4
113.1
105.4
107.7
109.8
110.3
111.4
96.7
96.1
95.8
95.0
95.2
115.1
120.7
126.0
128.3
131.0
108.6
108.5
(3)
112.4
110.5
114.8
92.4
92.1
91.8
111.2
121.1
127.8
201.4
200.4
117.4
116.0
116.3
116.3
116.7
117.0
117.3
117.7
118.5
118.7
118.8
119.5
196.5
195.1
119.7
119.9
101.2
201.0
201.6
i The “ Consumers’ price index for moderate-income familiesin large cities,”
formerly known as the “ Cost of living index” measures average changes in
retail prices of selected goods, rents, and services weighted by quantities
bought in 1934-36 by families of wage earners and moderate-income workers
in large cities whose incomes averaged $1,524 in 1934-36.
Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin 699, Changes in Cost of Living in Large
Cities in the United States, 1913-41, contains a detailed description of methods
used in constructing this index. Additional information on the consumers’
price index is given in a compilation of reports published by the Office of
Economic Stabilization, Report of the President’s Committee on the Cost
of Living.
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for each
of the cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau and for each of the major
groups of living essentials. Indexes for all large cities combined are available
since 1913. The beginning date for series of indexes for individual cities
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
102.2
100.8
100.2
100.0
100.4
104.1
100.3
105.1
110.0
101.3
100.6
100.5
107.3
100.2
116.8
100.7
100.4
101.1
104.0
101.8
107.7
114.2
115.8
115.9
115.8
122.2
125.6
136.4
145.8
146.0
110.9
115.8
121.3
124.1
124.5
136.9
133.0
142.6
115.9
115.1
117.9
159.2
156.1
171.0
128.8
127.9
132.5
92.0
92.6
156.1
171.1
125.9
129.8
184.4
191.4
139.9
144.4
133.9
130.0
130.3
130.7
131.8
132.6
134.8
136.8
137.3
137.8
137.9
137.8
94.3
93.2
93.8
93.9
94.1
94.2
94.4
94.5
94.6
95.4
95.4
95.3
183.4
175.4
175.5
176.1
178.5
180.6
185.0
190.1
191.0
191.4
191.6
191.3
135.2
132.2
132.2
133.2
133.7
134.2
136.5
137.3
137.6
137.9
138.0
138.4
195.8
193.0
194.9
194.7
193.6
194.8
195.9
196.3
198.1
198.8
198.7
198.6
149.9
146.4
146.2
147.8
147.5
147.5
150.8
152.4
152.7
153.7
153.9
154.0
138.2
138.8
95.5
96.1
191.8
192.6
139.0
140.0
196.5
195.6
154.1
154.1
varies from city to city but indexes are available for most of the 34 cities since
World War I.
2 Data not available.
* Rents not surveyed this month.
•The group index formerly entitled “ Fuel, electricity, and ice” is now de
signated “ Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration” . Indexes are comparable with
those previously published for “ Fuel, electricity, and ice.” The subgroup
“ Other fuels and ice” has been discontinued; separate indexes are presented
for “ Other fuels” and “Ice.”
t The miscellaneous group covers transportation (such as automobiles
and their upkeep and public transportation fares); medical care (including
professional care and medicines); household operation (covering supplies and
different kinds of paid services); recreation (that is, newspapers, motion
pictures, and tobacco products); personal care (barber- and beauty-shop
service and toilet articles); etc.
T
a
b
l
e
493
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
D-2: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City,1 for Selected Periods
[1935- 3 9 = 1 0 0 1
City
Feb. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15 Nov. 15 Oct. 15, Sept. 15, Aug. 15, July 15, June 15, May 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Feb. 15, June 15, Aug. 15,
1946
1948
1939
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948
l'948
1948
1948
1948
1949
1949
Average--------------- ----------
169.0
170.9
171.4
172.2
174.5
174.5
173.7
171.7
170.5
169.3
166.9
167.5
133.3
98.8
(2)
(2)
176.9
167.8
172.7
178.1
175.5
(2)
171.0
174.6
174.7
(2)
179.2
178.6
169.0
(2)
179.4
176.3
(2)
(2)
175.4
175.4
176.2
(2)
179.3
168.7
(2)
178.8
175.7
179.3
(a)
176.1
175.2
(J)
(2)
177.0
168.6
173.1
178.6
175.9
(2)
172.5
175.9
173.7
(!)
176.1
174.7
166.1
(2)
176.2
173.5
174.5
172.5
170.8
(0
173.7
164.1
(>)
174.9
172.3
173.7
(0
173.2
171.5
(*)
(0
172.7
163.6
167.2
172.1
170.8
(!)
168.5
171.8
171.4
(>)
170.9
172.0
160.8
(0
169.0
169.3
(0
(2)
168.7
170.0
169.2
CO
172.8
161.3
(0
168.8
170.1
171.6
(0
169.0
170.4
133.8
135.6
136. 5
127.9
132.6
130.9
132.2
135.7
131.7
136.4
130.6
98.0
98.7
98.5
97.1
98.5
98.7
97.3
100.0
98.6
Ö8. 8
100.7
178.0
(!)
167.5
171.8
176.5
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
179.1
(2)
171.0
(2)
177.1
(2)
173.8
177.3
(2)
173.3
(2)
(2)
(2)
171.0
(2)
(2)
174.5
(2)
176.5
(2)
166.3
170.3
178.1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(>)
172.8
(2)
172.6
CO
(0
(!)
169.1
(0
(s)
171.1
(0
(0
176.5
167.5
172.6
(2)
163.3
169.3
172.0
m
179.8
173.3
(0
178.3
(3)
168.8
(0
174.7
(0
171.4
173.5
(s)
169.1
(0
(0
(0
168.1
(0
(0
166. 9
(0
CO
177.1
166. 4
131.9
138.4
129.4
136.1
134.7
134.5
131.2
129.4
132.9
138.0
135.8
98.6
98. £
98.6
100.5
97.8
97.8
97.0
99. 7
98.6
99.7
99.8
(2)
174.8
178.3
170. 7
(2)
(2)
175.0
177.1
176.2
174.8
178.3
(2)
(2)
(2)
(s)
172.9
177.8
(2)
180.3
168.9
(0
172.1
176.7
167.4
(2)
(J)
172.1
174.2
171.9
170.4
173.5
(0
169.3
171.9
170.1
166. 6
170.1
135.2
162. $
134.7
128.7
140.3
128.2
131.2
137.8
140.6
132.2
137.0
133.8
97.8
87.8
88.4
97.1
173.6
Atlanta, G a _____________
Baltimore, M d___________
Birmingham, Ala_________
Boston, M a s s ___________
Buffalo, N. Y ____________
Chicago, 111 ____
___
Cincinnati, Ohio__
___
Cleveland, Ohio__________
Denver, Colo____________
T)fttroit, Mich ___
Houston, Tex.......... .............
170.1
(2)
171.7
161.4
(2)
172.9
169.7
172.5
(.«)
170.7
170.2
(2)
(2)
173.7
163.9
169.8
174.9
172.0
(2)
171.0
171.6
172.6
(s)
174.0
174.8
164.7
(0
175.4
172.2
(2)
(2)
172.8
173.8
173.7
(2)
175.0
166.7
(2)
175.9
173.8
176.8
(2)
173.1
173.9
Indianapolis, In d _________
Jacksonville, Fla__ ______
Kansas City, Mo ________
Los Anseles, Calif . _____
Manchester, N. H ________
Memphis, T enn__________
Milwaukee. W is__ ______
Minneapolis, M inn_______
Mobile, Ala__ ____
New Orleans, L a__ ____
New York, N. Y --------------
(0
(0
(0
173.3
(0
173.6
(2)
165.1
172.7
172.3
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
169.2
(2)
176.2
(2)
172.7
0)
174.3
(2)
170.8
173.5
(2)
(0
(2)
172.2
(s)
(2)
171.2
(2)
(2)
169.2
176.6
171.0
171.7
(2)
170.6
174.9
167.1
(!)
(2)
171.1
176.7
174.0
171.7
175.9
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
174.1
177.1
(2)
180.1
170.0
Norfolk, Va______________
Philadelphia, P a_________
P itts b u r g h , P a____ ______
Portland, Maine_________
Portland, O reg __________
Richmond, Va___________
St. Louis, Mo____________
San Francisco, Calif_______
Savannah, G a. _________
Scranton, P a_____________
Seattle, Wash_____
Washington, D. C ......... ......
(2)
168.7
(2)
(2)
173.2
166.8
170.6
168.5
172.1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2
(2))
166.8
174. 3
164.1
(2)
170.4
174.6
(2)
178.6
166.5
(2)
(2)
176.7
(2
(2))
(2)
(2)
(2
(2))
(2)
(2)
(2
)
(2)
(2
)
169.4
174.3
167.1
(2
)
(2)
(2
(2))
178.4
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2
(2))
(0
i The Indexes are based on time-to-time changes in the cost of goods and
services purchased by moderate-income families in large cities. They do not
indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than in another.
*Through June 1947, consumers' price indexes were computed monthly for
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(2)
(2
(2))
co
174.7
176.2
169.2
(0
(2)
(2)
180.2
«(2)
(2)
(0
(0
(s)
(J
(!))
(0
(0
(3)
(0
(*
)
(0
(2
)
170.2
174.3
166.7
co
(2)
(>)
(!)
167.0
(0
176. 8
163.4
(s)
(*)
177.6
(s)
(2
(’))
00
167.4
(2)
172.4
CO
167.7
169.9
(0
164.3
(0
168.5
170.1
162.7
(0
(0
167.8
171.4
(0
(>)
(0
(0
(0
(*)
(0
(0
(0
(0
166.5
170.7
163.2
100.1
98.0
98.1
99.3
99.3
96.0
100.3
98.6
21 cities and in March, June, SeDtember, and December for 13 additional
cities; beginning July 1947 indexes were computed monthly for 10 cities and
once every 3 months for 24 additional cities according to a staggered schedule.
494
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T
a
b
l
e
D
- 3
:
MONTHLY LABOR
Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City and Group of .
Commodities 1
[1935-39=100]
F u e l, e lectricity , a n d refrig eratio n
Food
A p p arel
R ent
H o u se fu m ish in g s
T o ta l
C ity
F eb . 15,
1949
\
J a n . 15,
1949
F eb . 15,
1949
J a n . 15,
1949
F eb . 15,
1949
J a n . 15,
1949
F ob. 15,
1949
M iscellan eo u s
G as a n d electricity
J a n . 15,
1949
F eb . 15,
1949
J a n . 15,
1949
F eb . 15,
1949
J a n . 15,
1949
F eb . 15,
1949 '
1949 '
A v erag e______________
199.7
204. 8
195.1
196. 5
119.9
119.7
138.8
138.2
96.1
95.5
195.6
196.5
154.1
154.1
A tla n ta , G a _________
B altim o re, M d . . . - B irm in g h a m , A la _____
B o ston, M a s s . . ___
B uffalo, N . Y ______
C hicago, 111 .
_ ..
C in c in n a ti, O hio . C le v ela n d , O h io _____
D e n v e r, Colo
__ ^
D e tro it, M ic h ________
H o u sto n , T e x _________
194. 7
210.3
195.8
187.8
191.4
202.7
199.7
207.2
204. 5
194.5
208.0
202.1
213. 5
202.0
194.1
197.9
207.3
205.5
212.8
209.6
197.3
215. 7
202.0
(0
204.7
185.8
0
198.0
192.2
194.1
0
190.9
204.4
0
0
206. 2
185.6
197.7
199.6
193.4
0
193.9
192.7
207.2
123.2
(2)
141.1
(2)
0
0
(2)
126.6
0
0
122.3
0
0
0
0
124.0
0
0
0
124.2
127.4
0
151.2
148.4
135.6
154.8
143. 6
131.4
146.4
145. 8
112.1
152.6
99.4
151.2
148. 4
135. 6
154. 9
140.2
131. 4
146.4
145.1
112.1
150. 5
99.4
83.3
122.0
79.6
117.1
101.3
83.5
101.9
105.6
69.2
91.8
81.5
83.3
122.0
79.6
117.3
96.0
83.5
101.9
105.6
69.2
87.1
81.5
198.8
(i)
190.7
187.2
(!)
0
191.5
187.7
195.3
184. 7
193.7
(i)
214.8
202.2
198.5
157. 4
0
150. 2
146. 0
0
155. 5
154.2
153.3
(i)
167.0
153.7
(!)
(l)
150.0
146. 5
158 8
155 6
154.1
0
152 5
166. 5
153.3
In d ia n o p o lis, I n d _____
Jack so n v ille, F la ___
K an sas C ity , M oLos A ngeles, C alif____
M a n c h e ste r, N . H ____
M e m p h is, T e n n ______
M ilw au k e e, W is______
M in n ea p o lis, M in n ___
M o b ile, A la ____ ____
N ew O rleans, L a _____
N ew Y o rk , N . Y _____
195.5
201.2
189. 2
210.8
196.4
212.2
200.8
190.1
207.4
210.2
200.0
200.9
210.6
194.6
215. 5
201.8
217.1
206.5
195.3
214. 5
213.2
205.3
0
187.6
187.4
192.0
184. 6
0
0
0
0
126.2
0
0
118.2
0
0
113.0
129.7
0)
158.6
146.9
128. 5
94.5
156.8
135.0
146.1
142.6
129.8
113. 4
135.3
157. 4
146.8
128.5
94.0
156.9
135.0
145.8
142.6
129.8
113.4
134.2
88.6
100.5
67.0
89.3
98.8
77.0
104. 5
78.9
83.9
75.1
102.1
36.6
100.2
67.0
89.3
99.2
77.0
104.5
78.9
83.9
75.1
101.6
N o rfolk, V a _ . _ ___
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a _____
P itts b u rg h , P a ___
P o rtla n d , M ain e
202.0
195.0
202. 2
189.7
220.4
193. 5
207.1
219.3
208.5
196.0
213.6
195.2
208.7
200.4
208.0
194.3
224.2
200.3
212.4
223.2
215.3
201.6
214.4
202.4
154.1
144.7
140. 4
153.8
138. 6
143.3
135.7
82.8
156.9
144.6
128.0
138.6
149.9
144.1
140.3
153.9
130.6
142.5
135.7
82.8
156.9
144.7
127.2
137.5
102.6
103.0
103.4
108.2
93.8
95.6
88.4
72.7
108.6
91.8
93.2
98.6
102.6
103.0
103.3
108.6
95.6
95.6
88.4
72.7
108.6
91.8
93.2
98.6
Portland, Oreg_
.. _
Richmond, Va___ . .
