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MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE
AN1)
COMMERCIAL
R EVIEW.
SEPTEMBER,
TAXATION
IN TIIE N E W
1861.
AND OLD WO R L D .
C o m pa ra t iv e R evenu e a nd E x p en d it u re op G r e a t B r it a in , F ran ce a n d the U nited St a t e s .
— Sources of R evenu e in F ran ce .— H e ad s of E x p en d it u re .— H eads of T a x a t io n in G r eat
B r it a in .— N e w Sources of R e v e n u e in t h e U n ited States , for W a r P urposes on ly .
I n an examination of the bearings o f the war tax and the revenue
bills which have just become law in the United States, it may be well to
compare the results with the usual revenues raised by two o f the great
European governments in times o f peace. Such a comparison will show
that, with a war on our hands, we are scarcely taxed to an amount equal
to that raised from the people o f France and England, when those nations
are at peace.
England is now in a state o f profound peace, so is France; yet their
ordinary annual expenditures arc, as compared with the United States—
Great Britain,................................... £10,000,000
or $330,000,000
France............................................... 1,800,000,000 francs, or
340,000,000
The United States,........................................................................... 80,000,000
The ordinary expenditures o f the United States in times o f peace are
seventy to eighty millions o f dollars; and now, with a costly war to
carry on, the expenses for a single year are estimated at less than those o f
Great Britain or France.
The government o f Great Britain realized last year nearly seventy
millions sterling from duties, internal taxes, excise, stamps, <fcc., v iz .:
From Custom-House duties..........................£ 23,000,000
From excise,.................................................... 18,000,000
From property tax,......................................... 12,000,000
From stamps,................................................... 8,000 000
From small taxes,............................................ 2,800,000
Miscellaneous,.................................................. 6,200,000
or $ 111,550,000
or
87,300,000
or
58,200,000
or
38,800,000
or
13 580,000
or
30,070,000
£70,000,000
or $339,500,000
V O L . X L V .-----N O . I I I.
15
226
Taxation in the New and Old World.
[September,
The British tariff alone yielded nearly double the sum ordinarily re
quired for the expenses of the United States, v iz.:
Dutieson sugar,.................................................... £6,094,000
Dutieson tobacco,................................................. 5,6*74,000
Dutieson tea,......................................................... 5,444,000
Duties on spirits, ............................................ 2,531,000
Dutieson wines,..................................................... 1,174,000
A ll other articles,................................................ 2,248,000
Year 1860,............................................£ 23,165,000
or $30,4*70,000
or
28,370,000
or
57,220,000
or
12,655,000
or
5,870,000
or
11,240,000
o r$ 115,825,000
W e reduce the sterling values to five dollars per pound, for conveni
ence of calculation. The real results will vary only about three per
cent.
France, with a population o f 35,781,628, has an annual revenue of
1,824,000,000 francs, or nearly ten dollars per head. Great Britain, with
a population o f 29,000,000, including Ireland and the Channel islands,
has a revenue of seventy millions sterling, or nearly twelve dollars per
head.
The United States, with a population o f 31,429,891, had an aggregate
revenue of 1565,489,840 for the ten years, 1849— 1858, or an aver
age of a little exceeding fifty-seven millions annually, or less than two
dollars per head.
The sources of revenue in France last year were as follow :
B udget
R eceipts .
of
F rance
fo r
Y e a r 1860.
Francs.
.
Contributions directes,...................or Direct tax,........................................ 469,935,648
Enregistrement, timbre et domaines, Recording and government stamps, 358,677,000
Produits des forets et dela peche,. . Revenue from forests and fisheries, 37,755,500
Douanes et sels,....................................Custom-House and salts,................ 228,051,000
Contributions indirectes,................... Indirect tax,...................................... 485,489,000
Produits des Postes,........................... Revenue of the Post-Office,............. 57,654,000
Divers revenus,....................................Product of sundry revenues,.......... 146,672,856
Produits divers,...................................Divers productions,......................... 41,619,375
Francs, 1,825,854,379
Francs.
E x p en d it u re s .
Dette Publique,...............................or Int. and expenses ofpublic debt,..
Dotations,............................................. Dotations and pensions,...................
Service des ministeres,........................ Services of the ministers,..............
Frais de regie des impots,.................Expenses of collection of duties,. .
Remboursements et restitutions,.. . . Reimbursements and restitutions,
Travaux extraordinaires,...................Public works,....................................
560,148,676
41,979,394
866,932,356
199,747,104
124,550,248
31,600,000
Francs, 1,824,957,778
The enormous sum o f 866,932,356 francs, or about one hundred and
sixty-four millions o f dollars, expended for the service o f ministers, is
divided as follow :
Minister of W ar..........................................................fcs. 339,458,744
Minister of the Interior,...........................................
158,003,575
Minister of Marine,...................................................
123,503,143
Agriculture, commerce and “ travaux publics,” . .
71,360,100
Algiers and the Colonies,.......................................
38,727,510
Minister of Instruction,............ ..............................
67,430,736
A ll others,..................................................................
68,448,548
Total,
fcs. 866,932,356
1861.]
Taxation in the New and Old World.
22 7
Thus the government of France, in a time o f peace, maintains an army
of 400,000 men, at an expense of about sixty-three millions o f dollars, and
a navy costing twenty-four millions.
These enormous taxes are freely paid by the French people. They
are necessary to the support of government. The people accommodate
themselves to the burdens, which, in fact, fall mainly upon those most
able to bear them, both in England and France. For instance, the
licenses paid to the British government are, by bankers, £30 each ; pawn
brokers, £15 ; auctioneers, £10 ; brewers, £2 to £78 ; wine dealers, £10 ;
tobacco and snuff manufacturers, £5 to £31.
£ s.
Appraisers, each,........
Attorneys,..................... . .
Bankers,.......................
Auctioneers,.................
Pawnbrokers,............... . . .
Plate dealers,...............
Brewers,....................... . . .
..
Malsters,....................... . . .
6
0 to
7
2
i
3
i
..
6 to
6 to
0 to
6 to
0 to
£ s.
2 0
9 0
30 0
10 0
15 0
5 15
78 0
4 4
4 14
£ s.
£ s.
20 0
Malt roasters,...........................
Carriages,.................................
7 10
Distillers of spirits,.................
10 10
Retailers of spirits,........... 2 4 to 14 6
Tobacco and snuff manufacturers.......................... 5 5 to 31 10
Dealers in foreign wines,. . .
10 10
10 to 5 0
Vinegar makers,.....................
5 5
The British income tax is, in time of peace, much heavier than that
levied by our Congress for war purposes, viz., seven to ten pence in the
pound. Incomes o f £100 to £150 pay seven pence per pound.
W e have not received the census returns of 1860; but those for 1850
are sufficient to demonstrate that a land tax may yield a larger sum than
hitherto estimated. B y the census o f 1850, there were in the United
States—■
Horses,................................................................................. 4,335,358
Asses and mules,................................................................
659,229
Milch cows,.........................................................................
6,392,044
Working oxen,................................................................... 1,699,241
Other cattle,....................................................................... 10,268,856
Making a total of....................................................... 23,354,728
These, no doubt, amount now to thirty millions in number, every one
o f which should be taxed one dollar per head annually. Bank notes,
bills of exchange, promissory notes and deeds might be taxed under a
stamp law. A poll tax would also be equitable, so that the expenses of
government should fall in part upon every one, rich and poor. Thus, if
our necessities should be so great, a revenue o f two hundred millions of
dollars might be realized without being a burden upon any special class,
viz.:
From custom-house duties............................................. $ 50,000,000
Tax on real and personal property,.............................
30,000,000
Tax $1 per head on cows, horses, dec.,......................
23,000,000
Income tax,....................................................................... 30,000,000
Poll tax,............................................................................. 30,000,000
From stamps,................................................................... 20,000,000
Tax on watches, gold and silver,................................
10,000,000
Tax on distilleries,.......................................................... 10,000,000
$ 203,000,000
Stamps are another considerable source of revenue in Great Britain,
bringing in eight millions sterling. Bankers’ checks or drafts pay from
a penny to twenty-five shillings each ; foreign bills of exchange, from
[September,
Coffee and the Coffee Trade.
228
one penny to thirteen shillings each; leases, from six shillings to six
pounds each; wills, from ten shillings to £2'70 each; dogs are taxed
twelve shillings each ; packs o f hounds, £ 9 to £39 ; horses, ten to twentyone shillings each. In fact, for the present emergency, we might with
great advantage draw upon England and France for lessons on taxation.
COFFEE
I.
AND THE C O F F E E
TRADE.
D im inished P roduction in B r a z il .— II. C auses of D ecline .— III. C offee M a rk ets of
E urope a n d the U n ited S tates .
T he upward tendency o f the prices o f coffee has been in consequence
o f the increased consumption of it both in Europe and the United States,
by which the stocks that formerly were equal to five or six months con
sumption are now reduced to barely ten weeks, and are steadily dimin
ishing, thus proving that the supplies from producing countries are di
minishing instead of increasing to supply the demand.
Brazil for many years has supplied one-half o f the production o f the
world, but, from the following statement o f the crop exports, it will appear
that the maximum o f production has been reached there, and that it is
now on the decline.
From 1845 to 1858 the average increase for each four years was about
5 per cent, per annum ; since then the decrease has been 2A per cent, per
annum, although the crop now finishing has been a very large one. The
crop of 1861 will be a short one, considerably below the average of the
three preceding years.
E xports
op
C offee
To June 30th.
1846,...................
1847,
..........
1848,
..........
1849,...................
1850,...................
1851,...................
1852,...................
1853....................
1854....................
1855,...................
1856,...................
1857....................
1858.....................
1859,...................
1860,...................
1861,...................
from
R io
de
Europe.
Bags.
843,485
1,048,785
848,108
530,181
1,025,902
925,806
872,527
826,782
1,401,736
1,134,389
1,218,315
839,646
707,923
926,799
1,354,996
—
J an eiro durin g
J une 30 t ii .
the
United States.
Bags.
..
..
..
..
..
684,632 . .
755,773 . .
773,617 ..
573,151 . .
858,764 . .
947,368 . .
1,037,369 . .
757,181 . .
941,512 . .
1,396,254 . .
1,208,761 . .
887,622 . .
1,262,472 . .
831,588 . .
1,205,053 . .
Estimated,
C ro p Y e a r s , J uly 1 st
Total.
Bags.
1,528,117
1,804,558
1,612,125
1,111,332
1,884,676
1,873,174
1,909,896
1,583,963
2,343,248
2,530,643
2,427,081
1,727,269
1,970,395
1,758,387
2,560,049
1,800,000
to
Average of 4 yrs.
Bags.
1
■
1,516,283
-
1,817,927
J
‘
"
2,257,060
\
2,022,208
J
The decrease o f the crop export from Rio de Janeiro is entirely owing
to the effectual stoppage o f the slave trade since 1850, by which the ef
fective labor has been greatly diminished. Previous to 1850 it was esti
mated that the coffee estates required 5 per cent, per annum o f new
blacks to keep their stock good. Daily slave labor, which was 500 rs.
per day, has risen to 21,000 per day, or 300 per cent. Slaves have also
risen nearly in proportion, in consequence o f the supply being wholly cut
229
Coffee and the Coffee Trade.
off, and foreign immigration being yet on a very limited scale, notwith
standing it is very liberally encouraged by the government. Free Euro
pean labor will never mix freely with slave labor, especially in a tropical
climate and an entirely new cultivation.
The supply of coffee from Brazil is entirely a question o f labor, and
unless they can receive an adequate supply, the export will gradually di
minish.
No more slave labor will be admitted. Coolie labor has been tried
and will not answer. Free labor is only desired, but as yet the supply
has been very limited.
The Secretary o f the Treasury having recommended a duty on coffee,
and Congress having levied a duty o f four cents per pound, it may be
well to refer to the present condition of the coffee trade of the United
States :
First. The stock on hand is now larger than for many years, being
9,235 tons, or 174 per cent, beyond that of July, 1860, v iz.:
Total Tons.
Stock in
New-York,............................
Boston,...................................
Philadelphia,.......................
Baltimore,.............................
New-Orleans,.......................
___
___
___
___
___
1861.
11,317
891
481
1,557
429
..
..
..
..
..
I860.
3,346
361
none.
572
1,071
..
..
1859.
5,314
1,535
1,874
929
2,214
Total tons 1st July,...................
14,675
..
5,350
..
11,866
..
..
..
1858.
2,418
926
1,177
867
2,214
..
7,602
..
.
Second. T h e im p orts o f coffee fo r th e past six m on th s are fo rty per
cen t, b e y o n d th e same p e r io d o f 1 8 6 0 , v i z . :
Total Tons.
I mports at
New-York,,..........................
Boston,..................................
Philadelphia,......................
Baltimore,............................
New-Orleans,.......................
Total tons six months,. .
___
.........
........
1858.
15,490
3,506
4,596
..
..
..
.........
9,632
..
1859.
20,654
4,789
8,073
7,673
16,143
29,221
..
57,332
___
C om p a red w ith th e stock s o f coffee in th e
E u rop e, th e results are as fo llo w s :
..
1860.
16,090
2,788
2,906
5,692
10,853
1861
. . 27,478
..
1,740
..
4,766
..
7,466
..
9,620
..
37,729
..
..
..
..
six
51,070
prin cip a l ports o f
T ota l T ons .
S tock 1st J u k e
in
1861.
Holland,....................... 19,800
Antwerp,......................... 3,900
H amburg,....................... 8,500
Trieste,........................... 4,850
H avre,............................. 7,350
Great Britain,............. 5,750
Total tons June 1 ,.. 50,150
1860.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
32,750
3,300
7,500
3,200
4,500
7,950
59,200
1 85 9.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1 85 8.
A v era g e
.
34,600
3,300
6,000
2,500
2,800
6,400
..
..
..
..
..
..
44,850
6,700
11,500
4,200
5,650
10,550
..
..
..
..
..
..
33,000
4,300
8,375
3,687
5,075
7,663
55,600
..
83,450
..
62,100
The ordinary consumption of coffee in the United States is from fortyfive to fifty thousand tons every six months, so that there was on 1st
July a stock on hand equivalent to about two months’ consumption.
The variations have been remarkable for some years. The lowest and
highest prices, and lowest average and highest average, since 1846, having
been as follows per pound for Rio coffee in the New-York market:
230
Y
Acts o f the Thirty-Seventh Congress.
1 8 4 6 ...........................
1 8 4 b ........................
1 8 4 8 ,........................
1 8 4 9 ,........................
1 8 5 0 , ........................
1 8 5 1 , .........................
1 8 5 2 ,..........................
1 8 5 3 ,..........................
1 8 5 4 , ........................
1 8 5 5 , ........................
1 8 5 6 ,..........................
.........................
.........................
6i
51
..........................
...........................
5#
9
..
..
8 1 cts.
Si
8
101
144
...........................
...........................
..........................
.........................
n
n
8
9
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
. .
..
..
I ll
9f
I lf
121
12
121
121
12
13
151
.........................
..........................
1 8 5 7 ,.......................... ..........................
1 8 5 8 , ......................... ..........................
1 8 5 9 ,.......................... ..........................
1 8 6 0 ,.......................... ..........................
ACTS
SJ
n
9-1
H
10J
H i
..
..
OF T H E T H I R T Y - S E V E N T H
H ig h e s t
a vera ge.
L ow est
a vera ge.
H ig h e s t.
L o w e st.
ear.
[September,
..
$ 7
6
6
6
10
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
13
04
88
08
84
25
84
12
08
40
52
24
52
29
95
16
. .
$7
7
7
7
11
10
9
10
11
11
12
11
11
12
14
60
72
13
88
40
04
52
40
48
12
00
72
52
21
21
CONGRESS.
S pecial S ession , J uly — A ugust , 1861.
I. TnE C ollection of D uties on I mports . I I . A n A ct to P r o v id e I ncreased R eve nu e from
I m ports , to P a y TnE I nterest on the P u blic D e bt , a n d for other purposes . III. A n A ct
to I n crease the C on sular R e presen tation of the U n ite d S tates d u r in g the present
I nsurrection .
A N A C T F U R T H E R TO P R O V ID E F O R
AND
FOR
T H E C O L L E C T IO N O F D U T IE S ON IM P O R T S
O TH ER PU RPOSES.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House o f Representatives o f the United
States o f America, in Congress assembled, That whenever it shall, in the
judgment o f the President, by reason o f unlawful combinations of per
sons in opposition to the laws of the United States, become impractica
ble to execute the revenue laws and collect the duties on imports by the
ordinary means, in the ordinary way, at any port o f entry in any collec
tion district, he is authorized to cause such duties to be collected at any
port of delivery in said district until such obstruction shall cease; and
in such case the surveyors at said ports of delivery shall be clothed with
all the powers and be subject to all the obligations o f collectors o f ports
of entry; and the Secretary o f the Treasury, with the approbation of
the President, shall appoint such number of weighers, gaugers, measurers,
inspectors, appraisers and clerks as may be necessary, in his judgment,
for the faithful execution o f the revenue laws at said ports o f delivery,
and shall fix and establish the limits within which such ports of delivery
are constituted ports o f entry as aforesaid ; and all the provisions of law
regulating the issue o f marine papers, the coasting trade, the warehous
ing of imports and collection of duties shall apply to the ports of entry
so constituted in the same manner as they do to ports o f entry established
by the laws now in force.
S ec . 2. And be it further enacted, That if, from the cause mentioned
in the foregoing section, in the judgment o f the President, the revenue
from duties on imports cannot be effectually collected at any port o f en
try in any collection district, in the ordinary way and by the ordinary
means, or by the course provided in the foregoing section, then and in
that case he may direct that the custom-house for the district be estab
lished in any secure place within said district, either on land or on
1861. ]
Acts o f the Thirty-Seventh Congress.
231
board any vessel in said district or at sea near the coast; and in such
case the collector shall reside at such place, or on shipboard, as the case
may be, and there detain all vessels and cargoes arriving within or ap
proaching said district, until the duties imposed by law on said vessels
and their cargoes are paid in cash: Provided, That if the owner or con
signee of the cargo on board any vessel detained as aforesaid, or the
master of said vessel, shall desire to enter a port o f entry in any other
district in the United States where no such obstructions to the execution
of the laws exist, the master of such vessel may be permitted so to
change the destination of the vessel and cargo in his manifest, whereupon
the collector shall deliver him a written permit to proceed to the port so
designated: And provided further, That the Secretary o f the Treasury
shall, with the approbation of the President, make proper regulations for
the enforcement on shipboard o f such provisions of the laws regulating
the assessment and collection o f duties as in his judgment may be neces
sary and practicable.
S ec . 3. And be it further enacted, That it shall be unlawful to take
any vessel or cargo detained as aforesaid from the custody o f the proper
officers of the customs, unless by process o f some court o f the United
States ; and in case of any attempt otherwise to take such vessel or
cargo by any force, or combination, or assemblage o f persons, too great
to he overcome by the officers o f the customs, it shall and may be lawful
for the President, or such person or persons as he shall have empowered
for that purpose, to employ such part o f the army or navy or militia of
the United States, or such force o f citizen volunteers as may be deemed
necessary for the purpose o f preventing the removal o f such vessel or
cargo, and protecting the officers o f the customs in retaining the custody
thereof.
S ec . 4. And be it further enacted, That if, in the judgment of' the
President, from the cause mentioned in the first section of this act, the
duties upon imports in any collection district cannot be effectually col
lected by the ordinary means and in the ordinary way, or in the mode
and manner provided in the foregoing sections o f this act, then and in
that case the President is hereby empowered to close the port or ports of
entry in said district, and in such case give notice thereof by proclama
tion ; and thereupon all right o f importation, warehousing and other pri
vileges incident to ports o f entry shall cease and be discontinued at such
port so closed, until opened by the order of the President on the cessa
tion of such obstructions; and if, while said ports are so closed, any
ship or vessel from beyond the United States, or having onboard any ar
ticles subject to duties, shall enter or attempt to enter any such port, the
same, together with its tackle, apparel, furniture and cargo, shall be for
feited to the United States.
S ec. 5. And be it further enacted, That whenever the President, in
pursuance o f the provisions o f the second section of the act entitled “ An
act to provide for the calling forth o f militia to execute the laws o f the
Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions, and to repeal the act
now in force for that purpose,” approved February 28, 1795, shall have
called forth the militia to suppress combinations against the laws o f the
United States, and to cause the laws to be duly executed, and the insur
gents shall have failed to disperse by the time directed by the President,
and when said insurgents claim to act under the authority of any State
or States, and such claim is not disclaimed or repudiated by the persons
232
Acts o f the Thirty-Seventh Congress.
[September,
exercising the functions o f government in such State or States, or in the
part or parts thereof in which said combination exists, nor such insurrec
tion suppressed by said State or States, then and in such case it may and
shall be lawful for the President, by proclamation, to declare that the
inhabitants o f such State, or any section or part thereof, where such in
surrection exists, are in a state o f insurrection against the United States;
and thereupon all commercial intercourse by and between the same and
the citizens thereof and the citizens o f the rest of the United States shall
cease and be unlawful so long as such condition o f hostility shall con
tinue ; and all goods and chattels, wares and merchandise, coming from
said State or section into the other parts o f the United States, and all
proceeding to such State or section, by land or water, shall, together with
the vessel or vehicle conveying the same, or conveying persons to or from
such State or section, be forfeited to the United States: Provided, however,
That the President may, in his discretion, license and permit commercial
intercourse with any such part of said State or section, the inhabitants of
which are so declared in a state o f insurrection, in such articles, and for
such time, and by such persons as he, in his discretion, may think most
conducive to the public interest; and such intercourse, so far as by him
licensed, shall be conducted and carried on only in pursuance o f rules
and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury ; and the
Secretary of the Treasury may appoint such officers at places where
officers of the customs are not now authorized by law as may be needed
to carry into effect such licenses, rules and regulations; and officers of
the customs and other officers shall receive for services under this section,
and under said rules and regulations, such fees and compensation as are
now allowed for similar service under other provisions o f law.
S ec . 6. And be it further enacted, That from and after fifteen days after
the- issuing of the said proclamation, as provided in the last foregoing
section o f this act, any ship or vessel belonging in whole or in part to
any citizen or inhabitant of said State or part o f a State whose inhabitants
are so declared in a state o f insurrection, found at sea, or in any port of
the rest o f the United States, shall be forfeited to the United States.
S ec . 7. And be it further enacted, That in the execution o f the provi
sions of this act, and o f the other laws o f the United States providing
for the collection o f duties on imports and tonnage, it may and shall be
lawful for the President, in addition to the revenue cutters in service, to
employ in aid thereof such other suitable vessels as may, in his judgment,
be required.
S ec . 8. And be it further enacted, That the forfeitures and penalties
incurred by virtue o f this act may be mitigated and remitted, in pursu
ance o f the authority vested in the Secretary of the Treasury by the act
entitled “ An act providing for mitigating or remitting the forfeitures,
penalties and disabilities accruing in certain cases therein mentioned,”
approved March third, seventeen hundred and ninety-seven, or in cases
where special circumstances may seem to require it, according to regula
tions to be prescribed by the Secretary o f the Treasury.
S ec . 9. And be it further enacted, That proceedings on seizures for
forfeitures under this act may be pursued in the courts o f the United
States in any district into which the property so seized may be taken
and proceedings instituted; and such courts shall have and entertain as
full jurisdiction over the same as if the seizure was made in that district.
Approved July 13, 1861.
1861.]
THE
AN
ACT
233
The Tariff A ct o f August, 1861.
TO
TARIFF
P R O V ID E
IN T E R E S T
ACT
IN C R E A S E D
ON TH E
P U B L IC
OF
AUGUST,
REVENUE
FROM
D EBT, AND
FO R
1861.
IM P O R T S , TO
PAY
TH E
OTH ER PU RPOSES.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House o f Representatives o f the United
States o f America, in Congress assembled, That from and after the date
of the passage o f this act, in lieu o f the duties heretofore imposed by law
on the articles hereinafter mentioned, and on such as may now be exempt
from duty, there shall be levied, collected and paid, on the goods, wares
and merchandise herein enumerated and provided for, imported from
foreign countries, the following duties and rates o f duty, that is to say :
First. On Raw Sugar, commonly called Muscovado or Brown Sugar,
and on Sugars not advanced above No. 12, Dutch standard, by claying,
boiling, clarifying or other process, and on Syrup o f Sugar, or o f Sugar
Cane and Concentrated Molasses, or Concentrated Melado, 2 cents per
pound ; and on W hite and Clayed Sugar, when advanced beyond the raw
state, above No. 12, Dutch standard, by clarifying or other process, and
not yet refined, 2^ cents per pou n d ; on Refined Sugars, whether loaf,
lump, crushed or pulverized, 4 cents per pound ; on Sugars, after being
refined, when they are tinctured, colored or in any way adulterated, and
on Sugar Candy, 6 cents per pound.
On Molasses, 5 cents per gallon.
Provided, That all Syrups o f Sugar or o f Sugar Cane, Concentrated
Molasses or Melado, entered under the name o f Molasses, or any other
name than Syrup of Sugar or of Sugar Cane, Concentrated Molasses or
Concentrated Melado, shall be liable to forfeiture to the United States.
On all Teas, 15 cents per pound.
On Almonds, 4 cents per pound ; Shelled Almonds, 6 cents per pound.
On Brimstone, crude, $3 per ton ; on Brimstone, in rolls, $6 per ton.
On Coffee, of all kinds, 4 cents per pound.
On Cocoa, 3 cents per pou nd; on Cocoa Leaves and Cocoa Shells, 2
cents per pou n d ; on Cocoa, prepared or manufactured, 8 cents per
pound.
On Chicory Root, 1 cent per pou nd ; and on Chicory, ground, 2
cents per pound.
On Chocolate, 6 cents per pound.
On Cassia, 10 cents per pound; on Cassia Buds, 15 cents per pound.
On Cinnamon, 20 cents per pound.
On Cloves, 8 cents per pound.
On Cayenne Pepper, 6 cents per pound ; on Cayenne Pepper, ground,
8 cents per pound.
On Currants, 5 cents per pound.
On Argol, 3 cents per pound.
On Cream Tartar, 6 cents per pound.
On Tartaric A cid and Tartar Emetic and Rochelle Salts, 10 cents per
pound.
234
The Tariff A ct o f August, 1861.
[September,
On Dates, 2 cents per pound.
On Figs, 5 cents per pound.
On Ginger Root, 3 cents per pou nd; on Ginger, ground, 5 cents per
pound.
On Liquorice Paste and Juice, 5 cents per pou n d ; Liquorice Root, 1
cent per pound.
On Mace and Nutmegs, 25 cents per pound.
On Nuts o f all kinds, not otherwise provided for, 2 cents per pound.
On Pepper, 6 cents per pound.
On Pimento, 6 cents per pound.
On Plums, 5 cents per pound.
On Prunes, 5 cents per pound.
On Raisins, 5 cents per pound.
On unmanufactured Russia Hemp, $40 per t o n ; on Manilla and other
Hemps of India, $25 per ton.
On Lead, in pigs or bars, $1 50 per 100 pounds; in sheets, $2 25 per
100 pounds ; on W hite Lead, dry or ground in oil, and Red Lead, $2 25
per 100 pounds.
On Salt, in sacks, 18 cents per 100 pounds, and in bulk, 12 cents per
100 pounds.
On Soda Ash, £ cent per pou nd ; on Bicarbonate of Soda, 1 cent per
pou nd ; on Sal Soda, ^ cent per p ou n d ; on Caustic Soda, 1 cent per
pound.
On Chloride of Lime, 30 cents per one hundred pounds.
On Saltpetre, crude, 1 cent per p ou n d ; refined or partially refined, 2
cents per pound.
On Spirits o f Turpentine, 10 cents per gallon.
On Oil o f Cloves, 70 cents per pound.
On Brandy, $1 25 per gallon.
On Spirits distilled from grain or other material, 50 cents per gallon.
On Gum Copal, and other Gums or resinous substances used for the
same or similar purposes as Gum Copal, 10 cents per pound.
S ec . 2. And he it further enacted, That, from and after the day and
year aforesaid, there shall be levied, collected and paid, on the importa
tion o f the articles hereinafter mentioned, the following duties, that is to
say:
On Arrow Root, 20 per centum ad valorem.
On Ginger, preserved or pickled, 30 per centum ad valorem.
On Limes, Lemons, Oranges, Bananas and Plantains, 20 per centum
ad valorem.
On Peruvian Bark, 15 per centum ad valorem.
On Quinine, 30 per centum ad valorem.
On Rags, of whatever material, 10 per centum ad valorem.
On Gunpowder, 30 per centum ad valorem.
On Feathers and Downs, 30 per centum ad valorem.
On Hides, 10 per centum ad valorem.
On Sole and Bend Leather, 30 per centum ad valorem.
On India Rubber, raw or unmanufactured, 10 per centum ad valorem.
On India Rubber Shoes and Boots, 30 per centum ad valorem.
On Ivory unmanufactured, and on vegetable Ivory, 10 per centum ad
valorem.
On Wines of all kinds, 50 per centum ad valorem.
The Tariff Act o f Auaust. 1861.
235
On Silk in the gum, not more advanced in the manufacture than
singles, tram, and thrown or organzine, 25 per centum ad valorem.
On all Silks valued at not over $1 per square yard, 30 per centum
ad valorem.
On all Silks valued at over $1 per square yard, 40 per centum ad valorem.
On all Silk Velvets, or Velvets of which Silk is the component ma
terial of chief value, valued at $3 per square yard or under, 35 per
centum ad valorem ; valued at over $3 per square yard, 40 per centum
ad valorem.
On Floss Silks, 30 per centum ad valorem.
On Silk Ribbons, Galloons, Braids, Fringes, Laces, Tassels, Buttons,
Button Cloths, Trimmings, and on Silk Twist, Twist composed o f Mo
hair and Silk, Sewing Silk in the gum or purified, and all other manu
factures of Silk, or o f which Silk shall be the component material of
chief value, not otherwise provided for, 40 per centum ad valorem.
S ec . 3. And he it further enacted, That all articles, goods, wares and
merchandise, imported from beyond the Cape o f Good Hope in foreign
vessels, not entitled by reciprocal treaties to be exempt from dis
criminating duties, tonnage and other charges, and all other articles,
goods, wares and merchandise, not imported direct from the place of
their growth or production, or in foreign vessels, entitled by reciprocal
treaties to be exempt from discriminating duties, tonnage and other
charges, shall be subject to pay, in addition to the duties imposed by
this act, 10 per centum ad valorem. Provided, That this rule shall not
apply to goods, wares and merchandise imported from beyond the Cape
o f Good Hope in American vessels.
S ec . 4. And he it further enacted, That from and after the passage of
this act, there shall be allowed on all articles wholly manufactured of
materials imported, on which duties have been paid, when exported, a
drawback equal in amount to the duty paid on such materials, and no
more, to be ascertained under such regulations as shall be prescribed
by the Secretary of the Treasury: Provided, That 10 per centum on
the amount o f all drawbacks, so allowed, shall be retained for the use of
the United States, by the collectors paying such drawbacks respectively.
S ec . 5. And he it further enacted, That all goods, wares and mer
chandise actually on shipboard and bound to the United States, and all
goods, wares and merchandise on deposit in warehouses or public stores
at the date o f the passage o f this act, shall be subject to pay such duties
as provided by law before and at the time o f the passage o f this a c t:
And provided further, That all goods deposited in public store or
bonded warehouse after this act takes effect and goes into operation, if
designed for consumption in the United States, must be withdrawn
therefrom, or the duties thereon paid in three months after the same are
deposited; and goods designed for exportation and consumption in
foreign countries may be withdrawn by the owner at any time before
the expiration of three years after the same are deposited; such goods,
if not withdrawn in three years, to be regarded as abandoned to the
government, and sold under such regulations as the Secretary o f the
Treasury may prescribe, and the proceeds paid into the Treasury:
Provided, That merchandise, upon which the owner may have neg
lected to pay duties within three months from the time of its deposit,
may be withdrawn and entered for consumption at any time within two
years o f the time of its deposit, upon the payment o f the legal duties,
236
The Tariff A ct o f August, 1861.
[September,
with an addition o f 25 per centum thereto: Provided, also, That mer
chandise upon which duties have been paid, if exported to a foreign
country within three years, shall be entitled to return duties, proper evi
dence of such merchandise having been landed abroad to be furnished
to the collector by the importer, one per centum o f said duties to be
retained by the government.
S ec . 6. And he it further enacted, That the act entitled “ An act to
provide for the payment o f outstanding Treasury Notes, to authorize a
loan, to regulate and fix the duties on imports, and for other purposes,”
approved March 2d, 1861, be, and the same is hereby amended as fol
lows, that is to say :
First.— In section six, article 1st, after the words “ in Cordials and,”
strike out “ Liquors” and insert “ Liqueurs.”
Second.— In the same section, after the word “ represent,” insert
“ Provided, also, That no lower rate or amount of duty shall be levied,
collected and paid on Brandy, Spirits and all other spirituous beverages,
than that now fixed by law for the description of first proof, but shall be
increased in proportion for any greater strength than the strength of first
proof.”
Third.— Section twelve, article first, after the words “ eighteen cents,”
where they first occur, insert “ or less.”
Fourth.— Section thirteen, article second, after the word “ manufac
turer,” insert “ except Hosiery.”
Fifth.— In the same section, article third, strike out “ W ool” wherever
it occurs, and insert in each place “ Worsted.”
Sixth.— In section fourteen, article first, after the words “ ten per
centum” insert “ ad valorem?'
Seventh.— In section fifteen, before the word “ Yarns,” insert
“ H em p;” in the same section, after the word “ Sheetings,1* insert “ of
Flax or Hemp,” and strike out “ Jute Goods,” and, in lieu thereof, insert
“ Jute Yarns.”
Eighth.— In section twenty-two, strike out the words “ Unwrought
Clay, |3 per ton.”
Ninth.— In section nineteen, strike out “ compositions of glass or
paste, not set, intended for use by jewellers.”
Tenth.— In section twenty-two, strike out “ compositions o f glass or
paste, when set.”
Eleventh.— In section twenty-three, article Sheathing Metal, strike
out “ yard” and insert “ foot.”
In section seven, clause fifth, the words “ on Screws, washed or plated,
and all other Screws, o f iron or any other metal,” shall be stricken
out, and the words “ on Screws, o f any other metal than iron,” shall be
inserted.
S ec . 7. And he it further enacted, That all acts and parts o f acts repug
nant to the provisions of this act be, and the same are hereby repealed;
Provided, That the existing laws shall extend to and be in force for the
collection of the duties imposed by this act for the prosecution and pun
ishment of all offences, and for the recovery, collection, distribution and
remission o f all fines, penalties and forfeitures, as fully and effectually as
if every regulation, penalty, forfeiture, provision, clause, matter and
thing to that effect in the existing laws contained had been inserted in
and re-enacted by this act.
1861 . ]
The Tariff A ct o f August, 1861.
237
S e c . 8. And be it further enacted, That a direct tax o f twenty millions
o f dollars b e and is h ereb y annually laid u pon the U n ite d States, and the
same shall b e and is h ereb y a p p o rtio n e d to the States, respectively, in
m anner fo llo w in g :*
M aine,........................... ___ $420,826 00
218,406 66
New-Hampshire,........ ___
Vermont,....................... ___
211,068 00
Massachusetts,............. ___
824,581 33
Rhode Island,............. ___
116,963 66
Connecticut,................. ___
308,214 00
N ew -Y ork,................... ___ 2,603,918 66
New-Jersey,................. ___
450,134 00
Pennsylvania,............. ___ 1,946,719 33
Delaware,................... ___
74,681 33
Maryland,................... ___ 436,823 33
Virginia,..................... ___
937,550 66
North Carolina,........ ___
576,194 66
South Carolina,......... ___
363,570 66
Georgia,....................... ___
584,267 33
Alabama,..................... ___
529,313 33
Mississippi,................. ___ 413,084 66
Louisiana,................... ___
385,886 66
O h io,........................... ___ 1,567,089 33
Kentucky,................... ........
713,695 33
Tennessee,................... ........
669,498 00
Indiana,.........
Illinois,........
Missouri,. . . .
Kansas,..........
Arkansas, . . .
Michigan, . . .
Florida,........
T exas,...........
Iow a ,.............
Wisconsin,.. .
California,. ..
Minnesota,.. .
Oregon,........
New-Mexico,.
Utah,.............
W ashington,.
Nebraska, . . .
Nevada,........
Colorado,.. . .
Dacotah,. . . .
District Columbia,. . . .
___ $ 904,875 33
. . . 1,146,551 33
. . . 761,127 33
71,743 33
___
261,886 00
___
501,763 33
___
77,522 66
___
355,106 66
___
452,088 00
___
519,688 66
___
254,538 66
. .. . 108,524 00
___
35,140 66
___
62,648 00
___
----___
7,755 33
19,312 00
4,592 66
___
-----
3,241 33
49,437 33
S e c . 9. And be it further enacted, That, for the purpose o f assessing
the above tax and collecting the same, the President o f the United States
be and he is hereby authorized to divide, respectively, the States and
territories of the United States and the District o f Columbia into con
venient collection districts, and to nominate and, by and with the advice
of the Senate, to appoint an assessor and a collector for each such dis
trict, who shall he freeholders and resident within the same : Provided,
That any of said States and territories, as well as the District of Colum
bia, may, if the President shall deem it proper, be erected into one dis
trict: And provided further, That the appointment o f said assessors and
collectors, or any of them, shall not be made until on or after the second
Tuesday in February, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two.
S e c . 10. And be it f urther enacted, That before any such collector shall
enter upon the duties of his office he shall execute a bond for such amount
as shall be prescribed by the Secretary o f the Treasury, with sureties to
bo approved as sufficient by the Solicitor of the Treasury, containing the
condition that said collector shall justly and faithfully account for to the
United States, and pay over, in compliance with the order or regulations
of the Secretary of the Treasury, all public moneys which may come into
his hands or possession; which bond shall be filed in the office o f the
First Comptroller o f the Treasury, to be by him directed to be put in
suit upon any breach of the condition thereof. And such collectors shall,
from time to time, renew, strengthen and increase their official bonds, as
the Secretary of the Treasury may direct.
S e c . 11 . And be it further enacted, That each o f the assessors shall
divide his district into a convenient number of assessment districts, within
each of which he shall appoint one respectable freeholder to be an assist
* The apportionment by States is here thrown into tabular form for greater con
venience of reference.
238
The Tariff A ct o f August, 1861.
[September,
ant assessor; and each assessor and assistant assessor so appointed, and
accepting the appointment, shall, before he enters on the duties of his
appointment, take and subscribe, before some competent magistrate, or some
collector, to be appointed by this act, (who is hereby empowered to ad
minister the same,) the following oath or affirmation, to wit: “ I, A. B.,
do swear, or affirm, [as the case may be,] that I will, to the best o f my
knowledge, skill and judgment, diligently and faithfully execute the office
and duties of assessor for, [naming the assessment district,] without favor
or partiality, and that I will do equal right and justice in every case in
which I shall act as assessor.” And a certificate of such oath or affirma
tion shall be delivered to the collector of the district for which such as
sessor or assistant assessor shall be appointed. And every assessor or
assistant assessor acting in the said office without having taken the said
oath or affirmation shall forfeit and pay one hundred dollars, one moiety
thereof to the use o f the United States and the other moiety thereof to
him who shall first sue for the same; to be recovered, with costs of suit,
in any court having competent jurisdiction.
S ec . 12. And be it further enacted, That the Secretary o f the Treasury
shall establish regulations suitable and necessary for carrying this act into
effect; which regulations shall be binding on each assessor and his as
sistants in the performance of the duties enjoined by or under this act,
and shall also frame instructions for the said assessors and their assistants;
pursuant to which instructions the said assessors shall, on the first day o f
March next, direct and cause the several assistant assessors in the district
to inquire after and concerning all lands, lots o f ground, with their im
provements and dwelling-houses, made liable to taxation under this act,
by reference as well to any lists of assessment or collection taken under
the laws of the respective States as to any other records or documents,
and by all other lawful ways and means, and to value and enumerate
the said objects of taxation in the manner prescribed by this act, and in
conformity with the regulations and instructions above mentioned.
S ec . 13. And be it further enacted, That the said direct tax laid by this
act shall be assessed and laid on the value of all lands and lots of ground,
with their improvements and dwelling-houses, which several articles sub
ject to taxation shall be enumerated and valued, by the respective assessors,
at the rate each of them is worth in money on the first day of April, eighteen
hundred and sixty-two : Provided, however, That all property, of whatever
kind, coming within any of the foregoing descriptions, and belonging to
the United States, or any State, or permanently or specially exempted
from taxation by the laws of the State wherein the same may be situated
at the time of the passage of this act, together with such property be
longing to any individual, who actually resides thereon, as shall be worth
the sum of five hundred dollars, shall be exempted from the aforesaid
enumeration and valuation, and from the direct tax aforesaid : And pro
vided further, That in making such assessments due regard shall be had
to any valuation that may have been made under the authority o f the
State or territory at any period nearest to said first day o f April.
S ec . 14. And be it further enacted, That the respective assistant asses
sors shall, immediately after being required as aforesaid by the assessors,
proceed through every part of their respective districts, and shall require
all persons owning, possessing or having the care or management of any
lands, lots of ground, buildings or dwelling-houses, lying and being within
1861.]
The Tariff A ct o f August, 1861.
