Full text of The Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review : July 1861, Vol. XLV, No. I

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M E R C H A N T S ’ M A G A Z IN E
AND

COMMERCIAL

REVIEW.

JU L Y , 1861.

COTTON AND COTTON M A N U F A C T U R E .
I. V alu e of B ritish C otton G oods in 1860.— II. P rogress of tiie C otton M anufactu re
from 1S36 to 1860.— III. C otton T r ad e of G r eat B r it a in a t S i x D ecenn ial P eriods ,
a n d W eek ly Consumption since 1847.— IV . I mports of C otton in to G r eat B r it a in , 18201859, from the U nited States , B r azil , M editer ra n e a n , B ritish E ast I ndies , B ritish
W est I ndies , w it h the A n n u a l A v er ag e P rice of U n ited States U pla n ds , B r a z il a nd
E ast I n d ia S u ra t C otton .— V. C a pa c it y of the Cotton B a le .— V I. Stock of Cotton at
L ive rpo ol , 1844-1860.— V II. T he C hief M a n u fac tu r in g C ountries of E urope compared
w it h the U n ited S tates .— V III. C otton M a nu factu re of F ran ce .— IX . H ollan d a nd
the N eth erlan ds .— X . L a bo r a n d W ages in E n g l an d .— X I. S pindles a n d P roduction in
TnE U nited States .— X II. E xports of C otton M anu factu res from G rea t B r it a in , a n d
A v e r a g e P rice of G oods, 1815-1860.

I.

VALU E

OF B R IT IS H

CO TTON

G O O D S.

W e have before expressed the opinion, that the value o f British manu
factured goods exceeds annually four hundred and fifty millions o f dollars;
while the total cost o f the raw material being only one hundred and fifty
millions of dollars, (£34,550,000 sterling,) there is a resulting profit to
England of three hundred millions of dollars, in round numbers. This
is confirmed by a recent statement in U r e ’ s History o f the Cotton Man
ufacture, (London, H. G. B o h n , 1861,) where it is stated:

“ The total cotton manufacture for home and foreign use, according to
Mr. P o o l e , ( Statistics o f British Commerce,) may be reasonably assumed
at twice the value o f the raw material consumed. And this assumption
is borne out by the estimate given upon the authority o f Messrs. Du F a y
& Co., o f Manchester. Hence, as we paid more than £30,000,000 for
the raw cotton we consumed in 1859, this would give an aggregate value
o f £90,000,000 for the cotton manufacture at present, including the price
of both raw material and finished products.
“ W e know, from the official returns, that more than one-third o f our
entire exports in 1859 consisted o f cotton. Besides which, there has to
V O L . x l v .— n o . i .




1

2

Cotton and Cotton Manufacture.

be added the proportion o f cotton which forms part of £12,000,000 more
exported in the shape of mixed woollens, haberdashery, millinery, silks,
apparel and slops. The home consumption o f cottons, which a few years
ago.was calculated to average £25,000,000 annually, must have greatly
increased, so as to bear a close approximation to the quantity exported,
£48,000,000. The amount o f actual capital invested in the cotton trade
of the kingdom is believed to be now about £60,000,000 sterling.”

II.

RAPID PROGRESS OF THE COTTON MANUFACTURE IN ENGLAND.

In the year 1846, only fifteen years ago, the total value o f British
manufactured cottons was only forty-four millions sterling; whereas, in
1860, the value is officially reported at £92,013,000. The growth o f
these manufactures since the year 1836 is shown in the following tabular
statement:
V alue of the H ome and E xport T rade in B ritish M anufactured C otton G oods..

1836-1860.

Years.

1836,___
1831,___
1 8 3 8 ,....
1839,___
1840,___
1841........
1842,___
1843,___
1844,. . . .
1845,___
1846,___
1847,___
1848,___
1849,___
1850,___
1851,___
1852,___
1853,___
1854,___
1855,___
1856........
1 8 5 7 ,....
1 8 5 8 ,....
1859,___
I 8 6 0 ,.,..

D ecla red va lu e
o f cotton m anu
fa c tu r e s ex
p orted .

Computed value
o f the cotton
consumed.

...£ 1 5 ,0 8 1 ,0 1 1
. . . 10,777,351
. . . 13,132,102
. . . 12,692,165
. . . 13,243,773
. . . 12,089,309
. . . 10,664,723
. . . 11,382,861
. . . 11,621,328
. . . 11,400,319
.. . 13,018,609
. ..
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.. .
...
...
...

13,004,679
10,280,939
13,859,999
17,937,100
16,225,429
16,641,239
18,425,879
18,251,081
19,619,888
22,129,599
25,925,228
26,254,800
27,530,774




..
,.

£24,632,058
20,596,123
24,147,726
24,550,375
24,668,618
23,599,478
21,679,348
23,447,971
25,805,348
26,119,331
25,599,826
23,333,225
22,681,200
26,775,135
28,257,401
30,088,836
29,878,087
32,712,902
31,745,857
34,779,141
38,232,741
39,073,420
43,001,322
48,208,444
52,013,482

Computed value
o f home con
sum ption.

. £19,059,600
15,505,018
20,970,133
11,951,943
24,948,037
16,244,807
15,540,963
19,822,940
17,060,290
20,868,763
18,974,766
13,113,489
16,422,693
16,666,441
17,569,591
18,210,520
21,278,107
22,860,293
23,348,190
19,957,379
18,842,111
21,084,283
17,385,712
23,164,770
40,000,000

Total value
o f the B ritish
cotton m anu
fa ctu re.

. . £43,691,658
36,101,141
..
45,117,859
..
36,502,318
..
49,616,655
..
39,744,285
..
..
37,220,311
43,270,911
..
..
42,865,638
46,988,094
..
44,674,592
..
36,446,714
..
39,103,893
..
43,441,576
..
45,826,992
..
48,299,356
..
51,256,194
..
..
55,573,195
..
55,094,047
..
54,736,520
..
67,074,852
..
60,157,703
..
60,387,034
..
71,373,214
..
92,013,482

3

Cotton and Cotton Manufacture.
III.

COTTON' TRADE OF GREAT BRITAIN AT SIX DECENNIAL PERIODS.

There is a constantly increasing demand for cotton, not only for clothing,
<fcc., arising from the growth of population and the diffusion o f wealth, but
also for admixture with wool, as well as in the manufacture o f cordage,
twine and sail-cloth, which are new branches o f trade to which cotton
has recently been applied. The production o f cotton ought to increase
much greater than the population; for as civilization and commerce
extend, the number that will consume cotton fabrics, and the annual
consumption o f each person, by reason o f the greater productive power,
will extend in a still greater ratio. The following is the
C otton T rade of G reat B ritain , showing the S ources of S ufply in D ecennial
P eriods.
1806.

1816.

1826.

1836.

American,___ 124,939 . . 166,077 . . 395,852 . .
Brazil,............. 51,034 . . 123,450 .. 55,590 . .
Egyptian,.............................................. 4 7 ,2 6 1 ..
East Indies,.. .
7 ,7 8 7 .. 3 7 ,6 7 0 .. 6 4 ,6 9 9 ..
West Indies,. .
7 7 ,9 7 8 .. 4 2 ,2 3 5 .. 1 8 ,1 8 8 ..

1846.

1856.

764,707 . . 932,000 . . 1,758,295
148,715..
8 4 ,0 0 0 .. 122,411
3 4 ,9 5 3 ..
5 9 ,6 0 0 .. 111,960
219,193..
4 9 ,5 0 0 .. 463,932
3 3 ,5 0 6 ..
9 ,0 0 0 ..
11,320

Bales,.......... 261,738 . . 369,432 . . 581,590 . . 1,201,074 . . 1,134,100 . . 2,467,918

The cotton manufacture has been everywhere extending in the past
quarter of a century, and consumption steadily gaining upon production.
The weekly deliveries o f cotton for consumption from the stocks ware
housed in British ports have nearly doubled in the last ten years. In
1847 the consumption was but 20,259 bales per week; in 1859 it
averaged 46,699 bales weekly. The consumption in the United States
in 1847 was 427,967 bales ; in 1857 it was 702,138 bales. The quantity
o f cotton taken for consumption in the United Kingdom has been as
follows \*
S ales of 400

1847,.................
1848,.................
1849,.................
1850,.................
1851,.................
1852,.................
1853,.................
1854,.................
1855..................
1856..................
1857,.................
1858,.................
1859,.................

Year.
1,053,492
1,479,294
1,568,861
1,461,176
1,622,566
1,875,002
1,837,287
1,954,355
2,085,766
2,303,764
1,962,829
2,241,785
2,428,358

1,105,998 bales of 381 lbs.
1,505,331
393 “
395 i t
1,586,608
386 it
1,513,007
1,662,585
“
390 ((
1,911,558
393 i t
1,854,610
396 a
401 t t
1,949,327
2,099,298
398 a
2,263,899
«
407 “
1,960,566
“
401 t t
2,174,559
412 it
2,294,310
423 i t

lbs.

Week.
20,259
28,448
30,170
28,100
31,203
36,058
35,533
37,583
49,111
44,303
37,749
43,111
46,699

R e v ie w of C otton a n d Spin d le s ..
N o. o f p ersons em p lo y ed i n
c o t t o n m i ll s .

In crea se.

C o tto n c o n s u m e d .

lbs.

A vera ge
c o n s u m p tio n
In crea se.
o f c o tto n
p er hand.




lbs.

lbs.

1856 .. 879,213 ................. 891,400,000 ..
1859 .. 415,423 . 86,210 .. 976,600,000 .. 85,200,000
1860 .. 446,999 . . 81,576 ..1,050,895,000 .. 74,295,000

N o. o f
s p in d le s.

A v e r a g e w e ig h t
o f c o tto n
con su m ed
a n n u a lly
p e r s p in d le .

lbs.

. 2,351 .. 2S,010;217 .. 31%
tt
“
.. 80,759,368
tt
“
.. 33,099,056

* U re ’ s History, Yol. II., p. 375.

STATISTICAL

HISTORY

OF

THE

COTTON

TRADE,

( Commencing at the Peace o f 1815.)
S howing the E xports of C otton M anufactures and Y arns, ( exclusive of L ace, H osiery and T hread ,) as compared w ith the T otal E x p o r ts ;
the

A verage P rice of G oods per yard and Y arn per lb ., as compared w ith the P rice of Cotton in each Y ear .

£
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831

..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

49,653,245
40,328,940
40,349,235
45,180,150
34,252,251
35,569,077
35,523,127
36,176,897
34,589,410
37,600,021
38,077,330
30,847,528
37,181,335
36,812,756
35,842,623
38,271,597
37,164,372




Q u a n tity.

Yds.

£
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

19,822,193
14,937,527
15,489,715
18,103,487
14,234,290
16,035,643
15,498,734
16,551,544
15,606,591
17,579,651
17,439,739
13,357,961
16,493,613
16,078,654
16,493,121
18,253,511
16,111,532

B ea l value.

..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

252,884,029
189,263,731
236,987,669
255,321,695
202,514,682
350,956,541
266,495,901
304,379,691
301,816,254
344,651,133
336,466,698
267,060,534
365,492,804
363,328,431
402,517,196
444,578,498
421,385,303

A vera ge
p e r ya rd .

18,158,172
12,309,079
13,475,534
15,708,183
11,714,507
13,209,000
13,192,904
13,853,954
12,980,644
14,444,255
14,233,010
9,866,623
12,948,035
12,483,249
12,516,247
14,119,770
12,136,513

.

.
.
.
.
.
.
•
.

17*
15f
13*
14}
15*
9
11*
10*
HI
n
10*
8*
8*

.
■
■
■

n
n
n
6*

.

.
.
.

..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

21*
18*
20*
20*
13*
11*
9*
8*
8*
8*
11*
6*
6*
6*
5*
6*
6

A vera ge
p r ic e o f
bowed

C otton Y a r n .

Q uantity.

d.

d.

£
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

A vera ge
p r ic e o f
bowed
cotton
at close
o f year.

lbs.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

9,241,548 . .
15,740,675 . .
12,717,382 . .
14,743,675 . .
18,085,410 . .
23,032,325 . .
21,526,469 . .
26,595,468 . .
27,378,986 . .
34,605,510 . .
32,641,604 . .
42,179,521 . .
44,878,774 . .
50,506,751 . .
61,441,251 . .
64,645,342 . .
63,821,440 . .

B ea l value.

A verage a t close
p e r lb. o f yea r.

£
1,674,021
2,628,448
2,014,181
2,395,304
2,519,783
2,826,643
2,305,830
2,697,590
2,625,947
3,135,396
3,206,729
3,491,338
3,545,578
3,595,405
3,976,874
4,133,741
3,975,019

d.

d.

..
..
..
..
..
..

43*
40
38
38*
33*
29*

21*
18*
20*
20*
13*

••
..
..
..
..
..

25*
24*
93*
21*
23*
19*

..
..
..
..
..

18*
17*
15*
15*
14*

..

11*
9*
8*
8*
8*
11*
6*
6*
6*
5*
6*
6

Cotton and Cotton Manufacture.

Total B ritish
exp orts o f a ll
description s.

Years.

C otton M anu fac tu r es .

E xp orts o f
cotton m anu
fa c tu r e s and
ya rn .

..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

36,450,594
39,667,347
41,649,191
47,372,270
53,368,572
42,070,744
50,060,970
53,233,580
51,406,430
51,634,623
47,381,023
52,279,709
58,584,292
60,111,082
57,786,876

..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

58,842,377
54,849,445
63,596,025
71,367,885
74,448,722
78,076,854
98,933,781
97,184,726
95,688,085
115,826,948
122,066,107
116,608,756
130,411,529
135,842,817




..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

16,223,389
17,155,084
19,338,367
20,888,020
23,303,533
19,683,931
22,986,602
23,236,638
23,403,528
22,252,778
20,658,684
22,362,435
24,600,730
24,993,843
24,583,680
22,165,083
21,638,688
26,775,135
28,257,401
30,088,836
29,878,087
32,712,902
30,101,030
33,247,592
36,446,118
37,342,929
41,537,354
46,496,650
50,217,892

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
..
..
..
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

461,045,503
496,352,096
555,705,899
557,515,701
637,667,627
531,373,663
690,077,622
731,450,123
790,631,997
751,125,624
734,098,809
918,040,205
1,046,670,823
1,091,686,069
1,065,460,589
942,540,160
1,096,751,823
1,337,536,116
1,358,182,941
1,543,161,789
1,524,256,914
1,594,591,659
1,690,653,209
1,935,180,506
2,031,282,913
1,974,283,869
2,321,540,622
2,562,545,476
2,775,450,905

..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

11,500,630
12,451,060
14,127,352
15,181,431
17,183,167
12,727,989
15,544,733
16,378,445
16,302,220
14,985,810
12,887,220
15,168,464
17,612,146
18,030,608
16,701,632
16,207,103
15,710,857
20,071,046
21,873,697
23,454,810
23,223,432
25,817,249
23,409,700
26,047,197
28,417,543
28,642,340
31,957,875
37,038,538
40,342,819

5f
6
6 1-16 ..
6*
H
5|
54
5 5-16 ..
4 15-16 ..
44
4 3-16
3 15-16
3 15-16
3 15-16
34
4i
3 7-16
3 9-16
3 13-16
3 9-16
3*
34
3 3-16
3 3-16
34
3 7-16
3i
3 7-16
H

..
..
..
..

..
..
..
..

..
..
..
..

6 f ..
84 . .
H ..
104 . .
94 . .
..
7
..
7
74 . .
6 ..
64 . .
5f . .
44 . .
44 . .
44 . .
44 . .
6f ..
44 . .
54 . .
*4 . .
54 . .
54 . .
54 . .
54 . .
54 . .
6
..
74 . .
64 . .
64 . .
74 . .

75,667,150
70,626,168
76,478,468
83,214,198
88,191,046
103,455,138
114,596,602
105,686,442
118,470,223
123,226,519
137,466,892
140,321,176
138,540,079
135,144,865
160,554,673
119,489,554
135,831,162
148,275,885
124,241,100
131,587,577
129,385,924
129,190,507
147,128,498
165,493,598
181,495,805
176,821,338
200,016,902
192,206,643
197,364,947

..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

4,722,759 . .
4,704,024 . .
5,211,015 . .
5,706,589 . .
6,120,366 . .
6,955,942 . .
7,431,869 . .
6,858,193 . .
7,101,308 . .
7,266,968 . .
7,771,464 . .
7,193,971 . .
6,988,584 . .
6,963,235 . .
7,882,048 . .
5,957,980 . .
5,927,831 . .
6,704,089 . .
6,383,704 . .
6,634,026 . .
6,654,655 . .
6,895,653 . .
6,691,330 . .
7,200,395 . .
8,028,575 . .
8,700,589 . .
9,579,479 . .
9,458,112 . .
9,875,073 . .

144

..

64

154

..

84

164

••

104

16 4

••

164

..

94
7

154

••

7

154

..

74
6

164

84

144
144

..

64

134

••

54

124

••

44

12

..

44

124

..

44

114

..

44

11 4

••

64

10 4
104

••
..

44

124

••

74

12

..

54

12 4

••

54

12 4

..

54

104

••

10 4
10

••
..

54
54
6

11 4

..

74

11 4

..

64

114
12

..
..

74

54

6i

Cotton and Cotton Manufacture.

1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860

IV .

TH E

IM P O R T

OF

C O TTO N IN T O

G R E A T B R IT A IN .

The progress o f the cotton culture throughout the world, as shown by the importations into Great Britain, is curious. The
imports from the United States have increased from eighty-nine millions o f pounds, in the year 1820, to nine hundred and sixty
millions, in 1859 ; while from Brazil, the imports in 1859 were less than in 1820 ; from the Mediterranean, (Egypt mainly,) it
has increased from one million to thirty-eight millions o f pounds ; from the British East Indies, from twenty-three millions to
two hundred and fifty millions ; from other countries, from two to ten millions ; while from the British W est Indies the product
has declined from ten millions of pounds to less than half a million. The extraordinary fluctuations in this history are demon
strated in the following table, showing, 1. The imports in pounds from the United States; 2. From Brazil; 3. From the
Mediterranean; 4. From the British East Indies; 5. From the British W est Indies and British Guiana; 6. From all other
sources, for each year, from 1820 to 1860. This history is rendered more interesting by the addition o f the annual average
prices o f three qualities of cotton in the British market during this long period. The comparative real values of these exports
were not fully recorded until the year 1854, since when they amounted as follow :
1854,
1855,
1856,

£20,175,000
20.848.000
26.448.000

1857,
1858,
1859,

£ 29,288,000
30.106.000
34.559.000

T able showing the Q uantity and V alue of R a w Cotton imported into toe U nited K ingdom from each source, with the A nnual A verage P rice
of

U nited S tates U plands, B razilian and P ernambuco, and E ast I ndia S urat Cotton, in

tiie

L iverpool M arket, since 1820.
A n n u a l A v er a g e P rice .

Years.

1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826

.
.
.
.
.

.
.

United States.

lbs.
89,999,174
93,470,745
101,031,766
142,532,112
92,187,662
139,908,699
130,858,203




M ed iterra 
nean.

B razil.

lbs.
. . 29,198,155
. . 19,535,786
. . 24,705,206
. . 53,514,641
. . 24,849,552

.
.

.
. . 33,180,491 .
. . 9,871,092 . .

lbs.
472,684
1,131,567
518,804
1,492,413
8,699,924
22,698,075
10,308,617

B ritish
East Indies.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.

lbs.
23,125,825
8,827,107
4,554,225
14,839,117
16,420,005
20,005,872
20,985,135

B ritish
West Indies.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.

lbs.
6,836,816
7,138,980
10,295,114
7,034,793
6,269,306
8,193,948
4,751,070

Grand to ta l—quantities.

Other
countries.

..
..

..
..

..
..
..

lbs.
2,040,001
2,432,435
1,732,513
1,989,427
953,673
4,018,206
833,284

Uplands. B razil. Surat.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

lbs.
151,672,655
132,536,620
142,837,628
191,402,503
149,380,125
228,005,291
177,607,401

..
..
. .

..
..
..
..

tons.
67,711
59,168
63,767
85,448
66,688
101,788
79,289

at p. lb.
. 11 J d.
. 91
. 81
. 81

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. 8i
•H I
. 6|

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•
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atp. lb. atp. lb.
15|d. . . 8Jd.
12| • • a !
HI
..6|
12
. . 6|
11| . . 6|
151 •• H
101 •• 51

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2 1 6 ,9 2 4 ,8 1 2
1 5 1 ,7 5 2 ,2 8 9
1 5 7 ,1 8 7 ,3 9 6
2 1 0 ,8 8 5 ,3 5 8
2 1 9 .3 3 3 ,6 2 8
2 1 9 ,7 5 6 ,7 5 3
2 3 7 ,5 0 6 ,7 5 8
2 6 9 ,2 0 3 ,0 7 5
2 8 4 ,4 5 5 ,8 1 2
2 8 9 ,6 1 5 ,6 9 2
3 2 0 ,6 5 1 ,7 1 6
4 3 1 ,4 3 7 ,8 8 8
3 1 1 ,5 9 7 ,7 9 8
4 8 7 ,8 5 6 ,5 0 4
3 5 8 ,2 4 0 ,9 6 4
4 1 4 ,0 3 0 ,7 7 9
5 7 4 ,7 3 8 ,5 2 0
5 1 7 ,2 1 8 ,6 2 2
6 2 6 ,6 5 0 ,4 1 2
4 0 1 ,9 4 9 ,3 9 3
3 6 4 ,5 9 9 ,2 9 1
6 0 0 ,2 4 7 ,4 8 8
6 3 4 ,5 0 4 ,0 5 0
4 9 3 ,1 5 3 ,1 1 2
5 9 6 ,6 3 8 ,9 6 2
7 6 5 ,6 3 0 ,5 4 4
6 5 8 ,4 5 1 ,7 9 6
7 2 2 ,1 5 1 ,3 4 6
6 8 1 ,6 2 9 ,4 2 4
7 8 0 ,0 4 0 ,0 1 6
6 5 4 ,7 5 8 ,0 4 8
8 3 3 ,2 3 7 ,7 7 6
9 6 1 ,7 0 7 ,2 6 4

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2 0 ,7 1 6 ,1 6 2
2 9 ,1 4 3 ,2 7 9
2 8 ,8 7 8 ,3 8 6
3 3 ,0 9 2 ,0 7 2
8 1 ,6 9 5 ,7 6 1
2 0 ,1 0 9 ,5 6 0
2 8 ,4 6 3 ,8 2 1
1 9 ,2 9 1 ,3 9 6
2 4 ,9 8 6 ,4 0 9
2 7 ,5 0 1 ,2 7 2
2 0 ,9 4 0 ,1 4 5
2 4 ,4 6 4 ,5 0 5
1 6 ,9 7 1 ,9 7 9
1 4 ,7 7 9 ,1 7 1
1 6 ,6 7 1 ,3 4 8
1 5 ,2 2 2 ,8 2 8
1 8 ,6 7 5 ,1 2 3
2 1 ,0 8 4 ,7 4 4
2 0 ,1 5 7 ,6 3 3
1 4 ,7 4 6 ,3 2 1
1 9 ,9 6 6 ,9 2 2
1 9 ,9 7 1 ,3 7 8
3 0 ,7 3 8 ,1 3 3
3 0 ,2 9 9 ,9 8 2
1 9 ,3 3 9 ,1 0 4
2 6 ,5 0 6 ,1 4 4
2 4 ,1 9 0 ,6 2 8
1 9 ,7 0 3 ,6 0 0
2 4 ,5 7 7 ,9 5 2
2 1 ,8 3 0 ,7 0 4
2 9 ,9 1 0 ,8 3 2
1 8 ,6 1 7 ,8 7 2
2 2 ,4 7 8 ,9 6 0

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5 ,3 7 2 ,5 6 2
7 ,0 3 9 ,5 7 4
6 ,0 4 9 ,5 9 7
3 ,4 2 8 ,7 9 8
8 ,4 6 0 ,5 5 9
9 ,1 6 3 ,6 9 2
1 ,0 2 0 ,2 6 8
1 ,6 8 1 ,6 2 5
8 ,4 5 1 ,6 3 0
8 ,2 2 6 ,0 2 9
9 ,3 2 6 ,9 7 9
6 ,4 0 9 ,4 6 6
6 ,4 2 9 ,6 7 1
8 ,3 2 4 ,9 3 7
9 ,0 9 7 ,1 8 0
4 ,4 8 9 ,0 1 7
9 ,6 7 4 ,0 7 6
1 2 ,4 0 6 ,3 2 7
1 4 ,6 1 4 ,6 9 9
1 4 ,2 7 8 ,4 4 7
4 ,8 1 4 ,2 6 8
7 ,2 3 1 ,8 6 1
1 7 ,3 6 9 ,8 4 3
1 8 ,9 3 1 ,4 1 4
1 6 ,9 5 0 ,5 2 5
4 8 ,0 5 8 ,6 4 0
2 8 ,3 5 3 ,5 7 5
2 3 ,5 0 3 ,0 0 3
3 2 ,9 0 4 ,1 5 3
3 4 ,6 1 6 ,8 4 8
2 4 ,8 8 2 ,1 4 4
3 8 ,2 4 8 ,1 1 2
3 8 ,1 0 6 ,0 9 6

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2 0 ,9 3 0 ,5 4 2
3 2 ,1 8 7 ,9 0 1
2 4 ,8 5 7 ,8 0 0
1 2 ,4 8 1 ,7 6 1
2 5 ,8 0 5 ,1 5 3
3 5 ,1 7 8 ,6 2 5
3 2 ,7 5 5 ,1 6 4
3 2 ,9 2 0 ,8 6 5
4 1 ,4 2 9 ,0 1 1
7 5 ,9 4 9 ,8 4 5
5 1 ,5 3 2 ,0 7 2
4 0 ,2 1 7 ,7 3 4
4 7 ,1 7 2 ,9 3 9
7 7 ,0 1 1 ,8 3 9
9 7 ,3 8 8 ,1 5 3
9 2 ,9 7 2 ,6 0 9
6 5 ,7 0 9 ,7 2 9
8 8 ,6 3 9 ,7 7 6
5 8 ,4 3 7 ,4 2 6
3 4 ,5 4 0 ,1 4 3
8 3 ,9 3 4 ,6 1 4
8 4 ,1 0 1 ,9 6 1
7 0 ,8 3 8 ,5 1 5
1 1 8 ,8 7 2 ,7 4 2
1 2 2 ,6 2 6 ,9 7 6
8 4 ,9 2 2 ,4 3 2
1 8 1 ,8 4 8 ,1 6 0
1 1 9 ,8 3 6 ,0 0 9
1 4 5 ,1 7 9 ,2 1 6
1 8 0 ,4 9 6 ,6 2 4
2 5 0 ,3 3 8 ,1 4 4
1 3 2 ,7 2 2 ,5 7 6
1 9 2 ,3 3 0 ,8 8 0

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7 ,1 6 5 ,8 8 1
5 ,8 9 3 ,8 0 0
4 ,6 4 0 ,4 1 4
3 ,4 2 9 ,2 4 7
2 ,4 0 1 ,6 8 5
2 ,0 4 0 ,4 2 8
2 ,0 8 4 ,8 6 2
2 ,2 9 3 ,7 9 4
1 ,8 1 5 ,2 7 0
1 ,7 1 4 ,3 3 7
1 ,5 9 5 ,7 0 2
1 ,5 2 9 ,3 5 6
1 ,2 4 8 ,1 6 4

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8 6 6 ,1 5 7
1 ,5 3 3 ,1 9 7
5 9 3 ,6 0 3
1 ,2 6 0 ,4 4 4
1 ,7 0 7 ,1 9 4

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1 ,3 9 4 ,4 4 7
1 ,2 0 1 ,8 5 7
7 9 3 ,9 3 3
6 4 0 ,4 3 7
9 4 4 ,3 0 7
2 2 8 ,9 1 3
4 4 6 ,5 2 9
7 0 3 ,6 9 6
3 5 0 ,4 2 8
4 0 9 ,1 1 0
4 6 8 ,4 5 2
4 6 2 ,7 8 4
1 ,4 4 3 ,5 6 8
3 6 7 ,8 0 8
5 9 2 ,2 5 6

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1 ,3 3 8 ,9 5 0
1 ,7 4 3 ,7 9 9
1 ,1 5 3 ,8 1 8
6 4 4 ,2 1 6
9 7 8 ,0 6 7
5 8 3 ,4 6 7
1 ,8 2 5 ,9 6 4
1 ,4 8 4 ,6 7 0
2 ,5 6 4 ,8 3 1
3 ,9 5 1 ,8 8 2
3 ,2 4 0 ,1 6 9
3 ,7 9 1 ,6 2 8
5 ,9 7 6 ,0 0 8
3 ,6 4 9 ,4 0 2
5 ,0 6 1 ,5 1 3
4 ,4 4 1 ,2 5 0
3 ,1 3 5 ,2 2 4
3 ,0 5 4 ,6 4 1
7 2 5 ,3 3 6
1 ,1 4 0 ,1 1 3
5 9 8 ,5 8 7
8 2 7 ,0 3 6
1 ,0 7 4 ,1 6 4
2 ,0 9 0 ,6 9 8
1 ,3 7 7 ,6 5 3
3 ,9 6 0 ,9 9 2
2 ,0 8 4 ,1 6 2
1 ,7 3 0 ,0 8 1
6 ,9 9 2 ,7 5 5
6 ,4 3 9 ,3 2 8
7 ,9 8 6 ,1 6 0
1 1 ,1 4 8 ,0 3 2
1 0 ,7 7 3 ,6 1 6

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2 7 2 ,4 4 8 ,9 0 9
2 2 7 ,7 6 0 ,6 4 2
2 2 2 ,7 6 7 ,4 1 1
2 6 3 ,9 6 1 ,4 5 2
2 8 8 ,6 7 4 ,8 5 3
2 8 6 ,8 3 2 ,5 2 5
3 0 3 ,6 5 6 ,8 3 7
3 2 6 ,8 7 5 ,4 2 5
3 6 3 ,7 0 2 ,9 6 3
4 0 6 ,9 5 9 ,0 5 7
4 0 7 ,2 8 6 ,7 8 3
5 0 7 ,8 5 0 ,5 7 7
3 8 9 ,3 9 6 ,5 5 9
5 9 2 ,4 8 8 ,0 1 0
4 8 7 ,9 9 2 ,3 5 5
5 3 1 ,7 5 0 ,0 8 6
6 7 3 ,1 9 3 ,1 1 6
6 4 6 ,1 1 1 ,3 0 4
7 2 1 ,9 7 9 ,9 5 3
4 6 7 ,8 5 6 ,2 7 4
4 7 4 ,7 0 7 ,6 1 5
7 1 3 ,0 2 0 ,1 6 1
7 5 5 ,4 6 9 ,0 1 2
6 6 3 ,5 7 6 ,8 6 1
7 5 7 ,3 7 9 ,7 4 9
9 2 9 ,7 8 2 ,4 4 8
8 9 5 ,2 7 8 ,7 4 9
8 8 7 ,3 3 3 ,1 4 9
8 9 1 ,7 5 1 ,9 5 2
1 ,0 2 3 ,8 8 6 ,3 0 4
9 6 9 ,3 1 8 ,8 9 6
1 ,0 3 4 ,3 4 2 ,1 7 6
1 ,2 2 5 ,9 8 9 ,0 7 2

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1 2 1 ,6 2 9
1 0 1 ,6 7 9
9 9 ,4 4 9
1 1 7 ,8 4 0
1 2 8 ,8 7 3
1 2 8 ,0 5 0
1 3 5 ,5 6 1
1 4 5 ,9 2 7
1 6 2 ,3 6 7
1 8 1 ,6 7 8
1 8 1 ,8 2 4
2 2 6 ,7 1 9
1 7 3 ,8 3 8
2 6 4 ,5 0 4
2 1 7 ,8 5 4
2 3 7 ,3 8 8
3 0 0 ,5 3 3
2 8 8 ,4 4 3
3 2 2 ,3 1 2
2 0 8 ,8 6 4
2 1 1 ,9 2 3
3 1 8 ,3 1 3
3 3 7 ,2 6 3
2 9 6 ,2 3 9
3 3 8 ,1 1 6
4 1 5 ,0 8 1
3 9 9 ,6 7 8
3 9 6 ,1 3 1
3 9 8 ,1 0 4
4 5 7 ,0 9 2
4 3 2 ,7 3 2
4 6 1 ,7 6 0
5 4 7 ,3 1 7

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61
6f
5f
61
6
6f
81
8f
10J

n
7
7

n
6
6J

H I
141
12J
91
9f
10
91
81

5f

71

H
H

«f
6f
6f
71
71
6

4f

.

9}
8f
71
81
71
9
101

41
6f
41
51
71
51
5f
51
51

• 5f
. 6
■ 71
■ 61
. 61

51
71
71
7

7
7
7
71
81
81
81

••
..
..
..
■•
..
..

4f
4
5
4f
5
61

. . 61
. . 71
. . 61
..4 1
.. 5
. . 51
■•41
.. 4 f
.. 4
.. 3 f
. . 31
.. 3
. . 31
. . 44
. . 31
• • 31
. . 51
. . 4
. . 31
. . 31
. . 31
-• 3 1
••41
. . 51
•• 4 f
•• 4 1

Imports Cotton--1 7 8 1 , 5,198,778 lbs.; 1791, 28,706,675 lbs.; 1801, 56,004,305 lbs.; 1811, 91,576,535 lb s .; 1821
132,536,620 lb s .; 1831, 288,674,853 lb s .; 1841, 487,992,355 lb s.; 1851, 757,379,749 lb s .; 1859, 1,225,989,072 lbs.




Cotton and Cotton Manufacture.

1827
1828
1829
1830
1 83 1
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1 85 1
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859

Cotton and Cotton Manufacture.

8

V.

CAPACITY OF THE COTTON BALE.

The smallest bales known to the trade are those o f W est Indies and
Brazil, about 180 lbs., (formerly 200 to 210.) Those o f Egypt have
increased from 245 to 369 lb s.; East Indian has maintained a uniform
weight of 380 to 387 lbs., and the United States from 418 to 447 lbs.
In Mr. U ke ’ s recent work it is stated that the commercial standard o f
quantity in the cotton trade is generally the bale. The weight o f the
bale, however, is by no means uniform. Indeed, scarcely any weight,
measure or standard o f capacity may be considered less so. It varies,
from different causes, in different countries, and in different sections o f
the same country, at different periods, and according to the different
kinds or qualities of the article. Improvements in pressing or packing,
to diminish expense in bagging and freight, tend constantly to augment
the weight of the bale. Thus, in 1790, the United States bale was com
puted at only 200 lbs. In 1824 the average weight o f bales imported
into Liverpool was 266 lb s .; but, increasing constantly, twelve years
later the average was 319 lbs. M ’ C u l l o c h , however, in 1832, con
sidered 300 to 310 lbs. a fair average, and B u r n s 310. A t the same
time the Upland cotton bale was estimated at 320 lbs., and the Sea
Island at 280 lbs. According to P i t k i n s , the Egyptian bale weighed
at one time but 90 lbs., though it now weighs more than three times as
many. A t the same period the Brazilian bale contained 180 lbs., though
it now contains but 160 lb s.; while the West Indian bale weighed 350
lbs., and the Columbian bale 100 lbs., or the Spanish quintal. According
to B u r n s , the United States bale at Liverpool averaged 345 lbs., the
Brazilian 180 lbs., the Egyptian 220 lbs., the West Indian 300 lbs., and
the East Indian 330 lbs. A t the Lowell factories, in 1831, according to
P i t k i n s , the bale averaged 361 lbs.
In 1836 the bale o f the Atlantic
Cotton States was estimated at 300 and 325 lbs., and that of the Gulf
States at 400 and 450 lbs. In Liverpool, at the same time, the estimate
for the bale o f Upland or short staple cotton was 321 lbs., for Orleans
and Alabama 402 lbs., for Sea Island 322 lbs., for Brazil 173 lbs., for
Egyptian 218 lbs., for East Indian 360 lbs., and for West Indian 230
lb s .; while, according to B u r n s , bales imported into France were com
puted at only 300 lbs. each. W a t e r s t o n ’ s “ Manual o f Commerce,” a
reliable British publication, (1850,) gave the Virginia, Carolina, Georgia
and West Indian bale at 300 to 310 lbs., that o f New-Orleans and
Alabama at 400 to 500 lbs., that of the East Indies at 320 to 360 lbs.,
that of Brazil at 160 to 200 lbs., that of Egypt at 180 to 280 lbs.
A l e x a n d e r ’ s “ Universal Dictionary o f Weights and Measures,” pub
lished at Baltimore in 1850, gives the mean weight o f the bale o f Alabama,
Louisiana and Mississippi at 500 lbs., that of Georgia at 375 lbs., and that
of South Carolina at 362^ lbs. A t Rio Janeiro the Brazil bale is estimated
at 160 lbs. Prior to 1855, the United States “ Commerce and Navigation”
returns gave exports of cotton in pounds only. They are now given in
bales as well as in pounds, the aggregate amount the year ending June
30, 1855, being 2,303,403 bales, or 1,008,424,601 lbs., the bale accord
ingly averaging about 438 lbs. Some bales, however, are evidently
much heavier and some much lighter than this. For example, the
210,113,809 lbs. o f cotton exported to France gives 446 lbs. to each of




Cotton and Cotton Manufacture.

9

the 470,293 bales, and the 955,114 lbs. exported to Austria gives 492
lbs. to each o f the 1,939 bales; while the 7,527,079 lbs. exported to
Mexico gives only 290 lbs. to each o f the 25,917 bales in which they
were contained.
In the great cotton marts o f Liverpool and Havre, as in those o f NewOrleans and Mobile, the article is almost invariably treated o f by mer
chants, brokers and commercial men by the bale. Thus, a report on
the trade of Liverpool gives the imports o f cotton into Great Britain in
1852 at 2,357,338 bales. The aggregate o f cotton imported that year
is given, in the official report by the Board of Trade, at 929,782,448 lbs.,
the bales averaging, accordingly, 395 lbs. each.
In 1853 the cotton bales imported into Liverpool from North America
averaged 435 lbs., from the East Indies 383 lbs., Brazil 180 lbs. The
North American bale, as usually spoken of, implies a mean of 400 lbs.
By reference to the figures given at page 3, it will be seen that there
has been a gradual increase in the average weight o f the bales o f cotton
received at Liverpool; for whilst the mean weight of all the bales in 1843
was 376 lbs., in 1847 it was 381 lbs., and in 1859 it reached as high as
423 lbs. Much more attention seems now to be paid to the packing and
compression of the bales by screw presses.
The relative average weights and cubical contents o f bales o f cotton
imported into Liverpool in 1850 were as follow s:
D escrip tion o f bales.

Mobile,....................
New-Orleans,........
Upland,...................
Sea Island,.............

A vera ge Content8
w eight
i n cubic
in pounds. fe e t .
. . . 604 . . 33
. . . 455
. . 32
...390
.
27
...383
.
35

D escrip tion o f bales.

East Indian,..........
E gyptian,...............
West Indian,..........
Brazilian,................

A verage Contenta
w eight
in cubic
in paunds. fe e t .

...383
. . . 245
. . . 210
. . . 182

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.

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.
.

15
27
25
17

These figures show not only the great variety o f bales that enter Liver
pool, but that the most eligible form of bale is that o f the East Indies,
double the weight being packed within the same compass than in any
other description o f bale. Mr. J. A. M anst, in his recent work on the
Cotton Trade o f Great Britain, gives the following table, showing the
average weight of each description o f cotton bale imported annually into
the United Kingdom since 1850 :
Years.
I 8 6 0 ,.. .
1 8 5 1 ... .
1 8 5 2 ,...
1 8 5 3 ,.. .
1 8 5 4 ,.. .
1 8 5 5 ,.. .
1 8 5 6 ,.. .
1 8 5 7 ,.. .
1 8 5 8 ,.. .
1 8 5 9 ,.. .

United States.

B razil.

West In d ia .

E gyp t.

lbs.

lba.

lbs.

lbs.

.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............
.............

425
418
425
430
422
445
443
445
447

..
..
..
..
..
..
..
. .
. .
..

182
182
180
182
182
182
181
181
181
181

..
..
..
..
. .
..
..
..
..
..

210
210
210
210
210
210
175
175
180
180

..
..
..
..
. .
..
..
..
..
..

245
245
250
248
295
306
308
313
355
369

East In d ia . A ll kinds.
lbs.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

383
384
385
380
383
383
385

..
..
..

387
387
385

lbs.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
. .

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

392
399
392
398
408
396
414
404
420
421

Taking the weight of a bale at 560 lbs., and supposing 1 lb. to produce
400 hanks, 1 hank to contain 840 yards, the whole quantity o f cotton
imported by Great Britain and her dependencies, during the year 1855,
would produce two hundred and eighty-eight billions nine hundred and




Cotton and Cotton Manufacture.

10

eighty thousand seventy-nine millions three hundred and sixty thousand
yards, or one billion one hundred and forty-one thousand nine hundred
and thirty-two millions two hundred and sixty-nine thousand and ninety
miles. If this thread were placed in a straight line, it would take a man
two hundred and sixty-two millions two hundred and eighty-nine thou
sand four hundred and eighty-three years to walk from one end to the
other, at the rate of twenty miles a day, Sundays excepted. It would
encircle the globe sixty-five millions six hundred and seventy thousand
two hundred and ninety times. It would reach more than seventeen
thousand two hundred and eighty-three times the distance between the
earth and the sun. Again, supposing a man to weigh 140 lbs., the cotton
imported would weigh as much as six millions one hunched and forty-three
thousand two hundred and eighty-four men. Let a man work eight hours
a day, Sundays excepted, and measure twenty yards a minute, it would
take him above one thousand and seventy-four million seven hundred and
seventy-nine thousand four hundred and sixty-six times the age allotted to
man by the Royal Psalmist.
A t the London Exhibition, one manufacturer furnished samples of a
pound o f cotton spun into 900 hanks of 840 yards each, making about
450 miles. Another firm exhibited 420 hanks o f the same number of
yards each, making 2,000 miles from a single pound of cotton. The
above amount, multiplied only by 410, the length o f thread that a single
cop of cotton could make, gives 607,000,000,000 of miles, or sufficient
for a stout web o f calico a yard wide, and containing 85 threads to the
inch— more than enough to reach from us to the sun.

V I.

STOCK OF COTTON IN LIVERPOOL,

1844-1860.

The largest stock o f cotton on hand in Liverpool, in any year, from
1844 to 1860, was 1,057,375 bales in 1845, and 1,015,868 bales in
April, 1860. The following table gives the day in each year, from 1844
to 1860, on which there was the largest stock o f cotton in Liverpool:
Year.
Bate.
1844,..
1845,..
1846,..
1847,.. . . April 20,........
1848,..
1849,.. . . July 6,............
1850,.. . . April 12,........
1851.. . . ..July 18,..........
1852..
.

No. Bales.
..
998,405
. . 1,057,375
..
894,838
..
539,719
..
657,750
..
752,480
..
571,166
..
735,497
. . 694,794

Year.
1 8 5 3,...
1 8 5 4,...
1855,..
1856,..
1 8 5 7 ,...
1 8 5 8 ,...
1 8 5 9 ,...
I 8 6 0 ,...

Bate.

No. Bales.
...
879,650
...
970,107
. . . 666,688
...
813,266
. . . 693,509
...
678,636
...
754,109
. . . 1,015,868

In April, 1861, the stock on hand at Liverpool was 884,000 bales;
April, 1860, 955,000 bales.

V II.

THE COTTON MANUFACTURING DISTRICTS OF EUROPE.

The following is a comparative estimate o f the quantities of raw cotton
consumed in the chief manufacturing countries, from 1837 to 1858, in
millions of pounds w eight:




11

Cotton and Cotton Manufacture.
Countries .

1837. 1838. 1839. 1 8 4 0 . 1841. 1 8 4 2 . 1 8 4 3 . 1 8 4 4 . 1845. 1 8 4 6 . 1847.