St. Louis, Mo. . __
San Francisco, C alif...
Savannah, Ga
. ..
Scranton. Pa ______
Seattle, Wash. ____
Washington, D. C ___
0
189.9
0
0
196.3
«
0)
0)
0)
0
206.6
193.9
0
0
196.4
190.7
190.8
229.7
0
190.7
230.7
115.9
120.2
0
0)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0)
0)
194.9
196.7
(0
0)
0
0
0
203.1
194.2
216.3
0)
192.9
0)
0)
0)
0
110.3
124.0
104.3
0
124.2
0
113.3
0
0
0
0
(2)
107.8
(2)
(2)
120.1
(2)
125.8
114.5
(2)
(2)
118.2
(2)
( 2)
(2)
1 Prices of apparel, housefumishings, and miscellaneous goods and services
are obtained monthly in 10 cities and once every 3 months in 24 additional
cities according to a staggered schedule.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(!)
182.4
191.2
182.8
(i)
202.1
197.9
(i)
(i)
(i)
188.6
0
(i)
195.3
0
0
198.8
185.4
189. 2
(!)
186.9
189.3
201.2
(i)
(i)
0
(!)
(!)
185.9
(il
(b
0
0
0
0
159. 7
(!)
152.4
148. 4
(i)
156. 5
144.0
0
196.8
201.7
(i)
152.8
152. 5
147.6
(i)
0
0
187.3
207.1
(!)
(!)
205.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
(!)
0
154. 2
154.3
148. 4
150.3
(i)
(!)
146.9
159.4
196.6
197.2
197.9
(!)
(!)
(!)
(!)
178.8
196.3
204.4
160 3
(i)
0
O)
155. 2
(l)
(i)
0
(!)
155 4
144.1
157.1
155.5
0
0
0
3 Rents are surveyed every 3 months in 34 large cities according to a stag
gered schedule.
»
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
495
D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
Table D-4: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods,1 by Group, for Selected Periods
[1936-39=100]
Y e a r a n d m o n th
A ll
food s
C ere
M e a ts ,
als
p o u l
and
b a k ery try ,
and
prod
T o ta l
fish
u c ts
M e a ts
B eef
and
veal
F r u its a n d v e g e ta b le s
C h ic k
ens
P o rk
F is h
L am b
D a ir y
prod
u c ts
E ggs
B ever
ages
F a ts
and
oils
175.4
152.4
171.0
91 .2
93.3
9 0 .3
100.6
131.5
170.4
164 8
112 6
95 .5
9 4 .9
92 .5
126.2
145.0
127 2
71.1
87 .7
8 4 .5
8 2 .2
T o ta l
F r e sh
C an
ned
D r ie d
136.1
141.7
143.8
8 2 .3
9 1 .0
9 0 .7
93 .8
169.5
210.8
169.0
103.5
9 4 .5
92 .4
9 6 .5
173.6
226.2
173.5
105.9
95.1
9 2 .8
97 .3
124.8
122.9
124.3
91.1
9 2 .3
91 .6
92 .4
Su g a r
and
sw e e ts
17fi 4
1923;
1926;
1929;
1932:
1939;
A v e r a e e - ............
A v e r a g e .............
A v e r a g e ..............
A v e r a g e .............
A v e r a g e -............
A u g u s t -----------1940: A v e r a g e _______
124.0
137.4
132.5
86.5
95 .2
93 .5
9 6 .6
105.5
115.7
107.6
8 2 .6
9 4 .5
93 .4
96 .8
101.2
117.8
127.1
79.3
96 .6
95 .7
9 5 .8
9 6 .6
95.4
94 .4
101.1
99.6
102.8
8 8 .9
88 .0
81 .1
99.5
98.8
99 .7
93 .8
9 4 .6
9 4 .8
101.0
99 .6
110.6
129.4
127.4
131.0
84 .9
9 5 .9
93.1
101.4
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1941: A v e r a g e _______
D e c e m b e r .........
A v e r a g e _______
A v e r a g e _______
A v e r a g e ..............
A v e r a g e _______
A u g u s t ________
105.5
113.1
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
140.9
9 7 .9
102.6
105.1
107.6
108.4
109.0
109.1
107.6
111.1
126.0
133.8
129.9
131.2
131.8
106. 6
109. 7
122.5
124.2
117. 9
118.0
118.1
110.8
114.4
123.6
124.7
118.7
118.4
118.5
100.1
103.2
120.4
119.9
112.2
112.6
112.6
106.6
108.1
124.1
136.9
134.5
136.0
136.4
102.1
100.5
122.6
146.1
151.0
154.4
157.3
124.5
138.9
163.0
2 0 6.5
207.6
217.1
217.8
112.0
120.5
125.4
134.6
133.6
133.9
133.4
112.2
138.1
136.5
161.9
153.9
164.4
171.4
103.2
110.5
130.8
168.8
168.2
177.1
183.5
104.2
111.0
132.8
178.0
1 7 7.2
188.2
196.2
9 7 .9
106.3
121.6
130.6
129.5
130.2
130.3
106.7
118.3
136.3
158.9
164.5
1 6 8.2
168.6
101.5
114.1
122.1
124.8
124.3
124.7
124.7
94 .0
108.5
119.6
126.1
123.3
124.0
124.0
106.4
114.4
126.5
127.1
126.5
126.5
126.6
1946: A v e r a g e _______
J u n e __________
N o v e m b e r ____
159.6
145.6
187.7
125.0
122.1
140.6
161.3
134.0
203.6
150.8
120.4
197.9
150.5
121.2
191.0
148.2
114. 3
207.1
163.9
139.0
205.4
174.0
162.8
188.9
236.2
219.7
265.0
165.1
147.8
198.5
168.8
147.1
201.6
182.4
183.5
184.5
190.7
196.7
182.3
140.8
127.5
167.7
190.4
172.5
251.6
139.6
125.4
167.8
152.1
126.4
244.4
143.9
136.2
170.5
120 n
114 3
RQfi
100.6
95 .6
9 6 .8
1947: A v e r a g e _______
193.8
155.4
217.1
214.7
213.6
215.9
220.1
183.2
271.4
186.2
200.8
199.4
201.5
166.2
263.5
186.8
197.5
180.0
1948: A v e r a g e _______
J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r il__________
M a y ....................
J u n e .....................
J u l y ____ ______
A u g u s t _______
S e p t e m b e r ____
O c t o b e r .............
N o v e m b e r ____
D e c e m b e r .........
210.2
209.7
204.7
202.3
207.9
210.9
214.1
216.8
216.6
215.2
211.5
207.5
205.0
170.9
172.7
171.8
171.0
171.0
171.1
171.2
171.0
170.8
170.7
170.0
169.9
170.2
246.5
237.6
224.8
224.7
233.8
244.2
255.1
261.8
267.0
265.3
256.1
246.7
241.3
243.9
233.4
218.0
218.2
229.5
242.0
255.2
263.0
269.3
265.9
254.3
243.1
235.4
258. 5
239.7
228.2
228.5
241.2
2 5 5.8
273.9
280.9
286.2
280.8
269.8
262.4
255.1
222.5
2 2 5.9
202.2
204.3
212.3
219.1
223.5
233.8
246.1
247.9
233.9
214.4
2 0 6 .2
246.8
231.5
223.4
216.8
232.6
253.6
271.2
275.0
266.6
256.6
249.4
246.5
238.6
2 0 3.2
200.0
196.4
194.7
198.4
202.1
207.6
209.3
207.8
209.4
204.0
200. 5
208.0
312.8
310. 9
315.0
313.6
307.2
305.0
299.3
301.6
30 4 .4
314.9
325.9
328.1
328.1
204.8
205.7
204.4
201.1
205.8
204.8
205.9
209.0
211.0
208.7
203.0
199. 5
199.2
208.7
213.6
189.2
186.3
184.7
1 8 4.9
194.2
204.3
2 2 0.2
226.6
239. 0
244.3
217.3
2 0 5.2
208.3
213.0
2 0 6.9
217.4
218.0
214.9
213.4
199.6
195.8
193.5
189.4
192.3
212.4
215.7
222.0
214.2
228.4
229.4
225.2
223.2
20 4 .8
199.6
197.3
192.4
196.2
158.0
158.0
157.7
157.7
156.4
156.4
157.4
157.7
157.8
159.0
158.9
159. 4
159.4
246.8
256.8
256.0
253. 9
252.1
250.0
248.0
248.0
2 4 9.2
249.1
238.1
230.6
229.8
205.0
201.9
204.0
204.4
204.4
204.6
205.1
205.2
205. 3
2 0 5.6
205.9
206.4
207.8
195.5
209.3
194.2
191.7
191.4
196.6
200.5
200.8
197.8
196.8
193.0
189.4
184.4
174.0
183.4
176.8
174.4
173.6
173.0
170.6
170.9
172.3
173.2
173.1
173.3
173.0
1949: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y _____
204.8
199. 7
170.5
170.0
2 3 5.9
2 2 1.4
228.2
212.3
244.5
220.5
203.1
196.3
234.4
228.4
208.9
199.0
331.7
3 2 7.2
196.0
192.5
209.6
179.6
2 0 5.2
213.8
213.3
224.9
159.2
158.6
228.4
226.6
208.7
209.0
174.7
159.8
173.4
174.3
1 T h e B u r e a u of L ab or S ta tis tic s re ta il food p rices are o b ta in e d m o n th ly
d u r in g th e first th r e e d a y s of t h e w e e k c o n ta in in g th e fifte e n th o f th e m o n th ,
th r o u g h v o lu n ta r y rep orts from ch a in a n d in d e p e n d e n t re ta il fo o d dealers.
A r tic le s in c lu d e d are s e le c te d to r e p r ese n t fo o d sa les to m o d era te-in c o m e
fa m ilie s .
T h e in d e x e s, b ase d o n th e re ta il p rices o f 50 fo o d s, are c o m p u te d b y th e
fix e d -b a se -w e ig h te d -a g g r e g a te m e th o d , u sin g w e ig h ts re p r e se n tin g (1) rela
t i v e im p o r ta n c e o f c h a in a n d in d e p e n d e n t sto re sa les, in c o m p u tin g c it y a v e r
a g e p rices; (2) food p u r c h a se s b y fa m ilie s of w a g e earners a n d m o d era te-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
in c o m e w o rk ers, in c o m p u tin g c i t y in d ex es; a n d (3) p o p u la tio n w e ig h ts , in
c o m b in in g c it y a g g re g a te s in order to d e r iv e a v er a g e p rices a n d in d ex es for a ll
c itie s c o m b in e d .
In d e x e s of re ta il fo o d p rices in 66 large c itie s c o m b in e d , b y c o m m o d ity
gro u p s, for th e y ea r s 1923 th r o u g h 1947 (1 9 3 5 -3 9 = 1 0 0 ), m a y b e fo u n d in B u lle tin
N o . 938, “ R e ta il P r ic e s o f F o o d — 1946 a n d 1947,” B u r e a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s .
U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r, ta b le 3, p . 42. M im e o g r a p h e d ta b le s o f t h e sa m e
d a ta , b y m o n th s , J a n u a r y 1935 t o d a te , are a v a ila b le u p o n r e q u e st.
496
MONTHLY LABOR
D : PRICES AND COST OF LIV IN G
Table D-5: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods, by City
[1935-39=100]
C ity
F eb.
1949
Jan.
1949
D ec.
1948
N ov.
1948
O ct.
1948
S e p t.
1948
A ug.
1948
J u ly
1948
June
1948
M ay
1948
A pr.
1948
M ar.
1948
Feb.
1948
June
1946
A ug.
1939
U n it e d S ta te s _______________
199.7
204.8
20 5 .0
20 7 .5
211.5
215.2
216.6
216.8
214.1
210.9
207.9
202.3
204.7
145.6
93.6
A tla n ta , G a ------------------------B a ltim o r e , M d --------------------B ir m in g h a m , A la ___________
B o s to n , M a s s _______________
B r id g e p o r t, C o n n -----------------
194.7
210.3
195.8
187.8
194 .9
202.1
213.5
202.0
194.1
200.0
203. 3
214 .6
204.8
194 .2
201.0
20 5 .9
218.7
205. 4
199.2
205 .9
208.3
224.5
210.8
202.6
209.3
214.2
228.7
210.3
207. 2
212.7
215.7
228.9
219.3
208 .8
214.6
212.4
227.7
218.0
210.2
214.4
2 0 9 .9
22 5 .3
212.7
204.1
210 .3
207.9
221.6
209.6
199.2
207.5
204.7
217.8
207. 5
198.2
201.4
201.1
212.3
207.2
192.2
195.6
205.6
214.6
211.1
195 .0
197.5
141.0
152.4
147.7
138.0
139.1
92.6
94.7
90. 7
93.6
93.2
B u ffa lo , N . Y ----------------------B u t t e , M o n t ________________
C ed ar R a p id s , I o w a
.........
C h a r le s to n , S . O ------------------C h ic a g o , 111---------------------------
191.4
201.5
206.8
190.8
202.7
197.9
205.0
211. 5
196.9
207.3
2 0 0.0
205. 7
211.8
197.1
208 .2
20 1 .6
20 9 .3
214.4
198.9
211.9
206.4
214.9
218.0
204.9
218.0
210.1
214.5
2 2 0.2
207.7
221.4
213.0
215.1
222.2
208 .0
223.6
212.9
216.6
224.4
211.4
224.7
211.6
21 4 .7
224 .3
208.1
221.3
207.9
207.4
219.7
206.7
218.4
200.2
201.3
217.0
204.8
212.2
196.6
200.5
208.2
199.1
204.3
196.7
202.1
208. Ö
200.2
204.8
140.2
139.7
148.2
140.8
142.8
94.5
94.1
C in c in n a ti, O h io -----------------C le v e la n d , O h io -----------------C o lu m b u s , O h io -----------------D a lla s , T e x __________________
D e n v e r , C o lo -------------- ---------
199.7
207.2
182.3
200 .7
204.5
205.5
212.8
188.6
207.1
209.6
2 0 5 .2
21 3 .0
189. 4
208.2
211.0
20 9 .4
217.0
193.1
212.7
207 .7
214.4
220.9
197.2
214.7
208.3
218.0
225 .6
2 0 0.8
217.3
210.5
218.1
229. 0
202.2
215.2
213.1
220.4
226.2
201.9
213.3
217.0
216.3
223 .7
199.2
2 1 0.8
216 .5
213.6
218.0
195.3
210.5
213.3
210.1
213.0
193.1
206.7
208.5
206.1
209.3
190.8
203.0
202.3
209.0
212.6
192.6
205. 7
203.4
141.4
149.3
136.4
142.4
145.3
90.4
93.6
88.1
91.7
92.7
D e t r o it , M i c h _______________
F a ll R iv e r , M a s s ---------------H o u s to n , T e x ...............................