239
the collection district where they reside, and liable to a direct tax as afore
said, to deliver written lists o f the same, which lists shall be made in such
manner as may be directed by the assessor, and, as far as practicable, con
formably to those which may be required for the same purpose under the
authority o f the respective States.
S ec . 15. And be it further enacted, That if any person owning, possess
ing or having the care or management of property liable to a direct tax
as aforesaid, shall not be prepared to exhibit a written list when required
as aforesaid, and shall consent to disclose the particulars o f any and all
the lands and lots o f ground, with their improvements, buildings and
dwelling-houses, taxable as aforesaid, then and in that case it shall be the
duty of the officer to make such list, which, being distinctly read and
consented to, shall he received as the list of such person.
S ec . 16. And be it further enacted, That if any such person shall
deliver or disclose to any assessor or assistant assessor appointed in pur
suance of this act, and requiring a list or lists as aforesaid, any false or
fraudulent list, with intent to defeat or evade the valuation or enumera
tion hereby intended to he made, such person so offending, and being
thereof convicted before any court having competent jurisdiction, shall
he fined in a sum not exceeding five hundred dollars, at the discretion of
the court, and shall pay all costs and charges o f prosecution; and the
valuation and enumeration required by this act shall, in all such cases,
be made, as aforesaid, upon lists according to the form above described,
to be made out by the assessors and assistant assessors respectively,
which list the said assessors are hereby authorized and required to make
according to the best information they can obtain, and for the purpose o f
making which they are hereby authorized to enter into and upon all and
singular the premises respectively; and from the valuation and enumera
tion so made there shall be no appeal.
S ec . 17. And be it further enacted, That in case any person shall be
absent from his place of residence at the time an assessor shall call to
receive the list o f such person, it shall be the duty of such assessor or
assistant assessor to leave at the house or place o f residence o f such
person, with some person o f suitable age and discretion, a written note
or memorandum, requiring him to present to such assessor the list or
lists required by this act within ten days from the date of such note or
memorandum.
S ec . 18. And be it further enacted, That if any person, on being notified
or required as aforesaid, shall refuse or neglect to give such list or lists
as aforesaid within the time required by this act, it shall be the duty of
the assessor for the assessment district within which such person shall
reside, and he is hereby authorized and required to enter into and upon
the lands, buildings, dwelling-houses and premises, if it be necessary, of
such persons so refusing or neglecting, and to make, according to the
best information which he can obtain, and on his own view and informa
tion, such lists o f the lands and lots of ground, with their improvements,
buildings and dwelling-houses, owned or possessed, or under the care or
management o f such person, as are required by this act, which lists, so
made and subscribed by such assessor, shall be taken and reputed as
good and sufficient lists o f the persons and property for which such
person is to be taxed for the purposes of this act.
S ec . 19. And be it further enacted, That whenever there shall be in
240
The Tariff A ct o f August, 1861.
[September,
any assessment district any property, lands and lots o f ground, buildings
or dwelling-houses, not owned or possessed by or under the care and
management of any person or persons within such district, and liable to
be taxed as aforesaid, and no list o f which shall be transmitted to the
assessor in the manner provided by this act, it shall be the duty of the
assessor for such district, and he is hereby authorized and required, to
enter into and upon the real estate, if it be necessary, and take such
view thereof, and make lists of the same, according to the form pre
scribed, which lists, being subscribed by the said assessor, shall be taken
and reputed as good and sufficient lists of such property, under and for
the purposes of this act.
S ec . 20. And be it further enacted, That the owners, possessors or
persons having the care or management o f lands, lots of ground, build
ings and dwelling-houses, not lying or being within the assessment dis
trict in which they reside, shall be permitted to make out and deliver
the lists thereof required by this act, (provided the assessment district in
which the said objects of taxation lie or be is therein distinctly stated,)
at the time and in the manner prescribed, to the assessor o f the assess
ment district wherein such persons reside. And it shall be the duty of
the assessors, in all such cases, to transmit such lists, at the time and in
the manner prescribed for the transmission o f the lists o f the objects of
taxation lying and being within their respective assessment districts, to
the assessor of the collection district wherein the said objects o f taxation
shall lie or be immediately after the receipt thereof; and the said lists
shall be valid and sufficient for the purposes of this a c t; and on the de
livery of every such list, the person making and delivering the same shall
pay to the assessor one dollar, which he shall retain to his own use.
S ec . 21. And be it further enacted, That the lists aforesaid shall be
taken with reference to the day fixed for that purpose by this act as
aforesaid ; and the assistant assessors respectively, after collecting the
said lists, shall proceed to arrange the same, and to make two general
lists, the first of which shall exhibit, in alphabetical order, the names of
all persons liable to pay a tax under this act residing within the assess
ment district, together with the value and assessment of the objects liable
to taxation within such district for which each such person is liable, and,
whenever so required by the assessor, the amount of direct tax payable
by each person on such objects under the State laws imposing direct
taxes ; and the second list shall exhibit, in alphabetical order, the names
of all persons, residing out of the collection district, owners of property
within the district, together with the value and assessment thereof, with
the amount of direct tax payable thereon as aforesaid. The forms of the
said general lists shall be devised and prescribed by the assessor, and lists
taken according to such form shall be made out by the assistant assessors
and delivered to the assessors within sixty days after the day fixed by
this act as aforesaid, requiring lists from individuals. And if any assistant
assessor shall fail to perform any duty assigned by this act within the
time prescribed by his precept, warrant or other legal instructions, not
being prevented therefrom by sickness or other unavoidable accident,
every such assistant assessor shall be discharged from office, and shall,
moreover, forfeit and pay twro hundred dollars, to be recovered, for the
use of the United States, in any court having competent jurisdiction,
with costs of suit.
1861.]
The Tariff A ct o f August, 1861.
241
S ec . 22. And he it further enacted, That immediately after the valua
tions and enumerations shall have been completed as aforesaid, the
assessor in each collection district shall, by advertisement in some public
newspaper, if any there be in such district, and by written notifications,
to be publicly posted up in at least four o f the most public places in each
collection district, advertise all persons concerned of the place where the
said lists, valuations and enumerations may be seen and examined, and
that, during twenty-five days after the publication o f the notifications as
aforesaid, appeals will be received and determined by him relative to any
erroneous or excessive valuations or enumerations by the assessor. And
it shall be the duty o f the assessor in each collection district, during
twenty-five days after the date of publication to be made as aforesaid, to
submit the proceedings o f the assistant assessors, and the list by them
received or taken as aforesaid, to the inspection o f any and all persons
who shall apply for that purpose ; and the said assessors are hereby
authorized to receive, hear and determine, in a summary way, according
to law and right, upon any and all appeals which may be exhibited
against the proceedings of the said assessors : Provided always, That it
shall be the duty of said assessor to advertise and attend, not less than two
successive days o f the said twenty-five, at the court-house of each county
within his collection district, there to receive and determine upon the
appeals aforesaid: And provided, also, That the question to be deter
mined by the assessor, on an appeal respecting the valuation o f property,
shall be, whether the valuation complained o f be or be not in a just rela
tion or proportion to other valuations in the same collection district.
And all appeals to the assessors as aforesaid shall be made in writing,
and shall specify the particular cause, matter or thing respecting which
a decision is requested, and shall, moreover, state the ground or principle
of inequality or error complained of. And the assessor shall have power
to re-examine and equalize the valuations as shall appear just and equita
ble ; but no valuation shall be increased without a previous notice o f at
least five days, to the party interested, to appear and object to the same,
if he judge proper, which notice shall be given by a note in writing, to
be left at the dwelling-house of the party by such assessor or an assistant
assessor.
S ec . 23. And be it further enacted, That whenever a State, territory
or the District of Columbia shall contain more than one collection dis
trict, the assessor shall have power, on examination o f the lists rendered
by the assistant assessors, according to the provisions o f this act, to revise,
adjust and equalize the valuation o f lands and lots o f ground, with their
improvements and dwelling-houses, between such collection districts, by
deducting from or adding to either such a rate per centum as shall ap
pear just and equitable.
S ec . 24. And, he it further enacted, That the assessors shall, immedi
ately after the expiration of the time for hearing and deciding appeals,
make out correct lists of the valuation and enumeration in each collection
district, and deliver the same to the board of assessors hereinafter consti
tuted in and for the States respectively. And it shall be the duty of the
assessors in each State to convene in general meeting at such time and
place as shall be appointed and directed by the Secretary of the Treasury.
And the said assessors, or a majority of them, so convened, shall consti
tute, and they are hereby constituted, a board of assessors for the pur16
V O L . X L V .-----N O . I I I.
242
The Tariff Act o f August, 1861.
[September,
poses of tliis act, and shall make and establish such rules and regulations
as to them shall appear necessary for carrying such purposes into effect,
not being inconsistent with this act or the laws o f the United States.
S ec . 25. And he it further enacted, That the said board of assessors,
convened and organized as aforesaid, shall and may appoint a suitable
person or persons to be their clerk or clerks, but not more than one for
each collection district, who shall hold his or their office or offices at the
pleasure of said board of assessors, and whose duty it shall be to receive,
record and preserve all tax lists, returns and other documents delivered
and made to the said board of assessors, and who shall take an oath (or
affirmation if conscientiously scrupulous o f taking an oath) faithfully to
discharge his or their trust; and in default of taking such oath or affir
mation, previous to entering on the duties o f such appointment, or on
failure to perform any part of the duties enjoined on him or them re
spectively by this act, he or they shall respectively forfeit and pay the
sum of two hundred dollars for the use o f the United States, to be re
covered in any court having competent jurisdiction, and shall also be re
moved from office.
S e c . 26. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty o f the said
clerks to record the proceedings o f the said board o f assessors, and to
enter on the record the names of such of the assessors as shall attend any
general meeting o f the board o f assessors for the purposes of this act.
And if any assessor shall fail to attend such general meeting, his absence
shall be noted on the said record, and he shall, for every day he may be
absent therefrom, forfeit and pay the sum o f ten dollars for the use of the
United States. And if any assessor shall fail or neglect to furnish the
said board of assessors with the lists o f valuation and enumeration of
each assessment district within his collection district within three days
after the time appointed as aforesaid for such general meeting of the said
board of assessors, he shall forfeit and pay the sum of five hundred dol
lars for the use of the United States, and moreover shall forfeit his com
pensation as assessor. And it shall be the duty of the clerks o f the said
board of assessors to certify to the Secretary o f the Treasury an extract
of the minutes of the board, showing such failures or neglect, which shall
be sufficient evidence o f the forfeiture o f such compensation to all intents
and purposes: Provided, always, That it shall be in the power o f the
Secretary o f the Treasury to exonerate such assessor or assessors from
the forfeiture of the said compensation, in whole or in part, as to him
shall appear just and equitable.
S e c . 27. And be it further enacted, That if the said board o f assessors
shall not, within three days after the first meeting thereof as aforesaid,
be furnished with all the lists o f valuation o f the several counties and
State districts o f any State, they shall nevertheless proceed to make out
the equalization and apportionment by this act directed, and they shall
assign to such counties and State districts the valuation lists o f which
shall not have been furnished, such valuation as they shall deem just arid
right; and the valuation thus made to such counties and State districts by
the board of assessors shall be final, and the proper quota o f direct tax
shall be and is hereby declared to be imposed thereon accordingly.
S e c . 28. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the
said board of assessors diligently and carefully to consider and examine
the said lists of valuation, and they shall have power to revise, adjust and
1861.]
The Tariff A ct o f August, 1861.
243
equalize tlio valuation o f property in any county or State district, by ad
ding thereto, or deducting therefrom, such a rate per centum as shall,
under the valuation o f the several counties and State districts, be just
and equitable : Provided, That the relative valuation o f property in the
same county shall not be changed, unless manifest error or imperfection
shall appear in any o f the lists o f valuation, in which case the said board
of assessors shall have power to correct the same, as to them shall appear
just and right. A nd if, in consequence of any revisal, change and alter
ation of the said valuation, any inequality shall be produced in the ap
portionment o f the said direct tax to the several States as aforesaid, it
shall be the duty of the Secretary o f the Treasury to report the same to
Congress, to the intent that provision may be made by law for rectifying
such inequality.
S ec . 29. And he it further enacted, That as soon as the said board of
assessors shall have completed the adjustment and equalization of the
valuation aforesaid, they shall proceed to apportion to each county and
State district its proper quota o f direct tax. And the said board o f as
sessors shall, within twenty days after the time appointed by the Secre
tary o f the Treasury for their first meeting, complete the said apportion
ment, and shall record the same; they shall thereupon further deliver to
each assessor a certificate o f such apportionment, together with the several
lists by the assessors respectively presented to the board as aforesaid, and
transmit to the Secretary of the Treasury a certificate o f the apportion
ment by them made as aforesaid; and the assessors, respectively, shall
thereupon proceed to revise their respective lists, and alter and make the
same in all respects conformable to the apportionment aforesaid by the
said board of assessors; and the said assessors, respectively, shall make
out lists containing the sums payable according to the provisions of this
act upon every object o f taxation in and for each collection district
which lists shall contain the name o f each person residing within the said
district, owning or having the care or superintendence of property lying
within the said district which is liable to the said tax, when such person,
or persons are known, together with the sums payable by each ; and
where there is any property within any collection district liable to the
payment o f the said tax, not owned or occupied by or under the super
intendence o f any person resident therein, there shall be a separate list
of such property, specifying the sum payable, and the names of the re
spective proprietors, where known. And the said assessors shall furnish
to the collectors o f the several collection districts, respectively, within
thirty-five days after the apportionment is completed as aforesaid, a
certified copy o f such list or lists for their proper collection districts, and
in default of performance o f the duties enjoined on the board of asses
sors and
assessors respectively, by this section, they shall severally and
individually forfeit and pay the sum o f five hundred dollars to the use
of the United States, to be recovered in any court having competent ju
risdiction. And it is hereby enacted and declared, that the valuation,
assessment, equalization and apportionment made by the said board o f
assessors as aforesaid, shall be and remain in full force and operation for
laying, levying and collecting, yearly and every year, the annual direct
tax by this act laid and imposed, until altered, modified or abolished bv
law.
S ec . 30. And he it further enacted, That there shall be allowed and
244
The Tariff A ct o f August, 1861.
[September,
paid to the several assessors and assistant assessors, for their services under
this act— to each assessor two dollars per day for every day employed in
making the necessary arrangements and giving the necessary instructions
to the assistant assessors for the valuation, and three dollars per day for
every day employed in hearing appeals, revising valuations, and making
out lists agreeably to the provisions of this act, and one dollar for every
hundred taxable persons contained in the tax list, as delivered by him to
said board o f assessors; to each assistant assessor two dollars for every
day actually employed in collecting lists and making valuations, the num
ber of days necessary for that purpose to be certified by the assessor and
approved by the commissioner of taxes, and one dollar for every hundred
taxable persons contained in the tax lists, as completed and delivered by
him to the assessor; to each o f the assessors constituting the board of
assessors as aforesaid, for every day’ s actual attendance at said board, the
sum o f three dollars, and for travelling to and from the place designated
by the Secretary o f the Treasury ten cents for each mile, by the most
direct and usual route; and to each o f the clerks of said board two dol
lars for every day’s actual attendance thereon. A nd the said board of
assessors, and said assessors, respectively, shall be allowed their necessary
and reasonable charges for stationery and blank books used in the exe
cution o f their duties; and the compensation herein specified shall be in
full for all expenses not otherwise particularly authorized, and shall be
paid at the Treasury, and such amount as shall be required for such pay
ment is hereby appropriated.
S ec . 31. And be it further enacted, That each collector, on receiving a
list as aforesaid, from the said assessors, respectively, shall subscribe three
receipts; one of which shall be given on a full and correct copy o f such
list, which list shall be delivered by him to, and shall remain with,
the assessor o f his collection district, and shall be open to the inspec
tion of any person who may apply to inspect the same; and the other
two receipts shall be given on aggregate statements o f the lists aforesaid,
exhibiting the gross amount o f taxes to be collected in each county or
State district contained in the collection district, one o f which aggregate
statements and receipts shall be transmitted to the Secretary, and the
other to the First Comptroller o f the Treasury.
S ec . 32. And be it further enacted, That each collector, before receiving
any list as aforesaid, for collection, shall give bond, with one or more
good and sufficient sureties, to be approved by the Solicitor o f the Treas
ury, in the amount o f the taxes assessed in the collection district for
which he has been or may be appointed; which bond shall be payable
to the United States, with condition for the true and faithful discharge
of the duties o f his office according to law, and particularly for the due
collection and payment of all moneys assessed upon such district, and the
said bond shall be transmitted to the Solicitor of the Treasury, and,
after approval by him, shall be deposited in the office of the First Comp
troller of the Treasury : Provided, always, That nothing herein contained
shall be deemed to annul or in any wise to impair the obligation o f the
bond heretofore given by any collector; but the same shall be and remain
in full force and virtue, any thing in this act to the contrary thereof in
.any wise notwithstanding.
S ec . 33. And be it further enacted, That the annual amount o f the
taxes so assessed shall be and remain a lien upon all lands and other real
1861.]
The Tariff A ct o f August, 1861.
245
estate o f the individuals who may he assessed for the same, during two
years after the time it shall annually become due and payable; and’ the
said lien shall extend to each and every part o f all tracts or lots of land
or dwelling-houses, notwithstanding the same may have been divided or
alienated in part.
S ec . 34. And be it further enacted, That each collector shall be author
ized to appoint, by an instrument o f writing under his hand and seal, as
many deputies as he may think proper, to be by him compensated for
their services, and also to revoke the powers of any deputy, giving public
notice thereof in that portion of the district assigned to such deputy;
and each such deputy shall have the like authority, in every respect, to
collect the direct tax so assessed within the portion o f the district as
signed to him which is by this act vested in the collector himself; but
each collector shall, in every respect, be responsible both to the United
States and to individuals, as the case may be, for all moneys collected,
and for every act done as deputy collector by any of his deputies whilst
acting as such : Provided, That nothing herein contained shall prevent
any collector from collecting himself the whole or any part o f the tax so
assessed and payable in his district.
S ec . 35. And be it further enacted, That each o f the said collectors
shall, within ten days after receiving his collection list from the assessors,
respectively as aforesaid, and annually, within ten days after he shall be
so required by the Secretary of the Treasuiy, advertise in one newspaper
printed in his collection district, if any there be, and by notifications to
be posted up in at least four public places in his collection district, that
the said tax has become due and payable, and state the times and places
at which he or they will attend to receive the same, which shall be with
in twenty days after such notification ; and with respect to persons who
shall not attend according to such notifications, it shall be the duty o f
each collector, in person or by deputy, to apply once at their respective
dwellings within such district, and there demand the taxes payable by
such persons, which application shall be made within sixty days after the re
ceipt of the collection lists as aforesaid, or after the receipt o f the requisition
of the Secretary o f the Treasury as aforesaid, by the collectors; and if the
said taxes shall not be then paid, or within twenty days thereafter, it shall be
lawful for such collector, or his deputies, to proceed to collect the said taxes
by distraint and sale o f the goods, chattels or effects o f the persons delin
quent as aforesaid. And in case o f such distraint, it shall be the duty of
the officer charged with the collection to make, or cause to be made, an ac
count of the goods or chattels which may be distrained, a copy o f which,
signed by the officer making such distraint, shall be left with the owner or
possessor of such goods, chattels or effects, or at his or her dwelling, with
some person of suitable age and discretion, with a note of the sum
demanded, and the time and place o f sale; and the said officer shall
forthwith cause a notification to be publicly posted up at two of the
taverns nearest to the residence o f the person whose property shall be
distrained, or at the court-house o f the same county, if not more than ten
miles distant, which notice shall specify the articles distrained, and the
time and place for the sale thereof, which time shall not be less than ten
days from the date o f such notification, and the place proposed for sale
not more than five miles distant from the place of making such distraint:
Provided, That in any case of distraint for the payment of the tax afore
246
The Tariff A ct o f August, 1861.
[September,
said, the goods, chattels or effects so distrained shall and may be restored
to the owner or possessor if, prior to the sale thereof, payment or tender
thereof shall be made to the proper officer charged with the collection,
of the full amount demanded, together with such fee for levying, and such
sum for the necessary and reasonable expense of removing and keeping
the goods, chattels or effects so distrained, as may be allowed in like cases
by the laws or practice of the State wherein the distraint shall have been
made; but in case of non-payment or tender as aforesaid, the said offi
cers shall proceed to sell the said goods, chattels or effects at public auc
tion, and shall and may retain from the proceeds of such sale the amount
demandable for the use o f the United States, with the necessary and rea
sonable expenses o f distraint and sale, and a commission of five per
centum thereon for his own use, rendering the overplus, if any there be,
to the person whose goods, chattels or effects shall have been distrained :
Provided, That it shall not be lawful to make distraint o f the tools or
implements o f a trade or profession, beasts o f the plough necessary for
the cultivation o f improved lands, arms, or household furniture, or apparel
necessary for a family.
Sec. 36. And be it further enacted, That whenever goods, chattels or
effects sufficient to satisfy any tax upon buildings, dwelling-houses or
lands and their improvements, owned, occupied or superintended by per
sons known or residing within the same collection district, cannot be
found, the collector having first advertised the same for thirty days, in a
newspaper printed within the collection district, if such there be, and
having posted up, in at least ten public places within the same, a notifi
cation of the intended sale, thirty days previous thereto, shall proceed to
sell at public sale so much of the said property as may be necessary to
satisfy the taxes due thereon, together with an addition of twenty per
centum to the said taxes. But in all cases where the property liable to
a direct tax under this act may not be divisible, so as to enable the col
lector by a sale o f part thereof to raise the whole amount o f the tax, with
all costs, charges and commissions, the whole o f such property shall be
sold, and the surplus o f the proceeds of the sale, after satisfying the tax,
costs, charges and commissions, shall be paid to the owner of the property
or his legal representatives ; or if he or they cannot be found, or refuse to
receive the same, then such surplus shall be deposited in the Treasury of
the United States, to be there held for the use o f the owner or his legal
representatives, until he or they shall make application therefor to the
Secretary o f the Treasury, who, upon such application, shall, by warrant
on the Treasury, cause the same to be paid to the applicant. And if the
property advertised for sale as aforesaid cannot be sold for the amount
of the tax due thereon, with the said additional twenty per centum there
to, the collector shall purchase the same in behalf o f the United States
for the amount aforesaid : Provided, That the owner or superintendent of
the property aforesaid, after the same shall have been, as aforesaid, ad
vertised for sale, and before it shall have been actually sold, shall be al
lowed to pay the amount o f the tax thereon, with an addition of ten per
centum on the same, on the payment o f which the sale o f the property
shall not take place : Provided, also, That the owners, their heirs, execu
tors or administrators, or any person on their behalf, shall have liberty to
redeem the lands and other property sold as aforesaid, within two years
from the time o f sale, upon payment to the collector for the use o f the
1861.]
The Tariff Act o f August, 1861.
247
purchaser, with interest for the same, at the rate o f twenty per centum per
annum ; and no deed shall be given in pursuance of such sale until the time
of redemption shall have expired. And the collector shall render a distinct
account of the charges incurred in offering and advertising for sale such
property, and shall pay into the Treasury the surplus, if any there be, of
the aforesaid addition o f twenty per centum, or ten per centum, as the
case may be, after defraying the charges. And in every case of the sale
o f real estate which shall be made under the authority o f this act by the
collectors, respectively, or their lawful deputies, respectively, the deeds
for the estate so sold shall be prepared, made, executed and proved or
acknowledged at the time or times prescribed in this act by the collect
ors, respectively, within whose collection district such real estate shall be
situated, in such form o f law as shall be authorized and required by the
laws o f the United States, or by the law o f the State in which such real
estate lies, for making, executing, proving and acknowledging deeds of
bargain and sale or other conveyances for the transfer and conveyance of
real estate; and for every deed so prepared, made, executed, proved and
acknowledged, the purchaser or grantee shall pay to the collector the
sum of two dollars, for the use o f the collector or other person effecting
the sale of the real estate thereby conveyed.
S e c . 37. And be it further enacted, That with respect to property lying
within any collection district not owned or occupied, or superintended
by some person residing in such collection district, and on which the tax
shall not have been paid to the collector within ninety days after the day
on which he shall have received the collection lists from the said asses
sors respectively as aforesaid, or the requisition of the Secretary of the
Treasury as aforesaid, the collector .shall transmit lists of the same to one
o f the collectors within the same State, to be designated for that purpose
by the Secretary of the Treasury ; and the collector who shall have been
thus designated by the Secretary o f the Treasury, shall transmit receipts
for all the lists received as aforesaid, to the collector transmitting the
same; and the collectors, thus designated in each State by the Secretary
o f the Treasury, shall cause notifications o f the taxes due as aforesaid,
and contained in the lists thus transmitted to them, to be published for
sixty days in at least one o f the newspapers published in the State; and
the owners o f the property, on which such taxes may be due, shall be
permitted to pay to such collector the said tax, with an addition o f ten
per centum thereon : Provided, That such payment is made within one
year after the day on which the collector o f the district where such
property lies had notified that the tax had become due on the same.
S e c . 38. And be it further enacted, That w’hen any tax, as aforesaid,
shall have remained unpaid for the term o f one year as aforesaid, the col
lector in the State where the property lies, and who shall have been desig
nated by the Secretary o f the Treasury as aforesaid, having first adver
tised the same for sixty days in at least one newspaper in the State, shall
proceed to sell, at public sale, so much of the said property as may be neces
sary to satisfy the taxes due thereon, together with an addition o f twenty
per centum thereon ; or if such property is not divisible as aforesaid, the
whole thereof shall be sold, and accounted for in the manner hereinbefore
provided. If the property advertised for sale cannot be sold for the
amount of the tax due thereon, with the said addition thereon, the col
lector shall purchase the same in behalf o f the United States for such
248
The Tariff A ct o f August, 1861.
[September,
amount and addition. And tbo collector shall render a distinct account
o f the charges incurred in offering and advertising for sale such pro
perty, and pay into the Treasury the surplus, if any, of the aforesaid ad
dition o f ten or twenty per centum, as the case may be, after defraying
the said charges.
S ec . 39. And be it further enacted, That the collectors designated as
aforesaid by the Secretary o f the Treasury shall deposit with the clerks
o f the District Court of the United States in the respective States, and
within which district the property lies, correct lists o f the tracts o f land
or other real property sold by virtue of this act for non-payment of
taxes, together with the names o f owners or presumed owners, and of the
purchasers of the same at the public sales aforesaid, and o f the amount
paid by said purchasers for the same; the owners, their heirs, execu
tors or administrators, or any person in their behalf, shall have lib
erty to redeem the lands or other property sold as aforesaid, within
two years from the time o f sale, upon payment to the clerk afore
said, for the use of the purchaser, his heirs or assigns, of the amount paid
by such purchaser for the said land, or other real property, with interest
for the same at the rate o f twenty per centum per annum, and o f a com
mission o f five per centum on such payment for the use of the clerk
aforesaid. The clerks shall, on application, pay to the purchasers the
moneys thus paid for their u se ; and the collectors, respectively, shall
give deeds for the lands or property aforesaid to the purchasers entitled
to the same, in all cases where the same shall not have been redeemed
within two years as aforesaid, by the original owners thereof, or their le
gal representatives, or any person in their behalf, and deposit such deeds
with such clerk. And the said clerk shall be entitled to receive from
the purchaser, for his own use, the sum o f one dollar, in addition to the
sum hereinbefore made payable to the collector, for every such deed, to
be paid on the delivery thereof to such purchasers. And in all cases
where lands may be sold under this act for the payment o f taxes, belong
ing to infants, persons of insane mind, married women or persons beyond
sea, such persons shall have the term o f two years after their respective
disabilities shall have been removed, or their return to the United States,
to redeem lands thus sold, on their paying into the clerk’s office afore
said the amount paid by the purchaser, with fifty per centum addition
thereto, together with ten per centum interest per annum on the aggre
gate sum, and on their payment to the purchaser o f the land aforesaid a
compensation for all improvements he may have made on the premises,
subsequent to his purchase, the value o f which improvements to be ascer
tained by three or more neighboring freeholders, to be appointed by the
clerk aforesaid, who, on actual view o f the premises, shall assess the
value o f such improvements, on their oaths, and make a return of such
valuation to the clerk immediately. And the clerk o f the court shall re
ceive such compensation for his services herein, to be paid by and
received from the parties, like costs o f suit, as the judge o f the district
court shall, in that respect, tax and allow.
S ec . 40. And be it further enacted, That the several collectors shall, at
the expiration of every month after they shall respectively commence
their collections in the next and every ensuing year, transmit to the Sec
retary of the Treasury a statement o f the collections made by them,
respectively, within the month, and pay over quarterly, or sooner, if
1861.]
The Tariff A ct o f August, 1861.
249
required by the Secretary of the Treasury, the moneys by them respect
ively collected within the said term ; and each o f the said collectors shall
complete the collection o f all sums annually assigned to him for collec
tion as aforesaid, shall pay over the same into the Treasury, and shall
render his final account to the Treasury Department within six months
from and after the day when he shall have received the collection lists
from the said board o f assessors or the said requisition o f the Secretary
of the Treasury, as aforesaid : Provided, however, That the period of one
year and three months from the said annual day shall be annually allowed
to the collector designated in each State as aforesaid, by the Secretary
of the Treasury with respect to the taxes contained in the list transmit
ted to him by the other collectors as aforesaid.
S e c . 41. And be it further enacted, That each collector shallbe charged
with the whole amount o f taxes by him receipted, whether contained in
the lists delivered to him by the principal assessors, respectively, or trans
mitted to him by other collectors; and shall be allowed credit for the
amount o f taxes contained in the lists transmitted in the manner above
provided to other collectors, and by them receipted as aforesaid; and
also for the taxes o f such persons as may have absconded, or become in
solvent, subsequent to the date of the assessment, and prior to the day
when the tax ought, according to. the provisions o f this act, to have been
collected: Provided, That it shall be proved to the satisfaction o f the
First Comptroller o f the Treasury that due diligence was used by the
collector, and that no property was left from which the tax could have
been recovered ; and each collector, designated in each State as aforesaid,
by the Secretary o f the Treasury, shall receive credit for the taxes due for
all tracts of land which, after being offered by him for sale in manner
aforesaid, shall or may have been purchased by him in behalf of the
United States.
S e c . 42. And be it further enacted, That if any collector shall fail
either to collect or to render his account, or to pay over in the manner
or within the times hereinbefore provided, it shall be the duty o f the
First Comptroller o f the Treasury, and he is hereby authorized and re
quired immediately after such delinquency to report the same to the
Solicitor o f the Treasury, who shall issue a warrant o f distress against
such delinquent collector and his sureties, directed to the marshal o f the
district, therein expressing the amount o f the taxes with which the said
collector is chargeable, and the sums, if any, which have been paid.
And the said marshal shall, himself, or by his deputy, immediately pro
ceed to levy and collect the sum which may remain due, by distress and
sale of the goods and chattels, or any personal effects o f the delinquent
collector; and for want o f goods, chattels or effects aforesaid, sufficient
to satisfy the said warrant, the same may be levied on the person of the
collector, who may be committed to prison, there to remain until dis
charged in due course o f law ; and furthermore, notwithstanding the com
mitment o f the collector to prison as aforesaid, or if he abscond, and
goods, chattels and effects cannot be found sufficient to satisfy the said
warrant, the said marshal or his deputy shall and may proceed to levy
and collect the sum which remains due, by distress and sale o f the goods
and chattels, or any personal effects o f the surety or sureties o f the de
linquent collector. And the amount o f the sums due from any collector
as aforesaid, shall, and the same are hereby declared to be a lien upon the
250
The Tariff A ct o f Atigust, 1861.
[September,
lands and real estate of such collector and his sureties, until the same
shall be discharged according to law. And for want o f goods and chat
tels or other personal effects of such collector or his sureties, sufficient to
satisfy any warrant o f distress, issued pursuant to the preceding section
of this act, the lands and real estate o f such collector and his sureties, or so
much thereof as may be necessary for satisfying the said warrant, after
being advertised for at least three weeks in not less than three public
places in the collection district, and in one newspaper printed in the
county or district, if any there be, prior to the proposed time of sale,
may and shall be sold by the marshal or his deputy; and for all lands
and real estate sold in pursuance o f the authority aforesaid, the convey
ances of the marshals or their deputies, executed in due form of law,
shall give a valid title against all persons claiming under delinquent col
lectors or their sureties aforesaid. And all moneys that may remain of
the proceeds o f such sale, after satisfying the said warrant of distress,
and paying the reasonable costs and charges o f sale, shall be returned to
the proprietor of the lands or real estate sold as aforesaid. .
S e c . 43. And be it further enacted, That each and every collector, or
his deputy, who shall exercise or be guilty o f any extortion or oppres
sion, under color o f this act, or shall demand other or greater sums than
shall be authorized by this act, shall be liable to pay a sum not exceeding
two thousand dollars, to he recovered by and for the use of the party
injured, with costs of suit, in any court having competent jurisdiction ;
and each and every collector, or his deputies, shall give receipts for all
sums by them collected and retained in pursuance o f this act.
S e c . 44. And be it further enacted, That separate accounts shall be
kept at the Treasury o f all moneys received from the direct tax, and from
the internal duties or income tax, in each o f the respective States, terri
tories and District o f Columbia and collection districts; and that sepa
rate accounts shall be kept o f the amount o f each species o f duty that
shall accrue, with the moneys paid to the collectors, assessors and assists
ant assessors, and to the other officers employed in each o f the respective
States, territories and collection districts, which accounts it shall be the
duty o f the Secretary o f the Treasury, annually, in the month of Decem
ber, to lay before Congress.
S e c . 45. And be it further enacted, That the assessors, respectively,
shall, yearly, and in every year after the expiration o f one year from the
second Tuesday o f February next, inquire and ascertain, in the manner
by the seventh section of this act provided, what transfers and changes
o f property in lands, lots of ground, buildings and dwelling-houses have
been made and effected in their respective districts, subsequent to the
next preceding valuation, assessment and apportionment of the direct
tax by this act laid; and within twenty days thereafter they shall make
out three lists o f such transfers and changes, and transmit one list to the
Secretary o f the Treasury, another list to the Commissioner o f Taxes,
and the third shall be delivered to the collector o f the collection district.
And it shall yearly, and every year, after the said year one thousand
eight hundred and sixty-two, be the duty o f the Secretary of the Trea
sury to notify the collectors o f the several collection districts the day on
which it shall be the duty o f the said collectors to commence laying and
collecting the annual direct tax by this act laid and imposed, according to
the assessment o f the tax lists to them delivered by the said assessors as
1861.]
The Tariff A ct o f August, 1861.
251
aforesaid, subject only to such alterations therein as shall be just and
proper, in the opinion of the Secretary of the Treasury, to conform to
the transfers and changes aforesaid, ascertained by the assessors as afore
said ; and the said collectors shall, annually, in all respects, proceed in
and conclude the collection of the said direct tax in the same manner
and within the time hereinbefore provided and prescribed.
S e c . 46. And he it further enacted, That in case any State, territory
or the District of Columbia, after notice given o f its intention to assume
and pay, or to levy, collect and pay said direct tax herein provided for
and apportioned to said State, territory or district, shall, in any year
after the taking effect o f this act, fail to pay the amount of said direct
tax, or any part thereof, as provided in this act, in such cases it shall be
lawful for the Secretary o f the Treasury of the United States to appoint
United States assessors, assistant assessors and collectors, as in this act
provided, whose duty it shall be to proceed forthwith, under such regu
lations as the said Secretary o f the Treasury shall prescribe, to collect
all or any part o f said direct tax the same as though said State, ter
ritory or district had not given notice, nor assumed to levy, collect and
pay said taxes, or any part thereof.
S e c . 47. And be it further enacted, That any person who shall be con
victed of wilfully taking a false oath or affirmation, in any o f the cases in
which an oath or affirmation is required to be taken b y this act, shall be
liable to the pains and penalties to which persons are liable for wilful
and corrupt perjury, and shall, moreover, forfeit the sum of five hundred
dollars.
S e c . 48. And he it further enacted, That there shall be allowed to the
collectors appointed under this act, in full compensation for their services
and that o f their deputies in carrying this act into effect, a commission o f
four per centum upon the first hundred thousand dollars, one per centum
upon the second one hundred thousand dollars, and one-half o f one per
centum upon all sums above two hundred thousand dollars; such com
missions to be computed upon the amounts by them respectively paid
over and accounted for under the instructions o f the Treasury Depart
ment : Provided, That in no case shall such commissions exceed the
sum o f eight thousand dollars for a principal officer and two thousand
dollars for an assistant. And there shall be further allowed to each col
lector their necessary and reasonable charges for stationery and blank
books used in the performance of their official duties, which, after being
duly examined and certified by the Commissioner o f Taxes, shall be paid
out of the Treasury.
S e c . 49. And be it further enacted, That, from and after the first day
of January next, there shall be levied, collected and paid upon the annual
income o f every person residing in the United States, whether such income
is derived from any kind o f property, or from any profession, trade, em
ployment or vocation carried on in the United States or elsewhere, or
from any other source whatever, if such annual income exceeds the sum
of eight hundred dollars, a tax o f three per centum on the amount o f such
excess o f such income above eight hundred dollars : Provided, That upon
such portion of said income as shall be derived from interest upon treasury
notes or other securities of the United States, there shall be levied, col
lected and paid a tax of one and one-half per centum. Upon the income,
rents or dividends accruing upon any property, securities or stocks owned
252
The Tariff A ct o f August, 1861.
[September,
in the United States by any citizen o f the United States residing abroad,
there shall be levied, collected and paid a tax of five per centum, excepting
that portion of said income derived from interest on treasury notes and other
securities of the government of the United States, which shall pay one and
one-lialf per centum. The tax herein provided shall be assessed upon the
annual income o f the persons herein named for the year next preceding
the time for assessing said tax, to wit, the year next preceding the first of
January, eighteen hundred and sixty-two; and the said taxes, when so
assessed and made public, shall become a lien on the property or other
sources of said income for the amount of the same, with the interest and
other expenses o f collection until paid : Provided, That, in estimating
said income, all national, State or local taxes assessed upon the property
from which the income is derived shall be first deducted.
S e c . 50. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty o f the
President o f the United States, and he is hereby authorized, by and with
the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint one principal assessor
and one principal collector in each o f the States and territories o f the
United States and in the District o f Columbia, to assess and collect the
internal duties or income tax imposed by this act, with authority in each
o f said officers to appoint so many assistants as the public service may
require, to be approved by the Secretary of the Treasury ; the said taxes
to be assessed and collected under such regulations as the Secretary of
the Treasury may prescribe. The said collectors herein authorized to be
appointed shall give bonds, to the satisfaction of the Secretary o f the
Treasury, in such sums as he may prescribe, for the faithful performance
o f their respective duties. And the Secretary of the Treasury shall pre
scribe such reasonable compensation for the assessment and collection of
said internal duties or income tax as may appear to him just and proper;
not, however, to exceed in any case the sum o f two thousand five hundred
dollars per annum for the principal officers herein referred to, and twelve
hundred dollars per annum for an assistant. The assistant collectors herein
provided shall give bonds, to the satisfaction o f the principal collector, for
the faithful performance of their duties. The Secretary o f the Treasury
is further authorized to select and appoint one or more depositaries in
each State, for the deposit and safe-keeping o f the moneys arising from
the taxes herein imposed when collected, and the receipt o f the proper
officer of such depositary to the collector, for the moneys deposited by
him, shall be the proper voucher for such collector in the settlement of
his account at the Treasury Department. And he is further authorized
and empowered to make such officer or depositary the disbursing agent
o f the Treasury, for the payment of all interest due to the citizens of such
State upon the Treasury notes or other government securities issued by
authority of law. A nd he shall also prescribe the forms o f returns to be
made to the department by all assessors and collectors appointed under
the authority o f this act. He shall also prescribe the form o f oath or
obligation to be taken by the several officers authorized or directed to
be appointed and commissioned by the President under this act, before a
competent magistrate, duly authorized to administer oaths, and the form
of the return to be made thereon to the Treasury Department.
S e c . 51. And be it further enacted, That the tax herein imposed by the
forty-ninth section o f this act shall be due and payable on or before the
thirtieth day of June, in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and
The Tariff Act o f Auaust. 1861.