Great Britain,............... 869 .. 435 .. 362 .. 473 .. 422 .. 462 .. 531 .. 543 .. 597 .. 604 .. 425
Russia, Germany, Hol
land and Belgium,... 5 8 . . 6 1 . . 4 8 . . 7 2 . . 0 5 . . 7 8 . . 8 2 . . 8 6 . . 9 6 . . 97 .. 105
France, (including ad
jacent countries,).. . . 121 .. 133 .. 110 .. 157 .. 154 .. 163 .. 152 .. 146 .. 158 .. 159 .. 126
Spain,............................................................................................................................................................
Countries bordering on
the Adriatic,............. 32 .. 26 .. 26 .. 28 .. 29 .. 38 .. 44 .. 26 .. 88 .. 39 .. 31
United States of North
America,....................
82 .. 92 .. 103 .. I l l .. 115 .. 105 .. 181 .. 143 .. 158 .. 175 .. 175
Sundries, Mediterrane
an, & c.,......................................................................................................................................................
Total,........................
# C ountries .

662

747

1848. 1849.

649

841

785 846

940

944

1,047 1,074

862

185 0. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1 85 4. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858.

Great Britain,................ 591
.. 627
Eussia, Germany, Hol
land and Belgium,... 112 .. 160 .. 133 ..
France, (including ad
jacent countries,).. . . 127 .. 186 .. 142 ..
S pain,.................................................... 29 ..
Countries bordering on
the Adriatic,............... 29
.. 47
United States of North
America,.................... 209 .. 205 .. 188 ..
Sundries, Mediterrane
an, & c.,.........................................................

.. 584

.. 648

.. 745 .. 734

..

780 .. 835.. 920.. 78

118 .. 172 .. 185 .. 190 .. 144 .. 256 .. 210 .. 230
149 .. 199 .. 194 .. 201 .. 190 .. 211..
34 .. 44 .. 42 .. 43 .. 45 .. 48..
.. 45

.. 45

.. 55 .. 45

220 .. 240
60 .. 67
..

158 .. 237 .. 265 .. 243 .. 236 .. 265 .. 320 .. 238
23

..

29 ..

38 ..

37 .. 69 ..

56..

40 .. 60

Total,......................1,068 1,225 1,132 1,175 1,481 1,503 1,539 1,553 1,795 1,602 1,781

V III.

COTTON MANUFACTURES OF FRANCE.

The annual “ Commercial Revue," of Havre, gives the number o f bales
o f cotton imported into France in the year 1852 at 462,000, in round
numbers. The ‘■'■Tableau General” states the imports at 188,917,099
lb s.; the bales averaging, accordingly, about 409 lbs each. The follow
ing table, compiled from the Havre “ Commercial Revue" for 1855, shows
the quantities of cotton, in bales, imported into France, and the countries
whence imported, for a period o f five years, from 1851 to 1855, both
inclusive:
Years.

B ra zil.
bales.

United States.
bales.

1851
1852
1853
1854
1855

295,400
392,700
389,000
403,300
418,600

..
..
..

7,700
6,000
2,800
2,000
2,500

E gyp t.
bales.

..

18,500
86,700
33,000
21,400
30,700

Elsewhere.
bales.

..

38,000
26,900
29,200
16,300
11,800

A ll countries.
bales.

..

359,600
462,300
454,000
470,000
463,000

Estimating the bale at 400 lbs., we have the following result, some of
the figures of which, contrasted with those derived from official sources,
present striking discrepancies:
Tabular Comparative Statement, showing the quantities o f Cotton, in round numbers,
imported into France, and the countries whence imparted, fo r a period o f five years,
from 1851 to 1855, both inclusive.
Years.

1851
1852
1853
1854
1855

United States.
lbs.

..
..
..
..
..

118,160,000
157,080,000
155,600,000
172,120,000
167,440,000

B ra zil.
lbs.

..
..
..
..
..

3,080,000
2,400,000
1,120,000
800,000
1,000,000

E gypt.
lbs.

Elsewhere.
lbs.

A l l countries.
lbs.

. . 7,400,000 . . 15,200,000 . . 143,840,000
. . 14,680,000 . . 10,760,000 . . 104,920,000
. . 13,200,000 . . 11,680,000 . . 181,600,000
. . 8,560,000 . . 6,520,000 . . 188,000,000
. . 12,280,000 . . 4,720,000 . . 185,440,000

Affgreg., 770,400,000 . . 8,400,000 . . 56,120,000 . . 48,880,000 . . 803,800,000
Average, 154,080,000 . . 1,680,000 . . 11,224,000 . . 9,776,000 .,. 160,760,000




45 .. 39..

39..

5

12

Cotton and Cotton Manufacture.
IX .

THE NETHERLANDS AND HOLLAND.

The Netherlands.— In 1859, the quantity o f cotton submitted by the
Netherlands Trading Company to public competition consisted o f 20,834
bales of American and 7,583 bales o f East India cotton, against 15,232
and 14,620 bales respectively in 1859. The total imports into Holland
in 1859 comprised 101,197 bales o f all descriptions, and the stock in first
hands on the 1st of January, 1860, amounted to 6,959 bales.
The company brought to market at Rotterdam, during 1858,
4,909 bales Wew-Orleans,
1,358 “
Mobile,
8,965 “
Georgia,

11,203 bales Surat,
1,417 “
Tinnevelly,

being a total o f 27,852 bales, against 24,288 bales in 1857. These
quantities, offered to the public periodically, begin to attract a good
deal of attention, and many buyers from Germany and other parts are
in the habit of attending these sales, when they can afford to pay the
full equivalent of the rates current in Liverpool and Havre, on account
o f the saving of freight in summer and transhipment charges. The total
imports into Holland in 1858 amounted to 101,909 bales, and the stock,
January 1 , 1859, was 7,755 bales.
T he Cotton T rade of H olland.
I mports .

Years.
1852,...........
1853,...........
1854,...........
1855,...........
1856............
1857............
1858,...........
1859,...........

Rotterdam.
bales.
......... 50,876
......... 52,895
......... 55,300
......... 54,266
......... 73,842
......... 73,342
......... 80,124
......... 74,038

Amsterdam.
bales.
12,972
8,400
10,228
12,481
20,117
36,519
21,785
27,160

.

Total.

Sales.

63,848
61,295
65,528
66,746
93,459
109,861
101,909
101,107

61,243
60,858
67,821
66,885
93,816
101,041
106,237
102,013

It will be seen that the demand for cotton, as evidenced by the sales
in Holland, has nearly doubled in seven years, having risen from 61,243
bales in 1852, to 102,013 bales in 1859. The price of the colonial cotton,
the produce of Surinam and Nickerie, was quoted at 6d. to 8-Jd. free on
board in Rotterdam, in January, 1860. The quantity submitted by the
Netherlands Trading Company, at their periodical sales in 1859, con
sisted o f 20,834 bales American and 7,583 East Indian.

X.

LABOR AND WAGES.

One feature o f the cotton manufacture o f England, which claims atten
tion, is the large number o f minors employed in their mills, viz., 20,000
under twelve years of age, 144,000 between twelve and eighteen. This
was in the year 1835, viz. :
P roportion .

Males.

Under 12 years of a g e ,.. . .
“
18 “
“
___
Over 18 “
“
___

10,087 . .
61, 169. .
87,299 . .

Females.

Totals.

Males.

Females.

10,501 . . 20,588 . . 6.4 p. c.
82,906 . . 144,075 .. 38.5 “
103,411 . . 190,710 . . 55.1 “

. . 5.3 p. c.
. . 42. 1 “
. . 52. 6 “

Totals,............................... 158,555 . . 196,818 . . 355,373 .. 44.6




“

. . 55.4 “

Cotton and Cotton Manufacture.

13

T otal of Children , Y oung P ersons and A dults in all the C otton F actories of
G reat B ritain and I reland IN THE YEAR 1835.
England.

Number of factories at work,. . . .
Between 8 and 12 years, m ales,..,. .
"
“
“
females,.,..

2,555 . .
9,292 . .
9,536 . .

T ota l,..................................... . .
Between 12 and 18 years, males,. . .
“
“
“
females, ..

18,828 ..
53,114 ..
65,218 . .

Wales.

90 .
47 .
29 .

Scotland. Ireland.

425 ..
690 . .
842 . .

Total.

90 . .
58 . .
94 . .

3,160
10,087
10,501

76 . . 1,532 ..
152 . .
485 . . 6,420 .. 1,150 . .
403 . . 14,722 .. 2,563 . .

20,548
61,169
82,906

T otal,..................................... ... 118,332 . .
Totals, males under 18 years,.... 62,406 . .
.. 74,754 . .
“
females “
“

888 . . 21,142 . . 3,713 . . 144,075
532 . . 7,110 . . 1,208 . . 71,256
432 . . 15,564 .. 2,657 . . 93,407

T ota l,....................................... .. 137,160 . .
Above 18 years, males,................ . . 75,848 . .
“
“
females,............. . . 80,685 . .

964 . . 22,674 . . 3,865 . . 164,663
448 . . 8,904 . . 2,099 . . 87,299
524 . . 19,117 . . 3,085 . . 103,411

T ota l,..................................... .. 156,533 . .
Total persons, m ales,................... 138,254 . .
“
“
females,............... . 155,439 . .

972 . . 28,021 . . 5,184 . . 190,710
980 . . 15,818 . . 3,503 . . 158,555
956 . . 34,362 . . 6,061 . . 196,818

Totals, year 1835,..................... .
“
year 1860,.......................

1,936 . . 50,180 . . 9,564 . . 355,373
. 500,000

The position of the cotton industry o f Great Britain, and o f the countries
with which she carries on her commercial transactions, is very different
now from what it was twenty-five years ago. The increase o f population,
the progress of colonization, the improvements in machinery, the spread
of wealth consequent upon the gold discoveries and other causes, and
the facilities of transport by means of rail-roads and steam navigation,
have effected more in the last quarter of a century, especially for the
commerce of Great Britain, than has been realized in any previous half
century; and this prosperity has been fully shared by their cotton manu
factures, as will be seen in the following table :
P opulation, Cotton I mports , Cotton G oods E xported , N umber of F actories and
S pindles, R evenue, <Stc., of G reat B ritain in the tears 1835 and 1860.
1835.

Population of Great Britain,...................................
“
Manchester,......................................
Cotton production, United States, bales,..............
Cotton imported into Great Britain, lbs.,.............
Cotton worked up in Great Britain, lbs.,.............
Cotton manufactures exported, declared value,. .
Cotton manufactures consumed in the United
Kingdom, estimated,............................................
Capital embarked in cotton industry in England,
Spindles at work in United Kingdom,...................
Number of persons employed in cotton factories
in the United K ingdom ,......................................
Aggregate value of the gross imports of United
Kingdom,................................................................
Aggregate value of exports of British produce
and manufactures,........ , .....................................
Revenue of the United Kingdom,.........................




1 86 0.

17,564,138
170,000
1,254,328
363,702,000
333,043,000
£22,128,000

.
27,435,325
.
450,000
.
4,675,770
. . 1,390,938,000
. . 1,105,965,000
. . £ 52,013,000

£29,504,000
£35,000,000
9,350,000

. . £ 69,350,000
. . £100,000,000
.
33,000,000

216,858

.

500,000

£48,911,000

. . £214,000,000

£47,372,000
£51,347,000

. . £135,892,000
. . £71,967,000

14

Cotton and Cotton Manufacture.
X I.

COTTON MANUFACTURES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Statistics relating to the cotton manufactures o f this country are not
to he had of a recent or reliable character. The latest in reference to
New-England have been furnished by Mr. S a m u e l B a t c h e l d e r , Treasurer
o f the York Manufacturing Company, (of Saco, Maine,) for publication
in the annual report o f the Boston Board o f Trade for 1861. From
this statement we copy as follows :
It is very difficult to obtain any accurate information as to the extent
o f the cotton manufacture in the United States at the present time, or
any data from which to estimate its increase. The census of the United
States gives the quantity of cotton consumed, an estimate o f capital in
vested and some other particulars, hut neither the number o f looms nor
spindles. O f that in 1850 we had an “ abstract” in 1853, and in 1854 a
“ compendium,” but it was not till 1858 that we had, by authority of an
act of Congress, a “ Digest of the Statistics o f Manufactures,” prepared
by Mr. K e n n e d y , no copy o f which can be found either in the library at
the State House, or the Athenaeum, or the Board o f Trade; and if found,
at this late day, in this progressive age, it would he something like an old
almanac, and all the different branches o f business would have outrun the
figures before the public could get the benefit o f them.
As to the condition of the cotton manufacture in Massachusetts, I have
been able to obtain, by favor o f a member of the Valuation Committee, a
statement of the number o f spindles and looms in every town in the
State in 1860, amounting to 1,688,471 spindles and 41,620 looms. From
various other sources I collect the following particulars respecting the
manufactures of Massachusetts at former periods:
From a report of a committee o f Congress appointed in 1832,
to inquire into the progress of the manufacture of cotton
goods, (D b Bow’s Industrial Kesources, Yol. I., pp. 215, 216,)
it appears that in 1831 there were in Massachusetts.............
From a statement (su pra, V ol.I.,p.2 2 0 ) based, as quoted, partly
on the official census of 1840,......................................................
From another document, perhaps more reliable, the number is
stated at...........................................................................................
From the “ Statistics of Massachusetts” for 1845, the number
appears to b e ...................................................................................
In 1850, from the foregoing statement of D e Bow, p. 220,........
From the Massachusetts Statistics for 1855,.................................
From the Valuation Committee, as before stated, in 1860,.........

Spindles.

Loom s.

339,777

8,981

665,095

__ _

624,540

....

817,483
1,288,091
1,519,527
1,688,471

___
32,635
41,620

In the foregoing statements, where we have an opportunity to com
pare the number o f spindles with the looms, the proportion is 38, 39
and 40 spindles to the loom, which would confirm the general accuracy
o f the figures.
From the above statements we obtain the following results as to the
progressive increase o f the number o f spindles in Massachusetts:
Spindles.

In 1831,........................... .......................
1840,........................... .......................
1845,...........................
1850,...........................
1855,...........................
1860,...........................




339,777
624,540

Increase.

..
..
.
..
..

284,763
191,143
470,608
231,436
168,944

P er Cent.

..
..
..
..
..

83
30
57
18
11

Cotton and Cotton Manufacture.

15

From 1850 to 1860, the number has increased 400,380, being 31 per
cent, upon the number in 1850, in ten years.
In the Massachusetts Statistics for 1845, the annual consumption of
cotton is stated at 56,851,654 lbs., which, divided by the number o f spin
dles, 817,483, gives per spindle, per year, 69.54 lbs. According to the
census of 1850, the consumption is estimated at 223,607 hales, which,
multiplied by 425 lbs., the average weight o f bales at that time, gives
95,032,975 lb s.; this, divided by 1,288,091, the number o f spindles at
that time, gives, per year, 73.70 lbs.
According to Massachusetts Statistics o f 1855, the number of pounds
of cotton was 105,851,749, which, divided by the number o f spindles,
1,519,527, gives 69.66 lbs.
In Massachusetts, b y the “ Statistics of 1845,” the value was $11,264,212,
which, divided b y 817,483 spindles, gives for value per spindle,...............$13 65
By census of 1850, $19,712,461, divided by 1,288,091 spindles,..................... 15 30
By Massachusetts Statistics, 1855, $24,359,212, divided b y 1,519,527 spindles, 16 03

These results agree very nearly with the actual value derived from the
accounts o f several mills in Massachusetts, New-IIampshire and Maine,
varying from $12 75 to $16 60 per spindle for the value o f product, or
cost o f material and labor per year, the variation being much less than
in the pounds of cotton per spindle, because where the labor is less on
the coarser article, the quantity and cost o f material will be more.
As to the present extension of the business, we have a list from the
Merchants' Magazine, Yol. 43, p. 378, of mills in progress in NewEngland and New-York since September, 1859, amounting to 273,500
spindles, proposed to be put in operation during 1860 and 1861. In
some cases, the numbers in this list are under-estimated, so that about
350,000 would probably be the correct number, unless some o f these
enterprises should be reduced by the discouragements o f the times.
There is much uncertainty in the estimates o f the consumption of cotton
for factory purposes. D e B o w (supra, p. 2 1 0 ) sets down the spindles,
in 1840, at 2,112,000, and estimates the pounds o f cotton consumed at
106,000,000. This would be only 50 lbs. to the spindle. On the con
trary, a statement in the Merchants' Magazine (March, 1859, p. 375)
gives 67,500 as the number of spindles in Maryland, and 50,000 lbs. per
day for the consumption of cotton, amounting to 15,000,000 lbs. per
year, which would give 222 lbs. for the yearly consumption per spindle.
D e B o w (supra, p. 233) gives the number of spindles and consumption
in the following States in 1850 :
Spindles.

Tennessee,...................................................................................
Alabajna,. . . ...............................................................................
Georgia,.......................................................................................
South Carolina,...........................................................................

36,000
16,962
51,140
36,500
140,602

Bales.

..
..
..
..

12,000
6,000
2*7,000
15,000

..

60,000

The report of the Philadelphia Board o f Trade for 1860, p. 81, gives
the consumption of cotton, o f the crop o f 1858-9, as follows :
The manufacturing States north of Virginia,................................. bales, 760,218
“
“
“
south “
“
............................................ 164,700




924.918

16

Cotton and Cotton Manufacture.

And says: “ The quantity manufactured north of Virginia is deduced
from the comparison of receipts with shipments abroad.” On the whole,
the estimated consumption in the cotton factories is probably too high,
as it must include all that is used in combination with wool, and for
various other purposes, but would probably be, at this time, nearly
900,000 bales.
It is difficult to make any satisfactory estimate of the number o f spin
dles at this time in different parts o f the country. The Philadelphia
Board of Trade gives the number within the business circuit of Phil
adelphia, probably including a considerable part of New-Jersey, at
420,968. The number in Maryland is stated at 67,500.
The Chamber o f Commerce Report o f New-York, for 1858, gives the
number of cotton factories at 86, and states the number of hands em
ployed, capital invested and other particulars, but nothing by which any
calculation can be made o f the number of spindles; these matters must
be left to be revealed with the mysteries o f the census o f 1860.

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF

1862.

Every succeeding day tends further to demonstrate the great interest
which is felt in the forthcoming international exhibition, as shown by the
fact that the guarantee fund now amounts to £369,200, progressively
advancing about £10,000 per day, and there can be little doubt that in
a few days it will reach £400,000. Some o f the foreign powers have
sent replies to communications addressed to them, stating that their gov
ernments will in every way in their power lend their assistance to pro
mote the interests of the Exhibition, and friendly assurances from most
o f the ministers o f the other countries who are resident in London have
also been received, but as yet the time has not been sufficient to obtain
answers to the notifications forwarded by them to their respective coun
tries. In those foreign countries from which answers have been received
local commissioners will be appointed similar to those who were chosen
previous to the Exhibition of 1851, who will superintend the arrange
ments as to the mode o f transit and other regulations to be carried out
in concurrence with their respective governments. As the 12tli o f Feb
ruary is the first day for receiving goods, and the 31st of March the latest
period at which they will be received, it is necessary that the commis
sioners should be appointed wdthout much delay, as no article will be
admitted from any foreign country without the sanction o f such commis
sioners, and through whom all communications o f her Majesty’ s Commis
sioners will take place. The portion o f the building devoted to archi
tecture, paintings in oil and water-colors and drawings, sculpture, etch
ings and the fine arts generally, is required by the contract to be roofed
in by October, and the entire building to be finished and put into the
possession o f the commissioners by the end o f December. Already in
the provinces plans are being organized to facilitate the visit o f persons
to the Exhibition, and clubs for that purpose are contemplated, so that
there is every reason to believe that the Exhibition o f 1862 will be
equally well attended as that o f 1851.




The Southern Harbors o f the United States.

17

T I I E S O U T H E R N H A R B O R S OF T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S .
THE

SOUTHERN ATLANTIC AND GULF COAST, FROM CAPE

H ENRY TO THE

MOUTH OF THE RIO GRANDE.
BY AN OFFICER OF THE C. S. COAST SURVEY.
I. A lbem arle a n d P a m plico Sound . II. B eau for t , N. C. III. W ilm ington , N. C. IY . G eorge 
to w n , S. C. Y. B ull ’ s B a y . V I. C harleston , S.C. V II. B eau fort , S.C. V III. S a v a n n a h ,
G a . IX . B r u n sw ick , G a . X . F e r n a n d in a , F l a . X I. St . J ohn ’ s, F l a . X II. St . A ugus 
t in e , F l a . X III. K ey W est , F l a . X IV . F ort J efferso n , F l a . X Y . T a m pa B a y . X V I.
C e d a r K eys . X V II. St . M a r k ’ s, F l a . X V III. S t . G eorge ’ s Sound . X IX . P ensacola ,
F la . X X . M obile , A l a . X X I. M ouths of the M ississippi . X X II. G alv esto n , T e x a s .
X X III. B razos R iv e r . X X IV . M a ta g o rd a B a y . X X V . B razos Sa n t ia g o . X X V I. M outh
of the R io G r an de . X X V II. E spir itu S anto B a y . X X V III. S a n A ntonio B a y . X X IX .
M ission B a y . X X X . H ines B a y .
T h e important cities o f Virginia and Maryland have an access to the
ocean only through the Chesapeake Bay, which, at its entrance from the
shoals of Cape Charles to those o f Cape Henry, measures eight miles in
width. A single man-of-war could close the bay against the exit or en
trance of the merchant marine, provided there was no naval armament to
act against it. It is probable that one of our larger vessels, with the aid
o f a small war-sloop like the P e r r y , could close the bay against all com
merce, especially while Fort Monroe, which is not far from the entrance,
remains in the possession o f the United States government.
N

C a r o l in a .

orth

I. Albemarle and Pamplico Sound.— After passing Cape Henry, for
two hundred miles, low sand islands and shoals lie between the shore and
ocean, forming the Currituck, Albemarle, Pamplico and Core Sounds,
navigable for vessels of light draft. The Dismal Swamp Canal connects
the Chesapeake with these sounds ; the first practicable ocean inlet is one
hundred and thirty-five miles from Cape Henry, a narrow and difficult
entrance, known as Hatteras Inlet, with only seven feet water on the bar.
A single vessel of light draft wrould be sufficient for the closing o f this
channel. Eighteen miles southwest o f it is Ocracoke Inlet, o f the same
character; both open into Pamplico Sound. Ocracoke Bar gives ten
feet at mean low water.
The only opening into Albemarle Sound is by a shallow, winding chan
nel through Oregon Inlet, about forty miles north o f Cape Hatteras. The
depth of water at the bar o f the inlet is probably about five feet.
II. Beaufort.— Following the coast southward for fifty-five miles
below' Ocracoke Inlet there are no connections with the interior sounds
until the old Topsail Inlet is reached, which leads to the harbor o f Beau
fort, North Carolina. This harbor is about eight and a half miles westnorthwmst from Cape Lookout. It is a fine haven, having full fifteen feet
o f water on the bar at the entrance o f the channel, at low tide, or
eighteen at high water. The town o f Beaufort is commercially impor
tant, having a rail-road connection with Raleigh, and at that point with the
v o l . x l v .— n o .

1.




2

18

The Southern Harbors o f the United States.

various roads of the North and West. The entrance is defended by Fort
Macon, a work o f the same class as Fort Carroll.
There are several inlets for vessels drawing six and seven feet o f water
to the interior sounds, viz.: Bogue Inlet, with eight feet on the ba r; New
Topsail Inlet, with ten feet on the bar, and Deep Inlet, with seven feet on
the bar, all o f which are unimportant, as they lead to no ports o f entry or
rail-road towns. A vessel stationed at the entrance to Beaufort, by look
ing down the coast occasionally, could effectually guard these minor straits.
It is proper to state that in giving the depth o f water, when the
extreme highest figure is used, it indicates the depth only at a special
point. The average depth will be found nearer the lower figure employed.
W ith this explanation, we proceed to
III. Wilmington.-— The next harbor o f importance is that o f W il
mington, North Carolina, on Cape Fear River.
This port has a single channel with two inlets, fifteen miles in length,
rather tortuous and narrow in places, with a depth o f seven and a half
feet to eight on the bars in low water, which could be easily blockaded
by two vessels. Wilmington is connected by rail-road with the interior,
and is thus important as a commercial entrepot. Near the mouth of Cape
Fear River are Forts Johnson and Caswell, recently seized hy the seces
sionists. Fort Johnson is rather a collection of barracks, with a block
house, than a fort. Fort Caswell is a third-class work.
S outh

C

a r o l in a .

IV. Georgetown.— The next accessible harbor is that of Georgetown,
South Carolina, seventy-two miles southwest from Cape Fear, having a
single winding channel, ten miles in length, running among shoals. The
depth of channel varies from seven feet to thirty. The Pedee River con
nects Georgetown with the interior, being, navigable as far as Con wayboro, by brigs. The blockade o f the entrance to this harbor would be
easy. Further down the coast empties the Santee River, whose mouth is
obstructed by shoals, on which the depth o f water is only from two to
two and a quarter feet.
V . Bull's Bay.— This is a good harbor o f refuge from southeast winds,
and very accessible. Tire depth on the bar at mean low water is thirteen
feet, and the anchorage is good in twenty-one feet, inside. Capers’ and
Dewees’ Inlets, below Bull’s Bay, admit vessels drawing six feet water.
VI. Charleston.— The harbor o f Charleston has six entrances, which, be
ginning with the one furthest north, are in order: MafBtt’s, or the Sullivan’ s
Island Channel, with eleven feet; the North Channel, with eight fe e t;
the Swash, with nine feet; the Overall Channel, which is not now used ;
the main Ship Channel, with eleven feet; and Lawford Channel, which
gives eleven feet at mean low water. The entrance hy North Channel is
extremely precarious to vessels drawing seven feet of water, and impassable
at low tides to any other. Swash Channel varies in depth from seven to
ten feet. Maffitt’s Channel is narrow at the bulkhead near Fort Moultrie
jettee. The entrances to Charleston are such that a single vessel could
easily blockade the harbor, without being molested from possible fortifi
cations on shore. Charleston is connected with the interior by the
Ashley and Cooper Rivers, and by two rail-roads that join the national
net-work. The entrance to Charleston is perfectly protected by Forts
Moultrie and Sumter, the latter on a shoal near the channel. There are




The Southern Harbors o f the United States.

19

also military works on Morris Island and Cumming’s Point. The city,
lying at the confluence o f two rivers and surrounded by low rice marshes,
is difficult of approach. There is an approach through Elliott’s Cut,
from Stone River. North Edisto River, between Charleston and St.
Helena Sound, has nine feet of water on its bar at mean low tide. This
and the Stono and South Edisto River entrances are good harbors of
refuge from northeast winds for vessels of light draft.
VII. Beaufort.— Following the coast downward, the next seaport of
any importance is Beaufort, South Carolina. This place, situated on
St. Helena Island, is accessible by two inlets, viz., the south channel of
St. Helena Sound, in depth seventeen feet; the second inlet, of twenty
feet, being the southeast channel of Port Royal entrance. Beaufort
River has an average depth of sixteen feet at low water, to a point within
two miles of the city, and nearly fifteen up to Beaufort. The entrance
to this port is easier than that o f Charleston, but as there are no rail
road or river communications with the interior, the importance o f the
place as a port o f entry is limited.
G

e o r g ia .

VIII. Savannah.— The city o f Savannah furnishes the next accessible
harbor, to which there is a single entrance, with a depth o f water o f
eleven feet at mean low water on the bar. A t high water, vessels drawingfifteen feet can reach the city, and those drawing eighteen feet, can anchor
within two miles o f the city. Savannah is one o f the most important
southern Atlantic cities, having connection with the interior both by
lines o f railway and the Savannah River. The city is entirely surrounded
by rice swamps; would be difficult of approach b y land, and the entrance
by sea is effectually guarded by Fort Pulaski, on Cockspur Island, under
whose guns all vessels have to pass in entering. Fort Jackson is three
miles below the city. Wassaw, not far from Savannah, is reached by
an intricate entrance, with ten feet o f water on the bar. The place
has no connections nor importance, except its proximity to Savannah.
Ossabaw Inlet, off the mouth o f the Ogeocliee River, has a depth of
fourteen feet on the bar. St. Catharine’s Channel has eight and half feet
on the bar, and is not more than two hundred yards wide. Sapelo Inlet
has from eighteen to twenty feet o f water. These three channels lead to
Sunbury and other insignificant places on the sounds, not connected by
rail-road or navigable rivers with the interior. Darien, on the Altamaha
River, has a single inlet, with thirteen feet on the bar, called D oboy
Inlet. The place has no rail-road or other commercial connection with
the inland towns.
IX . Brunswick.— The entrance to the harbor o f Brunswick is by
St. Simon’s Inlet and Sound, which has a depth o f seventeen feet at
mean low water. The channel o f Turtle River, leading from St. Simon
Sound, has twenty-one feet o f water up to the town. Brunswick has a
rail-road partly finished, which is intended to connect it with the greatnational roads. A t present it could not be made an important port o f entry.
F l o r id a .

X. Fernandina.— The first important seaport after leaving Savannah is
Fernandina, near the entrance o f St. Mary’s River, the boundary between




20

The Southern Harbors o f the United States.

Georgia and Florida. The entrance is by a cbannel between Cumber
land and Amelia Islands, with fourteen feet of water on tbe bar. Fernandina is connected by a railway, one hundred and thirty-five miles in
length, running across the State, with Cedar Keys, on the Gulf of Mexico,
and is thus an important commercial point. It was proposed to make
this road part o f a great communication between New-York and NewOrleans.
X I. St. John's River.— The St. John’s River is a broad arm o f the
sea, extending almost parallel with the coast for a distance o f one hun
dred and sixty miles, affected by the tide almost to its source. There
is a depth of seven feet at mean low water on the bar. The channel up
to Jacksonville affords about twenty-three feet of water. There is a great
deal o f uncertainty in the navigation of most o f those inlets, as the bars
are constantly shifting. Ossabaw and St. Simon’s, Georgia, have been
tolerably constant in depth, and the channel o f Sapelo quite so, the
changes being favorable in depth and position. A single vessel could
effectually blockade the St. John’s River. On this river is Jacksonville,
which is about twenty-seven miles from the bar at tbe entrance of the
St. John’s.
X II. St. Augustine.-—The last place o f any importance on the Atlan
tic coast o f the Southern States is St. Augustine. The entrance to this
harbor is by two inlets, with only five to six feet of water on the bar at
low tide. The harbor is commanded by Fort Marion, an old Spanish
work, which has been recently renovated. The commercial facilities of
St. Augustine are limited, and the place is of small importance as a port
of entry. Southward from St. Augustine there is a stretch o f seventy
miles of shoal and sand-bar before another inlet opens a passage for
ships of even the lightest draft. This inlet has less than five feet of
water at low tide, eight in high water, and leads only to a few small fish
ing towns.
Indian River Inlet, one hundred and ten miles to the southward, has a
channel of barely three feet water, leading to Fort Pierce and Fort Capron, established during the Indian wars.
X III.
— K ey West.— Key W est is a harbor on the island of that name
at the southern extremity o f Florida.
A well-constructed fort (Fort
Taylor) guards the town and various entrances, which is in the hands of
the United States government, rendered safe by recent reinforcements and
supplies. It is o f great importance as a naval station and strategic point,
being one o f the keys to the Gulf o f Mexico.
X IY . Fort Jefferson.— W est of Key W est lie the Tortugas Islands, at
the largest of which is Tortugas harbor, guarded by Fort Jefferson. This
fortification, recently garrisoned and fully provisioned, may be considered
safe for almost any contingency. The harbor is a valuable strategic
point, as, together with Key West, it commands the entrances to the
Gulf of Mexico. On the Gulf coast o f Florida, coasting northward, there
are a few shallow and unimportant inlets leading to small fishing towns,
surrounded by wilderness. The harbors thus opened up are valuable
only as affording safe anchorage in a storm. Among these are Charlotte
Harbor and Tampa Bay. Boca Grande is the proper entrance to Char




The Southern Harbors o f the United States.

21

lotte harbor. The bar is five miles west o f the entrance, and has ten to
twelve feet o f water.
X V . Tampa Bay.— The south entrance of Tampa Bay has a depth
o f nineteen feet, and the north entrance a depth o f seventeen feet at mean
low water.
X Y I. Cedar Keys.— The first port on the Gulf coast, o f commercial
value, is Cedar Keys, situated ten miles south o f the debouchment of the
Suwanee River. This is one o f the termini o f a rail-road which crosses
Florida, connecting with roads north and west. The entrances to Cedar
Keys harbor are narrow; the best has a depth of only eleven feet over
the bar. The bar of the Suwanee River, ten miles above, has but five feet
o f water.
X V II. St. Mark's.— One hundred miles up the coast, after turning
to the west, St. Mark’s is reached, a town commercially important on ac
count of its connection by rail-road at Tallahassee, both with the northern
and western interior. St. Mark’s harbor is connected with Appalachee
Bay by a single narrow entrance, eight miles in length, with nine feet of
water on the bar, but only seven up to Fort St. Mark’s. The blockade of
St. Mark’s by a single vessel o f moderate size would be easy.
X V III. St. George's Sound.— Fifty-five miles to the westward is Apa
lachicola, a small town at the mouth of Apalachicola River, on the bay of
the same name. This river admits vessels drawing six feet of water. Those
vessels drawing seven and a half feet only can approach near the town.
The entrances to the bay and harbor are such that a single vessel could
blockade it, if such a blockade were considered necessary. As the town
is cut off from the interior by long reaches o f dense swamp, through which
a straggling post road is kept up, it will be considered of no importance.
Next in value to Pensacola, as a capacious and safe harbor, is the Bay of
St. Joseph. It is nearly land-locked, and has an anchorage depth of
twenty-five to thirty-three feet, its entrance measuring seventeen feet of
water on the bar. There is an unimportant fishing town called St.
Joseph on this bay, and a tolerable road from it to Apalachicola.
The Bay o f St. Andrew’s, the next harbor on the coast, though a shel
ter for ships in bad weather, has only one small town upon its shores.
Equally a wilderness is the country about St. Rosa Bay, which has a
narrow entrance, with but six feet o f water on the bar. Connecting this
bay with the Bay o f Pensacola, is St. Rosa Sound, navigable only for
vessels drawing less than four feet of water.
X IX . Pensacola.— One o f the most important points, in many respects,
upon the Gulf, is Pensacola, the next approachable harbor to the West.
Rail-roads connect it with Montgomery, the capital o f the State o f Ala
bama, at which point it is connected with the great net-work o f national
roads. The location near Pensacola of a United States navy yard adds
to its importance. The Bay of Pensacola, on which the town lies, affords
the finest harbor on the Gulf. The water on the bar at the entrance
measures twenty-two fe e t; within the bay it is still deeper, but the
depth is only twenty-one feet off the wharves of Pensacola. Santa Rosa
Island, nearly forty miles in length, throws its western extremity across
the mouth of the bay, leaving a single entrance one and a quarter miles
wide. Near the extreme western end o f the island is Fort Pickens, so




22

The Southern Harbors o f the United States.

situated that the entrance channel sweeps around it in a semi-circle; and
vessels entering are exposed in turn to the fire from three sides of the
fort, within a range o f less than a mile. Santa Rosa Island is scarcely a
quarter o f a mile wide at its broadest portion, and so low that heavy seas
sometimes break entirely across some parts o f it. Opposite Fort Pickens,
on the main land, is Fort McRae, and a little to the south o f the latter is
the water battery. The Warrington Navy Yard and Fort Barrancas lie on
a point of the main land within the bay, about one and two-thirds miles
from Pickens. Fort Pickens can alone maintain a blockade o f Pensacola,
so long as it remains in the hands o f the United States government.
A short distance west from Pensacola is Perdido Bay, with a bar on
which lies hut four feet o f water.
A

labam a.

XX.
Mobile.— Forty miles west from Pensacola, on a bay of the same
name, lies Mobile entrance, the second place o f entry on the Gulf after
New-Orleans. Two rail-roads connect it with the great national routes.
The Mobile River and its branches, the Tombigbee and Alabama, naviga
ble for steamboats several hundred miles, also make important connec
tions with the interior. The population o f Mobile is twenty-five thou
sand ; its business wholly commercial. The entrance to the bay lies be
tween Sand Island, on which the light-house stands, and a shoal making
off from Mobile Point, a long narrow spit projecting from the main land,
nearly fifteen miles in length. On the bar of the deepest channel the
water lies twenty feet in depth. Fort Morgan guards the entrance, a
fortification on Mobile Point, and all heavy draft vessels have to pass im
mediately under its guns in entering the bay. This fort is in the hands
of the secessionists. The vessels blockading this port will experience
some difficulty in finding safe anchorage during heavy weather, as the
fort will prevent their using the bay as a refuge. The pass between
Petit Bois and Horn Island, having sixteen feet, is the nearest refuge
from southeast or southwest gales.
From Mobile Bay, westward, a line o f low sand islands lies parallel to
the coast, forming Mississippi Sound, which is navigable for coasters
drawing six feet o f water. Through this sound considerable trade is
carried on with New-Orleans, by way of Bayou St. Jean and Lake Pontchartrain. The sound communicates with Mobile through a narrow chan
nel o f five feet at low w’ater, called Grant’s Pass. There are several
connections between Mississippi Sound and the Gulf, viz. : between Dauphine and Petit Bois Islands, between Petit Bois and Horn Islands, and be
yond Horn Island. The coast communication between New-Orleans and
Mobile could be cut oft' by a small cutter, cruising between Horn Island and
Chandeleur Reef, a distance of thirteen miles, cutting off at the same
time the communication o f New-Orleans with the Gulf, through Lake
Pontchartrain. The latter body o f water is navigated by vessels drawing
seven feet of water. Cat and Ship Islands have good harbors, the first
at its northeast end and the last at the northwest end. Their channels
afford, respectively, seventeen and nineteen feet.
L

o u is ia n a .

X X I.
Mouths o f the Mississippi.— There are three main passes to the
Mississippi, the Northeast Pass, the Southeast Pass and the Southwest




The Southern Harbors o f the United States.

23

Pass. These, at their widest divergence, are about twenty-two miles
apart. The Southwest Pass has usually thirteen feet of water on the
ba r; the depth varies considerably, so that vessels drawing but fourteen
and a half feet sometimes lie weeks in the mud, before being able to pass
over. The other passes arc - still more fickle and changeable, although
admitting heavy draft vessels. The land at the entrance to the Missis
sippi River is nothing but mud banks, continually increasing, with reeds
and rushes growing upon it, at the height of ten or twelve feet above the
water. From the bar to New-Orleans is one hundred and twenty miles.
The various passes converge, forming the delta, about twelve miles from
the Gulf. A t this point in the river two or three steamers could obstruct
the navigation o f the river for any length of time, and against an enemy
approaching from any direction, except by a similar marine from the sea.
The city o f New-Orleans, wholly commercial, finds its only available
access to the Gulf through the Mississippi. Below the city are two forts
on either bank o f the river, in the hands of the secessionists, but not con
sidered o f much protective value.
New-Orleans has rail-road connections with the whole Union. A rail
way line, partly finished, connects it with Houston and Galveston, Texas.
A t the point where this road nearly approaches the Gulf is the only
important harbor in Louisiana west of the Mississippi, Atchafalaya Bay,
which has an entrance with but seven feet o f water on the bar.
The mouth o f the Sabine River has from six to eight feet of water on
the bar. The sounds and channels along the coast from the Mississippi
to the Sabine are navigable for vessels o f three or four feet draft, and at
certain seasons small steamers run for long distances up the various
bayous that lead to the interior. There are no towns on the coast of
any importance.
T

exas.

X X II. Galveston.— The town o f Galveston is built upon the northern
extremity o f Galveston Island. The entrance to the bay of the same
name, which forms its harbor, lies between Point Oliver on the north
and eastern extremity of Galveston Island on the south. It has a width
of two miles, broken by shoals into four channels, which have a depth of
from nine to twelve feet on the bar. The blockade o f this city would be
easily effected by a single vessel. The same blockade cuts off Houston,
whose communication with the Gulf is through Buffalo Bayou and Gal
veston Bay.
X X III. Brazos River.— This entrance is about fifty miles southwest of
Galveston. A channel with eight feet leads to Quintana and Velasco,
which lie on opposite sides o f the entrance, a mile and a half above the
bar.
X X IV . Matagorda Bay.—-Passing the shallow mouth o f the Brazos
River, and a long stretch o f coast, the Pasa del Cavallo, a narrow entrance
to Matagorda Bay, is reached. This inlet, something less than two miles
' wide, has a depth of nine feet o f water on the bar. On the Bay of Ma
tagorda are the towns of Matagorda and Indianola, the former at the
mouth of the Colorado River, the latter on the San Antonio. One hun
dred and ninety miles o f coast are shut in by four long, narrow islands,
viz., Matagorda, San Jose, Mustang and Padre Islands. Aranzas Pass,




24

The Southern Harbors o f the United States.

between tlie first two, gives a narrow inlet for light draft vessels to the
bay of the same name. The pass of Corpus Cliristi, between the second
and third, has but four feet of water, leading up to a town of the same
name.
XXV.
Brazos Santiago.— The pass of Brazos Santiago has a width
o f about two miles, and seven feet o f -water on the bar.
X X Y I. MOuth o f the B io Grande.— The Rio Grande, forming the line
o f boundary with Mexico, has a shifting bar of from five to seven feet in
depth.
X X Y II. Espiritu Santo Bag is about fifteen miles long, northeast and
southvVest, by about five miles in width. It communicates with the Gulf
o f Mexico through two small bayous at the northeast end, and connects
also with Matagorda Bay at Pass Cavallo. Through one o f the bayous
( M c H e n r y ' s ) the State authorities o f Texas have caused a channel to be
opened affording a depth o f four and a half feet at average high water,
and the digging o f a channel o f ten feet from the bayou into Pass Ca
vallo, to form a harbor or dock for steamers and other sea-going vessels,
has been undertaken by private enterprise. The town of Saluria is situ
ated at the east end o f this bayou. Throughout the bay there is an
average depth of seven feet, the bottom being generally soft mud and
shells, except in one locality, known as the “ Middle Ground,” which is
sand, and a portion of which is usually bare at low water. The shores
are low and marshy on all sides.
X X Y III. San Antonio B ay is of an irregular and somewhat triangular
shape, the greatest length being, from north to south, about twenty miles,
and the width ranging from four to eighteen miles. It has no direct
communication with the Gulf o f Mexico, and is, therefore, but little
affected by the Gulf tides. Frequently the water is made fresh by the
discharge from the Guadalupe River, which enters at its northeast end,
and it is almost always muddy.
X X IX . Mission Bag is a small, shallow sheet o f water, cut off from
the head of San Antonio Bay, on the east side, by the delta of the Gua
dalupe River, and having not over eighteen inches of water into or through
it. A small bayou, entering on its east side, drains Green Lake, which
is a small sheet o f fresh water lying some miles further up the delta.
X X X . Hines Bay, on the west side of the delta, is of the same cha
racter, but is larger, being about three and a half miles in diameter and
shaped like a liorse-slioe. It is also deeper than Mission Bay, affording
about three feet of water to its head. On the north side is the swamp
o f the delta, but on the south a prairie bluff twenty feet high bounds the
shore, and here, within a space o f three miles, some twenty or thirty
houses form what is called “ Crescent Village.”
— In the August No. o f T h e M e r c h a n t s ’ M a g a z i n e a n d C o m 
R e v i e w we propose to publish a fu ll list o f all the harbors and
rivers o f the United States— showing the least water in the channels o f the
harbors, rivers and anchorages.on the coasts o f the United States, with the
limits between which depths are given. From the Report o f the Superin
tendent o f the United States Coast Survey. Revised, with additions and
tidal data.
N

ote.

m e r c ia l




Marine Statistics o f the United States.

MARINE

STATISTICS

OF T H E

UNITED

25

STATES.