I n d ia n a p o lis, I n d . _ . ________
J a c k so n , M i s s .1_________ ___
194.5
195.3
20 8 .0
195.5
205.4
197.3
199.8
215.7
200.9
209.5
198.7
200.4
218.1
204.8
213.8
199.9
202. 5
217.6
206.8
212. 7
204.4
209.1
220.8
211.8
218.6
207.6
211.6
223. 7
216.0
220. 7
210.1
213.5
223. 8
217.1
220. 6
213.2
214.1
222.1
212.6
220.8
211.3
211.3
2 2 0.0
211. 5
216. 7
208.0
207.2
218.1
208 .0
218.0
203.9
201.2
219.3
205. 7
218.3
197. 7
197.2
216.0
203.8
214.6
199.4
198.4
218.1
204.2
221.3
145.4
138.1
144.0
141.5
150.6
90.6
95.4
97.8
90.7
J a c k s o n v ille , F l a ------------- ---K a n s a s C it y , M o ----------------K n o x v ille , T e n n .1___________
L it t l e R o c k , A r k ____________
L o s A n g e le s , C a lif----------------
20 1 .2
18 9 .2
221.3
197.2
210.8
210.6
194.6
230.0
199.8
215.5
209.9
194.7
233. 9
201.6
214. 9
2 1 2.6
198. 5
233.9
20 2 .4
213.7
217.5
201.1
236.7
206.5
213.1
219.3
204 .4
241.6
212. 0
212.1
220.7
205. 4
244. 6
212.4
212.7
2 2 2.8
204.4
241.7
213.4
213.1
2 2 2 .9
204. 4
238.4
210.6
212.1
217.3
202.2
236.2
209.2
212.6
214.7
197.9
233.9
206.4
213.9
208.1
193.0
230.0
203.8
208.9
212.2
192.5
239.6
206.1
210.9
150.8
134.8
165.6
139.1
154.8
95.8
91.6
L o u is v ille , K y ....................... ..
M a n c h e s te r , N . H --------- . . .
M e m p h is , T e n n ..........................
M ilw a u k e e , W is ------------------M in n e a p o lis , M in n --------------
189.2
196.4
212.2
200.8
190.1
193.9
201.8
217.1
206. 5
195.3
196.6
203.6
217.9
205.0
195.6
198.9
20 4 .8
219.0
207.5
197.8
201.7
210.4
223.7
211.2
202.2
207 .2
215.5
227 .8
216. 3
206 .0
207.4
217.8
227.1
218.8
209. 2
206.8
218.4
229.8
218.3
208 .2
20 3 .8
213.0
226.7
21 5 .3
20 6 .2
201.6
208.9
223.2
213.7
206.0
198.2
204.9
222.2
210.9
203.0
193.9
2 0 2.0
219.9
204.6
198.1
198.0
203 .2
224.5
203.4
197.2
136.6
144.4
163.6
144.3
137.5
92.1
94.9
89.7
91.1
95.0
M o b ile , A la ______________ ___
N e w a r k , N . J ,_ ____________
N e w H a v e n , C o n n ...................
N e w O rlean s, L s .....................
N e w Y o r k , N . Y_„_................ .
207.4
196.3
190.9
210.2
2 0 0.0
214. 5
200.1
195.1
2 213.2
205.3
211.8
201.2
194.5
216.1
204.3
211.3
203.9
199.6
218 .0
208.7
213.8
205. 8
203.5
220.5
211.5
222.1
211.1
205.3
227. 7
216.2
222.7
212.6
205.6
22S.5
216.9
2 2 2 .5
212.8
208.3
233. 2
217.9
21 9 .8
209 .9
205.4
227.3
21 3 .9
217.0
204.7
201.2
223.0
2 1 0.0
216.3
203.0
197.7
228.7
208.6
212.2
196.4
193.0
224.3
201.2
215. 5
200.3
195.8
225.6
206.7
149.8
147.9
140.4
157.6
149.2
95.5
95.6
93.7
97.6
95.8
N o r fo lk , V a ...................................
O m a h a , N e b r _______________
P e o r ia , 111___________________
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a ____________
P itts b u r g h , P a _____________
202.0
195.7
207.9
195.0
202.2
208.7
198.0
215.7
200.4
208.0
209.8
203.1
216.8
199.3
208.0
2 1 1.8
205 .6
218.0
202.0
211.0
217.1
210.2
222.1
208.4
215.1
2 2 0.2
210.3
230 .3
212.0
219.5
220.S
211.1
230 .8
212.6
220.9
216.9
208.6
224.9
210.9
222.3
214.4
210.1
227.3
209.4
219.6
213.3
207.2
223.8
205.0
213.7
210.5
202.5
217.0
202.8
209.8
206.0
197.7
205.8
196.3
204.8
2 1 0.2
197.7
208.9
199.3
205.4
146.0
139.5
151.3
143. 5
147.1
93.6
92.3
93.4
93.0
92.6
P o r tla n d , M a in e .............. .........
P o r tla n d , O reg ______________
P r o v id e n c e , R . I ____ ____
R ic h m o n d , V a ....... .................
R o c h e s te r , N . Y ................... ..
189.7
220.4
202 .9
193.5
192.1
194.3
224.2
210.1
200.3
195. 5
195.0
223.5
209.2
201.5
196.5
198.0
222.9
211 .7
203.6
196.7
204.1
227.7
218.4
209.7
200.7
207 .0
231.4
223.8
214.1
207.3
209 .8
234.1
227.2
211.7
209.7
209.7
233.7
224.9
209. 4
211.2
204.1
228.2
222.0
205.3
208 .8
199.4
229.6
217.9
203.4
205.1
197.0
223.2
213.1
200.6
200.8
192.4
220.4
205.5
197.6
196.7
193.5
219 .2
210.5
201.3
196.9
138.4
158.4
144.9
138.4
142.5
95.9
96.1
93.7
92.2
92.3
S t. L o u is , M o . . .................. ........
S t. P a u l, M i n n _____________
S a lt L a k e C it y , U t a h _______
S a n F r a n c is c o , C a lif________
S a v a n n a h , G a ...... .......... ..........
207.1
188.9
207.4
219.3
208.5
212. 4
192.9
211.8
223.2
215.3
212.2
192.1
209.8
221.1
216.0
213.1
194.8
208 .8
219 .5
2 1 5 .0
217.4
199.7
211.2
223.0
219.2
223 .0
203.1
214.7
2 2 4 .2
222 .4
225.3
204. 5
21 6 .0
22 4 .3
2 2 3 .3
224.2
204.7
217.1
223 .2
228 .3
222.0
203 .7
215 .8
2 2 1 .6
224 .5
218.2
2©3. 5
216.8
223.4
223.3
213.6
200.5
212.9
219.5
221,4
210.9
195.3
207.3
215.3
213.6
212.8
194.0
207.9
215.4
219.6
147.4
137.3
151.7
165.5
158.5
9 3 .8
94.3
94.6
93.8
9 6 .7
S c r a n to n , P a .................................
S e a ttle , W a s h _______________
S p r in g fie ld , 111...........................
W a s h in g to n , D . C __________
W ic h ita , K a n s> _____________
W in s to n -S a le m , N . C .t
.
196 .0
213.6
2 0 0.0
195.2
213 .0
195.6
2 0 1.6
214.4
214. 0
202.4
219. 0
203.7
201.1
211.8
214.4
201.8
220.4
206.6
20 2 .8
21 3 .4
21 5 .2
20 3 .5
2 2 2 .2
206.1
209.2
217.5
219.5
209.2
220.0
212.7
21 3 .2
22 1 .0
226.4
212.9
223 .0
215 .6
217.3
221.9
227 .0
2 1 4 .9
224.7
2 1 5 .8
218.2
223.4
224.9
215.1
22fi 7
212 .9
216.1
220 .3
224.4
215 .4
226.4
2 0 9 .5
212.2
221.4
219.3
209.7
225.3
208.4
208.9
216.5
2 1 2.6
205.1
220.3
206.0
201.8
212.5
209.1
198.9
215.9
202.7
203.2
214.7
211.4
202.0
215.1
207 .9
144.0
151.6
150.1
145.5
154.4
145.3
92.1
9 4 .5
94.1
94.1
1J u n e 1940= 100.
1 E s t im a t e d in d e x b a se d on h a lf th e u su a l sa m p le o f r e p o r ts. R em a in in g
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
re p o r ts lo s t in th e m a ils.
prices for N e w O rleans.
95.1
92.3
94. S
94.6
I n d e x for F e b . 15 w ill reflect th e co rrect le v e l of food
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
D : PRICES AND COST OF DIVINO
497
Table D-6: Average Retail Prices and Indexes of Selected Foods
C o m m o d ity
A v erage
p rice
Feb.
1949
In d e x e s 1935-39= 100
Feb.
1949
Ja n .
1949
D ec.
1948
N ov.
1948
O c t.
1948
S e p t.
1948
A ug,
1948
J u ly
1948
June
1948
M ay
1948
A pr.
1948
M ar.
1948
F eb.
1948
187.0
177.4
189.0
107.2
155.5
185.7
177.8
194.9
107.6
155.8
184.0
177.6
199.5
109.4
155.2
184.2
177.2
210.5
112.1
155.5
184.9
177.1
214.0
121.1
155.6
185.7
177.1
215.2
121.5
155.4
186.9
176.8
215.5
120.6
155.2
188.4
177.2
213.7
119 .6
155.0
189.4
175.7
215.7
118.6
154.8
189.6
175.8
216.4
118.4
154.8
392.4
173.3
216 .6
118.1
153.5
197.3
172.8
219.9
118.4
153.4
82.1
92 .7
90.7
(2)
(*)
163.2
195.6
163.0
194.9
162.8
194.1
162.7
193.0
163.1
192.4
103.1
191.7
163.1
192.1
163.6
190.3
163.5
188.8
163.2
189.2
163.1
187.9
163.1
187.7
9 3 .2
(«)
248.3
241.7
257.7
175.9
261.1
253.1
276.8
181.7
269.3
262.0
291.5
184.6
277.3
267.2
301.1
193.7
292.5
277.6
315.0
199.2
299.5
283.1
32 2 .2
202.5
294.4
276.6
315.5
199.3
287 .6
266.7
3 0 9 .6
194.7
267.3
249.9
283.4
178.6
2,50.7
238 .2
263.3
166.3
234.0
227.0
249.6
158.0
231.4
227.9
250.6
157.3
102,7
97, 4
97.1
248.7
248.7
248.4
253.6
258.5
259.6
256.1
25 2 .5
245.6
234.9
226.8
228.0
101.1
201.6
179.6
213.3
171.1
203.4
190.0
222.5
101.6
204.6
195.8
233.3
211.6
219.7
200.7
227 .2
200.1
254.1
207.0
239. 4
200.2
278.6
207.2
253.3
196.1
276.5
206.3
251.1
194.1
252.7
204.5
244.2
196.0
238.1
201 .9
231 .2
196.6
233.5
199.1
223.7
203.5
223.2
191.3
220.9
209.9
212.1
185.7
213. 6
214.7
200.1
194.7
212.0
238.2
9 0 .8
80 .9
9 2 .7
6 9 .0
232.1
199.0
238.1
208.9
242.4
208.0
250.4
200.5
253.4
204.0
260.7
209.4
270.8
207.8
279.4
209.3
275 .6
207 .6
257 .6
202.1
236.3
198.4
220.3
194.7
226.9
196.4
95.7
9 4 .6
26 7 .2
466 .3
272.4
468.3
268.5
466.0
268.1
467.0
270.2
452 .6
264.0
429.2
254.4
417.1
253.9
408.1
2 5 1 .8
405 .2
261.3
399.7
204.9
397.1
274.4
394.1
276 .3
393 .7
98 .8
97 .4
20 3 .6
234.0
177.5
182.4
200.2
179.6
205.9
245.8
179.9
185.7
204,6
209.6
207.6
246.8
184.5
189.4
208.0
217.3
205.7
246.6
185.3
191.4
210.0
244.3
212.7
259.0
186.0
191.1
216.9
239.0
232 .7
264.1
185.4
189.4
220.8
226.6
245.6
268.6
182.0
187.8
218.3
220.2
252.0
262.1
177.1
182.1
212.8
204.3
2 4 9 .8
254 .6
174.0
179.3
21 0 .9
194.2
254.2
248.1
171.5
177.3
202.1
184.9
255.4
241. 5
174. 3
179.0
197.2
184. 7
237.4
243.7
174. 6
179. 5
197.1
186.3
248.4
247.9
174.3
179.7
195.8
189.2
84 .0
9 2 .3
97.1
9 6 .3
93. 9
90 .7
275.5
272.7
165. 7
255.7
267.7
168.4
241.5
269.3
153.7
229.1
270.6
151.0
220.7
269.9
192.1
216.7
269.3
187.2
225.1
270.7
183.3
266.3
269.3
169.2
289.2
261.7
155.1
229.1
257.8
149.2
208.2
256.3
142.9
205.6
255.3
145.1
208.6
257.4
135.9
8 1 .6
9 7 .3
9 6 ,9
2 2 2.0
179. 2
196.7
220.2
153. 9
237.9
259.4
220 .9
234.6
163.7
199.9
185.9
155.7
225. 5
202.3
211.4
173.3
142.5
184.2
170.8
156.9
208.3
163.2
198.1
224.9
133.7
184.3
158. 9
154.6
199.1
155.1
181.9
155.1
139.7
191.6
163.0
147.8
202 .4
161.2
181.1
172.0
136.5
190.8
156.2
154.2
210.8
183.9
196.2
176.0
139.2
183.6
143.1
176.3
223.5
205.0
235.5
187.7
155.1
202.1
177.8
251.9
248.4
174.7
286.9
185.1
180.1
263 .2
164.1
262.4
263 .5
145.0
273 .4
229.1
202.3
310.1
200.7
291.0
261.7
158.4
225.2
229. 6
250. 5
254.3
159.9
440.9
253.6
167.4
213.1
191.2
174.8
227.8
138.0
38 6 .2
247.0
171.5
208.3
257.2
191. 5
261.3
153.5
364.8
246.9
221.5
207.2
6 1 .7
103.2
8 4 .9
9 7 .6
8 6 .8
9 1 .9
118.4
115.7
168.4
182.6
169.0
180.4
168.2
181.3
168.2
178.1
166.5
176.2
165.1
174.4
163.0
170.0
161.6
168.5
160.8
168.1
160.8
166.7
160.6
166.3
161.0
164.3
161.5
163.0
9 2 .3
9 6 .0
159.4
117.0
178.8
220. 9
226 .4
208 .6
160.2
117.1
179.6
218.9
239.1
208.3
160.4
117.2
180.0
216.6
246.2
207 .4
159.7
117.5
181.4
211.6
255.7
206.0
160.2
116.7
181.3
209.1
278.2
205.5
159.3
116.9
183.2
205.6
311.5
205.2
158.8
115.8
182.6
204.7
312 .9
204.9
158.6
113.5
184.7
204.9
309.7
204.8
158.2
112.8
184.8
204.3
310 .5
204 .7
157.9
112.3
183.0
206.9
311.6
204.2
156.6
113.5
183.2
208 .6
314.3
204.0
156.9
115.5
186.2
211.2
314.9
204.0
157.0
118.0
185.0
236.0
312.9
203.6
8 8 .6
89 .8
92 .5
94 .7
83 .0
9 3 .3
133.2
187.1
156.1
186.7
163.2
197.2
159.3
199.0
181.0
202.8
162.7
208.6
191.4
204.9
163.7
213 .4
196.1
205.6
165.7
220.4
198.5
207.3
168.6
229.8
197.3
209.6
168.3
235.3
198.1
220.3
168.4
240.1
19 8 .5
218.2
167.1
242 .0
198.2
21 1 .4
164.4
232.6
194.1
207.1
159.8
223.9
191, 9
214.4
159.0
224.0
196.0
217. 6
158. P
227.8
6 5 .2
9 3 .9
(*)
9 3 .6
175.1
174.2
173.8
174.2
174.0
174.0
173 .2
171.8
171.4
173.8
174.5
175.3
177.7
9 5 .6
Cereals and bakery products:
Cereals:
Cents
Flour, wheat.-........................... 5pounds..