253
all sums due and unpaid at that day shall draw interest thereafter at the
rate of six per centum per annum ; and if any person or persons shall
neglect or refuse to pay, after due notice, said tax assessed against him,
her or them, for the space of more than thirty days after the same is
due and payable, it shall be lawful for any collector or assistant collector,
charged with the duty of collecting such tax, and they are hereby author
ized to levy the same on the visible property o f any such person, or so
much thereof as may be sufficient to pay such tax, with the interest due
thereon, and the expenses incident to such levy and sale, first giving
thirty days’ public notice of the time and place of the sale thereof; and
in case o f the failure of any person or persons, authorized to act as agent
or agents for the collection o f the rents or other income of any person
residing abroad, shall neglect or refuse to pay the tax assessed thereon,
(having had due notice,) for more than thirty days after the thirtieth of
June, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, the collector or his assistant, for
the district where such property is located, or rents or income is payable,
shall be and hereby is authorized to levy upon the property itself, and to
sell the same, or so much thereof as may be necessary to pay the tax
assessed, together with the interest and expenses incident to such levy
and sale, first giving thirty days’ public notice o f the time and place of
sale. And in all cases of the sale of property herein authorized, the con
veyance by the officer authorized to make the sale, duly executed, shall
give a valid title to the purchaser, whether the property sold be real or
personal. And the several collectors and assistants appointed under the
authority o f this act may, if they find no property to satisfy the taxes
assessed upon any person by authority o f the forty-ninth section o f this
act, and which such person neglects to pay as hereinbefore provided, shall
have power, and it shall be their duty to examine under oath the person
assessed under this act, or any other person, and may sell at public auction,
after ten days’ notice, any stocks, bonds or choses in action belonging to
said person, or so much thereof as will pay such tax and the expenses of
such sale; and in case he refuses to testify, the said several collectors
and assistants shall have power to arrest such person and commit him to
prison, to be held in custody until the same shall be paid, with interest
thereon, at the rate o f six per centum per annum, from the time when
the same was payable as aforesaid, and all fees and charges of such com
mitment and custody. And the place o f custody shall in all cases be
the same provided by law for the custody of persons committed for any
cause by the authority o f the United States; and the warrant o f the col
lector, stating the cause of commitment, shall be sufficient authority to
the proper officer for receiving and keeping such person in custody until
the amount of said tax and interest, and all fees and the expense of such
custody, shall have been fully paid and discharged, which fees and ex
penses shall be the same as are chargeable under the laws o f the United
States in other cases o f commitment and custody. And it shall be the
duty of such collector to pay the expenses of such custody, and the same,
with his fees, shall be allowed on settlement o f his accounts. And the
person so committed shall have the same right to be discharged from
such custody as may he allowed by the laws of the State or territory, or
the District of Columbia, where he is so held in custody, to persons com
mitted under the laws o f such State or territory, or District o f Columbia,
for the non-payment o f taxes, and in the manner provided by such law s;
254
The Tariff A ct o f August, 1861.
[September,
or be may be discharged at any time by order o f the Secretary o f the
Treasury.
S e c . 52. And he it further enacted, That, should any o f the people of
any of the States or territories o f the United States, or the District of
Columbia, be in actual rebellion against the authority of the government
of the United States at the time this act goes into operation, so that the
laws of the United States cannot be executed therein, it shall be the duty
o f the President, and he is hereby authorized to proceed to execute the
provisions o f this act, within the limits of such State or territory, or Dis
trict of Columbia, so soon as the authority of the United States therein
is re-established, and to collect the sums which would have been due from
the persons residing or holding property or stocks therein, with the interest
due, at the rate of six per centum per annum thereon, until paid, in the
manner and under the regulations prescribed in the foregoing sections o f
this act.
S e c . 53. And be it further enacted, That any State or territory, and
the District of Columbia, may lawfully assume, assess, collect and pay
into the Treasury of the United States the direct tax, or its quota thereof,
imposed by this act upon the State, territory or the District o f Columbia,
in its own way and manner, by and through its own officers, assessors and
collectors; that it shall be lawful to use for this purpose the last or any
subsequent valuation list or appraisal made by State or territorial authority
for the purpose o f State or territorial taxation therein, next preceding the
date when this act takes effect, to make any laws or regulations for these
purposes, to fix or change the compensation to officers, assessors and col
lectors ; and any such State, territory or district, which shall give notice
by the Governor, or other proper officer thereof, to the Secretary of the
Treasury o f the United States, on or before the second Tuesday of Feb
ruary next, and in each succeeding year thereafter, of its intention to as
sume and pay, or to assess, collect and pay into the Treasury o f the United
States the direct tax imposed hy this act, shall be entitled, in lieu of the
compensation, pay per diem and per centagc herein prescribed and al
lowed to assessors, assistant assessors and collectors of the United States,
to a deduction of fifteen per centum on the quota o f direct tax appor
tioned to such State, territory or the District of Columbia levied and col
lected by the said State, territory and District of Columbia through its
said officers: Provided, however, That the deduction shall only be made
to apply to such part or parts o f the same as shall have been actually
paid into the Treasury o f the United States on or before the last day of
June in the year to which such payment relates, and a deduction o f ten
per centum to such part or parts o f the same as shall have been actually
paid into the Treasury of the United States on or before the last day of
September in the year to which such payment relates, such year being
regarded as commencing on the first day o f A pril: And provided further,
That whenever notice of the intention to make such payment by the
State or territory and the District o f Columbia shall have been given to
the Secretary of the Treasury, in accordance with the foregoing provisions,
no assessors, assistant assessors or collectors, in any State, territory or
district, so giving notice, shall be appointed, unless said State or ter
ritory shall be in default: And provided, further, That the amount
o f direct tax apportioned to any State, territory or District o f Co
lumbia shall be liable to be paid and satisfied, in whole or in part, by the
1861.]
The Tariff A ct o f August, 1861.
255
release o f sucli State, territory or district, duly executed to the United
States, o f any liquidated and determined claim of such State, territory
or district o f equal amount against the United States: Provided, That,
in case o f such release, such State, territory or district shall he allowed
the same abatement o f the amount o f such tax as w’ould be allowed in
case of the payment o f the same in money.
S ec . 54. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty o f the
collectors aforesaid in their respective districts, and they are hereby au
thorized to collect the duties imposed by this act, and to prosecute for
the recovery of the same, and for the recovery o f any sum or sums which
may be forfeited by virtue o f this a ct; and all fines, penalties and for
feitures which shall be incurred by force o f this act, shall and may be
sued for and recovered in the name o f the United States, or o f the col
lector within whose district any such fine, penalty or forfeiture shall have
been incurred, by bill, plaint or information; one moiety thereof to the
use o f the United States, and the other moiety thereof to the use o f
such collector.
S ec . 55. And be it further enacted, That the amount o f all debts due
to the United States by any collector, under this act, whether secured by
bond or otherwise, shall and are hereby declared to be a lien upon the
lands and real estate of such collector, and o f his sureties, if he shall
have given bond, from the time when suit shall be instituted for recover
ing the same; and, for want o f goods and chattels and other personal
effects o f such collector or his sureties to satisfy any judgment which shall
or may be recovered against them, respectively, such lands and real estate
may be sold at public auction, after being advertised for at least three
weeks in not less than three public papers within the collection district,
and in one newspaper printed in the county, if any there be, at least six
weeks prior to the time o f sale; and for all lands or real estate sold in
pursuance o f the authority aforesaid, the conveyances of the marshals or
their deputies, executed in duo form o f law, shall give a valid title against
all persons claiming under such collector or his sureties, respectively.
S e c . 56. And be it further enacted, That, for superintending the col
lection o f the direct tax and internal duties or income tax laid by this
act, an officer is hereby authorized in the Treasury Department, to be
called “ Commissioner o f Taxes,” who shall be charged, under the di
rection o f the Secretary, with preparing all the forms necessary for the
assessment and collection o f the tax and duties aforesaid, with preparing,
signing and distributing all such licenses as are required, and with the
general superintendence o f all the officers employed in assessing and col
lecting said tax and duties; said commissioner shall be appointed by the
President, upon the nomination o f the Secretary o f the Treasury, and he
shall receive an annual salary o f three thousand dollars. The Secretary
of the Treasury may assign the necessary clerks to the office o f said
commissioner, whose aggregate salaries shall not exceed six thousand
dollars per annum, and the amount required to pay the salaries of said
commissioner and clerks is hereby appropriated.
S e c . 57. And be it further enacted, That in case of the sickness or
temporary disability of a collector to discharge such o f his duties as can
not, under existing laws, be discharged by a deputy, they may be de
volved by him upon a deputy ; Provided, Information thereof be imme
diately communicated to the Secretary of the Treasury, and shall not be
256
The Tariff Act o f August, 1861.
[September,
disapproved by h im : And provided, That the responsibility o f the col
lector or his sureties to the United States shall not be thereby affected or
impaired.
S ec . 58. And he it further enacted, That in case a collector shall die,
resign or be removed, the deputy o f such collector longest in service at
the time immediately preceding, who shall have been longest employed
by him, may and shall, until a successor shall be appointed, discharge all
the duties of said collector, and for whose conduct, in case of the death
o f the collector, his estate shall be responsible to the United States.
Approved August 5, 1861.
AN
ACT
TO
IN C R E A S E
ST A TE S
TH E
CO NSULAR
D U R IN G TH E
R E P R E S E N T A T IO N
PRESENT
OF
TH E
U N ITE D
IN S U R R E C T IO N .
Be it enacted by the Senate and House o f Representatives o f the United
States o f America, in Congress assembled, That the President o f the
United States may, by and with the advice and consent o f the Senate,
appoint consuls at any foreign ports where he shall deem it advisable for
the purpose o f preventing piracy, with such compensation, not exceeding
fifteen hundred dollars per anuum, as he shall think proper, to hold their
offices respectively during the pleasure o f the President, and in every
case such compensation to cease with the restoration o f internal peace within
the UnitedStates. And the President may, duringthe present insurrection,
increase the compensation of any consuls in foreign ports, if he shall
deem it necessary, so as not, however, to exceed the sum o f fifteen hun
dred dollars in any case. But this power shall cease with the re-estab
lishment of internal peace as aforesaid.
Approved August 2, 1861.
CIRCULAR TO COLLECTORS AND OTHER OFFICERS OF THE CUSTOMS.
Treasury Department, August 7, 1861.
The act of Congress o f August 5, 1861, entitled “ An act to provide
increased revenue from imports, to pay interest on the public debt, and
for other purposes,” so far as it relates to the duties on imports, goes into
immediate effect, and I publish that portion o f it for the information and
government of officers o f the customs and others concerned.
In executing the provision relating to drawback duties on the expor
tation of foreign imported merchandise, contained in the fifth section,
collectors o f the customs will, until otherwise instructed, be governed, in
general, by the provisions of the collection act of March 2, 1799, in re
gard to drawbacks. The right o f drawback will attach only to merchan
dise imported under the provisions o f the said act o f August 5, 1861,
and exported in the original packages.
In allowing drawback of duties on the exportation of merchandise
manufactured from imported raw material, as provided for by the fourth
section, collectors will be governed by the regulations o f the 27th of
March last, relating to drawback on cordage. Adequate proof o f the
quantity, quality and value o f raw material used in the manufacture, must,
however, until otherwise directed, be submitted in each case for my de
cision as to the rate o f drawback to be allowed. Full and detailed in
structions will be prepared and issued as soon as practicable.
S. P. C h a s e , Secretary o f the Treasury.
Salt Trade o f the United States.
257
R E P O R T ON T H E S A L T T R A D E OF T H E UN I T E D S T A T E S ,
F or
the y e a r
By S a m u e l
H o t a l in g ,
1860.
o f Xew-York.
I n our report on Salt, for the year 1859, as set forth in the last annual
publication o f the Chamber o f Commerce, the quantity o f salt manu
factured in the United States, in that year, was estimated at about
14,000,000 bushels. The quantity of salt manufactured in the United
States during the year 1860 varies considerably from the quantity made
the previous year; amounting to about three-quarters o f a million of
bushels deficiency. W hile some of our States have increased their pro
duction o f salt, other States have decreased the manufacture o f this article,
viz.: the Stateof New-York produced, in the Onondaga Yalley, 1,300,825
bushels of salt less in the year 1860 than was produced in the same dis
trict during the year 1859, and the production o f 1859 was 138,947
bushels less than the production o f salt in 1858. While, during the same
time, the States of Michigan, California and Texas have considerably in
creased their production of salt during the same periods. W e have found
considerable difficulty in obtaining accurate information as to the amount
of salt produced in the several States o f our Union, so as to be able to give
for public information, and satisfactorily to our own mind, reliable and
accurate statistical facts pertaining to their salt production. W e have,
with a view to this object, applied to twelve of the salt-producing States
for information upon this subject, and find, upon receipt o f replies from
them, that only five o f the States require by law any report to be
made of their own production of salt. It is certainly desirable that the
legislative bodies of the salt producing States, and also the Territories,
will not only imitate the State of Michigan in its efforts to encourage the
production of this necessary article, but will also require, by law, an an
nual report to be made for public information, not only o f salt but also of
all their mining, agricultural and mechanical productions, with their cash
valuation. Such information, made every year for public use, by each
of the States and Territories of our Union, would be most valuable for
all such citizens as desire statistical details. Ten years are too long a
period for our citizens to wait for such very important and necessary sta
tistical information from each division o f the federal Union.
E s t im a t e d
q u a n t it y o f
Salt
m an u factu red in t h e
U n it e d S t a t e s
in t h e y e a r
1860.
Bushels.
Bushels.
40,000
Massachusetts,...........................
325,000 Michigan,.......................................
50,000
New-York,................................. 5,593,447 Texas,.........................................
70,000
Pennsylvania,...........................
950,000 Florida,..........................................
250,000
Virginia,.................................... 3,650,000 California,..................................
60,000
290,000 Utah,..............................................
Kentucky,.................................
Ohio............................................ 2,050,000
13,388,447
Illinois,........................................
60,000
The whole amount o f salt inspected on the Onondaga Salt Springs
Reservation, in the State of New-York, during the year 1860, was 5,593,447
bushels, being equal to 1,118,650 barrels of 280 lbs. each. O f this quanVOL. XLV.----NO. III.
17
Annual Report.
258
tity 1,462,565 bushels have been the product of the Solar Salt Vats, and
4,130,882 bushels, usually termed fine salt, has been made in kettles by
boiling.
The manufacture o f salt is conducted under an arrangement for supplies
o f brine, and for convenience of inspection and supervision, which pro
vides for a division of the Reservation into four manufacturing districts,
each being under the immediate control and regulation of an independent
suite of deputies. The following table gives the quantities and description
of salt inspected in each division :
D istrict N o. 1,
S yracuse .
or
Fine salt,............................................................bush.
Solar salt,....................................................................
Fine ground, for table,.............................................
691,935
451,650
4,444
1.148,029
D istrict N o. 2,
or
S a lin a .
Fine salt,..................................... ...................... bush.
Solar salt,....................................................................
Fine ground,...............................................................
Solar do....................................................................
2,051,140
319,324
11,287
256,857
2,644,608
D
is t r ic t
N o. 3,
or
L iv e r p o o l .
Fine salt.............................................................bush.
Solar salt.....................................................................
D istrict N o. 4 ,
or
Fine salt,..
Solar salt,
Total inspection as above, in bushels,
704,145
12,452
------------- 716,597
G eddes .
bush.
.........
661,931
422,282
-------------
1,084,213
5,593,447
An experiment has been made the past summer for producing a supe
rior quality of fine salt for table use, and also for dairy purposes, particu
larly butter-making, adopted partly from the English method, which has
proved very successful and promises beneficial results. This salt is
brought to a finer crystalization and a more thorough separation from the
impurities of the brine in the kettles than by the common mode, and is
afterwards dried by artificial heat, and passed through rollers and seives
to bring it to a state o f complete pulverization. It is subsequently
“ medicated” by a patented application, recently discovered, which finishes
the process. Salt produced by this method has a clear, dazzling white
appearance, is always pulverulent and retains scarce a trace of impurity.
This description o f salt, which has received the denomination of “ FactoryFilled,” is admirably adapted to the curing of butter, and will doubtless
prove, upon trial, to be equal to the best brands of English salt, of wdiich
a very large proportion is sold in this country.
B y a careful analysis, made by Professor C ook , o f Burlington, N. J.,
(as follows,) it will be seen that this salt is fully equal to the Ashton salt
of Liverpool, England:
Salt Trade o f the United States.
A
n a l y s is
of th e
“ F ac to r y -F il l e d ” S a l t
m ade
at
259
S yracdse, N . Y
Per Cent.
Chloride of sodium, (salt,)..........
Sulphate of lime, (com bined,)...
do.
do. (free,),.............
Sulphate of magnesia,.................
Carbonate of lime.......................
A
n a l y s is
of
“ A
Per Cent.
97.600 Chloride of calcium,.....................
000
1.124 Chloride of magnesium,..............
000
227 W ater,............................................
810
077
162
100.000
sh to n
S alt,”
of
L iv e r p o o l , E n g la n d .
Per Cent.
Chloride of sodium, (salt,)..........
Sulphate of lime, (combined,).. .
Chloride o f calcium,.....................
.
Per Cent.
97.660 Chloride of magnesium,..............
1.381 Water.............................................
000
059
900
100.000
Rutgers' College, January Wth, 1861.
G eo r g e H . C ook.
The legislature o f the State of Michigan, in 1859, by law declared
that there should be paid a bounty of 10 cents per bushel on salt manu
factured from water obtained by boring in the State ; consequently eight
wells have been sunk upon the Saginaw and five at Grand Rapids, and a
quality of water has been found, which for strength and purity is unsur
passed in the United States, and from which very rapid progress is now
making in the manufacture of salt.
I m ports
of
Salt
in t o
the
U n it e d S ta te s
From
Swedish West Indies,........................................
Danish West-Indies...........................................
Hamburg,............................................................
Brem en,..............................................................
Dutch W est Indies,..........................................
E n gland,............................................................
Ireland.................................................................
Canada,...............................................................
Other British North American Possessions...
British West Indies,...........................................
British Guiana,..................................................
France on the Atlantic......................................
France on the Mediterranean,.........................
French West Indies,..........................................
Spain on the Atlantic,......................................
Spain on the Mediterranean,..........................
Cuba,....................................................................
Portugal...............................................................
Madeira,................... ........................... ..............
Cape de Verde Islands,...................................
A z o r e s , ........................................................
Two Sicilies,.......................................................
San Domingo,....................................................
Mexico,................................. ..............................
Sandwich Islands,.............................................
China,..................................................................
Total United States,.................................
for
the
year
1860.
Bushels.
Value.
16,734
10,818
509
5,050
522,263
10,335,256
29,935
68,102
58,870
1,705,510
16,720
4,233
54,240
9,775
472,158
1,360
8,560
25,520
676
9,752
2,409
444,085
4,200
228,287
58,064
1,150
$ 1,530
672
97
422
45,928
1,143,602
2,950
9,026
4,053
136,410
1,310
283
2,713
743
31,059
125
475
2,006
42
879
270
15,409
303
22,555
8,131
147
14,094,227
. . . .
$ 1,431,140
260
Annual Report.
P r ic e s
of
Salt
at
the
S yracuse S a l t W
o rk s in
1860.
Fine , bbls.
January,.................................................... $ 1 50
February,..................................................
1 50
March.........................................................
1 40 to 1 50
April,..........................................................
1 50
May.............................................................
1 40 to 1 50
June,..........................................................
1 40 to 150
July............................................................
1 40 to 150
August.......................................................
1 35 to 140
September.................................................
1 40 to 1 50
1 40 to 1 50
October,............................... ...................
November..................................................
1 55
D ecem ber,................................................
175
Coarse, bbls.
___
— .
___
....
___
....
....
....
....
....
....
------
$ 1 60
1 60
$ 1 60 to 1 60
1 60
1 60
1 60
1 60
1 50
1 40 to 1 50
1 40 to 1 50
1 55
175
In our last report, as given in the annual publication, pages 43 and 44,
was given a minute and careful statement o f the mode o f manufacturing
salt in the different States of our Union ; the different localities at which
it is manufactured, and the various salt works; the depth of the wells;
the cost of manufacture; the prices o f the various modes of transporta
tion through the country ; the quantity made at each place ; and the toll
imposed on both domestic and foreign salt passing through our canals,
&c., which preclude the necessity o f any recapitulation this year, as the
rates of prices and the quantity made have not materially changed since
that period.
T otal E x p o r t s
of
S alt
f ro m
year
th e
U n ited S ta te s
d u r in g the
1860.
Bushels, 475,445.— Value, $129,717.
It may be proper to remark in this connection, that there has been a
gradual increase in the production o f salt in those sections o f the world
having trade in that article with the United States since the year 1856,
and a consequent reduction in the average rate of prices. The general
supplies are now large, and gradually accumulating. The old tariff im
posed by our government was 15 per cent, ad valorem. The present
tariff fixes a specific duty on salt o f 4 cents per bushel on bulk salt, and
6 cents per bushel on sack salt, which amounts to a considerable ad
vance on the old rates ; and even with this difference of tariff rates it is
not likely that there will be any very serious check in the importations.
The Drug Trade.
ANNUAL
REPORT
ON D R U G S
By W
ood
&,N
FOR
261
THE
YEAR
1 8 60.
ic h o l s .
A t the commencement o f the year a political excitement threatened to
destroy the business that usually begins with the Southern buyers. Im
provement, however, soon after took place, and trade continued good
through the remainder of the season. Considerable fluctuation marked
the revival; speculations were rampant, and in many articles higher
prices were reached than had been known before in our market. The
advance in freights-—which, particularly at China and the East Indies, had
been sudden and great— short supplies and an easy money market favoring
speculative operations, were among the causes which contributed to the
result. The business o f the spring was as satisfactory as could reasonably
have been expected. Anticipations o f an enlarged western trade were in
a great measure realized. Although not large, it was considered more
healthy and promising than it had been for several years. Closing with
the near-by trade, the usual quiet that attends the summer months suc
ceeded. The political troubles in Italy stimulated many articles of her
produce, some of which became scarce in the market, and purchases for
future delivery were made freely at advanced rates. East India goods
continued to command high prices, in consequence of the advancing rates
of freights enhancing cost and checking shipments. China goods also
appreciated, owing to the hostilities on her border.
Early in the summer, uneasiness was created among houses doing an
exclusively Southern business, by unfavorable accounts from that section;
there was a growing conviction that her ability to pay had been weakened
by speculation, and that in consequence of free purchases for several
seasons, her wants would not be large; not only was the hope o f selling
her merchants during the approaching season abandoned, but embarrass
ment was threatened to those who had urged the trade beyond its re
quirements and overstocked her markets upon easy credit. The princi
pal business o f the fall season was done with the West. The trade of
this section since 1857 has been circumscribed by the slow process of
recuperation, made necessary by the troubles into which she was plunged
by the revulsions of that year. B y retrenchment and careful purchases
she has been steadily advancing to that position which her resources and
energy entitle h e r; our merchants have been fretted by the delay,
and each successive crop has been relied upon for the final liquidation
o f her indebtedness. The opportunity to burst the bonds that held her
in distrust and prejudice finally came ; a harvest of unparalleled magnifi
cence was vouchsafed to her, and almost simultaneously a deficiency in
the European crops was announced ; an impulse was given to trade such
as had not been felt before for years, but the improvement was short
lived ; the development of extraordinary elements o f prosperity was
suddenly checked by a panic. The stagnation which succeeded and con
tinued through the year contrasted painfully with the bustle and activity
at the opening of the season.
In estimating the extent o f the drug business in our market, there are
262
Annual Report.
obstacles which prevent an accurate exhibit o f the whole amount of
transactions; many drugs imported into other cities are sold here, and
besides what is sold out of town, direct by importing and commission
houses, a portion of their business is engrossed in the jobbing trade.
The whole amount o f the latter, for 1860, we find to be $9,185,000, a
small increase over 1859.
Our jobbers do not confine themselves exclusively to the sale o f drugs,
and the above includes other business, such as paints, oils, fancy goods,
&c. A s the requirements of the toilet, o f the nursery and many domes
tic wants growing out o f a luxurious and progressing civilization, fall le
gitimately within the range o f the pharmaceutical business, the jobbers
are, to some extent, forced to deal in these articles. In the increase and
development o f the business, the combination o f auxiliary trade is being
gradually abandoned, and paints, oils, window glass, dye stuffs and fancy
goods have grown to large and separate interests.
In the manufacture o f chemicals we notice considerable growth, and
abundant evidence is shown that this department is destined to reach a
prominent position here. The principal articles manufactured are acids,
sulph. ammonia, quinine, blue vitrol, preparations of soda, agricultural chem
icals, photographic do., fine chemicals, <fcc. I nconsequence o f the impu
rities in the foreign manufacture, our druggists are getting to distil their
own oils, such as cloves, cummin, caraway, &c. Greater attention is
being given to the purity and worth o f drugs. The manufacture of phar
maceutical preparations is estimated at $100,000.
The following articles were scarce during the year, and consequently
commanded higher prices: Cardamon seeds, vanilla beans, cummin seed,
balsam copaiba and tolu, cubebs, senna, argols, saffron, assafoetida, nutgalls, Rochelle salts, cantharides, rhubarb and jalap. Tartaric and citric
acids, to some extent, were controlled by speculative movements; cubebs
held at extreme rates, and vanilla beans were almost entirely out o f the
market. A speculative movement advanced the price o f liquorice paste
to 34 cents; good brands were scarce. Owing to the Italian troubles al
most all of the goods from that quarter have been in irregular supply at
higher prices. Many o f the essential oils appreciated under speculative
prices. Owing to the reduced stock of Peruvian bark both in ours and
the English markets, quinine has been in speculative demand throughout;
at one time price was held at $1 80, afterwards receded to $1 25. Gin
seng has been in good demand at higher prices. Calisaya bark, that was
sold at 75 cents early in the year, afterwards brought $1 10; varnish
gums o f all kinds have improved materially. Gum arabic was in better
demand towards the last, and Rio ipecac has been scarce.
Alcohol— Commenced the year at 62 cents, an extreme price created by
a reduced stock o f whiskey, with an export movement in breadstuffs.
Receipts were large in February, and market receded to 48, with a
moderate demand, and continued with slight fluctuations through March.
A further decline commenced next month and continued until September,
when it had reached 40 cents. The grain movement stimulated prices,
and sales were made at 47. It gradually fell off at the close ; during the
last month was very irregular from 35 to 4 0 ; closing in good demand
at 37 cents.
Ashes.— P ot have been in moderate demand throughout the year at
The Drug Trade.
263
remarkably uniform prices, averaging but a fraction under $5 25. Last
year’ s average price was $5 46. Pearl have been in fair demand, but
receipts have been irregular and prices have, in consequence, fluctuated,
averaging for the year $5 54. Last year it was $5 75.
S tock
of
A
sh es
J anuary
1, 1861.
Pot.
Pearl.
First sort,..................................
Second sort,.............................
Third sort,.................................
Condemned,.............................
S46
85
16
7
Total,.................................
454
____
J anuary
1, 1857,
R e c e ip t s
of
A
sh e s f r o m
1857,....................bbls.
1858...................... “
1859, .................. “
1860, .................. “
....
....
....
....
to
D
Total.
167
___
6
....
1
....
...................
518
91
17
7
174
628
___
ecem ber
81, 1860.
Pot.
Pearl.
Total.
17,590
18,258
19,741
18,327
6,603
4,445
4,960
5,238
24,193
22,703
24,701
23,565
Beeswax commenced at 38, with a scarcity and fair demand; as sup
ply increased price fell oft' to 34 cents, but afterwards recovered in con
sequence o f smaller receipts. A good demand carried prices to 37 cents.
Shipments had been large and stock had accumulated abroad, and as de
mand fell off, market again yielded, and continued at about 35 cents until
the close, when, in consequence of the panic, was sold at 30 cents, with
a fair demand at this rate; average price for the year, 35^ cents; for the
previous year, 36 cents.
Bi-Carb. Soda has for the most part been depressed. A speculative
movement, early in the season, embracing about 40,000 kegs, caught the
market at $3 75 and carried it to $4 2 5 ; heavy arrivals afterwards
weakened the market and price gave way. Early in the fall another
movement resulted in carrying prices from $3 35 to $3 95, but market
was again depressed by heavy importations and price fell off to $3 62-J.
During the last month it was dull, and nominal sales for cash were made
at 2|- cents; average price for the year, 3 f cents; previous year, 4£
cents.
I mports
of
C hemicals
Soda ash,..........................
for the years 1859 and 1860.
1859.
1860.
35,094 casks................
29,123 casks.
Value,........................
Sal soda,.............................
$922,519
32,213 casks................
$792,974
22,303 casks.
Value..........................
Bi-carb. soda.....................
$ 279,881
113,883 kegs.
$ 160,229
126,712 kegs.
Value,.........................
$480,204
___
....
$441,593
Camphor.— The reports of a short supply in the producing districts,
and small stocks here and in London, induced a strong speculative feeling,
which resulted in carrying the price up to 60 cents, but this inflated value
was rapidly reduced by subsequent reports of better supply. The market
rallied at 35 cents, and prices rose to 45 cents, where it remained for the
most part until the close. Last sales were made at 40 cents; average
price for the year, 42 cents.
Annual Report.
264
Castor Oil.— The year opened with a dull market at $1 02-|-; supply
ample and demand small. The advance in freights, at Calcutta, soon after
stiffened the market; price advanced to $1 10 and was supported through
the spring. As stock accumulated and demand subsided, price declined
to $1. A movement was started at this point, and price was carried to
$1 20, and was for a time sustained by afew operators who held the principal
stock. The trade bought sparingly, and gradual concessions brought the
price back to $1, at which it closed, except for small parcels; average
price for the year, $1 08^-; in 1859, $1 25.
Imports of castor oil from Calcutta into the United States for the year
ending December 31, 1860, 7,176 cases, or 143,520 galls. In 1859,
8,846 cases, or 176,920 galls., showing a decrease in 1860 o f 1,670 cases,
or 33,400 galls. Besides the imports of oil, about 40,000 galls, have
been crushed from Calcutta beans by one o f our manufacturers. W e
estimate the year’s supply, from all sources except the West, including
stock in speculators’ hands January 1, 1860, at 222,000 galls. Stock on
hand January 1, 1861, Boston and New7-York, East India, 3,500 cases;
same time in 1860, 1,500 cases. The last crop of beans at the W est was
better than for two years previous.
Cream Tartar.— This article has been a favorite with speculators for
the last two years. Commencing at 31 cents early in the year, it was
carried to 38 cents under operations based upon a small stock and ad
vance of price abroad. Increased shipments afterwards resulted in lower
prices, and a gradual falling off succeeded until the close. The impression
became general that the supply o f this article would be greater in conse
quence of the extreme prices. Buyers held off and market yielded ; sales
were made at 30-J- early in the autumn. Holders said the price was below
the cost o f importation, and a speculative movement left the market firm
at 32^-. During the last month some concession was m ade; average
price for the year, 34 cents; in 1859, 29^ cents.
Indigo.— Market was but moderately supplied, particularly with East
India descriptions, and prices were well sustained for all kinds; demand
fair, and for very good grades large prices were obtained. Central
American descriptions have been scarce.
E s t im a t e d
S
t o c k
in
1 st
a n d
2d
hands
J a n u a r y 1 st , 1 8 6 1 .
Manilla..................................... 700 cases. I Guatemala,.......................... 120 ceroons.
Other East India,.................. 140 chests. | Caraceas,..............................
3
“
In 1860, Manilla,........................................................................... 400 cases.
Imports from Calcutta, as follows :
1859.
I860.
Chests.
A t Boston............................................................
At New-York.................................................. .
At Philadelphia..................................................
1 ,4 9 9
261
102
Chests.
....
....
....
1 ,1 0 7
367
167
Oils.— A gradual improvement in Linseed carried the price from 57 to
62£ cents in the spring; supply increased and price fell off to 57 ; de
mand continued fair, market recovered, and maintained a pretty firm
tone for a while at 60 cents. In the summer, demand subsided and the
market gradually declined. During the last month it was offered at 48
cents. Average price for the year, 58 cents; in 1859, 62 cents.
The D rug Trade.
265
Opium.— A decline at the commencement of the year was intercepted
by speculative purchases based upon the limited supply, and price im
proved from $5 75 to $6. As stock became still more reduced, price
rapidly advanced to 87 50. As trade diminished, market yielded. As
usual in the summer, jobbers demanded a concession in view o f the re
ceipt o f a new crop early in the fall. A bout ten cases were sold at $5 50,
but stock having been reduced to about thirty cases, market rallied, and
price rose to $6 ; buyers continued to hold off and holders conceded.
The first lot of the new crop arrived early in September, but not coming
in as freely as was expected, after reaching $5 25, an improved demand
stimulated holders, and price was again carried to $6. As demand sub
sided, market fell, and last sales were made at 85 25. Average price for
the year, 86 0 8 ; in 1859, 86 43.
Stock on hand in New-York January 1st, 1860.............................................. 65 cases.
Imports to December 31st, 1860,....................................................................... 797 “
862
122
“
“
740
60 cases.
“
Stock in New-York January 1st, 1861,.............................................. 122
Taken for consumption,........................................................................
Stock in Boston January 1st, 1861,.................... ...............................
182
“
Amount and value of opium imported from June 1st, 1859, to June
1st, 1860 :
F rom T urkish P orts.
655 cases.
.........
84,516 lbs.
.........
$435,520
.........
$68,396
F rom E nglish P orts.
92 cases.
.........
12,962 lbs.
Saltpetre.— In consequence o f advices from Calcutta reporting a con
templated increase of the export duty on this article, a speculative move
ment was started, and prices advanced from 8-J- early in the year, and,
with a market almost bare of good qualities, was carried to 10 @ 10J
cents. The rapid advance in freights at Calcutta, and consequent pros
pective short supply, induced manufacturers to buy freely both on the
spot and to arrive. Appreciation followed, and although shipments im
proved, prices were well sustained by the unusually limited supply and
the greatly enhanced cost to import. Good qualities became scarce, and
several lots were brought out from England which sold at 11 @ l l £ ;
some choice lots on the spot brought 11-J-. In view of larger receipts in
the autumn, holders to arrive evinced some anxiety to sell, and some con
cessions being made, manufacturers again came forward and took all the
lots afloat for this market from Calcutta, England and Hamburg, at lO f
@ 1 1 cents. Appreciation succeeded, and good parcels sold in a small
way at l l £ @ 12 cents. As stock accumulated later in the season, with
no buyers, depreciation followed, and the market closed nominally at 9|@ 1 0 cents.
Annual Report.
266
Bags.
8,670
Stock on hand January 1st, 1860,................................................................
A
r r iv a l s
from
From
From
From
From
1860,
J a n u a r y 1 st ,
Boston.
J a n u a r y 1s t ,
to
New. York.
Philadelphia.
17,166
2,232
677
425
. . 6,094 . .
..
800 . .
........................
........................
Calcutta,...................... 61,l e i . .
England,...................... 1,907 . .
Hamburg,.........................................
Bom bay,...........................................
1861.
86,021
4,939
677
425
91,062
99,732
762
Export,
98,970
Boston.
Stock on band January 1st, 1 8 6 1 ,.... 10,970
New- York. Philadelphia.
..
3,481
..
1,800
..
16,251
Taken for consumption in 1860............................................................................... 82,719
“
“
1859,............................................................................. 104,044
Stock afloat for Boston.............................................................................. 25,304
Loading November 8, for Boston,........................................................... 1,755
---------27,059
Afloat for New-York.................................................................................
3,106
Loading for New-York,............................................................................. 1,818
---------4,924
Afloat for Philadelphia,............................................................................................ 3,861
Total afloat and loading for the United States,....................................... 35,844
K
January,.. .
Februaiy,.. •
March, . . . . .
April........... •
May,........... .
J u n e,......... .
1S59.
74 @ 84
74 @ 8 i
84 @ 8-4
84 @ 84
104 @ H i
I 0 i @ 114
•
.
.
.
.
.
ange
of
1860.
84 @ 84
9 @ 9i
94 @ 10
104 ® 11
104 @ lO f
104 @ i i
P r ic e s .
I860.
1S59.
July,.............
August,........
September,.
October,. . .
November,..
December,.
104 @
7 i@
H @
V 4@
8 @
8 i@
. . 11 @ l i t
8f
If
84
84
84
8f
. . 11 @ l l i
.. 104 @ 11
.. 11 @ 111
..
104 @
11
. . 10 @ 10i
Average price, 1859,.......................................................................... 9 c.
“
“
1860............................................................................ 1 0 i c.
C o m p a r a t iv e I m po r ts.
From January 1, 1859, to January 1, 1860................................. 103,594
From January 1, 1860, to January 1, 1861,............................... 91,062
Showing a falling off in 1860 o f...........................................
Statem ent
Y ear
e n d in g
of
July
D
r u g s im p o r t e d
fro m
1. 1851. 1852. 1853.
all
1854.
C h in a
1855.
for th e
1856.
last
1857.
12,532
T en
1858.
Y
e a rs.
1859.
1860.
Camphor,.. . piculs, 781 904 858 1,491 1,140 562 750
* 9,608 11,415 2,770 5,050 4,195 7,072 1,172 10,829
Cassia Lignea, “
. .*
“
buds,. . boxes, 110 78 282
192
525
115 185
10
294
“
o il,. . .cases, 188 143 116
151
209
225
21
47 117
Anise o il,.. .
150
150 348 254
113
36 207 2 1 H 124 360
R hubarb,.. . .piculs,
479
220
93 746 589
368
82 587
Verm ilion,. . . boxes, —*
284
150
150
310 125 230
65 161
tc
# *
46
Star aniseed,
. .* . .*
. .*
71
. .*
15
200
. .
* N ot collated.
26 1
The Drug Trade.
I mportations
of
D rugs
P ort of N e w - Y ork
D ecember 81, 1860.
at tiie
Acids...............................................$285,507
Argols,..........................................
54,967
Alum,............................................
35,168
6,214
Alum cake...................................
Ammonia,.....................................
31,791
Antim. l-egulus,...........................
48,005
Arsenic.........................................
3,977
Arrow root,.................................
7,717
Annatto,.......................................
2,055
Barytes,........................................
27,677
Bi. carb. soda............................... 441,593
Bleaching powder,..................... 235,217
Borax............................................
27,762
Brimstone..................................... 130,257
Castor oil,.....................................
40,041
Chicory,................................
359,032
Cochineal,............................
142,948
Cream tartar,............................... 298,093
Cudbear,......................................
34,959
Crude gum,.................................
76,670
Cutch,...........................................
48,874
Cantharides..................................
701
Carmine,.......................................
8,103
Chalk............................................
18,478
Chloride lime...............................
8,023
Flor. sulphur,...............................
6,797
Gambier,.....................................
122,218
Gum arabic,.................................
88,234
“ copal....................................
20,525
“ copaiva,...............................
92,806
Garacine.......................................
2,157
Glue..............................................
18,645
Gypsum........................................
7,683
Iodide potassium,.......................
61,202
Extract safflower,.......................
5,819
“
Lima wood,..................
12,971
Iodine,..........................................
12,781
Ipecacuanha,...............................
7,326
Indigo........................................... 605,923
Jalap.............................................
2,249
Leeches,........................................
7,739
E xports
of
D rugs
and
M edicines
ea r ending
18,812
65,893
105,651
439,682
826,505
20,852
19,395
Totals,.................... ........ $10,066,166
se veral ports of the U nited S tates ,
J une 30,1860.— {Official.)
from the
Amount.
N ew -York,................................ $892,809
Boston........................................
72,570
San Francisco...........................
39,246
Champlain,...............................
31,135
Philadelphia,...........................
29,930
Passamaquoddy,......................
13,992
Oswego......................................
9,853
Buffalo.......................................
6,732
New-Orleans.............................
6,694
Baltimore,.................................
2,112
Y
Lac dye,.........................
Liquorice root...............
“
paste,............
Madder,.........................
Magnesia,......................
Manna,...........................
Nitrate soda,.................
Nutgalls.........................
Oils, essential,..............
Oil, cod liver,.............. ............
“ linseed,.................
“ olive,.....................
" palm,.................... ..............
“ divers,................... .............
Opium............................ ............
Peruvian bark,.............
Phosphorus,...................
Paints,........................... .............
Paris white...................
Prussiate potash,.......... .............
Quicksilver,...................
Quinine, .......................
Rhubarb,....................... .............
Saltpetre........................
Sal soda,.........................
Shellac,..........................
Soda ash,.......................
Sumac,...........................
Sponges,.........................
Sugar lead....................
Sarsaparilla,..................
Sal ammoniac,..............
Tonqua beans,..............
Vauilla beans................
Vermilion......................
Whiting,........................
Yellow ochre,...............
Divers,...........................
during the fiscal t e a r ending
Porta.
during the
Porta.
Yew-Bedford,.........................
Oswegatchie,...........................
Vermont...................................
Niagara,....................................
Genesee,...................................
Amount.
$ 2,018
1,935
1,609
1,607
1,357
Total 15 ports...................... $ 1,113,649
Total all other......................
1,806
Total United States,...........$ 1,115,455
Breadstuff's and Provisions.
268
BREADSTUFFS
AND
PROVISIONS.
Exhibit o f the aggregate value o f Breadstuff's exported to foreign countries
from the United States, fo r each gear, 1828, to 1st July, 1860; also
the export value o f Provisions fo r the same period.
Export value o f
Breadstuff's.
1828,............................. $ 5,414,665
1829 ..........................
7,149,355
1830 ..........................
7,071,767
1831, ......................... 11,908,910
1832, .........................
6,142,472
1833...............................
7,009,556
1834, .........................
5,677,341
1835, .........................
6,111,164
1836...............................
4,799,141
1837,.............................
4,416,643
1838...............................
4,944,826
1839,.............................
8,436,246
1840 .......................... 13,535,926
1841 .......................... 10,254,377
1842, .........................
9,878,176
1843, ................
5,249,600
1844, .........................
8,931,396
1845 ..........................
7,445,820
1846 .......................... 16,625,407
1847, ......................... 53,262,437
1848, ......................... 22,678,602
1849, ......................... 22,895,783
1850, ......................... 13,066,509
1851, ......................... 14,556,236
1852............................... 17,256,803
1853,............................. 21,875,878
1854 .......................... 48,383,107
1855 .......................... 21,557,854
1856 .......................... 56,619,986
1857 .......................... 55,624,832
1858 .......................... 33,698,490
1859, ......................... 24,893,413
1860, ......................... 27,590,298
Export value of
Provisions.
____
....