F r o m carefully compiled tables o f marine disasters, the relative value
of the risks between different ports may be correctly deduced. An analy
sis at the end o f the year, showing the whole number o f voyages be
tween any two ports, in connection with the disasters occurring on such
voyages, would be the best criterion o f the value o f risks in that trade.
So, again, the whole number o f disasters, taken in connection with the
whole number o f vessels o f each class, would enable us to set a proper
value on hull risks.
There are also lucky and unlucky vessels, and it only needs a reference
to the disasters o f the past few years to show an extraordinary recur
rence of disasters to the same vessels and under the same masters. The
mere tabulating and printing of these facts serve to impress them on
the memory o f those to whom it is very important to recollect at all
times such fortuitous chances. The bare recollection of a single name
may be the means o f saving thousands. It is an axiom, that a perfect
knowledge o f details is essential to the thorough working o f any theory,
and we need not go out o f the annals o f marine insurance to forcibly
illustrate this idea.
One o f the most important public documents to the mercantile com
munity, which are annually presented to the British Parliament, is the
“ abstract o f the returns o f the wrecks and casualties which occur on
and near the coast o f the United Kingdom.” A description o f its con
tents will serve both to show the importance attached to this subject on
the other side of the water, and will also be useful as a model for similar
efforts for the collection of like data, which wo may hope will one day
be made in our own country. The United States has already set a noble
example to the world, in the munificent patronage it has afforded to the
efforts of [the late] Commander M a u r y , at the extension of our know
ledge of all that relates to the physical geography o f the sea. Ilis
“ charts and sailing directions ” have been distributed with a lavish hand,
and thousands o f sailors, guided by the information contained in them,
have contributed in their turn intelligent observations, made in the
navigable waters o f all parts o f the world, to swell the vast fund o f nauti
cal knowledge already obtained. The importance o f this enterprise is
universally admitted, but the necessity o f collecting, arranging and pre
serving for future use a record o f facts about shipwrecks, is not so gene
rally appreciated. The reasons for this indifference are easily understood;
Mr. M a u r y ’ s observations have a practical value that is readily appre
ciated, and while, with the aid o f the mercantile marine, they are gradu
ally forming a great addition to our scientific knowledge, they also serve
as a daily guide to the operations o f the navigator, while statistics of
disasters at sea, though o f immense value (when made for a sufficient
length o f time and collected by proper methods) in the regulation of
insurance premiums, possess no particular interest for the community at
large. It is true that the whole commercial world are interested in the
fair distribution of insurance charges, but the excess o f one rate or the
diminution of another, which a more exact system might cause, would




26

Marine Statistics o f the United States.

affect mercantile transactions so slightly that business men, engrossed in
their private concerns, can hardly be expected to feel much interest in
dull collections o f facts and figures, which must he patiently tabulated
for many years before they become o f practical importance. It is true
that the great facts of science have only been arrived at by similar labo
rious efforts; it is true, that year after year, and age after age, patient
workers have accumulated, step by step, that vast fund of knowledge
which is at the basis of our modern civilization ; and it is also true, that
those who have done the world most service have been the worst re
warded for their pains. W e do not always learn by experience, or we
would not so readily condemn labors, the importance o f which cannot
be appreciated in a hasty glance, nor dismiss as useless collections of
marine statistics, because we cannot form exact conclusions from limited
observations o f this k in d ; and because, if carelessly collected or arranged
without method, they are not worth the paper they are printed on. In
every branch o f science instances can be shown where apparently insig
nificant and unimportant facts, collected together, form the basis from
which we discover some o f the important laws o f nature, and these, in
their turn, practically applied, add greatly to the comforts and happiness .
o f life. When a sufficient number o f tables are collected about wrecks
and accidents at sea, we will be able to discover the law which governs
them, just as surely as the life-underwriter is now able to discover, from
the facts in his possession, the law upon which the duration of human
life depends, and we will then be able to make calculations about marine
insurance just as exact as those which are now made about life risks.
For the past two months the pages of this magazine have contained a
series o f tables relating to casualties and wrecks which are well worth
the attention of underwriters; they consist of an alphabetically arranged
list of steamers, ships, barks, brigs and schooners, the masters’ names,
when and where built and owned, the voyage on which the disaster
occurred, its nature, locality and date, and the estimated amount o f loss
on hulls and cargoes. These risks form the basis from which many im
portant tables might be made, and, with the assistance of the published
registers of ships made in this country, in England and France, and
also o f the commercial documents of exports and imports published by
the governments of the three countries, a mass o f information on the
subject might be digested, the value o f which can easily be conceived.
The undertaking, however, is an expensive one, and unless its importance
can be made evident to undenvriters, and their sympathies and assistance
secured, it cannot possibly be prosecuted. If the thing is undertaken at
all, it should be done thoroughly. The basis o f the doctrine of chances
is to ascertain how often a certain event occurs in a given number of
trials. It is evident, then, that the losses themselves are of no impor
tance, unless they are compared with the whole number o f ventures. If
it could be proved by statistics, that year after year one ship was lost
out of every sixty-seven that made a particular voyage, and supposing
that they were all of equal value, it would be mathematically certain that
one and one-half per cent, on the value o f each ship would make good
the loss. But if we merely know that there are ten ships on an average
lost in this trade, and five in that, we have only ascertained that one
business is twice as dangerous as the other; but without knowing the
number exposed to loss in either case, we could make no calculation as




Marine Statistics o f the United States.

21

to the exact loss o f the one or the other. It is evident, then, that it is
necessary to have a basis o f comparison in some trades, although it
is unnecessary, and indeed it would be impossible to make the same
series o f observations for every voyage that could be undertaken.
A description o f the British Board of Trade report, alluded to in the
beginning of this article, will, as we have said, show how important these
statistics are considered in England, and may, perhaps, serve as an in
centive to similar efforts on this side of the water.
The prominent feature o f the work is a chart o f the British Islands,
on which the spots where wrecks have occurred, and the nature of the
various disasters, are designated by appropriate symbols, thus showing at
a glance where the dangerous places are. Next in order is a detailed de
scription o f the various tables made in the work, and a summary and
commentary on their contents. This is followed by an article on the
gales o f October and November, o f 1859, made by Rear-Admiral F i t z r o y .
After this we have twenty-one tables o f wrecks and disasters, the contents
of which may be summed up as follows :
The first table contains the wrecks and casualties for five years, giving
the number and tonnage o f vessels and the number o f hands employed.
The second contains the same matter, distinguishing British from foreign
ships, sailing ships from steamers, and coasters from over-sea. The third
contains the same matter as the second, with the addition o f the numbers
o f voyages made by all ships of each class, and the per centage o f losses
as compared with the voyages. The fourth, wrecks and casualties, dis
tinguishing the cargoes of the ships. The fifth, the same, distinguishing
the ages o f the ships. The sixth, the safne, distinguishing the descrip
tion and tonnage o f the ships. The seventh, the points o f the coast on
which they happened. The eighth, according to the direction o f the
wind. The ninth, according to the force o f the wind. The tenth and
eleventh tables, according to the certificates held by the masters and ac
cording to insurance respectively. The twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth,
fifteenth and sixteenth, distinguishing the kind o f losses. The seven
teenth, distinguishing collisions and noting the time and the state o f the
weather when each collision happened. And finally, the remaining
four tables contain the localities where the accidents happen, the number
o f lives lost, and general summaries o f the preceding tables. This is
followed by a description of the life-saving apparatus on the British coast,
and the number of lives lost and saved. And finally, comes an inquiry
into the causes o f the disaster. These investigations are only made where
there is reason to doubt the capacity or trustworthiness of the master or
mate, and upon their results it depends whether he is deprived of his
certificate or not. This latter branch of the report is certainly a matter
of practical rather than theoretical interest; and as so much depends
upon the skill and intelligence o f masters o f ships, it is well that they
should have an opportunity o f clearing themselves against unfounded
suspicions before such a court o f inquiry, and it is also well, that when,
by their ignorance or wickedness, they have sacrificed human life or
valuable property, that they should, by the same agency, be held up to
the scorn and contempt they deserve, and should also be deprived of the
means o f committing the like crimes again.




28

Marine Statistics o f the United States.
MARINE STATISTICS OF TIIE PAST TWO YEARS.
M emoranda

1,067 Disasters reported in 1859.
828
to American vessels.
239
to foreign vessels.
444 vessels, or 41 per cent., total losses.

for

1839.

400 vessels, or 38 per cent.
“
8
87
“
8
“
87
34
"
3
23
«
2

stranded.
abandoned.
fires.
collisions.
missing.

Proportion o f Disasters to whole number o f Vessels.
1,830 American ships,.................................
1,290
“
barks,.................................
1,175
b rig s ,.................................
4,890
schooners,.......................

222 disasters, or 12 per cent.
104
“
135
“
12
139
266 * “
H
“

9,185

762

“

vessels,...............................

8J

“

“

Total amount of estimated losses for 1859,..........
Of which were foreign, say one-quarter,...............

•

$ 37,626,070
9,406,517

Total amount of American losses,..................

•

8 28,219,553

.•
.
.
.
.

$ 10,582,352
7,054,889
4,703,259
3,527,444
2,351,629

For New-York,..........................................................
Boston.................................................................
Philadelphia,....................................................
New-Orleans,.....................................................
Other places,................................................. ...

tt
tt
tt
ft

9-24
6-24
4-24
3-24
2-24

8 28,219,553
M emoranda for 1860.

In 1860 there were 1,029 disasters of all kinds:
344 stranded,.. .
62 collisions,...................
99 abandoned,
74 fires,...........................
32 missing, . . .
120 bound from N. Y ......
342 total losses,.
113 «
to N. Y „ ........
889 American vessels,. . .
190 foreign
“
...

6 per cent.

7
12
11

81
18

Proportion o f Disasters to whole number o f Vessels.
1,920 American ships,................................................
ft
barks,............................. .................
1,340
“
1,225
b r ig s ,............................. .................
ft
4,950
schooners,..................... .................
9,435

ft

vessels,........................... .................

210 disasters, or 11 per cent.
If
12
“
162
“
10
“
123
tt
6
“
277
772

tt

8

Total amount o f estimated losses for 1860,.............................................
Of which were foreign, say one-quarter,..................................................




8 28,675,900
7,168,975
8 21,506,925

Total amount of American losses,,
For N ew -Y ork,,..
Boston,..........
Philadelphia,.
New-Orleans,,
Other places,.

“

say 9-24
6-24
ft
4-24
it
3-24
ft
2-24

..
..
..
..
..

§ 8,065,097
5,376,732
3,584,488
2,688,365
1,792,243
8 21,506,925

e

ANNUAL

S T A T E M E N T S OF T I I E M A R I N E

C O M P A N I E S OF N E W - Y O R K ,

E xpenses.

R etu rn
‘ rem ium s.
p
$ 609,212 55 . Incld. in ex.
269,363 20 . $328,173 88
81,753 70 .
89,095 37
70,606 52 . .
44,457 34
99,023 18 .
56,4S9 52
t 47,188 56 .
52,137 52
112,502 39 . . 127,901 51
1 46,563 42 . .
53,242 08
124,193 68 . .
87,3S3 40
86,312 36 . .
45,308 57
71,345 59 .
13,206 96
46,058 23 .
5,328 93
dCC.

In terest on in vestm ents, d e c . N et p rofits.
$1,512,479 32
.. $ 79,991 35 .. * 7S7,273 70
2S3,157 73
141,5S6 43
247,6S1 41
114,260 63
loss 86,271 69
139,816 67
178,309 99
.
27,016 74 ..
144,455 34
61,362 11
..
13,287 0 1 ..
6,548 4S ..
33,249 37

In t. on Scrip Stock. Interest
scrip. d i r.
and dividend .
p e r ct. p r . ct.
p e r cent.
.. 6
. 35
cash, .
.. 6 ..2 0
. 7@13
.. 6
. 25
. 6
. 7 . . 7 ® 4 cash, ..
. 30 .
.. 6
.. 6
. 12
. 7
.. 6
. 15
. 6
. 36 .
8)4 scrip, ..
. 6
. IS * .
. new, . 15 . . 7 ® 4 cash, ..
. new, . 15 . 7 ® 3 cash, ..

F isca l y ea r
ends
Dec. 31,1S60.
Dec. 31,1860.
Oct. 4 ,1S60.
Dec. 31,1860.
Dec. 31,1860.
June30,lS60.
Oct. 81,1860.
June 30,1860.
Dec. 31,1860.
Feb. 28,1861.
Dec. 31,1S60.
Dec. 31, I860.

$ 13,737,004 03 . $ 13,547,280 42 . $ 8,263,817 51 . $ 1,664,123 38 . . $ 902,725 13 .. $ 126,843 58 .. $ 3,643,632 75
ASSETS.
R ea l Estate.
Atlantic,................................................ ............... $ 200,000 00 ..
Great Western,...................................
Sun,.......................................................
Mercantile,...........................................
Pacific,..................................................
New-York,...........................................
Columbian...........................................
Commercial,.........................................
U nion,..................................................
Orient,.................................................
Neptune,...............................................
Washington,........................................

Stocks,
Bond 8, ike.
$ 2,666,378 42
1,119.447 61
§281,018 29
339,504 10
2S1,150 00
250,500 00
363,300 00
§ 438,786 17
453,575 00
410,321 50
83,000 00
60,500 00

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

$ 891,811 42 .. $ 6,757,481 09 ..
* Including reserve o f last year.




t Expenses partially included in losses.

Loans on
Stocks, dec.
$ 1,190,152 05 ..
406,350 00 ..
140,490 00 ..
197,623 01 ..
201,7S3 80 ..

395,S74 20
129,350 00
43,650 00
30,000 00

..
..
..
..

Cash.
$106,154 67
169,777 IS
123,274 76
71,572 31
78,577 22
26,259 19
67,681 33
70,154 00
95,741 10
25,255 05
77,733 39
62,510 26

D ivid en d s
Subscription P rem iu m N otes
and Claims.
Notes.
B ills Rec., dec. Total Assets.
. $ 105,190 12 .
$ 2,378,416 S4 .. $ 6,646,292 10
8S,S04 41 .
1,620,261 19 ..
3,854,640 39
35,362 50 .
772,066 52 ..
1,761,222 07
.
77,OSS 21 .
512,368 55 ..
1,140,973 17
.
58,S5S 07 .
414,163 55 ..
$ 35,878 87 ..
1,060,750 72
.
62,594 48 .
427,967 45 ..
1,036,416 34
.
82,833 77 . incl’ d in p’ m ,..
709,S69 67 ..
1,228.684 77
.
89,S28 60 .
476,5S6 23 ..
1,025 355 06
.
179,881 81 .
454,825 95 ..
1,659,348 06
.
16,646 49 . T 600,000 00 ..
244,872 02 ..
1,426,445 00
26,6S0 66 .
86,575 32 ..
170,460 18 ..
4S3,099 55
.
96,019 09 ..
.
26,2S9 14 .
275,31 S 49

$2,735,273 06 .. $ 974,690 46 .

$ 744,458 26 .

%Including bonds and mortgages.

$ 721,95419 .. $ S,277,S77 24 .. $ 21,103,545 92

§ Including loans on stocks, &c.

^ Stock capital notes.

Marine Insurance

Prem ium s
Prem iu m s reLosses f o r
ceived d u rin g earned du rin g
the year.
the year.
the year.
A tlantic,......... $4,602,725 77 . $4,541,133 5 9 . $ 2,419,443 72 . .
Great Western,
2,171,291 SO .
2,418,110 84 .
1,827,192 49 .
Sun,................
1,316,113 39 .
1,221,692 65 .
767,635 85
Mercantile,.. .
789,377 S4 .
824,314 35 .
567,664 06 .
Pacific,...........
815,579 32 .
816,304 69 .
413,110 58 .
N e w -Y o rk ,...
806,202 54 .
799,053 50 .
5S5,466 74 . .
Columbian,. . .
969,820 64 .
. 779,99S 99 .
625,866 78 .
Commercial,...
630,480 01 .
632,405 S3 .
392,7S3 66 . .
Union,............
549,915 10 .
5S7,193 60 .
197,306 53 .
Orient,............
500,416 76 .
517,342 21 .
26S.2S2 68 .
Neptune,.......
392,775 25 .
267,560 14 .
134,932 49 .
Washington,..
192,305 61 .
142,170 03 .
64,031 93 .
N am e of
C o m pa n y .

INSURANCE

I n T a b u l a e F obm , fob t o e Y e a e 1S60.

>1
a
SI
Jo

to
O

30

Marine Insurance Statistics.

Statement showing the comparative loss on Vessels and Freight, and on
Cargoes, during the year 1860.
I. Loss ox V essels
M on ths.

J a n .,...
Feb., . .
March,.
April, .
May, . .
June,. .
July, . .
A u g .,..
Sept.,..
O c t.,...
N o v .,..

Dec., ..

Steamers.

$26,500
306,000
524,000
110,000
70,500
144,000
306,000
70,000
240,000
750,000
836,500
330,000

Total,.. $3,713,500

Ships.

Barks.

$38,000
342,300
696,000
242,000
61,000
19,000
1,013,000
15,000
140,000
150,000
613,000
50,000

F r e ig h t .

$ 5,878,000

$2,029,950

Schooners.

Brigs.

j

. . $ 677,000 . . $319,200 . . $95,000
. . 571,500 . . 272,000 . . 47,000
. . 552,000 . . 253,500 .. . 105,250
. . 379,000 . .
161,000 . . 57,500
. . 640,500 . . 105,500 . . 52,500
. . 288,000 .
98,700 . . 57,000
. . 225,000 . .
129,200 ,. . 38,100
. . 200,000 . . 133,000 ,. . 50,600
. . 553,000 .
58,100 .. 54,500
. . 666,000 . .
199,000 .. 71,600
. . 536,000 . .
190,500 . . 50,500
. . 590,000 . .
110,250 . . 62,200

II. Loss ox
Jan.,... .
Feb.,.. .
March,.
A pril,..
M ay,...
June, ..
J u ly ,...
A u g.,. .
Sept., ..
O ct.,. . .
N o v .,..
D e c .,...

and

$741,750

..
.. .
..
.,.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

Total.

$60,600
98,500
102,700
75,600
77,300
25,600
50,900
40,300
71,000
72,400
186,600
100,300

. . $1,178,300
. . 1,295,000
. . 1,537,450
.
783,100
.
946,300
613,300
.
749,200
.
493,900
.
.
976,600
. . 1,759,000
. . 1,800,100
.. 1,192,750

$961,800

$ 13,325,000

Cargoes.

. . $545,800 . . $867,500 . .$126,000 . . $73,600 . . $1,650,900
. . 420,000 . . 264,500 ... 11,600 . . 75,600 . . 1,114,000
. . 492,000 . . 386,000 . . 186,100 . . 134,400 . . 1,894,500
. . 720,000 . . 376,600 .,. 66,400 .
75,700 . . 1,480,700
..
972,200
71,000 ., . 56,200 . . 83,100 . . 1,243,500
..
542,000 . . 158,500 ,. . 43,500 . . 96,000 .
859,000
..
241,000 . . 292,000 . . 105,000 ... 11,000 . . 1,662,000
.
91,000 . . 160,000 .,. 147,000 . . 49,400 .
462,400
..
665,500
55,000 .. 66,000 ... 33,100 .
959,600
..
687,000 . . 113,000 .. 35,000 .,. 28,000 . . 1,013,000
.,.
525,000 . . 187,500 .. 27,900 . . 63,500 . . 1,416,900
. . 1,076,500
76,300 ... 24,900 . . 72,800 . . 1,300,500

Cargoes, $ 3,379,300 $ 6,978,000 $ 3,007,900
Vessels,
3,713,500
5,878,000
2,029,950

$895,600
741,750

$796,200
961,800

$ 15,057,000
13,325,000

$7,092,800 $12,856,000 $5,037,850 $1,637,350 §51,758,000

$28,382,000

$ 309,000 .. $ 1,906,000 . . $419,500. .$146,600 . .$150,000
427,200 .. 1,137,500 . . 472,500. . 148,800 . . 217,700
169,500 .. 1,142,800 .. 548,200. . 340,300 . . 447,700
786,800 . . 347,900. . 196,800 . . 238,550
47,500 . .

. . $2,931,100
. . 2,403,700
. . 2,648,500
. . 1,617,550

1861.

Jan.,.. .
F e b .,. .
March,.
A p ril,.
4 inos., 1861.

Total,..

$ 953,200

$4,973,100 $1,788,100

$832,500 $1,053,950

$ 9,600,850

4 mos., 1860.

Total,..

2,284,800

4,357,300

2,900,300

694,850

696,700

10,933,950

1859.

Cargoes, $5,939,500
Vessels, 5,322,000

$9,904,160 $2,438,100 1$ 1,312,800
950,400
7,252,252 2,097,800

$958,860 $ 20,553,420
1,080,300
16,702,752

Year 1859.

Total,. .$ 11,261,500 $17,156,412 $4,535,900 $2,263,200 $2,039,160 $37,256,172




Statistics o f Population , dtc.

31

S T A T I S T I C S OF P O P U L A T I O N , &c.
AGGREGATE POPULATION OF THE STATE AND CITY OF N EW -YORK,

From 1790 to 1860, with the increase every five years, and per centage o f
increase fo r each period.
St a t e of N e w - Y ork .

Year.

P op ula tion .

1790........ . .

340,120 ..

1 8 0 0 ,....
1 8 1 0 ,....
1 8 1 4 ,....
1 8 2 0 ,....

588,603 ..,

1825........
1 8 3 0 ,....
1 8 3 5 ,....
1 8 4 0 ,....
1 8 4 5 ,....
1 8 5 0 ,....

..

..
961,888 ...
. . 1,035,910 . .
. . 1,372,812 . .
..
..
..
..
..

1,614,456
1,913,131
2,174,517
2,428,921
2,604,495

...
.,.
..
..
..

1 8 5 5 ,.... . . 3,466,212 ...
I 8 6 0 ,.... . . 3,887,542 . .

Increase.

C it y of N e w - Y ork .

P e r centage P op u la tion .
Increase. P er centage
o f increase.
o f increase.
3 3 ,1 3 1 ........................

248,483
373,285
74,022
336,902

..
..
..
..

73.05
63.42
7.69
32.52

241,644
298,675
261,386
254,404
175,574
492,899
368,818
421,330

..
..
..

17.60 ..
18.50 . .
13.66 . .

..

11.70
7.22
18.92
11.91
12.15

..
..
..

..
..
..
..

..
..
..
..

60,489 . .

27,358.. .
96,373 . .
35,884 . .
9 5 ,5 1 9 .........................
123,706 . .
28,187 . .
166,086 . .
42,380 . .
197,112 . .
31,026 . .
270,089 . .
72,977 . .
312,710 . .
42,621 . .
371,223 . .
58,513 . .
515,547 . .
629,904 . .
813,668 . .

144,324 . .
114,357 . .
183,964 ..

82.57
59.32
29.51
34,26
18.68
37.02
15,78
18.71
38.87
22.18
29.17

THE POPULATION OF THE CITY OF NEW -YORK.

.

.

W hite.
Colored.
Ward I .,........... 17,260 ..
113 ..
I I .,...........
2,442 ..
65 ..
III.
,
3,733 ..
24 ..
69 ..
IV . , ........... 21,925 ..
V . . . . . . . . . 20,934 .. 1,502 ..
V I .,........... 26,372 ..
824 ..
V I I .,........... 39,841
..
141 ..
V I I I .,........... 36,640 .. 2,766 ..
I X .,........... 43,961 ..
424 ..
X .,........... 28,808 ..
196 ..
X I .,........... 59,346 ..
224 ..
X I I .,........... 26,695 ..
263 ..
X III.
. 33,410 ..
307 ..
X IV . , ........... 27,001 ' . . 1,079 ..
X V .,........... 26,821 ..
764 ..
X V I . . . . . . . . . 44,56S ..
609 ..

Total.
17,271
2,507
3,757
21,994
22,336
26,696
39,982
39,409
44,385
29,004
59,570
27,958
32,917
28,0S0
27,585
45,177

Ward X V I I .. ... .
X V I I I ... ...
X I X .. ... .
X X ......
X X I ......
X X I I ... ...

W hite.
72,650
57,070
27,607
66,109
48,651
61,587

Colored.
..
303 ..
..
392 ..
..
557 ..
.. 1,410 ..
..
366 ..
..
138 ..

Total.
72,953
57,462
28,254
67,519
49,017
61,725

Total,......... 793,521 .. 12,136 .. 805,657
Blackwell’ s Island, 4,512 ..
69 ..
4,581
Ward’ s
“
772
772
4
Bedloe’ s
“
4 ........................
Ellis’
“
5 ........................
5
Governor’ s
“
696
696
Randall’ s
“
1,922 ..
21 ..
1,953
T otal,......... 801,422

..12,226

OFFICIAL CENSUS OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS FOR

818,668

1860.

W c have received from Mr. K e n n e d y , the Superintendent of the Census
Bureau at Washington City, the following complete official returns of
the recent census of Illinois. The results it presents are truly astonishing
to all who have not been familiar with the vast and rapid increase of
population in the Prairie State, which now stands fourth in the list, having
outstripped, in the last decade, seven o f her sister States, viz., Massachu-




32

Statistics o f Population, d'C.

setts, Indiana, Virginia, Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Ken
tucky, each of which exceeded her population in 1850. There are now
seventeen counties, each containing a population of over 25,000.
Counties.
Adams,____
Alexander,.,
B o n d ,.......
B oon e,.......
Brown,.......
B ureau,___
Calhoun,... .
Carroll,........
Cass,............
Champaign,.
Christian,...
Clark,..........
Clay,............
C linton,___
C oles,.........
♦Cook,.........
Crawford,...
Cumberland,
De K alb,..
B e W itt,...
Douglas,...
Du Page,..
Edgar,.......
Edwards,..
Effingham,.
Fayette,....
F o rd ,........
Franklin,..
Fulton,___
Gallatin,....
Greene,.. . .
Grundy,—
Hamilton, .
H ancock,..
Hardin,___
Henry, . ..
Henderson,
Iroquois, ..
Jackson,....
J asper,......
Jefferson,..
Jersey,........
Jo Daviess,.
Johnson, ...
K a n e,.........
Kankakee,..
Kendall,.. . .
Knox,..........
Lake,...........
La Salle,___
Lawrence,..
L ee,.............
Livingston,.
Logan, . . . .




Pop. Counties.
. 41,323 Macon,..........
. 4,706 Macoupin,. . .
. 3,813 Madison,___
. 11,678 Marion,.........
. 9,938 Marshall,___
. 26,426 Mason,..........
. 5,145 Massac,.........
. 11,733 McDonough,.,
. 11,325 McHenry, . . .
. 14,688 McLean,........
. 10,493 Menard,.......
. 14,987 Mercer,.........
. 9,386 M onroe,.......
. 10,941 Montgomery,.
. 14,201 Morgan,.......
.144,957 Moultrie,......
, 11,551 Ogle,..............
, 8,311 Peoria,..........
. 19,0S6 Perry,............
19,819 Piatt,.............
, 7,140 Pike,.............
14,701 Pope,.............
16,925 Pulaski,........
5,454 Putnam,........
7,816 Randolph,....
11,1S9 Richland, . . .
1,979 Rock Island,.
9,393 Saline,...........
a3,299 Sangamon,...
8,054 Schuyler,___
16,093 Scott,.............
10,379 Shelby,.........
9,915 Stark,...........
29,061 St. C lair,___
3,748 Stephenson,..
20,658 Tazewell,-----9,501 U n ion ,.........
12,354 V erm illion,..
9,586 Wabash,
8,372 W arren,.......
12,965 Washington,
12,053 Wayne,....... .
27,276 White,.........
9,347 Whiteside,.......
30,058 W ill,.................
15,416 Williamson, . . .
13,074 Winnebago, .. .
2S,663 W oodford,.......
IS,256
Total 1S60,
48,322
“ 1850,
9,274
17,651
“ 1840,
“ 1S30,,
11,638
14,276

* City o f Chicago, 109,2G3 population.

Pop.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
,

13,785
24,602
31,215
12,733
13,477
10,933
6,214
20,069
22,088
, 28,749
9,596
15,042
12,832
13,892
22,118
6,385
22,887
36,600
9,552
6,129
27,249
6,742
3,950
5,587
17.205
9,711
21,005
9,331
32,255
14,685
9,070
14,635
9,004
37,694
25,113
21,471
11,182
19,801
7,312
18,339
13,731
12,223
12,403
18,746
29,321
12.205
24,492
13,282
.1,711,738
. 851,470
. 476,143
157,445

The Saving Banks o f New-York.

THE

SAVINGS

BANKS

33

OF N E W - Y O R K .

I n New-York city alone there are twenty-one o f these institutions, with
aggregate savings of $48,988,000. In Brooklyn, three, with deposits
amounting to nearly seven millions. The following table represents the
condition of each on 1st January, 1857 to 1861. Three of these institu
tions were established in the year 1860, and have but a limited business
as y e t :

C omparative vie w

of tiie

S avings B anks

on the

of tiie

City

and

S tate

of

N e w -Y ork ,

1st January, 1857— 1861.
J anuary , 1861.
JMU. VJ U Q -

Nexo-Yorh City.

Jan., 1857.

Jan., 1858.

Jan., 1859.

Jan., 1860.

D eposits, p ositors.

Bank for Savings,........... $ 8,317,820 $ 8,350,546 $ 8,701,923 $ 9,544,479 $ 10,062,616 .. 52,480
Seamen’ s Bank,..............
7,179,354 . . 6,765,258 .
7,849,474 .
8,188,715 . . 8,922,634 . 27,292
Bowery Savings,............. 6,645,566 .
6,697,393 .
7,818,143 .
9,573,400 . 10,294,995 . 44,003
Greenwich Savings,.......
3,127,898 . . 3,356,111 .
3,528,851 . . 3,786,125 . 3,898,339 . 18,076
Manhattan Savings,.......
1,394,739 . . 1,373,025 .
1,782,067 .
2,278,609 . . 2,794,984 . 11,346
Emigrant Industrial,___
1,302,790 . . 1,348,730 .
1,628,754 . . 2,120,505 . 2,563,475 . 10,169
Merchants’ Clerks,.........
1,145,923 . . 1,191,150.
1,505,889 . . 1,826,776 . 2,103,285 . 8,079
Dry Dock Savings,.........
896,360
933,543 . . 1,118,876 . . 1,527,572 . 1,976,064 . 7,121
East River Savings,.......
559,140
626,367 .
785,782
979,451 . 1,161,234 . 5,235
Broadway Savings,.........
662,446
722,830
&41,346
973,478 . 1,102,794 . 4,063
Irving Savings,..............
500,000
719,498
5S8,627
894,898 . 1,0S6,547 . 4,470
Mariners’ Savings,.........
244,906
288,402
419,689
598,794
768,805 . 3,268
Sixpenny Savings,.........
81,158
85,922
112,361
146,294
176,322 . 8,764
Rose Ilill Savings,.........
20,836
35,306
71,854
105,527
119,019 .
555
Bloomingdale Savings,..
2,274
668
56,300
125,062
1,005
35
Mechanics and Traders’ , .
310,645
361,612
311,688
438,473
532,933 . 2,738
German Savings,.............
239,912 .
759,367 . 4,669
Union D im e,....................
62,013
254,244 . 3,016
Atlantic Savings,.............
80,374
610
Citizens’ Savings,...........
27,767
467
Third Avenue Savings,..
302,073 . 1,508
New-Y ork City,.............. $ 32,452,242 $ 32,615,182

$ 36,806,420 $ 43,410,0S3 $ 48,9SS,826 217,964

Brooklyn Savings Bank,.

2,160,865 .

2,194,553 .

2,660,981 .

3,222,726 .. 3,6S1,339 . 15,479

Williamsburgh Savings,.

662,281 .

769,013 .

1,086,882 .

1,569,551 . 1,905,761 . . 10,423

South Brooklyn Savings,

322,589

346,635

522,350

Brooklyn D im e,...............
New-York and Brooklyn,! 35,597,977
Interior towns,................

$ 35,925,383

6,101,525 .

928,953 . 5,484

79,954 .

275,693 . 6,135

$ 41,076,633 $ 49,034,133 $ 55,780,572

5,497,239 .

Total State of New-York, $ 41,699,502 $ 41,422,672

751,819 .

7,118,214 .

9,144,027 .. 11,669,825

255,485
55,208

$ 48,194,847 $ 58,178,160 $ 67,450,397 310,693

Since 1st Jauuary, 1860, the number o f savings bank depositors have
increased from 196,979 to 217,964 in the city o f New-York alone.
VOL. X L V .---- NO. I.
3




34

The Savings Banks o f New- York.

S a v in g s

D

e p o s it s

of

I

n t e r io r

C

it ie s

and

T

ow n s.

1st J anuary , 1861.
Am ount.

No. o f
Depo8.

Am ount

1st Jan.,
1860.

Albany Savings Bank,................. $ 1,346,998 . . 5,405 . $ 1,164,332
188,282
229,833 . . 798 .
City Savings Institution,.............
44,947
56,019 . . 181 .
Exchange Savings Bank,.............
338,978
547,505 . . 1,578 .
Mechanics and Farmers’ Savings,
14,128
14,752 . . 1,016 .
Sixpenny Savings Bank,.............
30,363
Union Savings Bank,...................
44,257 . . 187 .
119,408
166,189 . . 980 .
A u b u rn ,......... Auburn Savings Institution,.. . .
2,340
50 .
3,179 .
B ro ck p o rt,. . . Brockport Savings B a n k ,...........
988,325
1,177,880 . . 7,238 .
B u ffa lo ,......... Buffalo Savings B ank,.................
(C
17,786
19,021 . . 182 .
Emigrant Savings Bank,.............
641,503
826,251 . . 5,546 .
Erie County Savings Bank,.........
85,072
130,760 . . 552 .
Western Savings Bank,...............
61,120
78,951 . . 456 .
C o h o e s ,......... Cohoes Savings Institution,.........
275,164
312,959 . . 1,074 .
S chenectady,. Schenectady Savings Bank, . . . .
3,002
3,580 . .
27 .
E lm ira,........... Elmira Savings B ank,.................
36,841
51,223 . . 280 .
F ish k ill,......... Fishkill Savings Institution,. . . .
7,898
20,796 . . 482 .
Flushing,....... Queens County Savings Bank,. .
66,139
83,686 . . 533 .
Hudson,.......... Hudson City Savings Institution,
112,624
177,722 . . 612 .
K in g ston ,. . . . Ulster County Savings Institut’n,
1,768
35 .
4,692 .
L o ck p o rt,. . . . Niagara County Savings Bank, .
178,335
240,328 . . 1,576 .
N ew bu rg h ,.. . Newburgh Savings Bank,...........
10,974
26,389 . . 246 .
O sw e g o ,......... Oswego City Savings Bank, . . . .
10,727
21,236 . . 215 .
P eekskill,. . . . Peekskill Savings Bank,...............
319,180
407,965 . . 2,372 .
Poughkeepsie, Poughkeepsie Savings Bank,. . . .
489,980
.
366,747
. 1,571 .
R och ester,. . . Monroe County Savings Institut.,
2,166,689 . . 7,272 . . 1,664,443
Rochester Savings Bank,.............
39,554
. 298 .
Rome
Savings
B
a
n
k
,..................
58,901
.
R o m e ,.............
50,198
Sing S in g ,. . . Sing Sing Savings Bank,.............
53,496 . . 302 .
22,241
S outhold,. . . . Southold Savings Bank,...............
37,296 . . 265 .
316,956
426,428 . . 2,101 .
Syracu se,. . . . Syracuse Savings Institution,. ..
a
186,199
Onondaga County Savings Bank,
282,782 . . 1,616 .
148,905
196,751 . . 816 .
T arrytow n, . . Westchester County Savings Bk.,
46,020
T r o y ,............. Central Savings Bank,.................
40,361 . . 215 .
tt
112,586
Commercial Savings Bank,.........
169,949 . . 810 .
Manufacturers’ Savings Bank, . .
129,569 . . 564 .
110,697
Mutual Savings B ank,.................
42,958
48,882 . . 231 .
State Savings Bank,.....................
95,449 . . 500 .
78,927
729,024
T roy Savings Bank,.....................
804,032 . . 3,083 .
20,452
U tica ,............. Central City Savings Institution,
19,711 . . 124 .
ft
Savings Bank,...............................
534,191 . . 2,812 .
412,079
failed. .
8,933
W atertow n,. . Jefferson County Savings Bank,.
67,872
Yonkers Savings Bank,...............
82,115 . 645 .
Yonkers,
Chenango County Savings Bank,
10,540 .
29 .
N orw ich,
Corning........... Corning Savings B a n k ,...............
23 .
471 .
7,288 . .
85 .
R hin ebeck,. . . Rhinebeck Savings B ank,...........
P ierm ont,__ _ Rockland County Savings Bank,.
54 .
23 . .
....
Sag H a rb o r,.. Sag Harbor Savings Bank,.........
12,719 . 202 .
Albany,

((

Totals, 1860— 1861,




.$ 11,669,826

58,208

$9,144,021

N ew -York Leather Market.

NEW-YORK

35

L E A T H E R M A R K E T FOR 1 8 60.
From, the Shoe and Leather Reporter.

T he year 1860 will be long remembered by all who derive their income
from the various branches of trade connected with the tanner’s art as one
o f peculiar hardship. Those o f the leather merchants who have a direct
interest in the merchandise in which they deal, have been compelled to
submit to loss upon a large portion of the stock which has passed through
their hands, while the industrious and hardy tanners have, many o f them,
notwithstanding the most strenuous efforts, been obliged to witness the
fruits of former and more prosperous seasons disappear as dew before the
rising sun. They have been borne along by a current of circumstances,
over which they could exercise no control, until ruin may be read in the
fate of some whose industry, energy and perseverance should entitle them
to a better fortune.
The heavy demand for boots and shoes which prevailed for all sections
o f the country, through the latter portion of the year 1858, and early the
following year, stimulated the manufacturing interest to such an extent,
that during the first half of the year 1859, an immense increase in the
production called for large additional supplies of leather, which tanners
and dealers were, at that time, poorly prepared to supply. In conse
quence, stock was hurried in from the tanneries, often badly tanned and
worse finished, to supply the pressing demand at high and advancing
figures. This elated the tanners, who rushed in the raw material to the
fullest capacity of their yards, at the high prices which then prevailed.
About the middle o f the year 1859 it became apparent that the increase
in manufacturing had far surpassed the requirements of the country, and
an immense overstock o f boots and shoes began to burden the market,
while manufacturers, many o f them unable to carry their stocks o f madeup goods, soon commenced to curtail operations, thus causing a great
decline in the demand for leather, which was now being turned out from
the tanneries in increased amounts, and transferring the over-supply from
the boot and shoe to the leather trade.
Against this over-production, those engaged in the manufacture and
sale of leather have had to struggle during the past year, while, as a na
tural sequence, prices have declined and business become unhealthy
and unsatisfactory. These circumstances have been greatly aggravated
by the stubbornness which has characterized the market for hides, both
green and dry, during almost the entire year, rendering it almost impos
sible for tanners to replace the stock on the market from fresh purchases
of hides, without considerable loss at the prices at which they had been
forced to sell.
A further obstacle against which the trade in this country have been
obliged to contend, has been the unhealthy condition o f the hide and
leather business in Great Britain, and, to some extent, on the Continent
o f Europe. The immense interest which had become centered in these
lines through England and Ireland, as is manifest by the great failures of
the past summer, had for some time held the prices both o f the raw ma




36

New- York Leather Market.

terial and the manufactured article quite above their relative value as
compared with other kinds of merchandise, and quite too high for
healthy action under the natural law of demand and supply, thus exer
cising a great influence on the same branches of trade in this country.
Notwithstanding the unsatisfactory condition of the market through
the entire year, there has been less speculation in leather, and less varia
tion in prices for hemlock sole than for many years before. Buenos
Ayres, middle weights, keeping within the range of 21 @ 22-J- cents, and
Orinoco, do., of 19 @ 21 cents, through the entire period. Oak sole has
also partaken o f the same steadfast characteristics, and shows a variation
but a trifle larger than that o f hemlock; while upper leather, particularly
heavy finished of hemlock tannage, has passed through several long terms
of general neglect, and ranged from 16 to 20 cents per foot.
Shortly previous to the commencement o f the present year rather an
active demand, partly speculative, was excited for hemlock sole, and
prices slightly advanced.
This, however, subsided early in January,
and a slight reaction was experienced before the close of the month.
February passed with a very limited inquiry from the Eastern trade
and slight improvement in the market, with fair receipts from tanneries
and some accumulation in the stock.
Early in March, New-England
manufacturers began to visit this market and purchase with some free
dom, although in small amounts as compared with former years; still
the demand from all sources exceeded the receipts from tanneries,
somewhat reducing the heavy supply, with an improvement of about
half a cent per pound, and a more cheerful feeling. Before the first o f
May the market again became dull and receipts more liberal, causing
stock once more to accumulate. Oak sole, meantime, enjoyed a more
steady though not active demand, both from the city and country
trade. The sales in both oak and hemlock now became light and con
fined principally to Eastern customers, and so continued until near
August, when Southern merchants began to make their appearance
and add their demands to the existing trade.
Prices, during this
period, were not generally firm, but yielding according to the estimate
put upon the paper offered by the purchasers. The month o f August
passed under a very limited inquiry, and most of September had ex
pired before much activity was visible— hemlock sole still continuing
in large supply— much of it held back at the tanneries for want o f a
suitable market. Prices, before the close o f the month, under a more
animated request from the New-England States, as well as from other
sections of the country, and an advancing market for the raw material,
realized a slight improvement.
Sales, however, were not heavy.
Manufacturers, willing to profit by the experience of the previous year,
bought only to supply their immediate requirements, leaving tanners
and dealers to carry the surplus stock. Trade, in October, during an
exciting presidential canvass, which usually interferes to some extent
with business affairs, remained dull and unsatisfactory. As soon as the
result of the November election was known, and the political agitations
increased, the call for leather rapidly subsided, and the market has
since shown little indication of a speedy recovery.
The stock of hemlock leather (the distinctive feature of this market)
now on hand, and in process o f manufacture at the tanneries, is some
what less than at the commencement of the year. A smaller quantity




Leather Trade.

37

o f the raw material has o f course been put into the vats than during
the period of infatuation in 1859; but the future appears little less
gloomy than in January last.

I m ports

and

E

xports of

L eather
I

N

at

ew

-Y

o rk for

the

Y

ear

1860.

m ports.

6,826 packages, valued at $2,271,828.
E xports.

Destination.

Quantity.

9,778 sides,
3,450 rolls,
699 sides,
L iv erp ool,.................. -j 4,014 rolls,
; 1,021 bales,
163 bdls.,
L o n d o n ,..................... -j

Brit. N.

A.

C ol.,........ -j

G la sgow ,.................... -j
G alw ay,........................
H a v r e ,..........................
A n tw erp,......................

Value.
)
j
)
V
)

$ 50,950
211,434

\

5,506

)
f
?

S
)

5,989
4,010
5,250
3,030
109,422
25,171
4,745

J
)
J
|
j
)
j
1
f
)
V
j

1,9S3
2,066
840

Value.

Quantity.

Hayti,........................

370 sides, )
83 rolls, j"
96 rolls,
11 cases,

491 sides,
[ 23,863 sides,
H a m b u r g ,..................[ 3.543 rolls,
\ 5,19S sides,
B r e m e n ,.....................
L
55 rolls,
|
S 5p kgs.,
Australia,.................... [
17 cases,
i
100 sides,
Canary Islands,........ j i
43 rolls,
(
25 rolls,
C hina,.......................... ■|
11 cases,
[
10 rolls,
2 cases,
1[
3 p k g s .,
N ew -G renada,.......... - I
9 cases,
[ 1,250 sides,
99 rolls,
British G uiana,........ (
10 cases,

Destination.
Brazil,...........................
Argentine Republic,..,.
Cisalpine Republic,... .
Chili,...........................
Peru,..........................

[
Cuba,......................... j i
Porto R ico,...............-j
I[
Dutch West Indies,.. -<
[
1[
Danish West Indies,. ■<
[
(
British West Indies,. (
British Honduras, .. ■!1
|
Mexico,..... .................

5 cases,
5 cases,
4 cases,
4 cases,
3 cases,
8 rolls,
1 case,
75 rolls,
111 cases,
14 pkgs.,
3 cases,
409 sides,
31 rolls,
8 cases,
99 sides,
79 rolls.
11 cases,
S7 sides,
2 rolls,
6 cases,
60 pkgs.,
52 rolls,
6 cases,

1,4S0

$705
485
750
1,070
500
)
j
)
)
)
j
)
V
)
)
V
i
)
V
J
I
)

343
15,639
484
2,786
4,064
880
1,S24
1,315
$

469,708

6,984

Total—42,254 sides; 10,665 rolls ; 1,021 bales; 230 cases; 163bundles; 112 packages.

Importations o f Boots and Shoes; Japanned Leather; Skins tanned and dressed;
Skivers ; Bend, Sole and Upper Leather, at the leading Ports o f the United States,
fo r the fiscal year ending June 30 th, 1860.
P or ts.

N e w -Y o r k ,...........................
Ph iladelphia,........................

$ 40,833
53,SIS
359

N ew -O rleans,......................
San F ran cisco,......................

10,249
27,722

$ 132,940
4,923
413
843
9,806
65

Total, six ports,............
Total, all other ports,..