48.1
186.4
Corn flakes_________ll ounces.. 16.8 177.8
Com meal___________pound.. 9.6 186.4
Rice 1.....................
do______
19.1
107.4
Rolled oats *________ 20 ounces.. 1 6 .8 152.2
Bakery products:
Bread, white.................. pound— 1 3 .9 163.3
Vanilla cookies__________ do_ 4 4 .9 194.3
Meats, poultry, and fish:
Meats:
Beef:
Round steak........ ........ do__ 7 3 .9 218.5
Rib roast.................
do_ 61 .6 213.8
Chuck roast__________do_ 50 .4 224.3
Hamburger 2............
do 4 8..5 156.8
Veal:
Cutlets......____ ___ do__ 100.5 251.9
Pork:
Chops................................do__ 6 6 .4
Bacon, sliced ..................do__ 68.4
Ham, whole......................do__ 62 .7
Salt p o rk ...................... ..d o __ 3 5 .7
Lamb:
„
Leg................................... do___ 6 5 .9
Poultry: Roasting chickens........do—
60 .0
Fish:
Fish (fresh, frozen)•_..............do__
(«)
Salmon, pink *..........16-ounce can..
6 1 .2
Dairy products:
B utter------------------------------- pound.. 74.1
Cheese______________________ do__ 6 0 .8
Milk, fresh (delivered)_______ quart— 21. é
Milk, fresh (grocery)................... do___ 20 .6
Milk, evaporated------ 14^-ounee can— 14.3
Eggs: Eggs, fresh...............................dozen.. 62.1
Fruits and vegetables:
Fresh fruits:
Apples...... ..........
—pound— 14.4
Bananas_______
do___ 16. 5
Oranges, size 200.............
dozen..46. 9
Fresh vegetables:
Beans, green........................pound.. 2 4 .2
Cabbage.................................d o ...
6 .8
Carrots.................................bunch.
10 .6
L ettuce..................................head.
18.1
Onions------------------------- pound— 6.4
Potatoes------------------ 15 pounds.. 8 5 .4
Spinach-------------------pound.. (8)
Sweetpotatoes______ _____ do___ 11. 5
Canned fruits:
Peaches.................... No. 2J£ can..
3 2 .5
Pineapple.............................d o .
3 9 .7
Canned vegetables:
Corn-------- ---------------No. 2 can.. 19 .8
P eas.......................................do___
15.3
Tomatoes_______ ________ do___ 1 6 .0
Dried fruits:Prunes.................. .pound.. 22. 5
Dried vegetables: Navy beans...do__
1 6 .6
Beverages: Coffee................................do
52 .4
Fats and oils:
L ard......................... ...................._d0___ 1 9 .9
Hydrogenated veg. shortening ' —do___ 3 8 .8
Salad dressing_______________ pint
3 7 .8
M argarine-.................................pound.. 3 4 .0
Sugar and sweets:
Sugar............................................... do.
9 .4
1 J u ly 1947=100.
2 I n d e x n o t c o m p u te d .
' F e b r u a r y 1943=100.
1 N o t p r ic e d in earlier p erio d .
828745— 49------ 8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
! 1938 -3 9 = 1 0 0 .
4 A v era g e p rice n o t c o m p u te d .
7
F o r m e r ly p u b lis h e d as sh o r te n in g in o th er co n ta in e r s.
^ I n a d e q u a te r e p o r ts .
A ug.
1939
(*)
MONTHLY LABOR
D : P RICE S AND COST OF LIVING
498
T able D-7: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group of Commodities, for Selected Periods
[1926 = 100]
R aw
m a te
rials
S em im anufactu r e d
a rticles
M anu
fac
tu red
p ro d
u c ts 3
93.1
88.1
142. 3
176.5
82 .6
6 8 .8
67 .3
138.8
163.4
97.5
74.9
6 7 .8
162.7
253.0
93 .9
69 .4
66 .9
130.4
157.8
9 4 .5
6 9 .0
65.7
131.0
165. 4
93.3
70.0
65.7
129.9
170.6
91.6
75.1
8 6 .3
8 5 .6
8 8 .5
6 4 .4
74.8
73.3
77.3
65.1
70.2
66 .5
7 1 .9
59.3
77 .0
74 .5
79.1
70 .3
80.4
79.1
81 .6
68 .3
79.5
77 .9
80 .8
70.2
81.3
80.1
83.0
8 4 .4
90.4
95 .5
94 .9
9 5 .2
94 .3
101.1
102.4
102.7
104.3
8 2 .0
87 .6
89. 7
9 2 .2
9 3 .6
83 .5
92.3
100.6
112.1
113.2
8 6 .9
90.1
9 2 .6
9 2 .9
94.1
89.1
64 .6
98 .6
100.1
100.8
88 .3
93.3
9 7 .0
9 8 .7
9 9 .6
89.0
93.7
95.5
96.9
98.6
117.8
117.8
9 5 .2
95 .3
104.5
104.5
94.7
94.8
116.8
116.3
95 .9
95 .5
101.8
101.8
100.8
100.9
99.7
99.9
115.6
112.2
130.2
145.0
132.6
129.9
145. 5
179.7
101.4
96.4
118.9
127.3
111.6
110.4
118.2
131.1
100.3
98.5
106.5
115.5
134.7
128.3
153.4
165.6
110.8
105.7
129.1
148.5
116.1
107.3
134.7
146.0
114.9
106.7
132.9
145.5
109.5
105.6
120.7
135.2
134.1
130.8
130. 9
131.6
132.6
133.1
135. 7
136. 6
336. 7
137 .2
137.3
137.0
163 .6
156.3
155.9
157.2
157.1
158.5
162.2
170.9
172.0
172.4
173.3
173.8
199.0
192.7
193.1
195.0
196.4
196.8
199.9
203.6
204 .0
203.5
203.0
202.1
135.1
134.6
136.1
136.2
134. 7
135.8
134.4
132.0
133.3
134.8
133.9
130.6
144. 5
141.8
142.0
142.3
142.6
143.2
144.5
145.4
146.6
147.5
148.2
148.4
120.5
120.1
120.8
121.8
121.5
121.5
120.3
119.7
119.9
119.0
119.2
118.5
178.4
174.9
174.7
175.5
177.6
182.6
184.3
182.0
181.0
177.0
175.2
172.1
156.6
155.2
152.9
154.1
153.8
154.6
155.9
159.6
158.8
158.4
161.0
160.8
159.4
164.6
155.8
157.6
158.5
159.6
162.6
164.6
163.9
160.2
158.7
157.5
1 5 9 .6
155.3
155'. 7
157.3
158.2
159.4
162.6
164.6
163.8
161.0
160.1
158.8
150.7
147.6
147.7
148.7
149.1
149.5
• 151.1
153.1
153.3
153.2
153.5
153.0
o 137.1
135.9
« 175.6
175.5
202.2
201.4
125.7
122.3
148 .2
148.4
117.3
115.3
169.3
165.8
« 160.4
159.6
° 156 .2
154.0
» 1 5 7 .7
155.6
152.9
151.8
Foods
H id e s
and
le a th e r
p ro d
u c ts
T ex
tile
p ro d
u c ts
F u el
and
lig h t
in g
m a te
rials
M e ta ls
and
m e ta l
p ro d
u c ts 1
B u ild
in g
m a te
rials
71.6
71.4
150.3
169.8
104.9
6 4 .2
62 .9
128.6
147.3
9 9 .9
68.1
6 9 .7
131.6
193.2
109.1
57.3
55.3
142.6
188.3
90.4
61 .3
55.7
114.3
159.8
83 .0
9 0 .8
79.1
143. 5
155. 5
100.6
56 .7
52.9
101.8
164.4
95 .4
8 0 .2
77.9
178.0
173.7
9 4 .0
56.1
56.7
99 .2
143. 3
94.3
64.8
77.1
75.0
78.6
4 8 .2
65.3
6 1 .0
67.7
6 1 .0
70.4
6 7 .2
7 1 .3
72 .9
95 .6
9 2 .7
100.8
5 4 .9
69 .7
67. 8
73.8
70.3
73.1
72.6
71.7
8 0 .2
94.4
9 3 .2
95.8
71.4
90 .5
8 9 .6
9 4 .8
73 .9
76 .0
74 .2
77 .0
1941: A v e r a g e . . .......
D e c e m b e r ____
1942: A v e r a g e ______
1943: A v e r a g e ______
1944: A v e r a g e ______
87.3
93.6
98.8
103.1
104.0
82 .4
9 4 .7
105.9
122.6
123.3
8 2 .7
9 0 .5
99 .6
106.6
104.9
108.3
114.8
117.7
117.5
116.7
84 .8
91.8
9 6 .9
97.4
98.4
7 6 .2
78.4
78.5
8 0 .8
8 3.0
99 4
103.3
103.8
103.8
103.8
103.2
107.8
110.2
111.4
116.5
1945: A v e r a g e .............
A u g u s t ................
105.8
105.7
128.2
126.9
106.2
106.4
118.1
118.0
100.1
9 9 .6
84.0
84 .8
104.7
104.7
1946: A v e r a g e ............
J u n e __________
N o v e m b e r ____
1947: A v e r a g e ...........
121.1
112.9
139.7
152.1
148.9
140.1
169.8
181.2
130.7
112.9
165.4
168.7
137.2
122.4
172.5
182.4
116.3
109.2
131.6
141.7
90.1
8 7 .8
94.5
108.7
1948: A v e r a g e ...........
F e b r u a r y -------M a r c h ________
A p r il_________
M a y ____ _____
J u n e __________
J u ly ___________
A u g u s t .............
S e p te m b e r ___
O c to b e r ______
N o v e m b e r ___
D e c e m b e r ____
165.0
160.9
161.4
162.8
163.9
166.2
168.7
169.5
168,7
165.2
164.0
162.3
188.3
185.3
186.0
186.7
189.1
196.0
195.2
191.0
189.9
183.5
180.8
177.3
179.1
172.4
173.8
176.7
177.4
181.4
188.3
189.5
186.9
178.2
174.3
170 .2
188.8
192.8
185.4
186.1
188.4
187.7
189.2
188. 4
187.5
185.5
186 .2
185.3
14 8 .6
148.9
149.8
150.3
150.2
149.6
149.4
148.9
347.9
146.9
147.5
146.7
1949: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y ..........
160.6
158. 1
172.5
168.3
165.8
161.5
184 .8
182.3
« 146.1
145.2
A ll
com
m o d i
tie s 3
F arm
p rod
u c ts
A v e r a g e ______
J u l y - - ................
N o v e m b e r ___
M a y . ---------A v e r a g e .............
69.8
67.3
136.3
167.2
95.3
1932: A v e r a g e . . . —
1939: A v e r a g e ______
A u g u s t ...............
1940: A v e r a g e .......... ..
Y e a r an d m o n th
1913:
1914:
1918:
1920:
1929:
i
B L S w h o le s a le p rice d a ta , for th e m o s t p a rt, r e p r ese n t p rices in p rim a r y
m a r k e ts . T h e y are p rices ch a rg e d b y m a n u fa c tu r e r s or p ro d u c ers or are
p rices p r e v a ilin g on org a n iz ed e x c h a n g es. T h e w e e k ly in d e x is c a lc u la te d
from 1-d a y -a -w e ek prices; th e m o n t h ly in d e x from an a v er a g e of th e s e
p rices. M o n t h ly in d e x e s for th e la s t 2 m o n th s are p r e lim in a r y .
T h e Ind exes c u r r e n tly are c o m p u te d b y th e fixed b a se a g g re g a te m e th o d ,
w it h w e ig h ts re p r e se n tin g q u a n titie s p ro d u c ed for s a le in 1929-31. (F o r a
d e ta ile d d e sc r ip tio n of th e m e th o d of c a lc u la tio n see “ R e v is e d M e th o d of
C a lc u la tio n of th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s W h o le s a le P r ic e I n d e x ,” in
th e J o u r n a l of t h e A m eric a n S ta tis tic a l A sso c ia tio n , D e c e m b e r 1937.)
M im e o g r a p h e d ta b le s are a v a ila b le , u p o n re q u e st t o th e B u r e a u g iv in g
m o n t h ly in d ex es for m ajor g ro u p s of c o m m o d itie s s in c e 1890 a n d for s u b g r o u p s
a n d e c o n o m ic g ro u p s s in c e 1913. T h e w e e k ly w h o le s a le p ric e in d e x e s a re
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A ll
com
m o d i
tie s
excep t
farm
p ro d
u c ts
and
fo o d s3
A ll
com
m o d i
tie s
ex cep t
farm
p ro d
u c ts 3
C hem
ica ls
and
a llied
p ro d
u c ts
H o u se furn ish in g
goods
M is.
cellan eou s
com
m o d i
tie s
a v a ila b le in s u m m a r y fo rm s in c e 1947 for a ll c o m m o d itie s; all c o m m o d itie s
le ss farm p r o d u c ts a n d foods; farm p ro d u c ts; foods; te x tile p ro d u c ts; fu el an d
lig h tin g m a teria ls; m e ta ls a n d m e ta l p ro d u c ts; a n d b u ild in g m a teria ls.