$6,046,479
5,9S2,503
5,003,663
5,629,317
6,282,231
7,199,572
5,846,683
5,988,235
5,814,989
6,171,716
4,691,824
5,711,533
5,531,609
6,941,725
7,024,700
5,954,523
9,038,739
9,297,601
11,075,714
15,439,484
14,794,149
15,259,724
12.984,864
7,392,415
8,600,224
11,109,444
17,558,216
17,337,494
20,567,315
19,043,020
16,984,795
13,412,578
17,681,552
Aggregate of
Breadstuff* and Prov.
------
$ 11,461,444
13,131,858
12,075,430
17,638^227
12,424,703
14,209,128
11,524,024
12,009,399
10,614,130
9,588,359
9,636,650
14,147,779
19,067,535
17,196,102
16,902,876
11,204,123
17,970,135
16,743,421
27,701,121
68,701,921
37,472,751
38,155,507
26,051,373
21,948,661
25,857,027
32,985,322
65,941,328
38,895,348
77,187,301
74,667,852
50,683,285
38,305,991
45,271,850
____
The following tabular statement o f exports for the year ending 1st
September, 1860, is from the Flour and Grain Circular o f Air. E d w a r d
B il l , of N ew -Y ork:
E x po r t
of
B readstuff 3
to
G reat B ritain and I reland ,
to S eptember 1, 1860.
F bom —
New-York, one year, to Sept. 1, I860,
f(
New-Ot'leans, “
“
“
ft
Philadelphia, “
“
“
ti
Baltimore,
“
“
“
If
Boston,
“
11
“
ff
Other ports,
“
“
“
Bbls.
Flour.
616,166
6,333
65,501
2,277
26,829
50
from
Bbls.
Corn Meal.
826
S eptember 1st, 1859,
Bushels
Bushels
Corn.
4,576,228
1,724,935
126,061
243,209
126,602
1,050
Wheat.
6
. . . .
112
. . . .
247,161
106,403
. . .
8,922
Breadstuffs and Provisions.
E xports
of
B readstuff ^
to
G reat B ritain
Bbls.
Flour.
F rom —
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1859, to Sept.
1858, to Sept.
1857, to Sept.
1856, to Sept.
1855, to Sept.
1854, to Sept.
1853, to Sept.
1852, to Sept.
1851, to Sept.
1850, to Sept.
1849, to Sept.
1848, to Sept.
1847, to Sept.
1846, to Sept.
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1860............
1859............
1858,...........
1857............
1856,..........
1855,...........
1854,...........
1853,...........
1852............
1851............
1850............
1849............
1848............
1847............
Total for 14 years,........................
and
I reland .— ( Continued . )
Bbls.
C o m Meal.
717,156
106,457
1,295,430
849,600
1,641,265
175,209
1,846,920
1,600,449
1,427,442
1,559,584
574,757
1,137,556
182,583
3,155,845
269
944
58
143
685
6,816
4,768
41,726
100
1,680
5,620
6,411
82,900
108,534
844,187
Bushels
W heat.
!» 1*l
Corn.
4,938,714 2,221,857
342,013
439,010
6,555,643 3,317,802
7,479,401 4,746,278
7,956,406 6,731,161
324,427 6,679,138
6,038,003 6,049,371
4,823,519 1,425,278
2,728,442 1,487,398
1,496,355 2,205,601
461,276 4,753,358
1,140,194 12,685,260
241,309 4,390,226
4,000,359 17,157,659
16,270,253 1,104,572 48,623,058 74,192,400
From New-York, 1st to 7th Sept., 1860,
179,159
16,295
Bushels
Wheat.
Bushels
Com.
30,484
To the Continent, from New-York and other
Ports.
Barrels
Flour.
Sept
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept
1860,...........
1859,..........
1858,...........
1857,...........
1856............
1855............
49,243
178,031
51,388
57,845
390,428
303,100
483,344 2,875,653
748,408 2,610,079
7,763
4,972
19,358
25,519
16,848
543,590
282,083
308,428
13,100
216,162
1,975,178
36,569
Total for 6 years............................
1,643,246 6,117,008
1,195,826
2,240,009
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1859,
1858,
1857,
1S56,
1855,
1854,
to
to
to
to
to
to
Sept
Sept.
Sept.
Sept
Sept
Sept.
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
T o t a l F o r e ig n E
xport
for
To—
Great Britain,.........................................
The Continent,.......................................
Total
fo r
tlie year,........................
th e
Y
e a r , to
Barrels
Flour,
Bushels
Eye.
S eptem ber 1, 1860.
Barrels
C om Meal.
Bushels
Wheat.
Bushels
Corn.
717,156
49,243
944
4,938,714
178,031
2,221,857
19,358
766,399
944
5,116,745
2,241,215
From Sept. 1, 1860, to Jan. 1 ,1861:—
Great Britain,........................................
The Continent,.......................................
1,058,673
27,511
2,474 11,928,139
248,773
2,509,901
17,340
2,474 12,176,912
2,527,241
Total, 4 months..............................
1,086,184
1 year, to Sept. 1...................................
766,399
Total, 16 months,..........................
1,852,583
944
5,116,745
2,241,215
3,418 17,293,657
4,768,456
270
Rates o f Freight.
RATES
B ates
of
F be igh t
OF F R E I G H T ,
from
N etv- Y ork
to
YEAR
L iverpool ,
1S60.
J a n u ary
from
D ecember ,
to
1860, BOTH INCLUSIVE.
First week in
J a n u a r y .........
F e b r u a r y ,. .
M a r c h , ..........
A p r i l , ...........
M a y , ..............
J u n e , ..............
B acon .
P ork .
R osin .
Per ton.
Sterling.
P er bbl.
Sterling.
Per bbl.
Sterling.
£1
1
1
1
1
J u l y .................
A u g u s t ,..........
S e p t e m b e r ,.
O c to b e r, . . .
N o v e m b e r , . .........
D e c e m b e r ,..
Os.
0
2
0
0
...»
....
....
....
0 d.
0
6
0
0
..
. .
....
1 17
Sperm O i l .
6
4
G r a in .
J a n u a r y , ___ . £ 1
2s. 6 d .. 6 d.
F e b r u a r y ,. . .
.....................S i ••
M a r c h , ........... .
1
5
0
..
6J
1
6
..
5J
A p r i l ................
1
2 6 .. 6
M a y , ................ .
1
5
0
..
8
J u n e , .............. .
1
5
o .. n\
J u l y . ............... .
5
0
..
8
1
A u g u s t ,........... .
....................... 1 0 j
S e p t e m b e r ,.
0
. . 12
O c t o b e r ,. . . .
1 15
0
.. 1 2
N ovem ber, . .
1 15
....................... 1 3 J
D e c e m b e r ,. . .
of
F reight
..
..
..
..
..
. .
. .
. .
....
Per tun, 252 gls. Per bush.
First week in
Sterling.
Sterling.
K ates
..
....
....
....
3s. 0 d.
2
6
....
from
6
3
3
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
N etv- Y okk
to
.
6
6
3
3
0
. .
. •
. •
„.
#
6
6
Per ton.
Sterling.
Is. 9 d. . . £ 1
..
1
..
1
..
1
..
1
. .
....
2
3
....
2
0
....
1 9
2
3
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
9
3d
Os.
2
5
3
0
Oi
6
0
0
0
Per tierce.
Sterling.
..
7 -3 2 d.
7 -3 2
1- 4
1 -4
1-4
1- 8
1- 8
3 -1 6
3 -1 6
7 -3 2
1- 4
9 -3 2
. .
..
. .
. .
. .
. .
3s. 9 d
6
3
9
3
6
3
9
4
0
4
0
3
.............
.............
...................
. .
....
. . 7
6
S pirits
T a r . T u r pen tin e .
L ard.
F lo u r .
Per bbl.
Sterling.
..
1860,
. .
.
2s.
2
2
2
2
2
. .
B eef .
C otton .
Per lb.
Sterling.
Per bbl
Sterling.
Per bbl.
Sterling.
.. 2s. 3d. .. 5s. 0 d.
. . 4
..5
6
8
...........
. . 2
9
. . 7
0
...........
. .
..7
0
..7
0
................
................
. .
...........
. .
L ondon ,
from
J a n u ary
to
D ecember ,
both inclusive .
N a v a l Stores.
F lour .
First week in
Per bbl.
Sterling.
O il C a k b .
Per ton.
Sterling.
{Rosin and Turpentine.)
Per bbl. of 280 lbs.
Sterling.
. . 20s. @ 25s. Od.
2s. 6 d
January,........
2 6
25 0
February,. . . .
25 0
March.............
2 3
20 0
2 0
A p ril,.,..........
20 0
2 3
M ay,..............
20 0
2 H
June,..............
2 6
July,...................
..
25 @ 27 6
August,..........
2 9
35 0
September, . . 3 6 @ 3 9
35 0
October,........
4 0
November,...
35 0
3
9
December,. . . 3 9 @ 4 0 .........................
..
3s. 0<7.
. . 3
0
. . 3
0
. . 2 6 @ 2 10 . .
2 6
2 7}
. . 3
0
.......................
. . 4
0
. . 3
9
•.
....
........................
B acon .
Per ton.
Sterling.
22s.
@ 25s.
20 0
....
25 0
22 6 @ 2 5
25 0
6(7.
Rates o f Freight.
K ates of F reight from N e w - Y ork
J anuary to D ecember , 1860, for
sive .
C otton.
First week in
Per lb.
January,
I860,..
February, ((
it
March,
tt
April,
((
May,
ii
June,
“ ___
July,
(t
August,
September. It
it
October,
November, ft
December,
R ates
it
F reight
of
■
■
.
.
•
•
.
.
■
■
.
.
from
i ct.
1- “
f “
i “
i “
i “
i “
i “
i “
i "
f “
l “
Fi'st week in
a tr e ,
first
of
F reight
from
in
th e
month , both
Per ton.
Pots and Pearl.
Per ton.
Net weight.
$ 9 @ 811
9 @ 11
9 @ li
8 @ 10
8 @ 10
8 @ 10
8 @ 10
8 @ 10
8 @ 10
10 @ 12
10 @ 12
10 @ 12
. . .
...
...
■■■
...
...
...
to
four leading articles ,) from
R ic e .
G alveston ,
Gen. Merchandise,
p er cubic foot.
Jauuary,........... ....
February..............
March....................
April.....................
Mav......................
June,.....................
R ates
( on
week
A siiks.
...
...
...
N e w - Y ork
H
to
tiie
27l
....
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
from
J anuary
Q u e r c it r o n .
Per ton.
___
___
___
___
$10
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
to
___
D ecember . 1860
to
Gen. Merchandise.
p er cubic foot.
F irst week in
H avana,
from
810
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
___
___
___
___
___
.....................
August,..................
September,.......... .
October,............... ...........
November............
D ecem ber,........... ...........
N e w - Y ork
inclu
J anuary
7 “
7 “
D ecember , 1860,
to
both inclusive .
Machinery under deck,.....................
Hoop iron,...........................................
Paving stones,....................................
Bricks,..................................................
Plaster or cement,.............................
Potatoes, apples, onions,...................
A le ,......................................................
Oil, (per bbl. of 32 gallons,)............
Spirits of turpentine,.........................
Carboys of acid on deck,.................
Hoops,..................................................
Sugar, molasses, shooks with heads,
Paper, straw,......................................
Measurement goods...........................
$ 6 00 @
$ 8 00 per ton.
6 00 @
1 50 @
10 00 @
40 @
50 @
62 @
62 @
75 @
1 50 @
6 00 @
25 @
2 @
8 @
..
“
3 00
“
14 00 perM.
62| per bbl.
75
87
75
“
1 00
2 00
“
8 00 per M.
37
“
3 per ream
15 pr. cubic
For tlie comparative rates o f freight for the year 1859, see Chamber
of Commerce Report, pp. 21-22.
R ates
of
F reight
from
N e w - Y ork
to
Y
era
C ru z ,
from
J anuary
to
D ecember , 1S60,
B O TH IN C L U S IV E .
One uniform rate the year round.
Cocoa,.....................................................................
Machinery..............................................................
H ardw are,.............................................................
Straw-paper,..........................................................
Cinnamon,..............................................................
Cloves,....................................................................
1 ct. per lb.
30 cts. per cubic foot.
30
“
10 cts. per ream.
30 cts. per cubic foot.
30
“
2*72
T h e T e a T r a d e f o r the y e a r
1860.
T H E T E A T R A D E F O R T I I E Y E A R 1 8 6 0.
G r e e n teas opened at rather low rates, early in 1860, and ruled with
out change to the 16th February, 1860.
From that date ordinary and medium grades began to advance, the
upward movement continuing to the first o f September, at which time
the rise in prices of common qualities Hyson, were equal to 30 per
cent.; Young Hyson, Hyson Skin and Tioankay, 50 per cent., and Gun
powder and Imperial, 25 per cent, upon the opening rates. Good and
fine grades participated in the advance 10 to 15 per cent., while the
choice varieties (of which the season’s import contained an unusually
large proportion) remained without material change. From September
1st to the end of the year (the last two months o f which were marked
by more than ordinary dullness in the tea trade) no material change in
prices occurred, except a decline in the fine grades o f 7 to 10 per cent.
Blacks opened at about the average rates of the last ten years, and
prices continued without alteration to the 1st of March.
From that date to the 1st July the market for common and fair grades
gradually improved, until an advance on the opening rates was realized
of 15 to 20 per cent, on Oolong, Ankoi and Orange Pecco, 20 to 30 per
cent, on Souchong and Congou, and 10 to 20 per cent, on the various
kinds of Powchongs.
From July to the end of the year the tendency o f prices was to a
lower scale, the market finally closing at about the opening prices, except
for Souchong and Congou, the common qualities of which were still
quoted about 20 per cent, above.
S
t a t is t ic s
o f
t h e
T
e a
T
r a d e
— I
m p o r t s
in t o
y e a p
.
U
t h e
n it e d
Greens.
R e c e i p t s fr o m J a n u a r y 1st t o D e c . 3 1 , I 8 6 0 , . . . .
..
1 7 ,0 2 3 ,9 2 0
..
1 8 ,6 6 3 ,4 4 0 . .
3 6 5 ,3 0 6 . .
3 2,9 6 4 ,8 2 9
3 6 5 ,3 0 6 . .
3 S ,4 12 ,16 7
..
5 ,8 3 4 ,S 3 2 . .
1 3 ,5 4 8 ,5 8 9 . .
D
o m e s t ic
G
o o d s
t o
f o r e ig n
Pkgs.
p o r t s
f r o m
lb s .
5 ,4 4 7 ,3 8 S
1 5 ,5 7 5 ,6 0 3 . .
,. .
o f
Total.
1 9 ,3 8 3 ,4 2 1
. .
x p o r t s
CALENDAR
3 ,8 0 7 ,8 1 8 . .
2 ,3 6 5 ,0 0 0
E
T IIE
lb s .
A p p a r e n t c o n s u m p t i o n , . . .............................................. 1 6 ,2 9 3 ,4 4 0
Years.
FOR
Japan.
lb s .
1 ,6 3 9 ,5 2 0
E s t i m a t e d s t o c k , D e c e m b e r 3 1 . I 8 6 0 , ......................
t a t e s
Blacks.
lb s .
E s t im a t e d s t o c k , J a n u a r y 1 st, 1 S 6 0 ,.........................
S
1860.
N
e w
-Y
o r k
5 0 ,0 0 0 . .
3 1 5 ,3 0 6
f o r
..
e l e v e n
Years.
1 8 5 0 .................................
1 8 5 6 , ................................
1 8 5 1 .................................
1 8 5 7 , ................................
8 ,2 4 9 ,8 3 2
3 0 ,1 6 2 ,3 3 5
t e a r s
Pkg8.
1 8 5 2 , ...............................
1 8 5 8 , . . ..........................
1 8 5 3 .................................
1 8 5 9 ................................. ..........................
5 1 ,8 4 8
1 8 5 4 , ...............................
1 8 6 0 , ................................ .........................
6 4 ,4 6 1
1 8 5 5 .................................
.
1861.]
E
x p o r t s
273
U . S . A s s a y Office.
o f
T
e a s
f r o m
t h e
t e a r
s e v e r a l
p o r t s
E N D IN G J
o f
U
t h e
S
n it e d
t a t e s
d u r in g
30, 1860. (Official.)
Pounds.
u n e
Ports.
New-York,........................................
Niagara.............................................
Boston...............................................
Champlain........................................
Oswego,............................................
San Francisco...................................
Passamaquodd}’ , .............................
Buffalo,.............................................
Philadelphia,...................................
Baltimore,........................................ ___
Richmond,........................................
Oswegatchie,...................................
61,470
$ 1,969,953
18,840
Total United States,........... ___
m p o r t s
o f
T
e a s
in t o
t h e
y e a r
s e v e r a l
e n d in g
p o r t s
J
u n e
5,365,464
o f
t h e
U
30, 1860.
Ports.
n it e d
$ 1,983,793
....
S
t a t e s
d u r in g
Pounds.
Total United States,...............
30,593,106
F
o r
t h e
Y
e a r
Silver.
Gold.
....
....
___
....
$ 8,270,901
34 5.810
186,915
145
$ 8,803,771
OFFICE,
NEAV-YORK,
1860—1861.
S il v e r P a r t e d fr o m G o l d .
B u l l io n D e p o s it s .
f is c a l
Value.
28,387,743
1,350,362
854,547
454
OF T H E U. S. A S S A Y
t h e
(Official.)
N ew -York,............................................
San Francisco,......................................
Boston.....................................................
A ll other ports,.....................................
OPERATIONS
f is c a l
Value.
$ 604,344
579 816
208,750
183,474
126,141
61.847
36.348
73.245
26,855
24.245
24.178
20,710
Total 12 ports.....................
Total all other,...................
I
t h e
For Depositors.
Office.
For Assay.
B ars.
Returned
f o r Coins.
1860. 1st quar., $ 3,816,775 86 . . $ 93,473 99 .. $29,652 99 .
2d
6,384 62 .
“
608,953 51 . . 114,878 17
3d
8,392 99 .
“
697,936 59 . . 111,338 90
4th “
11,818,605 61 . . 216,471 84 .. 62,877 75 .
$155 82 $ 155,125 63
35 51 .. 115,612 78
45 10
89 39 !! 42,782 80
*$ 16,942,271 57 . . $536,162 90 ..$107,308 35 .
$325 82 $313,521 21
1861.1st quar.,*$17,882,426 72 . . $452,118 14 .. $70,275 05.
F in e B a r s m a d e b y M e l t e r
a n d R e f in e r .
F in e G o ld B a r s .
Paid Depositors.
1860.1st qnar.,
2d
“
3d
“
4th “
1861. 1st quar.,
$ 696,085 31
437,209 54
519,755 38
318,871 44
Gold.
Silver.
$322 29
B u l l io n s e n t t o t h e M in t
f o r C o in a g e .
Gold.
Silver.
$32,602 27 $ 2,746,002 25 $ 68,569 09
$4,195,423 32
... 678,760 78 .. 67,504 24 . . 222,479 50 .. 77,694 38
. . 636,713 13 .. 37,854 35 . . 113,54147 .. 29,945 50
. . 5,765,521 57 .. 115,781 02 . . 8,772,811 30 .. 101,987 64
$ 1,971,921 67 $ 11,276,418 80
$ 253,741 88 $ 11,854,834 52 $ 278,196 61
$169,093 65 $ 8,376,174 74
$50,317 62 $19,484,603 06 $ 496,829 85
* $15,150,000 o f the above gold deposits, in foreign coins, such as Sovereigns, N apoleons, Thalers, &c.
V O L . X L V .-----N O . I I I.
18
C o m m e rc ia l R e g u la tio n s .
274
[S e p te m b e r ,
C O MME R C I A L R E G UL A T I O NS .
DUTIES
LEVIED
IN
SCINDE.
F ro m the monthly circular of Messrs. F a r n h a m & Co., dated Kurrachee, May 8th, 1861, we learn that the duties now levied in Scinde (or
Sind) are as follows :
New Import Duties.— Cotton thread, twist and yarn, piece goods, ha
berdashery, hosiery and millinery, oilman’s stores, provisions o f all kinds,
perfumery, spices o f all kinds, tea and coffee, jewelry, plated and plated
ware, and all articles not enumerated below, pay 10 per cent.
Tobacco, eight annas per seer (2 lb s ) on unmanufactured, and one
rupee per seer on manufactured. American tobacco comes under the
head of manufactured.
Ale, heer, porter, cider and other similar fermented liquors, 4 annas;
wines and liquors, rupees 2 ; and spirits, rupees 3— per imperial gallon.
Bullion and coin, pearls and precious stones, unset, grain of all kinds,
horses and other live animals, ice, cotton, wool, flax, hemp, jute, ma
chinery, chalk, coal, coke, bricks, maps, prints, works o f art and hides,
free.
New Export Duties.— Saltpetre two rupees per Indian maund (82 lbs.);
indigo, three rupees per Indian maund ; grain and pulse of all kinds, four
annas per bag of 164 lb s .; lacdye and shellac, four per cent.
Bullion, precious stones and pearls, books, maps, prints and works of
art, horses and other live animals, cotton, wool, flax, hemp, jute, sugar,
rum and spirits, tobacco, raw silk, opium, under a permit, free.
All articles o f export not enumerated above pay three per cent.
[Kurrachee, or Karachee, is the principal seaport town of Scinde, on
an inlet o f the Indian Ocean, eighteen miles from the west branch o f the
Indus. Latitude 23° 47' 3” N. The harbor is the only port along this
coast for vessels drawing more than ten feet of water.]
American Imports— Drills.— W e are without stock, and there are none
on the way. W e have constant inquiries for boot and Laconia marks—
latter preferred. Shirtings, sheetings, blue drills, cotton flannel, &c., are
in constant demand for small quantities.
Tobacco.— Just at present the market is rather quiet, 14 annas 6 pies to
15 annas per lb. for good quality half pound lumps, and 11 annas to 11
annas 6 pies for 10s. o f good quality are fair quotations.
There is a great deal o f inferior tobacco in the Bombay market. Some
of this description of tobacco has found its way into this market, and
we would suggest to the parties in America who contemplate trying the
Kurrachee market that it will be for their interest to confine their ship
ments to the very best marks. Mould in tobacco is very detrimental.
1861.]
C o m m e rc ia l R e g u la tio n s .
THE
COOLIE
275
TRAFFIC.
The following letter from Paris purports to describe the
French government as to the results to be obtained from
the treaty with China legalizing the exportation o f labor. It
if the writer speaks from authority, and if his extremely
ticipations and inferences are shared in official quarters:
views o f the
the clause of
is not known
sanguine an
“ It will be seen by the late advices from China that this government, in their
treaty with the Chinese, have legalized the exportation of coolies.
“ This has been done, no doubt, in reference to obtaining a supply of labor for
the cotton lands in Algeria.
“ The great immorality of the Chinese adults heretofore imported has caused the
subject to receive a careful and earnest attention, and a plan has been proposed to
import boys and girls brought out under the care of priests and sisters of charity,
who, on receiving them in China, will cleanse and clothe them, and begin immedi
ately a religious and secular education.
“ On arrival in Algeria and being distributed among the planters they will retain
their teachers, and be ready with their little fingers to pick the cotton balls as they
ripen. The cultivation of the land is to be effected with steam-ploughs and horsehoes, as in this way an enormous area can be kept under culture at a small expense.
The yield of cotton (as in the United States) being limited only by the number of
pickers, cotton may be thus grown at half the cost of the American, owing to the
difference in the value of land and slaves.
“ In the year 1855 five bales of cotton were brought to Paris from Algeria, of the
best quality, but the want of an organized system of labor similar to the slave sys
tem of the States caused the culture to be abandoned for a time. The great im
provements in agricultural machinery have now removed this difficulty in part, and
the importation of coolie children will supply all that is required to insure success
at the present time.
“ The children are to be apprenticed for twenty years, and to be always under
supervision. When the picking season is finished, they are to be employed in rais
ing their own food, and in weaving and making their clothing. A t the end of their
apprenticeship they can marry and become citizens, with an allotment of land, or re
turn to China, as they please.
“ Such, briefly, is the scheme, which will no doubt be adopted b y England, and
carried out in British Guiana and the other cotton lands in her extended colonies.
That there is not a scarcity of cotton lands in the world, the application of the
steam-plough with the coolie emigration will soon prove. Within five years France
and England will raise at least half the cotton they use; prompted not only by the
independence that this supply will give them, they will be urged on to the work by
the great missionary enterprise which it will inaugurate.
“ The organized labor of the rail-road system has rendered familiar the carrying
out of great land operations with facility and rapidity, and four hundred children to a
single ship will soon people the plantations when ready to receive them. I subjoin
an article from the Moniteur, just published, which shows the enormous increase in
the consumption o f cotton in France in the past year, from which you will infer the
solicitude of the government to engraft its cultivation upon the soil of the empire:
“ ‘ We published on the 19th inst. the comparative tables drawn up by the Ad
ministration o f Customs and of indirect taxes, presenting the imports and exports
of the principal kinds of merchandise. The first fact that attracts attention is the
large increase in the importation of certain raw materials destined for French man
ufacturers. Cotton, of which the quantities that paid duty were, in 1858, 715,000
metrical quintals, (2211 lbs. each,) and in 1859 739,000, attained in 1860 the enormous
figure of 1,160,000 quintals. Even when deduction is made of the quantities sent
abroad, there remain 1,083,070 quintals— that is to say, 344,000 more than the
quantity consumed in the corresponding period of 1859.’ ”
TREATIES
WITH
JAPAN.
Lord E l g in has recently visited Scotland, and in a speech delivered
at Dunfermline he described his official visit to Japan, and gave an ac
276
C o m m e rc ia l R e g u la tio n s .
[S e p te m b e r ,
count of the negotiation o f the English and American treaties with that
country. His tribute to the energy and address o f Mr. H a r r is , the
American minister, is interesting. W e quote :
“ When I went to Japan, in the year 1858, to negotiate a treaty, 1
found myself there in a very difficult position. In the first place, I had
only a fortnight, and no more— owing to an obligation which I was under
to return to China to arrange a tariff with the Chinese commissioners—
from the day of my arrival at Yeddo, to perform the whole business. It
is a curious thing, but I am never allowed more than a fortnight for such
negotiations. When I went to the United States, in 1854, I was only
allowed a single fortnight to negotiate a treaty which has admitted the
whole produce of British North America to be brought into competition
with the products o f the United States in their own markets; and which
likewise put an end to the risk o f collision on the subject o f the fisheries
between this country and America, which was the most serious risk which
had presented itself during the whole time I have been a public servant.
I was in the same position in Japan.
“ I found that the American minister, who had been resident for some
years in the country, had succeeded in obtaining a treaty which involved
a very considerable accession on the part of the Japanese, and was a great
advance on the former state of their relations with foreign countries.
The Japanese were willing to give me a treaty on the same conditions as
they had negotiated with the United States, but they were very unwilling
to go beyond the provisions o f that treaty. And you will understand
that their disinclination was not very unreasonable, when you reflect that
by those treaties we deprive them o f the same control over their fiscal
affairs which we enjoy in this country. W hen we want, in this country,
to make any alteration in our customs, or any other fiscal matters, we
get our Chancellor o f the Exchequer to deal with them as Parliament or
the nation thinks they require ; but we bind these Oriental nations by
treaties which deprive them o f any power, whatever exigencies may arise,
to impose other duties. It is very desirable, therefore, and it is only fair
to them that these treaties should be all as nearly as may be in the same
terms; otherwise merchants would go and pick and choose among the
articles, and the result would be an amount of confusion which neither
the merchants nor the Japanese could disentangle.
“ I therefore agreed to accept the American treaty. If you compare
my treaty with China, which was my own making, with the treaty with
Japan, which was made with the American minister, I think you will
perhaps agree with me in liking the Chinese one the best. In framing
alterations on the Japanese treaty, I confined myself as much as possible
to things which were of the greatest importance ; and one thing which
I considered to be o f the greatest importance was to obtain a lower rate of
import duties for articles likely to be in most extensive demand. In the
American treaty, I think twenty-five per cent, was the ad valorem duty
imposed on all foreign imports; and I knew that if we could induce the
Japanese to relax that duty with regard to a few articles of large con
sumption— the thin end of the wedge having been inserted in that way—
in a short time we should, in all cases where we wished it, obtain a five
per cent, instead o f a twenty-five per cent, ad valorem duty.
“ Well, we had a great deal of difficulty and discussion about this. I
found the Japanese exceedingly intelligent negotiators, very tenacious,
and properly so, o f their rights. At length I succeeded in inducing them
211
C o m m e rc ia l R e a u la tio n s .
to agree to an ad valorem duty of five per cent, in the case o f cotton and
woollen manufactures; but I was quite aware that it was useless to try to
obtain any relaxation as to linen manufactures. This was not, however,
of very great importance, for at that time I believe linen goods were
not at all, or hardly at all, known in that country, But I am happy to
say that the principle upon which I went has been entirely justified by
the result; because, in one year after that, another knock was given to
the wedge, and our linen manufactures were let in at the same rate, I be
lieve I am justified in saying, as wool and cotton. I don’t pretend to
tell you that there will be a great demand in Japan for linen immediately—we must create these demands; but the Japanese are a very changeable
sort of people, and when they see the admirable specimens of linen
manufacture that come from Dunfermline and other towns in this dis
trict, I believe they will be fascinated by them, and we shall have a large
demand by and by.”
THE
CUSTOM-HOUSE
REGULATIONS
OF
RI O
JANEIRO.
The London Shipping and Mercantile Gazette complains, and appa
rently with sufficient cause, o f the Custom-House regulations o f Rio Ja
neiro ; and as we have considerable trade with Rio, we suppose these
regulations are as annoying to our trade as that of Great Britain. The
Gazette says:
“ B y the law of 1836, every shipmaster entering the port o f Rio is
bound, on penalty of a fine of 100,000 reis in case o f neglect or refusal, to
enter the Custom-House within twenty-four hours after the Guarda-mor,
or chief customs officers, is on board. He is liable to a similar penalty
if he remains at his anchorage twenty-four hours after he has got notice
from the Guarda-mor to remove, or if he attempt to discharge without
an order from the ‘ inspector,’ or if he omit to give notice to the officer
attending the discharge o f the cargo, when such discharge is completed.
By the same law it is rendered imperative on every vessel leaving Rio
for Bahia, Pernambuco, Maranham or any other port o f the empire, to
have two manifests, exact copies o f each other, setting forth the ‘ name,
class and tonnage of the vessel; the name o f the captain, whose signa
ture must follow the date; the name of the port or ports for which the
vessel is destined ; the marks or counter marks and numbers of the pack
ages, and their description as bales, cases, pipes, half-pipes, barrels, & e .;
a declaration of the quantity and quality o f the merchandise o f each
package, or several similar ones o f the same mark, and also o f what is
on board in b u lk ; the name o f the consignees or to order; all to be
written in length except the numbers of the packages.’ The regulations
are all independent, o f course, of the formalities required for manifests
of cargoes in ships clearing for foreign. They are also independent o f
the various charges for anchorage, lights, port duty, health bills, hospital
charges, seals on ship’s papers at the rate of 40 reis (2d.) for every writ
ten half sheet. These by no means exhaust the list o f charges to which
foreign vessels, entering or clearing the port o f Rio, are subject by the
fiscal regulations o f Brazil, but they are sufficient to show the nature o f
the obstacles with which the foreign trade with that productive country
has to contend.
“ So serious have the Brazilian Custom-House regulations become, that
it has been thought expedient by those interested in the trade with Bra-
278
C o m m e rc ia l R e g u la tio n s .
[September,
zil, at Liverpool, to hold a meeting for the purpose o f adopting a memo
rial to the Brazilian government praying for a revision o f the system of
formalities required for clearances. The proceedings resulted in the ap
pointment of a committee to wait on the Liverpool Chamber o f Com
merce, with the view of eliciting the opinion of that body on the subject,
and o f taking such steps as might seem most advisable towards procur
ing the repeal o f the regulations in question. How far the efforts o f
these gentlemen have been successful we are not informed, but it can hardly
be that a representation made to the Brazilian minister here, and forwarded
to his government,would be entirely disregarded. If, however, the mer
chants and ship-owners o f Liverpool fail to produce the desired effect on
the Brazilian government, they should be joined in their representations
by those connected with the Brazilian trade in London, and not only in
London but in every port in the country which has any trade with Brazil.
W e had hoped that the advent to power o f a new government at Rio would
have been marked by a change in the regulations which have occasioned
these remarks, and that we should have heard ere this that the Brazilian
Custom-House system, so far as it relates to clearances, would have been
revised. In this expectation we have been so far disappointed, but we
can hardly believe that the government of Rio will continue to pursue a
course which has already had, and must continue to produce, a most in
jurious effect upon the foreign trade o f Brazil.”
Our principal export to Brazil consists of flour, domestics and lumber,
all easily described; but when any of our vessels have a general cargo
the difficulties complained of by the British are also felt by u s; we are,
therefore, to a certain extent, a party interested in having them removed.
Lately many American vessels have loaded in England for Rio Janeiro,
but we suppose their cargoes were coa l; nevertheless, everything which
impedes commerce we ought to do our part in having removed or modified.
W e hope our government will call the attention of the Brazilian authori
ties to the Custom-House regulations of which foreigners have so much
cause to complain.
FOREIGN
TARIFFS.
The Statistical Department o f the English Board o f Trade has issued
a parliamentary paper on the subject o f tariffs. It is a return o f the
new and old rates o f duty upon the several articles (so far as the same
can be given) levied by the tariffs o f foreign countries, in which altera
tions have been made, and showing the per centage increase or decrease
o f duties, and the date of their alteration, from the 31st December, 1859,
to the 25th February, 1861. The list o f countries included in the return
are Russia, the Zollverein, France, Spain, Portugal, Cape Yerde Islands,
Sardinia, Naples, Greece, Morocco, Brazil, the Argentine Confederation,
Venezuela, the Sandwich Islands and China. Upon pig-iron imported
into the Grand Duchy o f Finland, the reduction has been 82 per cent.,
viz., from 20s. l i d . to Is. 6d. per 3§ lbs. Great reductions have taken
place in the duties hitherto levied on metals and hardware imported into
Naples. On all kinds of old iron the reduction is 89 per cent., or from
about 15s. lOd. to Is. 9 d .; on iron wire the reduction is 24 per cent.,
or from about 7s. l i d . to 6 s.; on common wrought-iron upwards o f 72
per cent., or from about 15s. lOd. to about 4s. 4d. On old tin and tin in
blocks the reduction is upwards o f 71 per cent., or from XT 4s. 9d. to about
1861.]
C o m m e rc ia l R e g u la t io n s .
279
7s., and on wrought-tin the fall is over 72 per cent., viz., from about £3
3s. 7d. to about 17s. 7d. On lead, in pigs, the reduction is 85 per cent.,
the old duty being 8s. 10d., whilst the new is nearly Is. 4d., and on
wrought-lead the new duty stands at a fraction over 7s., whereas the old
duty was 17s. 8d., a reduction o f 60 per cent.— all in 220'40 lbs. avd.
On machinery the new duty is 1 per cent, ad valorem. Under the old
duties steam engines for national vessels, and some other machines, might
be imported duty free, under permission o f the Minister of Finance.
Hardwares are reduced from £3 10s. 8d. to £2 4s., or upwards of 37 per
cent, in some descriptions, and from £10 12s. to £4 8s. in others, or 58-Jper cent, per 220'45 lbs. avd. The new import duties adopted by the
Brazilian government show that iron, in pig or ingots, has been reduced
one-half since the period before the 3d o f last November, but onfilings the
duty has been increased 33|per cent. The duty on pig-iron is aboutl-J, on
a little over 32 lbs., and that on filings is a little over lO fd. on the same
quantity. A very slight reduction has taken place in sewing and pack
ing needles, on the former of which the present duty is about Is. 8fd.,
and on the latter about Is. 3fd., on a fraction over 1 lb .; polished spars
now pay 6s. 3^-d. the dozen pairs; common locks about 2^-d.; common
buckles nearly 2d.; steel pens nearly 3s. 2d.; nails and tacks (common)
up to 2 in., about l ^ d .; above 2 in. somewhat over 1-J-d.; and nails with
brass heads nearly 2^-d., all per about 1 lb. In locks the new rates are
an increase of 5 per cent., and in steel pens an increase o f 133^- per cent.
Buckles are a decrease o f upwards o f 22 per cent. Nails are an increase
ranging from 15 per cent, to \7^ per cent. The duty on horse-shoes is
now somewhat over 2s. 4Jd. for somewhat over 32^ lbs., or a decrease of
12|- per cent. On the same quantity of copper mixed with zinc tinned
the present duty is 6s. 9d., a decrease o f upwards o f 16 J per cent. Tin
in bars, sheets, &c., and common utensils, the duty now is a little over
Is. 9^d., against the old duty o f Is. 8^ d.; and zinc, in bars, sheets, &c.,
and common utensils, it is 2s. 3d. against Is. 8Jd., all on the same quantity
last mentioned. The cutlery imported into Brazil is charged at per dozen
instead of, as before, according to weight. The duty on pen, fruit and
garden-knives ranges from about Is. Id. to about 8s. l^d. per dozen. On
scissors the new duty, as compared with the old, is an increase of 211
per cent., the prevailing duty being over Is. 3d., whilst the former tax
was not 5d. In the Argentine Republic the import duty on unworked
brass and steel, copper in lumps, or sheets and bars, iron in bars, pigs,
or sheets, tin plates and articles o f soldered tin, the old duty of 20 per
cent, ad valorem is reduced to 5 per cent, ad valorem, a decrease of 75
per cent. Works in metal, except gold and silver, are now charged 15
per cent, instead o f 20 per cent., or a decrease o f 25 per cent. These
duties were dated from the 14th o f last September. Since the 24th of
last October cutlery has gone into China free. Yellow metal sheathing
and nails now pay 6s., and Japan copper 4s. per 1331- lbs., instead o f 10
per cent, ad valorem as before. Iron, manufactured, as in sheets, rods,
bars, hoops, the new duty lOd. instead of Is.; unmanufactured, as in
pigs, 6d. instead o f 8 d .; on iron wire the new duty is Is. 8 d .; on lead, in
pigs, it is Is. 8d., a decrease o f 37|-per cent., and in sheets 3s. 8d., an in
crease of 37-§- per cen t.; on steel the new duty is Is. 8d. against 2s. 8d.,
a decrease of 37|- per cent.; but on tin it is 8s. 4d. against 6s. 8d., an
increase o f 25 per cen t.; and on unenumerated metals the duty is 5 per
cent, ad valorem, against 10 per cent, ad valorem, all per 133^ lbs.
280
J o u rn a l o f A g r icu ltu r e.
JOURNAL
OF
[September,
AGRICULTURE.
BRITISH
WOOL.
M r . C a ir d , M. P., read at a recent meeting of tbe Council of the Royal
Agricultural Society o f England a very interesting paper upon British
wool. He remarked that, although there had been an immense increase
in the importation from foreign countries and the colonies during the
last twenty years, the rearing o f sheep for the production o f British wool
continued to be one of the most profitable branches o f our industry.
Within the period referred to there had been, no doubt, in the imports
from Spain and Germany, a diminution o f about 4,000,000 pounds, but
at the same time, to compensate for this, there had been an increase
from Russia, the Low Countries, Denmark and Portugal, of no less than
20.000. 000 pounds. There had been an increase within this period, in
round numbers, from Australia, o f from 13,000,000 pounds to 54,000,000
pounds; from South Africa, of from 1,000,000 pounds to 14,000,000
pounds ; from the East Indies, o f from 4,000,000 pounds to 14,000,000
pounds. A t home, the increase in the amount of wool produced was
equally remarkable. In 1842 the home-grown wool did not exceed
100.000. 000 pounds. It now amounted to 120,000,000 pounds. There
had been, in short, an augmented supply of wool to the extent o f nearly
seventy-five per cent. It had not been followed by any diminution of
price to the home producer. Now, the countries in which the produc
tion of wool is likely to increase most rapidly, viz., Australia, the East
Indies, South Africa and South America, are all unsuitable to the produc
tion of the lustrous long wools, for which there is a great demand. The
British islands supply this wool in the greatest quantity. They may be
almost said to have a monopoly o f it, and there are no countries which
can enter into competition with them. Mr. C a ir o is, therefore, of opin
ion that the British wool-grower should develop its production as much
as possible, and he thinks the supply may be increased by good farming
and liberal feeding. The best cross that could at present be adopted on
suitable soils would, he adds, be obtained by using the improved Lincoln
or Leicester ram, in which the desirable qualities o f length, lustre, strength
and fineness of wool seemed to be best combined.
FRENCH
BEET-ROOT
SUGAR.
According to an official return just published in France, concerning
the manufacture o f beet-root sugar from the commencement of the season
1860-61 to the end o f the month of April, it appears that the number of
establishments in activity were 334, being four more than in the corre
sponding period of the preceding year. The number o f manufactories
not at work, but having sugar still in stock, had diminished from twentyfour to fifteen. The quantity made was 97,900,000 kilogrammes, being
27,000,000 less than in the corresponding period of 1860. The quantity
delivered for consumption had increased from 6,000,000 to 18,500,000
kilogrammes.
1861.]
281
J o u r n a l o f A g r ic u lt u r e .
THE
WILD
SILK
WORMS
OF
INDIA.
D r. E ig h t s , o f Albany, has received a fragm ent of the silken cloth
woven from the threads of one o f the tussah, or wild silk worms o f India.
He says:
I send you samples from three distinct species, which are to be found
in all the western forests, extending from Ramghur to Midnapore ; the
cocoons o f each are collected in the month o f September.