$ 133,067
1,409

$ 14S,990
218

Total, U nited S tates,..

$ 134,476

86




Skins
Tunned.

Japanned
Leather.

Boots and
Shoes.
.

$ 149,208

..

$ 927,495
40,695
4,558
327
140,772
3,246

.

Skivers.

Sole & Upper
Leather.

$ 157,862

..

.
.

.

$1,333,562
120,378
17

178

$1,117,093
3,388

$ 157,862

$ 1,454,185
552

$ 1,120,481

$ 157,862

$ 1,454,6ST

IMPORTS

OF H I D E S A T T H E P O R T

OF N E W - Y O R K

FOR THE YE AR

I 8 6 0.

Compiled from the Weekly Official Tables of the Shoe and Leather Reporter.
F o r e ig n .

Porte-au-Platte,..........................
R io G ra n de,....................
R io H a ch e,..................................
Savanilla,........................
Sierra L eon e,....................
Singapore and P en a n g,..........
W est India, & c.,........................
Sundry South Am erican,..........
“
Central A m erican ,___
F rom Antw erp,..........................
“
H am burg,.......................
“
H a vre,..............................
“
L iverpool.........................
“
L on don,..........................
“
Marseilles,........................
Sundry foreign ,..........................
Total foreign, 1860,...............




Jan.

Feb.

M arch .

11,460
17,249

130
6,050
25,502

7,188
110
3,164
650
17,035
23
486
826
11,404
3,180
9,425
1,326
3,303
300

6,012
210
3,408
5,142
541
11,151
8,400
3,589
2,629
283
10,192
433
8,513

1,578
2,280

77

1,000

87,211

91,443

A p ril.

M ay.

June.

7,922
2,2S0
5,975
714
4,328
1,542

14,034

1,221

6,080
3,013
4,394

8,200
55
4,157
803
2,758
5 /3 5
526
1,914
5,310
15,055

8,925
1,662
2,584

....
983
8,956
159
8,056
800
3,304
1,702
644
2,306

320
51,212

2,618
2,060

529
428
21,977

J u ly .

A ug.

3,737
31,790

940
4,239

15,579

3,030
683
3,754
2,796

....

2,283
2,635
5,355
14
6,318
4,071

6,595

5,635

2.354
6,214

714
2,023
2,5S3

349
401

130
365
4,000

1,000

5S,2S5

....

Sept.

19,3S5
666
6,763
322
840
2,393
2,114

7,837
245

86,197
1,172

1,407
13,206
200
8,328
890
151
590

14,595

Oct.

N ov.

100
6,138

2,104

1,733
1,225

1,722
25,678

401
1,8S6
13,827

7,3S9
416
10,776

5,955

4,248

7,884

15,500
160
3,410
2,192
16,899

4,171
2,406
602
23
4,833
1,985

3,SS2
4,509

4,255
26,907
878
3,218
763
539
4,576

1,094
1,737
4,135
2,941

D ec.

1,191
6S0
183

908
2,362
492
2,405

525

3,555

1,913

2,9S8

187

350

1,200

329

800

650

73,322

43,646

99,667

57,217

53,433

96,416

84,845

1860. T o ta l ’59. T o ta l ’58.
130
47,508
15,719
26,542
26,690
304,915
263,364
470,393
8,379
27,821
77,5S2
97,663
5,630
S,043
4,306
20,781
46,324
41,103
42,870
28,S22
22,219
8,087
24,684
66,241
33,071
184,996
72,365
82,264
121,176
2S2,877
202,426
16,800
20,684
4,667
24,352
45,145
25,860
16,936
IS,606
138,883
17S,641
110,523
2,544
12,S08
13,500
49,248
28,547
9,420
36,523
15,718
11,7S3
7,667
12,655
34,117
34,697
10,312
10,932
3,338
16 427
31,133
1,985
6,552
86,647
49,030
126,219
24,369
30,133
42,077
7,068
11,556
11,860
10,089
19,368
5,913
62,840
231,310

T o ta l

992,622

Import o f Hides.

B a h ia ,..........................................
Bathurst, (A fr ic a n ,)..................
Buenos A y res,............................
Carthagena, ..............................
C h a g res,......................................
C u ra coa ,.......................................
Honduras,..............................
M aracaibo,...........................
M aranham,..................................
M exican,..............................
M onte V id eo,............
O rinoco,..............................
Para,..............................................
Porto C abello,............................

Total foreign, 1859,.................... 134,263 120,570 175,563 200,973 216,443 15S,242

97,718 154,271 181,0S6

71,603 220,243

121,881

1,852,856

....

57,S9S

82,554

82,S38

66,736

92,172 145,241

California,.......................................
New-Orleans,.................................
T exa s,.............................
Sundry coastwise,.........................
By rail,............................................

31,189
2,966
20,7S5
5,469
23,828

10,433
10,454
11,592
6,174
11,172

10,S23
15,S26
25,S68
15,9S1

23,2S3
13,5S2
23,358
11,188
10,151

10,612
12,173
89,820
8,344
12,041

23,360
15,019
13,495
16,142
2,744

1,440
12,391
1,509
3,005

10,419
5,496
16,764
879
189

22,669
2,909

8,914
6,593
7,134
20,987

28,271
6,266
22,979
37,854
1,941

5,048
23,625
15,S55
7,382

169,150
92,769
212,769
15S,S44
90,103

Total domestic, 1860,.................

723,635

“

“

1S58.....................

119,0S6

94,006 133,762 272,312 122,694 213,837

1,433,236

D o m e stic .

8,625
2,219

83,737

49,S25

68,49S

S6,512

82,990

70,760

IS,345

33,747

86,422 433,628

97,311

51,860

“

“

1859,.................

82,091

36,511

80,063

46,906

40,730

86,834

8S,322

26,740

37,589

17,458

67,608

34,063

“

“

1853,.................

8S,632

27,9S2

2S,513

91,443

42,210

74,776

18,262

19,132

39,177

42,883

58,025

85,738

....

150,744 147,820

1,716,257

“

“

“

“

C a l c u t t a , & c .,

1S59, 216,354
“
in

1858, 96,030

70,689
299,409

541,935

89,061 2S7.851 155,941

516,SOS

2,397,791

60,530 111,351 158,181 134,412 220,020 137,348 113,13S 172,939 315,195 180,719 249,612

1,950,044

B a les.

IMPORTS
eak s.

1848,........................... ...........
1849,........................... ...........
1850,..........................
1851,...........................
1852,......................... .
1853,..........................
1854........................... ...........
1855.............................
1856,.......................... ...........
1857,......................................
1858,........................... ...........
1859,........................... ...........
I860;.......................... ...........




77,393 136,0S9 100,845

157,0S1 255,626 247,879 257,178 195,076 136,040 181,011 218,675

Calcutta and East India,.............
173
From sundry foreign ports, mostly
re-shipments of Calcutta,.......................

T

137,724 141.275 144,082 103,190

116,710

Jan.
109,324
70,929

173,519
212.103
123.i 09
96.030
216.351
212,612

292

250

14

79

841

24

15

6

35

3S2

207-

March.
112,732
112,604
5S,200
134,100
76,000
130,540
130,247
108,500
101,898
120,908111,351
255,626
159,941

April.
113.976
185,448
118,400
186.000
75,500
110,100
108,900
163,S00
203,500
152,697
158,181
247.879
137,724

M ay.
94,160
114,144
144,500
114.150
139,000
117.460
198 956
127,7"0
203,364
210,513
134,412
257,178
141,275

141

110

25

OF H I D E S A T N E W - Y O P v K F O R T H E

Feb.
54,400
65,431
141,900
103,000
101,000
78,000
121,753
76,200
113,259
223,190
60,530
157,084
137,036

159

Jane.
26,957
70,502
146,400
73.000
9S,S00
99.000
125,650
140.700
139,212
122,929
220,020
195,076
144,082

PAST THIRTEEN

July.
109,761
155,260
113,000
100.000
93,300
111.500
176,700
93,600
91,316
150,144
137,348
136,040
103,190

Aug.
97,435
74,527
117,965
103.480
140,600
150,000
142,035
123,000
129,817
114,729
113,138
181,011
177,393

Sept.
53,962
46,290
169.900
110,900
103,000
105.51 0
142,500
160,800
121,64S
81,742
172,939
218,675
136,089

2,094

1,781

159

823

YEARS,
Oct.
58,710
146,584
83,100
110,600
70,000
71,800
135,800
156,700
143,981
171,577
315,195
89.061
100,845

Nor.
40,219
64,946
120,700
118,000
195,000
164,200
125.000
116,000
150.977
164,138
180,719
287,851
150,744

Dec.
101,018
173.025
156,000
142,400
235,000
71,700
98,360
170,800
130,S37
160,477
249.612
155 941
147,S26

Total.
972,654
1,229,727
1,483,305
1,866.030
1,437,200
1.259,300
1,679.995
1,550.000
1,715,900
1,796,753
1,950,014
2,397,791
1,716,257

Import o f Hides.

Total foreign and domestic, 1S60, 272,612 137,086 159,941

160,542
69,498
101,147
122,427
90,321

40

Boot and Shoe Market.

N E W - Y O R K B OOT AND SHOE

M A R K E T F O R 18 6 0.

From the Shoe and Leather Reporter.
T h e past year may be noted as one not generally satisfactory to the
manufacturing interests of this department of business, while most o f the
jobbers have realized fair profits, although the amount of trade has
generally fallen short of their anticipations. A t the commencement of
the year 1800, the prosperity in the commercial affairs o f the country
gave indications of an active and profitable business. The panic of the
previous year, caused by over-production o f the New-England manufac
turers, had so reduced prices o f many kinds, that during the last half of
the year 1859 many of the largo jobbing houses o f this city were induced
to purchase on a liberal scale, and thus early secure a stock for the ensu
ing spring trade, while the rates at which these supplies were bought
were supposed to be, and undoubtedly were, in many instances, lower
than the same article could be manufactured, thus encouraging holders
to believe they would be able to defy all competition in prices at the
early spring sales, which it was generally expected would be heavy, both
to the Western and Southern States; to the latter, on account of the
great prosperity which that section Jiad enjoyed for some previous years,
through her large and remunerative crops ; to the former, on account of
the caution manifested by the dealers, and the limited amount o f boots
and shoes shipped to that portion of the country since the great com
mercial panic of 1857. W ith neither of these sections, however, has the
business of the past year equalled expectations, notwithstanding the un
precedented harvest and the general prosperity o f the W est during the
first ten months of the year.
The month of January passed; Southern merchants scarcely began to
make their appearance ; and it became a subject of remark that Southern
trade was coming in late. Travellers returning from that section o f the
country soon intimated that a large surplus of boots and shoes was re
maining on hand, and that only moderate requirements for the spring
business need be expected. To this was added, as a further discouraging
feature, the report that many bills contracted the previous autumn would
require an extension until a disposition could be made o f stock on hand.
Nearly the middle o f March was reached before there was a moderate
representation of the Southern trade in this market. Stocks were full,
and prices continued low. For some new styles, however, which were
less abundant, an advance was now obtained. The strike which was at
this time taking place among the Massachusetts workmen rendered it
difficult to obtain, at short notice, a full supply of all descriptions.
During the latter part of March and the whole o f April, tradesmen from
the Western and Southwestern States came forward to a fair extent; but
the lessons of 1857 did not seem to be lost upon them, for their pur
chases were characterized by much caution, and a decided preference for
good substantial work, rejecting, at almost any price, the lowest class of
Eastern manufacture, of which the market had been heavily stocked the




Boot and Shoe Market.

41

preceding year. It soon became evident that sales to the West, although
trade appeared healthy, and the amount all that could reasonably have
been expected, were not approaching the ideas o f our sanguine dealers,
and that they would not equal the purchases o f the spring of 1859.
Trade with our own State, and some o f those immediately adjoining,
wras steady and not below the average o f previous years during the first
half of 1860, while the aggregate sales to other sections of the country
are variously estimated at 20 @ 25 per cent, less than during the same
months in 1859. The wholesale houses and others engaged in manufac
turing in this city, profiting by the experience of the previous years, cut
up stock much more cautiously, studying more carefully the require
ments of their customers, and awaiting, in many instances, actual orders
before preparing their goods for market. This caution in management
has enabled many of the manufacturers to realize, if not extravagant, at
least fair profits during the larger portion of the year.
The month of July brought but few orders from any section of the
country, and a considerable part o f August passed before the Southern
purchasers were fairly in the market. As in the spring, so in the autumn,
trade from the Southern States came forward late, and to a much less ex
tent than had been generally anticipated, while extensions upon bills
previously purchased were not unfrequent, giving considerable anxiety to
some o f our dealers, even previously to the presidential election in No
vember. Early in September the W est was well represented in this
market, and purchases, although made with much confidence and free
dom, were devoid o f that recklessness which characterized the operations
o f the early part of 1857. Notwithstanding the quantities required for
this section were much less than had been estimated by many, a business
fully equalling the average of the last five years has been realized.
Western merchants extended the time of making their purchases over a
somewhat longer period than usual, while from the more Southern coun
try there was a gradual diminution of orders after the first o f September,
and almost an entire cessation before the first of November, since which
date the political affairs o f the country have not been such as to con
tribute to any improvement.
The year closes with a pressure upon many of our houses, brought
about by the agitations of the country, which it is very difficult to with
stand. Manufacturers have nearly ceased operations. A more than
average stock of boots and shoes for the season remains in the hands of
the trade, which, for cash, could generally be purchased at less than the
cost of production.
Exports of Boots and Shoes from the several ports o f the TJ. S., during the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1S60.
Ports.

Amount.

Ports.

New-York,................................ $ 241,291 New-Orleans,...........................
Boston,...... ............................
197,150 Vermont....................................
San Francisco............................
101,555 Philadelphia,.............................
Niagara,....................................
116,281 Salem,........................................
Passamaquoddy,......................
58,570
Baltimore...................................
27,147
Total, 13 ports......................
Oswegatchie..............................
11,148
Total, all other,...................
New-London,...........................
4,539
Buffalo.......................................
4,798
Total, United States,...........




Amount.

$4,128
2,697
2,494
2,475
774,273
8,252
$782,525

New- York Hide Market.

42

I m ports

and

E

for the

B

oots an d

Shoes

1860,

w it h th e

C

xports op

Y

ear

I m ports

of

B

oots

at the

ustom

and

H

P

o u se

ort of

V

N

ew

-Y

ork

a l u a t io n .

S h oes.

223 packages, valued at $35,229.
E xports

Destination.

Quantity.

of

B

Value.

oots

and

S h oes.

Destination.

Quantity.
.

7
British Australia,. . . 1,892
“ W. A. Colonies 268
“
Honduras,........ 112
Mexico,.....................
29
58
Central America,. . .
64
Venezuela................
558
New-Grenada,.........
75
11
British Guiana,........
Argentine Republic, 671
Cisalpine Republic,.. 204
230
Chili,.........................

NEW-YORK

(<
It
it
ti
it
it

<(
tt
It
it
it
it
ti

500
59,248
10,020
5,868
1,344
2,270
3,740
31,795
7,795
521
26,657
4,000
13,642

HIDE

H ayti,.......................
British West Indies,
French
“
Danish
“
Dutch
“
Porto Rico,..............
Liverpool,................
Havre,......................
China,.......................
Africa,......................

Value.

114 cases. $ 8.651
it
3,594
40
ti
33,186
670
237
10 tt
it
10,907
150
1,003
19 tt
11
5,197
91
it
7,470
361
tt
2,058
33
it
7,070
164
it
5,195
117
it
1,609
34
—

Total,.............. 6,231

MARKET

FOR

$137,301

1 8 6 0.

From the Slice and Leather R eporter.
T h e dry-hide trade o f the past year has called forth, from those en
gaged in the importation, not only much energy, perseverance and pa
tience, but a heavy outlay o f money, and has been prosperous only by
determined effort on the part of importers, excited by the great pecuniary
interest which has been centering in this business for the last few years.
The high prices to which hides were carried by the expansion and specu
lation o f lS o l, attracted the notice o f hide-producing countries, and
every available means was brought into requisition to increase the al
ready numerous domesticated herds which roam over the pampas of
South America; while the rifle and the lasso penetrated still further
into the mountains. This stimulus has since gradually but largely in
creased the product in many sections both o f the Eastern and Western
continents. Notwithstanding the growing requirements for leather in this
and other countries, the increase in the production of the raw material
has more than kept pace with the demand, leaving a large surplus in the
hands of the various branches o f trade between the grower o f hides and
the consumer of leather. This surplus, in a country where capital is all
fully employed, and money worth from seven to twelve per cent, per
annum, must necessarily induce an unhealthy condition in some depart
ments of the business, which, from the force o f circumstances and the
heavy amounts of capital employed in the importation of dry hides, has
unfortunately, during the past year, borne heavily upon that class who
are least able to support the loss— the manufacturers o f leather. W et
salted hides for the first ten months enjoyed, proportionately, a greater
degree o f prosperity. The heavy requirements of some of the European




H ew -York Hide Market.

43

countries for this class o f stock created, during the first half of the year,
a demand in this city for slaughter hides -which kept the market nearly
bare.
A t the commencement o f the year there was a'stock o f over 200,000
hides in this market, much of which had cost the importers more than
the current selling rates at that time, which were for Buenos Ayres 23
@ 24c., for Orinoco, 21|-@ 22c., and for country and city slaughter, 8-^c.
per lb. The demand at first was very moderate, stronger for a conces
sion in prices than for quantity; this was steadily resisted by holders,
and before the middle of January rates were advanced fully one cent per
lb., which had the effect to stimulate quite an active trade for the season.
During the month o f February several considerable parcels o f hides were
shipped to Europe, a moderate inquiry only existing for tanning purposes.
Meantime receipts had been heavy and the stock had accumulated to over
300,000 hides. Towards the middle of March many of the tanners who,
on account o f the disparity in prices o f hides and leather, had been
working in small amounts of stock through the winter, began to look
anxiously about for a further supply, and to purchase more freely from
the lower priced hides; leading descriptions being held firmly at extreme
rates, while the demand for export continued, to some extent, for dry, and
became active for wet salted at 9 cents per lb. cash. Receipts of both
domestic and foreign continued steady; still, before the close o f the month,
sales in various directions had reduced the stock to 260,000 hides, ancl
prices had advanced for Orinoco to 23, and for Buenos Ayres to 25 @ 25-J
cents, with still an active trade in slaughter and all the common classes
of dry hides.
Business from this time held on the even tenor o f its way, the trade
and tanners purchasing with great reluctance sufficient to keep their yards
in operation, while a heavy stock of leather burdened the market at
prices much below the cost of production at ruling rates for the raw ma
terial. Towards the middle of May, tanners being anxious to work in a
large supply of hides before “ the heated term,” began to purchase in
larger amounts, and rates for Buenos Ayres further advanced to 26 cents,
and other kinds of dry hides proportionately. Before the close of the
month the demand for export ceased for dry hides, because our stock
was not suited to European markets, and for slaughter hides on account
of the bad condition in which many lots had been shipped, rendering
the traffic unprofitable. Sales were light and unsatisfactory, at prices
slightly easier, until the middle of July, when intelligence o f the failures
and panic in England reached this city, causing, for a time, almost an en
tire suspension of business. Receipts, meanwhile, had surpassed the
sales, and the supply on hand had again accumulated to over 300,000
hides, and before the close o f the month to 340,305 hides and 474 bales
do., the highest number held at any one time during the year. The mar
ket now became languid and prices began to recede, which, before the
revival of trade, touched the figure o f 21 @ 22 cents for Buenos Ayres,
and 19 @ 21 cents for Orinoco. Country and city slaughter also sympa
thizing in the general depression, declined to 7-J- @ 8 cents. A limited
amount of dry hides, however, were purchased at these low rates. Before
the first of September, as it became evident that the heavy stocks o f the
suspended firms in England were not to he thrown precipitately upon the
market, importers began to strengthen their views, and an advance o f one




44

N ew -York Hide Market.

or two cents was readily effected under an increasing demand from the
trade.
Sales became generally active, and prices further advanced, until near
the last of October, when the accepted rates for Buenos Ayres were 24|@ 2 5 cents, and for Orinoco 23|- @ 24 cents. City and country slaugh
ter found a ready market at 8-J @ 9 cents per lb. These rates continued
with little variation, under an active request, gradually reducing the heavy
supply on hand, until after the presidential election and the political agi
tations of the country had proved the source of a panic from which trade
has not yet recovered. From the middle of November to the middle of
December few transactions were effected, and prices declined to 5-^ @ 6
cents for city slaughter, and 20 cents for Buenos Ayres, and proportion
ately on other descriptions; since which time an improved inquiry has
been manifested, and a slight improvement realized. The year closes
with a stock of 205,000 pieces, partly held above the current rates,
which are 21 cents for Buenos Ayres, and 6 f cents for wet salted city
hides.

E

xpo r ts of

H

id e s a n d

Destination.

S k in s

Quantity.

from

Value.

j 2,000 hides, )
$ 9,382
(
21 pkgs. j
Mexico,..........
1 pkge.,
100
Brazil,............
1 pkge.,
178
Chili...............
Bristol............
615 hides,
4,829
G lasgow ,. . . .
200 hides,
1,331
36,101 hides, )
Liverpool,. . . •]
303,721
310 pkgs., j
5,392 hides, 1
London,........ j
258,418
1,038 pkgs., f
55,349 hides, ^
H avre,...........j
298,939
556 pkgs., f
Cuban,...........

N

ew

-Y

ork

d u r in g

Destination.

Bordeaux,.. .
Lisbon,..........
H am burg,....
Rotterdam ,...
Antw erp,.. . .
Bremen,........
Amsterdam,..
Brit. N. A. Col.,

the

year

Quantity.

628 hides,
20 pkgs.,
1,188 hides,
1,119 pkgs.,
3,855 hides,
60,364 hides,
2,100 hides,
146 pkgs.,
240 hides,
260 hides,
5 pkgs.,

1860.
Value.

$ 3,254
250
)
j

139,595
24,802
301,121

)
J

55,612

)
y

2,415

1,601

Total,168,452 hds., 4,283 pkgs., $1,406,214

Exports o f Hides from the United States during the fiscal year, ending June 30,1860.
Ports.

New-Orleans,...............
New-York,....................
Vermont,....................
Philadelphia,...............
Charleston,................... ...........
Champlain,.................
Texas,...........................
Oswego.........................
Buffalo,.........................




Value.

Ports.

Chicago..............................
Boston,................
Oswegatchie.............................
Niagara,...................................
Genesee,....................................
28,593 Oregon......................................
Milwaukie,................................
Passamaquoddy,.....................

Value.

$6,856
4,310
3,294
2,532
850
800
550
461

Total, United States,... . $ 1,036,260

Wine and Liquor Trade.

REVIEW

OF T H E W I N E

AND LI Q U O R T R A D E

45

FOR 1860.

Reported by J. A. S c h m id t , Broker, 8 Old Slip, JY. Y.

With importations o f Wines, Brandy, Gin, Bum, Champagne, Porter,
Ale, Cordials, Whiskey, Vinegar, Oil, Plums and Prunes, Cherries,
Mustard, Sardines, Herrings, Anchovies, Sauce, Pickles, Capers, P re
served Fruit.
T he year 1860, in regard to the wine and liquor trade, lias not been
very favorable, and did not realize the hopes expressed in our report for
1859. W ith the exception o f a short period, when the report o f the
reforms in the commercial relations between England and France aroused
some speculative feeling— a general tranquillity was the chief feature o f
the market through the whole year.
The demand for foreign spirits, French and Spanish wines, being light,
prices were weak, even at times when they were reported firm and ad
vancing in France, and at several periods of the year, by comparing our
prices with the quotations in France, it could be seen that goods sold
here at the ruling market price could not be replaced but at higher cost.
This state of affairs is so much more to be regretted, as the crops of the
past year in France— regarding the quality— are far inferior to those of
1857 and 1858, which cannot fail to have a discouraging influence on
the trade.
But what makes the year 1860, perhaps, a remarkable one in the his
tory of our liquor trade, is the first appearance of the M o r r i l l tariff bill,
which, although it had not taken effect yet, made an unfavorable impres
sion on any house connected with the trade, even by the mere idea of
the possibility o f its passing, and when in force will show itself ruinous
to trade and importation.
Brandies.-—The year opened with a heavy stock of nearly all kinds
of liquors, principally of Brandies; but prices were firm, as only a small
importation ivas looked for. Prices o f the favorite brands of Cognac were
then—
Vintage,
“
“
Rochelle

1858,........................................................ $ 2 80 @ $
1857..........................................................
3 25 @
1856,........................................................
3 40 @
Brandies,................................................
1 60 @

3
3
3
2

00
50
70
00

The inquiry remaining small through all the month o f January, and some
holders exhibiting a desire to realize, prices became weak, until the mid
dle of February, when the news o f the reforms in the commercial policy
of France, recently proposed by the Emperor of the French, by which it
was believed the exportation of Brandy would be greatly increased to
Great Britain, and doubtless diminish to this country, induced a specu
lative movement, and the sales, which were mostly to arrive; reached a
higher figure than for some time past. This speculative feeling lasted
till end of March, when market prices were as follows :
Cognac, 1858,........................................................ $ 3 00 @ $ 3 25
“
1857,........................................................
3 40 @
3 75
Rochelle Brandies,................................................
2 00 @
2 30




Wine and Liquor Trade.

46

From this time the market remained quiet and without any change in
prices till the beginning o f September, when, the accounts o f the French
vintage being unfavorable, it became more active, and there was a most
lively demand, particularly for Brandies of 1858, which had become the
favorite vintage on account o f its fine quality. Nearly all the stock of
this vintage (imported in 1859) was disposed of.
The unfavorable reports o f the crops in France being continued, a fair
activity ruled until the middle of November, since when the demand has
been moderate till the end o f the year.
From the prices named it will be seen that, though at some periods of
the year large parcels have been changing hands, prices have appreciated
but little, the quantity going into consumption always being small.
The current prices o f the favorite brands o f Cognac on the 1st o f Jan
uary, in the years named, are as follows :
V in ta ge .

1 86 0.

1861

1859,........................... ^ 2 75 (ch.
3 00 ®
1358,'...........................
3 50 ®
1857,...........................
4 00©
1S56,...........................
1850,...........................
5 00®
5 50®
1S4S,...........................
Rochelle B r a n d y ,___ 1 75 @

1858.

1859.

..
..

* 3 00

50 . $ 2 80 ® $ 3 00 .. $ 1 65 ® $ 2 00 ..
00 . 3 25 ® 3 50 ..
2 00@
2 25 ..
25 . . 3 40 ® 3 7 0 . .
2 50 ®
3 00 ..
50 . 5 00 ® 5 25 ..
4 00 ®
4 50 ..
6 50 . .
5 25® 6 0 0 ..
7 50 ®
5 25 ..
2 10 .
1 6 0 ® 2 00 ..
1 15 ®
1 40 ..
3
4
4
5

®

$ 8 50
3 75
5 75
6 00

..
..

@
@
®
®
@

..
..
..
..

2 00 ® $ 2 50

I mportations or B ra n d t .
I860.

1 85 9.

Packages.

Packages.

From Bordeaux, ..
“ La Rochelle,
u Cette and Marseilles,.
“

France,.........

1857.

1858.

Packages.

Packages

21,482
6,374
9

..
..

36,080
33,007
12

..
..
..

12,377
7,160
71

.,

14,379
8,189
292

27,865

..

69,099

..

19,608

..

22,860

Gin has been without any remarkable change, and prices were gen
erally corresponding to the quotations from Holland. They were, on the
1st of January, in the years named, as follows:
1 8 5 6 ,.............................
1 S 5 7 ,.............................
1858................................
1 8 5 9 , ...........................
1 8 6 0 , ...........................
1 8 6 1 , ..........................

$1
1
0
0
0
0

SO
20
80
65
60
55

@ $ 1 75
@
1 50
@
1 10
@
0 85
@
0 85
@
0 80

....

D u t v 100 per cent.

____

“

"“
SO
““
““
““

“
“
“

The importation o f Gin has been increasing from year to year, as will
be seen from the table p. 128.
Rum.— The importation, although it did not reach that of 1859, ex
ceeded those o f former years.
I m ported

from

I8 6 0 .

Jamaica,.....................Puncheons, 1,119
St. C roix,.......................
“
1,204
Cuba, ..............................
“
191
Porto R ic o ,...................
“
40
England..........................
“
121
Sundry ports..................
“
48
2,723

1859

1858.

..
..
..
..
..
..

1,173 . .
1,139 . .
673 . .
75 . .
98 . .
I ll ..

..

3,269

..

356
868
60
166
74
166

1857.

..
..
..
..
..
..

1,690 . .

826
868
55
28
50
1,827

Prices have been without change, from 90 cents to $1 25 for Jamaica,
and 65 cents to 75 cents for St. Croix. The superior qualities o f Jamaica




47

Wine and Liquor Trade.

Rum, which are received in smaller quantities from England, were held
at $1 15 to $2 50.
Whiskey.— The importation was again in excess o f former years, as
may be seen by reference to the table appended.- The demand was fair.
Scotch from 85 cents to $1 30, and Irish $1 to $1 20.
French Wines were not in so good a demand as last year; prices in
France w-ere higher on account o f the inferior crops of 1859 and 1860.
The common qualities have to he quoted now—
B ordeaux claret, in caBks,
“
white w in e ,..
Cette claret........................
“
white w in e ,.........
Marseilles claret,.............

$ SO @ $ 40 Marseilles w hite wine,$
30 @
40 Rochelle wines.............
32 @
40 Claret in cases,.............
32 @
40 B urgundy p o rt,...........
2S @
35

28
25
2
1

00 @ $ 3 5 00
00 @
30 00
25 @
2 75
00 @
1 30

The following shows the average prices o f the lower qualities of French
wines on the 1st o f January of the years named:
Bordeaux Wines.

1856
1857
1858,
1859,
1860,
1861,

.............................
.............................
............................
............................
............................
............................

$45
35
30
25
32
30

Cette Wines.

@$60
@ 45
@ 45
@ 30
@ 36
@ 40

I m p o r t a t io n

W

of

..
..
..
..
..
..

$ 40
40
30
20
30
32

in e s

from

From Bordeaux,.................... T,030
“ La R ochelle,.................
20
“ Marseilles and Cette,. . . 12,055
T otal,.................................... 19,105

..
..
..
..
..
..

$ 2 75
2 50
2 25
2 00
2 25
2 25

1859.

Bile.

Cases. HMs.

Bbls.

555 130,229 10,476
..
120
844
7,226
1,203 10,949
7,781

181,552

21,769

@ $ 3 25
@
3 00
@ 2 75
@ 2 25
@ 2 50
@ 2 75

F rance.

1 86 0.

Wide.

Cases.

@$55
@
50
@
40
@ .30
@
35
@
40

1858.

Cases. Bhds. Bbls.

1,652 115,482 4,023
108
100
..
8,607
540 1,812
10,667

116,122

5,885

Cases.

594 49,248
..
24
1,720
529
2,314

49,801

The importation o f Champagne has exceeded again that of last year,
and reached the high figure o f 214,559 baskets, thus exceeding the quan
tity of all other wines imported in glass by 63,229 dozen bottles. Of
leading brands have been imported by the different agents, 101,132 baskets.
German Wines have continued to be a favorite article, and there is
hardly any kind of wines imported that met with so ready sale as Hock
and Moselle wines. The following shows the extraordinary increase of
importations within the last four years:
I m p o r t a t io n

1857,
1858,
I m p o r t a t io n

of

Casks.
1857,
1858,

___

3,790
Casks.

____

837

..

I m p o r t a t io n

1857..........
1 8 5 8 ,____




erman

W

in e s .

W

in k s

from

Casks.

<o f

W

in e s

from

S p a in .

Casks.
12,751
20,408

W

in e s

from

Casks.
5,109 1 1859,.
1,288 | I860,.

.,
..

Cases.
115
608

PoRTCGAL.

Cases.
102 1 1859, .
1,288 | I860, .
of

Cases.
19,561
14,640

10,427
9,147

Cases.
417 I 1859, .
15 | 1860, .

..

I m p o r t a t io n

1857,
1858,

G

of

Cases.
13,582 1 1859, .
7,511 | 1860, .

Casks.

Casks.
744
2,682
M

Cases.
fi] 7
2,181

alaga.

Casks.
2 27fi
3^130

Wine and Liquor Trade.

48
IM P O R T S

Vessels from :

Spanish Ports,___

1860,.......
1859.........
1553.........
1S57,.......
1856,.......

Vessels fro m :

I 8 6 0 .— P O R T

Gin.

Wines.

Pkgs.
overage
JIhds. or. csks. Cases. 32 galls. Pipes.
7,030
555 130,229 21,482
120
20
6.374
1.045
9,669
2,550
8
2,386
4,676
158
1
3S
158
2.556
S93
244
206
957
697
88S
13
1,142
102
1
154
30
' 18
2
405
200
647
4
601
405
24
355
186
638
48
6,534
5.209
12,990
260
2,944
125
186
603
1,330
19,078
2,514
168
2,181
1,846
425
152
10
81
16
277
12
706
1,919
5
68

i

lio

68
51

138
4

42

151,330
133.005
65,53S
135.363
111,152

29,724
70,480
20.238
24.018
34,017

32,475
36,275
11,776
21,845
13,677

36,950
30,005
11,711
39,718
44,S96

Cordials.

W h is
key.

Csks. C a ses. P u n s .

B ord ea u x,..............
La R och elle,..........
Marseilles, ..........
Cette.........................
H avre.......................
L o n d o n ,..................
L iv e r p o o l,..............
G la s g o w ,............ .
Irish P orts,............
H a m b u rg ,..............
Bremen, ................
A n tw erp ,................
Amsterdam,............
Rotterdam,..............
Malaga.....................
P ortu gal,................
Italian Ports.........
Sicily, . . . ..............
J a m a ic a ,................
C u b a ,......................
W est Indies,..........
San F rancisco,___
Sundry Ports,........
Total, 1860,.......

“
“
“

1859.........
1853,....
1S57,.......
1856,.......

OF N E W -Y O R K .

Brandy.

1

West Indies,.........
San Francisco,....
Sundry Ports,.......
Total,
“
“
“
“

IN

6

1,458
76
1,204

102

543

2

24
10

1,390

76
128

93
15
168

2

Cham Porter,
pagne. and Ale

Puns.

Baskets. Pckgs.

66
40
15

214,559
14,230
3,347
8,703
315
110
100

25i
7,026

1

i ,iia
1,204
40
191
27
21

V in e 
gar.

7,459
6,947
7,2S4
5,986
4,944

7,277
5,696
5,408
3,944
2,733

2,723 214,559
3.269 175,445
1,561 87,712
1,827 136,402
1,843 12S,S72

Plum s and
Prunes.

Oils.

C ases.

Casks.

C ases.

1

11.466

21,117

10,016

473
1
23
358
41

72,882
58

51

104
56
4
2

i

26.856
26,513
20,945
25,7S3
21.4S5

Cherries.

C a sk s. C a sk s.

375
30

202
482
1,063
500

Casks.

Bum.

C a sk s.

..

614

i.

6

348
245

I4 i

C a ses.

io
3
40

1ST
4

6
345
223
82
126

60
2,49S
2,519

156
497

8

423

2,343 S9,387
2.9S4 83,708

24,456
4,233

130

i2
350

1.516

200
357

200

6
20
81
226 5,268
146 5,665




2,247
2,096
1.061
1,629

617
6^0
324
315
701

10,6! 7
9,235

153
344

557
1,263

Wine and Liquor Trade.

49

I mports for the Y ear 1859.—{ Continued.)
*»
Vessels from :

Bordeaux,.............
La Rochelle,.........
Marseilles,............
Cetie,.....................
H avre,..................
London,................
Liverpool,.............
Glasgow,...............
Irish Ports, .........
Hamburg,.............
Bremen,................
Antwerp,...............
Amsterdam,.........
Rotterdam,...........
M alaga,................
Spanish Ports,.......
Portugal,...............
Alicante,..............
Madeira.................
Italian Ports,.........
Sicily,.....................
Jam aica,...............
St. Croix,...............
Porto R ico,...........
Cuba.......................
West Indies,.........
San Francisco,___
Sundry Ports,.......
Total,
“
“
“
“

I 860, .......
1S59.........
1853.........
1857.........
1856,.......

Fruits
Pressed.

Pkgs.
4,798

Sar
dines.

Her
rings.

An
Sauces. Pickles. Capers.
chovy.

Cases.
3,445

Cases.
9,753
375

Kegs.

Pkgs.
1

2
29
73

8i6

76S

Mustard.

Casks.

Pkgs.

io
220
55S

Pkgs.
524

gs.
290

2,345

200

23
816
259

25

129
100
500
28,083

50
1,310
ib

5
273

3

i9

15

i
17
24
5,123
6,969
5,573
2,941
3,999

8,573
8,723

778
220

29,839
25,518

10.447
13,351

1,376
225

839
1,728

3

100

2,873
4,441

628
570

I mports of S herry, S icily, R ed , W hite, Champagne and Claret W ines into the
SEVERAL PORTS OF THE UNITED STATES DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1860.
Sicily.

Red.

White.

New-York,........ $ 347,657
Boston,..............
47,886
San Francisco,..
13,466
New-Orleans,....
9,416
Baltimore,.........
6,430
Charleston,........
2,311
Detroit,..............
1,297
Philadelphia,.. .
995
Savannah,..........
562
Mobile,...............
315
Passamaquoddy,
268
Oswegatchie,....
230
Texas,................
175
Chicago,.............
152
Niagara,.............
97
Genesee,............
30
New -Bedford,. .
Norfolk..............
Sandusky,.........
Cuyahoga,.. . . .
All others,........

$ 20,928
7,115

$ 357,726
3,966
72,136
50,955
299
466

$ 391,328

T otal U . S . , . . $431,287

$ 36,395

P oets.

Sherry.

V OL. X L V .—-N O . I.




....

5,695
569
....
....

,. . ,

942

1,882

«...

13

41

. • ••

$ 1,024,822
49,384
133,575
7,957
59,699
120,340
1,443
1,540
1,430
503
...»
869
1,740
52
... 0
168

....

....

....

950

312

....

....
....
....

183
28

....

10,974

—

4

528
250

....

698
122
$486,999

....

....
IS
....

....
....
—

Champagne.

$462,415

Claret.

$ 183,535
932
21,572
203,123
2,753
246
3,070
168

....
....

1,039
....

....

....
....

3,062
....
....

588

975

$ 1,346,925

$ 420,475

Annual Report.

50

REVIEW

OF THE

IIEBIP MA R K E T

FOR 1 8 0 0.

F rom W ood & N ic h o l s ’ Market Report.

Manilla Hemp.— T h e History of this article for the last three years is
characterized by a gradual decline in price, -which, excepting slight and
temporary interruptions, has continued through the past year. The de
cline was arrested in the spring at 6c., by a speculative feeling, based
upon an advance in rates of freight at Manilla, and price was carried to
6^c. This advance was soon lost, and market remained pretty firm at
6c., until late in the summer, when increased demand for consumption
stimulated holders, and appreciation followed. The market afterwards
again receded, and has been steadily drooping until now. The cause for
this decline is sufficiently explained by the constant addition of large car
goes to an overstocked market; and, in many instances, the pressure of a
heavy surplus has crowded the price below cost of importation. The
gathering of this article in the provinces of Manilla was greatly stimulated
by a demand for return freight from a rapidly increasing tonnage, con
sequent upon the development o f the California trade. As supply was
thus augmented, depreciation succeeded; and, in order to realize as
much as when hemp commanded better prices, the decline has been fol
lowed by increased supply. This process has been going on until confi
dence has been weakened; and, as the production is inexhaustible, re
quiring no cultivation, the inquiry is suggested as to when it would touch
bottom. It is thought that the limit is nearly reached, and that the
effect of the present state of the market will bring the price to a point
which will effectually stop the supply. Arrivals at Manilla to October
6th, 191,237 bales, against 181,326 do., same time in 1859.
Our statement exhibits a large increase upon the consumption o f last
year. This increase has been steadily growing, although for several
years the shipping interest has been depressed, and the demand for its
uses, which, in prosperous times, amounts to nearly one-third of the con
sumption, has been small. The low price of the material has undoubt
edly contributed to the result. Early in the autumn a great impetus
was given to trade by the sudden appreciation of a large crop of cereals;
and manufacturers found plenty o f employment with the greatly increased
orders, resulting from the favorable turn of fortune at the West. An
extraordinary prosperous career was suddenly checked, and the country
agitated by a political excitement, that has entered, with its paralyzing
influence, into every department of trade and industry. Demand has
subsided and values become nominal. The last sale o f hemp was made
at a trifling concession from 5 fc. Buyers offer 5-^-c.
Stock in the country on the 1st January, 1857, 82,140 bales; same
time in 1858, 69,683 bales ; in 1859, 81,396 bales; in 1860, 84,594 bales;
in 1861, 86,815 bales.
Stock in the country and afloat, January 1, 1858, 74,852 bales ; 1859,
109,009; 1860, 113,513; 1861, 120,922 bales.




The Hemp Market.

51

COMPARATIVE P b ICES PER PlCUL IN MANILLA, AND FREIGHTS, FOR FOUR B a LES.
PBICE8, HEMP.

FREIGHTS, HEMP.

Highest
Price.

Lowest
Price.

Average
Price.

1850,.,................................. $ 6 50
1851......................................
7 60
1852......................................
8 12
1853......................................
8 37
1854...................................... 11 50
1855,.....................................
8 00
1856......................................
8 25
1857......................................
8 50
1858......................................
5 75
1859.....................................
5 25
I860 to October,................
H
Average from 1850 to 1859, 11 50

$ 5 62
6 12
6 50
7 00
7 00
6 50
7 00
6 00
4 75
4 50
41
4 50

$ 6 25
6 62
7 12
7 55
8 42
7 25
7 50
7 75
5 37
5 00
4f
6 88

Y ear.

Highest
Rate.

$ 15
10
12
10
20
17
14
13
11
7
10
20

Lowest
Rate.

00
00
00
00
00
50
00
00
00
00
00
00

$ 10
6
8
10
14
12
8
5
6
3
5
3

Average
Rate.

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

% 12 50
7 00
10 00
10 00
17 50
15 25
10 80
8 65
8 00
5 00
7}
10 37

Bales.

Stock in all hands January 1st, 1860,.................................................. 84,594
Imports from January 1, 1860, to January 1, 1861,......................... 144,491
*Stock in all hands January 1, 1861,..................................................

229,085
86,815

Consumption for the year,.................................................................... 142,270
T otal E xports from M anilla to the U nited S tates.

From January 1, 1860, to October 6, 1860,.....................
Same time in 1859,..............................................................
Showing an increase in 1860 of.........................................
Same time in 1858,..............................................................

115,128

115,128
107,235
7,893

113,619 %

Increase in 1860....................................................................
Same time in 1857................................................. 91,122

1,509

T otal E xports from M anilla to G reat B ritain.

From January 1, 1860, to October 6, 1860,...................
Same time in 1859,..............................................................
Showing a falling off in 1860 o f.......................................
Same time in 1858,..............................................................

34,792

34,792
56,236
21,444

35,913

Decrease in 1860..................................................................
Same time in 1857................................................. 30,458

1,121

C omparative I mports.

From January 1, 1S60, to January 1, 1861,.....................................
“
“
1859, to
“
1860.......................................

144,491
132,298

Increase in 1860,...................................................................................
From January 1, 1858, to January 1, 1859,.................. 128,782
“
“
1857, to
“
1858..................... 119,659

12,193

C onsumption in the U nited S tates.
1852.

87,176

1858.

ISM.

1855.

1S56.

1S5T.

1858.

1859.

106,376

90,174

100,760

114,203

111,047

110,582

129,100

1860.

142,270

Comparative E xport of H emp to U nited S tates and E urope.
B ate.
1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 18M.
1855. 1856. 1S57.
1358. 1859.
T « the United States, 51,097 71,566 110,257 102,292 114,008 107,290 156,193 121,655 144,476 142,828
To Europe,............... 10,608 15,402 13,871
8,467 47,801 11,831 19,699 47,991 52,816 65,336
Bales.........................

61,705 86.96S 124,128 110,759 161,309 119,171 175,892 169,646 197,292 207,664*




* Boston, New-York and Philadelphia.

52

Annual Report.
A rrivals of M anilla H emp.

1860.

Name of Yessel.

January 20,.. Comet,......................
“
2 6 ,..
February 10,.
“
14,.
“
23,.
“
28,.
March 8 , . , . . .
“
13........ Josiah L. Hale,........
“
20..............
tt

Where.