W e e k ly in d e x e s are a lso a v a ila b le for t h e su b g r o u p s of g ra in s, liv e s to c k ,
m e a ts , a n d h id e s a n d s k in s.
> I n c lu d e s cu rren t m o to r v e h ic le p rices b e g in n in g w ith O c to b e r 1946. T h e
rate of p r o d u c tio n of m o to r v e h ic le s in O c to b e r 1946 e x c eed ed th e m o n t h ly
a v er a g e ra te of c iv ilia n p r o d u c tio n in 1941, a n d in acc o rd a n c e w it h th e a n
n o u n c e m e n t m a d e in S e p te m b e r 1946, th e B u r e a u in tr o d u c e d cu rr en t p rices
for m o to r v e h ic le s in th e O c to b e r c a lc u la tio n s . D u r in g t h e w a r , m o to r
v e h ic le s w e r e n o t p ro d u c ed for g en era l c iv ilia n sa le a n d th e B u r e a u carried
A p r il 1942 p rices forw ard in ea c h c o m p u ta tio n th r o u g h S e p te m b e r 1946.
« C o rrec ted .
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
D : PRICE S AND COST OF LIV IN G
499
T able D-8: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group and Subgroup of Commodities
[1926=100]
1949
1948
1946
1939
Feb.
June
A ug.
G r o u p a n d su b g r o u p
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
| J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
A.11 c o m m o d itie s *...................
158.1
160.6
162.3
164.0
165.2
168.7
169.5
168.7
166.2
163.9
162.8
161.4
160.9
112.9
7 5 .0
F a r m p r o d u c ts .............................
G r a in s ................ .....................
L iv e s t o c k an d p o u ltr y '_
L i v e s t o c k . . . ................
O th e r farm p r o d u c ts ___
168.3
157.2
187.2
201.1
158.9
172.5
167.7
194.7
209.9
159.4
177.3
171.1
204.6
221.7
161.4
180.8
171.1
213 .4
234.1
162.6
183.5
170.4
223.4
246.9
162.0
189.9
176.9
244 .2
268.8
159.6
191.0
179.2
250. 0
273.3
157.8
195.2
190.6
250.8
272.8
161.9
196.0
209 .2
239.2
259.5
165.4
189.1
213.5
219.0
236.1
163 .3
186.7
217.9
204.4
219.7
166.4
186.0
218.0
209.4
224.1
162.2
185.3
220.0
230.0
225.5
159.9
140.1
151. 8
137.4
143 .4
137.5
61 .0
51 5
66 0
(8)
60 .1
F o o d s ................................................
D a ir y p r o d u c t s _________
C ereal p r o d u c ts _________
F r u its a n d v e g e t a b l e s ...
M e a ts , p o u ltr y , a n d fish '
M e a t s . ............................
O th e r fo o d s .............. .............
161.5
159.8
146.7
152.3
205.1
212.5
127.5
165.8
163.6
148.0
145.3
214.2
222.8
134.4
170.2
171.2
149.8
139.8
220.8
230.8
140.9
174.3
170.7
150.5
139.6
227.4
240.0
149.4
178.2
174.9
149.6
137.1
239 .8
255.0
150.4
186.9
179.9
153.3
139.4
266.5
277.4
149.1
189.5
185.1
154.0
140.5
273.7
279.6
146.9
188.3
182.9
154.5
151.2
263 .8
277 .2
148.5
181.4
181.3
155.1
147.7
241.3
265.1
148.1
177.4
176.6
156.3
147.0
233. 2
262.3
144.2
176.7
181.0
158.0
148.6
226.0
251.5
144.4
173.8
179.8
158.6
145. 7
217.1
240.6
144.3
172.4
184.8
160. 2
144.5
206.2
230.7
146.7
112.9
127.3
101. 7
136.1
110.1
116. 6
98.1
67 2
67 9
71* Q
5S 5
73! 7
78 1
6 0 .3
H id e s a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts ..
S h o e s ______________
...
H id e s a n d s k in s ................
L e a th e r __________________
O th e r le a th e r p r o d u c ts..
182.3
187.8
185. 9
183.9
145.4
184.8
187.8
198.7
185.4
145.4
185.3
188.0
197.2
186.5
148.6
186.2
188.1
206.0
183.8
148.6
185.5
189.7
202.0
180.4
148.6
187.5
190.0
210 .6
181.9
148.6
188.4
189.4
212. 1
186.0
148.6
189.2
186.3
220.3
189.2
149.9
187.7
185.8
215.2
186.9
150.9
188.4
185.6
218.0
188.2
150.9
186.1
191.7
199.3
183.6
143.3
185.4
193.8
186.2
185.9
143.8
192.8
194.7
207.2
199.6
143.8
122.4
129. 5
121.5
110.7
115.2
92. 7
100 8
77. 2
8 4 .0
9 7 .1
T e x t ile p r o d u c t s ____________
C lo t h in g ........................... ..
C o tto n g o o d s ____________
H o s ie r y an d u n d e r w e a r .
R a y o n a n d N y l o n ' _____
S ilk ■______ ________ _____
W o o le n a n d w o r s te d ___
O th er te x tile p r o d u c t s ...
14 5 .2
147.3
184.8
101.3
4 1 .8
50.1
162.1
186.9
» 146.1
147.7
186.9
102.5
4 1 .8
50 .1
161.6
189.0
146.7
148.8
189.2
103.7
4 1 .8
4 6 .4
159.6
190.0
147.5
149.1
191.7
104.0
4 1 .8
4 6 .4
159.6
190.5
146.9
148.8
195.0
104.6
41 .8
46.4
1.50.7
190.5
147.9
148.6
199.8
104.8
4 1 .8
46 .4
150.0
189.3
148.9
148.3
205. 3
104.9
41.6
46 .4
149.4
186.6
149.4
148.3
209.3
104.9
4 0 .7
46.4
147.5
184.5
149.0
145.2
213.1
105.3
4 0 .7
46 .4
147.5
183.1
150.2
145.8
217.8
105.4
40 .7
4 6 .4
147.5
174.2
150.3
145.8
219.2
105.4
40 .7
46 .4
147.5
170.0
149.8
144.6
218.3
105. 4
4 0 .7
46.4
145.7
174.7
148.9
144. 7
214. 9
105.0
4 0 .7
4 6 .4
143.0
180.2
109.2
120.3
139.4
7 5 .8
3 0 .2
(3)
112.7
112.3
67. 8
81. 5
65 5
61 5
28. 5
44 3
75 5
6 3 .7
F u e l a n d lig h tin g m a te r ia ls ..
A n th r a c ite ______________
B it u m in o u s c o a l________
C o k e ______ _____ _______
E le c t r ic it y ......................... ..
G a s .............. ..........................
P e tr o le u m a n d p r o d u c ts .
135.9
138.0
196.6
22 2 .9
(3)
(3)
118.7
« 137.1
137.7
° 196.3
220.5
C3)
8 8 .2
121.3
137.0
136.4
194.9
219.0
6 7 .7
« 91.1
122.0
137.3
136.4
195.1
219.0
6 7 .3
9 2 .6
122.8
137. 2
136.4
195.1
218. 7
6 6 .5
90 .9
122.8
136.7
136.5
195.1
217.5
6 6 .3
9 0 .7
122 .2
136.6
136.0
194.6
217. 4
6 5 .5
8 6 .9
122.1
135.7
131.6
193.1
212.3
66 .4
9 0 .4
122.1
133.1
127.1
182.6
206.6
6 5 .7
9 0 .7
122.1
132.6
125. 5
181.8
205.4
6 5 .4
89.3
122.1
131.6
124.6
178.9
197.5
66.1
89.1
121.8
130.9
124.6
177.9
190.6
65 .7
8 8 .7
121.8
130.8
124.5
177.9
190.6
6 6 .6
8 5 .8
121.7
8 7 .8
106.1
132.8
133.5
6 7 .2
7 9 .6
6 4 .0
72 6
72 1
96 0
104 2
75.8
86 7
5L 7
M e ta ls a n d m e ta l p r o d u c ts >.
A g r ic u ltu r a l m a c h in e r y
a n d e q u ip m e n t * _____
F a r m m a c h in e r y ',__
Iron a n d s t e e l . . . ............
M o to r v e h ic le s <.................
P a sse n g e r cars «_____
T r u c k s ' .........................
N o n fe r r o u s m e t a ls ______
P lu m b in g a n d h e a t i n g ..
175.5
° 175.6
173.8
173.3
172.4
172.0
170.9
162.2
158.5
157.1
157.2
155.9
155.3
112 .2
93 2
144.1
146.6
169.1
175.8
183.2
142.4
172.5
156.1
144.0
146.5
169.1
° 175.8
° 183.2
142.4
172.5
156.9
143.9
146.5
165.4
« 175. 7
° 183.3
142.0
172.5
157.3
143.5
146.0
165.0
175.3
183.2
140.4
171.4
157.3
142.5
144.9
164.5
175.3
183. 2
140.3
167.0
157.3
140. 5
142.8
164.0
175. 0
182.9
140.2
166.4
157.0
135.6
137.7
163.1
174.1
181.9
139. 7
165.9
153.9
134.1
136.3
153.2
168.2
175.0
137.3
153.7
145.3
132.2
134.1
149.4
163.9
171.0
132.1
152.1
145.3
130.5
132.1
148.9
161.7
169.0
129.7
150.0
143.2
129.8
131.3
149.4
161.6
169. 0
129.2
149.8
138. 7
129.3
130. 8
147.7
161.6
169.0
129.3
146.8
138.7
128.9
130.4
146.3
161.6
169.0
129.3
146.8
138.7
104.5
104.9
110.1
135.5
142. 8
104.3
99. 2
106.0
93 8
9 4 .7
95 1
92 5
95 6
77 4
74 6
79 .3
B u ild in g m a te r ia ls .................. ..
B r ic k a n d t ile ___________
C e m e n t _________________
L u m b e r _________________
P a in t and p a in t m aterials.
P r ep a red p a in t _____
P a in t m a te r ia ls _____
P lu m b in g a n d h e a t i n g ..
S tr u c tu r a l ste e l ________
O ther b u ild in g m a teria ls..
20 1 .4
162.5
134.2
296.5
165.6
151.3
184.3
156.1
178.8
179.1
202.2
° 162.5
134.0
299.1
166.3
151.3
185.8
156.9
178.8
179.1
202.1
160.5
133.5
305.5
161.5
142.9
184.8
157.3
178.8
176.9
203.0
160.4
133.7
310 .7
161.6
142.9
185. 2
157.3
178.8
175.6
203.5
160.1
133.7
314.5
160.4
142.9
182.5
157.3
178.8
174.8
204.0
158.9
133.3
317.1
160 .2
142.9
182 .2
157.0
178.8
174.8
203.6
158. 6
133.2
319.5
158.1
142.9
177.6
153.9
178.8
173.4
199.9
157.9
132.2
318.1
157.9
142.9
177.3
145.3
159.6
167.1
196.8
153.3
128.8
313.2
158.7
142.9
179.1
145.3
153.3
163.5
196.4
152.8
128.2
312.9
158.4
143.1
178.2
143.2
153.3
163.1
195.0
152.5
127.5
30 9 .2
158.6
143.1
178.5
138.7
155.8
162.2
193.1
151.6
127.4
303.8
156.7
143.1
174.7
138.7
155.8
161.8
192.7
151.1
127.2
303.8
159.6
143.1
180. 7
138.7
149.4
159,8
129.9
121.3
102. 6
176 .0
108. 6
99.3
120.9
106 .0
120.1
118.4
8 9 .6
90. 6
91 3
90 1
82 1
92* 9
71.8
79 3
107 3
8 9 .5
C hem icals and allied products.
C h e m i c a l s . . ____________
D r u g a n d pharm aceutic a l m a te r ia ls ............... ..
F e r tiliz e r m a te r ia ls ...........
M ix e d fertiliz ers________
O ils a n d f a t s ____________
122.3
118 .6
125.7
121.2
130.6
122.4
133.9
124.8
134.8
127.5
133.3
126.0
132.0
126.3
134.4
127.8
135.8
126.2
134.7
125.9
136.2
126.8
136.1
126.8
134.6
126.5
9 6 .4
9 8 .0
74 2
83 8
148.9
120.8
108.3
131.7
150.3
120.8
108.7
146.1
151.4
120.1
108.3
179.4
151.9
119.5
107.9
195.1
152.6
117.2
107.9
192.9
152.7
116.2
107.8
188.6
153.3
114.9
105. 9
180. 3
153.6
115.0
104.4
193.2
153.7
113.9
103.2
212.7
153.3
115.0
103.2
205.0
153.8
115.2
103.1
212.3
154.4
114.9
103.1
211.4
154.3
115.1
102.8
201.5
109.4
8 2 .7
8 6 .6
102.1
77.1
65. 5
73.1
4 0 .6
H o u s e f u m is h in g g o o d s ............
F u r n is h in g s ...........................
F u r n itu r e r........................ .
148.4
154.2
142.4
148.2
° 153.7
« 142.8
148.4
153.6
143.1
148.2
153.6
142.8
147.5
152.5
142. 5
146 .6
151.5
141.6
145. 4
149. 3
141.6
144.5
148.6
140.4
143.2
146.7
139.9
142.6
145.8
139.6
142.3
145.2
139.6
142.0
144.7
139.4
141.8
144.4
139.4
110.4
114 .5
108.5
8 5 .0
9 0 .0
81.1
M is c e lla n e o u s ................. ............
T ir e s an d tu b e s *_______
C a t t le fe e d ______________
P a p e r an d p u l p ______ .
P a p e r b o a r d _________
P a p e r _______________
W o o d p u lp ......... ..........
R u b b e r , c r u d e . . _______
O th e r m is c e lla n e o u s ____
Soap and s y n t h e t i c
d e t e r g e n t s ' . . . .................