The first o f these (which, in the language of the country, is termed the
mooga) is the most common and plentiful; the thread is coarse in its
texture, but can be wound with the greatest facility. The cocoons are
obtained directly from the trees of the forest, and are sold in an unpre
pared state to the purchasers. The caterpillars are to be found freely
feeding upon the leaves o f the ashan, saul and sejah trees, being frequently
placed on their branches when found elsewhere for that purpose. These
larvae commence spinning their cocoons about the middle of the month,
and complete the process near its close; they are then collected and
placed in boiling water to destroy the grub.
The teerah is the second species. It furnishes a much smaller cocoon,
and is supposed by many to be the male o f the former. The thread is
represented as being much finer in texture, but not so easily reeled.
The third is the bonbunda, the largest of the wild silk worms in the
country, and from which the present specimen of silk cloth was obtained.
This is the species that bears so close an alliance to the saturnia cecropia
o f this country, spoken o f in a former article. In its wild state, the co
coon is of much larger size than any o f the cultivated species. In some
seasons it is to be found in considerable quantities, but it is generally
scarce. This is supposed to be owing to the depredations o f many of the
feathered races, who esteem them highly as an article of food.
These three species, belonging to the same genus, are termed by the
natives, the “ rainy weather” varieties ; but there are others peculiar to
the dry months, which, by way of distinction, are called the dabbo and
the buggoy.
The former of these yields a fine thread and an excellent cocoon. The
chrysalis begins to eat its way through the pod from the 8th of June to
the termination of the month, and spins its mantle from the middle to
the end of August.
The buggoy is of a light drab color, giving out a fine thread, and very
soft; so much so as almost to equal in value the cocoon of the mulberry
silk-spinning moth, particularly those reared in the vicinity of Singhboom.
It approaches so near to the pure silk that the weavers are said to mix it
frequently with the real, in the proportion of one thread to three, at their
manufactories. The seed is procured in August and September. Spin
ning begins in the middle and is completed by the end o f November.
There is another inferior species gathered in December, called the
yarroy. It is a small cocoon, and difficult to w ind; the thread, also, be
ing exceedingly harsh. The seed is procured in the month o f October,
and the caterpillars spin their cocoons from the 15tli to the close of De
cember. It is held in less estimation than any of the other species. The
natives, in preparing the silk for use, boil the cocoon in an alkali until it
shells off and the threads appear to separate.
J o u r n a l o f A g r ic u lt u r e .
282
AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS
OP
[S e p te m b e r ,
I OWA
FOR
1 8 61.
Tlie presence at the capital of members o f the legislature from nearly
every county in the State during the past week, presented an excellent
opportunity for obtaining important information in regard to the present
agricultural position and prospects o f Iowa for the year 1861. After
careful inquiry the subjoined facts have been elicited. They are believed
to be correct, and the increase indicated is within rather than above the
real condition of things. Yet, as the members had not prepared them
selves to give positive information, it must only be received as a pretty
fair approximation to the true condition of our probable agricultural re
sources for the present year. Should the season continue favorable, how
ever, it is believed the general aggregate will be sustained.
It appears from the returns the breadth o f wheat sown in the State
is about one-fourth m o re ; o f corn nearly one fifth more, and o f pork for
market there will be at least one-third more than in 1860. And o f the
crop of corn of 1860 there appears to be over one-third, and of wheat
over one-fourth on hand. That the indications for a good crop o f wheat
were never better, and that the yield would fully equal that of last year, 16
bushels per acre as the average o f the State ; and that about one-half of
the corn was planted by the 11th o f May.
In addition to the above, I learn that all the cereal crops indicate an
excellent y ield ; that preparations are making' for a greater breadth of
sorghum and imphee than in any previous year; that much o f the land
has been seeded with clover and timothy, probably double that o f any
previous year. In short, that our farmers are working and seeding as
much land, and perhaps more, than they may find force enough to secure
the yield therefrom.
As published last year, the yield o f wheat was upwards o f 19,000,000
bushels, or an average o f 16 bushels to the acre; add for the additional
breadth of land sown last fall and this spring, at the same average per
acre, at least 4,000,000 bushels, and we have the probable amount of
23,000,000 bushels for 1861— all o f which can be spared out of the State,
as we have about 5,000,000 bushels on hand for home consumption for a
year. This, if sold at 50 cents per bushel, will give us 811,500,000.
The corn goes into beef and pork. The published estimate o f last
year from this office was $7,000,000 worth for both these items. This
sum is nearly equally divided between them. From the data obtained we
have a pretty sure prospective increase of one-third for pork over 1860,
and from extensive inquiry and the known average increase, one-fourth may
be safely put down as the probable increased product of beef cattle. This
will give the aggregate value $9,375,000 for 1861, for beef and pork,
beyond our own consumption ; but as the prices may range lower, it
would be altogether safe to place the amount at eight millions o f dollars.
The result o f all the above is, that the present prospective product of
this State for the year 1861, beyond our home consumption, for wheat,
hogs and beef, will be worth $19,500,000.
W
O f f ic e
of
A
g r icu lt u r a l
B ureau, )
Des Moines, Iowa, M ay 22, 1861. f
m.
D
uane
W
il s o n ,
Sec. Ag. Col.
1861.]
283
S ta tis tic s o f P o p u la t io n .
S T A T I S T I C S OF P O P UL A T I O N.
CITIES
OF
EUROPE.
Population o f the Principal Cities o f Europe according to late returns.
London,..................................... 2,950,000
Paris, ....................................... 1,525,525
St. Petersburg,........................
494,656
Vienna,.....................................
476,222
Berlin,.......................................
438,961
Naples,......................................
413,920
Madrid,.....................................
301,660
275,286
Lisbon,.....................................
Brussels,...................................
263,481
Amsterdam,.............................
248,756
TH E
NEW
Pestb and Bude,......................
Rome,........................................
Turin,........................................
Ham burg,.................................
Copenhagen,.............................
Venice,......................................
Dresden,....................................
Munich,.....................................
Stockholm,...............................
CONGRESSIONAL
186,945
180,359
179,655
171,696
113,635
118,172
117,750
114,734
101,502
APPORTIONMENT.
The Secretary o f the Interior has addressed the following official com
munication to the Speaker of the House o f Representatives:
D
e p a r t m e n t of the
I n t e r io r , [
Washington, July 5, 1861. )
To the Speaker o f the House o f Representatives :
I, C a l eb B. S m ith , Secretary o f the Interior, do hereby certify that, in
discharge o f the duty devolved on me by the provisions of an act o f
Congress, approved May 23d, 1850, entitled “ An act providing for the
taking of the seventh and subsequent censuses o f the United States, and
to fix the number o f the members o f the House of Representatives, and
to provide for the future apportionment among the several States,” I have
apportioned the representatives for the thirty-eighth Congress among the
several States as provided for by said act in the manner directed by the
twenty-fifth section thereof. A nd I do hereby further certify, that the
following is a correct statement o f the number o f representatives ap
portioned to each State under the last or eighth enumeration o f the popu
lation of the United States, taken in accordance with the act approved
23d May, 1850, above referred to :
To the State of—
Alabama,.............
Minnesota,........................... ............... 1
........... 6
Arkansas,.............
Mississippi,........................... ............... 5
........... 3
California............
Connecticut,.........
Delaware,.............
Florida.................
G eorgia,...............
Illinois,.................
Indiana,...............
Iow a,...................
Kansas,.................
Kentucky,...........
Louisiana,............
Maine,...................
Maryland,..........
Massachusetts,..
Michigan,.............
.........
7
........... 13
........... 11
........... 5
........... 1
........... 5
........... 5
........... 5
.......... 10
..........
6
Missouri,............................... ............... 9
N ew-Hampshire,................. ............... 3
New Jersey,......................... ....................... 5
New-York,........................... ............... 31
North Carolina,................... ............
7
Ohio,.....................................
Oregon,................................. ............... 1
Pennsylvania,...................... ............... 23
Rhode Island,....................... ............... 1
South Carolina,................... ............... 4
Tennessee,............................ ............... 8
Texas,................................... ............... 4
Vermont,............................... ............... 2
Virginia,............................... ............... 11
Wisconsin,........................... ............... 6
284
[September,
S t a t is t ic s o f P o p u la t io n .
The aggregate being two hundred and thirty-three (233) representa
tives.
In testimony whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name and caused
the seal of the Department o f the Interior to be affixed, this fifth day of
July, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one,
and of the independence of the United States o f America the eightysixth.
C a l e b B. S m ith .
THE
CHINESE
IN
CALIFORNIA.
The probable number o f Chinese now in the State of California, it
may be of some interest at this period, to inquire. Previous to 1852,
the immigration o f the Asiatics to that coast did not exceed a few
thousands. Owing to the destruction, by fire, of the Custom-House rec
ords in 1851, there is no positive data as to what that immigration was,
but from figures offered in 1 856, by Mr. H a n l e y , a Chinese agent, who
had the subject specially under consideration, it is presumable that the
excess of arrivals over departures, previous to 1852, was about 5,000.
W e shall adopt this number in the following estimate, and furnish de
tails of subsequent years:
Arrivals.
5,000
Previous to 1852,....................
1852,.......................................... 20,026
1853........................................... 4,270
1854, ....................................... 16,184
1855, ....................................... 3,473
1856, ....................................... 4,807
1857, ....................................... 5,924
1858, ....................................... 4,903
1859, ....................................... 3,182
1860, ....................................... 7,241
1861, to date,..........................
957
Total,........................... 75,967
THE
BRITISH
CENSUS
Departures.
....
___
OF
Increase.
......................
1,768
4,221
2,330
....
3,329
....
3,028
1,932
2,152
2,715
2,068
737
24,280
APRIL,
5,000
18,258
49
13,854
144
1,779
3,992
2,751
467
5,173
220
51,687
1861.
The first British census was taken under Mr. P itt ’ s administration in
1801. It was the year of the union with Ireland; a year o f famine,
and a year of sanguinary war with France, having the northern confede
racy for its allies. The population o f Great Britain was estimated at
7,392,000 in 1751. Manufactures and the large towns increased, but
emigration was commencing, and some country villages were deserted.
Goldsmith sang :
111 fares the land to hastening ills a prey,
Where wealth accumulates and men decay ;
Princes and lords may flourish or may fade,
A breath can make them as a breath has made:
But a bold peasantry, their country’ s pride,
When once destroyed, can never be supplied.
And Dr. P rice contended that there was an absolute decay o f the popu
lation. This gave rise to a protracted controversy, which, in the critical
1861 .]
S ta tis tic s o f P o p u la t io n .
285
state of the country, it was important to settle. The population of Great
Britain was then enumerated in 1801, and amounted to 10,917,000, and
with that of Ireland united with her, made above 16,000,000. This
was a triumphant reply to the doubts of those who despaired o f their
country. Notwithstanding the war the population increased, as the cen
sus showed, at the rate o f two to three millions every ten years until
1841. Then immense emigrations took place ; there was a depopulating
famine in Ireland, which had an imperfect poor law, and cholera was epi
demic ; yet the population of Great Britain was augmented by 2,308,000,
and although the population of Ireland fell off, the people o f the United
Kingdom amounted to 27,724,000 in 1851.
There will be no investi
gation as to the “ religious profession” of any one. That inquiry, when
proposed last year, having been met with general disapproval, was aban
doned by the government.
The census concerns every individual in the British Isles. Early in
April a schedule was left with the occupier of every house and apart
ment; and shortly after sunrise, on Monday, 8th April, 30,441 enume
rators in England and Wales began their calls at every house, and col
lected the schedules which they have previously left, filling up those of
persons who have been unable to write. A similar army performed a
precisely similar operation in Scotland, in Ireland and in Australia. It
is sometimes asked, why is the seventh census to be taken ? What is the
use of the information to be collected ? The injunction “ know thyself”
is as binding on nations as on individuals.
CITIES
IN
GREAT
BRITAIN.
Partial returns of the new census o f Great Britain are given in the
latest English.papers. The official record of the cities of Liverpool,
Manchester and Glasgow is published, and sufficient returns have been
received from the agricultural districts to show a decrease in the popu
lation. W e glean some interesting facts from the statistics.
Liverpool.— The population of Liverpool, in round numbers, is 450,000.
The city proper contains but 263,000 persons, the remainder being dis
tributed in the suburbs o f Exeter, Kirkdale, W est Derby and Toxteth
Park. The port of Liverpool has a large floating population o f sailors,
reckoned in this census at about fourteen thousand men. In 1841 the
number of sailors was twelve thousand, in 1851 it was thirteen thousand,
and in 1861 but one thousand more than ten years ago. The total
population of the city and its suburbs, at the census o f 1851, was
375,955, so that the increase in ten years has been a little more than
twenty per cent.
During the last four years the number o f inhabited houses in Liver
pool has likewise increased from 54,000 to 66,000.
In 1831 the
buildings in the town were estimated to cover an area of 6,000,000
square yards, while in 1765 they only covered an area o f 1,184,000
square yards.
Manchester.— Manchester has decreased in population, losing 2,000
inhabitants of the city proper by reason o f the conversion of dwellinghouses to office and other business purposes, and alterations in narrow
streets. The increase in the townships adjoining that of Manchester is
286
S ta tis tic s o f P o p u la t io n .
extraordinary, but may be accounted for by the compulsory migration
from Manchester arising out o f the causes mentioned. The present
population of the city and its suburbs is 35V,000— a gain of 40,000 in
ten years.
The census superintendent in Manchester reports, that while the de
crease in the city proper is going on, the conversion of the property out
o f which it arises increases the gross assessment o f the township, by
better buildings, in a remarkable way. The effect will be to reduce the
poundage on the poor and other rates, and eventually to reduce pauper
ism by the sweeping away o f the lower descriptions of dwellings.
Glasgow.— The analysis o f the census of the city o f Glasgow has been
published. The population o f the “ ancient burg” o f Glasgow amounts
to 403,142 ; of whom 189,220 are males and 213,922 are females. The
population of the district known as the “ ancient burg” and the suburbs
is 446,395 ; of whom 209,999 are males and 236,396 are females. The
amount of the population in 1851 was 360,138; thus showing an in
crease, in 1861, o f 86,257. In 1861 the number o f inhabited dwellings
was 82,609, and o f uninhabited, 4,002, compared with 63,153 and 1,547
in the year 1851, being an increase, in 1861, o f inhabited dwellings, to
the extent of 19,456, and of uninhabited, 2,455. The population is com
posed of 326,374 Scotch, 10,809 English, 63,574 Irish, 827 foreigners,
1,440 colonists, and 118 not ascertained. The number of males between
the ages of five and fifteen amounts to 40,694, with 40,118 females; and
of this number 116,868 males and 16,214 females were not, at the
taking of the census, at school.
The number o f domestic servants
within the city was 218 males and 12,856 females; total, 13,074.
EMIGRATION
FROM
GREAT
BRITAIN.
Some surprise may be excited by the fact, made apparent by an
official return, that in the last fifteen years 3,504,062 persons have
emigrated from the United Kingdom. This prodigious exodus has in
great part taken three directions— the North American colonies, the
(dis) United States and the Australian colonies. But an analysis shows
that Brother Jonathan has, notwithstanding the powerful allurements of
the antipodean gold discoveries, obtained by far the lion’s share of our
surplus strength. Thus, every one hundred emigrants selected their
future homes in the following proportions:
Y ear.
British
America.
United
States.
63
55
76
73
79
80
66
70
60
59
63
60
52
58
68
1846, .............................
34
1 8 4 7 , ..................................
42
1848, .............................
1849, .............................
1850, .............................
1851, .............................
1852, .............................
1853, .............................
1854, .............................
1855, .............................
1856, .............................
1857, .............................
1858, .............................
1859.................................
1860,................................
13
14
12
13
9
10
14
10
9
10
8
6
7
Australia.
2
2
9
11
6
6
24
19
25
29
26
29
35
26
19
Other
Places.
1
1
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
5
10
6
1861.]
S ta tis tic s o f P o p u la t io n .
287
The great preponderance obtained by the United States was derived
from the Irish emigration, through religious and political influences, and,
subsequently, family ties. What influence the present disturbances may
exert upon the Republican territory, as an emigration field, it is of
course impossible to predict; but they can hardly exercise a favorable
effect. Canadian journals are evidently o f this opinion, and are doing
their utmost to divert the tide of emigration to their own shores. The
advocates of emigration to Canada have, however, it will be seen, met
with singular ill success— for it is now only one-fourth as popular as it
was fifteen years since— the emigrants to British America having num
bered 43,439 in 1846, as compared with 9,786 in 1860. This, no
doubt, is due to the superior attractions now presented by Australia,
New-Zealand, the Cape and other emigration fields.— Times.
POPULATION
OF
THE
WORLD.
M. D ie t r ic i , director o f the office of Statistics at Berlin, has published
in the annals o f the academy o f that city the result o f his researches rela
tive to the present population of the globe. An addition to his calcula
tion of the total number o f inhabitants, which ho puts down at upwards
of 1,288,000,000, M. D ie t r ic i estimates the number of the different hu
man races as follow s: the Caucasian, 369,000,000; the Mongol,
552.000. 00 0 ; Ethiopian, (negroes,) 196,000,000; the American, (In
dians,) 1,000,000 ; the Malays, 200,000,000. The leading religions he
divides as follows : Christianity reckons 335,000,000 adherents; Juda
ism, 5,000,000; the Asiatic religions, 600,000,000; Mahometanism,
160.000. 000 ; and Polytheism, 200,000,000. Of the Christian popula
tion, 170,000,000 belong to the Roman Catholic church; 80,000,000 to
Protestants, and 76,000,000 to the Greek church.
CURIOSITIES
OF
THE
ENGLISH
CENSUS.
Relative Population of London and the Provincial Towns— Excess o f Fe
males in England.— The Registrar-General estimates the number o f English
emigrants from the United Kingdom in the ten years between 1851 and 1861
at 640,210, and returns the number of registered births over registered deaths
in the same periodat2,260,576. This would leave an increase o f 1,620,366,
but the actual augmentation enumerated on the 8th o f April was 2,134,116,
showing that 513,750 births must have passed unregistered in the ten
years. It appears that the population of London is nearly equal to that
of the twenty leading provincial towns, having a population o f 70,000
and upwards— Bolton, Birmingham, Bradford, Brighton, Bristol, Hull,
Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Norwich, Nottingham, Oldham,
Portsmouth, Preston, Salford, Sheffield, Stoke-upon-Trent, Sunderland
and Wolverhampton, all put together— the metropolis having 2,803,034
inhabitants, and the great provincial centres, 2,963,945. The population
of the latter is, however, increasing more rapidly than that o f the metro
polis, the augmentation having been 440,798 in London, as compared
with 591,058 in the provincial towns, so that C obbett ’ s “ great wen,” is
not, as some assume, absorbing all the power o f the State.
S ta tis tic s o f P o p u la t io n .
288
[S e p te m b e r ,
W ith regard to forty-three secondary towns, the population of which
ranges between 20,000 and 50,000, an advance has been made from
1,414,093 in 1851, to 1,653,386 in 1861, showing an augmentation of
239,293 ; and one hundred and seven still smaller towns, including, as
in the case of their larger brethren, the additions made to many of them
for parliamentary purposes, having a population o f from 5,000 to 20,000,
had in 1851, 954,038, and in 1861, 997,389 inhabitants, showing an
augmentation o f 43,351. The metropolitan district consequently in
creased in population at the rate o f eighteen per cen t.; the great centres
of manufacturing industry at the rate o f twenty-four per cen t.; the sec
ond-class towns at the rate of seventeen per cen t.; and the little boroughs
at the rate of four per cent. In fourteen still smaller townships, having
less than 5,000 inhabitants each, the population remained all but sta
tionary, being 52,108 in 1851, and 52,559 in 1861 ; so that the lower
one gets in the scale the more stagnant one finds the tide of human life.
The excess of the fair sex in England amounts to the alarmingly large
total of 544,021 ; but this disproportion between the sexes is not univer
sal, the rougher section o f humanity being in a majority in Derbyshire,
Durham, Essex, Herefordshire, Kent, Hampshire, Staffordshire and W est
moreland. In Middlesex there are 165,389, and in Lancashire, 86,100
more women than men, and the agricultural counties also reflect the con
tinuous drain of emigration upon their adult male population.— London
Times.
VITAL
STATISTICS
OF
1
8 6
0.
The Registrar-General for England has issued his annual tables o f the
number of births, deaths and marriages of 1860. The number of births
and deaths had been already stated in the last quarterly report, but the
number of marriages (170,305) had not then been ascertained. It is larger
than in any previous year ; the nearest approach to it was in 1859, when
the number was 167,723. The births in 1860 (683,440) were fewer by
i ,441 than in 1859, but that is the only year in which they were exceed
ed ; the deaths (422,472) were happily less by 18,777 than in 1859, and
less also than in 1858, 1855 or 1854. Allowing for the estimated in
crease o f population, the births in 1860 were slightly above the average
rate o f the preceding ten years, the marriages were more above it, and
the deaths were still more below it, all movements in the right direction.
As usual the first half o f the year saw the greatest number o f births,
about ten per cent, more than the last half, and the deaths in the first
moiety were greater than in the last by the large ratio o f 23 per cent.
The last quarter was, as usual, the marrying season ; there were 50,702
marriages, and only 35,198 in the first quarter. Lincolnshire is always
a notable exception to this last rule; there the spring quarter is the chief
time for marriage. The termination o f the ordinary periods of service
has, doubtless, much influence in this matter.
VITAL
STATISTICS
OF
SCOTLAND.
The Registrar-General for Scotland, who has hitherto issued no detailed
annual reports, has just commenced the series, beginning with his first
1861.]
Statistics o f Population.
289
year o f office, 1855. Taking first the births, the superintendent o f sta
tistics calls attention to the circumstance that the proportion o f boys
born to girls is greater in the rural districts than in the towns, in which,
indeed, in that year, the illegitimate boys born were absolutely fewer in
number than the girls. This is attributed to a residence in towns weak
ening the physical strength o f parents, and it is considered a rule so es
tablished as to “ afford a valuable hint to those who desire male progeny.”
W ith reference to incontinence, the report states that it is found most
prevalent in those districts in which farm-work is done by unmarried
young men and women, who sleep in the farm-house, or sometimes in
bothies set apart for that purpose. It is contended that in many o f the
irregular connections which too often in Scotland are substituted for
marriage, the parties are true to each other, and that, indeed, the vice of
unchastity seems greatly owing to the excess of a Scottish virtue, for
the proportion of illegitimate births is highest where the test o f signa
ture of the marriage register indicates the greatest prevalence o f educa
tion, and where, therefore, it may be supposed that the prudential check
operates most to prevent improvident marriages. It would appear from
the year’ s returns that, though marriages are much fewer in Scotland
than in England, yet when Scotchwomen do marry they are more pro
lific than the English. Some rather curious matrimonial statistics are
supplied. It is remarked that widows, marrying bachelors, selected, as
a general rule, husbands younger than themselves; “ the status which
the widow had acquired by her former marriage presented inducements
to the unsettled bachelor, which gave the widow a great advantage over
her unmarried sisters; and, as power is dear to every heart, a younger
member o f the opposite sex was selected, as more likely to leave that
power in her hand than if the chosen second husband had been her senior
in years.” The Scotch stand the educational test -well; 88.6 per cent, of
the men who married, and 77.2 o f the women, signed their names. In
England, in the same year, the proportions were 70.5 and 58.8. The
deaths in the year (a year of more than average mortality) were only 206
in 10,000 persons, showing Scotland to be one o f the very healthiest coun
tries on the face of the globe. The annual per centage of deaths to popula
tion is stated thus: Scotland, 2.06 ; England, 2.21 ; France, 2.36 ; Bel
gium, 2.52 ; Holland, 2.76 ; Prussia, 2.83 ; Spain, 2.85 ; Sardinia, 2.91.
Some points o f interest in relation to disease and mortality are noticed.
Including the secondary diseases, twice as many women died from child
birth as in England. This is thought not much attributable to distance
from medical aid, and the question is raised whether it is not owing to
certain anatomical conformations. It may seem strange to speak of
Scotland as a place for the consumptive, but Argyll and the Western
Isles enjoy a remarkable immunity from consumption ; those islands
have a mild winter climate, with a more humid atmosphere than the
main land when the arid easterly winds prevail in spring. O f the influ
ence o f weather, we learn that in Scotland, with the single exception of
diarrhoeal complaints, all the ordinary epidemics of the country increase
with the increase of cold, and it is the cold that kills. The diseases induced
by heat seldom prevail anywhere until the mean monthly temperature
rises above 60 degrees, and that is a rare occurrence in Scotland.
V O L . X L V .-----N O . I I I.
19
290
Rail-Road, Canal and Telegraph Statistics.
[September,
RAIL- ROAD, CANAL AND TELEGRAPH STATISTICS.
BUF FA LO AND N E W - Y O R K
CITY R A I L - R O A D .
T h e New-York and Erie Rail-Road Co. has purchased the above road
for $125,000. The road thus purchased is 9 l£ miles long, from Hornellsville to Buffalo, and has been run b y the Erie Rail-Road under a running
arrangement.
This road was first commenced in 1850, and opened for business be
tween Attica and Hornellsville in 1852, at which time its funded debt in
bonds secured by mortgage on this section of road, 60 miles long,
amounted to $700,000, payable in fifteen years. The company then
purchased the portion between Buffalo and Attica, 31£ miles, and made
a further issue o f $500,000 bonds, having eight years to run, secured by
this section. In 1853 the company made a further issue o f $500,000
bonds, payable in twelve years, secured by second mortgage on the
whole road. After this issue the company failed to pay interest, and in
1855 suit was commenced by the second mortgage bondholders. The
road was sold in 1856 for $379,568. The purchasers conveyed it, in
1857, to the Buffalo, New-York and Eric Rail-Road Company, and this
company assumed the payment of the first mortgage on the Buffalo and
Attica section. A t the date o f the report, in 1855, the cost of the road
stood as follow s:
S to ck ,.............................................................................
Funded debt,.................................................................
Floating debt,................................................................
$ 798,439
1,720,000
867,849
T ota l,......................................................................... $ 3,386,288
The earnings in the same year were,
Gross earnings,.............................................................
Expenses,........................................................................
$288,392
256,496
Net earnings,.............................................................
$ 31,896
B y the present sale the whole property brings $125,000.
MICHIGAN.
The Detroit D aily Advertiser states that the last legislature of Michi
gan not only passed a law extending the time for completing the landgrant rail-roads the full time allowed by the act o f Congress making
the grant, but also one giving them two hundred and forty sections as
soon as they shall complete twenty continuous miles o f road, provided
that the Lansing, Am boy and Traverse Bay Road shall be completed to
Lansing City from Owosso before being entitled to the additional one
hundred and twenty sections. This last law, it is confidently asserted,
will enable the companies to make such negotiations as are alone required
to finish these important roads.
1861.]
Rail-Road, Canal and Telegraph Statistics.
291
PHILADELPHIA.
A t a special meeting o f tlie board o f managers of the Philadelphia and
Reading Rail-Road Company, held on Saturday, June 1st, 1861, the resig
nation of A sa W h it n e y , Esq., president of the road, was accepted, to
take effect on the 15th July next. The adoption of Mr. W h it n e y ’ s re
signation o f the presidency was followed by his being elected a manager,
and C h a r l e s E. S m ith , Esq., one o f the present managers, was unani
mously elected president o f the road, to succeed Mr. W h it n e y . A t the
same meeting Mr. S t e el e resigned his offices o f vice-president and man
ager, to take effect on the 1st o f September 1861, and was unanimously
elected chief engineer o f the company, to take effect from that date.
RAILWAYS
I N A IJ S T R A L A S I A .
There are eight railways radiating from Melbourne in different direc
tions, from three stations. The Suburban, a competing line with part of
the Brighton, has been opened to Prahran and East St. Kilda. This
railway has another branch to Hawthorne. The following is a list of
those now in operation: Melbourne, St. Kilda and Brighton, 8 miles ;
Melbourne and Sandridge, 2]-; Melbourne and Williamstown, 9 ; Mel
bourne and Geelong, 47 ; Melbourne and Sunbury, 24 ; Melbourne and
Essenden, 4 t ; the Suburban, two branches, 7 : total, 102 miles. The
Sandhurst will be opened to W oodend, about 22 miles beyond Sunbury,
in March or April. The practicability of street tramways is under dis
cussion in the City Council, and locomotives on common roads are ac
tually in use in New South Wales.
TRAFFIC
THROUGH
FRANCE.
The remarkable increase in the flow of traffic through France this year,
which was noticed recently, still continues. The last weekly return of the
Paris, Lyons and Mediterranean line exhibits the immense increase (on only
two additional miles) o f £20,085, and since the commencement o f the
year the augmentation has been no less than £130,000, while on the
London and North Western— thanks to the “ unrestricted competition ”
which prevails in England— the advance has barely amounted to £10,000.
The increased traffic on the great French arterial line has been mainly,
derived from merchandise, which figures in the last weekly return for
£63,799, while passengers yielded the comparatively small sum o f £19,837:.
From this it would appear that the commercial resources of the south o f'
France are being much more actively developed than hitherto.
RAIL-ROAD
RRIDGES.
The directors of the New-York Central Rail-Road have commenced!
the construction of a new bridge over the Tonawanda Creek, at Batavia.
The Batavia Times states that the new structure will be a wrought iron,
trussed girder bridge of one hundred and twenty-four feet span,.embracing
the double track between two girders. The trusses consist of frames,
stiffened and strengthened by lattice work, and when viewed in sections
as they now lie in a detached and bulky form, impress us favorably as to.,
their capacity of sustaining an immense strain. The total weight o f ironused in its manufacture is 205 tons, and the bridge is capable o f sustain
ing a weight o f about twelve hundred and fifty tons, a strain five times
greater than can be brought to bear upon it by any passing train.
292
Rail-Road, Canal and Telegraph Statistics.
OCEAN
[September,
TELEGRAPHS.
The Geographical Society, popular and very prosperous, (for at each
o f its fortnightly meetings a score o f members are added to the 1,400
already enrolled,) met recently. The main subject discussed was the
North Atlantic electric cable. W e may offer a few observations on this
subject. The discussion arose out of papers read at the preceding meet
ing by the persons who conducted the survey by land and sea from Scot
land to Labrador, and when we say that those persons were Sir L eopold
M ’ C l in to c k , Captain A l la n Y ou n g and Dr. R a e , it is the same as say
ing that it was performed with still and intrepidity. But the practica
bility o f connecting the Old and New W orld by an electric cable is a very
different matter from a survey. Schemes as feasible, and even a good
deal more so, have totally failed; but the reader shall judge for him
self when we enumerate a few o f them. First, then, the great Atlantic
cable has been a great failure, and has cost the subscribers, as far as we
understand, £450,000; the pounds and cable are equally at the bottom
of the Atlantic. The next attempt was a greater, because a more costly
failure. This was the Red Sea and Indian affair. It was to have brought
the Nile and the Indus almost within hail of each other, although the
distance between them was little short o f 1,700 miles. For this adven
ture the government has given a guarantee of 4|- per cent, on a million
sterling for half a century, or, in other terms, the nation is for that long
time to pay an annuity o f £45,000 without receiving the smallest con
sideration in return. It never conveyed even a single message through
out, so that, as far as the nation is concerned, the million sovereigns
might as well have been consigned to the sea that swallowed up Pharaoh,
his horses, his chariots and his horsemen. In the able debate which
took place in the House o f Commons, an honorable member naively and
drolly ascribed the failure “ to certain occult causes at the bottom of the
sea, which could not be provided against.” Our next speculation was
meant to connect England with Spain by Falmouth and Gibraltar, and
the government bargained in this case for a first-rate cable at the cost of
some £400,000, but the Atlantic being deemed too deep for it, it was
transferred to Rangoon and Singapore, a distance of 1,200 miles, em
bracing the best part o f the Bay o f Bengal and the whole of the Straits
of Malacca, among a hundred isles, islets and coral reefs. The ship bear
ing it was wrecked in Plymouth harbor, when the cable was discovered
to be damaged by the corrosion o f the iron and the decomposition o f the
gutta percha. It was not, therefore, deemed good enough for the Indian
Ocean, and it is now destined to connect Malta with Alexandria; all the
cables o f the Mediterranean, whether English or French, having already
failed. If we include the cable which was to have connected Malta with
Spezzia, through Sardinia and Corsica, and that which was to have con
nected Malta with Corfu, both o f which have failed, we have spent not
less than two millions in experimenting upon oceanic cables. But we
are not the only people who have failed in the matter o f long cables.
The cable that was to have connected Algeria with France will not work,
although it embraces but the breadth o f the Mediterranean. The Dutch
laid down a cable between Batavia and Singapore about six months ago.
The distance is 660 miles, and it conveyed, like the great Atlantic cable,
a few messages, when it stopped. Ships’ anchors and coral reefs were
1861.]
Rail-Road, Canal and Telegraph Statistics.
293
fatal to i t ; it has broken a score of times, and has been finally given up
as a hopeless project. Such, then, being the result o f our experience of
oceanic electric cables, what chance o f success can there be with a cable
that proposes to bring the Old and New W orld together by the route of
Scotland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland and Labrador, over seas
infested by icebergs, and along ice-bound coasts? W e fear none what
ever. The distance is little short o f that across the South Atlantic.
There are sea-gaps o f 800 and of 500 miles, and the inhospitable land is
rather an hindrance than an advantage. W e are, then, decidedly of
opinion that a North Atlantic cable is a hopeless project that will not be,
and ought not to be, attempted. The government, goaded on by the
press and the public, has been already severely bitten, and will assuredly
not guarantee a farthing. W ithout its guarantee there will as assuredly
be no subscribers. Until some great discovery is made which no man
at present even dreams of, our electric cables must be confined to the
narrow seas, and the wafting of “ sighs from India to the P o le ” must be
still an achievement known only in the domain o f poetry.— Examiner.
THE
RUSSIAN
TELEGRAPH
FROM
CHI NA
TO E U R O P E .
It is an established fact that mercantile houses o f long standing in the
East are very conservative in their ways, and view with little favor the
innovations caused by steam and electricity. Lieutenant W a g h o r n , the
pioneer of the overland route to India, found small acceptance when he
visited Canton in 1838, and proposed to British merchants the formation
of the line afterwards made by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navi
gation Company; and had Chinese affairs remained as they were— had
there been no opium war, no Hong Kong under British rule— it is more
than probable that we should not to this hour have had a line o f mail
between this and Suez. Bearing this conservatism in mind, it seems
problematical whether the proposed line of telegraph between China and
Russian Europe is not deemed by leading merchants here a nuisance rather
than a good. This telegraph way, according to late advices, is making rapid
progress and is already complete over some 600 miles to the eastward of
Moscow, viz., to Perm, on the border o f Siberia, say to long. 55 deg. E. and
lat. 58 deg. N. Prom Perm the line will cross the Uralian Mountains to
Ickaterinberg, and thence to Toumain on the left bank o f the Irtysch.
From Toumain the line is to run to Omsk, a fortified town the importance
of which may be judged by the circumstance of its having a garrison o f
4.000 men. From Omsk the line will proceed to and through Tomsk
and on to Krasnoyarsk. This place is only 500 miles northwest of
Kiakhta, to reach which, however, the wire will pass through Irkutsk,
the capital of Eastern Siberia. From Kiakhta, (Mai-matsin, in China,) it
is proposed to carry the line over the Yablanovoi Mountains to Cheta, to
which place steamers already run from Nicalouski, on the Amoor. The
line will not follow the line o f the Am oor River, however, but across to
Nestchmisk, and then down the Shilka River to Ourstrelka, a point just
6.000 miles from Moscow. How long it will take to construct the whole
line we are not in a position to say ; two or three years perhaps. Once
constructed, however, the terminus on this side will become a place o f
note, and prove a leading instrument in the steady march of civilization
in the East.— Friend o f China.
294
Rail-Road, Canal and Telegraph Statistics.
THE
MALTA
AND A L E X A N D R I A
[September,
TELEGRAPH.
Messrs. F ord and L a w s , electric telegraph engineers, returned from
the coast of Barbary, in the M o h a w k , last week, whither they had pro
ceeded in that vessel for the purpose o f selecting a landing-place for the
electric cable about to be laid between Malta and Alexandria. The
points at which it has now been determined to land the cable are Ben
gasi and Tripoli. In Malta it will be landed at Marsasirocco, (St. George’s
Creek,) and arrangements for this purpose are being made. The land
line will pass between Casal Asciak and CasalZeitun by Casal Tarscien and
Casal Paola, through Marsa, into the town. The wire will be raised on the
newly-invented iron tripod supporters, and not on wooden poles, as in the
case of the Corfu and Sicily lines. The cable, on board o f three or four
ships, may be expected here about the end o f the month.— Malta Times.
NEW
SUBMARINE
TELEGRAPH
CABLE.
The renewed concession o f the French government to the Submarine
Telegraph Company having stipulated that a third cable should be laid
for more direct communication with Lyons, Bordeaux, Toulon, Genoa
and the Mediterranean, the A s ia screw steamship took on board 81 miles
of cable for that purpose, and with Mr. H e n l e y , the contractor for laying
it, proceeded to Dieppe. The shore end having been successfully laid,
the A s ia returned to Beachy Head, making 58^ miles, and the cable
was carried ashore without accident at Birling Gap, about a mile to the
westward o f Beachy Head. This cable constitutes an addition o f 60
miles to 806 already laid by this company.
THE
AMERICAN
TARIFF
IN
ENGLAND.
A feeling akin to consternation pervaded a portion o f the iron trade on
’Change at Wolverhampton on the 6th of March, at the intelligence that
the new American tariff bill had, in all probability, become law. Should
this bill become law, it will prove most disastrous to the iron trade of
Great Britain, inasmuch as scarcely any iron of British make can, with
such a duty as that proposed, find any sale in the American markets.
On bars, the principal description sent out, the increased duty would be
more than a guinea a ton ; on hoops, chiefly used by the southern States
for baling their cotton, £2 6 s.; on boiler plates, £1 1 4 s.; and on all
kinds o f sheet iron, £1 17s. The increase on hardware will be in the
same proportion. On best cast and sheer steel the proposed increase
would be 92 per cen t.; second quality, 120 ; extra, (axe temper.) 81 ;
table blade, 13 6 ; common hoe and fork, 167; round machinery, 154;
best German, 216 ; second quality, 241 ; best sheet, (cast,) 54 ; hoe and
shovel, (cast,) 142; best quality blister, 1 03; second ditto, 2 1 1 ; gin
saw steel, (best,) 87£, and second quality, 123 per cent.
FRENCH
RAILWAYS.
A bill has been presented to the legislative body authorizing the con
struction o f 25 railways, o f a total length o f 823 miles, which are to cost
1861.]
Rail-Road, Canal and Telegraph Statistics.
295
£14,692,000. Amongst the number is the Paris Girdle Railway on the
left bank, to cost £880,000. The expenditure upon French railways up
to the end of last year has been, by the State, £32,440,000, and by com
panies, £152,000,000, making a total o f £184,440,000. On the 1st of
January of the present year the State had contracted to pay the railway
companies £7,870,000, and the companies had undertaken works for rail
ways already conceded to cost £57,320,000; and for lines to be hereafter
conceded to cost £12,000,000.
HORSE
RAILWAYS
IN N E W - Y O R K .
In the official report of the New-York State Engineer and Surveyor,
made to the legislature at its last session, are the following statistics
respecting city railway companies. The figures are for the year ending
September 30, 1860 :
Passengers.
Receipts.
Expenses.
Dividends.
Brooklyn C ity,...........10,477,984 ..$ 5 2 0 ,8 5 5 18 ..$ 4 0 9 ,9 5 9 38 ..$ 8 0 ,0 0 0
Eighth Avenue,.......... 7,775,040 . .
388,750 20 . .
274,121 84 . . 120,000
Ninth Avenue,........... 1,984,341 . .
99,217 07 . .
70,958 72 ................
Second Avenue,........
5,196,602 . .
263,061 73 . .
233,362 43 . . 52,000
Sixth Avenue,............
7,398,908 . .
369,945 40 . .
261,698 64 . . 90,000
Third Avenue,............ 12,109,417 ..
610,597 17 . .
445,241 53 .. 122,850
SCINDE
(INDIA)
RAILWAY.
B y advices from Kurrachee, dated 21st April, several heavy trains have
passed over the railway with regularity and safety, some o f them con
taining about 300 passengers. The line has also been used for the con
veyance o f troops, artillery carriages, military stores, and for Punjaub
materials. The Parsees and other traders at Tattah, on the Indus, are
forming branch establishments at the Joongshaei station, and the col
lector of the district is laying out the surrounding ground for building
purposes. The Tattah traders also propose constructing, at their own
expense, a branch or tramway to connect Joongshaei with Tattah. The
company’s steamer S t a n l e y was to leave the terminus at Kotree, on
the Indus, for Mooltan, it being her first commercial trip, on 23d o f April,
taking first and second class passengers, with about 200 tons o f cargo,
receiving for the upward freight alone about £1,200. Cargo had been
already collected at Mooltan for the return trip to Kotree.
ENGLISH
ENTERPRISE
IN I ND I A .
The Bombay Gazette, o f February 2d, gives a description of a stupen
dous railway enterprise in progress near that place, called the “ Bhore
Ghaut Incline,” which, in other words, is an inclined railway on the
Ghaut Mountains, believed to be the greatest undertaking o f its kind
in the world. This incline is an enormous mass o f masonry, crowded
upon an unhealthy, desolate and almost inaccessible mountain scarp. As
showing the capabilities of English enterprise, it is specially noteworthy.