N ew -Y ork,...........
u
tt
Boston,...................
N ew -Y ork,...........
<(

no

April 11,!!.’ .’ .’
May 2 ,.........

it

“ 10.........
“ 15..........
“ 15,.........
June 1 . . . . . .
“
12..................
“ 18,.........
July 11,.........
August 3 0 ,...
“
3 0 ,...
September 12,
October 2 , . . .
“
5 ,...
“
5 ,...
“
1 2 ,...
“
3 0 ,...
November 27,
December 10,
“
14,
“
23,
“
29,

Winged A rrow ,. . . .
New-York,............
Southern Cross,.. . . Boston,...................
New-York,............
Sweepstakes,...........
tt
Belle of the W est,.. Boston,..................
<«
Malay,......................

Boston,..................
«(

Romance of the Seas,
it
E. P. Stringer,..........
Kate Howe..............

New-York.............
it

Bales.

8,239
5,963
3,719
7,407
3,444
3,591
6,267
3,958
5,362
7,342
6,781
1,810
500
4,540
7,844
3,548
6,231
7,179
2,860
5,266
4,185
4,057
1,120
6,430
1,917
4,825
1,666
1,985
285
7,675
6,250
4,245

Sales.

6^ cents.

6

H

6 @ 6i

6i @6 i

6i @ 6|
61

6 1-16
6 1-16

6
6 afloat.

6
6
6
1-16 @ 61

61
6}
6 @ 61

5 f @ 51
"a'l

Jute.— The low price of Manilla hemp has brought that article in
competition with jute during the past year, and, to some extent, has
driven the latter out of the market. In view o f the reduced stock at the
commencement of the year, and the large falling off in shipments at Cal
cutta, holders were firm at $92 50 @ $95 ; but trade was dull, and
manufacturers demanded lower prices. Market gradually yielded until
early in the summer, when an unexpected demand came from the South
for baling use, to supply the deficiency o f Western rope.
W ith mode
rate supplies, a gradual reduction of stock ensued, and holders became
firmer. Later in the season, a prospective short supply induced manu
facturers to buy freely, and the market became quite active. Apprecia
tion rapidly followed, and sales were made as high as $110; but the ad
vance has been strongly resisted, manufacturers contending that, so long
as Manilla continues to decline, they must stop, unless jute can be ob
tained at lower rates. During the last month they have done but very
little, and will only meet the pressing wants o f the trade until a better
chance for profit exists than they now have. A small lot was brought
out from England, but her short supplies have not permitted our market
to be relieved from that quarter. The crop of 1859 was small and of
inferior quality. Good or even fair qualities have been scarce; and a




The Hemp Market.

53

very inferior grade, known as jute ends, a new article in this market, has
been sent here, and found buyers, because o f its cheapness; but the
quality is too poor to work to advantage, and sales are made with great
difficulty. The new crop is spoken favorably of, both as regards quality
and quantity. The shipments to England have been active, and, when
the deficiency is made up, we shall look for lower prices at Calcutta and
larger shipments to this country. The stock afloat is 4,562 bales, for
Boston, including 2,898 bales o f jute ends ; 605 do. for New-York, and
200 do. for Philadelphia ; altogether, 5,367 bales. Our statement shows
a falling off in the consumption from last year, occasioned by the compe
tition with Manilla hemp.
Stock on hand and afloat, 10,442 bales; same time last year, 13,825
do.; 1858, 26,903 bales. O f the present stock there are but 2,325 bales
in New-York, Boston and Philadelphia, in first hands. A t our close,
price is nominal and no demand whatever.
Balet.

12,100

Stock in all hands January 1, 1860,..................................................
Imports from January 1, 1860, to January 1, 1861, (including
arrivals from England,)....................................................................

15,226

Stock in all hands January 1, 1861,..................................................

27,926
5,075

Consumption for 1860,........................................................................

22,851

E xports from Calcutta to the U nited S tates.

From January 1, I860, to November 1, 1860, (including 3,368
balesjute ends,).................................................................................
From January 1, 1859, to November 1, 1859..................................

16,021
14,050

Increase in 1860 of................................................................................

1,971

C omparative I mports.

From January 1, 1860, to January 1, 1861,......................................
“
“
1859, to
“
1860,.....................................

15,026
22,931

Decrease in 1860 o f...............................................................................

7,905

E xports from Calcutta to E ngland.

From January 1, 1860, to October 31, 1860,....................................
“
“
1859, to
“
1859,....................................

222,928
278,644

Falling off in 1860 of............................................................................

55,716

Exports to England in 1859......... ......................................................
“
“
in 1858,.................................................................
“
“
in 1857,.................................................................

362,357
392,781
202,806

C onsumption in the U nited S tates.
1S5T.

13,641

1853.

___




16,104

1359.

___

26,095

1860.

___

22,851

54

Annual Report.

R E V I E W OF T H E T O B A C C O M A R K E T F O R T I I E Y E A R 18 6 0 .
B y Messrs. T. & II. M e ss en g e r .

T h e stocks held this side of the Atlantic and in Europe on the 1st o f
January were placed at 96,000 hhds., an increase o f 12,000 hhds. com
pared with same time the year previous. This liberal supply, added to
the extreme estimate of the incoming crop, viz., 227,000 hhds., (which
subsequent receipts proved to be short of the reality,) acted as an incubus
to any advance in the value o f this staple ; and had the crop under culture
resulted in a full average, we doubtless should have witnessed a feeble
market throughout the year.
W e proceed briefly to delineate the prominent features of the season.
The demand for the closing winter months proved a fair average, the sales
rather exceeding 2,000 hhds. at full quotations for the better grades, while
inferior were less firm. The spring opened with a light demand and
prices rather drooping, May closing with a declension in prices for inferior
and medium o f \ @ -Jc. The market remained inanimate until near the
close of summer, with limited sales, inferior grades exhibiting a further
decline o f £ @ £c. without leading to increased activity. The chief nota
ble circumstance was the rapidly accumulating stock, which now reached
the unprecedented total of nearly 15,000 hhds. The prevailing lethargic
feeling at length gave way, and ere the opening fall, an active demand
sprang up, induced by an apprehension o f a large diminution in the grow
ing crop from the effect of drought, resulting in an increased volume of
transactions partly speculative, without, however, immediately advancing
prices. As the season progressed, additional stimulus was imparted by
reiterated statements of damage sustained by the crop, which was followed
by large transactions, the sales for September and October reaching nearly
5,000 hhds., with a responding advance of \ @ 1-J- cents, the better classi
fications being most favorably affected.
W e regret that it is not in our
power to follow up this favorable change, the business in the closing fall
month being brought to a stand by political vicissitudes, which have had
a paralyzing influence on commerce generally. And although tobacco
has maintained its position favorably, compared with other staples, and
holders appear comparatively firm, there is no disguising the fact that
present quotations should be deemed nominal, and will simply indicate
to the reader about where the market left off.
Regarding the crop we have been treating of, our favorable expecta
tions of its quality were far from being realized, there being a sad deficit
o f sweet fleshy leaf, as also a very meager supply o f desirable African
and W est India sorts. The bulk o f the excessive stock held here consists
of medium and nondescript, for which there is but little inquiry, and we
apprehend losses will occur in its realization ; while really desirable, from
comparative scarcity, will probably be better maintained. A s to the ex
tent and quality of the new crop, opinions are somewhat at variance;
that there will be a deficiency in length, and an absence of dark rich leaf
and choice manufacturing, there remains but little doubt. W e retain our
usual practice of rendering the outside estimated growth, as we discover,
on referring to many past years, it generally comes within the compass of
actual results.




55

Tobacco Trade.

The year will open with stocks o f the world, amounting, in the aggre
gate, to 146,496 hhds., or an excess beyond those of last year of 50,496
hhds. O f the future course of the market we advance no opinion. W e
invite the attention o f the reader to the following statistics :

I n s p e c t io n s .

Kentucky.

Virginia
and
N. Carolina.

1851............
1852............
1853............
1854............
1855............
1856,...........
1857,...........
1858............
1859,...........
1860............

Hhds.
12,285
20,107
11,284
9,295
8,700
12,683
8,963
16,091
12,666
20,815

Hhds.
635
361
167
295
1,779
2,009
1,376
2,114
1,190
3,474

Ohio.

Mid.

Total.

1st January.

Hhds.
6
1

Hhds.
13,046
20,472
11,457
9,611
10,500
14,701
10,339
18,205
13,867
*24,294

Hhds.
6,374
6.096
9,640
7,555
3,588
2,575
5,747
4,654
9,461
8,644

2

Hhds.
100
3
4

21
21
9

.,

5

11
••

Sto ck s .

1858,

1859.

1860.

Julv............................................................................
August......
September,.
October.......
November,.
December,..

Hhds.
4,044
3,967
3,980
3,757
4,403
6,034
8,894
10’ 326
11,595
11,741
10,865
10,210

Hhds.
9,461
8,490
8,049
8,212
8,074
8,216
10,515
12’368
12,413
12,212
9,929
9,148

H7ids.
8,644
8,372
8,11 9
8,303
8 679
10 869
13 368
14^613
14,913
15,283
15,415
15,833

January,.. .
February,. .
March,........
At>ril...........

SA L E S FOR

1 8 5 9 -1 860.

1859.

1860.

M o n t h s.

Kentucky.

January,...................
February,................
March,......................
April,........................
May,..........................
June,.........................
July...........................
August,.....................
September...............
O ctober,...................
November,.
December,................

Hhds.
900
300
1,300
650
650
350
800
800
1,200
1,300
1,200
970

Maryland.
Hhds.

50

,,

Virginia.

Kentucky.

Hhds.
50
40
100
75
40

Hhds.
1,425
600
950
600
670
700
700
1,200
2,250
2,000
650
425

25
100
25
25

Maryland. Virginia
Hhds.

35

Total.....................
10,420
150
380
12,170
35
January 1st, 1861, stock on hand,............................... 19,048 hhds.
* Including all inspections.




Hhds.
75
25
100
70
100
50
150
75

500
75
50
1,270

Annual Report.

56
S tocks

in

W arehouse at the principal marts, J anuary 1st.

New- York. New- Orleans. Baltimore.

1 8 5 9 ,...
I 8 6 0 ,... . . . 8,644
1 8 6 1 ,... . . . 19,043

*20,858
19,546
13,271

Virginia. Philadelphia.

890
200
22,366

8,500
15,500
24,500

Total, 40,179 hhds.
“
44,633 “
“
80,033 <(

560
742
853

Stocks in E uropean marts, D ecember 1st.
Liverpool.

1858,.. . . . 14,015
+ 1859,..
{i8 6 0 ,.. . . . 17,538

London.

Bremen.

UoUand. \Other Ports.

118,723 >7,020 leaf. +6,295
f 18,829 +7,493 “ +7,000
{■22,445 +6,747 “ +17,094

+3,230
+2,850
+8,329

Total, 44,283 hhds.
“
51,735 ((
“
67,653 “

I nspections for the fiscal year.
New-Orleans,,

Virginia.

1857-58,
72,696
68,075
1859-59,
68,953
56,450
1859-60,
62,113
76,997
Total receipts at New-Orleans, 1857-58,
do.
do.
1858-59,
do.
do.
1859-60,

Baltimore.

70,669
62,546
78,291

Total, 211,440 hhds.
“
187,949
“
217,421 «(
. . 87,144 hhds.
. . 75,925 “

Manufactured Tobacco.— It will require but a short space to chronicle
the prominent characteristics o f the past year’ s transactions, which we
regard, as a whole, unfavorable to parties interested. The winter business
resulted in sales analogous to those o f the previous season, without change
in prices. The spring transactions came short of anticipations, while the
market flagged and quotations were scarcely supported. Summer passed
without any prominent change either in value or demand, the latter of
which continued dormant, with more than usual pressure on the part of
the seller to realize. The weighty stock which had run up in August to
Y4,000 packages, added much to the embarrassment of the agents at this
period. The opening fall offered but little encouragement, and although
the sales formed a fair average, a prevailing heaviness was the leading
feature, while work suitable for the Southern trade receded in value,
owing to the absence o f demand. A returning vitality was observable
during the month o f October when free sales were effected with a pro
mising future, resulting only in disappointment from local troubles. The
market relapsed into a state o f comparative torpor, the year closing with
a large diminution in sales.
W e regret that it is not in our power to give the official sales and
stocks for the past three months, making a break which we have filled by
estimate, varying but little, we apprehend, from the true result. It will
be discovered that there has been a diminution in receipts compared with
last season of about 40,000 packages. W e again repeat that the stock
on hand is given by estimate, and is much larger than was anticipated,
particularly as the receipts for the closing month were very light; the
almost entire cessation o f business has brought about this result. The
most favorable feature is the probability that there is less in second hands
than for many years past, while the interior is in light supply. Hence
the revival o f business would at an early day place the agent in a stronger
position. Included in the gross receipts are re-shipments to foreign
markets.*
* Estimated growth for I860— Kentucky, Tennessee and Missouri, 60,000; V ir
ginia, 70,000; Maryland, 45,000; Ohio, 12,000; total, 187,000 hhds.
t Latest mail advices.
:+ Ports in Great Britain, Ireland and Scotland, assumed to approximate to the
stock of December, 1858.




Tobacco Trade.
SALES.

BECEIPTS.

F oe 1859

Packages.

1849,...
1 8 5 0,... . . .
1851,. . .
1 8 5 2 ,... . . .
1 8 5 3 ,... . . .
1 8 5 4 ,... .. .
1 8 5 5 ,... . . .
1 8 5 6,... .. .
1 8 5 7 ,... . . .
1 8 5 8 ,...
1 8 5 9 ,...
I 8 6 0 ,... . . .

162,341 . .
176,339
215,698
134,007
165,197
260,768
199,878

57

..
..
..
. .
..,
...

281,629 . .

Total sales,.

Packages.
January........ 14,727
February,... 15,089
March,.......... 19,254
16,741
May............... 13,148
June,............. 16,037
July,............. 17,276
August.......... 24,047
September,... 26,610
October........ 19,655
Novem ber,.. 14,575
December,... 10,464

and

STOCKS.
1860.

Packages.
13,184
...
,. .
17,101
14,376
.. .
16,243
,. .
. •• 13,762
,. . 12,873
...
18,627
..
16,623
..
25,171
. . *20,500
.,. *9,000
,. . *6,000

F oe 1859

..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

Packages.
30,655
30,799
34,895
39,397
45,410
50,162
56,493
53,185
45,240
43,623
48,281
55,202

and

I860.

Packages.
. . 49,024
. . 46,649
. . 55,028
. . 54,562
. . 58,229
. . 61,638
. . 70,677
. . 74,607
. . 62,628
. . *59,961
. . *65,348
. . *67,367

207,623 ... 181,360

Seed Leaf.— W e have seldom witnessed a more unsatisfactory year
than the past, both to the producer and dealer, prices having ruled very
low compared with former seasons. The market during the winter and
spring evidenced but little vitality, while the summer passed with but few
transactions, and holders, discovering little prospect of realizing at the
home market, commenced exporting on a large scale; but even this relief
did not produce any appreciable benefit, and the sluggish feeling con
tinued until fall, when a more cheerful aspect ensued.
The recorded sales for September o f 5,000 cases, gave an improved tone
to the market. Subsequently exporters purchased with freedom, confining
their selections more particularly to the inferior grades, the figures for
which were low. The season closes with a moderate prospect for the
future. Regarding estimates of the crops, we find great discrepancy, and
hence defer figures; they will probably result somewhat less than last
year’s, but with the old stock on hand will doubtless be ample for all
purposes. The crop o f Connecticut is said to be unusually good, but
little, if any, o f the different growths has been disposed of.
Florida.-—The crops of Florida are becoming each year of less import
ance, this season’s production being placed at 1,000 cases, nearly one-half
o f which is in port. O f the quality, we simply say that it is decidedly
inferior and the color imperfect, hence the article attracts but little atten
tion.
Foreign Tobacco.-—Taken as a whole, the year just terminated has
been generally satisfactory to those concerned, results usually proving
remunerative, and at no time have the stocks been excessive. Cuba,
which has been imported on a larger scale, has met with an improved
demand, and prices exceeding last year’ s were realized. In Yara, the
dealings have been unusually large, the article being used to some extent
as a substitute. The crop of Havana possessed some choice parcels, but
the larger portion was deficient in body and flavor. W e commenced the
year with a very light.stock, and a demand corresponding. Holders are
generally firm.*




* Estimated.

Annual Report.

58

Importations and Stocks.

Importations in
do.
do.
do.
do.
Dec. 31, stocks,
do.
do.
do.
do.

1 8 5 8 ,..
1 8 5 9 ,..
I 8 6 0 ,..
18 58,..
1 8 5 9 ,..
I 8 6 0 ,..

Cuba.

Bales.
20,618
5,045
8,207
4,908
522
792

Havana.

Bales.
82,179
31,398
85,221
6,997
4,409
5,137

Yara.

Other
descriptions.

Total.

Bales.
8,064
14,454
7,149
2,734
5,211
1,964

Bales.
15,319
3,829
270
740
64
75

Bales.
76,180
54,726
50,947
14,379
10,206
7,968

Statement exhibiting the quantity and value o f Tobacco exported annually
from the United States from 1821 to 30 th June, 1860.

Y

e ars.

Bales.

Cases.

Hogsheads.

1821,...........................................
1822,................................
1823.............................................
1824,...........................................
1825.................................
1826.................................
1827,................................
1828.................................
1829,.................................
1830.................................
1831.................................
1 8 3 2 ,..............................
1833,...........................................
1834.................................
1835,................................
1836.................................
1337,...........................................
1838.................................
1839.................................
1840,................................
1841,................................
1842.................................
1843 ............................................
1844,...........................................
1845 ............................................
1846 .............................................
1847,...........................................
1848.................................
1849.................................
1 8 5 0 ,... ...........................
1851..................................
1852.................................
1853,.................................
1854.....................................
1855.............. ................
1856.................................
1857,................................
1858,................................
1859.................................
1860,................................

12,913
17,772
14,432
12,640
19,651
17,817

13,366
9,384
5,631
4,841
7,188
15,035

66,858
83,169
99,009
77,883
75,984
64,098
100,025
96,278
77,131
83,810
86,718
106,806
83,153
87,979
94,353
109,042
100,232
100,593
78,995
119,484
147,828
158,710
94,454
163,042
147,168
147,998
135,762
130,665
101,521
145,729
95,945
137,097
159,853
126,107
150,213
116,962
156,848
127,670
198,846
167,274

Total, 39 y e a r s ,. . . .

95,225

55,445

4,601,292




....
....
. . ..
. . ..

. . ..
. ...

. . ..
. . ..
. . ..

....

. . . .
. . . .

.. ..
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
.. ..
. . . .

Value.

5,648,962
6,222,838
6,2S2,672
4,855,566
6,115,623
5,347,208
6,577,123
5,269,960
4,982,974
5,586,365
4,892,388
5,999,769
5,755,968
6,595,305
8,250,577
10,058,640
5,795,647
7,392,029
9,832,943
9,883,957
12,576,703
9,540,755
4,650,979
8,397,255
7,469,819
8,478,270
7.242,086
7,551,122
5,804,207
9,951,023
9,219,251
10,031,283
11,319,319
10,016,046
14,712,468
12,221,843
20,662,772
17,009,767
21,074,038
15,906,547

$

$ 355,181,067

Currant Trade.

TEE
A

nnual

59

CURRANT TRADE.
R

e v ie w

eor

the

year

1860.

T h e importation o f currants into the United States beginning to be
come important, it is necessary to give some information concerning its
cultivation and consumption, and duties it is submitted to in foreign
countries. The sea provinces o f Peloponnesus, in the Corinthian Gulf,
and the shores of Argolide and Messina, and the Ionian Islands, Zante
and Cephalonia, are the sole countries which produce this fruit. Several
landholders, considering the great increase o f consumption of this article,
tried to cultivate it in other parts o f Greece, but they were greatly dis
appointed, because the first year the vine produced currants, but the
second it produced grapes.
During the period that Greece was under the dominion of the Turks
the cultivation of currants was very inconsiderable, and during the Greek
revolution (1821— 1827) the vines were destroyed by the Turks, and up
to the year 1833 the cultivation of this fruit did not make any material
progress. But since that year, when a law of donation o f public lands to
the inhabitants has been promulgated, the cultivation began to increase
steadily, so that to-day the cultivation of currants in the Kingdom of
Greece covers an area o f land not less than 300,000 stremas.
In the years 1833— 1836 the production of currants scarcely amounted
to 6,000,000 @ 10,000,000 pounds. But in the year 1851 the produc
tion reached the large amount o f 70,000,000 pounds. The sickness of
the vines destroyed the crops o f the years 1852, 1853 and 1854, so that
in the year 1855 the crop amounted to 8,000,000 pounds o f excellent
quality, produced principally from young branches touching the soil; this
experiment and the use o f brimstone improved the culture, and in 1856
the crop amounted to 40,000,000 pounds. I f heavy rains had not oc
curred during the collection o f the fruit in 1857, the crop of that year
would have reached 60,000,000 pounds. Without the ravages of the oidium
and the weather the vines of Greece may produce annually 120,000,000
pounds; to this amount, if we add 30 @ 35,000,000 pounds capable of
production in the Ionian Islands, we have an annual production of
150,000,000 pounds, which amount, if ever produced in one year, prices
will certainly decline to a point not even covering the expenses o f the
cultivation, and in that case many o f the plantations will be abandoned.
For this emergency a company has been formed in the city o f Patras for
the promulgation o f the consumption o f currants by exporting them to
every possible place where there is a probability o f consumption, and
another company went into operation for the manufacture of wine out o f
currants. But both these companies have failed in their endeavors to
promote the interest of the cultivators of currants.

Prices.— Although Greece has the monopoly of the production o f cur
rants, prices are very irregular, being based on the quantity and quality
of the crop and the general demand. During the Greek revolution cur
rants, being exported with difficulty and paying irregular duties, were
sold at prices varying from $60 @ $120 per 1,000 pounds. In the years




60

Annual Report.

1829— 1833 prices were between $25 and $35, owing to the poor quality
o f the crop. Since 1834, when the import duties in England were re
duced, and up to the year 1841, prices were varying from $50 @ $80.
In the year 1844, the import duty in England being again reduced, cur
rants in that year sold at $40, in 1845 at $45, and in 1846 and 1847 at
a little above $50. About that time, the production having reached a
high figure, and the consumption not being in proportion, prices fell'con
siderably, the fruit selling in 1851 as low as $10. That year the sickness
in the vines made its appearance and prices went up again, so that in the
years 1852 to 1855 from $80 @ $110 were paid. In 1856, the crop
being more abundant, prices ranged from $70 to $80 ; in 1857 they were
$63, and in 1858-59, $35. In I860 prices opened at $32 per 1,000
pounds, but drooped down to $16, and went up again to $25. W e have
no correct return of the last year’ s crop, but it is said to amount to
80.000. 000 pounds from Greece alone. It is calculated that the price o f
$25 covers all the expenses of the cultivator and even leaves a small profit.
Export.— The principal market for currants is England, where all classes
eat them, and the importation there reaches, on an average, annually,
50.000. 000 of pounds; and this year, on account of the reduction of
duty to seven shillings per 112 lbs., it is supposed that England will con
sume about 80,000,000 lbs. Germany comes next to England, taking
about 12 @ 18,000,000 lbs. The United States come after, having
imported, for the year ending 31st March, 1861, 4,225,385 lbs. The im
portation of the year 1859 was nearly double that o f the present one, and
enough to last for the consumption of two years ; but in the month of
February, 1860, England having reduced the duty from 15s. 9d. to 7s.
per 112 lbs., and therefore the consumption there being on the increase,
several importers were induced to export to England, and about 3,000,000
lbs. were exported there, so that it is apparent that the United States
cannot consume much above 4,000,000 lbs.
In Russia currants are almost unknown.
Duties.— The duty in England has been reduced from 15s. 9d. to 7s.
per 112 lbs.
In Austria the duty is five florins per quintal, (say 120 lbs.,) or $23
per 1,000 lbs.
In Holland, where two to three millions lbs. are imported annually,
the duty is only $1 83 per 1,000 lbs.
In Greece the export duty, up to 1857, was $2 per 1,000 lb s.; in
1858 it was reduced to 83^ cents; but last year it was raised to 19
drachms, or $3 16 per 1,000 lbs.
Importation o f Currants into the United States.— About twenty-two
years ago currants began to be imported into the United States, and the
cheap prices prevailing for a long time made this fruit to be within the
reach of all classes, and between 3,000,000 @ 4,000,000 lbs. were an
nually consumed, the price being about 4J @ 5 cents per lb .; but since
the year 1851, when the sickness o f the vines prevailed, the prices were
pushed up from 5 to 25 cents per lb., and the importation into this
country was almost stopped, so that in the year 1854 we find that the
importations amounted only to 219,118 lbs., which was sold at an aver
age price of 20 cents per lb.




61

Currant Trade.
I m p o r t a t io n

of

C urrants

in t o t h e

V

U

n it e d

alu e at th e

P

S tates

ort of

T

fo r th e last

en

1851........................
1852.........................
1858...................... .............
1854.......................

1,039,435

1855.......................
'••/J856,..................... .............
.‘.'y'JSb'l......................
“ ”4858......................
r^ 5 9 *...................
“ i^ io .......................
C/J■

e a r s , a n d t h e ir

___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

Value.
$ 133,870
143,343
40,893
23,995
94,389
127,089
151,418
342.869
319,326
138,890

___

$ 1,516,082

Pounds.
Year
“
“
“

Y

E x p o r t a t io n .

1,468,261

30,189,691

■4

Warrants in New-Yorlc.— The prices from the year 1851 to
Ted from 7 @ 10 cents per lb .; but in 1854 to 1855, after
the sickness of vines in Greece, prices went up to 25 @ 30 cents, and in
1856 they went down again to 15 cents. In the years 1857 and 1858
they were selling from 6 @ 7 cents; and in 1859 and 1860, the crop
being abundant, prices were as low as 4 @ 5 cents per lb.
The following table will show the ordinary prices o f currants in NewYork for the last ten years :
T ears.

1851,...........
1852.............
1853.............
1854,...........
1855.............
1856.............
1857,...........
1858.............
1859.............
1860.............

T eaes.

1851.............
1852.............
1853,...........
1854.............
1855,...........
1856,...........
1857.............
1858.............
1859.............
1860.............

January.

February.

7f ©
6
4f @
91 @
@ 91
Ol
19 @
©
15 ,@
© 25
15 @
© 25
17 ©
© —
9 © 10
7 © 8
.7 .©
4
4 i@
Si @
©
@

—
9
20
15
12
18

July.

61
5
14
19
15
20
12f
7}
5
4

@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@

7
5}
15
21
25
23
13
9
5}
41

71
5
10J
21
26
,35
171
10

8
5

August.

April.

March.

71 7 i
5
41
11 10
21 181
’16
15
23 22
© — 161
O
o
© 10

71 @

41
10
19
14
??
17

@
©
@
©
©

5 ,©

6}
6
16
—
25
23
10
9
51

6 }@
84 @
18 @
25 @
15 @
20 @
11 @
7} @
41 @

4 ©

4}

4 @

©
©
©
©

©
©
0
41 ©
-5 • G ' @

September.

6 }@
5j @
15 @
25 @
15 @
20 @
9 @
7} @
5 }@

©
©

71
5
11
21
22
24
17
10

H
5

October.

6 @
8 @
19 @
20 @
20 @
22* @
a
@
5} @
71©
4 } 41 @

7
9
19
27
24
24
12
9
6

May.

6}
8}
20
30
27
25
—
6}
8
5}

7

U
10
181
15
22
16

June.

6}
41
12
19
15
22
© 16} 16
©

7i
5
© 11
@ 21
© 22
■A 24
©

8 ©

9

© —
5
@

November.

5 }@
9 @
19 @
20 ©
20 @
22} @
10 @
8 @
6 }@

5 @

7

5
12}
21
25
23
© 16}

7 @

81

5 }@

51
4f

4 @

December.

5 @ 5}
5}
9 @ 9}
9}
18 @ 19
20
20 @ 25
26
12 @ 2 5
27
20 @ 21
23
12
9 @ 10}
8}
7} @ 8}
6}
6 @ 6}

5}

* Of this amount, 3,000,000 lbs. were exported to England.




@
@
©
@
@
©

3 i@

4}

62

Annual Report.

REPORT

ON T I I E C A L I F O R N I A T R A D E ,
F

or

the

Y

ear

1860.

T h e year 1 8 6 0 was marked with a falling off in the quantity of sup
plies sent from Eastern ports to California. The decrease was mainly in
articles o f food and in the matter o f cured provisions, the experience
of the past year would seem to indicate that the State will need no fur
ther supplies from abroad. Notwithstanding the diminished ventures by
shippers the past year, the returns have been o f the most unsatisfactory
character. Early in the season the emigration to the Washoe silver dis
trict completely unsettled trade in nearly every part o f the State. The
traders stopped buying goods until their stocks were entirely exhausted,
uncertain as.to the number of their customers the excitement would carry
away to the new Dorado. The consequences were, that during the first five
months of the year there were fewer goods taken out of the San Francisco
market than probably ever before during a similar period. A speculation
on a large scale, in staple articles, initiated early in the year, and which
promised to be successful, finally broke down for the lack of any demand
from the country, and was productive of a double injury to the market by
inducing large shipments from this side which could not be placed by in
voice upon arrival or since, without submitting to large losses. The market
for groceries and provisions ruled dull throughout the entire year; in the
latter half there was more activity, but the San Francisco jobber and the
interior trader alike bought only to supply immediate wants, and the hulk
of stocks had to he carried by importers and factors.
W ith respect to manufactured goods’ the "State, fvith Its glowing popu
lation, buys more- and Kioto largely front the East every year. Importers
resident at San ’ Francisco carry on the numerous branches o f trade
coming under this head. .They older their .supplies - understanding^,
knowing the wants of the State', and their business, one year with another,
is fairly profitable.
The following statement of the tonnage arriving at San Francisco from
Atlantic ports, from 1856 to 1861, will show the extent of the imports
from that quarter for a series of years. The statement exhibits— 1. The
number of vessels. 2. The aggregate registered tonnage. 3. Estimated
tons of cargo at sixty per cent, over register. 4. Total amount o f freight
moneys paid in each year :
Where from .

1856.

No. o f
Vessels.

New-York..........................
Boston................................
Other ports,.....................

New-York,........................
Boston,...............................
Philadelphia,....................

Total for 1857,




Tons o f
Cargo.

165,652
64,320
8,963

Am ount o f
Freight Paid.

103,532
42,200
6,602

..
.
.

149,334

..

238,935

. . $ 3,236,869

61
28
1

74,402
33,802
1,219

..
.
.

119,043
54,083
1,950

. . $ 1,309,244
.
469,798
..
22,390

90

109,423

..

175,076

. . $ 1,801,432

79
37
7

Total for 1856........................... 123
1857.

Registered
Tonnage.

. . $ 2,167,045
.
924,957
.
144,867

63

California Trade.
No. o f

Am ount o f
Freight Paid.

Tons
o f Cargo.

R egistered
Tonnage.

Vessels.

Wherefrom .

31

..

71,882
32,166
4,345

..
. .
.

124,611
51,370
6,952

. . $ 1,503,955
607,329
68,919

Total for 1858,.............. .......... 105

..

114,333

..

182,933

..

$2,180,203

.
.

..
..
.

171,641
71,678
8,002

..

.

107,216
44,799
5,001

$ 2,107,924
892,704
92,582

Total for 1859,.............. ........... 141

..

157,076

..

251,321

..

$ 3,093,210

New-York,............ ...........
Boston,...................
Other ports,........

.

93,240
30,661
6,341

..
.
.

149,184
49,057
10,145

..

$1,777,802
624,396
82,988

130,242

..

208,386

..

$ 2,485,186

..

$ 3,236,869
1,801,432
2,180,203
3,093,210
2,485,186

1858.

1859.

1860.

New-York,............
Boston,................... ...........
Other ports,........

New-York,............
Boston,...................
Other ports,........ ...........

8

16

.

Total for 1860,..............

R

Y

e c a p it u l a t io n

ears.

Total for 1856.....................
“
1857.....................
“
1858..................... ........ 105
“
1859..................... ........ 141
“
1860,...................
Grand total for five years,.

.

Registered
Tonnage.

No. o f
Vessels.

.

Tons
o f Cargo.

.

149,334
109,423
114,333
157,076
130,242

.
.
.
.
.

.

660,408

. 1,056,651

.

.
.

238,935
175,076
182,933
251,321
208,386

Freight.

. . $ 12,796,900

Average freight per ton for 1856............
((
<<
1857............
(f
t(
1858............
“
“
1859...........
«(
«<
1860............

The average tonnage of the vessels employed in the trade between the
Atlantic ports and California has, for the last six years, ranged as follows:
Tons Reg.

1855,.............
1856',............. ................................. 1,214
1857..............

D

is a s t e r s

to

the

Tons Reg.

1858...................................
1859...................................
1860...................................

F leet

in

1860.

The year 1860 was an unusually prosperous one to the fleet; twelve
vessels were obliged to touch at way ports, but they were mostly small
craft. Only one vessel, the bark Baltic, was lost; she was from Alexan
dria, with a cargo o f coal, and was abandoned at sea December lYth.
During the preceding year six ships, one coal laden, and the rest with
valuable assorted cargoes, were totally lost. The steamship Granada, o f
New-York, was lost on the 13th October, in the harbor of San Francisco,
near Fort Point, through the culpable negligence o f the pilot.




64

Annual Report.
T

he

C

a l if o r n ia .

P

assage.

The year 1860 was signalized by the quickest passage ever made be
tween New-York and San Francisco. The medium clipper Andrew Jackson, 1,679 tons, sailed from here in the last of December, and arrived
out in eighty-nine days. The quickest time previously made was by the
celebrated extreme clipper Flying Cloud, in eighty-nine days and six
hours. The average length of passage in 1860 from New-York and Bos
ton to San Francisco was, from the former port, somewhat shorter than
during the two preceding years. From Boston, the average has scarcely
varied for six years. The following is a statement of the average and
the shortest passages in six years:
F rom N e w - Y

1 EARS.
1855,____
1856........
1857,____
1 8 5 8 ,....
1859,____
1860,____

____124£

ork.

F rom B oston .

S h o rte s t
passa ge.
D a ys.

A v era g e
passa ge.
D a ys.

..

—
94
91
101
102
89

. . . . 131
____134
. . . . 139$
. . . . 183$

Steam

C

Y ears.
....

S h o rte s t
p a ssage.
D a ys.

A v era ge
passa ge.
D a ys.

..

1855......... ____137£
1856,____ ____131
1857........ ____126
1858,___ ____136
1S59........ ____140J
1860........ ____142

____
____
____
____

o m m u n ic a t io n

via

P

—
106
104
107
112
97

anam a.

The California mails, passengers and treasure, via Panama, have been
carried, since the 5th March, by the steamers o f C. V a n d e r b i l t and as
sociates on this side, and those of the Pacific Mail Company on the
Pacific; these two companies, which had been running opposition previ
ously, consolidating their interests at that date, a change was made im
mediately thereafter in the number of steamers run; instead of two semi
monthly, three were despatched, the dates of sailing being the 1st, 11th
and 21st of each month. The rates o f fare were also judiciously reduced,
and the beneficial effects to the State are seen in a larger increase of
population by seaward arrivals than in any preceding year since 1855.
The bold experiment was made early in the year of shipping butter from
this market to San Francisco by this route. It proved entirely success
ful, the butter arriving out in short of forty days, in every way superior
condition to that sent via Cape Horn. The consequence is, that the latter
route for transport of this article has been entirely abandoned. Large
amounts of valuable light goods are sent by the Isthmus ; the total value
of the shipments per steamers in 1860, according to the Custom-House
records, was but little short o f eight millions o f dollars.
The following figures exhibit the passenger movement o f the port o f
San Francisco since 1856 :
A r r ivals

1S5T.

From Panama.......................... 17,637
“ other countries,............ 6,963
Total arrivals,................. 24,600

‘ 1858.

1669.

...............................
..
40,739
..

26,907
11,276

I860.

..
..

20,092
10,619

..

40,739

..

38,183

..

30,711

For Panama............................. 12,367
“ other countries,............... 4,584

..
..

27,994

..

19,030
6,751

..
..

10,084
4,492

Total departures............. 16,951

..

27,994

..

..

14,576

D epartu res.




24,781

California Trade.

65

It will be understood that nearly all the passengers, via Panama, were
emigrating from or returning to the Atlantic States. The total gain to
California, by seaward arrivals, during the five years ending with 1860,
amounted to 55,293 souls.

F r e ig h t s

to

C

a l if o r n ia

Dry Goods, Groceries,
per foot.
Liquors, &c.

Date.

from

N

ew

Date.

-Y

ork.

Dry Goods,
per foot.

Groceries,
Liquors, &c.

27} ©
27} ©
27} ©
30 @
27} @
25 @
22} ©
25 @
25 @
25 @
25 @
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35
35
35
35
32}
32}
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30
30
32}
35
32}

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30
27}
25
22}
25
25
25
25
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30
30
30
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27}
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25
25
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30
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30
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35
35
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@
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@
@
@
@

30
30
30
32}
30
30
..
30
32}
32}
32}
32}

1859.

1 85 7 .

January,.............
February,...........
March,.................
April,..................
May.....................
June,...................
July.....................
August,...............
September,.........
October,..............
November,..........
D ecem ber,........

25 @ 30
25 @ , .
25 @
25 @
25 @ 2 7 }
2 2 } @ 26
2 3 } @ 25
25 @ . .
25 @ . .
2 2 } @ 25
25
@
2 7 } @ 30

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22} ©
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22} @
22} @
22} 0
221 @
27} @

30
25
25
25
27}
25
25
25
25
25
25
30

January...............
F e b r u a r y ,..........
M arch,.................
A pril.....................
May,.....................
June.....................
July .....................
August,................
S eptem ber,.........
October,...............
N o v em b er,.........
D ecem ber............

1860.

1858.

January,.............
February,..........
March,.................
A p r il,.................
May,....................
June,...................
July,....................
August................
September,.........
October,..............
N ovem ber,.........
December,...........

30
32}
27}
80
30
30
30
32}
30
30
27}
30

@
©
0
@
0
0
0
0

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@
0

@

T

35
35
30

30 @
32} @
27} @
30 @
30 0
3 2 } 30 ©
30 @
35
32} @
30 @
30 @
35
27} @
35 | 30 @

..
..
..
..
..

he

E

January,...........
F ebruary,...........
M arch,.................
A p ril,...................
M ay......................
3 2 } Ju n e,....................
Ju ly ......................
August.................
35
S eptem ber,.........
October,...............
N o v e m b e r,.........
35
35
D ecem ber,...........
35
35
30

..
..
..
..
..

xports

of

@
@
@
©
0
@
@
@
©
@
@
@

C a l if o r n ia .

Notwithstanding the Washoe silver excitement leading away many
miners from their gold c airns, in the first part o f 1860, the yield o f gold,
the great staple product o f California, seems to have suffered no diminu
tion. It is true that the exports o f treasure from San Francisco in 1860,
as compared with those of 1859, show a decrease o f $5,315,000, but
this is no evidence, as might hastily he supposed, o f a diminished pro
duct. The export o f gold is simply the standard o f the obligations of
the State abroad, and not o f the productiveness of the mines. According
to the records at San Francisco of the receipts from the interior (exclu
sive of what is brought by private hands) and the exports abroad, it
VOL.

xlv

.—

no.




i.

5

66

Annual Report.

would appear that the product o f the mines in 1860 exceeded the average
of the two preceding years. The following figures will show this:
1858.

Receipts from interior..........
Imports from abroad,...........

1859.

1860.

540,023,420
2,368,753

..
..

$46,813,159
2,516,152

..
..

$45,211,693
1,809,061

Total,........................... $42,392,173
Exports....................................
47,548,025

..
..

$49,389,311
47,640,462

..
..

$ 47,020,754
42,325,916

Loss for the year..................
Gain for the year..................

$ 5,155,852
.......

..
..

___
$ 1,748,849

..
..

___
$ 4,694,838

As remarked elsewhere in this article, the State has, during the past
year, produced all the cured meats needed for its own consumption ;
owing also to increased home production, the imports o f Eastern lard and
butter (two great staples) have fallen off- fifty per cent. A dd to this the
fact that the exports other than treasure in 1860 exceeded those o f 1859
by $3,000,000, and there is ample explanation why upwards o f five mil
lions of gold were retained in the State in 1860 more than in the pre
ceding year.
Considerable progress was made in 1860 in developing the silver mines
in Western Utah, commonly known as the “ Washoe Mines.” A t the
close of the year twenty quartz mills for crushing the ore, and about as
many saw mills were completed or in course of erection. Their cost,
owing to the fact that the machinery had to be transported across the
Sierra Nevada Mountains, was about double that o f similar works in Cali
fornia. The price charged by the owners of these quartz mills for crush
ing and amalgamating ores ranges from $25 to $50 per ton. In California
the price for the same work, in all the principal districts, is $4 to $5 per
ton, at which rates it is a profitable business. An idea o f the value of
the leads o f Western Utah, as compared with the generality of quartz
leads in California, may be drawn from the fact that they can pay the
.enormous rate there charged for reducing them, while the average yield
o f the quartz leads o f Grass Valley, the oldest and one o f the richest
districts in California, is only $20 per ton, and from this all the expenses
o f getting out the rock and reducing it have to be deducted. Up to the
close .of .the year but little had been done at Washoe in the way o f re
ducing ores on the spot. But a number of the mining companies had
been busily engaged in getting out ore, and had accumulated from a few
hundred to two thousand tons each ready for crushing. O f the ores taken
out those found to yield, by assay, over $300 per ton, have been sent to
San Francisco, (at a cost of $120 per ton and upwards for freight,) and
mostly shipped thence to Europe. The exports o f silver ore, during the
year 1860, according to the San Francisco Custom-House records, were
o f the value of $416,613. This is, however, no guide as to what the ores
yielded. In addition to the ores exported, several hundred tons have
been smelted at two establishments in San Francisco, yielding about
$150,000. When it is considered that the Washoe mining district was
a howling wilderness at the commencement o f 1860, and that every
necessary of life, even the material for habitations, had to be transported
across the Sierra Nevada on the backs of mules, it must be conceded that
vast progress has been made in opening the mines, and without doubt
.their product this year will ascend to millions.




California Trade.

67

Although the injunction of the United States government restraining
the owners o f the New-Almaden quicksilver mine from working it was
not removed until the commencement o f 1861, still the quantity o f that
metal exported in 1860 again rose to some importance. Three other
mines were industriously worked under the impulse o f an active demand
both for home and foreign consumption. The following figures show the
yield o f these three mines during the year:
Netc-Idria.

Yield in I860,.............

Enriquita.

4,618 flasks.

..

6,816 flasks.

Gaudaloupe.

..

2,676 flasks.

The ruling prices during the year was 60 cents for home consumption
and 50 cents for export.
The exports of agricultural produce from the State figure largely over
those o f any former year. Breadstutfs increased 100 per cen t.; wool, 36
per cent., and hides 30 per cent.
The following are tabular statements of the exports o f leading Califor
nia products for several years past:
E

xports

T

of

reasu re.

Statement o f the Amounts and Destination o f Treasure Exported from
San Francisco, during the year 1860.
T o New-York.

In
“
“
“
“
“
“
“
“
“
“
“

January,..............
February,...........
March,................. ........
April....................
May,.................... ........
June,................... .........
July..................... ........
August,...............
September..........
October,..............
November,.......... .........
December......................

Exported to—

2,177,395
2,905,028
3,709,755
1,969,435

2,982,704
4,119,814

25
77
67
88
■in
01
05
47
59
19
78
31

New-York,.................
New-Orleans,.............
England,.....................
China..........................
Japan,.........................
Manilla........................
Panama,.....................
Sandwich Islands,.. .
Mexico,.......................
Costa Rica,.................
Vancouver Island,...

37
57,795 93
20
27
00
94
300,819 00
40,679 57
00
00
00

Total,...................
Total,................

28

37

Table exhibiting the Shipments o f Treasure from San Francisco to the
31s£ December, 1860, to all quarters, and also to N ew -York ; the R e
ceipts o f Cold at the United States Mint and Branches, and the esti
mated yield o f the Mines o f California, since 1848.
Y

ear.