115.3
6 4 .7
190.4
168.0
157.6
158.4
227.3
3 8 .8
126.4
117.3
6 5 .5
212.0
168.3
159.0
158.4
227.3
3 9 .5
128.1
118.5
6 6 .2
217.1
169.5
161.7
158.4
233.6
3 8 .9
129.5
119.2
6 6 .2
217.9
169.9
162.2
158.4
236.0
40 .4
130.5
119.0
6 6 .2
195.4
170.2
164.0
158.4
236.0
4 5 .0
131.1
119.9
6 6 .2
201.7
170.9
165.6
158.4
2 3 8 .9
46 .4
132.1
119.7
6 6 .2
198. 4
169.0
169. 7
154. 7
23 8 .9
48.1
132. 2
120.3
6 6 .2
239.6
166.8
172.2
150.9
238.9
49 .6
130.0
121.5
6 3 .5
292.4
167.3
174.6
150.9
238.9
47.1
129.8
121.5
63 .5
291.1
167.4
175.1
150. 9
2 3 8 .9
47.6
129.7
121.8
6 3 .4
296 .9
167.5
175.6
150.9
238 .9
4 6 .7
130.2
120.8
63 .4
284.2
167.3
174.7
150.9
238 .9
4 2 .3
130.2
120.1
63 .4
262.0
167.4
175.0
150.9
238 .9
4 2 .7
130.8
98. 5
6 5 .7
197 .8
115.6
115.6
107.3
154.1
46. 2
1 0 1 .0
7 3 .8
59. 5
6 8 .4
80 0
66. 2
83. 9
69. 6
34 .9
81. 3
143.0
149.6
153.7
157.0
157.2
158.2
158 .6
159.8
159.6
160.1
165.9
167 .0
172.6
101.3
7 8 .9
See footnote 1, table D -7 .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 See footnote 2, table D -7 .
* N o t availab le.
• Corrected.
• R evised.
MONTHLY LABOR
E: WORK STOPPAGES
500
E: Work Stoppages
T able E -l: Work Stoppages Resulting From Labor-Management Disputes 1
M o n t h a n d y ea r
B e g in n in g
In m o n th or
y ea r
M a n -d a y s id le d u r in g m o n th
or y ea r
W o rk er s in v o lv e d In sto p p a g e s
N u m b e r of s to p p a g es
B e g in n in g
in m o n th or
y ea r
I n effec t d u r
in g m o n th
I n effec t d u r
in g m o n th
16, 900,000
3 8,000,000
116,000, 000
34,600, 000
0.27
.47
1.43
.41
127,000
550,000
621,000
347,000
245,000
312,000
250,000
275,000
200,000
190,000
100,000
900,000
6 ,4 3 0 ,0 0 0
7,420, 000
4 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0
2, 200,000
2 ,7 5 0 ,0 0 0
2, 100,000
2, 500,000
2, 000,000
1,900, 000
600,000
.1 4
.83
1. 01
.5 7
.2 8
.3 7
.2 6
.3 3
.2 6
.2 6
.0 8
110,000
120,000
800,000
650,000
.11
.1 0
1 ,130,000
3’, 470, 000
4, 600,000
2 ,1 7 0 ,0 0 0
1935-39 (a v e r a g e ).
1945
......................
1946
......................
1947
___ _______
2 862
4 750
4’ 985
3, 693
1948:2 F e b r u a r y ..
M a r c h -------A p r il..............
M a y _______
J u n e .............
J u l y ...............
A u g u s t ____
S ep te m b e r ..
O c to b e r ___
N o v e m b e r ..
D ecem b er2
245
265
315
330
335
365
350
285
250
200
125
355
415
485
535
540
575
575
500
425
375
225
88,200
493,000
174,000
166,000
165,000
220,000
150,000
160,000
110,000
90,000
40,000
1949: J a n u a r y —
F e b r u a r y ...
225
225
400
350
70,000
80,000
P e r c e n t of
e s tim a te d
w o rk in g tim e
N um ber
or s e c o n d a r y effec ts on o th e r e s ta b lis h m e n ts or in d u str ie s w h o s e e m p lo y e e s
are m a d e id le as a r e su lt of m a teria l or s e rv ice sh o r ta g es.
3 R e v is e d e s tim a te s for s o m e m o n th s b u t fig u res are n o t fin a l. D e c e m b e r
e s tim a te s p a r tic u la r ly are b a se d o n in c o m p le te d a ta .
i A ll k n o w n w ork s to p p a g e s, a risin g o u t of la b o r -m a n a g e m e n t d is p u te s ,
I n v o lv in g six or m o re w ork ers a n d c o n tin u in g as lo n g as a fu ll d a y or s h ift
are in c lu d e d in re p o r ts of th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s . F ig u r e s o n “ w o r k
er s in v o lv e d ” a n d “ m a n -d a y s id le ” co v e r a ll w o rk ers m a d e id le in e s ta b lis h
m e n ts d ir e c tly in v o lv e d in a s to p p a g e . T h e y d o n o t m e a su r e th e in d ir e c t
F: Building and Construction
T able F -l: Expenditures for New Construction 1
[V a lu e o f w o r k p u t in placej
E x p e n d itu r e s (in m illio n s )
•
M a r .2
T o t a l n e w c o n s tr u c tio n 4...............- ................. . $1,195
P r iv a te c o n s tr u c tio n _______________ _______
R e s id e n tia l b u ild in g (n o n fa r m )---------N o n r e s id e n tia l b u ild in g (n o n fa r m )» —
I n d u s t r ia l_________________________
C o m m e r c ia l------- ---------------- --------- W a r e h o u s e s , office a n d lo ft
b u ild in g s ____________________
S to r e s, r e sta u r a n ts , a n d gar a g e s -------- --------------------------O th er n o n r e s id e n tia l b u ild in g ........
R e lig io u s ...........................................E d u c a t io n a l__________________
H o s p ita l an d in s t it u t io n a l___
R e m a in in g t y p e s 6____________
F a r m c o n s t r u c t io n ..................... .................
P u b lic u t ili t ie s ................................ .................
R a ilr o a d ----------------------- -----------------T e le p h o n e a n d te le g r a p h ...................
O th er p u b lic u t ili t ie s _____________
P u b lic c o n s tr u c tio n ................................................
R e s id e n tia l b u ild in g __________________
N o n r e s id e n tia l b u ild in g (o th e r th a n
m ilit a r y or n a v a l f a c ilit ie s )_________
I n d u s t r ia l7___________ ______ ______
E d u c a t io n a l_______________ _____ —
H o s p ita l a n d in s t it u t io n a l________
A ll o th e r n o n r e s id e n tia l............. ........
M ilita r y an d n a v a l f a c ilit ie s __________
H i g h w a y s .......................................... .............
S ew er a n d w a te r ____ _______ ______ ____
M is c e lla n e o u s p u b lic -s e r v ic e en terp rises 8_________ ____ _________________
C o n s e r v a tio n an d d e v e lo p m e n t .............
A ll o th e r p u b lic 9---------------------------------
1948
1949
T y p e of c o n str u c tio n
881
400
266
96
83
30
F e b .2
J a n .3
D ec.
N ov.
S e p t.
A ug.
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
$1, 715 $1,616
J u ly
1947
T o ta l
T o ta l
$17,666 $13, 977
$1,092 $1,221
$1,391
$1, 782
$1, 799
$1, 461
$1,311
$1,166
838
375
277
104
84
934
450
292
110
89
1,080
550
312
114
100
1,178
600
330
115
112
1,265
650
333
116
115
1,332
685
334
113
122
1,354
695
332
111
127
1,318
680
324
110
125
1,235
635
305
110
116
1,120
585
277
111
97
1,024
525
264
116
87
940
475
266
120
88
13,631
6,980
3, 615
1,391
1,258
10, 893
5,280
3,131
1, 702
835
33
36
38
38
36
35
34
29
28
25
23
22
354
216
66
58
13
15
9
21
23
176
23
54
99
226
5
904
966
239
244
116
367
500
2, 536
350
676
1, 510
4,035
61
619
594
118
164
107
205
450
2,052
318
510
1, 224
3,084
182
$1, 552 $1, 707
53
87
24
20
11
32
18
197
25
57
115
314
5
51
89
25
21
11
32
10
176
20
46
110
254
4
53
93
26
22
10
35
12
180
25
45
110
287
4
62
98
28
24
10
36
13
205
30
55
120
311
3
74
103
28
25
10
40
22
226
32
55
139
374
3
79
102
27
26
10
39
39
243
34
60
149
442
4
87
99
26
25
10
38
63
250
36
61
153
450
93
94
23
24
10
37
82
245
36
57
152
445
5
96
89
21
22
10
36
81
233
33
55
145
397
88
79
18
19
10
32
62
233
30
63
140
381
5
72
69
16
17
10
26
50
208
26
60
122
341
5
64
61
14
16
9
22
37
198
25
63
110
287
6
117
1
64
29
23
9
70
42
104
0
60
25
19
7
52
36
104
0
60
24
20
9
68
38
106
1
60
25
20
10
80
40
108
1
61
25
21
11
126
43
106
2
58
24
22
12
180
47
102
2
56
23
21
13
190
44
96
2
52
22
20
13
200
41
88
2
48
18
20
12
169
41
79
2
43
15
19
11
167
40
77
2
40
15
20
13
136
39
71
2
37
13
19
13
98
38
65
1
36
10
18
12
57
83
1,000
19
653
204
224
145
1, 500
458
505
25
275
81
124
204
1,233
331
8
49
14
5
36
10
7
46
6
54
12
8
61
14
10
67
16
10
69
17
9
65
16
10
58
14
10
56
13
11
47
13
9
41
11
9
36
106
615
150
117
396
116
11
1 J o in t e s tim a te s o f th e B u r e a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s , U . 8 . D e p a r tm e n t of
L a b o r , a n d th e O ffice of D o m e s t ic C o m m e r c e , TJ. S . D e p a r tm e n t of C o m
m erc e. E s t im a t e d c o n str u c tio n e x p e n d itu r e s r e p r ese n t th e m o n e ta r y v a lu e
of th e v o lu m e of w o rk a c c o m p lis h e d d u r in g th e g iv e n p erio d of tim e . T h e s e
figu res s h o u ld b e d iffe r e n tia te d from p e r m it v a lu a tio n d a ta re p o r te d in th e
t a b u la tio n s for u rb a n b u ild in g a u th o r iz e d a n d t h e d a ta o n v a lu e of c o n tr a c t
a w a r d s r e p o r te d in t a b le F - 2.
2 P r e lim in a r y .
* R e v is e d .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
O c t.
1948
5
5
9
4 I n c lu d e s m a jo r a d d itio n s an d a lte r a tio n s.
» E x c lu d e s n o n r e s id e n tia l b u ild in g b y p r iv a te ly o w n e d p u b lic u tilitie s .
« I n c lu d e s s o cia l a n d recrea tio n a l b u ild in g s , h o te ls , a n d m isc e lla n e o u s
b u ild in g s n o t e lse w h e r e cla ssifie d .
r E x c lu d e s e x p e n d itu r e s to c o n str u c t fa c ilitie s u se d in a to m ic en e r g y p ro jects.
s C o v ers p r im a r ily p u b lic ly o w n e d e le c tr ic lig h t a n d p o w e r s y s te m s an d
lo c a l tr a n s it fa c ilitie s.
9 C o v e r s m is c e lla n e o u s c o n s tr u c tio n ite m s s u c h a s a ir p o r ts, m o n u m e n ts ,
m e m o r ia ls, etc.
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
501
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
Table F-2: Value of Contracts Awarded and Force-Account Work Started on Federally Financed
New Construction, by Type of Construction1
V alue (in thousands)
C onservation and
developm ent
B u ild in g
N onresid en tial
Period
T otal
n ew con A ir
ports ’
struc
tio n 8
$1,533,439
1,586,604
7,775,497
1,450,252
1,294,069
9________________ 1,690,182
: January 9______
F e b r u a r y 9. . . . .
M arch 9 _______
A p r il9_________
M ay 9_________
June 9__________
Ju ly 9__________
A u g u s t9. ____
Septem ber 9____
October 9__ _ _.
N ovem ber 9____
D ecem ber 9____
119,937
165, 424
148,775
161,049
120,385
146,422
147,286
133,698
130,985
143,856
107,157
165,208
: January 9. ____
February » ____
10 79,779
10 83,755
A ll
other
T o ta l
R iver,
har
bor,
and
flood
control
(8)
(8)
$561,394 $63,465 $497,929
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(7)
(8)
(8)
(8)
$4,753 669,222 231,071 438,151
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
579,176 6,130,389 549,472 5,580, 917
(")
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
14,859 549,656 435,453 114,203
C8)
24,645 276,514 51,186 225,328 $47,692 $101, 831 $96,123 $5, 708 $31,159 $44,646
49,718 332,793
8,328 324,465 1,417 246,242 168,015 78, 227 28,797 48,009
$189,710
225,423
217.795
300, 405
308,029
494,604
$73,797
115, 612
150,708
169,253
77,095
147,921
$115,913
109,811
67,087
131,152
230,934
346,683
1,961 3,309
1,735 2,592
1,230 5,308
1,863 2,037
1,859 1,942
9, 661 14,010
1,177 3,455
1,041 1,806
2,674 5,349
3,231 2,958
844 1,760
1,521 3,483
54,115
65,119
22,520
84,888
10,481
24, 551
41,947
22,423
29,091
37,166
35, 402
66,901
4,876
1,229
6,721
56,984
4,738
8,877
1,327
4,269
2,959
19,488
13,895
22,558
49, 239
63,890
15,799
27,904
5,743
15,674
40,620
18,154
26,132
17,678
21,507
44,343
47,696
50,194
51,582
58,247
75,645
68,518
78,428
91,310
65,965
55,747
51,672
74,085
2,564
1,395
3,521
3,943
2, 460
4, 672
6,258
1,786
3,617
5,926
5,078
2,758
3,669
3,751
14,977
19,598
7,596
3,007
7,381
16,591
34,465
28,961
1,290
2,476
T otal
H osp ital and
in stitu tion al
T otal
Edu
ca
tional 1
T otal
1936.
1939.
1942
1946.
1947.
H igh
w ays
R ec
lam a
tio n
R esi
den
tia l
892
1,586
5,672
3,840
5,606
4,930
5, 211
6,580
8,259
3,568
2, 535
1,039
14,670
47,130
65,480
10,131
26,193
43,751
15,442
11,599
24,053
41,449
12,470
20,425
149
859
61
553
462
790
254
120
66
785
2,374
1,855
14,521
46,271
65, 419
9,578
25,731
42,961
15,188
11,479
23,987
40,664
10, 096
18,570
306
165
257
12
469
89
0
4
31
0
84
(8)
(8)
29,047
32,720
87
1,966
28,960
30,754
148
635
0
1 E xcludes projects classified as “secret” b y th e m ilitary, and all construc
tio n for the A tom ic Energy C om m ission. D ata for Federal-aid programs
cover am ounts contributed b y both the owner and the Federal G overnm ent.