On a recent excursion of the principal residents of Bombay to inspect
these works, the chairman o f the Bombay Committee of the Great Indian
Peninsular Railway made a comparison with the celebrated Semring
296
Rail-Road, Canal and Telegraph Statistics.
[September,
Incline, on the railway between Trieste and Vienna, which is 13-j- miles
long and 1,831 feet in height, whereas the Ghaut Incline is 1,831 feet
higher from base to summit, and extends 15-J miles. The number of
laborers in constant employment on this work is from 40,000 to 43,000,
and the amount o f contract work performed in a single month has ex
ceeded $200,000, or £50,000 sterling.
RAILWAY
PROGRESS
IN I NDI A.
The present financial difficulties o f the railway companies, and the
English demand for cotton, (says the Friend o f India,) are calling atten
tion to the state o f the existing lines. The East Indian Kailway, com
menced in 1851, will probably be finished in 1865. The line will be
opened as far as Bhagulpore, 264 miles from Calcutta, in about six
months. The communication with Benares will be effected some time
in 1862, and the line between Allahabad and Agra in February o f that
year. The link between Benares and Allahabad will be among the last
to be supplied. Turning to the south, we find that the line eastward
from Beypore will soon be completed to Parasanoor, a distance o f 30
miles. O f the 405 miles from Madras to Beypore, 207 are open to
Salem. The branch line, 84 miles, to Bangalore, leaving the trunk line
132 miles from Madras, is in progress. Nothing has yet been done to
the branch from Coimbatore, 22 miles, to Metapolliem, at foot of the
Neilgherries. The Madras and Bombay line leaves the main trunk to
Beypore, 42|- miles from Madras. O f its whole length, via Bellary, for
327 miles to Moodgul, where the G. I. P. line will meet it, 182| miles
are in progress, and 17 are opened for traffic from the junction. O f the
335J miles of the Great Southern o f India line, from Negapatam on the
coast to Trichin op oly, 78|- miles are in progress, and will be open about
the middle o f the year. Nothing has yet been done to the branch, for
87 miles, to Errode, to join the Beypore line, or to the branch, for 170
miles, via Madura to Tuticorin. O f the Great Peninsular Railway, 350
miles are now open. The Bombay and Baroda Railway is open from
Lucheen, ten miles north of Surat, to Dolia, nine miles north o f Baroda.
The whole difficulty in the way o f India supplying England with cotton
is the want o f easy and cheap means o f communication between the
interior and the coast. To this, more than to the establishment o f
societies for supplying seed and machinery to the ryots, should Man
chester direct its attention. The Bombay government has deputed
Captain A n d e r s o n to visit the great cotton districts o f the Southern
Mahratta country. He will be accompanied by a Bombay merchant.
The supreme government are about to nominate an official for the same
purpose from Calcutta, to begin his inquiries from Mirzapore, and extend
them through Central India.
RAILWAYS
IN
INDIA.
The report on railways in India, for the year 1860, by Mr. D a n v e r s ,
the secretary o f that department, has just been published. It appears
that, on the 31st of December last, the number o f miles open was 842,
being an increase o f 208 during the twelve months. Of these 842 miles,
1861 . ]
Rail-Road, Canal and Telegraph Statistics.
297
100 are constructed with double and 742 with single lines o f rail. The
most important o f the lately completed sections is that on the Eastern
Indian Railway, between Cynthea and Rajmahal, Calcutta being thus
connected with the Ganges, so as to render it possible for 250 miles of
dangerous river navigation to be avoided. No new lines have been
sanctioned during the year, and the Oude Company has been postponed ;
227 miles of the East Indian Railway Company’s scheme, (Allahabad to
Jubbulpore,) 240 miles of the Punjaub Company’s scheme, (Delhi to
Lahore,) and 183 miles of the Great Indian Peninsula and Madras Com
panies’ schemes, (Sholapore to Bellary,) have also been postponed. The
extent of line now in course o f execution is 2,932-J- miles, o f which 1,353^
miles are expected to be opened during the present year, and the remain
der in 1862. This will include the great trunk line from Calcutta to Delhi.
A scheme has been brought forward for a line into the Guicowar’s terri
tory, in connection with the Bombay and Baroda, and another to bring
the French town of Karricall, on the coast o f Madras, into communication
with the Great Southern o f India line. These, however, are foreign works,
and the India government, although desirous of facilitating them, have no
direct concern with them. The importance o f constructing ordinary roads
as feeders on the railway lines is engaging attention, and the Madras gov
ernment has sanctioned the construction of forty-three roads, of an aggre
gate length o f 1,083 miles. The annual earnings o f railways, on the 30th
of June last, were £318,310, and will probably amount to £400,000 for
the year ending 30th June n ex t; but, although the indications of traffic
are satisfactory, the ultimate prospects cannot be estimated with accuracy
until the entire cost o f each line shall have been conclusively ascertained.
Up to the end o f last year the total number of shareholders in Indian
railways was 17,118, o f whom only 336 were native Indians. The latest
estimates for the completion o f all the lines sanctioned in India amount
to £56,000,000, o f which, however, about £7,000,000 represent the cost
of the sections that are to be postponed, reducing the essential amount
to £49,000,000. O f this sum, £34,396,444 had been raised up to the
30th ult., the end of the Indian official year, leaving about fourteen or
fifteen millions to be supplied, of which at least £8,000,000 will be
required for the twelve months ending the 30tli of April, 1862. O f
these eight millions six will be expended in India.
RAILWAY
DIRECTORS
IN
FRANCE.
Accounts have been given o f the prosecution o f M. M ill a u d (formerly
a partner of M. M ir e s ) and of Mr. S t o k e s , before the tribunal o f correc
tional police, for alleged fraud in connection with the Nassau Railways ;
(a prosecution which ended in the acquittal of the former and the con
demnation of the latter, by default, to five years’ imprisonment;) also of
actions brought against M il l a u d , before the civil courts, by shareholders
in those railways, to get back sums which they had paid. Two days
back four other persons brought a new action before the civil tribunal
against M il l a u d , and also against General M o lin es d e S ain t Y on , M.
L e v y and M. C h e p p e s , who had been, with him, directors of the Nassau
Railway, to obtain restitution of the sums they had paid for shares, on
the ground that they subscribed on an assurance that the company had
Rail-Road, Canal and Telegraph Statistics.
298
[September,
obtained from the Nassau government the guarantee of a minimum
revenue of seven per cent., and that such statement was altogether false.
The tribunal, after hearing pleadings, condemned all the defendants to
reimburse the sums in question, and to pay interest at five per cent, on
the amount. W ith regard to M il l a u d , who was the originator o f the
affair, the court ordered that if the restitution were not made without
delay, he might be arrested and lodged in the debtors’ prison.
THE
QUALITY
OF
IRON
RAILS.
Quality, not quantity, is the essential for economy in buying rails.
How hard we have striven to impress this fact, so well known to every
workman or employee on a railway, upon the hard heads of some man
agers. Now it is a fact, that rails costing eighty dollars per ton may be
really cheap, while others costing twenty dollars may be actually very
dear. There is the same difference in the quality o f rails that there is
in boots and shoes. An expert can readily detect the real value o f rails,
as well as some railway managers can tell the quality o f a piece of roast
beef or mutton they are masticating. Just remember this fa c t: there is
no company so rich that it can afford to pay for poor material for the
superstructure of its line. In England the necessity o f employing good
iron for rails is now so generally acknowledged, that, in order to insure
a superior quality, one o f the greatest railway companies have established
works to manufacture their own iron, and another company, not less
important, are just about to follow their example. In the United States,
too, the managers o f the best conducted roads do not scruple to pay from
five to fifteen dollars per ton above the quoted market rates for rails.
They find this is true economy, and so will the rest of them if they
secure what they pay for— rails of the best quality. The heaps o f refuse
material which is rolled into the shape o f rails, and peddled about the
country at a low price, is just like P in d a r ’ s razors— made to sell, not
wear. Experts for the examination of rails can be had if the companies
are willing to pay for the service they render; and let us assure our
managers that they can afford to pay well for just this kind o f informa
tion, or rather, they can’t afford not to have the information, no matter
what it costs to procure it.— Railway Times.
THE
TEXAS
AND
KEff-ORLEANS
RAIL-ROAD.
The Texas division of the Texas and New-Orleans Rail-Road has been
completed to this city. The whole distance from Houston to' NewOrleans is about three hundred and forty miles. O f this distance there
are now one hundred and eighty miles o f completed road, and forty
miles more (Brashear to New Iberia) ready for the iron, leaving but one
hundred and twenty miles to be built.
Houston, as the rail-road centre o f Texas will, when the whole road
is completed, pour a trade over it of enormous proportions. Already
there are spreading out in four directions from it, rail-roads in the aggre
gate 280 miles in length, besides this under consideration, striking to
the heart of the great sugar region, the great stock region, the great cot
1861 . ]
Rail-Road, Canal and Telegraph Statistics.
299
ton region, and ultimately the great wheat region o f this State. Other
roads are projected to become the channel of trade for all Eastern Texas,
and all these roads must be the feeders o f the New-Orleans road, when
once it goes into operation. As the connecting link between the rail
road system of Texas and the commercial metropolis o f the Confederacy,
the importance o f this road cannot w ell be over-estimated.— Houston
Telegraph, May, 1861.
THE
LADRONE
ISLANDS.
The Ladrones comprise a group of not very extensive islands, some
twenty or more in number, but situated so close together, that on ap
proaching them they have the appearance o f one large irregular island.
Contrary to the general aspect o f the Polynesian Islands, the Ladrones
present a rugged, gloomy appearance, dark, beetling cliffs rising to a
towering height perpendicularly from the water’s edge. The interior of
the islands is, however, fertile in the extreme, the country being overrun
with rank, luxuriant vegetation, differing singularly from the trim, neat
manner in which Nature herself has decked the Society, Fiji and
Friendly groups— for, strange to say, in these latter, however indolent
and careless the natives, the soil always seems to be well cultivated, and
vegetation trimmed to the perfection o f neatness.
The Ladrone Islands were discovered by Magellan, in the middle of
the 17th century, and were named from the Spanish word for thief, (Ladrone,) in consequence o f the thievish disposition o f the inhabitants,
though in reality they are no worse than their neighbors. They belong
to Spain, though the Spanish government has made no use o f them, and
of late years has withdrawn the few civil and military settlements form
erly maintained on the Island of Tinian. The natives appear to be a hap
py, careless, indolent, contented race o f savages, apparently a cross be
tween a Papuan negro and the Polynesian aborigines.
THE
SOURCES
OF T H E
NILE.
The Levant Herald says:— “ Baron H o c h b e in , envoy from the Duke
of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, who recently presented the Grand Vizier with
the decoration from that prince, left during the past week for Alexan
dria, after himself receiving the third class o f the Medjidieh. From
Alexandria he proceeds, accompanied by six scientific fellow-travellers
and an armed escort o f thirty attendants, to explore the sources o f the
Nile. The Prussian government has placed a sloop of war in the Red
Sea at the disposal of the party. The Baron has already made one jour
ney to Soudan, and on this second expedition intends, it is said, to pene
trate into a country which has been explored by no previous traveller.”
THE
AMOOR
COUNTRY.
According to the report o f Mr. C o l l in s , the Am oor River has an out
let in the ocean, which can be entered by merchant ships and steamers,
and it is navigable for steamboats more than two thousand miles from
the Pacific Ocean. Already seven American commercial houses have
300
Mail-Road, Canal and Telegraph Statistics.
[September,
been established at Nicolaiosky, the commercial port o f the Amoor,
with which there is now communication by means of ships and steam
boats from the United States. It can be reached by steamboats in two
days from Hakodadi and other ports in Japan, with which a profitable
trade has already sprung up.
On the tributaries o f the Am oor is a population of fifteen or twenty
millions of people, inhabiting a vast and productive country, not desti
tute of wealth in material resources, and the valleys, watered by the
Amoor, are rapidly filling up with the military colonies of Russia. There
is a growing demand for the products of American industry and inge
nuity.
EXPLORATION
OF
THE
RED
SEA.
A report was presented last week to the Academy o f Sciences, on a
paper sent in some time ago by M. C o u rbo n , on the results obtained b y
him during an expedition sent to the Red Sea for scientific purposes b y
the Emperor of the French. M. Sr. C l a ir e D e v il l e , who was the re
porter for the geological part, stated that M. C o u rbon had minutely ex
amined many parts of both coasts o f the Red Sea, had also crossed the
Egyptian Desert between Cosseir and the ruins o f Thebes, and even pen
etrated to the neighborhood o f the town of Halay, in Abyssinia. O f
this country M. C o u rbo n has made a highly interesting geological map,
and, moreover, given a minute description of the configuration of the
soil at Jeddah, the Island o f Desseh and the Bay o f Adulis, the Island
o f Doomairali, &c. A t Edd he found an immense basaltic wall built
by nature, the whole country being of volcanic formation. The Island
o f Perim is trachytic. The culminating points o f the island reach an
elevation of 228 feet, and prove that the island itself is the result of a
volcanic eruption under the sea. The lava had first raised up the large
bank of madrepores which covered the bottom, and had then forced its
way through the interstices, and become visible over the water. This
volcano, the vast crater of which embraced the Bay of Perim, in course
of time covered the new island with mud, ashes, trachytic blocks, &c.,
and then became extinguished. M. Y a l e n c ie n n e s , who reported on the
zoological part, noticed among the specimens brought by M. C ou rbon a
new species o f the genus gymnodactylus. It is a Saurian, to which M.
V a l e n c ie n n e s has given the name o f gymnocephalus. There were also
two species of fish, the cyprinodon lunatus and cyprinodon dispar, which
M. C ou rbon had fished in a lake near Massuah, the waters o f ■which
marked as much as 111 ° of Fahrenheit. This was the first instance on re
cord of cyprinodons living in such warm water. A third kind of fish in
habiting the rivers o f Abyssinia, quite unknown, and belonging to a ge
nus of which a single species only has yet been met with in Java, M.
V a l e n c ie n n e s has called balitora pusilla. M. B r o g n ia r t , the reporter
on the botanical part, stated that M. C ou rbon had presented his valuable
herbarium to the Museum of Natural History, and mentioned several
new species or varieties of plants brought home by the enterprising trav
eller.
301
Journal o f Insurance.
1861.]
J O UR NA L OF I NS URANCE.
FIRE
INSURANCE.
T he annexed table, com piled from a parliamentary return just issued,
shows the amount o f duty paid by the fire insurance offices o f the
U nited K ingdom during the year 1860. The total duty paid was
£1,558,585 :
S u n ,............................................. £ 216,215
Phoenix......................................... 138,878
86,682
Royal Exchange,.......................
N orwich Union,.........................
82,309
County,........................................
70,473
Imperial, ...................................
61,897
Liverpool and London,.............
60,952
West of England,.......................
59,856
R oyal,..........................................
69,534
Alliance,......................................
51,849
Globe,..........................................
45,858
Atlas,...........................................
45,727
Manchester,...............................
41,791
Law..............................................
35,938
Guardian.....................................
34,172
London,........................................
33,620
Westminster................................
33,053
Union...........................................
32,194
Scottish Union...........................
32,001
Leeds and Yorkshire,...............
27,588
North British,...........................
26,879
Lancashire,.................................
24,698
Y orkshire,..................................
22,870
Northern,....................................
21,841
General,.......................................
17,013
Unity,..........................................
16,280
Birmingham,.............................
15,925
LIFE
POLICIES
NOT
Kent,............................................ £ 15,601
12,950
Caledonian,.................................
Royal Farmers,..........................
12,302
Hand-in-Hand,............................
10,490
Scottish Provincial,..................
10,081
Birmingham District,...............
8,998
Law U n io n ................................
7,196
Essex and Suffolk,.....................
7,120
National. Ireland,.....................
6,948
National, Scotland,...................
6,895
Provincial,..................................
6,594
Patriotic,.....................................
6,264
Queen,..........................................
6,251
State.............................................
5,697
Midland Counties,.....................
5,503
Church of England,...................
5,370
Nottingham and D erby,...........
4,996
Salop,..........................................
4,088
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,...............
3,782
Sheffield..................................
3,635
Norwich Equitable,...................
3,140
Hants, Sussex and Dorset,. . . .
2,464
Equitable.....................................
2,180
Shropshire and North Wales,.
2,061
United Kingdom Provident,.. .
1,398
704
Emperor,.....................................
Preserver,....................................
24
SUBJECT
TO
FORFEITURE.
The following is an extract from the report of Hon. W il l ia m B a r n e s ,
Superintendent o f the Insurance Department, to the legislature o f NewY ork :
“ The entire forfeiture o f policies by the non-payment o f premiums at
a certain specified date has long been a serious obstacle to the increase
of life insurance. The impolicy, if not the injustice of this provision, is
practically acknowledged by nearly all the companies, and the forfeiture
is seldom fully enforced. I cannot but regard it, therefore, as a matter
o f public congratulation that the New-York Life Insurance Company has
issued a table of rates of premium for life policies expressly stipulating
that after the receipt of two or more annual premiums, if further pay
ments are discontinued, a new policy will be issued to the original
holder, if living, for a specified proportion of the sum insured, or, if de
ceased, an equitable sum will be paid to his family or legal representa
tives.”
Journal o f Insurance.
302
THE
GREAT
FIRE
IN
[September,
LONDON.
The Phoenix and the Sun are the heaviest sufferers by the London fire
o f 22d and 23d June, the former to the extent o f about £225,000, and
the latter, we believe, not much short o f that amount. The Alliance
will, in all probability, be the third on the list o f sufferers; and following,
in respect of amount o f loss, the order in which we place their names,
the Royal, the London Assurance Corporation, the Royal Exchange, the
Atlas, the Globe, and the Liverpool and London, form a group with the
Alliance. A third group will be formed by the Manchester, the Northern,
the Imperial and the Lancashire. From this point the losses, we have
reason to believe, will be found diminishing in amount through the fol
lowing series of offices: the Unity, the Union, the General, the W est
minster, the Queen, the Leeds and Yorkshire, and the W est of England,
which last named company will be found to have “ got out of the fire”
with the comparatively small loss o f about £5,000; and aless sum even than
that will be found sufficient to discharge the respective liabilities o f the
Guardian, the Church o f England, the Iland-in-Hand, the Law Union,
the Royal Farmers, the* Provincial Welsh and the Yorkshire. The
County Office has entirely escaped, its business chiefly consisting o f the
insurance of private dwellings and the property they contain. The
losses o f the Law, in respect o f the extent o f its transactions, will, from
a like cause, be found to be very light. The State, according to the de
claration o f its officials, stands at nil. The Scottish offices, namely, the
Scottish Union, the Caledonian, the North British and the Scottish Pro
vincial, had no primary risk on the property; but they will be sufferers,
to some extent, by guarantee to other offices. The entire amount of loss
sustained by the whole o f the insurance companies may be estimated at
£1,200,000, a sum that will probably not fall far short o f the premium in
come of the present year; so that the richer class of companies will have
to draw upon their reserve funds for the payment o f all other losses o f
the year; whilst, in some few cases, in order to make provisions for such
payment, it may be necessary, where the capital is not fully paid up, to
make a call on the shareholders.— P ost Magazine and Insurance Monitor.
FIRE-PROOF
BUILDINGS.
The late gigantic fire at London Bridge has tested and found wanting our
present system o f fire-proofing warehouses. Party-walls of immense thick
ness, stone staircases, iron beams and pillars have been o f no avail against
the spontaneous combustion o f a little heap o f hem p; and the proba
bility, indeed, is, that one o f the most valuable lives in our working hive
has been sacrificed to our latest notion of fire-proofing warehouses con
taining highly inflammable commodities. It is instructive to know that
poor B r a id w o o d to the last protested against the use o f cast-iron in the
construction of our river-side warehouses. In the paper he read at the
Institution of Civil Engineers in 1849, “ on fire-proof buildings,” he de
nounced the use o f this untrustworthy material in the most decided
manner, and pointed out that some great calamity must inevitably befall
the men of the fire brigade, sooner or later, in their attempts to extin
guish the vast conflagrations which were likely to take place in those ex
tensive buildings. His own destruction has been the first testimony to the
Journal o f Insurance.
1861.]
303
correctness o f his views. The fire raging in one o f these warehouses can
only be compared to that of a blast furnace, and in consequence o f the
cast-iron pillars speedily become red-hot, the water from the hose falling
upon these pillars suddenly contracts and snaps them like so much glass,
and, of course, the floors fall in at once. There is another danger to those
outside these warehouses. The massive girders of cast-iron supporting
the flooring of course expand with the heat; and no walls, however
strongly built, can possibly withstand their lateral thrust, and down they
come, to the destruction of those near at hand. W e have no doubt
whatever that this was the cause o f the falling o f the wall which kijled
poor B r a id w o o d . It was proved on the inquest that there was no salt
petre in this part of the building; it was also proved that no explosion
took place here at all. It has been suggested that the walls were burst
out by the swelling o f the cotton bales, but it is quite needless to attempt
such an explanation when we know the iron girders, heated to a white
heat as they were, must have elongated nearly half a foot, pressing be
fore them the solid wall.— London Review.
NEW
INSURANCE
LAWS
OF
MASSACHUSETTS.
The following is a list of titles o f acts relating to insurance compa
nies, &c., passed at the last session o f the Massachusetts Legislature :
3. To continue in force an act to incorporate the Cambridge Mutual
Insurance Company.
7. To extend and alter an act to incorporate the Union Mutual Ma
rine Insurance Company.
9. To authorize the Hingham Mutual Fire Insurance Company to hold
real estate.
14. Granting further time to the Suffolk Insurance Company to close
its affairs.
17. To continue in force an act to incorporate the Weymouth and
Braintree Mutual Fire Insurance Company in Weymouth.
19. Relating to the Springfield Fire and Marine Insurance Company.
45. To change the name of the Mechanics’ Mutual Fire Insurance
Company.
47. In addition to an act to incorporate the Arkwright Mutual Fire
Insurance Company.
55. To reduce the capital stock and the number o f the Directors of
the National Insurance Company in Boston.
69. To incorporate the Fall River Mutual Fire Insurance Company.
72. In addition to an act to incorporate the Howard Fire Insurance
Company.
101. To incorporate the Nonantum Fire Insurance Company.
117. Extending the time for paying in the capital stock o f the Phoe
nix Insurance Company.
150. To incorporate the Cape Cod Mutual Fire Insurance Company.
152. Concerning the form o f Policies of Fire Insurance.
170. In regard to agents of Insurance Companies.
185. To incorporate the Mutual Protective Fire Insurance Company.
186. To regulate the forfeiture o f policies of Life Insurance.
189. Relating to the term o f Insurance Companies.
304
Journal o f Nautical Intelligence.
[September,
J O U R N A L OF N A U T I C A L I N T E L L I G E N C E .
PRICES
OF
IRON
PROPELLERS.
A l a t e number o f tbe Savannah Republican contains an article on
purchasing steamers, containing the following table, which is said to be
“ furnished by a leading ship-yard in Glasgow, Scotland, and may be
relied on by those who would embark in the business
G
s
284
280
275
252
260
..
••
..
..
..
l a s g o w
P
r ic e s
$
25 .. 200
86
38^ .. 25 .. 300
22 .. 250
36
24 .. 250
35
35 .. 23 .. 250
OFFER
TO
o f
P
r o p e l l e r
S
&if
N
SO
Srvi
tsL
..
..
..
..
14%
15
14%
14%
14%
THE
t e a m s h ip s
.. 9 ..
..10 ..
.. 9% ..
..10 ..
..
••
20
25
22
20
18
LIFE-BOAT
..
..
..
..
..
—
I
r o n
op
1
1,808
2,000
1,760
1,500
1,600
H
..
..
..
..
..
u l l s
.
®
0
§
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
§
.. £41,000
.. 45,000
.. 42,000
.. 34,500
.. 40,000
INSTITUTION.
A gentleman has intimated his intention to bequeath to the National
Life-Boat Institution £3,000, on the condition that the society will, on
the receipt of his legacy, place a first-class life-boat, thoroughly equipped,
on some exposed point o f the English coast, and another on the Scotch
coast, and will undertake thereafter to keep them permanently in a state
o f efficiency. He also stipulates, that in the event o f his increasing his
bequest to £4,000, a third life-boat, on the same conditions, shall be
placed on the Irish coast. The National Life-Boat Institution has now
112 life-boats under its charge. The late Mrs. S h e d d e n W a t so n has
bequeathed to the National Life-Boat Institution £500, to enable it to
plant an additional life-boat on the coast, to be called “ The Brave
R o bert S h e d d e n .”
Mr. S h e d d e n , who was Mrs. W a t so n ’ s son, and
was a lieutenant in the royal navy, had made a voyage around the
world in his own yacht. Mrs. W at so n was, up to the period o f her
death, an annual subscriber of £10 10s. to the Life-Boat Institution.
NEW
MODE
OF P R O P E L L I N G
BOATS.
An experiment o f a very interesting character was tried in the docks
o f the Grand Surrey Canal, Rotherhithe, London. Mr. J a m es C a r t e r ,
a gentleman o f a very ingenious bent in the application of mechanics,
has for some years been elaborating a scheme of propelling river crafts
o f all sizes by atmospheric pressure. A discharge o f air is effected
beneath the vessel, acting downwards on the water and upwards on the
sloping side of the boat, which is made flat for the better attainment
of a due resistance. A crazy barge, of the “ fly-boat” shape and ca
pacity, was fitted up with boiler, engine and air-pump, got together
Journal o f Nautical Intelligence.
1861.]
305
in haste, and but ill-adapted each to each. As for the engine, it was
described as of “ two cats’ p o w e r a n d yet the force attained was suf
ficient to tow a heavy ladened lighter.
One evident and palpable
recommendation of the machinery is, that its chief motive agent is
exempt from wear and tear. There is no concussion, no friction o f any
kind in those parts immediately connected with the propulsion o f the
vessel.
INTERESTING
TO
Y A C H T MEN.
It will be seen by the following paragraph, from an English paper,
that the grand British regatta of July next was open to comers from all
the w orld :
“ The Royal Mersey Yacht Club having decided on holding a general
regatta on the 4th and 5th o f July next, on the Mersey, her Majesty has
graciously expressed, through her secretary, her intention of presenting
a £100 cup to the club, to be sailed for by yachts belonging to any
royal or national club. In other words, the competition will be open to
all the world. A general subscription has been entered into by the
members o f the club, in order that the regatta may be conducted on the
most liberal and extensive scale, and many liberal donations have already
been received. A full programme will be issued in due time.”
The Liverpool Mercury, o f the 12th, published the following tele
graphic despatch from the Board of Trade in London : “ Hoist signal
down— dangerous winds may be expected.” Vessels did not leave port
in consequence.
THE
DERELICT
E R I N - G O- B R A G H .
In the Court o f Admiralty, Dublin, on the 11th March, 1861, a
petition was opened on behalf o f the association o f Lloyd’s Underwriters
of London, which stated that, in the month o f November last, L. M.
W il s o n , of Quebec, timber merchant, had shipped at Quebec a large
cargo of timber, on board the E r in - g o -B r a g h , o f Liverpool, which, by
the bills of lading, duly signed by T h o m as F l a v io r , the then master,
was consigned to the order o f the shipper ; and that, after having taken
that lading, the bark proceeded in the prosecution o f her voyage to the
United Kingdom, and on that voyage became dismasted, and was
abandoned at sea. The cargo having been insured at L l o y d ’ s , was paid
for by them as a total loss; and the bills o f lading thereupon endorsed
to them, that body became the legal owners o f the cargo, should it ever
be recovered.
It appeared that the vessel, after being abandoned,
drifted towards the western coast of Ireland and was discovered ; and
eventually, after four days continued exertions, was brought in as a dere
lict by the R o v e r , a steamer belonging to the Atlantic Steam Navigation
Company. That steamer having commenced proceedings in the Court
of Admiralty for salvage, the Queen, in her office of admiralty, intervened,
assuming the property to be derelict, subject to the claims o f the salvors
and to all claims o f rightful owners. The Queen’ s advocate now with
drew his opposition, and a decree for the plaintiff was consented to.
VO L. x l v .— n o . h i .
20
306
Journal o f Nautical Intelligence.
A NE W
PI ER
AT
S OUTHPORT,
[September,
LANCAS HI RE.
This pier was constructed at right angles to the line o f promenade facing
the sea, on an extensive tract of sand reaching to low water, a distance of
nearly one mile. Its length was 1,200 yards, and the breadth of the foot
way was fifteen feet. At the sea end there was an oblong platform, one
hundred feet long, thirty-two feet wide, at right angles to the line of foot
way. The superstructure was supported upon piers, each consisting of
three cast-iron columns, and each column was in three lengths. The lowest
length, or pile-proper, was sunk into the sand to the depth of seven or
nine feet. These piles were provided at their bases with circular discs,
eighteen inches diameter, to form a bearing surface. A gas-tube was
passed down the inside o f each pile, and was forced four inches into the
sand. When a connection was made with the Water Company’s mains,
a pressure o f water, o f about fifty lbs. to the inch, was obtained, which
was found sufficient to remove the sand from under the disc. There
were cutters on the under side o f the discs, so that, on an alternating
motion being given to the pile, the sand was loosened.
After the
pressure o f water had been removed about five minutes, the piles settled
down to so firm a bearing, that, when tested with a load o f twelve tons
each, no signs of settlement could be perceived. The upper lengths of
the columns had cast-iron bearing plates for receiving the ends o f the
longitudinal lattice girders, each fifty feet long and three feet deep.
The centre row o f girders having double the duty of the outside ones,
top and bottom plates were added. The weight o f wrought-iron work
in each bay was four tons five cwt., and, o f cast-iron work, one ton
seventeen cwt. The second bay from the shore was tested by a load of
thirty-five tons, equally distributed, wdien the mean deflection of the
three girders, in twenty-four hours, was one and a half inches, and there
was a permanent set of half an inch, on the load being removed.
The advantages claimed for this mode of construction w ere:—
1st Economy in first cost, especially in sinking the piles, which did not
amount to more than four and a half pence per foot, 2c?. The small surface
exposed to the action o f wind and waves. 3d. Similarity o f parts, thus
reducing the cost to a minimum. 4th. The expeditious manner o f ob
taining a solid foundation— an important matter in tidal work. Two
hundred and thirty-seven piles were thus sunk in six weeks.
The estimated cost of the pier and approaches was £10,400. The
works had been completed for £9,319, being at the rate o f £7 15s. 4d.
per lineal yard. The pier was designed by Mr. B r u n l e e s , M . Inst. C. E..
and the superintendence of the construction was entrusted to the author,
as resident engineer; Messrs. G a l l o w a y being the contractors.-— Proc.
Inst. Civ. Eng., March 5, 1801.
THE
DRUMMOND
LIGHT.
W e announced, som e time since, that Professor G r a n t had been em
ployed by the government to erect one o f his powerful calcium lights at
Fortress Monroe, in order to shed light upon any nocturnal schemes that
might be undertaken in that quarter. This is the most brilliant o f all
artificial lights, and will serve as a valuable agent even in war.
An improvement in the arrangement o f the lime-points has lately been
1861.]
Journal o f Nautical Intelligence.
307
patented by P r o s s e r & S t a n l e y , o f London, for increasing the in
tensity of this light. It consists in arranging two lime-points opposite
one another, towards the jets of flame, and they are made to converge
toward a common centre, by being gradually pressed forward with a
spring or a weight, to keep the points in contact when the flame
impinges upon them.
These lime cones are retained in tubes, and
a fresh surface is continually presented to the action o f the ignited
gases.
The calcium light consists o f a fine stream o f hydrogen and another
o f oxygen gas, carefully brought into contact, and burned upon a piece
of purified lime— fine chalk.
FRENCH
WAR
STEAMERS.
The armed steamship S o l f e r in o , o f 1,000 horse-power, and to carry
fifty-two rifled cannon, was successfully launched at L’Orient on the 24th
of June. The lines were designed by M. D u p u y de L o m e , and the ship
built under the superintendence o f M. D u c h a l a r d . This completes the
six armored steam men-of-war which are actually afloat.
The armored frigate H e r o in e is to be laid down on the slip from
which the C ou ro n n e was launched some time back. The M a g e n t a ,
which was launched on the 22d o f June, is 282 feet long, 52|- feet
beam and 45^ feet in depth. The weight o f the hull, when it left the
slip, was 2,700 ton s; when fitted with armor, engines and armaments,
the weight will be 5,600 tons.
M. D u p u y d e L o m e , Director of Naval Construction at the Ministry
o f Marine, has received orders from the Emperor to proceed on a tour
o f inspection of the naval ports o f France. The cadres of the personnel
of the navy are to he largely augmented, with a view to meet all future
requirements.
The screw ship M a s s e n a left Toulon for the Hyeres station to try her
engines for four days. The steel-plated frigate N o r m a n d ie is about to
commence her trial trips at Cherbourg. The screw ship o f the line
N a p o l e o n has returned to Cherbourg, after having made several suc
cessful trial trips with her new machinery. During her last trip, of
thirty-six hours, she made thirteen knots an hour, with all her fires
lighted, and 11.5 knots with only half her fires.
THE
CREWS
OF
STRANDED
VESSELS.
A series o f exceedingly interesting experiments, having for their object
the providing a certain means o f communication between stranded vessels
and the shore, as a means o f preserving the lives o f their crews at a time
when communication by boat would be impossible, was brought to a close
at Portsmouth recently, in a most satisfactory manner. The trials have
extended over a period of some months, and the means proposed to be
employed have been tested in every possible way by the gentleman who
has suggested, in fact, carried it out at his own expense, Lieutenant G. S.
N a r e s , senior lieutenant of Her Majesty’s ship B r it a n n ia , Captain R ob
ert H a r r is , the naval cadet training ship in Portsmouth harbor.
Lieutenant N ares employs the common kite principle as his chief
308
Journal o f Nautical Intelligence.
[September,
agent; but while he sends his kite away to leeward, and consequently
towards the shore, he retains the means on board the stranded vessel of
bringing down the kite when flown sufficiently beyond the beach or over
the cliff, so that the line attached to the kite may be hauled upon by the
people on shore; and the end on board the vessel being attached to a
hawser, and the latter, on reaching the shore, being hauled up the cliff,
a means o f escape to the crew and passengers, however numerous they
may be, so long as the vessel holds together, or however violent may be
the surf which intervenes between the ship and the land, is open to all,
with the most perfect safety, by a boatswain’s cradle, basket or slung
cask being attached to the hawser, and hauled backwards and forwards
by the people of the vessel and those on shore. To bring the kite to
the ground, when sufficiently advanced beyond the face of a cliff or highwater mark, Lieutenant N a rk s has a second line attached to the right
angle o f the kite ; holding on to this line, and letting go the flying line
o f the kite, the latter instantly capsizes and descends to the earth. This
mode is applicable to the rescue of the crew o f a vessel which has been
driven well on shore, but is in a position, either from the surf or the
formation o f the coast, in which no vessel can approach her. Another
mode in which this life-kite may bo used is where it may be able to effect
a landing on a beach to leeward, but the boats are washed overboard or
stove, or the position in which the vessel may lie on a bed o f rocks may
render boats useless. In this case the flying line of the kite is attached
by a toggle to the bunglxole of a cask, to a couple o f breakers with a
boat’s mast lashed athwart them, or round a man’s chest, with the knot
between his shoulders; in either case the kite finds the supporting
power, and conveys the object its line is fast to on shore, another line
being attached to the cask, raft or man from the vessel, and the commu
nication with the shore is complete.
The particular credit due to Lieutenant N a r e s consists in having, by
his second line, devised a means o f bringing a kite to the ground at the
moment required, and in also making use o f the kite in attaching its
flying line to an object in the water, a carrier of his hawser’ s hauling
line to the people on the shore. Kites have been tried before, but have
failed for the want o f these two great requisites. A few years since a
vessel drove on shore on the Devon coast, close under the land. The
captain sent up a kite, which flew over the people’s heads on shore, but
they had no means o f reaching it, and the whole o f the unfortunate crew
perished in sight o f the people on shore, who were there ready to aid
them could the line from the kite overhead have reached their hands.
Recently the brig M e r c y , of Bristol, was wrecked at Porthleven, in
Mount’ s Bay. A tremendous surf was running, but to save the crew it
was necessary to form some communication otherwise than by boat. A
cask was thrown overboard among the breakers, with a small line
attached, and was, after great difficulty and risk of life on the part of
the people on shore, got hold of, and a hawser hauled on shore, to
which a swung basket was attached, and the crew were saved. In this
case the kite would have conveyed the cask to the people on the beach
without their having to risk their lives by running into the breakers and
surf to lay hold of it.
The concluding experiments by Mr. N a r e s were made from Her
Majesty’s steamer B u ll fin c h , Lieutenant J a m e s . The B u l l fin c h , on
1861.]
Journal o f Nautical Intelligence.
309
this occasion, was six hundred yards from the shore, and the experiments
answered perfectly. Lieutenant N a rk s has presented his plan to the
Shipwrecked Fishermen’s Society, and also the fifty guineas which had
been awarded him.
CAUTION
TO
MARINERS.
New and Dangerous Bank at the Sulina Mouth o f the Danube.— B y
an extract of a despatch o f Her Majesty’s Yice-Consul at Sulina, forwarded
to L l o y d ’ s by the government, it appears that a new and dangerous bank
has formed off the Sulina bar of the Danube, and a caution is therefore
given to masters o f vessels to approach the bar with care, in order to
avoid the shoals thereby created, and directions are given as follows to
find the surest channel to enter the Sulina mouth of the Danube : “ Ves
sels are on no account to approach the bar closer than one mile from the
piers, or come into less water than five fathoms, without they get sufficient
to the north to bring the light-house to show between the outer ends of
the piers, bearing W . by S. half S. magnetic. Vessels must on no
account attempt to go to the north o f that line. As soon as circum
stances will permit, a buoy will be placed on the northeast point of the
bank.”
DESTRUCTIVE
STORMS
IN
FRANCE.
The Moniteur de la Cote <TOr states that the loss occasioned by the
late storms in that department amounts to £144,000. In the department
o f the North and the Pas de Calais the crops have suffered. In the dis
trict of Dourgne 400 hectares o f wheat were injured, and the loss is esti
mated at £3,200. In Burgundy, the districts of Joigny, Auxerre, Sens
and Tonnerre, the ravages have been very great. The value of the crops
lost in Auxerre is estimated at £20,000, and in Tonnerre at £10,000.
The Moniteur de Calvados estimates the losses in that department at
£484,600. In the department o f the Haute Garonne the rain and hail
did great damage to the crops. In the district o f Longages trees were
blown down and the countryside desolated. It has been the same in the
department o f the Vosges, and in the Haute Loire the damage is esti
mated at 6613,400. A t Vitry, in the department o f the Marne, so vio
lent was the wind that it stripped the roofs of many houses, tore up large
trees by the roots, and blew' down the church steeple o f La Chausee.
The rain resembled a waterspout, and was followed by a shower o f such
enormous hailstones that many persons who could not find shelter were
seriously injured by them, and great numbers o f hares, partridges and
small birds were killed. The gardens, vineyards and cornfields over
which the storm passed were ravaged, and all their produce lost. In the
south of France storms were frequent. Aveyron, especially, had suffered
much from hail. The Emperor has sent for the relief of the sufferers
from the storm, £400 to the department of the Cher, £400 to the Marne,
£1,600 to the Haute Marne, £1,200 to the Seine-et-Loire, £400 to the
Cote d’Or, and £240 to the Allier. Letters from the departments con
tain fresh details relating to the terrific hailstorm which caused so much
damage on the 22d June. A t Tonhan, near Lyons, the storm was so
310
Journal o f Nautical Intelligence.
[September,
intense that roofs o f fifty and sixty feet long were stripped off houses,
and the largest trees were torn up by the roots. A t Saint-Seine and the
neighborhood the hailstones lay so thick on the ground that a trustwor
thy witness asserts that he saw a bed o f hailstones three feet thick on the
road between Saint-Seine and Vaux-Saules. All the carriages travelling
on the road at that time were overturned. The lightning at the same
moment killed several horses in the fields. In the Yonne, on the same
day, and at the same hour as in the Cote d’ Or, the crops were totally
destroyed in the districts o f Soigny, Auxerre, Sens and Tonnerre. The
appearance o f the country is desolate. Vineyards are deprived o f vegeta
tion, gardens are laid waste and cornfields are ploughed up. The light
ning, moreover, killed a number of cattle in that department. In the
Nievre the wind and rain destroyed the growing crops, levelled more
than 100 houses, and tore up thousands o f trees, particularly in the
neighborhood o f Cosne. In the Allier three men were killed in the
fields. Numerous rabbits and fowls perished in the poultry yards. The
corn crops suffered great injury. The loss in that department is esti
mated at above 1,000,000 francs. In the Jura the hailstorm which was
experienced on Sunday week laid waste eight communes in the neigh
borhood o f Couliege. In the Marne numerous dwelling-houses were
stripped o f their roofs, church steeples were thrown down and several
persons were injured. In the Ehone the commune of Chatelet escaped
more serious injury by a heavy fall o f rain, which dissipated the hailstorm.
As a slight compensation, the hay crop is described as excellent through
out France.
SAN
FRANCISCO
HARBOR.
It is said that on the bottom o f San Francisco harbor there are quan
tities o f ship’s chain-cables and anchors, which would richly repay any
company who should set to work systematically to secure them by drag
ging. The deep ooze at the bottom furnishes a soft bed into which these
heavy articles must long since have sunk, so that their recovery would
be a work o f great labor.