1848........
1849........
1850........
1851........
1852........
1853,___
1854........
1 8 5 5 ,....
1856,___
1857........
1858,___
1859........
1860,___

Shipments to
a ll quarters ,
as m anifested.

... •

. . . 45,582,695
___ 57,331,024
___ 51,328,653

..
..

___ 48,887,543
___ 48,592.743

..
..




R eceip ts at
M in t and
Branches.

Shipments to
New- York.
. .

,,..
.... .•
. . ..

.*

. . . .

..

47.916,448
46,289,649
38,730,564
39,765,294
35,287,778
35,578,236
39,831,937
35,661,500

..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

....

$5,232,249
28,206,226
57.13S,980
51,470,675
62,838,395
46,719,083
47,419,945
56,379,901
55,217,843
51,494,311
52,000,000
27,037,919

E stim a ted
y ie ld o f
C a liforn ia

.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

$ 60,000
8,000,000
33,000,000
55,000,000
57,000,000
69,000,000
64,000,000
65,000,000
70,000,000
70,000,000
70,000,000
70,000,000
70,000,000

Annual Report.

68

E

xports

To New- York.
F lask..

Years .

1853,. . . .
1854,___
4855,----1 8 5 7 ;.... ___

1 500
8^374

of

To other
Countries.
Flasks.

Q

u ic k s il v e r .

To other
CountriesFlasks.

To New- York.
Flasks.

Years.

18,800 1858,........ . . .
20,963 1859,........
27.165 I860,.........
22,240
Total,__ .. .
18,888

3,559
250
400
14,083

..

20,573
3,149
8,948
140,726

From the above it appears that the total amount o f quicksilver exported
from the State during the past eight years was 154,809 flasks; there was
consumed within the State, during the same period, 16,000 flasks, making
a total production (almost entirely from the New-Almaden mine) o f
170,809 flasks of 75 lbs. each. The price ranged from 1853 to 1860
from 75c. to 50c. per lh.

Table o f Exports o f leading articles o f California Produce to New- York
f o r the last five years.
A r t ic l e s .

Barley,........
Hides,...........
Quicksilver, .
Skins,............
fi

Salm on,__ _
Tallow ,........
W ool............. ...................lbs.,
W heat,........

1856.

185T.

1858.

1859.

1860.

16,510
97,675
51,103
97,947
200,116
142,399
132,032
170,447
151,364
8,374
2,414
400
3,559
250
876
939
1,506
798
975
9,313
26,363
2,874
3,812
.. ..
212
1,112
256
906
250
826
194
888
618
3
600,000 1,100,000 1,428,351 2,378,250 2,981,000
—
. . . .
12,054
203,528
—

Exhibit o f the Exports o f a few leading articles o f California Produce to
all countries in 1860.
Barley,...................84 lb. sacks, 136,916
Beans......................50 “
“
1,397
Flour,...................................bbls., 121,688
Hides.............................. number, 200,116
Hay,.......................... '.. . . b a l e s ,
9,637
Lumber..........................M. feet,
3,976

76,590
Oats,...................... 55 lb. bags,
Potatoes,...............110 “
“
34,161
Skins........................... packages,
580
Tallow,.......................
“
2,181
Wheat................. 100 lb. sacks, 1,135,098
W ool..............................pounds, 3,060,000

The value of the exports o f California, other than treasure, during the
last five years, has been as follows :
1856, ..................................
1857,.....................................
1858.......................................




$ 4,270,260
4,369,758
4,770,163

1859,
1860,

$ 5,533,411
8,532,489

D ry Goods Trade.

DRY

GOODS

TRADE

F ob

the

69

OF N E W - Y O R K ,
1860.

year

From the U. S. Economist and D ry Goods Reporter.

O n pp. 154— 156 our readers -will find a detailed statement of the
imports of dry goods at the port o f New-York for the closing year, as
compared with the years 185*7, 1858 and 1859. The following table
shows the comparative receipts for the last twelve years:
I mports
1849,... ..
1850,... ..
1851,... . . .
1852,... ..
1853,... ..
1854.... ..
1855,... . . .
1856,... ..
1857,... ..
1858,... ..
1859,...
I860,... ..

Woollens.
$ 11,9S3,279
16,565,016
15,252,028
16,172,991
28,204,146
21,884,346
19,157,015
26,185,825
24,938,403
21,124.303
34,532,922

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

of

D r y G oods

Cottons.
$6,519,972
11,038,595
11,027,938
11,3S9,85S
16,808,353
15,610,143
11,274,221
10,901,135
17,480,962
13,567,943
27,781,264
17,721,725

into the

Silks.
. $ 15,295,753
.
20,2S1,034
. . 23,486,456
.
22,944,503
84,128,519
.
. . 27,599,393
.
23,478,460
.
28,730,519
.
27,691,9S7
.
20,381,736
.
83,682,647
.
84,9SS,710

.
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

U nited S tates.

Flax.
$ 4,756,561
7,562,941
6,749,818
7,103,887
8,790,135
7,258,052
6,924,635
8,772,822
6,938,737
7,008,636
11,120,484
7,914,152

Miscellaneous.
Total.
. $ 3,959,210 .. $ 45,514,775
58,329,828
..
2,2S2,487 ..
.. 4,110,163 .. 60,626,400
62,304,261
..
4,644,017 .
93,499,086
..
5,766,964 .
..
5,805,939 .. 78,157,S78
66,802,697
..
5,968,365 .
..
7,208,592 .. 88,927,453
6,676,856 .. 82,676,523
..
4,914,523 .. 69,093,765
..
6,266,052 .. 112,970,944
. 6,574,497 .. 101,8SO,406

It will be observed, from the above statement, that the whole importa
tion o f dry goods at this port for the past year amounts to $101,880,406.
The amount, though considerable, is yet less than that of 1859 by
$11,090,538, a decrease of about ten per cent. The only other year
approaching this sum is 1853, when the receipts reached the then extra
ordinary figure o f $93,500,000. It does not appear that the importation
has been in excess of the wants of the country. Judging from the fact
that during both the spring and fall seasons importers have been enabled
to clear out their stocks quite satisfactorily, and that the general result
of the year’ s business has been favorable, we should conclude that a hun
dred million dollars worth o f dry goods may be safely imported yearly,
when the general trade o f the country is in a wholesome condition. On
comparing the amounts o f the several kinds o f manufactures with the
corresponding items of previous years, some important fluctuations will
be observed.
Manufactures o f wool have not varied very materially from 1859, there
having been a decrease under that head o f $2,796,119, which is about a
due proportion of the total decrease on all kinds o f goods. In cotton
goods, however, there has been a very significant decrease. In 1859 the
receipts were $27,781,264 ; this year they have been $17,721,725 ; show
ing a falling off of $10,059,539, or thirty-five per cent. This is a very
important fluctuation, and would seem to be attributable less to the com
petition of domestic goods than the reaction of an excessive supply dur
ing last year. Large as is the decrease compared with 1859, yet the
importation has been larger than during any other former year. In 1857
nearly an equal amount was imported; in 1856 the receipts were less




D ry Goods Trade.

70

by $6,800,000; and in 1855 by $6,400,000; so that the importation
for this year even exceeds an average.
Silk manufactures show an increase on last year, although that was one
of the largest years in the annals of the trade. The four years o f largest
importations of silk goods since 1849 have been as follows :
1853..................................................................... $34,128,519
1856...................................................................
28,730,519
33,682,647
1859, ..............................................................
1860, ..............................................................
34,988,710

The receipts o f last year, therefore, exceeded those of all former periods.
Few have been prepared to expect such a fa ct; for the heavy losses made
on silk goods, of almost every class, in 1859, had produced an impression
that a considerable reaction would appear this year. Thirty-five million
dollars worth o f silk goods is certainly an enormous value for one year’ s
consumption ; yet it appears to be no more than the people are prepared
to buy, for the close o f the season finds importers with a lighter balance
than they have held for several seasons. The fact that thirty-five per
cent, of the entire value o f dry goods imported consists o f silk fabrics
affords some idea of the freedom with which our population spend their
money on costly articles of dress ; perhaps no other country in the world
can show such a proportion of silk goods in its consumption o f textile
fabrics.
The importation of flax goods has been about equal to the average of
late years, though much below that o f 1859. Last year the receipts were
$11,120,484; this year they have been $7,914,152— showing a decrease
of $3,206,332, or about twenty-seven per cent. When it is considered
that last year’s imports were nearly twenty-five per cent, in excess of
those o f any former year, it is apparent enough that such a balance of
goods must have been brought over into the present year as to materially
limit the requirements of the past twelve months.

R

e v ie w

of

the

F

o r e ig n

D

ry

G

oods

T

rade

of

N

ew

-Y

ork.

The year 1860 has been one o f varied fortunes with the dry goods im
porter. The spring business was generally unsatisfactory in its results,
whilst that of the fall has been equally favorable; although there ap
pears to have been no sufficient cause why the former should not have
been as satisfactory as the latter season. The experience of the spring
trade shows how easily our importers may lose a few million dollars by
bad management; and that o f the fall how great control over the value
of their property they actually possess. The spring importation hap
pened to be received earlier than usual, which naturally raised an expec
tation early in the season that the market would be heavily stocked.
On the 1st of January a larger amount o f stock was in bond than is
usually held at that period ; during that month the receipts continued to
increase on the previous year’ s until, at the beginning of February, the
imports showed an excess over January o f 1859 amounting to $1,200,000 ;
during February, also, the increase was maintained, so that the customs
returns for the two months exhibited an aggregate gain on the same period
of 1859 amounting to $3,360,000, or about fifteen per cent. This was
the bugbear of the market. Importers took fright at the figures, and




D ry Goods Trade.

71

losing all hope of their being reduced during succeeding weeks, they also
ost confidence in their property, and threw themselves on the tender
mercies of buyers, which of course proved to be “ cruel.” Buying com
menced late, owing to the vacillation o f holders respecting prices, and,
being late, was consequently o f a character unsatisfactory to the sellers.
After the beginning of March, however, the receipts began to decline, and
continued to do so steadily until at the beginning o f May the imports for
the four months showed a slight decrease on the same period of 1859.
This, of course, was too late to effect any material recovery in the tone
of trade. During the mean time goods had been selling very heavily, and
in many instances at ruinous prices. Jobbers, perceiving the fears of
importers, were determined in bringing them to the auction room, which
they effected without much difficulty, so that the public sales were un
usually early, and large almost beyond precedent.
Dress goods, shawls, and silks especially, were crowded rapidly upon
the market, and buyers finding they were to have prices according to
their own ordering, took advantage of the occasion, and bought the major
portion o f their supplies at a heavy discount from the cost o f importation.
Probably not less than 825,000,000 o f various kinds of goods was sold at
auction, at an average loss o f from 15 @ 20 per cent., making a total loss
to the importers o f not less than four million dollars. It was generally
acknowledged by the trade that this ruinous procedure was very largely
attributable to the unwise haste of sellers in resorting to public sale.
Had a little more firmness been shown by holders, they could with per
fect ease have made from 15 @ 20 per cent, more on their sales. There
was nothing whatever in the state of the general trade of the country to
shake the confidence of the market. The Southern jobbers commenced
the season with heavy purchases, and good expectations were cherished
respecting the W e s t; whilst every other section o f the country was in a
fine condition for buying. In the prospect of the demand there was
everything to encourage holders ; but because they had chanced to stock
themselves a month earlier than usual, they threw overboard all their
chances, and squandered their capital where they might have increased
it. It is a most unfortunate circumstance that the importer should have
so little control over the value of his property. It may be that, from the
peculiarities o f the market, the importers could not have acted otherwise
than as they did in the case in question ; it must be admitted, however,
that if they are surrounded by such sensitive influences as render it dan
gerous to make a liberal importation, the only wise policy for each mer
chant is to carefully keep within the strictest moderation in making his
importation.
The lessons suggested by the experience o f the spring trade are— that
the market is peculiarly subject to the control of sensations ; that a great
sensation may be created out of very trivial causes ; that holders of goods
are themselves the first to yield to an unfounded sensation, instead of
being the last; that sensations tend to the auction room ; and that auc
tions, under such circumstances, are disastrous to the importer.
These costly lessons o f the spring business appear not to have been
lost upon the importing interest, for the course of the fall trade has pre
sented a perfect contrast in these points to that o f the spring. The early
importation was moderate, so that the season opened with stocks as light
as in spring they were heavy. On the 1st of August the imports of fall




72

D ry Goods Trade.

goods were $6,000,000 less-than for the same period o f 1859, and this
decrease upon the last year was steadily maintained lip to the close o f
the season. The result was that business opened with a firm tone and
an active movement. Jobbers came early into the market, and importers
sold a large portion o f their stock during the early weeks at excellent
profits. They were as late in their resort to public sale as in the spring
they had been premature, and no general break down in prices was ex
perienced throughout the season. The auctions commenced about a
month later than usual, and the offerings being unfrequent and in many
cases light, a scale o f prices was sustained throughout quite equal to those
of private sales. About the middle of the season the receipts of French
worsted goods increased considerably, owing to the abolition o f the ex
port bounty on cotton and woollen fabrics by the French government;
and this, causing a surplus of such stock to be offered at auction, pro
duced a partial depreciation of its value. W ith that exception, however,
the value o f property at public sale was as good at the close o f the season
as at its commencement. These facts show the inspiriting tendency of a
moderate importation.
The general failure of the Southern demand appeared to have little
effect on the feeling o f the market, although the volume o f trade with
that section did not amount to more than one-half o f its usual extent—
still further showing the sustaining tendency o f a safe importation. It is
also worthy o f note, as showing the importance of a moderate aggregate
o f imports, that a certain class o f goods have made handsome profits
through the season, although the amount has been beyond all precedent.
The receipts of silks for the fall o f 1859 were unusually heavy, causing
importers to lose all confidence in such goods and sacrifice upon them
very heavily. The importation of silk manufactures for the present fall
have been, however, over two million dollars, or eleven per cent, larger
than last year ; and yet, strange to say, silks have been the most desirable
property of the season, and have sold down to a very low balance, ex
cepting certain passe styles brought over from 1859. This difference
between the results of the two seasons is not to be accounted for by the
existence of any better demand this fall than last, especially considering
that the South, which takes so many silks, has bought very sparingly
this season ; it is undoubtedly the result o f the moderation o f the aggre
gate importation having given confidence to holders generally.
It will be seen from the above statement that the total importation for
the twelve months is $101,880,406, against $112,970,944 for 1859.
T he

total entries at the poet toe

The first six months were...................
The second six months w e r e .............

1859.

$ 57,257,530
55,713,414
$ 112,970,944

1860.

....
....

$ 50,595,474
51,284,932
$ 101,880,406

The general result o f the year’ s business has not been such as to add
materially to the capital o f importers. The fall trade has been almost
without exception satisfactory ; but it is doubtful whether its profits have
been sufficient to cover the losses made during the spring.
The panic consequent on the political crisis came too late to affect
seriously the general result of the fall trade. The balance of stock on
hand at the beginning of November was quite light, which enabled im




D ry Goods Trade.

73

porters to hold their property at about the same prices as were obtained
earlier in the season.
The woollen trade was generally unsatisfactory during the spring months.
The clothing houses bought sparingly throughout the season, providing
only for immediate wants ; whilst the jobbers, having imported on their
own account more freely than usual, wanted but little from the regular
importers. The importation o f fancy cassimeres was especially abundant,
large amounts having been sold from samples previous to arrivals. Low
and medium grades sold at very low rates, and in order to be pushed off
had to be sold on terms much beyond the usual date. Fine French
styles, however, were in fair demand throughout the season, and generally
brought good prices. The general result of the season’s trade in cassi
meres showed that our own manufacturers are gaining very rapidly upon
foreign goods in the estimation o f buyers, and the probability is that
their spring experience has taught importers that they must look to the
further exclusion o f foreign styles from the market. Some exception to
these remarks should be made in the case of silk mixtures, in which the
German fabricants undoubtedly excel our own, both as respects the make,
color and price o f the goods. The importation o f German cloths and
doeskins was very considerable, which caused holders to press their stock
on buyers to the ruin of prices ; and the consequence was, that although
the demand throughout the season was steady, yet prices were in many
cases below cost.
The experience of the fall business has been in contrast with that of
the spring. Importers began the season with moderate stocks, and the
jobbers, having been induced by the adverse result of their spring impor
tations to buy less direct than then, were early in the market, giving a
good tone to the beginning transactions. Prices opened at fair rates,
and have been sustained throughout the season, having in some cases
advanced. The trade in British woollens, though somewhat better than
for the same period of last year, has not been generally satisfactory. The
lower grades o f coatings, which have hitherto been chiefly supplied from
the West Riding of Yorkshire, are now being largely produced by our
own manufacturers, whose goods are preferred by many clothiers in con
sequence of their reputed superior strength and honesty. As the season
advanced, and finer grades came more into demand, there was an im
proved request for beavers, pilots, &c., of British make, but even then
importers were not able to make much profit on their transactions. The
importation o f sealskins and mohairs was considerable, and the demand
for them good through the season ; but prices were generally below those
o f the previous fall, though sufficient to leave a fair profit. German tri
cots, beavers and heavy cloths have sold well since the middle o f the sea
son, the demand from the cloaking trade having been well sustained.
The year closes with a light stock o f foreign woollens generally. W e
apprehend that importers have been taught a lesson o f caution to be ex
ercised in their future importations of goods competing with American
styles. The following are the comparative importations o f woollen manu
factures for the years 1858, 1859 and 1860 :
1858.

$ 18,73,6075




1859.

....

$37,329,041

1860.

....

$34,532,922

FOREIGN

DRY

GOODS

TRADE

OF

NEW-YORK.

F rom the U. S. E conom ist and D r y Goods R ep orter.
V

alue

of

F

o r e ig n

D

ry

G

oods

entered

for

C o n s u m p t io n

Manufactures

of

at

the

P

ort

"Wool.

of

N

ew

-Y

ork

M anufactures

d u r in g

of

th e

Y

ears

1S57, 1858, 1859
M anufactures

Cotton.

and

of

1860.

Silk .

M onths.
1857.

1858.

S eptem ber,................................................
O ctober,......................................................
N ovem ber,.................................................
D ecem ber,..................................................

3,(>43,502
1,696,756
278,922
144,604
147,305

1859,

I8 6 0 .

1857.

1858.

1859.

I8 6 0 .

1857.

$336,153 $2,290,857 $2,442,249 $2,449,134 $ 383,621 $3,061,040 $2,406,778 $3,964,953
1,043,010 2,559,022 3,719,387 3,457.673 1,128,149 2,570,029 2,680,686 3,402,231
1,070,923 3,200,832 2,718,762 1,818,3S8
881,079 2,546,872 1,628,745 2,124,550
584,216 2,391,302 1,581,097 1,439,689
512.671 1,668,878
687,423 1,520,543
777,719 2,514,299 1,901,549
400,579
507,070 1,26S,69S
661,329 ,
369,272
1,163,790 8,251,242 1,640,773
192,32S
407.672 1,773,100
120,118670,849
3,110,4S3 4,911,808 4,700,030 2,456,703 1,198,971 2,961,195 1,504,437 1 5,398,241
4,312,916 5,250,619 5,295,056 1,297,361 1,789,745 2,154,909 1,607,259 ; 3,619,076
1,910,232 2,005,381 2,431,129 1,010,655
881,692
832,065
746.431 1,535,628
529,125
1,008,6S6 1,421,850 1,452,145
130,442
774,620
482,349
171,636
397,054
694,251 1,830,208 1,465,422
65,9S8
939,067
448.431
85,441
1,449,920 2,063,605
250,106 1,451,797 1,851,515
702,9S0
343,149
169,962

T o ta l, .............................................. 19,728,183 16,463,299 33,691,020 30,050,579

M anufactures

of

14,469,046 10,068,646 22,431,488 13,867,416

F lax .

1858.

22,481,651 17,099,931

M iscellaneous.

1859.

I860.

$ 533,080 $ 3,071,082 $4,554,648
1,631,268
3,358,547 5,004,487
2,597,933
2,028,145
2,729,037
1,336,628
722,704
2,345,015
1,422,900
662,449
1,440,232
1,816,948
1,027,537
2,573,986
4,426,960
2,516,772
5,095,323
5,329,700
3,526,725
4,864,855
2,033,271
2,077,643
1,998,329
1,364,921
1,789,298
1,155,513
675,034
1,406,922
1,441,427
771,404
1,333,672
2,428,619
32,467,460

32,525,604

T otal.

M onths.
1857.
J anuary,................................................
February,.............................................
March,....................................................
April,......................................................
May,.......................................................
June,......................................................
July,......................................................
A ugust,.................................................
October,...’ ............................................
November,.............................................
D ecem ber,............................................
Total,.............................................




1858.

1859.

| 1860.

1857.

1858.

1859.
$ 569,296
739,409
583,420
464,360
251,864
133,544
510,912
932,431
518,268
241,175
367,220
335,696

$ 904,019
1,146,547
497,409
569,163
102,221
40,509
947,988
566,026
420,464
87.374
71,150
69,064

$ 1S3,3S3 $1,035,455 $ 735,256
358,950
956,645 1,004,431
361,387 1,119,172
844,030
239,784
814,360
432,S32
212,915
709,901
414,364
183,092
685,016
274,791
627,050 1,156,373
421,291
839,921
997,540
757,000
404,768
614,930
544,315
415,830
625,S38
415,214
674,649
405,2S3
279,432
7S3,248
166,538
746,540

$ 960,761
947,115
707,600
543,193
124,596
68,S40
1,069,192
694,871
405,016
103,649
70,364
94,652

$ 160,681
342,942
352,779
191,644
140,876
166,256
466,023
614,826
301,912
226,528
197,616
391,926

5,421,984

4,853,057 10,173,172

5,789,869

8,564,009 1 5,647,595

6,415,345

I860.

1857.

1858.

$ 480,340 10,456,749 $1,596,923
695,839 11.316,224 4,514,319
529,953
5.953,S76 4,694,813
225,875 5,364,813 2,251,019
292,099
1,354,456 2,301,029
356,792
5S8,777 2,94S,837
740,867 16,025,754 7,919,299
980,597 9,820,836 11,084,183
5,068,519 5,576,247
512,969
474,404
772,023 3,545,090
435.265
437,547 2,243,887
157.265
731,0S9 5,373,S55
5,912,265

| 1859.
$10,027,730
10,183,652
10,17S,833
7,6S4,363
6,184,994
8,416,888
14,635,606
14,000,354
5,990,973
4,218,996
5,21 S,066
7,462,683

I860.
10,619,271
13,104,780
8,319,423
4.213,855
4,692,241
4,760,153
11,793,585
13,969,612
6,268,115
4,613,410
4,195,828
2,171,336

67,890,663 54,047,951 104,202,138 88,721,609

D ry Goods Trade.

J a n u a r y , ............................................... $2,177,882
2,362,658
F e b ru a r y ,..................................................
M arch,......................................................... 1,305,929
A p ril,......................................... .................. 1,292,225
357,7S8
M a y , ...........................................................
J u n e , ..........................................................
166,982
J u ly ,............................................................
6,153,630

VA LU E

OF

FOREIGN

D RY

GOODS

W IT H D R A W N

M anufactures

of

W ool.

FROM

W AREH OU SE

M anufactures

of

DURING

THE

Cotton.

SAME

PERIOD

M anufactures

of

Silk .

M onths.
January,................................................
February,..............................................
March,...................................................
April,.....................................................
M ay,......................................................
J u n e ,............................................... ..
July,.......................................................
A ugust,.................................................
September,...........................................
October,.................................................
November,............................................
D ecem ber,...........................................

1857.

1858.

1859.

I8 6 0 .

1857.

1858.

1859.

I8 6 0 .

1857.

1858.

$189,805
214,038
217,535
168,384
173,168
86,016
2,298,839
1,001,855
441,131
63,809
117,098
238,542

$ 414,023
497,543
552,770
288,775
227,533
218,504
456,073
911,951
484,900
300,9S0
159,762
148,190

$ 196,123
174,617
158,687
130,156
83,070
87,544
441,207
9S9,517
317,469
147,508
123,385
90,736

$ 252,225
284,256
259,623
223,577
143,628
115,300
48S,655
677,418
451,803
198,458
100,809
49,507

$ 581,305
598,144
378,284
124,526
74,142
48,479
559,SS7
263,738
130,728
18,787
51,769
181,727

$ 594,622
865,250
779,075
296,142
174,548
105,722
148,404
204,568
128,765
64,094
63,557
94,550

$ 404,310
357,320
192,028
40,8S1
27,175
41,497
57,071
188,039
96,581
57,924
43,090
62,707

$ 575,227
465,690
336,788
162,159
78,664
43,179
175,232
250,799
161,113
51,308
40,219
44,049

$ 324,6S6
269,274
270,066
151,287
142,422
42,963
1,838,006
628,167
193,865
31,660
111,508
206,432

$ 616,369
722,697
550,331
188,442
147,293
164,492
215,8S1
305,353
178,458
54,498
51,159
86,832

1859.

$ 126,117
156,965
66,119
30,722
10,635
49,5S1
136,717
142,475
76,672
28,843
47,650
60,967

I8 6 0 .

$ 331,376
219,243
106,413
55,834
98,051
91,761
133,646
252,843
134,334
38,677
42,338
17,882

933,463 1,522,398
32,467,460 32,525,604

Total thrown upon the market,___ 24,938,403 21,124,303 36,631,039 33,295,838 17,480,562 13,567,943 24,020,111 16,241,843 26,691,987 20,381,736

33,400,923 34,048,002

M anufactures

of

F la x .

M iscellaneous.

T otal .

... ___

Months.
1857.

1858.

1859.

January,......................................................
F e b ru a r y ,..................................................
M arch ,.........................................................
A p ril,...........................................................
M a y ,...........................................................
J u n e , ..........................................................
J u ly ,............................................................
A u gust,.......................................................
Septem ber,................................................
O ctob er,.....................................................
N ovem ber,.................................................
D e c e m b e r ,................................................

$ 161,293
185,897
170,564
139,531
51,448
37,267
858,981
191,500
112,155
8,759
24,942
79,466

$ 325,455
393,729
801,2S5
165,205
151,298
118,842
114,473
202,568
121,410
72,534
98,795
89,985

$ 175,573
177,328
122,261
41,081
46,516
56,496
87,679
113,755
109,614
38,240
74,563
89,959

T o ta l,......................................................
A d d entered for consum ption,............

1,516,803
5,421,934

2,155,579 1,033,065
4,853,057 10,173,127

T otal thrown upon the m ark et,. . . .

6,938,737




1857.

1858.

________

...

1857.

1858.

1859.

I860.

$ 146,615
123,332
91,029
57,806
50,782
27,828
40,700
114,279
76,925
43,081
29,094
38,027

$ 95,010
69,826
103,805
57,205
16,311
12,294
233,564
49,366
81,462
24,583
30,788
112,773

$ 161,681
227,937
22S,655
141,547
33,367
60,119
106,953
82,816
111,745
75,730
79,603
120,361

$ 56,592
70,5S0
62,536
14,339
11,025
15,954
40,124
42,720
40,596
29,516
53,693
50,828

$ 76,584 $1,352,099 $2,112,150
85,225 1,387,179 2,707,156
72,803 1,140,251 2,412,116
80,830
640,931 1,080,111
42,461
457,491
733,936
19,893
227,019
665,399
14,924 5,289,277 1,041,784
57,012 2,134,626 1,707,256
959,341 1,025,276
51,458
19,599
142,598
567,836
23,322
336,105
452,976
10,822
539,918
818,940

$ 958,715 $ 1,381,827
936,810 1,177,746
866,656
601,631
580,206
257,179
413,586
178,421
297,961
251,072
712,798
853,157
1,476,506 1,352,351
640,932
845,633
302,031
351,123
235,782
342,381
805,197
160,287

S39,488
6,415,345

S86,987
5,789,869

1,430,514
3,564,009

488,503
5,647,595

554,933 14,835,860 15,015,814
5,912,265 67,890,663 54,047,951

6,963,673 8,516,315
104,202,138 88,721,609

7,008,636 11,206,192 | 7,254,833

6,676,856

4,994,523

6,136,098

6,467,198 82,726,523 69,063,765 1 111,165,811 97,237,924

| 1880.

1859.

I860.

'ry Goods Trade.

Total,................................................. 5,210,220 4,661,004 2,940,019 3,245,259 3,011,516 3,499,297 1,588,623 2,374,427 4,210,336 3,281,805
Add entered for consumption,........... 19,728,183 16,463,299 33,691,020 30,050,579 14,469,046 10,068,646 22,431,488 13,867,416 22,481,651 17,099,931

•**

si

S

VA LU E

OF

FOEEIGN

D RY

GOODS

M anufactu res

EN TERED
of

W

FOE

“W A B E H O U S I N G

ool.

M

anufactu res of

D UEIN G

THE

Cotton.

SAME

PEEIOD.

M an u factu res

of

Si l k .

M on th s.

1857.

1858.

1859.

I860.

1857.

1858.

1859.

I860.

1857.

1858.

January,................................................
February,..............................................
March,....................................................
April,......................................................
May,.......................................................
J u n e ,.....................................................
July,.......................................................
A ugust,.................................................
September,............................................
October,.................................................
N ovem ber,............................................
December,.............................................

$ 1 9 3 ,2 2 0
2 3 9 ,5 7 7
2 7 2 ,4 1 3
1 ,1 7 7 ,9 2 9
7 3 1 ,0 9 3
1 ,4 1 4 ,2 7 0
1 ,3 7 0 ,8 5 9
4 2 4 ,3 6 8
8 2 2 ,8 7 5
7 7 6 ,9 5 2
4 8 2 ,0 8 4
2 8 6 ,3 2 8

$ 2 1 5 ,8 6 6
2 1 5 ,0 3 1
2 0 9 ,S59
1 2 2 ,8 9 9
1 6 3 ,2 0 8
1 9 4 ,4 0 8
4 2 2 ,7 3 9
2 3 9 ,7 3 4
1 7 8 ,1 5 0
9 4,0 22
9 9 ,1 1 6
1 1 7 ,7 4 4

$ 1 2 2 ,3 2 6
1 0 6 ,1 7 9
1 3 2 ,7 2 3
1 9 6 ,3 7 1
3 7 7 ,5 7 6
6 1 3 ,2 7 8
7 7 1 ,6 6 0
3 8 0 ,1 2 0
1 8 5 ,8 1 2
1 5 4 ,1 3 2
8 4 8 ,0 2 8
2 4 9 ,S16

$ 4 1 0 ,3 5 7
2 4 5 ,1 1 8
2 2 4 ,1 5 4
2 0 7 ,4 8 4
4 1 9 ,8 4 8
3 8 7 ,2 1 3
4 4 7 ,2 3 2
4 2 2 ,6 5 4
1 6 0 ,1 5 0
3 3 0 ,9 0 3
3 4 5 ,9 1 1
8 8 1 ,3 1 9

$ 4 1 7 ,8 2 3
3 9 0 ,0 7 6
2 0 1 ,2 7 7
2 7 0 ,0 0 4
2 6 7 ,9S3
4 9 9 ,0 2 3
4 2 3 ,1 1 8
1 4 7 ,7 3 7
3 5 7 ,8 5 0
5 2 0 ,9S8
5 7 5 ,0 2 6
7 0 7 ,5 1 0

$ 4 2 3 ,7 7 2
4 9 2 ,8 0 5
2 5 4 ,1 0 5
6 9 ,8 2 6
7 1 ,7 4 9
5 1 ,1 7 9
6 6 ,5 6 0
1 0 5 ,6 7 9
1 0 0 ,4 9 2
7 8,7 61
1 5 2 ,3 8 2
1 6 8 ,0 6 8

$ 2 5 2 ,6 7 5
8 7 ,3 8 7
1 3 4 ,5 3 8
5 4 ,2 4 9
7 2 ,5 0 2
1 4 6 ,1 7 9
1 6 4 ,4 9 2
2 3 6 ,6 2 7
1 1 5 ,4 6 0
1 1 9 ,8 9 9
3 4 9 ,1 6 8
6 1 6 ,6 0 0

$ 3 6 8 ,9 5 0
2 5 3 ,S30
1 8 2 ,6 5 4
1 7 9 ,5 2 6
1 8 8 ,2 7 3
1 5 3 ,6 9 6
1 7 8 ,7 0 9
3 5 6 ,8 7 6
1 7 6 ,7 0 4
1 9 9 ,8 7 1
5 4 3 ,8 4 3
1 ,0 7 1 ,3 7 7

$ 3 0 7 , S92
2 9 4 ,1 2 6
2S 8,3 93
8 4 6 ,5 2 1
5 1 3 ,4 3 3
9 2 7 ,1 5 9
7 0 2 ,7 9 2
3 0 0 ,4 1 6
3 5 3 ,3 1 2
9 1 5 ,2 7 2
4 6 5 ,4 0 8
3 6 4 ,3 9 6

$ 4 2 5 ,4 4 4
1 2 7 ,8 2 2
1 3 3 ,5 2 9
7 8 ,8 2 3
4 1 ,0 8 4
3 7 ,1 9 8
7 8 ,7 1 5
7 3 ,2 4 3
4 4 ,4 6 6
4 0 ,2 1 6
6 5 ,0 5 5
8 6 ,7 8 4

$ 1 0 4 ,2 6 4
5 2,4 3 1
2 8 ,4 1 3
1 7 ,9 5 1
4 8 ,4 4 7
1 4 0 ,6 4 3
1 3 3 ,3 4 9
1 4 1 ,5 4 9
6 7 ,4 4 6
5 3 ,0 5 1
1 5 0 ,6S0
2 7 6 ,9 6 3

$ 2 4 9 ,8 7 5
1 5 2 ,9 7 0
1 1 2 ,3 5 4
1 4 0 ,2 7 8
1 6 1 ,8 9 3
1 3 8 ,2 2 0
1 8 2 ,2 2 7
1 2 7 ,8 8 1
4 6 ,4 6 9
6 4 ,2 7 5
2 4 2 ,4 2 8
8 4 4 ,2 3 6

T otal,.............................................
Add entered for consumption,...........

8 ,1 9 1 ,9 6 4
1 9 ,7 2 S ,1 8 3

2 ,2 7 2 ,7 7 6
3 ,6 3 8 ,0 2 1
4 ,4 8 2 ,3 4 3
1 6 ,4 6 3 ,2 9 9 3 3 ,6 9 1 ,0 2 0 3 0 ,0 5 0 ,5 7 9

4 ,7 7 8 ,4 1 5
1 4 ,4 6 9 ,0 4 6

2 ,0 3 5 ,3 7 8
2 ,3 4 9 ,7 7 6
3 ,8 5 4 ,3 0 9
1 0 ,0 6 8 ,6 4 6 2 2 ,4 3 1 ,4 8 8 1 3 ,8 6 7 ,4 1 6

6 ,2 7 9 ,1 0 0
2 2 ,4 8 1 ,6 5 1

1 ,2 3 2 ,3 7 9
1 7 ,0 9 9 ,9 3 1

1 ,2 1 5 ,1 8 7
3 2 ,4 6 7 ,4 6 0

2 ,4 6 3 ,1 0 6
3 2 ,5 2 5 ,6 0 4

3 4 ,5 3 2 ,9 2 2

1 9 ,2 4 7 ,4 6 1

1 2 ,1 0 4 ,0 2 4 2 4 ,7 8 1 ,2 6 4 1 7 ,7 2 1 ,7 2 5

2 8 ,7 6 0 ,7 5 1 118,382,810

3 3 ,6 8 2 ,6 4 7

3 4 ,9 8 8 ,7 1 0

2 7 ,9 2 0 ,1 4 7 118,736,075 3 7 ,3 2 9 ,0 4 1

M
M on th s.

anufactu res of

M is c e l l a n e o u s .

F lax.

1857.

1858.

180d.

I860.

1857,

1858.

January,.................. .............................
February,.............................................
March,...................................................
April,.....................................................
M ay,.......................................................
J u n e ,.....................................................
July,.......................................................
August,.................................................
September,............................................
October,.................................................
November,.............................................
December,.............................................

$ 1 5 8 ,4 0 7
1 9 9 ,0 5 0
1 2 7 ,3 4 0
4 2 6 ,9 3 6
2 0 7 ,2 7 6
1 6 7 ,0 1 7
1 3 3 ,7 2 0
1 0 6 ,5 6 2
3 7 5 ,2 4 2
3 4 1 ,9 3 5
3 0 2 ,4 1 3
1 8 8 ,0 4 3

$ 1 1 5 ,1 4 1
1 2 6 ,3 9 5
1 3 7 ,7 7 4
5 3 ,1 9 6
5 9 ,9 3 6
4 7 ,0 6 6
6 3 ,2 2 4
5 4 ,2 7 0
7 9 ,0 4 3
8 0,5 06
3 5 ,8 0 3
5 7 ,3 9 1

$ 5 8 ,8 0 1
4 0 ,8 5 6
5 1 ,4 5 7
6 2 ,2 6 7
7 4 ,4 3 7
7 0 ,3 2 8
7 9 ,4 4 6
1 2 1 ,6 5 5
1 3 0 ,0 8 8
1 1 0 ,9 6 6
80,6 41
6 6,4 20

$ 6 7 ,4 9 2
5 9 ,2 8 5
6 0 ,3 0 4
7 7 ,3 0 7
4 3 ,1 3 4
9 ,9 4 5
7 5 ,0 7 9
7 2 ,3 4 7
4 8 ,3 2 9
6 6,0 70
3 5 3 ,2 4 7
5 6 6 ,2 6 8

$ 6 2 ,1 2 3
6 7,5 68
7 6 ,7 3 3
1 3 8 ,0 1 2
1 6 0 ,1 3 4
2 8 0 ,4 0 7
2 44 ,12 1
1 4 9 ,8 3 4
2 2 8 ,2 1 2
2 22 ,06 1
2 0 2 ,1 5 7
1 8 9 ,7 7 7

Total,..............................................
Add entered for cousumption,...........

2 ,7 3 2 ,1 4 1
5 ,4 2 1 ,9 3 4

9 0 9 ,7 4 5
9 4 7 ,3 5 7
4 ,8 5 3 ,0 5 7 1 0 ,1 7 3 ,1 2 7

1 ,4 0 8 ,8 0 7
6 ,4 1 5 ,3 4 5

8 ,1 5 4 ,0 7 5 1 5,7G 2,S 02 1 1 ,1 2 0 ,4 8 4

7 ,9 1 4 ,1 5 2

Total entered at the port,.............




I860.

T otal.

1859.

1860.

$ 8 8 ,9 9 8
76,S 31
8 9 ,2 1 6
6 1 ,9 1 8
3 8 ,0 5 7
2 0 ,2 4 3
4 5 ,0 6 7
1 8 ,9 7 1
4 6 ,6 0 7
5 1 ,2 6 6
4 4 ,1 3 2
3 S ,0 1 8

$ 1 0,8 11
4 5 ,9 0 0
3 6 ,1 0 3
2 5,4 59
5 3 ,8 1 6
7 0 ,3 6 3
3 3 ,5 3 8
6 6,6 02
3 S ,3 0 7
5 5,7 49
9 7 ,3 8 5
8 4,4 24

$ 5 4 ,0 6 0
6 6 ,7 0 0
1 2 3 ,5 1 4
46,6S 1
7 8 ,3 9 3
2 5 ,8 1 5
3 0 ,2 4 2
4 0 ,1 7 4
8 4 ,4 1 9
5 3 ,4 3 8
1 1 6 ,2 5 2
1 9 2 ,5 4 4

2 ,0 2 1 ,1 3 9
5 ,7 8 9 ,8 6 9

6 1 9 ,3 2 4
3 ,5 6 4 ,0 0 9

6 1 S,4 5 7
5 ,6 4 7 ,5 9 5

7 ,8 1 1 ,0 0 8

4 ,1 8 3 ,3 3 3

6 ,2 6 6 ,0 5 2

1857.

1858.

1859.

I860.

$ 5 4 8 ,8 7 7
3 3 3 ,7 5 3
3 S 3 ,2 3 4
3 5 6 ,3 0 5
6 2 6 ,7 7 8
1 ,0 4 0 ,7 8 6
1 ,1 8 2 ,4 8 5
9 4 6 ,5 5 3
5 3 7 ,1 1 3
4 9 3 ,7 9 7
1 ,0 2 5 ,9 0 2
1 ,2 9 4 ,2 2 3

$ 1 ,1 5 0 ,7 3 4
7 7 5 ,9 0 3
7 0 2 ,9 8 0
6 5 1 .2 7 6
8 9 li5 4 1
7 1 4 ,8 8 9
9 1 3 ,4 8 9
1 ,0 1 9 ,9 3 2
4 6 6 ,0 7 1
7 1 4 ,5 5 7
1 ,6 0 1 ,6 8 1
3 ,5 5 5 ,7 4 4

6 62 ,23 2
5 ,9 1 2 ,2 6 5

2 5 ,0 0 4 ,5 8 1
7 ,0 9 1 ,5 9 5
8 ,7 6 8 ,8 0 6
6 7 ,8 9 0 ,6 6 3 5 4 ,0 4 7 ,9 5 1 1 0 4 ,2 0 2 ,1 3 8

1 3 ,1 5 8 ,7 9 7
8 8 ,7 2 1 ,6 0 9

6 ,5 7 4 ,4 9 7

9 2 ,8 9 5 ,2 4 4 6 1 ,1 3 9 ,5 4 6 1 1 2 ,9 7 0 ,9 4 4

1 0 1 ,8 8 0 ,4 0 6

$ 1 ,1 3 9 ,4 6 5 $ 1 ,2 6 9 ,2 2 1
1 ,1 9 0 ,3 0 7
1 ,0 3 8 ,8 3 3
9 6 6 ,1 5 6
8 2 4 ,4 8 2
3 8 6 ,6 6 2
2 ,8 5 9 ,4 0 2
1 ,8 7 9 ,9 1 9
3 7 4 ,0 2 7
3 5 0 ,0 9 4
3 ,2 S 7 ,S 7 6
6 7 6 ,3 0 5
2 ,8 7 4 ,6 1 0
4 9 1 ,8 9 9
1 ,1 2 8 ,9 1 3
2 ,1 3 7 ,4 9 1
4 4 8 ,7 5 8
2 ,7 7 7 ,2 0 8
3 4 8 ,7 7 1
2 ,0 2 7 ,0 8 8
3 9 6 ,4 8 8
1 ,7 3 6 ,0 5 4
4 6 8 ,0 0 5

D r y Goods Trade.

Total entered at the port............

1859.

Real and Personal Property in New-York.

77

R E A L AND P E R S O N A L P R O P E R T Y IN N E W - Y O R K .
Tabular Statement o f the aggregate assessed value o f Real Property in the City o f NewYork, each year, 1826— 1860. II. Value o f Personal Estate. III. Aggregate value
o f real and Personal Property. IV. Amount o f Taxes raised each Year. V. Pop
ulation o f the City, according to the Census, and estimated Population at the inter
mediate periods. VI. Rate o f Taxation to aggregate Property. V II. Population
o f United States, 1 8 2 6 — 1 8 6 0 .
Y ear.

T o ta l R e a l
a n d P e r s o n a l.

V a lu e o f P e r s o n a l E sta te.

V a lu e o f
R e a l E s ta te .

Popu
la tio n .

A m o u n t ra is ed
by T ax.

$ 4 2 ,4 3 4 ,9 8 1

..

.

$ 3 S 3,7 59

7 2 ,6 1 7 ,7 7 0 . .

3 9 ,5 9 4 ,1 5 6

..

1 1 2 ,2 1 1 ,9 2 6 .

4 3 7 ,6 9 2

1828,

7 7 ,1 3 8 ,8 S 0 . .

3 6 ,8 7 9 ,6 5 3

..

1 1 4 ,0 1 9 ,5 3 3

.

4 8 5 ,7 5 1 . . . 1 8 2 ,0 0 0

1829,

7 6 ,1 3 0 ,4 3 0

3 5 ,6 7 2 ,6 3 6

..

1 1 1 ,8 0 3 ,0 6 6

.

5 0 7 ,1 0 7

... 1 9 2 ,0 0 0

$ 6 4 ,8 0 4 ,0 5 0

..

$ 1 0 7 ,2 3 8 ,9 3 1

.

.

..

1827,

1826,

P e r e en ta y e
T o ta l
o f T a x a tio n P o p u la tio n o f
to P r o p e r t y .
U . S ta tes.

1 6 3 ,0 0 0 .. .

.3 6

..