Force-account work is done, not through a contractor, b u t directly b y a gov
ernm ent agency, using a separate work force to perform nonm aintenance
construction on the agen cy’s ow n properties.
8 Includes major add itions and alterations.
8 E xcludes hangars and other bu ildin gs, w hich are included under “ Other
n on residential” bu ildin g construction.
‘ Includes educational facilities under th e Federal tem porary re-use educa
tional facilities program.
« Includes post offices, armories, offices, and custom s houses. Includes
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8,945
41,779
58,624
5,666
21,461
19, 201
10,556
8,628
15,933
34,475
7,408
13,566
(8)
(8)
V et Other
erans’
8,626
319
222
41,557
56, 213 2,411
5,049
617
20,044 1,417
13,876 5, 325
1,493 9,063
872 7,756
13,273 2,660
6,481 27,994
436 6,972
95 13,471
359
4,431
(8)
(8)
Adm inOther
istra- n o n
tio n
resi
and
dential
gen
eral *
24,784
21,937
9
$511,685 $270,650
355,701 331,505
347,988 500,149
535,784 49, 548
657,087 27,794
769,089 43, 978
contract awards for construction at U n ited N a tio n s Headquarter^ at N e w .
York C ity as follows: Septem ber 1948, $497,000; January 1949, $23,810,000.
« Includes electrification projects, w ater-su pply and sewage-disposal sys
tem s, forestry projects, railroad construction, and other ty p es of projects not
elsewhere classified.
8 Included in “ A ll other.”
8 U navailable.
! 9 R evised.
f io E xcludes contract awards for airports and hospitals other th an “ V et
erans’,” for w hich data are n o t y et available,
u Prelim inary.
MONTHLY LABOR
F: BUILD IN G AND CONSTRUCTION
502
T able
F-3. Urban Building Authorized, by Principal Class of Construction and by Type of Building1
V aluation (in thousands)
N e w residential building
H ousekeeping
Period
T otal all
classes *
T otal
1942.......................
1946 ...... ............
1947 ___ ______
1948 8.....................
N onP u b licly housefinanced keeping 8
d w ell
ing
1-family 2-fam ily3 M u lti
fam ily 4 u n its
Private ly financée dw elling u n its
$2, 707, 573 $598, 570 $478, 658
4, 743, 414 2,114, 833 1, 830, 260
5,561, 754 2, 892, 003 2,362, 600
6, 961, 820 3, 431,664 2, 747, 206
$42,629
103, 042
156, 757
184,141
N ew
nonresi
dential
building
A d d i
tions,
altera
tion s,
and
repairs
$77,283 $296, 933 $22,910 $1,510, 688 $278, 472
181, 531 355,587 43, 369 1,458,602 771, 023
372, 646
35,177 29, 831 1, 712, 817 891, 926
500, 317 136,459 38,034 2,354,314 1,001,349
1948: January
February 6..
March «___
A p ril8.........
May 8_____
June 8_____
July 8_.........
A ugust8___
September 8.
October 8__
November *.
December 8.
429, 432
417, 055
629, 939
717, 982
655, 385
705, 851
658,309
653, 520
592, 984
590, 922
477, 462
432, 979
199,179
203, 870
318,589
411,152
347, 501
366, 417
324, 595
349, 753
268, 806
258. 238
215, 081
168, 483
150, 956
146, 701
250, 451
317, 604
291, 208
301, 690
264, 596
264, 725
228, 003
217, 735
178,348
135,189
11,502
8,954
20,046
34, 650
17, 894
16, 501
15,928
13, 489
14,157
11,834
9,143
10, 043
36, 721
48, 215
48, 092
58,898
38,399
48, 226
44, 071
71, 539
26,646
28, 669
27,59C
23, 251
8,475
9, 430
313
4,156
4, 294
4,138
11,739
9, 215
17, 295
13, 779
23, 913
29, 712
3, 222
1,447
4, 082
6,170
2, 729
4,710
3,167
3,186
3,163
2,728
1, 49C
1, 940
152,587
141,419
223, 592
196,825
206,971
224, 321
222, 99C
197, 059
218,121
235, 891
167, 666
166,872
65, 969
60, 889
83,363
99,679
93, 890
106, 265
95,818
94,307
85, 599
80, 286
69,312
65, 972
1949: January i....
405, 729
143,320
110,979
9,607
22,734
32, 770
1,120
168,300
60, 219
1 B uild ing for w hich bu ildin g perm its were issued and Federal contracts
aw arded in all urban places, including an estim ate of b u ildin g undertaken
in som e smaller urban places th at do n ot issue perm its.
T h e data cover federally and nonfederally financed b u ildin g construction
com bined. E stim ates of non-Federal private, and State and local govern
m ent! urban bu ildin g construction are based prim arily on building-perm it
reports received from places containing a b o u t 85 percent of th e urban p op u la
tion of th e country: estim ates of federally financed projects are com piled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, w h ich are obtained from other
Federal agencies. D a ta from building perm its are n ot adjusted to allow for
lapsed perm its or for lag b etw een perm it issuance and th e start of construc
tion. T hus, th e estim ates do n ot represent construction actu ally started
during th e m on th .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Urban, as defined b y th e B ureau of th e C ensus, covers all incorporait
laces of 2,500 pop ulation or more in 1940, and, b y special rule, a sm all n u n ,
er of unincorporated civ il divisions.
8 Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as w ell as n ew residential and
nonresidential building.
3 Includes u n its in 1-fam ily and 2-fam ily structures w ith stores.
4 Includes u n its in m u ltifa m ily structures w ith stores.
8 Covers hotels, dorm itories, tourist cabins, and other non h ou sek eep in g
residential buildings.
8 R evised.
7 Prelim inary.
REVIEW, APRIL 1949
F: B UILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
503
New Nonresidential Building Authorized in All Urban Places, 1
by General Type and by Geographic Division 2
T a b le F -4 .
V a lu a tio n (in th o u s a n d s)
e o g r a p h ic d iv is io n a n d
t y p e of n e w n o n r e si
d e n tia l b u ild in g
1948 3
1949
Jan. *
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June
M ay
A pr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
1948 3
1947
T o ta l
T o ta l
A ll t y p e s ................................. $168,300 $166,872 $167,666 $235,891 $218,121 $197,059 $222,990 $224,321 $206,971 $196,825 $223, 592 $141, 419 $152, 587 $2,354,314 $1,712,817
N e w E n g la n d ............
M id d le A t la n t ic ____
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a l.
W e s t N o r t h C e n tr a l.
'• S o u th A t la n t ic _____
E a s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
0
W e s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
M o u n t a in ___________
P a c ific ______________
I n d u s tr ia l b u ild in g s * . . .
N e w E n g la n d ______
M id d le A t la n t ic ____
i
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a l.
1
W e s t N o r t h C e n tr a l.
1
S o u th A t la n t ic _____
' ll
E a s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
A
W e s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
C M o u n t a in ___________
P a c if ic . ____________
C o m m e r c ia l b u ild in g s 8_
N e w E n g la n d ______
M id d le A t la n t ic ____
i
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a l.
W e s t N o r th C e n tr a l.
“
S o u th A t la n t ic ___ __
e E a s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
•r W e s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
M o u n t a i n . . . ................
P a c ific _________ _____
C o m m u n it y b u ild in g s r.
N e w E n g la n d ______
M id d le A t la n t ic ___
E a s t N o r t h C e n tr a l.
W e s t N o r t h C e n tr a l.
S o u th A t la n t ic _____
E a s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
W e s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
M o u n t a in ___________
P a c if ic . ----------------P u b lic b u ild in g s • . . ..........
N e w E n g la n d ______
M id d le A t la n t ic ____
E a s t N o r th C e n tr a l.
W e s t N o r t h C e n tr a l.
S o u th A t l a n t i c . . . . .
E a s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
W e s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
M o u n t a in ............. ........
P a c ific ______________
P u b lic w o r k s a n d u t ili t y
b u ild in g s 8____________
N e w E n g la n d _______
M id d le A t la n t ic ____
E a s t N o r t h C e n tr a l.
W e s t N o r t h C e n tr a l.
S o u th A t la n t ic ______
E a s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
W e s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
M o u n t a in ___________
P a c i f i c .. __________
A l l ’o th e r b u i ld in g 10..........
* N e w E n g la n d _______
M id d le A t la n t ic ____
E a s t N o r t h C e n tr a l.
W e s t N o r t h C e n tr a l.
S o u th A t la n t ic _____
E a s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
W e s t S o u th C e n tr a l.
M o u n t a in ___________
P a c if ic ..............................
4,607
47,296
39,189
10,812
17,114
6,394
17, 266
4, 487
22,135
26,085
378
4,128
16,013
860
1,173
826
751
551
1,405
54, 792
, 282
14,385
10,330
1,456
7,344
2
2,002
5,354
2, 632
9 ,007
46,021
1,505
3 ,314
9,817
, 590
4, 757
1,610
9, 496
1,153
7, 779
28,096
6
20
24,010
184
459
1,159
32
674
44
1,514
8, 571
145
605
2,157
1,202
2,265
763
596
5
833
4,735
277
854
688
245
416
161
395
102
1,597
1
8,0 9 2
28,386
34, 823
11,345
16, 589
9,890
17, 726
4, 751
35, 270
19,964
1,4 4 5
5,083
7,600
996
1,454
843
244
380
1,919
53,528
2 ,6 9 2
6,933
11,498
3,381
8,1 2 5
2,6 7 4
6,8 0 4
1,4 1 4
10,007
72,192
1,651
14,051
13,035
5,1 3 9
4,4 7 6
5,483
8,873
1,809
17, 675
5,2 7 4
300
201
158
1,0 5 4
1,2 3 4
721
364
803
439
9,3 9 8
1,5 8 4
1,1 7 8
1,3 3 9
223
787
3
1,044
131
3 ,1 0 9
6,5 1 6
420
940
1,193
552
513
166
397
214
2,121
8,2 8 8
29, 254
32, 256
11,624
18, 709
5,197
26,047
3,3 1 0
32,979
20,387
1,483
7,3 4 7
4,393
882
2,010
458
786
69
2,959
66,917
3 ,9 1 8
13,072
11,907
3 ,6 6 6
9,261
3,191
10, 684
1,523
9, 695
56, 648
1,741
7,2 7 9
11,143
5,4 0 5
5,3 2 6
1 ,2 1 5
11, 577
805
12,157
1,8 8 2
9
140
136
251
431
80
211
12, 737
43,850
54,209
22,623
26,463
15,399
16, 476
5,697
38, 436
33, 631
2,569
4,955
8,1 3 7
822
6,972
1,5 0 6
1, 431
413
, 826
84, 905
2,453
15,100
23,614
10, 263
8,7 8 9
3 ,0 1 6
, 342
2, 640
, 688
, 646
5,8 2 2
20,166
,6 7 5
7, 798
8,523
9,1 1 0
3, 531
2,113
14,908
4,4 5 2
453
640
15
25
633
961
6
8
10
88
16
121
260
364
37
1,567
11,853
371
262
2,1 4 8
620
893
36
2,2 4 0
148
5,135
9,9 7 7
766
1 ,1 5 4
2, 529
800
788
217
549
505
2 ,6 6 9
11,953
456
1,423
2,274
2,3 2 7
779
534
2,241
66
1,853
12,303
984
1, 566
3 ,4 9 4
1,388
767
272
810
428
2, 594
9, 577
30, 241
55, 258
14,832
24,372
10, 613
25, 526
18, 289
29, 415
21,120
914
3 ,0 3 5
9, 423
756
1,2 6 2
507
980
367
3 ,8 7 6
94,015
5,689
10, 970
20, 923
9,391
10, 954
3, 502
17, 793
2,183
, 610
, 575
1,580
11,588
11,429
3 ,0 5 0
8,003
4,811
4,7 3 5
14,174
9 ,2 0 5
6,6 9 9
12
68
166
10, 533
33,027
49,368
17,026
18, 773
9, 905
15,019
, 776
34,630
27,043
546
7,220
9,511
1,957
1,670
1,023
1,799
119
3 ,1 9 8
79, 596
4, 718
12, 987
15, 725
7,128
10, 426
3, 864
7,076
4, 965
12, 707
60,377
4,137
9,1 8 5
13,394
3, 521
5, 538
3 ,6 6 5
4,6 1 7
2,788
13, 532
5,155
8
100
1,7 5 6
15
45
1,441
1,280
782
877
337
498
3,3 8 5
138
47
15,425
273
1,280
9,801
325
1,9 4 6
270
579
139
812
12,289
955
1,6 1 2
3 ,6 6 7
1,265
766
243
657
549
2,575
11,872
291
1,587
3,5 8 4
3,103
388
865
413
334
1,307
13,014
741
1,550
3,7 6 9
1,179
704
488
854
497
3 ,2 3 2
0
260
73
654
B u ild in g for w h ic h p e r m its w ere is s u e d a n d F e d e r a l c o n tr a c ts a w a r d e d
in a ll u r b a n p la c e s, in c lu d in g a n e s tim a te o f b u ild in g u n d e r ta k e n in s o m e
sm a lle r u r b a n p la c e s t h a t d o n o t is s u e p e r m its. S u m s o f c o m p o n e n ts d o n o t
a lw a y s e q u a l t o t a ls e x a c tly b e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g .
* F o r sc o p e a n d so u r ce o f u r b a n e s tim a te s , see ta b le F - 3 , fo o tn o te 1.
R e v is e d .
* P r e lim in a r y .
I n c lu d e s fa c to r ie s, n a v y y a r d s , a r m y o rd n a n c e p la n ts , b a k e r ie s, ic e p la n ts ,
in d u s tr ia l w a r e h o u se s, a n d o th e r b u ild in g s a t t h e s it e o f th e s e a n d s im ila r
p r o d u c tio n p la n ts .