The A l ta reports that Mr. M a t t h e w s , the diver, who was employed to
bring up the boiler of the steam-tug “ D ia n a ,” wdiich exploded some
time since off Vallejo-street wharf, succeeded in his task. A lighter was
anchored near the spot from which he conducted his enterprise. The
time he selected was dead low water, at which he succeeded in reaching
and securing the boiler in four fathoms o f water. It was hoisted into
the lighter and conveyed to Stuart-street wharf.
A
An A
NAUTICAL
SCHOOL
IN
NEW-TOEK.
E s ta b l is h a N a u t ic a l S chool in the H a r b o r
C it y of N e w - Y o r k . P a sse d A p r il 15, 1861.
ct to
of the
T he P e o p le o f the S la te o f N e w -Y o r k , represented in S enate and A ssem
bly, do enact as fo llo w s :
S e c t io n 1. There shall be organized and established in the harbor of
the City of New-York a nautical school for the purpose of educating
boys in the learning and duty of seamanship and the science o f navigation.
S e c . 2. The said school shall be under the exclusive management and
Journal o f Nautical Intelligence.
1 8 6 1 .]
311
direction o f five trustees, to liold their office for the term of five years,
and three of whom shall he designated and appointed by the Chamber
of Commerce o f the City of New-York, and two o f whom shall be ap
pointed by the governor. The term o f office of the said trustees shall
begin on the first day of May, eighteen hundred and sixty-one.
S ec . 3. The said trustees shall make such by-laws for the transaction
o f their business as shall be, in their judgm ent, expedient, and not in
consistent with the laws o f this State, and shall determine the number,
station, term o f office and duties o f the officers proper for the manage
ment o f said school, and their compensation, and the manner and time
o f their appointment, and shall appoint the same.
S ec . 4. The said trustees shall have power to receive such funds or
property as shall be subscribed, or loaned, or bequeathed for the organi
zation or maintenance o f said nautical school, and execute all necessary
agreements for the faithful application of the same, and to receive such
hoys as shall be sent to said school by their parents or guardians; and all
such hoys, when so received into said nautical school, shall he subject to
such regulations o f conduct and discipline as, in the judgment o f the trus
tees, are best adapted to their proper government; and the receiving and
discharging of said boys shall be only in accordance with the by-laws
and rules of said school, as may be by said trustees adopted.
They shall have control of the school-ship o f said institution, and shall
exercise, in relation thereto, and its care, supervision and management,
all necessary powers and duties. They may also send any boy in educa
tion at such school on such voyage as they shall deem advisable for his
proficiency and welfare, and may declare such sending a discharge o f said
boy from such institution. The trustees shall also determine what shall
be the age at which boys may be taken into said school, with the consent
o f his parents or guardian, and under what circumstances fees for board
in said school-ship, and education and tuition may be charged and taken,
and the rates of said board and education and tuition, and to extend to
persons qualifying for stations beyond ordinary seamen the advantages
o f such school.
S ec . 5. Whenever the trustees shall receive, in valid subscriptions, the
amount of thirty thousand dollars, they shall proceed to organize the said
school, and they may determine in what manner and at what time such
subscriptions shall be paid, and may appoint a treasurer and determine
his specific duties, and provide for the safe-keeping of the funds commit
ted to his care.
S ec . 6. The said nautical school shall at all times be open to the in
spection and examination o f the State Superintendent o f Public Instruc
tion, and a full report of its affairs shall be made to said superintendent,
at such time in the year as he shall designate.
S ec . 7. This shall take effect immediately.
NEW
LIGHT-HOUSES
B a l t ic — G u lf
IN
of
EUROPE,
&C.
F in l a n d .
New Light at South end o f Hogland.— Official information has been
received by the Light-House Board, Washington, that the Imperial Min
istry of Marine at St. Petersburg has given notice that on and after the
first day of August, 1861, a light will be exhibited from a light-liouse re
cently erected on the southern point of the Island of Hogland, in the Gulf
312
Journal o f Nautical Intelligence.
[September,
o f Finland. The light will be a fixed red light. The illuminating appa
ratus is dioptric, or by lenses o f the third order. The light-house is built
o f wood. Its exact position, height above the sea, distance at which the
light is visible, and color of building, are not stated.
Also, that on and after the first day o f July, 1861, the upper fixed
white light on the northern hill of Ilogland will be again exhibited, the
repairs and alterations in the system of lighting being completed. The
illuminating apparatus is dioptric, or by lenses o f the first order.
G reat B e lt-B u o y n ear the M u n k e. — The inspector of lights and bea
cons on the east coast o f Jutland has given notice that a red buoy, with
staff and ball, has been placed near the Munke Shoals, between the islands
o f Seiero and Voero, at the northern entrance to the Great Belt. The
beacon lies in 51 fathoms, at 1*70 yards E. by N. from the easternmost
18 feet shoals of the Little Munke. Hielm light tower bears N. ^ W .,
Ellemand shill, N. W . -f N., northerly, and the north point of Y cero, W .
by N. \ N.
E n g l a n d — S outh C o a st .
T im e S ig n a l f o r P ly m o u th S ou n d . — For the purpose o f giving Green
wich mean time to vessels desirous o f ascertaining or verifying the errors
and rates o f their chronometers in Plymouth Sound, a time signal is daily
shown at one o’clock P. M., by the instantaneous collapse of a cone sus
pended near the top of the flagstaff in the redoubt on Mount Wise, Devonport.
This time signal is not made as usual by the dropping of a ball, but
by the collapse of a cone, which, when not in use, hangs in a closed state
on the flagstaff. As a preparatory notice to the observer, at three
minutes before one o’clock the cone is extended to its perfect shape, and
at the instant of 1 P. M. o f Greenwich mean time it collapses. Again, at two
minutes later, it is once more extended; and at the instant o f lh. 5m.
P. M. it again collapses. The second collapse is made in order to verify
the first, or in the event of its not having been noted by the observer.
The instant of Greenwich mean time is obtained by means o f a chro
nometer, brought from the observatory of Mr. Cox, optician, in Fore
street, Devonport, by whom it is compared, immediately before leaving,
with a good regulator clock by A rn o l d ; it may, therefore, be fairly de
pended upon to within one or two seconds o f time. This time signal is
not made on Sundays ; and the present arrangement is only temporary
until a connection is established by electric telegraph with the royal ob
servatory at Greenwich.
The cone is o f canvass,
feet in diameter, and painted black. It is
suspended below the flag on the flagstaff, at an elevation o f 175 feet above
the mean level of the sea, and its collapse may be seen from most parts
o f Hamoaze, over the whole o f Plymouth Sound, and from those parts of
Catwater used by sea-going ships. It may also be seen in clear weather
with a glass at a considerable distance outside of Breakwater, when bear
ing between N. by W . and N. by E.
Mount W ise is the general signal station o f the port, and may be known
by its southern green slope ; also from its proximity to St. Stephen’ s
church, which has a remarkable sharp spire. The position o f the flag
staff on the Mount is in lat. 50° 22' N., long. 4° 10' 15", or 16m. 41s.
west of Greenwich.
1861.]
313
Journal o f Mining and Manufactures.
JOURNAL OF MI NI NG AND MANUFACTURES.
A NEW
DESCRIPTION
OF
GUN
FOR
GOVERNMENT.
T h e Mersey Steel and Iron Company o f Liverpool have just completed
two guns for the government o f an entirely new design as regards shape.
They are constructed of wrought iron, and manipulated by the tilt ham
mers. They are 9 feet 6 inches in length, and in shape are about double
the thickness from the butt to the trunnions, w'here they suddenly taper
to the muzzle. In weight they are about 4 tons 3 cwt., and although
only
inches in bore, they are intended for 100 lb. shot. They are
evidently intended as an experiment, as the venting and sighting are to
he completed at W oolwich. One o f the guns has already been despatched.
The external portion of them is highly polished, which in some measure
shows the excellent texture and quality o f the metal. It has been sug
gested that the government have been induced to give this order to the
Mersey Steel and Iron Company from the fact that, at the testing o f the
4£ inch wrought iron plates at Portsmouth, those sent by this company
far exceeded in strength all the others, one plate having received 17 shots
without any material injury.
ORDERS
FOR
NAVY
SHOES.
The Shoe and Leather Reporter says that the contract to furnish the
United States marine corps with 6,000 pairs o f sewed bootees, more or
less, was awarded for the current year to H e n r y N e w t o n , o f North
Weymouth, Mass., at $1 87^- per pair. Our cotemporary adds :
This rate was much less than that o f last year, which was $2 30. The
standard is a high-cut sewed shoe, both upper and sole being made of
oak-tanned leather. The rate o f this contract was considered very low
at the tim e; but the great decline in prices o f all kinds of stock and work
now makes it very remunerative. Mr. N e w t o n employs about 300 men,
and is turning out from 1,500 to 1,800 pairs o f shoes per week.
The contract for low-cut shoes, for sailors’ use, was awarded to a Phila
delphia house, for one year from July 1, 1861. The rate we have not
learned, but it was probably somewhat under that of the previous year,
which was about $1 42. These shoes are all first-class, no others being
accepted.
Great corruption has at times existed in the marine department, and
third and fourth quality shoes have sometimes been u sed ; but the effi
ciency of the present quartermaster o f the marine corps, W . B. S l a c k ,
has remedied these evils.
THE
INTERNATIONAL
EXHIBITION
OF
1862.
The ground is broken at Kensington towards erecting the series of
buildings required for a great international exhibition to be held next
year. A deed of guarantee upon the security o f the names appended, to
which the Bank of England will advance a quarter of a million of money
for the necessary expenses, is in course of signature. It already bears the
314
Journal o f Mining and Manufactures.
[September,
names o f persons who have made themselves liable for a sum o f £243,000 ;
others have yet to sign who will bring up the total to £383,000. The
charter o f incorporation has been issued, and in little more than twelve
months from the present time we shall probably be in a position to an
nounce the opening o f the great exhibition of 1862.
The building for the display o f 1862 differs in many essential particu
lars from its predecessor. It will be much larger, more commodious,
much more imposing in its exterior, while from without its aspect will
be o f almost impressive magnitude and grandeur. Glass and iron are no
longer to be the chief features in the design. Externally they appear
only to be used where lightness with ornamental effect is needed ; and,
therefore, when they are introduced with these ends in view they are
managed with a good taste and architectural effect which, viewing the
design as a whole, makes it one o f the most beautiful of the kind that
has probably ever been reared. This remark as to the comparatively
limited use o f iron and glass of course applies only to the exterior. The
inside, as heretofore, will be entirely fitted with iron columns and girders,
but arranged in more gothic form and style, and with a keener view to
picturesque effect than in 1861. The exhibition building o f 1851 occu
pied in all nearly 23 acres; that about to be erected will cover a little
over 26. The flooring space in 1851 was just short of a million feet.
In the proposed building there will be 1,140,000, but, as it is intended
to exhibit machinery and agricultural implements in a wing especially
built for the purpose, the space occupied in 1851 by these classes will
be at the disposal of the commissioners for other works, so that practi
cally there will be some 500,000 feet of flooring more in 1862 than in
1851. The greatest height in 1851 was 160 feet, and the main nave
running from end to end was 60 feet high by 72 wide. The greatest
height o f the proposed building will be 260 feet, and the nave will be
1,200 feet long by 85 wide and 100 feet high. The total length of the
first exhibition building was 1,800 feet b y 400 broad. The dimensions of
the present are to be 1,200 long by 700 broad, exclusive of the space set
aside for the display o f agricultural implements, which is, in rough num
bers, 1,000 feet long by 220 broad. The contractors’ price in 1851 was
£8 0 ,0 0 0 ; in this instance, £200,000, though in reality it will cost
£300,000, but the payment of the extra £100,000 is conditional on the
gross profits exceeding £500,000, as they did in 1851.
The building will be erected at Kensington, in front o f the new grounds
o f the Horticultural Society, which they will enclose. Externally the
building will be 1,200 feet by 700, though the ground plan shows that
in some parts the width is diminished to 500 feet. The average height
will be 100 feet, nearly 60 of which will be solid brickwork.
A Resolution relative to the exhibition o f the industry o f all nations, to be holden in
London in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-two.
Resolved by the Senate and House o f Representatives o f the United
States o f America in Congress assembled, That the President be and he
hereby is authorized to take such measures as shall to him seem best to
facilitate a proper representation o f the industrial interests o f the United
States at the exhibition o f the industry o f all nations, to be holden at
London in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-two ; and the sum o f two
thousand dollars is hereby appropriated for the incidental expenses
thereof.
Approved July 27, 1861.
1 8 6 1 .]
Journal o f Mining and Manufactures.
SUBSTITUTE
FOR
315
PLUMBAGO.
In a paper presented to tlie Royal Society by Professor C r a c e -C a l v e r t ,
an interesting discovery was announced— that from cast-iron a substance
is procurable which is a substitute for plumbago. The professor soaks
cubes of cast-iron in weak acid— vinegar being the most suitable— until
the iron is dissolved out and the carbon remains. B y this process the
cubes lose in weight, but not in dimension, and retain their form unal
tered ; but the quality is changed, and it is as easy to draw lines with
one of them as with a lump of plumbago.
CALIFORNIA
ACADEMY
OF
SCIENCES--COAL.
W e learn from the M in in g and S cien tific P r es s, (California,) that a
meeting o f the members o f the above institution was held in San Fran
cisco on the 15th of May, at which Professor B l a k e gave an interesting
description of the coal regions of Monte Diabola, accompanied with
specimens of the coal. The veins are rather thin, but the coal is good
bituminous. The fossils o f the region belong to the tertiary formations.
Professor W h it n e y is of opinion that the coal was formed from accu
mulations carried by eddies and deposited in still water.
A considerable quantity of this coal has been taken to San Francisco,
and it has tended to reduce the price o f wood and the foreign coal. A
plentiful supply of wood and coal in California would tend greatly to
facilitate quartz-mining, by enabling the machinery to be operated by
cheap steam power. Coal will also make California a great manufacturing
State.
BORAX
MINERAL.
Among the minerals found associated with the native copper o f Lake
Superior is one very hard and white, resembling marble, called “ massive
datholite,” first noticed by Professor T. D. W h it n e y , in# S il l im a n ’ s
J ou rn a l o f Science, in 1859. It contains over 20 per cent, o f boracic
acid, and will, therefore, prove valuable for the manufacture of borax.
Experiments recently made by Dr. K e e p , and repeated by Dr. H a y s , of
Boston, prove that this mineral may even take the place o f borax in many
most important applications, without any previous chemical change.
This might have been inferred from the fact that it contains nearly onehalf as much pure borax as is found in the commercial boracic acid.
ALUMINUM
IN
GREENLAND.
The Edinburgh Courant states that two Danish vessels have sailed from
Leith for Greenland, for procuring cargoes of cryolite— the mineral from
which aluminum is obtained in largest quantities. Several very valuable
minerals are obtained from Greenland. Plumbago is abundant in these
regions ; but the cryolite is the most important of Greenland’s products,
because aluminum is daily increasing in favor, as a most beautiful metal,
capable of superseding silver for many purposes.
316
Journal o f Mining and Manufactures.
IRON
PLATES
FOR
IRON-CLAD
[September,
SHIPS.
An enormous furnace is erected, in which the iron is heated into a mol
ten mass, and thence conveyed by steam-power in a truck on a tramway to
the rollers, between which it is drawn out to the proper size and consist
ency. Previous to this, however, the metal has had to undergo an
elaborate process. Originally each plate consists o f 96 pieces, each
about inch thick, and these are welded together one after another till
they form either two or four solid lumps. In this state they are put into
the furnace, and when the plate finally comes out from between the rol
lers it is only
inches thick. The power of resistance o f such a dense
mass of metal must be immense. O f course, the iron used is the very
best. A plate o f eight feet by six feet weighs about three tons.
The making o f these plates has just been commenced in Sheffield,
England, by Messrs. J ohn B r o w n & Co., at the Atlas Steel and Iron
Works, being the first manufacture o f the kind in Sheffield. W e under
stand that the plates were previously made at the Pargate Iron Works.
Messrs. J. B r o w n & Co. have been entrusted by the British government
with a very large contract for the construction o f these plates for the
armor-clad war ships.
THE
MAUVE
AND
MAGENTA
COLORS.
This general term originates in the name o f the inventor, Mr. W . H.
In it are included Mauve, Magenta, Solferino, Azaleme, Roseine, Yioline, Fuchsiacine, and those other beautiful varieties o f color
which are produced by our dyers in silk, wool or cotton.
W e never before possessed any tint in which there was so much depth
or intensity, with so little of that glare which becomes offensively ob
trusive. The colors, too, are absolutely new ; they are neither the rose,
the violet, the peach, nor the blossom in which our mothers prided, but
they are those with something superadded. The dyed surface has a
power peculiarly its own, of separating two or more rays from the source
o f all color, light, and of sending them off in a most harmonious combi
nation.
The Mauve and Magenta are permanent colors. Light does not bleach
them ; the weaker acids do not stain them ; the color is dependent on
the oxidation o f the base of i t ; whereas, in nearly all other colors, the
action o f oxygen is to destroy the color.
P e r k in s .
CANADIAN
TIMBER
FOR
FRANCE.
A contributor to the January number o f the “ A n n a les F orestieres et
M c ta llu r g iq u e s f a Parisian magazine o f a semi-official character, writing
under the heading o f “ L e s bois de C an ad a," speaks o f the decline o f the
timber exports o f Norway, and o f the impossibility of obtaining from
thence the wood necessary for manufactures in France, and says:
“ Everybody knows that our former colony is, so to say, a vast forest of
four thousand leagues square, possessing as means of transit magnificent
lakes and rivers, and in which whole armies of wood-cutters, or ‘ lumber
1861.]
Journal o f Mining and Manufactures.
31l
ers,’ as they are called, cut down every year from eight to ten millions of
cubic metres of timber, the greatest part o f which is exported to the United
States, and more particularly to England.”
He goes on to argue in favor of exchanging for Canadian lumber the
staple products of France, her wines, her porcelain, her silks, woollens and
cottons, and above all, her “ tabacde-eaporal," which, he remarks, is “ the
delight of French Canadians.”
THE
TELEGRAPH
IN
PERSIA.
In a late number of a Persian newspaper called the Vekaya we have
an account of the opening o f a telegraph line (M o r s e ’ s ) between Tehe
ran, the capital of Persia, and Tabreez, on or near the Urumia lake,
four hundred miles distant. It follows the route o f caravans. The inau
guration came off on the 21st o f January last, on the esplanade of the
imperial palace, in the presence of the young sovereign, N a c ir E d d in e ,
all the dignitaries o f the court and thousands o f spectators. Questions
were sent to Tabreez, and, when answered, the replies were repeated
aloud amidst the joyous cries o f the people and salvos o f artillery.
News that required twelve days ordinarily for transmission now came in
a few minutes, much to the astonishment of the enthusiastic and wonderloving Persians. This miracle has been brought about by the Minister
of Public Instruction, who is the uncle of the Shah, and by the director
of telegraphs, A l i - K o u l i - V e k a n , both o f whom were publicly honored
on the spot with princely robes, India shawls, daggers ornamented with
diamonds and the cordon o f the lion. W e presume our friend M orse
will in due time receive his share o f the honors from N a c ir E d d in e
Shah.
BASSWOOD.
In the United States, basswood is used to a considerable extent for
seats o f chairs, insides of drawers, parts o f fanning-mills, and many other
uses for which it is better adapted than almost any other wood. It is
both light and strong, works easily and is not apt to split.
Basswood is one of the most abundant woods in Canada, but it has so
far received little or no attention in commerce. The Quebec Advertiser
urges that efforts be made to promote the export o f basswood lumber,
and also the manufacture for export o f wooden-ware made from bass
wood.
In England a great business is carried on in the manufacture o f whitewood ware, or Tunbridge-ware, and for such purposes, any wTood which
will “ dry white” is used— the principal kinds being “ chestnut” — i. e.,
horse-chestnut, a very different wood from the common chestnut, (castanea vesca)— and lime, or, as we call it, basswood. Beferring to this, our
Quebec contemporary considers that a good business might be done in
exporting this wood to England.
For use in wooden-ware this wood must not he exported in logs, as in
that state it can only be employed for the upper timbers o f houses, ships,
etc. But it must be exported in the shape o f boards, inch, half-inch,
318
Journal o f Mining and Manufactures.
[September,
and even as thin as the eighth o f an inch, for veneering. The great ob
ject is to get the wood to dry white, and to secure this, it must be sawn
quite fresh, and before the sap has had time to ferment, and thus discolor
the wood. The boards are taken from the saw-mill or pit as fast as they
can be cut, hung up under shelter from the rain, in an open shed, with
a free draught o f air, (not in piles,) until so thoroughly dry that there is
not the least probability o f their becoming mildewed. There would be
still more profit to the Canadians if they themselves should convert their
basswood into articles o f wooden-ware, with which Canada probably
could supply the world.
FRENCH
SCHOOL
OF
ART.
The French Central School o f Arts and Manufactures is a remarkable
one, and deserves a notice at length. It is under the direction and pa
tronage o f the State, and requires three years attendance from each pupil.
The conditions under which a youth is admitted are strict enough, and
occupy four columns of the Moniteur. W e imagine there is not a pro
fessor in the best o f our colleges who could pass the requisite examina
tion to enter this school, so extensive, minute and difficult is the pro
gramme. None but a most skillful algebraist, geometrician, (descriptive,
analytic, <fcc.,) architect, mathematician, draughtsman, physiologist, phy
sician, chemist, anatomist, understanding all the divisions of each branch
o f these sciences, (more than four hundred in number,) must write on
these various subjects, and also be examined orally to the satisfac
tion of the examiners. The whole expense o f tuition is seven hundred
and seventy-five francs per annum, and foreigners as well as natives are
admissible. The questions in chemistry alone would puzzle our best in
structors, and as to physiology, we think a good many clever men would
find it difficult to explain clearly and promptly the questions. Division
o f functions, absorption and exhalation, digestive apparatus, the chemis
try and mechanism o f digestion; apparatus o f circulation, its mechan
ism ; the lymphatics, the respiratory apparatus, its mechanism and chem
istry, its phenomena, animal heat, (the theory o f this not yet settled,)
structure and functions o f the principal glands, structure and functions
o f the nervous system, structure and functions of the organs o f sense, the
vocal apparatus, osteology, structure and chemical composition o f the
bones, their articulation; the skeleton, the muscular system, structure
and functions; classification o f the animal kingdom, divisions, special
characters o f mammals, birds, reptiles, fishes, insects, annalides and acephala; botany, roots, branches, leaves, flowers and fruits, and elucida
tions of the natural method of J u s sie u , are some o f the divisions of one
branch of inquiry. And yet young men as low in years as seventeen
are expected to afford the greatest number o f applicants for admission to
this very school. This subject is suggestive— very.— 'N. Y . Evening Post.
1861.]
C h a m b ers o f C o m m erce a n d B o a r d s o f T r a d e%
319
CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE AND BOARDS OF TRADE.
M o n th ly M eetin g o f the Cham ber o f Com m erce o f N e w -Y o r k , T h u rsd a y ,
A u g u s t 1st, 1861.
T h e regular monthly meeting was held Thursday, P e l a t ia h P e k it ,
Esq., President, in the chair.
Mr. J ohn E w e n , President o f the Pennsylvania Coal Company, and
Mr. R o bert H. M c C u r d y , o f No. 46 Park Place, were elected members
of the Chamber.
In the absence o f Mr. O p d y k e , Chairman o f the committee appointed
to wait upon Congress with the memorial passed at previous meeting,
Capt. M a r sh al l stated that he had a conversation with the Secretary of
War, who said he had already sent his engineers to New-York to ascer
tain what was necessary to be done.
Ocean M a il Steam ers. — Mr. D a v id O g d e n moved that the President
be authorized to sign the following memorial :
To the Hon. M o n t g o m e r y B l a i r , Postmaster-General o f the United States:
The undersigned, members of the Chamber of Commerce o f the city of IfewYork, respectfully represent that it is highly for the interest of the commercial com
munity of this city that the mails from this country to Europe he transmitted by
the steamers of the Ocean Steamship Company, which make their passage in the
shortest time and with the greatest certainty. They therefore respectfully request
that the Postmaster-General of the United States will cause such mails to be trans
mitted by the steamers of whichever company is able to make the most expeditious
as well as reliable mail service.
Mr. A. A. Low objected to the Chamber committing itself upon this
subject, as the course suggested might prove very detrimental to our own
steamers. It was by large subsidies from the British government that
the C u n ar d line was enabled to keep up the fastest ocean steamers, and
it was their boast that they had driven off our steamers by such means.
It was notorious that the fastest vessels could be run only by aid o f gov
ernment patronage. The effect o f this resolution would be to throw the
whole mail service into the hands o f the British steamers, and to take off
entirely American steamers, of which we had but very few, and they not
well sustained.
O n motion o f Capt. M a r s h a l l , the memorial was laid on the table, to
be taken up at a future day.
R even u e and In tern a l T a x B ills . — Mr. A. A. Low offered the follow ing:
Whereas, The government of the United States is engaged in a contest for the
suppression of rebellion and for the maintenance of the integrity o f the Union,
which is destined to make a large demand upon the pecuniary resources of the
country, and the demand must chiefly be met b y means of repeated loans:
Resolved, That in the judgment o f this Chamber, the success of the proposed
loans will depend upon the enactment by Congress now in session, of revenue and
internal tax bills adapted to the existing emergency, or that o f the government;
or that if the government should succeed in procuring money without making wise
provision for the reimbursement of principal and interest, it will be upon terms
discreditable to the national name and prejudicial to the national interest.
320
C h a m b ers o f C o m m erce a n d B o a r d s o f T r a d e . [S e p t e m b e r ,
It was in view of the reluctance of many members o f the Senate to
pass the tax-bill now before them that he (Mr. Low ) offered his resolu
tion. There seemed to be a much greater willingness to spend the pub
lic money than to be taxed for its repayment, and he hoped that this
expression o f opinion, going from the Chamber of Commerce, would
stimulate Congress to pass a bill that would establish the national credit.
Mr. R . L at h e r s approved of the motion, and wished to amend by ap
pointing a committee o f five to present the resolution, and aid Congress
in the supervision o f any bills before them for revenue and internal tax.
In the hurry o f legislation he feared that a great many crudities would be
incorporated in the measures now before Congress. It was proposed to im
pose an income tax— a measure never resorted to, even in Europe, except
as a last resort. lie considered that that bill, as reported, would work a
groat injustice to the mercantile community, and to those who depended
upon their salaries for a support, while (as evidently was intended) it
would free the western lands and property generally in the interior.
Mr. R o y a l P h e l p s doubted the policy o f sending committees to Con
gress, except on important subjects, and such as were intimately con
nected with the business o f the Chamber. When too frequently sent,
they lost their force and were not well received.
Mr. Low thought that if the Chamber could not give a free expression
o f opinion on subjects so important to commercial interests it had better
disband. The Chamber of Commerce, representing the commercial com
munity, should say to Congress that if they wanted an extraordinary
amount o f money, there must be some measure passed that looked to
payment, and thus support conservative action on the part of the govern
ment.
Mr. J o n a t h a n S tu r g e s hoped the resolution would pass for the pur
pose of encouraging Congress to enact the tax bill.
Mr. S. D e W itt B lo o d g o o d said this was an eventful moment in our
history, and we should live or die by our valor and money. W ith all re
spect for the gentlemen composing the government, he did not think they
were more learned or careful than men not in the administration ; nor did
he think the exertions o f the Chamber of Commerce would fall to the
ground. He had studied its history, and always found that the merchants
o f New-York had been foremost in support o f every project for the glory
and interest of the country. Whether received well by politicians at
Washington or not, New-York was the bank from which the money must
come, and why should not those who were ready to sacrifice lives and
fortunes be heard ? He thought that the merchants ought to express
themselves freely.
The am en dm ent b y Mr. L a t h e r s w as lost, and th e resolu tion b y Mr.
Low was carried.
Mr. C. H. M a r s h a l l m ov ed th e fo llo w in g a m e n d m e n t:
Resolved, That, in the opinion of this Chamber, the tariff bill now under consid
eration of Congress should be framed so as to produce revenue only, and without
regard to protection.
He thought that on many articles the duty was so great as to amount
to a prohibition. Certainly such a tariff- would diminish instead of in
creasing the revenue.
Mr. S am u el H o ta lin g opposed the resolution, stating that the great
1861.]
Chambers o f Commerce and Boards o f Trade.
321
productive interests of our country required protection and the fostering
care of government, and it was difficult to draw a line between a tariff
for revenue and one for protection. Any measure would be unhealthy
which did not have in view the development o f the manufacturing and
agricultural resources o f the country.
The resolution passed, and was ordered to be forwarded, together with
Mr. Low ’ s resolution, to Congress.
The Chamber then adjourned.
Special Meeting, Wednesday, August *1, 1861, o f the Chamber o f Com
merce o f N ew -Y ork, fo r the reception o f Hon. J. A. W r ig h t , form erly
Governor o f the State o f Indiana, and late United States Minister to
Prussia.
The Chamber o f Commerce, August 7th, gave a reception to Hon.
r ig h t , o f Indiana, late minister to the court o f Prussia,
which was attended by a large assemblage of members.
P e l a t ia h P e r it , the president, occupied the chair, and introduced
ex-Governor W r ig h t , who was received with applause.
He said the Chamber o f Commerce was known for its patriotic course
all over the world. He had returned to his native land after an absence
o f four years. He belonged to an old school of politicians, who acknow
ledged only the sovereignty o f the government. That government had
protected him at home and abroad, and to it he owed his allegiance.
This was no time to talk politics or criticize administrations. The sole
question now is, “ How shall the government be preserved ?” The gov
ernment is misrepresented abroad, and our institutions are attacked by
the foreign press, influenced by mercenary men. The heart o f Germany,
he said, was slow to move, but when the popular heart was really enlisted
in a subject, there was no people more efficient in aiding a cause. All
through Germany he had found a strong feeling in favor o f this country.
He had received not less than five hundred letters from different persons
desiring to come to the United States to help them, and he had to put up
over his door that he did not keep a recruiting office. After a four years’
residence, he had come to the conclusion that the German government
was making faster strides toward free institutions than any other in
Europe, and that they look to the condition o f our national Union pro
bably with a deeper interest than any other country.
The speaker continued : I do not think I am going out o f my position
by mentioning that when I left his majesty, the King of Prussia, his last
words to me were these : '■'■God grant that you may be able to sustain the
laws and the institutions o f your country.” That is the sentiment of the
German nation. D o not misunderstand me. From the connection of
that government with the other governments o f Europe, you must not
look for them to lead off before others. There is a jealousy in the gov
ernments of Europe against us. Y ou may have other enemies to light
than those of your own country. Be not too cheerful; this contest for
human liberty and for the principles o f your fathers will meet with
enemies abroad, under one name and another. All I can say is, that we
have got to help ourselves if we expect others to help us. I f you expect
VOL. x l v .— NO. III.
21
J o se ph A. W
322
Chambers o f Commerce and Boards o f Trade.
[September,
any enlightened aid from the governments of Europe, you have got to
show firmness, energy and victory in this country.
If, in my intercourse with foreign goverments, I have learned any one
fact, it is this, that, as I have been taught from my childhood, and as we
are so fond o f repeating but often overlook, that in our union is our
strength. You know that in the government of Prussia there has been
some difficulty in reference to the protection of American citizens from
impressment into the army, but always when their release was asked as
American citizens they were given up. But no sooner had these diffi
culties come on than I received information every day of the impressment
of these men. But when the month o f May came around and showed
the union of the loyal people o f this country, then I could see the feelingrising there, as plainly as the mercury in a thermometer might be seen to
rise, that there was a government on this side of the water for which they
had a respect. It is within the last few months that the law was made,
that the government would claim no control over a person who should be
absent from that country ten years, though he returned. I name these
things to show that in our union consists our strength.
After these remarks permit me to say, that if we desire or expect
encouragement or aid from the goverments o f Europe we have got to
show them that we have strength at home.
Y ou may conceive my
mortification when I received the news o f what was supposed to be our
disaster in Virginia. I believe there is not a government of Europe that
has had a contest with her own people that has not been beaten at the
first battle. I have surveyed the whole ground, and have come to the
conclusion that this calamity has been sent us that we may know where
is our weakness and where our strength. I regard it as calculated to
nerve and incite our people to powerful efforts in behalf of the govern
ment, and to show us where our real danger is. You may ask me the
question, W hat is to be the result o f this ? W hat is our duty ? You
have called me here— you must take my opinion. I speak as an Ameri
can citizen ; you may take it for what it is worth. The Southerners may
say, as A b r a h a m said to L ot , “ Let there be no strife between us, between
my herdsmen and thy herdsmen ; turn thee to the right or left, as it
pleaseth thee.” I apprehend old A b r a h a m would never have given this
advice to L ot had he interfered with his household, and attempted to
tear down the ark of the covenant.
W e say now, Give us back the government o f our fathers, put back the
old flag upon the forts, let the laws have supremacy, and then we will talk
about going to the left or to the rig h t; then we will hear; but we will
hear nothing from those who are attempting to pull down the pillars of
the temple that was reared by our fathers. You may ask, W hat will be
the result of this ? How is it our duty to act ? I know one thing I can
do. I go home to fill my place as a Western man. I go home forgetting
every thing but my country. I go home saying, as I say to you, that we
ought to be willing to suffer and lose millions o f money and many lives,
sooner than submit to this infamous slander of the so-called president of
the Confederate States, that your fathers and mine formed a confederation
of States to be broken up at the word o f disappointed politicians, without
self-preserving power in the government. I belong to that class of men
that have been taught from childhood— and if there is any thing I believe
it is this— that we never can be two peoples— we are one or we are nothing.
1 8 6 1 .]
Chambers o f Commerce and Boards o f Trade.
323
I believe we can never have peace except as one people. I am willing to
give my voice and means, and the influence of whatever position I may
be placed in, to maintain the supremacy o f the Constitution and the laws
of the country, and I shall not ask, What is to be the result o f this ? when
I see my country divided, and when I see an effort made to destroy this
government, the only hope of humanity.
Mr. President, I have witnessed, during my absence abroad, the effect
o f this secession movement, and I never have believed, in the midst of all
these difficulties, that there existed any serious division among the people
of this country, when left to themselves, in relation to the principles of
our government. W e talk o f the United States flag, and I have seen
many incidents showing the love of its countrymen for i t ; but a scene
that most touched me was one in the city o f Berlin, where a dying
mother, with an infant at her breast, when her husband and child were
before her, said, as a last request, “ Bring me the flag and wrap it around
me, that I may die in it.” D o you tell me o f a people that have this love
and respect for their flag, that you can crush out this love by any merce
nary motives ? You may say, standing by the wayside, I have lost all I
have in the world ; you have lost nothing if you have your government;
your property, your wife, your children are nothing in comparison with
your country, the hope of humanity every where. D o not tell me you
have lost your thousands; give it all freely, as you have done, to your
credit.
You are known every where for your liberality, and our three hundred
thousand men will never come back until this government is sustained,
unless this is the merest myth of a government that ever existed. To
sustain that flag let your money, your capital, be pledged; and continue
to show the stability, the sternness, the decision that the association you
so worthily represent has shown. Let consequences take care of them
selves. As has been well said, “ One man right, and heaven on his side,
will whip the world.” It is a majority for one man to be right. W e
know we are righ t; we know our path o f duty ; we know every step we
have to take, and, with steady nerve, all we have to do is to march on,
until we shall establish the laws o f this country and sustain the supremacy
of our institutions. I am willing to celebrate the anniversary of my
country, the Fourth o f July. I am willing to hold in reverence many
days bright in our calendar, but a brighter day will be that when we
have peace in our country. But pray God lot it be a permanent peace ;
let it be a peace established upon principles, and never may it come at
the sacrifice of the principles of our fathers.
On motion of Mr. G a l l a t in , a vote of thanks was passed to Governor
r ig h t for his able and patriotic address.
Most of the members were then introduced to Mr. W r ig h t , after which
the meeting dispersed.
W
324
Foreign Correspondence.
FOREIGN
[September,
CORRESPONDENCE.
OF THE MERCHANTS’ M AGAZINE AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW .
L o n d o n , A u g u s t 3, 1861.
T he chief topics o f moment during the past month in this metropolis
have been the war in America, the new loan for India, the bank rate of
discount.
The directors o f the Bank of England, at their meeting, August 1st,
reduced their minimum rate of discount from 6 per cent., at which it was
fixed on the 16th May, to 5 per cent. This reduction had been gene
rally anticipated, from the large amount o f gold daily sent into the Bank,
the reduced price o f money and its abundance in the open market, and
the generally inactive state o f trade. The movement, therefore, produced
no effect on the value o f the funds. The joint-stock banks have reduced
their interest on deposits to 4 per cent., (at the London and Westmin
ster, 3 per cent, on sums below £500,) and the discount houses to 4 per
cent, for money at call, at 44 with seven days’ notice. The inquiry for
money at the reduced rate has been somewhat more active. Some of
the leading discount houses are charging 5 per cent., but other establish
ments are taking first class bills at 4£ and 4 f . The rate o f interest now
adopted by the Bank is the same as prevailed in April (five per cent.)
and November, 1860, when the bank reserve o f bullion was much larger
than it is now. There has been a gradual reduction in the bullion fund
from eighteen millions sterling, at the close o f the year 1858, to
£12,196,000 at this date. In the year 1859, this reserve ranged from
£18,560,000 at the opening, to £16,250,000 at the close; the rate of
interest at both periods being 24 per cent. In the year 1860 the range
was from £15,350,000, at the opening, gradually down to £12,580,000,
at the end of Decem ber; the rate o f interest rising in the mean time
from 3 to 6 per cent., and Consols falling from 95 to 92£ in the London
market.
Notwithstanding the conservative management o f the Bank o f England,
the Bank of France has, during the same period o f three years, exhibited
a stronger position, viz. :
B an k of E n gland.
1858,
1859,
“
1860,
“
“
“
1861,
“
Bullion.
D ecem ber,...................£18,920,000
A p r il,............................. 17,640,000
J u ly ,............................... 17,940,000
January,......................... 15,880,000
A pril,.............................. 14,640,000
November,..................... 13,310,000
December,...................... 12,650,000
February,....................... 11,570,000
August,........................... 12,196,000
B a n k of F rance.
Bate of Disc.
___
2£
___
3J
____
2|
____
3
5
___
5 and 6 ___
___
6
____
8J
____
___
5
Bullion.
£21,030,000
21,750,000
22,400,000
21,370,000
21,410,000
17,830,000
17,260,000
15,114,000
16,500,000
1861.]
325
Foreign Correspondence.
While the London rates of discount range from 4]- to 5 per cent., on
the Continent money is much cheaper, as may be seen by the following
quotations from nine cities :
Bank Rate of
Paris,..................................................... 5 per
Vienna,.................................................. 6
Berlin,................................................... 4
Frankfort,............................................. 3
Amsterdam,.......................................... 3
Turin,.................................................... 5
Brussels,............................................... 3
Hamburg,..................................................
St. Petersburg,..................................... 7
Discount.
Open Market Rate.
cent.
....
4 j percent.
“
5$ “
“
2J “
“
2
“
3 “
“
5
“
3 “
“
____
2f
“
.................
“
The British Board o f Trade returns for the month o f June, 1861,
show that the exports o f home produce and manufactures for the month
were again upon a much larger scale than could have been expected,
reaching £10,362,893, which is more by 12 per cent, than in the same
month of last year, though less by 3 per cent than in June, 1859. For
the first six months o f the present year the total has been £60,143,425,
being only 3 per cent, less than last year, and 4 per cent, less than in
1859. The export trade with the United States is shown to be now
completely paralyzed; but the falling off in that direction is fully com
pensated by an increase in other quarters. W ith regard to imported com
modities it appears that the arrivals o f grain, although excessively large,
were not quite so heavy as in the preceding month. Their value, includ
ing all descriptions, may be estimated at upwards o f £3,500,000, while
that of the May importations was about £4,000,000. During the first
six months of the year, the returns for which are now completed, our
importations of grain o f all kinds have amounted to about £21,000,000,
against about £9,500,000 in the corresponding half o f 1860. As respects
the consumption o f other articles of food and luxury, the figures for the
month o f June show a falling off under every head except those o f cocoa
and wine.
The exports o f British and Irish produce and manufactures for the
month and for six months o f three years have been as follow :
Month of June.
1 8 8 9 ,..............................................
1860,
...................................
1861,
....................................
£ 1 0 ,6 6 5 ,8 9 1
9 ,2 3 6 ,4 5 4
1 0,3 62 ,8 9 3
Six Months.
..
..
..
£ 6 3 ,0 0 3 ,1 5 9
6 2,0 19 ,9 8 6
60,1 43 ,4 2 5
Average.
.. £
..
..
1 0 ,5 0 0 ,5 2 6
1 0 ,3 3 6 ,6 6 4
1 0,0 23 ,9 0 4
The British navigation accounts show that 929,055 tons o f shipping
entered British ports during the month with cargoes, against 831,3*79
tons in the corresponding period o f last year. O f 378,637 tons under
foreign flags, 130,278 tons belonged to the United States, showing, how
ever, a decrease under the stars and stripes as compared with 1860. The
increase took place under the British, Swedish, Norwegian, Prussian,
Hanseatic and Greek flags. O f the total tonnage entered 182,155 tons,
irrespective o f nationality, arrived from ports of the United States, the
next largest amounts o f tonnage being from Russia, India and Canada.