1 1 ,3 8 3 ,0 0 0

. . . 1 7 2 ,0 0 0 .. .

.3 9

..

1 1 ,7 2 9 ,0 0 0

..

.4 3

..

1 2 ,0 9 2 ,0 0 0

..

.4 5

..

1 2 ,4 7 1 ,0 0 0

1830,

8 7 ,6 0 3 ,5 8 0 . .

3 7 ,6 8 4 ,9 3 8 . .

1 2 5 ,2 8 8 ,5 1 8 .

5 0 9 ,1 7 8 . . , 2 0 2 ,5 8 9 .. .

.4 1

..

1 2 ,8 6 6 ,0 2 0

1831,

9 5 ,5 9 4 ,8 3 5 . .

4 1 ,9 6 6 ,1 9 4

..

1 3 7 ,5 6 0 ,2 5 9

.

5 7 2 ,1 0 4 ... 2 1 2 ,0 0 0

..

.4 2

..

1 3 ,2 4 1 ,0 0 0

1832,

1 0 4 ,1 6 0 ,6 0 5 . .

4 0 ,7 4 1 ,7 2 3

..

1 4 4 ,9 0 2 ,3 2 3

.

6 6 5 ,3 8 5 ... 2 2 2 ,0 0 0

..

.4 6 . .

1 3 ,6 2 5 ,0 0 0

1833,

1 1 4 ,1 2 4 ,5 6 6 . .

5 2 ,3 6 6 ,9 7 6 . .

1 6 6 ,4 9 1 ,5 4 2

.

9 7 1 ,8 5 4 . . 2 3 2 ,0 0 0

..

.5 8 . .

1 4 ,0 2 0 ,0 0 0

1834,

1 2 3 ,2 4 9 ,2 S 0 . .

6 3 ,2 9 9 ,2 3 1

1 S 6 ,5 4 8 ,5 1 1

.

8 3 5 ,6 0 5 . . 2 4 3 ,0 0 0 . .

.4 5 . .

1 4 ,4 2 5 ,0 0 0

1835,

1 4 3 ,7 4 2 ,4 2 5 . .

7 4 ,9 9 1 ,2 7 8 . .

9 6 5 ,6 0 2 . . 2 5 4 ,0 0 0

..

.4 4

..

1 4 ,8 4 1 ,0 0 0

..

2 1 8 ,7 2 3 ,7 0 3 .

1836,

2 3 3 ,7 8 2 ,3 0 3 . .

7 5 ,7 5 8 ,6 1 7

..

3 0 9 ,5 0 0 ,9 2 0 . .

1 ,0 8 5 ,1 3 0

. . 2 6 5 ,0 0 0

..

.8 5

..

1 5 ,2 6 6 ,0 0 0

1837,

1 9 6 ,4 5 0 ,1 0 9

6 7 ,2 9 7 ,2 4 1

..

2 6 3 ,7 4 7 ,3 5 0 . .

1 ,2 4 4 ,9 7 2 . . 2 7 6 ,0 0 0

..

.4 7 . .

1 5 ,7 0 2 ,0 0 0

1838,

1 9 4 ,5 4 3 ,3 5 9 . .

6 9 ,6 0 9 ,5 8 2 . .

2 6 4 ,1 5 2 ,9 4 1

1 ,4 8 6 ,9 9 3

. . 2 8 8 ,0 0 0 . .

.5 6 . .

1 6 ,1 4 7 ,0 0 0

1839,

1 9 6 ,9 4 0 ,1 3 4 . .

7 3 ,9 2 0 ,S S 5 . .

2 7 0 ,8 6 9 ,0 1 9 . .

1 ,3 5 2 ,8 2 6 . . 3 0 0 ,0 0 0

.5 0

1 6 ,6 0 3 ,0 0 0

1840,

1 8 7 ,2 2 1 ,7 1 4

..

6 5 ,0 1 1 ,8 0 1

..

2 5 2 ,2 3 3 ,5 1 5 . .

1 ,3 5 4 ,8 3 5

. . 3 1 2 ,7 1 0 . .

.5 4 . .

1 7 ,0 6 9 ,4 5 3

1841,

1 8 6 ,3 5 9 ,9 4 8

..

6 4 ,8 4 3 ,9 7 2 . .

2 5 1 ,1 9 4 ,9 2 0 . .

1 ,3 9 4 ,1 3 6

. . 3 2 5 ,0 0 0 . .

.5 6

..

1 7 ,5 4 0 ,0 0 0

1842,

1 7 6 ,5 1 3 ,0 9 2 . .

6 1 ,2 9 2 ,5 5 9

..

2 3 7 ,8 0 5 ,6 5 1

.

2 ,0 3 1 ,3 8 2 . . 3 3 9 ,0 0 0

.8 5

1843,

1 6 4 ,9 5 5 ,3 1 4 . .

6 4 ,2 7 4 ,7 6 5 . .

2 2 9 ,2 2 9 ,0 7 9

..

1 ,7 4 7 ,5 1 6 . . 3 5 4 ,0 0 0 . .

1844,

1 7 1 ,9 3 7 ,5 9 1

..

6 4 ,7 8 9 ,5 5 2 . .

2 3 6 ,7 2 7 ,1 4 3

., .

1 ,9 8 8 ,8 1 8

1845,

1 7 7 ,2 0 7 ,9 9 0 . .

6 2 ,7 8 7 ,5 2 7 . .

2 3 9 ,9 9 5 ,5 1 7 .,.

2 ,0 9 6 ,1 9 1

1846,

1 8 3 ,4 S 0 ,5 3 4 . .

6 1 ,4 7 1 ,4 7 0

..

2 4 4 ,9 5 2 ,0 0 4

.

2 ,5 2 6 ,1 4 6

. . 4 1 1 ,0 0 0

. . 1 .0 3

..

2 0 ,3 6 6 ,0 0 0

1847,

1 8 7 ,3 1 5 ,3 8 6 . .

5 9 ,8 3 7 ,9 1 3

..

2 4 7 ,1 5 8 ,2 9 9

..

2 ,5 8 1 ,7 7 6

. . 4 3 4 ,0 0 0

. . 1 .0 5 . .

2 1 ,0 2 6 ,0 0 0

1848,

1 9 3 ,0 2 9 ,0 7 6 . .

6 1 ,1 6 4 ,4 4 7

..

2 5 4 ,1 6 3 ,5 2 3

..

2 ,7 1 5 ,5 1 0 . . 4 5 9 ,0 0 0

1849,

1 9 7 ,7 4 1 ,9 1 9

5 8 ,4 5 5 ,2 2 4

..

2 5 6 ,1 9 7 ,1 4 3

,. .

3 ,0 0 5 ,7 6 2

1850,

2 0 7 ,1 4 2 ,5 7 6 . .

7 8 ,9 1 9 ,2 4 0 . .

2 S 6 ,0 6 1 ,S 1 6 .,.

3 ,2 3 0 ,0 8 5 . . 5 1 5 ,5 4 7 . . 1 .1 3

..

2 3 ,1 9 1 ,8 7 6

1851,

2 2 7 ,0 1 5 ,8 5 6

..

9 3 ,0 9 5 ,0 0 1

..

3 2 0 ,1 1 0 ,8 5 7

2 ,9 2 4 ,4 5 5 . . 5 4 3 ,0 0 0

..

.9 1

..

2 3 ,9 5 1 ,0 0 0

1 85 2 ,

2 5 3 ,2 7 8 ,3 8 4 . .

9 8 ,4 9 0 ,0 4 2

..

3 5 1 ,7 6 3 ,4 2 6

3 ,3 8 0 ,5 1 1

. . 5 7 1 ,0 0 0

..

.9 6 . . , 2 4 ,7 2 0 ,0 0 0

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

1 8 ,0 4 3 ,0 0 0

.7 6 . .

1 8 ,5 7 7 ,0 0 0

. . 3 7 1 ,0 0 0 . .

.8 4 . .

1 9 ,1 4 2 ,0 0 0

. . 3 9 0 ,0 0 0 . .

.8 7 . .

1 9 ,7 3 8 ,0 0 0

..

2 1 ,7 1 6 ,0 0 0

. . 4 8 7 ,0 0 0 . . 1 .1 7 . .

. . 1 .0 7

2 2 ,4 3 8 ,0 0 0

1858,

2 9 4 ,6 3 7 ,2 9 6 . .

1 1 8 ,9 9 4 ,1 3 7

..

4 1 3 ,6 3 1 ,3 8 2

..

5 ,0 6 6 ,6 9 8 . . 5 9 9 ,0 0 0

1854,

3 3 0 ,3 0 0 ,3 9 6 . .

1 3 1 ,7 2 1 ,3 3 8

..

4 6 2 ,0 2 1 ,7 3 4

..

4 ,8 4 5 ,3 8 6 . . 6 2 7 ,0 0 0 . .

1855,

3 3 6 ,9 7 5 ,8 6 6 . .

1 5 0 ,0 2 2 ,3 1 2

..

4 S 6 ,9 9 S ,2 7 8

1856,

3 4 0 ,9 7 2 ,0 9 8 . .

1 7 0 ,7 7 4 ,3 9 3 . .

5 1 1 ,7 4 0 ,4 9 1

1857,

3 5 2 ,9 5 8 ,S03 . .

1 6 S ,2 1 6 ,4 4 9 . .

5 2 1 ,1 7 5 ,2 5 2

1858,

3 6 8 ,3 4 6 ,2 9 6 . .

1 6 2 ,8 4 7 ,9 9 4 . .

5 3 1 ,1 9 4 ,2 9 0

1859,

3 7 8 ,9 5 4 ,9 3 0 . .

1 7 2 ,9 6 8 ,1 9 2 . .

5 5 1 ,9 2 3 ,1 2 2

1860,

3 9 8 ,5 3 3 ,6 1 9 . .

1 7 8 ,6 9 7 ,6 3 7 . .

5 7 7 ,2 3 0 ,6 5 6

5 ,8 4 3 ,8 2 2 ... 6 55 ,00 0

..

..

1 .2 3

. . , 2 5 ,4 9 9 ,0 0 0

1 .0 5 . .

2 6 ,2 8 8 ,0 0 0

. . 1 .2 0

. . , 2 7 ,OSS,0 00
. . , 2 7 ,8 9 7 ,0 0 0

7 ,0 7 5 ,4 2 5

. . 6 8 4 ,0 0 0

. . 1 .3 8

8 ,1 1 1 ,7 5 8

,, . 7 13 ,00 0

..

1 .5 6

. . 2 8 ,7 1 6 ,0 0 0

8 ,6 2 1 ,0 9 1

. . 7 42 ,00 0

. . 1 .6 2

. . , 2 9 ,5 4 5 ,0 0 0

9 ,8 6 0 ,9 2 6

.. .

7 71 ,00 0

. . 1 .7 9

. . 3 0 ,3 8 4 ,0 0 0

9 ,7 5 8 ,5 0 7

.. .

8 1 3 ,6 6 8 . . 1 .6 9

... 3 1 ,6 4 1 ,9 7 7

$ 101,664,694
Table showing the Population o f New- York County, State o f New- York, as returned
by the Eighth Census, taken June ls£, 1860.— {Official.)
N ew -Y ork C ity.

P op u la tion .

1 s t W a r d , ........................................................
2 d W a r d , .......................................................
3 d W a r d , .......................................................
4 t h W a r d , .......................................................
5 t h W a r d , .......................................................
6 t h W a r d , .......................................................
7 t h W a r d , .......................................................
8 t h W a r d , .......................................................
9 t h W a r d , .......................................................
1 0 t h W a r d , .......................................................
1 1 t h W a r d , .......................................................
1 2 t h W a r d , .......................................................
1 3 t h W a r d , .............................................. . . .
1 4 t h W a r d , .......................................................
1 5 t h W a r d , .......................................................
1 6 t h W a r d , .......................................................




1 7 ,3 7 3
2 ,5 0 7
3 ,7 5 7
2 1 ,9 9 4
2 2 ,3 3 6
2 6 ,6 9 6
3 9 ,9 8 2
3 9 ,4 0 6
4 4 ,3 8 5
2 9 ,0 0 4
5 9 ,5 7 0
2 7 ,9 5 8
3 2 ,9 1 7
2 8,0 80
2 7 ,5 8 5
4 5 ,1 7 7

N ew -Y ork City.
1 7 th
IS th
1 9 th
2 0 th
21st
22d

P op ula tion .

W a r d , .......................................................
W a r d , .......................................................
W a r d , .......................................................
W a r d , .......................................................
W a r d , .............. ........................................
W a r d , .......................................................

7 2 ,9 5 3
5 7 ,4 6 2
2 8 ,2 5 4
6 7,5 19
4 9 ,0 1 7
6 1 ,7 2 5

P o p u l a t i o n o f N e w - Y o r k C i t y , . . . . 8 0 5 ,6 5 7
B l a c k w e l l ’ s I s l a n d , ....................................
4 ,5S 1
W a r d ’ s I s l a n d , ..............................................
772
B e d l o e ’ s I s l a n d , ...........................................
4
E l l i s ’ I s l a n d , ..................................................
5
G o v e r n o r ’ s I s l a n d , ......................................
6 96
l i a n d a l l ’ s I s l a n d , .........................................
1 ,9 5 3
P o p u la tio n o f N e w - Y o r k C o u n t y ,. . .

8 1 3 ,6 6 8

POPULATION

OF T I I E S T A T E

OF N E W - Y O R K .

T h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e r e p r e s e n t s t h e a g g r e g a t e p o p u l a t i o n o f e a c h C o u n t y o f t h e S ta te o f N e w - Y o r k , a c c o r d i n g t o e a c h S ta te c e n s u s a n d e a c h U . S . c e n s u s , f r o m 1 7 9 0
to I8 6 0 .

Counties.
A l b a n y , ..............

1 S0 0 .

1790.
7 5 ,7 8 6 . .

1810.

3 4 ,0 4 3 . .

3 4 ,6 6 1

T h e S ta te c e n s u s w a s t a k e n i n t h e y e a r s 1 S 2 5 ,1 S 3 5 ,1 8 4 5 a n d 1 85 5 :

1S2 0 .

1814.
..

3 3 ,8 8 5

..

4 2 ,8 2 1

1 83 5.

1830.

1 82 5.

3 8 ,1 1 6 . .

..

5 3 ,5 2 0

1840.

1 84 5.

1860.

1855.

1 S 50.

..

5 9 ,7 6 2 . .

6 8 ,5 9 3 . .

7 7 ,2 6 3 . .

9 3 ,2 7 9

..

1 0 3 ,6 8 1

1 1 3 ,9 1 9
4 1 ,8 8 2

A l l e g h a n y ..........

...............

1 ,9 4 2 . .

8 ,8 3 4 . .

9 ,3 3 0

..

1 8 ,1 6 4 . .

2 6 ,2 7 6 . .

8 5 ,2 1 4 . .

4 0 ,9 7 5 . .

4 0 ,0 8 4 . .

3 7 ,SOS . .

4 2 ,9 1 0

..

B r o o m e , ............

...............

8 ,1 3 0

9 ,5 8 1 . .

1 4 ,3 4 3

..

1 3 ,8 9 3

..

1 7 ,5 7 9 . .

2 0 ,1 9 0

..

2 2 .3 3 3 . .

2 5 ,8 0 3 . .

3 0 ,6 6 0 . .

3 6 ,6 5 0

..

3 5 ,9 1 0

C a t t a r a u g u s ,.. .

...............

8 ,6 4 3 . .

1 6 ,7 2 4 . .

2 4 ,9 S 6 . .

2 8 ,8 7 2 . .

3 0 ,1 6 9

3 3 ,9 5 0

3 9 ,5 3 0 . .

4 3 .8 9 7

C a y u g a , ...............

1 5 ,8 7 1

C b a u ta u q u e ,...

..

..

4 ,0 9 0 . .

453 . .
2 9 .S 4 3 . .

3 7 ,3 1 8 . .

C l i n t o n , ...............

1 ,6 1 4 . .

C o l u m b i a , ..........

2 7 ,7 3 2 . .

4 2 ,7 4 3 . .

4 7 ,9 4 8 . .

4 9 ,2 0 2 . .

5 0 ,3 3 8 . .

4 9 ,6 6 3

..

5 5 ,4 5 8

..

53,5 7 1

..

5 5 ,7 6 9

2 0 ,6 1 0 . .

3 4 ,6 7 1

..

4 4 ,S 6 9 . .

4 7 ,9 7 5 . .

4 6 ,5 4 8

..

5 0 ,4 9 3

..

5 3 ,3 8 0 . .

5 8 ,3 5 4

2 0 ,7 3 2 . .

2 3 ,6 S 9 . .

2 8 821 . .

2 7 .2 3 8 . .

2 6 ,9 1 7

3 4 ,2 1 5 . .

3 7 ,2 3 8 . .

4 0 ,7 6 2 . .

4 0 ,7 8 5 . .

3 9 ,9 0 0

..

4 0 ,3 1 1 . .

3 9 ,9 1 5 . .

4 0 ,9 3 6

1 4,4 S 6 . .

1 9 ,3 4 4

2 0 ,7 4 2 . .

2 S ,1 5 7 . .

3 1 ,2 7 3

..

4 0 ,0 4 7 . .

4 2 ,4 8 2 . .

4 5 ,7 3 6
4 7 ,2 5 0

...............

...............

1 5 ,6 6 6 . .

2 1 ,7 0 4 . .

2 4 ,2 2 1 . .

3 1 ,2 1 5 . .

8 ,5 1 4 . .

8 ,0 0 2 . .

7 ,7 6 4 . .

1 2,0 70 . .

C h e m u n g ...........
C h e n a n g o , ____

8 8 .8 9 7 . .

4 ,2 5 9 . .

2 ,3 8 1

..

1 2 ,5 6 3

..

...............

..

..

..

..

8 3 ,9 7 9 . .

3 8 ,3 3 0

..

3 7 ,9 7 0 . .

3 9 ,9 0 7 . .

4 0 ,7 4 6

..

4 3 ,2 5 2 . .

4 1 ,9 7 6 . .

4 3 ,0 7 3 . .

4 4 ,3 9 1

C o r t la n d t ,...........

...............

8 ,8 6 9 . .

1 0 ,8 9 3 . .

1 6 ,5 0 7 . .

2 0 ,2 7 1 . .

2 3 ,7 9 1

..

2 4 ,1 6 8 . .

2 4 ,6 0 7 . .

2 5 ,0 8 1

2 5 ,1 4 0 . .

2 4 ,5 7 5 . .

2 6 ,2 9 6

D e la w a r e ,.. . . .

1 0 ,2 2 8 . .

2 0 ,3 0 3 . .

2 1 ,2 9 0 . .

2 6 ,5 8 7 . .

2 9 ,5 6 5 . .

3 3 ,0 2 4 . .

3 4 ,1 9 2 . .

3 5 ,3 9 6 . .

3 6 .9 9 0 . .

8 9 ,8 3 4

3 9 ,7 4 9 . .

4 2 ,4 6 7

4 9 ,7 7 5 . .

5 1 ,3 6 3 . .

4 3 ,7 0 8 . .

4 6 ,6 1 5 . .

4 6 ,6 9 8 . .

5 0 ,9 2 6 . .

5 0 ,7 0 4 . .

5 2 ,3 9 8 . .

5 5 ,1 2 4

.

5 8 ,9 9 2 . .

2 4 ,3 1 6 . .

3 5 ,7 1 9

5 7 ,5 9 4 . .

6 2 ,4 6 5 . .

7 8 ,6 3 5 . .

1 0 0 ,9 9 3 . .

D u t c h e s s , ...........

4 5 ,2 6 6

..

3 5 ,3 2 2

..

3 2 ,3 9 0

E r i e , .....................

*

E s s e x , ...................

..

..

..

9 ,4 7 7 . .

9 ,9 4 9 . .

1 2 .S 11 . .

1 5 ,9 9 3 . .

1 9 ,2 8 7 . .

2 0 ,6 9 9 . .

2 3 ,6 3 4 . .

2 5 .1 0 2

...............

2 ,6 1 7 . .

2 ,5 6 8 . .

4 ,4 3 9 . .

7 ,9 7 8 . .

1 1 ,3 1 2 . .

1 2 ,5 0 1

1 6 ,5 1 8 . .

1 8 ,6 9 2 . .

1 8 ,0 4 9 . .

1 8 ,5 7 9

G e n e s e e , ............

...............

1 2 ,5 8 3 . .

2 3 ,9 7 5 . .

5 8 ,0 9 3 . .

4 0 .9 0 5 . .

5 2 ,1 4 7 . .

5 8 ,5 8 3 . .

5 9 ,5 8 7

2 8 ,8 4 5

G r e e n e , ...............

1 2 ,5 8 4 . .

1 9 ,5 3 6 . .

2 0 ,2 1 1 . .

2 2 ,9 9 6 . .

2 6 ,2 2 9 . .

2 9 ,5 2 5 . .

3 0 ,1 7 3

F r a n k l i n , ............
F u l t o n , .................

...............

H e r k i m e r , ..........

...............

1 4 ,4 7 9

4 ,4 9 5 . .

5 ,7 4 0

J e f f e r s o n , ..........
K i n g s , ..................

...............

............................... ..

H a m i l t o n , ..........

L e w i s , ..................

..

1 .2 5 1 . .

..

2 2 ,0 4 6 . .

2 0 ,8 3 7 . .

...............

1 5 ,1 4 0 . .

3 1 ,0 1 7 . .

M a d i s o n , ............

...............

M o n t g o m e r y ,. .




..

1 ,8 2 5 . .

3 3 ,0 4 0 . .

3 5 ,8 7 0 . .

1 8 ,5 6 4 . .

8 2 ,9 5 2 . .

4 1 ,6 5 0 . .

4 3 .4 9 3

8 ,3 0 3

..

7 ,6 5 5 . .

1 1 ,1 8 7 . .

1 4 ,6 7 9

2 0 ,5 3 5 . .

...............

6 ,4 3 3

..

6 ,3 4 8 . .

9 ,2 2 7 . .

...............
....

2 8 ,8 4 8 . .

+

..

L iv in g s t o n ,.. . .

M o n r o e , ..............

..

2 1 ,7 0 0 . .

2 5 ,1 4 4

..

2 6 ,2 7 6

..

3 2 ,2 0 S

..

...............
4 1 ,2 1 4 . .

4 0 ,6 4 0 . .

3 7 ,5 6 9 . .

..

..

..

..

2 8 ,5 3 9 . .

2 8 ,2 1 4
3 0 ,8 3 6

..

2 0 ,1 7 1

..

2 3 ,2 8 4 . .

2 4 ,1 6 2

..

2 S ,4 S 8 . .

8 1 ,0 3 4 . .

3 2 ,1 8 9

3 1 ,1 3 7 . .

3 1 ,9 3 0

8 1 ,9 5 7 . .

3 3 ,1 2 6 . .

1 ,9 0 7 . .

1 ,8 8 2 . .

2 ,I S 8 . .

..

3 7 ,4 7 7 . .

3 7 ,4 2 4 . .

8 8 ,2 4 4 . .

53 033 . .

6 0 ,9 3 4 . .

6 4 ,9 9 9 . .

3 2 ,0 5 7

4 7 ,6 1 3

7 8 ,6 9 1

..

6 4 ,9 3 9
1 4 1 ,9 7 3

2 5 ,4 7 7 . .

3 0 ,4 4 6 . .

..

..

..

3 1 ,1 4 8

..

3 6.2 01

6 0 ,6 3 5 . .
1 3 2 ,8 3 1

2 5 .1 0 2 . .

..

..

t

..

..

6 8 ,1 5 3 . .
1 3S ,8 82 . .

2 ,5 4 3

..

3 ,0 2 4

3 S ,5 6 6 . .

4 0 ,5 6 0

6 5 ,4 2 0 . .
2 1 6 ,2 2 9

..

6 9 ,8 2 3
2 7 9 ,1 2 5

1 1 ,6 6 9 . .

1 5 ,2 3 9 . .

1 6 ,0 9 3 . .

1 7 ,8 3 0 . .

2 0 ,2 1 8 . .

2 4 ,5 6 4 . .

2 5 ,2 2 9

..

2 S .5 8 1

2 3 ,8 6 0

2 7 ,7 2 9

3 1 ,0 9 2 . .

8 5 ,1 4 0 . .

8 3 ,1 9 3

4 0 ,8 7 5 . .

3 7 ,9 4 3

..

3 9 ,5 4 ^

..

3 5 ,6 4 6 . .

..

..

4 0 ,0 0 8 . .

4 0 ,9 8 7 . .

4 3 ,0 7 2

..

4 3 ,6 S 7

..

4 3 ,5 8 6

3 9 ,1 0 3 . .

4 9 ,S 5 5 . .

5 S ,0 8 5 . .

0 4 ,9 0 2 . .

7 0 ,8 9 9

..

8 7 ,6 5 0 . .

9 6 ,3 2 4

..

1 0 0 ,6 5 9

4 0 ,9 0 2

4 3 ,7 1 5 . .

4 S .3 5 9 .

3 5 ,8 1 8 . .

2 9 ,6 4 3 . .

3 1 ,9 9 2 . .

3 0 ,S 0 8 . .

8 0 ,8 6 7

..

3 9 ,0 3 8 . .

4 1 ,7 4 1

..

Population o f the State o f New-Yorlc.

..

8 8 ,1 3 1

6 0 ,4 S 9 .. .

9 6 ,3 7 3

9 5 ,5 1 9 . .

1 2 3 ,7 0 6 . .

1 9 7 ,1 1 2

2 7 0 ,0 8 9 . .

8 1 2 ,7 1 0

3 7 1 ,2 2 3 .,.

5 1 5 ,5 4 7

.

8,971

7 .4 7 7 . .

2 2 ,9 9 0 . .

1 4 ,0 6 9 .

1 8 ,4 5 2

2 6 ,4 9 0 .

3 1 ,1 3 2

8 4 ,5 5 0 .

4 2 ,2 7 6

4 8 ,2 8 2 .

2 2 ,0 4 7 . .

8 3,7 92

4 5 ,2 2 8 . .

5 0 ,9 9 7 . .

5 7,= 47 .

7 1 ,3 2 6

7 7 ,5 1 8 .

8 5 ,3 1 0

8 4 ,7 7 6 .

9 9 ,5 6 6

1 0 7 ,7 4 9 . .

7 406 . .

25.9S 7

3 0 ,8 0 1

4 1 ,4 6 7 . .

4 8 ,4 3 5 .

5 8 ,9 7 3

6 0 .9 0 8 .

6 7 911

7 0 .1 7 5 .

8 5.8 90

8 6 ,5 7 5 .

9 0 ,6 S 7
4 4 .5 6 6

..

1 6 6 ,0 8 6

..

6 2 9 ,9 0 4 .

8 1 3 ,6 6 8
5 0 ,3 9 9
1 0 5 ,2 0 1

1 ,0 7 5

1 5 ,2 1 8 . .

4 2 .0 3 2

5 6 ,8 9 2 . .

8 8 ,2 6 7 . .

3 7 ,4 2 2 .

4 0 ,2 S 8

4 0,S 7 0 . .

4 3 ,5 0 1

4 2 ,5 9 2 .

4 3 ,9 2 9

4 2 ,6 7 2

1 8 ,4 9 2

2 9 ,3 4 5 . .

3 4 ,3 4 7

3 4 ,9 0 8 . .

4 1 ,2 1 3 . .

4 1 ,7 3 2 . .

4 5 .3 6 6

4 5 .0 9 6 .

5 0 ,7 3 9

5 2 .2 2 7 .

5 7 ,1 4 5

6 0 ,8 6 8 .

6 3 ,8 1 4

1 4 ,4 6 0 . .

1 7 ,7 3 2

2 2 ,8 9 3 .

2 5 ,1 2 7

2 5 ,8 4 5

.

2 S ,5 0 l

2 3 ,4 3 5 .

2 8 ,7 1 7

2 1 ,6 3 6 . .

3 8 ,S 0 2

4 0 ,5 8 7 . .

1 6 ,8 9 3 ...

1 9 ,3 3 6

1 9 ,2 6 9

8 0 ,4 4 2 . .

3 6 ,3 0 9

8 6 ,S 3 3 . .

9 ,3 5 3 . .
1 6 ,0 1 4

8 ,8 3 5

4 ,5 6 3 ...
6 ,3 5 3 . .

2 4 ,4 5 3

9 ,8 0 8

1 ,7 8 8

2 9,3 97

5 ,5 0 2 . .

7 ,7 5 8

7 ,8 1 7 . .

7 ,S S 5 .

8 ,2 5 2 . .

2 4 ,0 0 3

Total,........... 840,120




1 7 ,8 7 5 . .

2 7 .1 19 .

3 8 ,2 4 5 .

4 3 ,6 1 9

4 8 ,4 4 1

.

6 2 .1 9 8

6 9 .8 9 8 .

7 5 .9 6 0

4 7 ,8 9 8 . .

5 1 ,3 7 2

5 0 ,4 2 8

.

4 9 ,6 2 8

5 0 ,5 0 9 .

4 8 .6 3 8

4 9 ,7 3 5

.

5 0 ,1 6 6

1 1 ,2 6 8 . .

11,866

..

1 2 ,6 2 8

1 1 ,5 5 1

.

1 2 ,8 2 5

1 3 ,2 5 3 . .

1 4 ,1 3 8

1 3 ,9 3 4

.

1 4 .0 0 2

2 1 ,5 1 9 . .

2 0,3 31

..

2 2 ,4 6 0

2 5 ,1 3 0 .

3 0 ,3 2 4

3 1 ,8 4 9

3 6 883

4 6 ,2 6 6 .

5 7 ,3 9 1

4 0 ,1 5 3

..

4 4 ,0 6 5 . .

4 9 ,4 2 4

5 5 ,5 1 5 .

6 0,2 59

6 2 ,3 8 8 .

7 3 ,3 6 3

7 9 ,2 3 4

.

8 6 ,3 2 5

6 ,1 3 5 . .

5 ,9 3 2 . .

7 .0 8 2

1 0 .9 6 5

1 3 ,6 7 3 .

15.0 61

2 1 .3 S 9

.

2 5 ,4 9 3

.

9 ,6 9 6 .,

1 1 ,9 7 5

1 3 ,7 4 1

.

1 6 ,9 6 2

1 9 .5 1 1

.

2 2 ,4 9 2

..

2 7 ,5 9 5 . .

3 6 ,3 5 4 ,

4 2 ,0 4 7 . .

5 6 ,7 0 6

6 2 .3 5 4 ..

6 8 ,6 1 7

74 977 .

9 0 ,4 2 8

8,S 37 . .
1 6,0 37

7 ,6 9 1

.

8 ,0 1 6 . .

9 ,3 8 8

33147

.

3 1 ,1 3 9 . .

8 6 ,0 5 2 . .

3 6 ,2 9 5 . .

3 8 ,6 7 9

3 8 ,0 1 2

4 0 .5 5 3

4 1 ,4 7 7

.

4 5 ,6 4 6

4 9 ,3 7 9 .

5 1 ,7 3 2

.

1 0,2 01

.

1 1 ,2 0 3 . .

1 3 ,0 S 1 . .

1 2 ,8 7 6 . .

1 2 ,3 4 7

1 6 ,2 3 0 .

1 7,3 S 7

1 6 ,6 3 0 .

2 0 ,0 5 4

1 9 ,5 7 2

.

20,002

1 8 ,9 4 5 .

1 9 ,3 2 3 . .

2 3 ,1 5 4 . .

2 5 ,9 2 6 . .

2 7 ,9 0 2

2 8 ,3 0 8 .,

8 2 ,3 5 8

3 2 ,4 8 8 .

3 3 ,5 4 8

3 3 ,5 1 9

.

3 4 .4 6 9

...

1 6 ,6 ° 9

...

7 ,2 4 6

1 9 ,4 6 4 .,.

2 1 ,1 1 3

2 1 ,4 0 1 . .

2 3 ,6 1 9

..

11,121 . .
21,868 . .

2 1 ,9 8 9

..

2 4 ,2 7 2 . .

2 0 ,1 6 9

..

21041

.

2 2 ,6 2 7 ..

2 4 ,8 7 9

2 4 ,9 7 2 .

25,4 41

1 8 ,7 7 7 .

1 8 .S 4 0

2 5 ,8 5 8 .

2 8 ,1 3 9

2 9 ,2 4 5 . .

8 3,8 51

4 1 .4 3 5 .

4 6 ,1 3 8

5 1 ,6 7 9 .

63,7 71

6 2 ,9 6 5 .

6 6 ,6 8 9

2 3 ,6 9 5

..

2 6 ,7 8 0

2 8 ,2 7 4 .,

3 2 ,4 6 9

3 4 .5 7 9 .

3 6 ,9 2 2

4 0 ,9 0 6 .

4 3 ,2 7 6
3 2 ,3 8 5

.

6 ,10S

6 ,2 3 3 . .

8 ,9 0 0 . .

1 0 ,3 7 3 . .

1 2 ,3 6 4

1 3 ,7 5 5 .

1 5 ,6 2 9

1 8 ,7 2 7 .

2 5,0 83

2 9 ,4 8 7

6 ,8S 9 ...

7 ,8 9 9

1 0 ,4 3 8 . .

1 9 ,9 7 1 . .

1 9 ,9 5 1

..

2 7 ,6 9 0

3 3 .9 9 9

.

2 0 ,5 2 7

2 2 .4 5 6 .

2 4.8 S 0

2 6 ,9 6 2 .

2 8 ,7 3 9

2 0 ,6 8 1

8 2 ,9 0 8 . .

3 6 ,5 4 5

8 8 ,0 0 3

.,

3 7 ,9 4 8

8 8 ,1 6 8 .,

8 8 .7 4 6

3 1 ,5 1 6

3 1 ,4 1 1

3 2 ,0 1 5

2 4 ,8 5 5

. .

2 6 ,4 2 8 . .

2 6 ,5 7 6

7,S 3 S . .
1 4 ,0 4 2

1 2 ,8 7 4 . .
4 4 ,8 5 6 . .

..,

.

1 6 ,4 4 0

5 ,3 4 7 .

..

.

S 5 ,5 7 4 . . .

2 7 ,4 2 S . . .

4 4 ,2 8 9

.

3 0 ,2 7 2 .

3 6 ,3 5 9

..

2 6 ,3 6 7 . .

..

8 0 ,9 3 4 . .

9 6 1 ,8 8 8

1 ,0 8 5 ,9 1 0

.

..

3 6 ,5 5 0

8 9 ,9 6 0 . ,

4 5 ,S 2 2

4 9 ,9 0 7 .

5 9 ,3 8 4

6 7 ,9 3 6 .

7 6 ,3 7 9

9 ,4 5 3

..

1 0 ,9 0 6 . .

1 1 ,7 9 6

1 2 ,0 8 4 . .

1 3 ,4 2 2 ,

1 4 ,9 0 8 .,

1 7 ,1 9 9

1 9 ,6 6 9 .

2 1 ,4 3 4

3 8 ,8 3 1

..

3 9 ,2 S 0 . .

4 2 ,6 3 5 ,

3 9 ,3 2 6 . .

4 1 ,0 8 0 ,

4 0 ,5 5 4 .,

4 4 ,7 5 0

4 4 ,4 0 5

.

4 5 ,9 0 9

2 6 ,7 6 1

3 3 ,6 4 3

3 7 ,7 8 8 . .

4 2 ,0 5 7

4 2 ,5 1 5 . .

4 4 ,9 5 3

4 6 ,7 6 0 . .

4 7 ,7 6 2

3 6 ,4 5 6 .

3 3 ,7 9 0 . .

4 S ,6 S 6 .

9 9 ,4 5 7

3 2 ,6 3 8 . .

..

3 3 ,1 3 1 . .

1 3 ,2 1 4 . .

5 8 8 ,6 0 3

.

1 ,8 7 2 ,8 1 2

1 ,6 1 4 ,4 5 6

* Reported with Clinton,

1 9 ,0 0 9 .

1 ,9 1 8 ,1 8 1

2 0 ,4 4 4 .

1 9 ,7 9 6 . .

2 ,1 7 4 ,5 1 7

2 ,4 2 8 ,9 2 1

t Reported with Montgomery.

4 7 ,5 7 8 . .

5S 263

8 0 ,6 7 S . .

2 7 ,2 0 5 . .

3 1 ,9 8 1

3 2 ,1 4 0 . .

3 1 .9 6 7

2 0 ,7 7 7

2 0 ,5 9 0 ,

1 9 ,S 1 2 . .

2 0,2 91

2 ,6 0 4 ,4 9 5

..

3 ,0 9 7 ,3 9 4

8 ,4 6 6 ,2 1 2

Population o f the State o f New-York.

N ew -Y ork ,....
Niagara,.........
Oneida.............
Onondaga,. . . .
Ontario,...........
Orange,...........
Orleans,..........
Oswego, .........
Otsego,............
Putnam ,.........
Queens,...........
Rensselaer,. . . .
R ichm ond ,....
Rockland,.......
St. Lawrence,..
Saratoga,.........
Schenectady,..
Schoharie,.......
Schuyler,.........
Seneca,...........
Steuben,.........
Suffolk,...........
Sullivan,.........
Tioga...............
Tom pkins,. . . .
Ulster,.............
Warren,..........
Washington, ..
W ayne,...........
Westchester,...
Wyoming,.......
Yates,..............

8 ,8 8 7 ,5 4 2

-^r

o

The Progress o f Banking in New-York.

80

THE

P R O G R E S S OF B A N K I N G I N N E W - Y O R K .

Summary Statement, showing the progress o f Bank Capital, Circulation,
Individual Deposits, Loans and Specie o f the Banks o f the State o f
New-York, in the years 1848— 1860.
Capital.
June,

1 84 8,........... .........

tt

1 84 9,..........

“
tt

1S50,...........
1 8 5 1 ,...........

“

$ 43,755,000
44,929,000

Circulation.
. $ 20,SS8,000 .

Deposits.
$27,554,000 .

Loans.
$73,497,000 .

Specie.
$6,851,000

.

21,912,000 .

85,604,000 . .

85,335,000 . .

10,571,000

.

24,214,000 .

46,691,000 .

93,480,000 .

11,653,000

55,5SO,000

.

27,511,000 .

54,467,000 .

115,677,000 .

8,978,000

1S52,............ .........

59,705,000

.

27,940,000 .

65,034,000 . .

127,245,000 .

13,304,000

M a r c h , 1S 53 ,........... .........

67,623,000

.

80,063,000 .

81,316,000 .

147,687,000 .

10,059,000

June,

73.1 S3,000

.

80,065,000 .

79,996,000 .

151,206,000 .

13,384,000

76,692,075

.

32,762,650 . .

77,167,075 . .

157,455,9S7 . .

12,909,240

79,018,9S0

.

32,573,189 .

78,060,490 .

153,118,468 .

14,149,760

.

32,371,206 .

81,140,877 .

154,742,164 .

11,553,778

S e p t .,
D e c .,

tt

.........

a

M a r c h , 1 8 5 4 ,............
June,

u

S e p t .,

tt

D e c .,

tt

S3,773,2S3

M a r c h , 1 8 5 5 ,...........
June,

ti

S ep t,

tt

D e c .,

tt

.........
____

M a r c h , 1 8 5 6 ,............. . . . .

85,032,000

.

81,266,000 .

82,637,000 .

153,875,000 .

10,792,000

.

81,507,7S0 .

81,069,103 .

163,752,237 .

13,661,565

.

28,220,000 .

71,096,000 .

141,604,000 .

13,470,000

.

27,909,000 .

79,727,000 .

152,181,000 .

1 7 .9 4 6 /0 0

.

2S,562,000 .

83,537,000 .

165,106,000 .

15,921,000

85,589,000 . .

31,340,000 .

85,610,000 .

166,002,000 .

10,910,000

86,890,000

.

31,990,000 .

85,644,000 . .

165,1S6,000 .

11,541,000

89,779,SSS . .

30,579,902 .

91,297,476 .

171,310,779 .

15,988,693

92,334,000 .

18,510,000

June,

it

30,705,000 .

96,267,000 .

174,141,000 .

S e p t .,

tt

.

34,019,633 .

96,907,970 .

183,888,670 .

12,898,771

•t

.

83,590,000 .

94,872,000 . ,

183,557,000 .

11,893,000

D e c .,

M a r c h , 1 8 5 7 ,...........
June,

tt

S e p t .,

tt

D e c .,

tt

....

....

102.505,000

107,449,000

.

82,510,000 .

100,641,000 . .

18S,OS8,000 .

11,973,000

.

82,395,000 .

104,850,000 .

190,803,000 .

14,379,000

.

27,122,000 .

83,539,000 .

170,846,000 .

14,321,000

.

23,899,000 .

81,12S,000 . .

154,210,000 .

29,314,000

.

22,710,000 .

92,63S,000 .

161,S57,000 .

35,071,000

June,

tt

.........

103,340,000 . .

24,079,000 .

98,921,000 . .

178,853,000 .

33,597,000

S e p t .,

tt

.........

109,996,550

.

26,605,407 .

101,213,691 .

1S6,187,S99 .

29,905,295

D e c .,

it

.

28,507,000 .

108,170,000 .

192,150,000 .

2S,335,000

.

27,979,000 .

109,240,000 .

190,428,000 .

26,514,000

110,605,000 . .

26,759,000 .

99,597,000 .

185,027,000 .

22,267,000

.

27,970,000 .

103,106,000 . .

182,420,000 .

22,026,000
20,921,000

M a r c h , 185 S ,...........

M a r c h , 1S59,...........

S e p t .,

“
tt

D e c .,

tt

June,

...........

....

.

29,959,000 .

102,109,000 . .

191,162,000 .

111,161,418 . .

29,441,159 .

109,SS9,87l .

195,2S8,S48 .

24,620,528

....

111,494 393 .

28,839,194 .

110,465,548 . .

196,908,063 .

24,582.219

....

111,834,000 . .

31,759,000 .

116,190,000 .

200,11 3,OGO .

21,710,000

.

2S,239,000 .

110,664,000 .

202,241,000 .

26,427,000

....

M a r c h , 1 86 0,............. . . . .
June,

tt

S e p t .,

tt

D e c .,

it

111,441,000

The number o f banks, banking associations and individual bankers
actually doing business in this State, on the 30th day o f September last,
was 306, and 37 were either closing their own affairs or are insolvent,
and their business is being closed by this department, leaving 343 open
bank accounts upon the books of this office.
The entire emission o f bank notes from the Bank Department, in
cluding that o f incorporated banks, banking associations and individual
bankers, is $38,034,800, against $36,581,276 in 1859, being an increase
during the past fiscal year of $1,453,524.




Chambers o f Commerce and Boards o f Trade.

81

CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE AND BOARDS OF TRADE.
I.

N ew -Y oek .

II.

B oston.

III.

M ontreal .

Monthly Meeting o f the Chamber o f Commerce o f the State o f NewY ork, Thursday, June 6 th.
Election o f New Members— Medals fo r the Officers and Men who Garrisoned Fort
Sumter and Fort Pickens— Flax in place o f Cotton— Improvements o f Fortifica
tions in the Harbor o f New-York— Resolutions in relation to the Heath o f Mr.
H offm an,

&

c

.

The regular monthly meeting o f the Chamber o f Commerce was held
at their rooms Thursday, June 6th, at one o’clock P. M., the President,
Pelatiah Perit, Esq., in the chair.
The following gentlemen, proposed at the last monthly meeting, were
elected members o f the Chamber:
Josiah S. B ennet, 125 Front-street.
S. D e W . B loodgood, 110 B ’ way.
Charles B utler, 12 Wall-street.
Thomas N. D ale, 18 Warren-street,
Samuel Jaudon, 54 Wall-street.
W illiam P. Jones, 109 Wall-street.

H enry G. Reeve, 231 Front-street.
Livingston Satterlee, 56 Wall-st.
Geo. G. Spencer, 106 Front-street.
H enry F. V ail, 29 Nassau-street.
Samuel W etmore, 59 Pine-street.
W m. A ug. W hite, 63 Broadway.