3
3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
15,723
30, 777
58, 209
12,173
35, 759
, 779
27,156
7, 779
28, 634
24,351
3 ,5 2 6
5,119
9, 217
713
1,180
452
1,836
65
2,243
92,101
5,780
13, 221
17,174
6,575
13, 501
3,2 0 2
12,324
4,192
16,132
71,048
3,827
8,6 5 8
21, 795
2 ,7 3 6
11,420
2, 636
10, 736
2,825
, 415
5,734
54
337
3,7 0 0
96
914
45
286
6
6
68
234
17,846
1,736
1,923
3, 279
882
7,845
193
1,4 9 4
209
285
11,909
800
1,519
3 ,0 4 4
1,171
899
251
480
420
3,3 2 5
21,234
33,605
56,373
13, 671
24,991
8,883
20,360
4, 429
40, 773
33,059
2,365
5,165
15,602
2,039
2,159
1,465
1,023
248
2,993
83,343
7,307
14, 446
17,903
4, 647
10,360
3,2 3 2
8,120
2, 761
14, 567
69, 058
9,502
, 753
15, 246
3, 994
, 567
2 ,5 9 2
8,8 7 6
566
12,962
14,936
613
2,463
1,276
753
1,449
1,230
1,467
475
5,210
8
6
9,3 0 6
530
1,252
2, 549
1,0 8 2
3,051
11
322
8
501
14,617
917
1,5 2 6
3 ,7 9 7
1,156
1,405
353
552
371
4,540
10,289
50, 912
37, 567
12,079
19, 744
8,8 8 4
24,690
7,818
34, 988
26,233
2,360
,3 7 5
7,997
908
1,496
691
1,3 1 6
147
2,943
84, 435
3,2 7 5
10, 560
14, 660
8
6,022
11,924
3,3 7 5
13, 455
3, 275
17, 889
, 111
3 ,6 0 3
26,082
10,354
2,528
68
2,886
4 ,0 1 6
8,1 0 5
3 ,9 0 7
6,630
4,297
91
1,148
101
26
91
413
333
36
2,058
10,168
119
3 ,0 4 5
1 ,0 9 4
1,055
2,5 7 2
87
699
2
1,525
13, 727
841
1,702
3,361
1,5 4 0
775
302
812
451
3,9 4 3
10, 278
27, 525
45,401
15,177
22,841
6,1 7 5
21,803
6,4 4 2
41,182
26, 820
971
7,439
9,2 6 2
3,081
1,519
225
760
79
3,4 8 4
84, 571
3,401
12,004
15,419
5, 692
13, 498
3,891
10, 441
3, 747
16, 478
51, 416
4, 255
4,1 4 4
14,190
2,6 6 5
4, 761
1,242
7,359
1,299
11,501
5, 544
121
659
286
1,691
648
209
203
543
1,1 8 4
15,639
581
1,8 3 9
2,6 9 2
701
1,5 5 6
315
2,099
238
5,6 1 8
12, 834
949
1,440
3, 552
1,3 4 7
859
293
941
536
2,9 1 7
8
,9 5 5
55,091
34,903
16,435
25,267
9,9 5 7
21,922
, 725
42,340
32, 509
1,8 0 6
, 421
9, 513
1,728
4,469
1,088
2, 410
383
4, 691
82,342
2, 547
12, 592
10,146
8 ,2 8 7
9,118
3, 245
10,917
4,998
20, 492
78, 646
3, 477
32, 694
, 795
3, 796
9, 623
1,189
6 ,8 2 6
2, 778
9, 468
7,055
455
488
849
124
394
3 ,3 7 4
496
61
814
5,236
20,250
26, 619
16, 566
14, 562
3 ,9 2 8
27,433
3 ,8 2 6
22,999
16,819
1,051
3, 598
3 ,8 9 6
1,205
1,640
330
1,637
119
3,3 4 3
47,367
1,257
5,353
12,660
309
1,6 9 9
2,919
1,7 6 2
592
702
7,483
75
671
2,481
459
670
325
208
575
2,019
5, 636
138
658
685
241
392
154
369
172
2, 827
8
6
8
688
155
3 ,8 3 4
10,383
361
1,1 9 7
2,681
738
1,071
359
585
350
3,041
8,001
2, 586
8 ,1 7 0
2, 027
, 062
2,093
9,8 1 8
58, 766
1,4 6 5
9,833
1 0 ,988
11,998
3,341
675
16, 591
608
3, 267
5,348
1,250
137
568
77
349
417
566
259
1,725
8
26,691
9, 430
21, 449
, 856
18,565
7,153
27,225
2,761
30, 460
17,435
804
2,1 7 7
5,483
971
1,945
466
1,641
380
3, 568
72,834
12, 431
5,465
10,352
5,171
7.445
4,1 7 2
12,036
1,4 8 4
14, 278
34, 562
5,9 4 4
676
2,6 2 3
830
7,5 7 0
1,758
, 111
409
3, 641
5, 577
2,289
214
684
8
11
535
30
206
1,023
113
483
16, 417
5,114
497
1, 649
1,0 3 5
1,1 2 5
410
814
50
5, 723
5,765
109
401
658
314
450
141
600
325
2, 767
147,633
392,348
506,435
172,407
266,635
102, 763
271,383
82,603
412,106
299,371
19,840
65, 934
100,034
16,058
27, 776
9,0 5 4
15,863
2,769
42,043
925,954
55, 468
132, 703
177,322
72, 809
121, 571
39,391
126,054
35, 275
165,361
778,045
4 7 ,004
153,109
149, 667
53, 460
7 8 ,034
3 8 ,3 9 2
102,937
34,081
121,361
71,953
5, 901
8,681
11,173
4,8 1 5
7,661
8,9 3 6
6,112
3 ,6 0 5
15,069
150,020
11,439
16, 656
35, 8ü9
13, 574
2 2 ,204
3, 751
12,811
2,055
31, 721
128, 970
7,981
15, 265
32, 430
11,691
9,3 8 9
3, 239
7,606
4 , 8 l8
36, 551
109, 977
272, 626
371,948
132,163
200,053
73, 009
193,221
58,162
301, 658
322, 230
26,098
58,139
118,667
19,890
20, 549
13, 426
17, 519
2,8 5 2
45,090
, 282
3 2 ,853
91, 206
118,839
5 /, 24U
106, 788
34, 680
91, 548
2 6 ,855
126, 273
406,920
25, 759
8 0 ,190
62, 542
3 4 ,6 3 9
4 0 ,172
16, 913
6 5 ,3 0 9
,3 6 6
63,030
41,049
3 ,4 1 8
4, 712
8,3 7 2
1, 696
6,2 8 5
830
4, 579
2,4 1 6
, 741
686
18
8
143,824
15,085
24,968
3 5 ,972
, 737
1 9 ,046
4 ,1 5 4
V, 647
3, 520
24,695
, 612
, 764
13,412
27, 556
9,961
7,213
3 ,0 0 6
8
112
6
6,618
4,163
33, 829
• I n c lu d e s a m u s e m e n t a n d re crea tio n b u ild in g s , sto res a n d o th e r m e r c a n tile
b u ild in g s , c o m m e r c ia l g arages, g a so lin e a n d s e r v ic e s ta tio n s , e tc .
7 I n c lu d e s ch u r c h e s, h o sp ita ls , a n d o th e r in s t it u t io n a l b u ild in g s , s c h o o ls,
lib r a rie s, e t c .
. , ,
,
• I n c lu d e s F e d e r a l, S ta te , c o u n ty , a n d m u n ic ip a l b u ild in g s , s u c h a s p o s t
offices, c o u r th o u se s, c i t y h a lls , fire a n d p o lic e s ta tio n s , ja ils, p r iso n s, a rsen a ls,
a rm o ries, a r m y b a rra c k s, e tc .
.
®I n c lu d e s ra ilro a d , b u s a n d a ir p o r t b u ild in g s , r o u n d h o u s e s , r a d io s ta tio n s ,
ga s a n d e le c tr ic p la n ts , p u b lic co m fo rt s ta tio n s , e tc .
I n c lu d e s p r iv a te g a ra g es, s h e d s , s ta b le s a n d b a r n s, a n d o th er b u ild in g s
n o t e lse w h e r e cla ssifie d .
13
504
F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
T able
F-5: Number and Construction Cost of New Permanent Nonfarm Dwelling Units Started, by
Urban or Rural Location, and by Source of Funds 1
N u m b e r o f n e w d w e llin g u n it s s ta r te d
A ll u n its
P e r io d
T o ta l
n o nfa rm
U rb an
E s t im a t e d c o n s tr u c tio n e o st
(in th o u sa n d s),»
P r iv a te ly fin a n ce d
R ural
n o nfa rm
T o ta l
n o nfa rm
U rb an
P u b lic ly fin a n ced
R ural
n o nfa rm
1925*...........................................................
1933 4.......... ............................................. ..
1941 *_______________________________
1944 6_______________________________
1 9 4 6 .......................................................... ..
1947...................................................................
937,000
93,000
706,100
141,800
670,500
849,000
752, 000
45,000
434,300
96, 200
403, 700
479,800
185,000
48, 000
271, 800
45,600
266,800
369, 200
937,000
93,000
619, 511
138,692
662,473
845, 560
752,000
45,000
369,499
93. 216
395,673
476,360
185,000
48,000
250,012
45, 476
266,800
369,200
1947: F ir s t q u a r te r ..................................
S eco n d q u a r te r ______________
T h ir d q u a r te r .......... .....................
F o u r th q u a r te r ..............................
138,100
217, 200
261, 200
232,500
81,000
119,100
142, 200
137, 500
57,100
98,100
119,000
95,000
137,016
217,000
260,733
230,811
79, 916
118,900
141, 733
135,811
1948: F ir s t q u a r te r ................................ ..
J a n u a r y ..................................
F e b r u a r y .................................
M a r c h ____ _______________
S eco n d q u arter..............................
A p r il_____ _______ _______
M a y . . ___________________
J u n e .............................. ............
T h ir d q u a r t e r 7___________ _
J u l y ---------------------------------A u g u s t ________ __________
S e p te m b e r 7............................
F o u r th q u ar ter *. __________
30, 400
28, 800
42,000
165, 500
54, 400
56,700
54, 400
143, 300
51, 600
47, 400
44, 300
76,100
, 200
20,800
33,100
130, 200
44, 400
42, 700
43.100
118, 700
41, 900
38, 900
3 7 ,900
174,996
61, 776
48, 445
74, 775
291, 828
97,518
97, 902
96,408
257, 549
92. 237
84, 863
80,449
October 7_____________
November*.... ............. .
December 8______ ____
177,300
52,600
49,600
75,100
295. 700
98,800
99, 400
97, 500
262,000
93, 500
, 300
82, 200
193,900
72,900
65,000
56,000
40,800
32,100
7 1 ,360
1949: J a n u a r y 8. .................... ...................
50,000
86
101, 200
0
0
0
0
86,589
3,108
8,027
8,4 4 0
64,801
2,984
8,0 2 7
3,4 4 0
57,100
98,100
119,000
95,000
1,084
1,084
467
1,689
467
1,689
99,052
29,603
27, 774
41, 675
163,812
54, 356
55, 693
53, 963
139, 370
50, 357
46, 463
42, 550
75,944
22,173
20, 671
33,100
128, 016
43,362
42, 209
42, 445
118,179
41, 880
38, 400
37,899
2,304
824
1,155
325
3 ,872
1,282
1,498
1,092
4, 451
1, 263
1,4 3 7
1, 751
2,1 4 8
797
1,026
325
244
1,007
437
3,9 3 0
1,243
937
1, 750
39, 265
32,095
200
T o ta l
0 $4, 475,000
0 ' 285", 446
21, 788
124
0
0
0
0
0
0
200
156
27
129
808, 263
1 ,3 6 1 ,6 7 7
1, 774,150
1,698, 708
800, 592
1 ,3 6 0 ,4 7 7
ll 770l 475
1 ,685,881
7 071
*2nn
3* ft7fi
1 2 , 827
1 ,5 4 0
1,535
(9)
(»)
(9)
(s)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(*)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
(»)
(9)
(*>
(9)
(•)
(9)
(9)
352,429
(»)
20
1
500
5
0
o
8295 13(1
11 *823
5S’ 991
25,373
(9)
(9)
2,184
1,038
491
655
521
P u b lic ly
fin a n ced
$4, 475,000
’ 2851 446
2, 630, 765
' 4831 231
3, 713, 776
5,6171425
(9)
(»)
1,688
0
P r iv a t e ly
fin a n ced
2,8 2 5 ,8 9 5
495,054
3, 769, 767
5,642, 798
1, 287, 460
372, 657
363, 421
551, 382
2, 246, 248
729, 713
753, 661
762, 874
2,099, 489
738, 232
716,972
644, 285
1,51 3 ,1 1 2
564,822
509,901
438,389
22
* T h e estim ates show n here do not Include temporary u n its, conversions,
dorm itory accom m odations, trailers, or m ilitary barracks. T h ey do include
prefabricated housing units.
T hese estim ates are based oo building-perm it records, w hich, beginning
w ith 1945, have been adjusted for lapsed perm its and for lag betw een perm it
issuance and start of construction. T h ey are based also on reports of Federal
construction contract awards and beginning in 1946, on field surveys in
nonperm it-issuing places. T h e data in th is table refer to nonfarm dw elling
u n its started, and n ot to urban dw elling u n its authorized, as show n in table
F-3.
A ll of these estim ates contain some error. In 1948, for exam ple, if the
estim ate of nonfarm starts is 50,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that
an actual enum eration w ould produce a figure betw een 47,600 and 52,400.
In 1946 and 1947, the range of error was approxim ately tw ice as large. T he
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T o ta l
R ural
nonfarm U r b a n nonfarm
1, 268, 661
365,886
354, 218
5481 567
2, 210, 485
' 7171996
7391605
762 884
2,054, 651
7261 333
701, 343
626, 975
550, 981
(«)
1
18 790
771
0 903
9 «25
3 ft 783
11 717
14 OfiO
9 Q90
44’ 838
’ 899
1 R 029
17,310
8
11
13 841
(«)’
(9)
(9)
(9)
(9)
r e d u c tio n w a s a c h ie v e d b y im p r o v e m e n ts in e s tim a tin g a n d s u r v e y tec h
n iq u e s.
* P r iv a te c o n s tr u c tio n c o sts are b a se d on p e r m it v a lu a tio n , a d ju ste d for
u n d e r s ta te m e n t o f c o sts s h o w n o n p e r m it a p p lic a tio n s. P u b lic c o n str u c tio n
c o sts are b a se d o n c o n tr a c t v a lu e s or e s tim a te d c o n s tr u c tio n c o sts for in d iv id
u a l projects.
1 H o u s in g p ea k y ea r.
4 D e p r e s s io n , lo w year.
‘ R e c o v e r y p ea k y ea r prior to w a r tim e lim ita tio n s .
* L a s t fu ll y e a r u n d er w a r tim e co n tro l,
7 R evised.
* P r e lim in a r y .
• ,N o t a v a ila b le .
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