O f 1,027,076 tons cleared outwards, with cargoes, 145,806 tons cleared
for French ports, the next largest amounts of tonnage having cleared for
Baltic and North Sea ports, India and the United States. The coasting
trade shows 1,429,964 tons of shipping entered inwards with cargoes,
326
Foreign Correspondence.
[September,
including their repeated voyages, about one-third o f the whole being
engaged in the intercourse between Great Britain and Ireland.
An official statement lately published of the value of the exports from
the twelve principal ports of the United Kingdom during the past year
shows the relative progress or retrogression in the trade o f each. The
aggregate increase is 4 per cent, over 1859, but some ports figure for a
more considerable augmentation, and others exhibit a falling off. The
export trade o f London presents an increase o f a J per cen t.; Liverpool,
4 f ; Hull, I l f ; Bristol, 7 f ; Southampton, 6 £ ; Leith, 18, and Glasgow,
f . Newcastle has been stationary. The ports that show a diminution
are, Dublin, 24 per cent.; Cork, 18-J; Greenock, 48, and Belfast, 92.
The totals of the two latter, however, in 1859, were exceptionally
heavy, and the present falling off is merely a return to about their ordi
nary amount. Subjoined are the exact returns:
Declared value o f British and Irish Produce and Manufactures expended from the
respective ports to Foreign Countries and British Possessions abroad in the years,
30,235,924
62,414,341
12,980,581
451,553
1,906,514
2,499,369
812,613
1859.
1860.
1859.
London,. . .
Liverpool,.
Hull,..........
Bristol,___
Newcastle,.
S ’tham’ton,
Leith,........
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
30,831,688
65,419,132
14,481,616
491,192
1,903,488
2,662,016
1,030,680
Glasgow,.
Greenock,
Dublin,..
Cork, . . . .
Belfast,. .
A g’regate, i
£5,394,316
1,106,268
48,210
168,252
141,115
1,225,302
1860.
.
.
.
.
.
£ 5,406,410
512,102
22,192
136,698
10,283
122,980,811
Manchester is uneasy under the present prospect o f the cotton supply.
The secession movement in your States finds some sympathy among
manufacturers here, but the tone of public sentiment, both in London
and throughout England, is clearly with the Northern States. Mr. Joint
B r ig h t , M. P . for Birmingham, addressed a public meeting at Rochdale
on the 1st inst., when, in the course o f his remarks, he alluded to the
cotton supply question and to the civil war in America, expressing the
most profound sympathy with our transatlantic kinsmen in their efforts
to maintain the Union and enforce constitutional law. Such views, from
a man of his prominence, have great weight. Toward the close of his
remarks he said, in reference to recent propositions in England to vio
late the American blockade in consequence o f its reported inefficiency :
“ Now, recollect what breaking the blockade means. It means a war with the
United States ; and I don’t think myself that it would be cheap to break the block
ade, at the cost of a war with the United States. I think that the cost of a war
with the United States would give, probably, half wages for a very considerable
time, to those persons in Lancashire who would be out of W'ork if there was no cot
ton, to say nothing at all of the manifest injustice and wrong against all international
law, that a legal and effective blockade should he interfered with b y another country.
It is not exactly the business of this meeting, but my opinion is, that the safety of
the products on which this country depends rests far more oh the success of the
Washington government than upon its failure ; and I believe nothing could be more
monstrous than for us, who are not very averse to war ourselves, to set up for
critics— carping, cavilling critics— of what the Washington government is doing.
1 saw a letter the other day from an Englishman, resident for 25 years in Philadel
phia, a merchant there, and a very prosperous merchant. He said, “ I prefer the
institutions of this country (the United States) very much to yours in England
but he says also, “ I f it be once admitted that here we have no country and no
government, but that any portion of these United States can break off from the cen
tral government whenever it pleases, then it is time for me to pack up what I have,
1861.]
327
Foreign Correspondence.
and to go somewhere where there is a country and a government!” If the 33 or 34
States of the American Union can break off whenever they like, I can see nothing
bnt disaster and confusion throughout the whole of that continent. I say that the
war, be it successful or not, be it Christian or not, be it wise or not, is a war to sus
tain the government and to sustain the authority of a great nation ; and that the
people of England, if they are true to their own sympathies, to their own history,
and to their own great act of 1834, to which reference has already been made, will
have no sympathy for those who wish to build up a great empire on the perpetual
bondage o f millions of their fellow-men.”
The differences in the market price o f cotton, on the first of this
month, as compared with the same period of 1856 to 1860, are shown
as follow :
C otton,
1856.
Upland, fair,........
Upland, good fair,
Pernambuco,.........
1857.
1858.
6f
..
8f
H
7
••
81
74
■■7|
9f
..
■•
8J
1860.
1859.
. .
. ■
. ■
74
. ■
. ■
. .
U
9*
1861.
64
..
8f
74
94
■■
..
84
94
So that, notwithstanding the reduced supply, prices are now about
the same as in 1857. The sales o f cotton for the week are 70,000
bales, o f which 49,000 are to spinners, 12,000 to speculators, and 9,000
bales for export. Under the influence of alarming news from America,
the sales of the preceding week amounted to the enormous quantity o f
144,000 bales; o f which the spinners took 87,000 bales.
There is at last a decided fall in the stock o f cotton at Liverpool, the
diminution, though long foreseen, not having previously been at all con
siderable. This will be seen on reference to the subjoined table, which
commences with the month o f April, when the American blockade was
first threatened:
Stock.
April 5 ,_____
May 3 , . . . i
“
“
1861.
1860.
Bales.
Bales.
9 4 2 ,33 0
9 9 0 ,6 9 0
2 4 ,_____ 1 ,1 1 1 ,6 1 0
8 1 , ______1 ,1 5 1 ,0 1 0
1861.
1860 .
Stock.
Bales.
906 ,04 0 |June 7,____ 1 ,1 4 8 ,6 5 0
1 ,0 1 6,63 0 July 5 , ____ 1 ,1 0 8,30 0
j
1 ,2 0 0,73 0
1 ,2 9 5,57 0 1
“
“
1 2 ,_____ 1 ,1 0 2 ,6 0 0
1 9 , _____ 1 ,0 5 3 ,7 1 0
Bales.
1,3 5 8,63 0
1 ,2 9 8,49 0
1 ,227,990
1,2 8 7,52 0
In the sixteen weeks over which these figures extend the stock has
thus been augmented to the extent o f 11,380 bales, while at the same
period of 1860 it increased to the extent o f 381,480 bales. Last year’s
was, however, a heavy crop in the United States, and but for the un
certainty attending the future, the stock now in hand would be con
sidered sufficient for all practical purposes. The stock was made up in
the following proportions in the first and last weeks embraced in the
return:
Am erican,.........................................................
Surat..................................................................
Brazil,................................................................
Egyptian...........................................................
West Indies, & c.,............................................
Stock, April 5.
Bales.
790,570
95,040
16,590
37,600
2,530
....
Stock, July 19.
Bales.
798,660
187,740
22,310
43,570
1,430
The Jamaica Cotton Company have, we understand, directed a quan
tity of Egyptian seed to be forwarded to Jamaica immediately, having
learned from their agent that the peasantry there are extremely anxious
to plant cotton with their provisions, but find it difficult to get sufficient
seed, so much has been planted. He states that in three weeks’ time
he has cleared and planted forty acres o f cotton, and corn with it, and
328
Foreign Correspondence.
[September,
fenced in, for planting, six hundred acres— the last at an expense of
only £ l . He pays 6d. and 9d. a day for women, and Is. per day for
men, and has had to turn away hundreds who applied for work. A
gentleman who has been for many years a cotton planter in the Southern
States gives the price o f a day’s labor for a slave, when hired out, 75
cents, or about 3s. 2d. per d a y ; whereas, in Jamaica, the average cost is Is.
Grain Market.— The aggregate value o f the grain importations o f the
first half of the present year may be estimated at £21,000,000, against
£9,500,000 in 1860. O f this total, about £14,500,000 represents wheat
and flour— our importations o f which, in the same period of 1860, were
below £3,000,000. In 1859 France sent us our chief supplies, and con
tributed about as much as Russia, Prussia and the United States com
bined, while, from America, the amount was merely nominal. In 1860
Prussia took the lead, Russia was second, and the quantity from France
was insignificant. This year America has distanced all other countries,
and has sent us nearly as much as Prussia, Russia and France com
bined— the quantity from the latter being less even than in 1860.
The monthly grain circular from Odessa, under date July 19th, says :
“ The arrivals o f wheat from the interior have continued, during the
whole month of June, to be very large, but the condition is unfortunately
not much improved. Before these can be made fit for shipment, the
products o f the new harvest will arrive, and there is no doubt that they
will depreciate the value of the old.”
The reduction o f the wine duty in Great Britain has hitherto proved a
great success, the consumption averaging about 1,000,000 gallons per
month, against 600,000 gallons at the old duty. It was anticipated, and
very reasonably, that the introduction o f claret and other light wines at
a duty of Is. per gallon, while sherry, port, Marsala, &c., paid 2s. 5d.,
would create an enormous demand for those wines; but the public
appear pertinaciously to adhere to their former tastes, and of a total o f
5.400.000 gallons cleared in the five months ending 31st May, only
570.000 represents those wines cleared at the duty o f I s . ; it is there
fore clear that hitherto common French and German wines have not
made much impression.
Trade in France is still dull. There is no demand except for articles
wanted for immediate use, and there is consequently much uneasiness
prevailing among the manufacturing population. This state o f things is
attributed to the cessation o f foreign orders, particularly from the United
States. The harvest prospects are not satisfactory. Flour is one franc
per sack higher in Paris. Accounts from Bordeaux state that the vine
yards present a magnificent appearance. The grape is filling, and the
crop will be abundant, except in those districts injured by the frost.
The loss, however, is not so great as it was represented by interested
speculators. The plethora o f capital in France is evidenced by the fact
that the applications for £6,000,000 French railway debentures last week
amounted to ninety-five millions sterling. The total allotted to the public
is £3,700,000, and the remaining £2,300,000 is allotted to claimants with
exclusive rights. The Paris correspondent of the Times says : “ Accounts
from the manufacturing districts state that French manufacturers in gen
eral are severely affected by the suspension o f their relations with the
United States since the civil war broke out there. They have, in con
sequence, reduced their hours o f labor, much to the loss o f their opera
1861.]
Foreign Correspondence.
329
tives. The manufacturers have adopted this prudent measure, fearing
that one of the effects o f the civil war will be that many houses in the
great towns o f America may think it advisable to suspend payment. On
the other hand, the Paris papers, which are supposed to represent the
sentiments o f the government, assert that trade in France has revived
considerably within the last three months.”
The J o u rn a l de C herbourg states, that it is contemplated to establish a
stragetic railway along the coast, so as to make it possible to transport a
large body of troops to any part of the coast where the enemy might
attempt to land. The paragraph proceeds : “ By means o f the electric
semaphore telegraph, which already encircles our coast, the movements
of the enemy may be instantaneously made known to the naval arsenals ;
the establishment of such a railway W'ould complete the system o f defence,
and protect our coast against a coup de main.
An important commercial treaty between England and France has gone
into effect this year. Treaties with other powers are in contemplation.
The treaty o f commerce between Great Britain and Turkey, which is to
come into operation on the 1st o f October, has been laid before Parlia
ment. Turkish produce and manufactures purchased by British subject^
are to be liable to no duty except an export duty of 8 per cent., dimin
ishing annually by 1 per cent., until it be reduced to a fixed ad valorem
duty of 1 per cent., to cover the general expenses o f administration and
control; and the produce and manufactures o f Her Britannic Majesty are
not to be subject in Turkey to any duty beyond an import duty of 8 per
cent., but the import o f tobacco or salt is prohibited. There is to be no
differential duty on British shipping. The duty of 3 per cent, now levied
on articles passing through Turkey by land to other countries is to be
reduced to 2 per cent., and after eight years is to be merely 1 per cent,
to defray the expenses of registration. No charge is to be made on
British produce or goods in British ships passing through the Straits.
The “ most favored nation” clauses are inserted.
P u n c h omits no opportunity for a d rive at a friend or an enemy. He
says: “ W e doubt if the slowest o f slow coaches would ever be able to
arrive at any satisfactory conclusion as to whether the Galway Steam
Packet Company has made less way in the public estimation with its
L e v e r or its (S)crew.”
W e have received from the custom-house authorities at Canton, through
H. T. D a v ie s , o f Shanghai, returns o f the trade o f Canton for 1860. The
following is a summary o f the whole :
G e n era l I m ports.
First half-year, 1860............................ $8,819,760 at 4s. 6d. = £2,094,693
Second “
“
9,592,967 at 4s. 8id . =
2,259,050
G eneral E
xports.
First half-year, 1860..........................$ 5,579,112 at 4s. 9d.
= £1,325,039
Second “
“
10,678,511 at 4s. 8*d. =
2,513,899
The trade is carried on by 66 British vessels, with a tonnage o f 36,028 ;
in 25 American vessels, aggregate tonnage, 20,236 ; in 46 sundry vessels,
tonnage, 16,898 ; and in river steamers and lorchas.
The London fire insurance offices have adopted their new scale. In
many cases it is higher; the rate for each of the docks, for instance,
having been raised from 3s. 6d. to 10s., and for general floating policies
330
Commercial Chronicle and Review.
[September,
from 10s. 6d. to 35s. per cent. These terms, however, are subject to
reductions, in the event o f certain requirements being complied with for
the improvement o f risks, and which are modeled very much on those
compulsory at Liverpool. It is stated that in London, while the average
of premiums on dock and warehouse policies has been 5s. 6d. per cent.,
the average of losses has been 12s. 8d. per cent. The increased scale
applies to ships in port.
The suspension has been announced o f Messrs. R o c c a B r o t h e r s , an
old and well-known mercantile firm, with establishments in London,
Naples, Marseilles, Odessa and Genoa. The house has been for two or
three months in liquidation, but up to the present time all its engage
ments had been regularly met. Another failure in the Australian trade
is announced, the firm being that of Messrs. W . J. & H. M il l e r , o f
Cannon-street, London. The stoppage has been caused by that o f their
house at Melbourne, Messrs. M il l e r B r o t h e r s . The liabilities are pro
bably not less than £50,000.
C O MME R C I A L C HR ONI C L E AND R E V I E W.
B u s in e s s
of
the
M o n t h .— I m p o r t s .— E x p o r t s .— E x p o r t s
and
P r i c e s f o r J u l y .— B a t e s
of
M o n e y .— S p e c i e . — S p e c i e S h i p m e n t s .— B a n k M o v e m e n t .— T h e N e w T a r i f f o f A u g u s t , 1 S 61.
— E x t r a o r d i n a r y I n f l u x o f S p e c i e .— L o w
B a t e s o f F o r e i g n B i l l s .— H e a v y B k c e i p t s o f
F l o u r a n d G r a i n .— C o m p a r a t i v e P r i c e s .
T h e war movements o f the month o f July continue to affect business
operations throughout the country at large. The imports for the month
o f July at this port were only one-sixth o f those for the corresponding
month o f 1860, while the foreign exports of domestic produce continue
large.
The leading feature o f the month has been the negotiation of one
hundred and fifty millions in behalf o f the Treasury Department. This
was done through a convention held between the 10th and ll t h instants,
o f the banks o f the cities o f New-York, Philadelphia and Boston.
The following plan “ for assisting the United States Government” was
unanimously adopted:
S e c t i o n 1. An immediate issue to b e made b y the United States Treasury Depart
ment of Treasury notes,dated August 15th, 1861, bearing interest from that date at
7.30 per cent., to the extent of fifty millions of dollars.
S ec . 2. The banks of New-York, Boston and Philadelphia associated to take
jointly this fifty millions at par, with the privilege of taking at par an additional
fifty millions October 15, b y giving their decision to the department October 1 ; and
also at par fifty millions December 15, b y giving their decision December 1,
unless said amount shall have been previously subscribed as a national loan. It be
ing understood and agreed, that no other Government stocks, bonds or treasury
notes (except treasury notes payable on demand, and the Oregon War Loan,) shall
be negotiated or paid out b y the government until February 1, 1862, should the
associates avail of both privileges, or until December 15, 1861, should they avail of
the first only, or until October 15, 1861, if they take but the present fifty millions—
except that the government may negotiate in Europe, or through subscriptions
to the national loan.
1861.]
331
Commercial Chronicle and Review.
The capital of the hanks of New-York, Boston and Philadelphia, and
the respective proportions under a p r o rata division, would be as follow :
Bank Capital.
New-York,...................................$70,000,000
Boston.........................................
38,000,000
Philadelphia,........ , .................. 12,000,000
Pro rata proportion of 50 millions.
___
$29,500,000
___
15,500,000
____
5,000,000
It was proposed and finally agreed that the division should be—
To New-York,....................................................................................$35,000,000
To Boston,......................................................................................... 10,000,000
To Philadelphia,...............................................................................
5,000,000
All the banks of this city promptly ratified the agreement; and subse
quently those of Boston and Philadelphia assented. The ability o f these
institutions, with sixty-five millions of specie, to sustain this important
movement, is unquestioned. It is obvious that the money which the gov
ernment receives is to be spent at home, and thus will not disturb the foreign
exchanges. It is to go out at once into the general circulation o f the
country, in payment for services and merchandise ; and, paid to one man,
it passes quickly to others. The movement by which it is set in motion
is simply a mercantile undertaking on a vast scale, which is to be con
fined to our own limits, and to give to our own people all its advantages.
Indeed, this is peculiarly true so far as New-York and New-England are
concerned; for such is the amount o f supplies which must be drawn hence,
and the number of our troops now in the field, that the amount expended
by the government at the North is likely to more than equal what is raised
here. These considerations, coupled with the fact that the balance be
tween Boston and Ncw-York, is heavily in favor o f the latter, are sufficient
to answer all doubts, as to the ease with which our banks can undertake
an operation to the extent o f one-fourth o f their capital and one-sixth
of their loan.
The strength o f the New-York Banks is indicated by the following
summary:
Loans.
Specie.
Circulation. Deposits.
Jan. 6,$129,625,465 $24,839,475 $8,698,283 $86,454,430 $
Feb. 2,
121,907,024 31,054,509 8,099,376 87,879,743
Mch. 2,
121,893,963 34,480,407 8,290,755 89,635,298
Apl. 6,
122,113,496 41,705,558 8,930,141 94,859,810
May 4,
124,610,166 38,054,254 9,296,399 94,977,381
June 1 ,
118,290,181 37,502,402 8,683,780 90,197,459
July 6,
112,134,668 45,630,025 8,862,799 90,579,753
Aug. 3,
111,719,111 46,226,181 8,585,574 92,229,384
Aug. 17,
108,717,434 49,733,990 8,521,426 92,046,308
1861.
Weekly
Clearings.
95,994,868 $
122,138,525
126,728,832
123,277,671
106,413,316
88,847,249
88,313,230
81,415,525
80,172,670
SubTreasury.
3,645,500
4,328,000
9,166,030
8,486,494
9,761,752
11,468,789
4,616,620
6,738,059
4,380,239
W e annex the ruling rates for business paper at this date, as compared
with the last week in April, May and June :
May 2 2 .
per cent.
6-J- @ 7
8 @ 9
Loans on call, State stock securities,.............
“
bond and mortgage,.........................
Prime endorsed bills, 60 d a y s ,....................... 7 @10
Firsbclass single signatures, 4 to 6months,. . 8 @10
Other good bills.................................................. 10 @12
Names less known,............................................ 15 @ 3 0
June 2 4 . July 2 4. Aug. 24.
per cent, per cent, per cent.
5@
6 5@ 6 4@ 5
6@ 7 6 @ 7 6 @ 7
6@ 7 5 @ 6 6@ 7
8@12 7 @ 9 9 @ 1 0
12 @ 15 9 @ . . @ . .
no sale, no sale, no sale.
The new features o f the tariff went into operation from the time of its
passage. W e give the bill entire, for the benefit of our readers, in this
number, pages 235-256. The following section, we fear, will give trouble
332
Commercial Chronicle and Review.
in some cases, in discriminating between goods shipped on board the same
vessel before and after the 5th day o f August, when the tariff was passed:
Sec. 5. And be it f urther enacted, That all goods, wares and merchandise actually
on shipboard and bound to the United States, and all goods, wares and merchandise
on deposit in warehouses or public stores at the date of the passage of this act, shall
be subject to pay such duties as are provided by law before and at the time of the
passage of this act.
The imports for July from foreign ports show a total of only $3,191,920
dutiable goods entered directly for consumption; and, including seven
millions o f specie and three millions of free goods, the aggregate for the
month is less than fifteen million dollars.
F
o r e ig n
I
m p o r t s
a t
N
e w
185 8.
E ntered.
-Y
o r k
in
J
u l y
,
1858-1861.
185 9.
For consumption,........ §14,013,659
For warehousing,........
2,949,166
Free goods....................
1,506,027
Specie and bullion,. . .
36,895
186 0.
1861.
. . §21,681,460 . . $18,759,905 . .
..
3,943,374 . .
4,462,475 . .
..
1,486,147 . .
1,594,918 . .
..
175,139 . .
64,351 . .
$3,200,663
1,769,636
2,972,054
6,996,498
Total entered,.......... $18,505,747 . . $27,286,120 . . $24,881,649 . . $14,938,851
W ithdrawn,.............
3,164,538 . .
2,595,063 . .
3,593,993 . .
6,622,454
The official tables show that the foreign imports at this port, exclusive
o f specie, since January 1st, are only $85,891,561, against $141,847,307
for the same period o f last year, and $155,149,912 for the same period
of 1859. In this connection it will be interesting to compare the pro
gress of the trade during the last seven months with the same period in
former years, in regard to other particulars, and for this purpose we have
separated the receipts of foreign dry goods from the imports o f general
merchandise:
F
o r e ig n
I
m p o r t s
a t
N
e w
-Y
o r k
185 8.
E ntered.
f o r
S
e v e n
M
o n t h s
,
1859.
For consumption,. . $50,334,179 . . $113,511,023 . .
For warehousing,. .
15,185,419..
23,209,758..
Free goods..............
12,955,525 . .
18,429,131 . .
Specie and bullion,
1,815,258..
1,301,082..
f r o m
J
a n u a r y
1 st , 1 8 5 8 -1 8 6 1 .
1860.
1861.
$98,705,594 . . $35,191,920
25,377,377 . .
30,441,676
17,765,566 . .
20,257,965
7 5 1 ,1 8 8 ..
32,906,166
Total entered,.. . $80,290,381 . . $156,450,994 . . $142,599,725 . . $118,797,727
Withdrawn,........ 25,076,502 . .
14,110,784 . .
17,909,650 . .
25,996,550
The extraordinary feature as to specie exceeds any previous period in
the history o f this country. The dry goods for the past seven months
are very limited, although the import of general merchandise is less than
in the year 1858 :
Relative Imports o f D ry Goods, Specie and General Merchandise at New- York fo r the
first Seven Months o f the last Eleven Years.
Seven
Months of
1851,............
1852,............
1853...............
1854...............
1855,............
1856...............
1857...............
1858,............
1859,............
1860...............
1861,............
...
.. .
...
...
...
___
___
___
___
Imports of
Imports of
Imports of
Gen'l Mdse.
Dry Goods.
Specie.
$42,240,217 . . $43,174,714 .. $1,480,476
34,994,294 . .
37,215,342 . .
2,028,248
57,421,619 . .
59,393,895 . .
1,099,516
55,308,993 . .
58,126,642 . .
1,606,090
34,724,393 . .
49,008,832
523,151
..
72,757,795
963,500
..
84,156,030 . .
5,857,310
30,169,358 . .
48,305,765 . .
1,815,258
71,782,984 . .
83,366,928 . .
1,301,082
..
78,485,850
751,188
63,362,687
31,515,606 . .
54,375,955 . . 32,906,166
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Total
Imports.
$86,895,407
74,237,884
117,915,030
115,041,725
84,256,376
134,018,241
156,729,633
80,290,381
156,450,994
142,599,725
118,797,727
333
Commercial Chronicle and Review.
The cash duties received at the port o f New-York, during the month
of July, have been less than for the same period of previous years ; they
are reckoned, of course, upon the goods thrown on the market. W e
annex a comparative summary :
C
a s h
D
u t ie s
r e c e iv e d
185 8.
a t
N
e w
-Y
1 85 9.
o r k
.
1860.
1861.
In July.................... $3,387,305 . . $4,851,243 89 . . $4,504,066 04 . . $2,069,590 86
Previous six m os„. 11,089,112 . . 19,512,181 99 . . 18,339,679 30 . . 10,585,334 95
Total since Jan. 1, $ 14,476,418
88
$ 24,363,428
$ 22,843,745 34
$ 12,654,925 81
The exports show some very singular changes. The most noticeable
features are, of course, the great increase in shipments o f produce, and
cessation in shipments o f specie. During no month o f the year has this
been more noticeable, although we are now comparing with a period of
last year when the exports of produce on a large scale had commenced,
and were rapidly assuming very large proportions :
E
x p o r t s
f r o m
N
e w
-Y
o r k
t o
F
o r e ig n
1858.
Domestic produce,..............$4,771,962
Foreign mdse., (fre e ,).. . .
70,463
Foreign mdse., (dutiable,).
277,419
Specie and bullion,........... 2,801,340
P
o r t s
f o r
t h e
..
..
..
..
M
o n t h
o f
1 86 0.
1859.
$4,938,065
380,782
232,527
10,051,019
J
u l y
.
1861.
. . $7,525,713 .. $9,552,789
232,552 . .
..
203,325
140,949 . .
260,866
..
..
6,563,985 . .
11,020
Total exports,...................$7,921,829 ..$15,602,393 ..$14,463,199 ..$10,028,000
Total, exclusive of specie, 5,119,844..
5,551,374..
7 ,811,214.. 10,016,980
The movement of produce from the interior continues to he very large.
The receipts at tide-water o f the principal articles o f produce, from the
opening of the canals to and including the 14th of August, have been as
follow :
185 9.
Canal open,......................... April 15.
Flour.............................bbls. 209,796
Wheat,.........................bush. 696,003
Corn,............................. “ 1,392,881
B arley,......................... “
147,194
Oats,........................... “
2,347,931
Rye,............................... “
99,146
1860.
....
....
___
April 25.
372,980
4,480,923
7,642,394
75,913
3,547,727
121,967
1861.
....
____
____
May 1.
523,852
11,811,333
8,060,289
187,420
2,595,028
387,984
The returns from other lines of improvement would probably show an
equally favorable result.
The receipts o f foreign gold and silver, and o f gold from California, at
New-York, and at Boston for New-York account, since January 1, are
about as follow s:
Foreign gold entered at New-York,............................................................. $ 33,365,000
Foreign gold entered at Boston,...................................................................
7,396,000
California gold at New-York,......................................................................... 22,250,000
Total income of gold since January 1, ............................................. $ 63,011,000
Against same time in 1860 :
From California,..................................................................... $ 21,691,000
From abroad,...........................................................................
751,000
-----------------$22,442,000
Increased receipts since January 1 ,
$ 40,669,000
334
Commercial Chronicle and Review.
[September,
The shipments o f domestic produce for the past seven months are
more than double those for the same period o f 1858 and 1859.
It is somewhat remarkable that the comparative exports for seven
months in each o f the last three years foot up about the same, hut are
made up o f very different items. In 1859, forty-three millions o f specie
were included; in 1860, twenty-eight millions; while in 1861, only
three millions o f specie have been exported during the whole seven
months.
E
xports
from
N
ew
-Y o rk
to
F o r e ig n P o r t s
for
seven
m on th s, fr o m
J a n u a r y 1.
1858.
1859.
1860.
1861.
Domestic produce,.......... §33,352,354 . . $33,373,647 . . $46,281,575 . . $71,030,228
Foreign mdse., (free,).. .
853,024.. 1,765,100..
1,860,424..
1,888,654
Foreign mdse., (dutiable,)
2,557,844 . . 1,021,890 . . 3,325,061 . .
3,699,329
Specie and bullion,........ 15,161,455 . .
43,248,991 . . 28,143,737 . .
3,260,458
Total exports,................... $51,924,677 . . $80,409,628 . . $79,610,797 . . $79,878,669
Total, exclusive of specie, 36,763,222 . . 37,160,637 . . 51,467,060 . . 76,618,511
W ith this heavy influx o f gold it is obvious that the foreign exchanges
remain at a low price, as in Slay, June or July. The following were the
current rates at the dates named :
May 22.
June 24.
July 24.
August 24.
London, bankers’ bills,. . . . 1054 @ 1064
105) @105£
107J@ 107|
Do. mercantile bills, .. 105 @
106 1041) @ 105 1 0 5 f@ 1 0 6 4 106 @ 1074
Do. with bills of lading, 1034 @ 1044 10 2 4@ 10 4 1 0 44@ 1054 105 @ 1 0 6
Paris, bankers’ bills,.......... 5.45 @5.25 5.40 @5.37 5.30 @5.274 5.40 @5.27
Amsterdam, per guilder,. . 39 @ 40
39 @ 39£
40£ @ 41
39f @ 404
Bremen, per rix dollar,.. . 77 @ 78
754 @ 764
77f @ 78
76 @ 77
Hamburg, per marc bancc ,. 35 @ 35£
34£ @ 354
35£ @ 36
35 @ 35f
Prices o f certain Articles o f Domestic Produce at New- York on the 1st o f
each o f the last five years.
B readstu ffs.
1857.
1858.
1859.
I860.
$4.10 . .
$4.90
Flour, stand, sup. b b l.,. . $ 6.45 . .
. $5.10
1.12
1.15
Wheat, wh. west., bush.,
1.35
1.65 . .
1.10
1.00
Wheat, red west.,
“
1.25
1.38
.
.
85
75
Wheat, Chic, spg., “
.
1.17
1.45
.
.
95
Wheat, MU. club,
“
1.23
1.12
..
80
Rye, bush.,.......................
814
77
90 . .
91
Corn, mixed west., bush.,
80
62
154
12f
124
Cotton, mid. up., per lb.,
10J
August, in
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1861.
$4.05
1.20
1.12
87
95
47
45
16
..
..
81
8.94
19.124 ••
14.25 . .
10.00 . .
18 ..
10 . .
13f . .
4.624
6£ ..
46 . .
21 . .
16.00
10.75
9.75
N a v a l Stores.
Spirits turpentine, gall.,
Rosin, common, bbl.,.. . .
454 . .
1.85 . .
44
1.524
45)
1.75
38
1.45
P r o v is io n s .
Pork, mess, b b l.,.............
Pork, prime, bbl.,............
Beef, repacked west., bbl.,
Butter, State, per lb .,----Cheese, State, per lb .,. . .
Lard, prime, per lb .,. . . .
Rice, per 100 lbs.,..........
Sugar, fair, refined.........
W ool, med. fleece, lb .,...
Whiskey, gall.,.................
24.25
19.50
16.50
20
9
IS i
5.50
94
46
314
..
..
..
..
..
17.50
14.12)
13.00
18
..
••
..
••
3.50
54
40
25
15.25 . .
10.874 •.
12.00 . .
18 .
8 .
10J .
4.00 . .
6) .
45 .
254 .
11
6
9
5.75
54
162
Prices have changed materially on some articles during the month ;
thus, flour and grain are a little higher ; cotton is two cents higher, and
spirits turpentine and rosin have made a very rapid upward movement.
The export orders for breadstuff’s continue, the most active demand for
wheat being for the Continent.
1
THE
MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE
COMMERCIAL
REVIEW.
E s t a b lis h e d J u ly , 1 S 3 9 .
EDITED b y
J . SMITH HOMANS, (SECRETARY OF THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE STATE OF N E W -Y O R K ,)
A ND W IL L IA M B . D A N A , ATTOBNEY A T L A W .
VOLUME X L V .
SEPTEM BER,
CONTENTS
OF
No.
1861.
III.,
NUMBER III.
VOL.
XLV.
A rt.
page
I. T A X A T I O N
IN
TH E
NEW
AN D
OLD
W O R L D .— C o m p a r a t iv e
R evenue and
E x p e n d it u r e o f G r e a t B r it a i n , F r a n c e a n d t h e U n it e d S t a t e s — S o u r c e s o f
R e v e n u e in F r a n c e — H e a d s
of
E x p e n d it u r e — H e a d s o f
T a x a t io n
in
G reat
B r it a in — N e w S o u r c e s o f R e v e n u e in t h e U n it e d S t a t e s , f o r W a r P u r p o s e s ,. . 225
II. C O F F E E
AN D
THE
C a u se s o f D e c lin e .
COFFEE
f r o m R i o J a n e i r o , 1 84 6 — 1 8 6 1 .
III. A C TS
OF
Im p o rts.
THE
T R A D E .— 1 . D im in is h e d p r o d u c t io n in
3 . C o ffe e M a r k e ts o f E u r o p e a n d th e U n it e d S ta te s .
B r a z il.
2.
4. E x p orts
5 . L o w e s t a n d H i g h e s t P r i c e s in N e w - Y o r b , 1S 46— 6 1, 228
T H IR T Y -S E V E N T H
C O N G R E S S . — 1. T h e C o l l e c t i o n o f D u t i e s o n
2. A n A c t to P r o v id e I n c r e a s e d R e v e n u e fr o m I m p o rts , to P a y th e In te re s t
o n th e P u b lic D e b t , a n d fo r o th e r p u rp o s e s .
3. A n
A c t t o I n c r e a s e t h e C o n s u la r
R e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s d u r i n g t h e p r e s e n t I n s u r r e c t i o n , .................................
IV . A N N U A L R E P O R T
ON TH E SALT TR A D E
O F T IIE
U N IT E D
STATES
2 30
fo r th e
y e a r 1860, w it h th e E s tim a t e d P r o d u c t io n o f e a c h S ta te , th e F o r e i g n I m p o r t s a n d
E x p o r t s fo r th e y e a r , a n d p r ic e s fo r e a c h m o n th ,
V. AN N U AL REPORT ON DRUGS
V I. A N N U A L R E P O R T
AND
TH E
D R U G T R A D E , fo r th e y e a r 1 8 6 0 ,....
2 57
261
O N B R E A D S T U F F S A N D P R O V I S I O N S .— E x h ib it o f th e A g
g r e g a t e V a lu e o f B r e a d s tu ffs E x p o r t e d t o F o r e i g n C o u n tr ie s fr o m t h e U n it e d S ta te s ,
fo r e a ch y e a r , 1828, t o
1 st J u ly , 1 8 6 0 ; a ls o th e E x p o r t V a lu e o f P r o v is io n s fo r th e
s a m e p e r i o d — E x p o r t s t o G r e a t B r i t a i n a n d t h e C o n t i n e n t , a n d V a l u e s t h e r e o f , .......... 26S
V I I . A N N U A L R E P O R T O N F R E I G H T S , F O R I 8 6 0 .— R a t e s t o L i v e r p o o l , L o n d o n , H a v r e ,
G a l v e s t o n , H a v a n a , V e r a C r u z , & c . , e a c h m o n t h o f I 8 6 0 ,,
270
V I I I . T H E T E A T R A D E O F T I I E Y E A R I 8 6 0 .— I m p o r t s , E x p o r t s o f e a c h P o r t a n d V a l u e s , 272
I X . O P E R A T IO N S O F T H E U N IT E D
S T A T E S A S S A Y O F F I C E , N e w - Y o r k , 1860,
2 73
336
Contents o f September No., 1861.
COMMERCIAL
1 . D u t i e s l e v i e d in S c i n d e .
REGULATIONS.
2. T h e C o o lie T r a ffic .
R e g u la tio n s o f R io J a n e iro .
3 . T r e a t ie s w it h J a p a n .
4. C u s to m -H o u s e
5 . F o r e i g n T a r i f f s , ..................................................................................................
274
J O U R N A L OF A G R I C U L T U R E .
1. B r it is h W o o l .
2. B e e t R o o t S u g a r.
8 . W i l d S ilk W o r m s o f I n d ia .
4. A g r ic u lt u r a l P r o
d u c t s o f I o w a , .................................................................................................................................................................................. 280
STATISTICS
1. C it ie s o f E r r o p e .
T h e B r i t i s h C e n s u s o f 1 86 1.
5 . C i t ie s i n G r e a t B r i t a i n .
7. P o p u l a t i o n o f t h e W o r l d .
1860.
OF P O P U L A T I O N ,
2. N e w C o n g r e s s io n a l A p p o r t io n m e n t .
&c .
3. T h e C h in e s e in C a lifo r n ia .
4.
6. E m i g r a t i o n f r o m G r e a t B r it a in .
8. C u r io s it ie s o f th e E n g lis h C e n s u s.
9. V it a l S ta tis tics o f
1 0 . V i t a l S t a t i s t i c s o f S c o t l a n d , ........................................................................................................................... 284
RAIL-ROAD,
CANAL
AND
PRO G RE SS
AND
OF
E urope.
Y ork.
2. M i c h i g a n .
6. O c e a n T e l e g r a p h s .
on
R a il-R o a d I r o n , & c.
13. S c in d e R a ilw a y .
w a y D i r e c t o r s in F r a n c e .
L a d r o n e Is la n d s .
9. M e d it e r r a n e a n
1 1. F r e n c h R a i l w a y s .
14. G h a u t R a ilw a y .
17. I r o n R a ils .
20. S o u r c e s
8. P h ila d e lp h ia .
4 . A u s t r a lia .
7. T h e R u s s ia n T e le g r a p h
8. M a l t a a n d A l e x a n d r i a T e l e g r a p h .
10. D u t ie s
STATISTICS,
G E O G R A P H IC A L D IS C O V E R Y .
1. B u ffa lo a n d N e w - Y o r k C it y R a il -R o a d .
T r a ffic t h r o u g h F r a n c e .
TELEGRAPH
fr o m
S u b -M a r in e T e le g r a p h .
12. H o r s e R a ilw a y s in N e w -
1 5. R a i l w a y P r o g r e s s in I n d i a .
16. R a il
18. T e x a s a n d N e w -O r le a n s R a il -R o a d .
o f th e N ile .
5.
C h in a to
21. T h e A m o o r C o u n try .
19. T h e
2 2. E x p l o r a t i o n o f
t h e R e d S e a , .............................................................................................................•„......................................................................
JOURNAL
1 . F i r e I n s u r a n c e D u t i e s in E n g l a n d .
F i r e in L o n d o n .
JOURNAL
lin g B o a ts.
OF
10.
5. N e w
NAUTICAL
C rew s o f
INTELLIGENCE.
S tra n d ed
8. N e w M o d e o f P r o p e l
5. I m p o r t a n c e o f T e le g r a p h D e s p a tc h e s .
7. A N e w P ie r a t S o u th p o r t.
S t o r m s in F r a n c e .
3. T h e G reat
I n s u r a n c e L a w s o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s , ____ 301
2 . O ffe r t o t h e L i f e - B o a t I n s t i t u t i o n .
4. In te re s tin g t o Y a c h tm e n .
E r in -G o -B r a g h .
S tea m ers.
2. L ife P o lic ie s n o t s u b je c t to F o r fe itu r e .
4. F ir e - P r o o f B u ild in g s .
1 . P r ic e s o f I r o n P r o p e lle r s .
290
OF I N S U R A N C E .
V e s s e ls .
13. S a n F r a n c is c o H a rb o r.
8. T h e D r u m m o n d L i g h t .
11. C a u t io n
to
M a r in e r s .
5. T h e
9. F r e n c h W a r
1 2.
D e s t r u c t iv e
14. N a u t ic a l S c h o o l in N e w - Y o r k .
15. N e w
L i g h t - H o u s e s i n E u r o p e , ........................................................................................................................................................... 304
JOURNAL
OF M I N I N G A N D M A N U F A C T U R E S .
1. N e w G u n fo r G o v e r n m e n t.
bago.
2. N a v y S h o e s .
5. C a lifo r n ia A c a d e m y o f S c ie n c e .
8. I r o n C l a d S h i p s .
B assw ood .
3. I n t e r n a t io n a l E x h i b i t io n o f 1862.
6. B o r a x M i n e r a l .
9. M a u v e a n d M a g e n ta C o lo rs.
4 . P lu m
7. A l u m i n u m in G r e e n l a n d .
10. C a n a d ia n T im b e r fo r F r a n c e .
11.
1 2 . F r e n c h S c h o o l o f A r t , ............................................................................................................................318
CHAMBERS
OF
COMMERCE
AND
BOARDS
OF
TRADE.
1 . M o n t h l y m e e t i n g o f N e w - Y o r k C h a m b e r o f C o m m e r c e , ............................................................................... 319
F O R E I G N C O R R E S P O N D E N C E OF T H E M E R C H A N T S ’ M A G A Z I N E .
1 . L e t t e r f r o m L o n d o n , A u g u s t 3 , 1 8 6 1 ,............................................................................................................................. 324
COMMERCIAL
CHRONICLE
AND R E V I E W .
B u s in e s s o f th e M o n t h — I m p o r t s — E x p o r t s — E x p o r t s a n d P r i c e s fo r J u l y — R a t e s o f M o n e y —
S p e c ie — S p e c ie S h ip m e n ts — B a n k M o v e m e n t - T h e N e w
T a r i f f o f A u g u s t , 1 86 1 — E x t r a o r d i
n a r y I n f l u x o f S p e c i e — L o w R a t e s o f F o r e i g n B i l l s — H e a v y R e c e i p t s o f F l o u r a n d G r a in —
C o m p a r a t i v e P r i c e s , ..................................................................................................................................................................... 331
N i T N o tices o f N e w
the O ctober N o .
B oo k s are in type, but necessarily deferred till
@FedFRASER