On motion o f P rosper M. W etmore, the proposed amendments to the
by-laws relating to the election, on the 2d May last, o f a committee of
arbitration, to whom all mercantile disputes should be referred, the
proceedings were confirmed as the action o f the Chamber. In connec
tion with this subject Mr. Opdyke, the chairman o f the Arbitration Com
mittee, announced that the committee was organized and prepared to
transact any business that might be referred to them.
Mr. Royal Phelps, in rising to introduce a subject, which he said did
not properly come within the line o f business for which the Chamber
was created to consider, wished first to apologize for bringing forward a
matter which, in reality, was irrelevant. But he had been requested by
a distinguished gentleman, whom they all knew well, to bring before the
Chamber the propriety o f doing something to commemorate the gallantry
of the garrison at Fort Sumter, particularly o f the men. The idea which
had been thus suggested to him harmonized so entirely with his own sen
timents that he had concluded to present it, and he had no doubt they
would take up the question, although it was strictly outside the usual
occupation of the Chamber. He proposed the following resolution:
Resolved, That the Executive Committee o f this Chamber, after consul
tation with and subject to the approval o f Colonel A nderson or his second
in command, cause to be prepared a suitable medal fo r each o f the soldiers
and non-commissioned officers o f the late garrison o f F ort Sumter, and to
have them presented to them at as early a day as possible, at the expense o f
this Chamber.
In presenting some remarks explaining the reasons why he offered the
VOL. xlv.— no. i.
6




82

Chambers o f Commerce and Boards o f Trade.

resolution, Mr. Phelps said it would be observed that he had taken no
notice of the officers; but his principal object was that notice should he
taken of the soldiers, without whose cheerful acquiescence in the wishes
of the officers it would have been impossible that so much honor should
have been reflected upon our flag in the manner in which it was sur
rendered. Another reason was, that the soldiers in the service o f our
country, republican and democratic as it is, have a less opportunity for
distinction open to them than the soldiers o f any other country in the
world. Our officers were always called from the higher classes o f society,
and educated at public expense. There were few instances wherein a
soldier in the regular army rose to the distinction o f an officer. A dif
ferent state o f things exists in the French and English armies, where
brave men were taken out o f the ranks, rewarded with promotion and
decorated hy their sovereigns. Reward in our service was made only
through an act o f Congress, which was a cumbersome mode. He knew
there was a deep sympathy felt by the merchants and every class o f peo
ple in the country with the soldiers, and when conduct like that o f the
garrison of Fort Sumter, who stood at their posts when there was almost
a forlorn hope, and who, when the national flag was stricken down,
brought it tenderly in their arms, as it were, to this city, ho thought
something should be done to reward them. He made a distinction be
tween the men and the officers, not because he wished to disparage the
conduct of the latter, but because while the officers had received many
attentions which showed that their services were appreciated, the men
had n o t; therefore he hoped the resolution would he adopted without
the amendment, and that the style and price of the medals would be left
entirely to the judgment of the Executive Committee.
Mr. George W . B lunt seconded the resolution, moving an amend
ment that the garrison o f Fort Pickens, which was under command of
Lieutenant Slemmer, be added to the list.
Mr. George Opdyke thought it would be an indirect censure upon the
officers to leave them out, and he moved that they bo included. This
suggestion was accepted by Mr. B lunt.
Mr. P helps was sorry, he said, to be compelled to object to the amend
ment. He saw no good reason to include the command of Lieut. Slem
mer, particularly as it would destroy the distinctive point which he wished
to establish in rewarding the garrison of Fort Sumter. The defence of
Fort Sumter, and the attention which that garrison attracted from the
people of the United States, required some special recognition. It was
the first firing upon any important post at the flag o f their country, bv
our very mistaken and very rash brethren at the South. That act pro
duced such a revolution in sentiment as had never before been experienced
in this country. It had united men o f the North who had different
party preferences, and brought them to the sustainment o f the govern
ment in its efforts to put down this rebellion at the South. It was the
gallant conduct of that garrison which produced that result. Fort Sum
ter was spoken o f all over the world. From there went forth the electric
spark which was to save the honor o f the constitution; and he wanted
to confine his motion specially to Fort Sumter on that account. He
hoped Mr. B lunt would withdraw his amendment.
Mr. D enning D uer said he hoped it would not be withdrawn, for if
it should be, he would renew it.




New-York.

83

The resolution was modified so as to include the officers and garrison
which were under command of Major A nderson at Fort Sumter, and
Lieutenant Slemmer at Fort Pickens, and as amended was adopted, viz.:
Resolved, That the Executive Committee o f the Chamber cause to be
prepared a suitable medal fo r each o f the officers and soldiers o f the late
garrison o f Fort Sumter, under command o f Major R obert A nderson,
and o f Fort Pickens, under command o f Lieutenant A dam J. Slemmer,
and that the same be presented to them at the earliest day possible, at the
expense o f the Chamber.
Mr. Samuel B. Ruggles presented the following resolution for the
consideration o f the Chamber:
Resolved, That it be referred to a committee o f ---------- members o f the
Chamber o f Commerce o f New- York, to inquire and report as to the pro
gress made in chemical, mechanical or other processes fo r substituting the
fiber o f flax fo r that o f cotton.
Mr. George W . B lunt seconded the resolution. (Specimens o f hats,
hosiery and felt cloth, manufactured from the fiber o f flax, were exhibit
ed to the members.)
Mr. R uggles in moving the resolution, said that the subject o f in
quiry which it proposed was o f importance, not only in an industrial and
commercial point o f view, but had recently acquired a vastly increased
interest in its national and high political bearings. It is not merely a
question, large as that might be, o f the employment o f millions o f acres
o f our lands, and hundreds o f thousands o f our rural population in a
new branch of prosperous industry, nor yet o f the increased stimulus to
manufactures and commerce, in the fabrication and transportation o f a
material, as yet nearly unknown. The great question really is, to dis
cover, if possible, the means o f commercial and political emancipation
from the dominion of that virtual monopoly in the production of cotton,
by a comparatively small section o f our republic, which has not only in
volved it in civil war, but is now greatly endangering the peace o f the
civilized world. It is to determine whether we shall or shall not submit,
without a struggle, to a giant monopoly, which emboldens its possessor
to dictate, not only law and government, but morals and manners to all
mankind. W e need not dwell on the dangerous and galling character o f
this pretension. It is already sufficiently manifest, both in commerce and
politics, leading at once to the most energetic efforts by Great Britain
and its subjects, to penetrate every region of the globe, to discover and
develop such new sources o f supply as shall free them from their present
dependence on the cotton regions o f our North American continent.
These efforts have been so far successful as to induce the belief, that
within a moderate period adequate supplies will be forthcoming for the
use of the world. It need hardly be urged that this great effort for the
commercial emancipation o f the civilized nations o f the earth would be
materially aided by the discovery and cheap production o f any material
which could take the place o f cotton to any considerable extent. It is,
therefore, to this subject, that the attention o f the Chamber o f Com
merce is now respectfully requested, as a proper subject o f attention and
thorough inquiry. Without pretending in any way to prejudge the re
sults of such an examination, it may safely be asserted that the facts al
ready ascertained, in respect to the progress made in this country to sub




84

Chambers o f Commerce and Boards o f Trade.

stitute the fiber o f flax for that o f cotton, will entitle the subject to a
full examination by a committee o f this body.
The idea o f substituting the fiber o f flax for that o f cotton is by no
means anew one. It was proposed in England as early as the year 1775,
and with partial success, and repeatedly afterwards in Germany, Bohemia
and other parts o f Europe, by various processes suggested in the years
1780, 1801, 1803 and 1816. It was in the year 1850 that the Cheva
lier Claussen obtained his patent in England for extricating the fiber o f
flax by means of chemical agencies, in lieu of the former tedious, waste
ful and unhealthy process o f rotting by dew or standing water. The
importance o f the suggestion excited at once the attention o f our highly
intelligent and patriotic fellow-countryman, Mr. A bbott Lawrence, then
in London as American minister, and at his instance the subject was
carefully examined in the year 1851, by a committee o f the legislature
o f Massachusetts. The chemical process o f Claussen, improved, as is
said, by subsequent discoverers, after the delays incident to all new in
ventions, has proved so far successful, that the flax fiber thus extracted
and prepared is now successfully manufactured in considerable quantities
in various parts of New-England.
The precise details, and the character, value and cost of the fabric will
necessarily form the subject of the careful scrutiny of the committee.
In addition to these chemical agencies for extricating the fiber, mainly
by solutions o f acids and alkalies, another very interesting process o f a
mechanical character has lately been proposed, and proved to be very
successful, by employing condensed steam as a disintegrating agent. It
deserves the most attentive examination, it being claimed by the inven
tors that the flax fiber may be thereby prepared with great expedition
and economy, so that it can be afforded in large quantities for a price
not exceeding eight cents per pound. It is further stated, that an acre
of flax land will yield a sufficient quantity to afford the material for a
bale of fiber o f about 400 pounds. It should be distinctly understood
that the fiber of flax is not identical with that o f cotton, in a botanical
and physiological sense, but that they are greatly alike in color, weight
and durability. It is by no means expected that it will wholly take the
place of cotton, in all its varieties of fabric, but, according to present in
dications, it is claimed that it fairly promises to prove as a substitute for
at least a portion of the coarser fabrics. Should it prove to be a substi
tute to any considerable extent, it must materially influence or hasten the
solution of that great problem o f the supply o f cotton which is now agi
tating the various governments of the civilized world.
Mr. Richard Lathers hoped the resolution would not pass.
He
thought that the Chamber, which was devoted more especially to com
mercial interests, should not fritter away its energies upon subjects of
that kind. He did not think the arguments presented in favor of the
resolution were as happy as they might be. Mr. L athers had travelled
extensively in the South recently, and he found, he said, in nearly all
cases, that the people o f the South whose interests were connected with
cotton, while they yielded to the storm which was blowing over them,
yet cherished a strong affection for the Union. Therefore he deprecated
any action that would be calculated to throw firebrands in the midst o f the
Union-loving people of the South, and oppose our government in effecting
the establishing o f the bond o f Union throughout the country. The




New-York.

85

government of the United States, he thought, was desirous o f fostering
legitimate industry in the South as well as in the North. He wanted us
to show these Southern Union men that we did not want to put down
their institution, but to put down this revolt.
When the argument
which had just been advanced by the preceding speaker should be read
in the South, the idea it would convey would be, that instead o f afford
ing them protection and peace, we were anxious to destroy their indus
try. It was not true that the production and handling o f cotton tended
to divide this country; but, on the contrary, it tended to hold the sec
tions together. He gloried in the sentiments enunciated by the Sec
retary of State, that the Union was not to be dissolved peaceably or
otherwise. He was sorry there was not more Union sentiment in the
South; but what did exist there was like leaven, and its influence would
be felt. He was glad o f the power the South commanded by her cotton,
and the effect which the prospect o f a short supply was producing upon
England, for he regarded that staple not as the capital of the South, but
the capital o f the whole country. W e had no intention of looking to a
separation ; but that resolution looked very much to a separation. The
Southern demagogues had taught their people to hate every thing that
came from New-England; but he hoped that a similar spirit would not
be engendered by the North against the South. He hoped the resolu
tion would not be adopted.
Mr. R oyal P helps hoped that the debate would close, and that the
resolution would not prevail.
Mr. D u e r spoke briefly in favor o f its adoption; for he saw no reason
why King Flax should not have as fair a trial as King Cotton.
Mr. R uggles distinctly disclaimed any intention o f disloyalty to the
Union, and said he was surprised to hear such an intimation, when they
knew that through the whole course of his life he had cherished the idea
that, as cotton was providentially placed, the country must o f necessity
be held together.
After a few remarks from Mr. Opdyke, in support o f the measure, the
resolution, on motion of Mr. Phelps, was laid on the table, to be taken
up at a future day.
Air. B lunt offered a resolution to the effect, that as other governments
were building iron-plated steamships, calculated to resist the most im
proved guns now in use, the Chamber urge the government of the
United States to build a number o f those iron-plated steamships, and to
complete the fortifications in the harbor o f New-York, especially the
one at Sandy Hook.
It was stated by several members that the fortifications at Sandy Hook
were the most important of all, and should be immediately completed.
The P resident suggested that several distinct measures might be re
quired in relation to these fortifications, and thought that it would be
better for the subject to go to a committee.
Mr. P rosper M. W etmore entirely concurred in this view, and thought
we might soon be involved in a war with Continental Europe, for which
it was our duty to prepare.
Finally the subject was disposed of, for the present, by the adoption
o f the following resolution :
Resolved, That a committee he appointed to inquire into the present
state o f the defences o f this port, and, i f found defective, to prepare a




86

Chambers o f Commerce and Boards o f Trade.

memorial to government on the subject, to be submitted to the Chamber fo r
its action.
Messrs. Opdyke, B lunt, Marshall, D uer and N ye were named as
the committee.
Mr. P helps presented the following resolutions, which were adopted :
Resolved, That the Chamber o f Commerce and merchants o f NewYork, representing the unanimous sense o f their body, record with sincere
grief, and with high respect fo r his virtues, the death o f B i n d l e y M u r r a y
H offman, a member o f this Chamber fo r many years past, who departed
this life yesterday.
Resolved, That as a merchant, his industry, his systematic attention to
business, his unwavering good faith and fidelity, his unspotted honor and
unstained integrity, entitle him to a lasting good name in the commercial
annals o f our country.
Resolved, That we equally declare our high esteem fo r his virtues as a
man, fo r his kindness o f heart, his liberality in useful public enterprises,
and his activity in works o f charity ; fo r his modesty, and also fo r his
elevated Christian spirit; and fo r the unostentatious simplicity and
blameless purity o f his private life.
Resolved, That in common with the whole commercial community o f
this city, by whom he has been so long known and esteemed, we respect
fu lly tender our sympathy to his mourning relatives and friends, and,
that these resolutions be communicated to them as a last mark o f our
respect.
Resolved, That a copy o f these resolutions be transmitted by the Secre
tary to the fam ily o f the deceased member.
The Secretary reported that the Annual Report of the Chamber for
the past year had been completed, and copies were now ready for dis
tribution for the use o f the members.
The following nominations were made June 6th, for election July
3d, 1861 :
Nominated by

H ugh N. Camp,
149 Pearl-street,
Samuel Colgate,
4 Dutch-street,
Charles D imon,
73 South-street,
John Eadie,
40 Wall-street,
W illiam Lyell,
34 Cedar-street,
Thomas Richardson,
15 Broadway,
James A. Roosevelt,
94 Maiden Lane,
Theodore Roosevelt, 94 Maiden Lane,
B arnet L. Solomon,
369 Broadway,

B enjamin H. Field.
E gisto P. Fabbri.
Caleb B arstow.
Caleb F. Lindsley.
J. Smith H omans.
D aniel O gden.
J. Lee Smith.
J. Lee Smith.
John H. Lyell.

As the first Thursday in July will fall on the anniversary o f our
national independence, the Chamber adjourned to meet on Wednesday,
the 3d day of July.

Monthly Meeting o f the Boston Board o f Trade.
A t a meeting of the government at the rooms o f the Board, No. 55
Merchants’ Exchange, on Monday, June 3,1861, Vice-President Richard




Boston Board o f Trade.

87

son in the chair, the committee on the present crisis presented their
second report, as follows:
On the 7th o f May your committee met H enry L. W hiting, Esq., o f the
United States Coast Survey, at his request, to consider the subject o f fit
ting out a fleet of fishing vessels to assist the blockading squadron on the
Southern coast.
Mr. W hiting, who was direct from Washington, exhibited a paper
signed by Commodore P aulding, o f the United States Navy, and fol
lowed in a verbal statement o f the views and suggestions of the Commo
dore, in behalf, as was understood, o f the Navy Department. This inter
view resulted in a second on the next day, when, by our invitation, several
owners of fishing vessels and gentlemen engaged in business here and
elsewhere were present. A t the meeting on the 8th ult. Mr. W hiting
again stated the objects of the government, and was followed by Com
mander Smith, o f the United States Navy, substantially in concurrence.
After further discussion on the part o f our own citizens, voted, on mo
tion o f A lbert G-. B rowne, Esq., that the chair appoint a committee of
five to report the terms on which a fleet of from fifty to one hundred
vessels of from fifty to one hundred tons burthen would be equipped for
the proposed service.
This committee performed the duty assigned before the adjournment,
and a written agreement, signed by several highly responsible persons,
was prepared at the instant and delivered to Mr. W hiting for the con
sideration o f the Navy Department, which gave a specific answer to each
question propounded by Com. Paulding.
Having thus initiated the measure, your committee, as in the case of
the “ Massachusetts Soldiers’ Fund,” left the further prosecution of it to
others, and especially to the committee o f five. But, as Mr. B rowne,
the chairman o f that committee, has placed in our hands a copy of Mr.
W hiting’ s letter to him, after a conference with Com. Paulding at Wash
ington, as well as a copy o f his reply, we may remark that no arrange
ment has been made. Indeed, it seems by this correspondence that the
Navy Department has abandoned the plan as concerns the present sea
son, at least, to our regret, since we cannot but believe that a fleet of the
kind suggested, composed o f vessels o f the most approved models, and
manned by intelligent, energetic and brave seamen, who are thoroughly
acquainted with every inlet and harbor between the Bay o f Chaleur and
the Gulf o f Mexico, would prove o f immense importance to the steamers
and other ships o f the navy in the existing blockade o f the ports o f the
so-styled Confederate States.
Respectfully submitted.
John T. H eard,
F. W . Lincoln, Jr.,
R. B. Forbes,
Gardner B rewer.
Office Rooms Board o f Trade, Boston, June 1, 1861.

Annual Meeting o f the Montreal Board o f Trade.
Report o f the Council o f the Montreal Board o f Trade f o r the year ending March 31,1861.

The Council, in submitting their report, would beg to refer, as briefly
as possible, to some o f the various matters which have engaged their at
tention since the last annual meeting.
The questions of assuming Lake St. Peter debt, and the abolition of




88

Montreal Board o f Trade.

tonnage dues on sea-going vessels so frequently urged by their predeces
sors, were again brought before tlio government and Parliament. The
Council strongly represented, that the improvement of the river between
Quebec and Montreal was a public and not a local work— that, from the
deepening of the channel, a much larger class of ships could now ascend
to Montreal from sea, and that in consequence, the rates o f freight in
wards and outwards since the improvement had been made had gradu
ally decreased, a result in which the producers and consumers o f the
country were alike interested. The Council are glad to be able to say
that the government, by an act o f last session, finally abolished all lake
and river dues on shipping from sea, coming to Montreal, and assumed as
a provincial debt the expense of deepening and improving the river and
Lake St. Peter.
A memorial, numerously signed by members o f the Board, in reference
to a custom which has prevailed at this port, o f charging for every pack
age taken to the examining warehouse, was placed before the Council,
who, after a careful consideration o f all the facts, concurred in opinion
that the practice (which does not prevail at other ports) should be abol
ished.
A memorial to this effect was forwarded to the finance minister, but
no action has yet been taken thereon, and the Council would invite the
attention of their successors to this matter.
A bill having been introduced into Parliament, providing for a change
in the law respecting the pilotage o f vessels below Quebec, the Council,
assisted by the Quebec Board o f Trade, successfully opposed its obnoxious
provisions. The Council, however, regret that notwithstanding their ear
nest representations to the government, on the necessity o f a change be
ing made in the system by which the pilots between Quebec and
Montreal are now paid on the tonnage o f the ship instead of by the
draft of water, no notice whatever has been taken o f the subject. The
efforts made by the Trinity Board and the Harbor Commissioners have
been attended with no better result. It must be remembered, that until
a new system of remuneration shall compel pilots to become thoroughly
acquainted with the new channel and improvements, the advantage o f
the large outlay on these works is to a great extent lost
From various facts brought before the attention o f the Council, it is
apparent that the returns of produce received by canal and river have
been most imperfect; and the Council have urged on the commissioner
o f customs the necessity of obliging all vessels descending the river or
canal, filing a duplicate manifest o f all cargo at the canal office.
The serious losses and inconvenience which resulted from the robbery
o f Canadian mails en route to the United States, induced the Council to
open a correspondence with the post-office department, and to make
some suggestions in reference to the future safe conduct o f this most im
portant service. They have also lately addressed the Postmaster-Gene
ral on the subject o f forwarding mails for New-York and Boston by the
night express trains recently established, who concurred in opinion with
the Council, that a great advantage would thereby be secured to the
mercantile community; that he had entered into correspondence with the
Postmaster-General of the United States on the subject, and that no ef
fort of his would be wanting to carry out the proposed arrangement.
The advantages which resulted from the construction of the Grand




Montreal Board o f Trade.

89

Trunk Railway and from the Victoria Bridge to the commerce o f the
province, and particularly to the trade of Montreal, are annually made
more apparent; and the import trade in dry goods, hardware and gro
ceries have advantages from the railway for distribution o f goods to all
points that must more and more tend to make Montreal a place where
stocks can be most profitably held.
The Council, however, deem
it their duty to notice the business arrangements of the company, under
which produce and other property is carried from distant points in the
United States to this place and to Portland at cheaper pro rata rates
than the same produce and property is carried from one point in Canada
to another. The Parliament, in granting the company an act o f incor
poration, no doubt intended that the produce of the people o f Canada
should at all times be carried at the same mileage as the produce or
property of strangers. Whatever may be the rates which the Grand
Trunk Company deem it necessary to charge for any service performed,
let that charge be uniform, and paid by all its customers alike. Nor is it
only from the cheaper rates at which produce is carried from foreign
states that Canada trade suffers, for such has been the amount o f the
foreign freight on the road that the company have been unable to do
even a small portion o f the local produce trade.
Although the efforts made last year by the Council o f the Board in
conjunction with the corporation o f the city, the Grand Trunk Company
and Harbor Commissioners were successful as to deciding on the best
site for a passenger and local freight station for the Grand Trunk Com
pany, nothing has yet been done in their construction. This is much to
be regretted, as it is difficult to estimate the loss to the company and to
the trade of the city, arising out o f the present means o f transacting bu
siness at Point St. Charles.
The Board being represented in the Harbor Commission, it is proper
to state here, that the commissioners are pushing forward to completion
the twenty feet channel at lowest water and lowest tide between this city
and Quebec, and it is expected the same will be finished in 1863. In the
harbor a channel from the foot o f the Lachine Canal to opposite St.
Helen’s Island, of 300 feet wide and twenty feet deep at low water, is
rapidly progressing and will probably be completed in 1863. A new
wharf and basin, specially adapted for and capable o f berthing three
ocean steamers, is completed. Several deep water-berths for sailing ves
sels have been obtained by dredging below the island wharf, and a con
tract has been given out by the commissioners for the construction o f a
new wharf running down from the end o f the Victoria Pier. This
wharf will be made accessible to vessels drawing twenty feet at lowest water,
and will accommodate about ten large ships. Extensive as these improve
ments may appear, the Council are o f opinion that the increase of the
trade of the port warrants their construction, and there can be no ques
tion that far greater outlay must yet be made, and important additional
facilities be created, before all the advantages possessed by Montreal, as a
receiving and distributing point, can be made apparent.
The Council regret that no adequate measures have yet been adopted
by government to enable the St. Lawrence route from the upper lakes
to compete in cheapness with the route through the Erie Canal to NewYork and the New-England States. The means by which this desirable
result might be accomplished have, since 1848, been constantly urged by




90

Montreal Board o f Trade.

this Board on the attention o f the government, hut hitherto without
effect, and when it is' considered that with our canals and railways com
pleted, we fail to attract more than seven per cent, o f the trade o f Western
Canada and the Western States down the St. Lawrence, and that ninetythree per cent, of that interior trade flows through the canals and over
the rail-roads of New-York, such a statement ought to command the at
tention of the country. Although the receipts at Montreal of flour,
wheat, peas, corn, barley and oats have increased from equal to 3,793,90V
bushels in 1859, to 6,558,245 in 1860; yet at New-York, equal to
52,787,190 bushels were received in 1860, against 28,224,340 in 1859,
showing a larger proportionate increase, and indicating the magnitude of
that business we have the opportunity to share.
In view o f these facts the Council are o f opinion that without an en
largement o f the Welland Canal, and the construction o f a canal into
Lake Champlain, as so often urged by the Board, the trade o f Western
Canada and the Western States must continue to flow as now through
American channels, leaving our Canadian canals and railways compara
tively deserted, and consequently unremunerative, while the interest in
the capital invested in these public works has to be paid by excessive du
ties on imports. The Council refer to this important matter because
they desire to express their decided belief, that with the navigation im
proved and perfected, and the facilities for water power at Montreal de
veloped, this port would control an enormous trade in western produce
as the most advantageous point for distribution, with reference to either
home consumption or foreign demand, while the cheap return tonnage
furnished would greatly benefit the St. Lawrence as a competing route
for imports to the Western States.
The subject o f a bankrupt law will probably engage the attention of
the legislature at its present sitting, and this important question should
at once receive the attention of the Board. The Council are, however,
strongly of opinion that any such act should apply to both sections of
the province; that it should be very simple in its provisions, defining
clearly what are acts o f insolvency, affording speedy and inexpensive
means for creditors becoming possessed of the debtors’ effects; and while
protecting the honest, should provide means of signally punishing the
fraudulent trader. Numerously signed memorials having been presented
to the Council, asking for certain alterations o f the constitution, and for
an improvement in the efficiency o f the Board of Arbitration, the mat
ter was placed in the hands o f a committee, who reported in favor o f a
new by-law extending the period of voting for office-bearers and making
other suggestions which were prepared to be laid before the last quarterly
meeting, but which, in consequence o f there being no quorum, must now
be laid before the annual meeting.
The retiring Council recommend to their successors’ attention the
question o f securing inspection of grain at this port, and they would also
urge the importance o f a Port Warden’s office being created, whose duties
would be the survey o f vessels in loading and discharging, under such
regulations as might be found in the custom o f other ports; there can
be no doubt that rates o f insurance by the St. Lawrence might be there
by considerably reduced.
J o h n Y o u n g , President.
Montreal, 23d March, 1861.




91

Nautical Intelligence.

NAUTICAL

INTELLIGENCE.

NEW LIGHTS ESTABLISHED.
I. S u r i n a m R i v e r .
THE M O R E A .)

II. T

urk’ s

Island.

I I I . F ix e d R ed L ig h t

at

K

I V . A u C AN AD A ISL A N D , (EAST COAST OF M A J O R C A .)

atakolo,

( w est

coast of

V . C O RU N A, (S P A IN .)

The following information is communicated through the Light-House
Board at Washington for the information o f merchants:
1. Light-Vessel off mouth o f Surinam River.— Official information
has been received, through the Department o f State, that the light-ship
moored off the mouth of Surinam River is to be anchored in a different
position on the first o f April, 1861, as follow s: In place o f being an
chored outside of the buoys, (there being three,) it is to be placed at the
second, in sixteen feet water, low tide, Bram’s Point bearing south 46°
east. The burnt bush, south 81° east. The outer buoy, north
west.
The light is white, and can be seen about eight miles in clear weather.
According to former advice, vessels making land to the windward, in
the night, will do well to anchor till daylight.
2. Light-House at Turk's Island.— Official information has been re
ceived, through the Department o f State, that a light-house has been
erected on the north point o f Grand Turk Island, showing a white light,
revolving every 27 seconds, with a continued dim light between intervals
o f the strong flashes.
The tower is 60 feet in height, painted white, and is situated 400 yards
S. 50° W . of the extremity o f the point, with a focal plane elevated 110
feet above the mean level of the sea.
The position o f the light is, latitude 21° 32' north. Longitude 71° 7'
40" west.
The light is visible from all points, except where it is eclipsed by the
Cays lying to the southward o f the Grand Turk. The fixed part o f the
light will, under favorable conditions o f atmosphere, be visible from a
height o f 10 feet above the level o f the sea at a distance o f 7 nautical
miles, whilst the flash will be visible 15 nautical miles.
Directions.— Vessels running for the Turk’s Island passage from the
northward must endeavor to make the light on a bearing to the west
ward o f south, as its range does not extend sufficiently far to guard
against the dangers lying off Cape Comete, East Caicos.
A reef runs off from the north point o f Grand Turk. Its extreme
bears from the light N. E., (magnetic,) distant three miles, and from
thence extends southerly, and runs parallel with the east side o f the Cay
at the distance of two m iles; and, consequently, vessels, on making the
light between the bearings o f S. W . and W . should (if intending to take
the Turk’s Island passage) be careful to avoid that danger.
On the bearing of south the light may be safely approached to within
two miles, and have the passage open. This light cannot be seen from
the dangers at the southern entrance o f Turk’s Island passage.




92

Nautical Intelligence.
M

e d it e r r a n e a n —

W

est

C

oast

of

M

orea.

3.
Fixed Red Light at Katakolo.— Official information lias been received,
that on and after the 6th day of February, 1861, a light would be exhib
ited from the extremity of the jetty in the course of construction at the
port o f Katakolo, situated in the bay o f that name, on the east side of
Cape Katakolo, on west coast o f the Morea.
The light is a fixed red light, placed at an elevation o f 33 feet above
the mean level of the sea, and should be seen in clear weather, from the
deck o f a ship, at a distance of four miles.
The light-house is of skeleton wood-work, at the end of the jetty, and
at 240 yards from the shore. Its approximate position is given in lat.
37° 41' 30" N., long. 21° 24' 9" E., or by the admiralty charts, in 37°
39' 10" N., long. 21° 20' 50" east o f Greenwich.

M

ajorca,

E

ast

C

oast.

4.
Fixed Light on Aucanada Island.— Official information has been re
ceived, that on and after the 15th day o f May, 1861, a light will be ex
hibited from a light-house recently erected on the east and highest part
o f the island of Aucanada, in Alcudia Bay, east coast o f Majorca.
The light will be a fixed white light, placed at an elevation of 77 feet
above the mean level of the sea, and should be seen in clear weather,
from the deck o f a ship, at a distance o f nine miles. The illuminating
apparatus is dioptric, or by lenses, of the sixth order.
The tower is circular, 49 feet high, painted white, and surmounted by
a white lantern. It rises from the centre of the keeper’s dwelling, and
its position is in lat. 39° 49' 50'' N., long. 3° 12' 24" east of Greenwich.

A

t l a n t ic —

S p a in , N

orth

C

oast.

5.
Fixed Light at Coruna.— Official information has been received, that
on and after the 15th day o f May, 1861, a light will be exhibited
from a tower recently erected on the platform o f the castle o f St.
Antonio, at the north side o f the entrance to Coruna.
The light will be a white fixed light, placed at an elevation of 56 feet
above the mean level o f the sea, and should be seen in clear weather, from
the deck of a ship, at a distance of ten miles. The illuminating appara
tus is dioptric, or by lenses, o f the fifth order.
The tower is twenty feet high, painted green, and surmounted with a
white lantern. It rises from the centre o f the keeper’s dwelling, which
is also painted green, and stands in lat. 43° 22' N., long. 8° 23' 6"
west of Greenwich.
Position o f the Cartaya Light-house.— Also, that the position of the
light at Cartaya, on the left bank at the entrance o f the river o f Las
Piedras, on the southwest coast of Andalucia, should be lat. 37° 11' 50" N.,
long. 7° 1' 6" west of Greenwich.




Commercial Regulations.

COMMERCIAL

93

REGULATIONS.

TRANSPORTATION IN BOND TO CERTAIN PORTS DISCONTINUED.

The control o f the warehouses o f the government in the several States
o f South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida and
Texas, having been usurped under the alleged authority o f those States,
and the officers of the customs acting under the authority o f the United
States having been forcibly excluded from their proper functions in the
custody of merchandise and superintendence o f the entries for warehousing
and withdrawal, it has become impracticable to continue the privilege o f
bonding for transportation to those ports.
Collectors of the customs are accordingly hereby instructed that no
entries for transportation in bond to those ports can be permitted until
otherwise directed by this department.
In the case of merchandise entered for transportation before the re
ceipt by collectors of these instructions, transportation bonds to the ports
o f South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida and
Texas, will be cancelled on payment o f the duties at the collector’s office
at the port from which the goods were shipped, on the collector being
satisfied, by the affidavit of the party, to be filed with the bond, that the
merchandise arrived at the port of destination after the United States
officers at such port had ceased to issue the lawful cancelling certificate.

CUSTOMS REGULATIONS IN BRAZIL.

The London Times contains the following communication regarding
the recent customs regulations adopted by the Brazilian government:
“ Sir,— W ith reference to the obstructive policy on the part o f the
Brazilian government about the clearances of vessels, I supply you with
particulars o f its retrograde operation. The first vessel has just been
cleared, after ten days’ tedious and continuous labor of nearly the entire
staff o f an office. It is no great figure of speech to say that acres o f paper
are required to clear a vessel. The vessel in question is a small craft,
and, among other portions o f her cargo, has about twenty tons o f iron
on board, which contain probably about five hundred bars in the whole.
Now, the weight o f every bar must be specified. This might have done
very well in the olden times o f Portuguese corruption, when ‘ rattage ’
was charged in every account of sale, not excepted from iron and bra
ziers’ copper. The bills o f lading are covered with figures and writing,
and how or where to endorse one nobody can tell. The manifest is nearly
fifty feet in length, and three copies have to be made out before the ves
sel can be cleared. The paper alone for the documents, exclusive of the
bills of lading, actually cost 10s. Hitherto the conduct o f the Brazilian
government has been one o f enlightenment and progress, and 'this sudden
and unaccountable move o f ‘ backwardation’ has astonished and con
founded all her best friends. Among other foolish and other impolitic
measures is the imposition of an export duty on coffee, under the absurd




94

Commercial Regulations.

notion that it will come out o f the foreigner’s pocket instead o f the plan
ter’s. If Brazil were the only coffee-producing country, then it would
come out of the foreigner’ s, and ultimately out o f the consumer’ s p ock et;
but inasmuch as Brazil is only one out o f many coffee-producing coun
tries which compete with her in foreign markets, it is clear it must be a
tax on the Brazilian farmer, and cripple his means o f competition with
other countries producing the article.”
A meeting o f merchants and brokers connected with the Brazilian
trade was recently held at the Cotton Sales-room, Liverpool, for the pur
pose o f considering the propriety o f memorializing the Brazilian govern
ment on the subject o f the vexatious detail in ships’ manifests required
under the Brazilian tariff. Mr. W . C. M i l l e r occupied the chair, and
eventually a committee was appointed to consider the advisability o f ap
pealing directly to the Brazilian Minister, or through the Chamber of
Commerce, or both conjointly.

TRADE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE.

It is understood that the new commercial treaties between Turkey on
the one part, and England and France on the other, came into operation
on the 13th of March. The change is likely to prove highly beneficial,
and all countries will equally participate in its advantages. Under the
commercial treaty o f 1838 the import duties were fixed at five per cent.,
and the export duties at twelve per cent. B y the present treaty, which
is for twenty-eight years, with right o f revisal in ten years, both the ex
port and import duties are to be placed, in the first instance, at a uniform
rate o f eight per cent, ad valorem, hut with the condition that the export
duties shall be reduced one per cent, annually for seven years, when they
will he brought down to one per cent., which will then be permanent.
This will clear the way for a vast and steady augmentation o f trade, since
the advance o f the import duties from five to eight per cent., which is
considered absolutely necessary to provide for the revenue o f the country,
will not, it is believed, even for the moment, have any appreciable effect in
checking the consumption of foreign manufacturers ; while the reduction
o f the export duties gradually, to a point at which they will be merely
nominal, will enable buyers to obtain much larger supplies o f produce,
the profits from which will lead the Turkish agriculturist to become, in
a proportionate degree, a better customer in distant markets. Already
the exports of Great Britain to Turkey are o f an amount nearly equal to
those of France, and far superior to those o f Russia, the total last year
being £4,408,000; while France, even under the operation o f the new
treaty, did not take more than £5,249,000, and the amount to Russia was
only £3,267,000.
W ith regard to the prospect o f reforms in the interior fiscal adminis
tration of Turkey, it appears from recent advices that the government has
given assurances that a commencement shall at once be made— a project
for the formation of a company to promote the growth o f cotton in Asia
Minor, in the district opened up by the Smyrna and Aidin Railway, hav
ing been entered into on that understanding.
The new treaty embraces all parts of the Sultan’s dominions, including
Egypt and the Danubian Principalities.




Commercial Regulations.

95

THE FRENCH FISHERIES.

The Moniteur contains a long report to the Emperor from M. C o s t e , of
the Institute, “ On the Organization o f Fisheries, as regards the increase
o f the naval force of France.” He begins by stating that the production
of oysters on the plan recommended by him, has taken such a prodigious
development, that in the lie de Re alone, more than 3,000 men, who
have come from the interior, have already established 1,500 parks, which
produce annually about 378,000,000 oysters, o f the value o f 6,000,000f.
to 8,000,000f. These men have also formed themselves into associations
for the defence of their common interests. Those associations and others
like them, which could be formed on different parts o f the coast, might,
instead o f confining themselves to the production o f oysters, establish
parks for the production o f soles, ray, turbot, lobsters, crabs, &c. But
the formation of the parks would not only cost considerable sums, but
would necessitate the employment of vessels in which the men could go
out to sea to fish; and that course again would necessitate further outlay.
As the men have not the funds to do all this, M. C o s t e suggests that
advances shall be made to them by what are called the Maritime Caisses
de Retraites, subject to the condition o f their paying back three per cent,
per month of the produce o f their fishing, in addition to the three per
cent, which they are already bound to pay to the said Caisses, in order to
obtain relief in sickness or in old age. He adds, that such a payment
would not be in any way burdensome to them, and would besides in time
make them proprietors of vessels, parks, &c., paid for by the means of
the advances. As several millions are granted annually for the encour
agement of the Newfoundland fisheries, M. C o s t e submits that there is
nothing unreasonable in what he proposes, and he affirms that, if his
suggestion be acted on, a vast increase would be made to the maritime
population, which augmentation would naturally strengthen the Imperial
navy. He likewise observes that the fishing associations which he wishes
to see established would not only provide a large and constant supply of
fish for the inland towns, and thereby create an important branch of
trade, but might lead to obtaining fish, insects and plants in great quan
tities for manure.— London Times.

TRADE WITH JAPAN.

The following communication has been received by the Manchester
Chamber of Commerce from the Board o f T r a d e O f f i c e of Committee
o f Privy Council for Trade, Whitehall, 8th April, 1861. Sir,— I am di
rected by the Lords of the Committee o f Privy Council for Trade, to
request that you will inform the Committee o f the Manchester Chamber
o f Commerce that they have received, through the Secretary of State for
Foreign Affairs, a copy of a despatch from Her Majesty’s Minister in
Japan, together with enclosures, consisting o f a report, with patterns,
chiefly of woven fabrics in cotton, specifying articles o f this description
suitable for the Japanese markets. The report and specimens may be
inspected on application at this office.
I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
J. E m. T e n n e n t .
The Secretary o f Chamber of Commerce, Manchester.




Commercial Regulations.

96

GREAT BRITAIN AND THE AMERICAN WAR.

The following proclamation, dated May 13, 1861, has been issued :
V i c t o r i a I.— Whereas, we are happily at peace with all Sovereigns,
Powers and States, and whereas, hostilities have unhappily commenced
between the government of the United States of America and certain
States styling themselves the Confederate States of America, and whereas,
we, being at peace with the government o f the United States, have de
clared our royal determination to maintain a strict and impartial neutrality
in the contest between the said contending parties: we, therefore, have
thought fit, by and with the advice o f our Privy Council, to issue this
our royal proclamation. [The provisions of the Foreign Enlistment A ct
are here cited.] And we do hereby warn all our loving subjects, and all
persons whatsoever entitled to our protection, that if any o f them shall
presume, in contempt o f this our royal proclamation and o f our high
displeasure, to do any acts in derogation o f their duty as subjects o f a
neutral sovereign in the said contest, or in violation or in contravention
o f the law of nations, as for example, more especially, by entering into
the military service o f either of the said contending parties as commis
sioned or non-commissioned officers or soldiers ; or by serving as officers,
sailors or marines on board any ship or vessel of war or transport o f or
in the service o f either o f the said contending parties; or by serving as
officers, sailors or marines on board any privateer bearing letters o f marque
of or from either of the said contending parties ; or by engaging to go or
going to any place beyond the seas with intent to enlist or engage in any
such services; or by procuring, or attempting to procure within her
majesty’s dominions, at home or abroad, otherwise to do s o ; or by
fitting out, arming or equiping any ship or vessel to be employed as a
ship o f war or privateer or transport by either o f the said contending
parties; or by breaking or endeavoring to break any blockade lawfully
and actually established by or on behalf of either of the said contending
parties ; or by carrying officers, soldiers, despatches, arms, military stores
or materials, or any article or articles considered and deemed to be con
traband o f war, according to the law or modern usage of nations, for the
use or service of either o f the said contending parties. All persons so
offending will incur and be liable to the several penalties and penal con
sequences by the said statute or by the law o f nations in that behalf
imposed and decreed.
And we do hereby declare, that all our subjects and persons entitled
to our protection, who may misconduct themselves in the premises, will
do so at their peril and o f their own wrong, and that they will in nowise
obtain any protection from us against any liabilities or penal consequences,
but will, on the contrary, incur our high displeasure b y such misconduct.




The D u ty on Coffee.

97

T I I E D U T Y ON C O F F E E .
B oston, June 13th, 1861.
To the Editors o f the Merchants' Magazine :

c-

A greeably to your request, at the time of our conversation about the
effect of a duty on coffee, and the revenue to bo derived therefrom, I now
give you my views in writing, and more in detail, in relation to the same.
The first and most important point to consider is, I think, the rate o f
duty that will give the most revenue at the least cost to the consumer
and the country.
In order to come at this, we have next to consider the extent of con
sumption and the effect o f price upon it. W e have found the past year
of 1860, that the range o f prices for good and best qualities o f Rio coffee,
if 12 @ 11Y cents per lb., say is 15 @ 20 per cent, above the average of
the two or three previous years, lias not decreased consumption to the
extent o f the rise in price against an average sale or consumption, as
commonly estimated, for several years previous, o f 220,000,000 @
225,000,000 lbs. per year. W e have sold, last year, about 190,000,000
lbs. from first hands. The stock remaining in second and consumers’
hands, however, at the end of the year, being much smaller than usual,
it follows that the actual consumption was more than 190,000,000 lbs.
It is fair to assume, therefore, that, with a necessity for higher prices in
the shape o f a duty, and when once familiar with it, 14 @ 16 cents even
would not check consumption beyond 10 @ 15 per cent, probably, if
that, after the first year, which might, from obvious reasons, be more,
especially as the first effect o f a duty would be to raise the price more,
probably, than it would rule at after supplies came regularly again from
abroad. Looking at the ruling prices in Rio for the past few years, and
in other producing countries, it is nearly certain, from past experience of
the effect of duty on the cost in producing countries, that 5 cents duty
could be borne without raising the price of Rio coffee here to over 14 @
16 cents for good and best qualities, for an average o f several years, and
probably less.
Y ou will see by this that I assume that the producing country will pay
one-third to one-half the duty, which has usually been found to be the
case with any considerable duty, not to say invariably; and it is but
reasonable and necessary that it should be so, more or less, as a little
consideration will prove, viz.: The effect of duty is to check importa
tions, and also consumption. This reduces the demand and competition
to buy in the producing country, and thus reduces the cost. I think it
is quite clear, therefore, that we should in all probability have coffee at
not over 2-J- or 3 cents per lb. additional cost to the country, with a duty
of 5 cents per lb., taking an average o f several years together. The pre
sent duty in Great Britain is 3 @ 6 cents per lb., which is less than for
merly, and, compared with tea, a low duty, as tea pays Is. 5d., or 33 to
34 cents per lb.
The duty of 5 cents on coffee, I judge, would give nearly as much
revenue as any higher duty at present, unless, from increase o f growth
VOL. xlv.— no. i.
7




98

The D u ty on Coffee.

or abundant crops, tbe price should fall so low as to bear a higher duty
equally well. A lower rate o f duty, as it would effect consumption less,
and offer less check to free importations, would, I conceive, be borne in
a larger proportion by the consumer; so that, if the object is the most
revenue at the least cost, about 5 cents, I should judge, at present range
o f prices, would be nearest right. If a higher rate would give more, it
would become onerous to many, or cut off many consumers ; whereas, at
2^ @ 3 cents additional cost per lb., as I have assumed, it is very little
upon an average consumption o f 7 lbs. per head per annum for the total
white population o f the country. Assuming that the consumption will
range from 180,000,000 @ 200,000,000 lbs. per annum for some years,
upon an average, which is very safe, I think, a duty of 5 cents will
give $9,000,000 to $10,000,000 revenue, at a cost, actually, o f about
$5,000,000 to $6,000,000 only to the country, probably.
The same facts and reasoning applies to tea, sugar and molasses. The
duty on tea, I should suppose, would not be in the same proportion to
coffee as the English duty, which is nearly six times that o f coffee. The
reason for this may be because England consumes very largely o f tea,
viz., nearly double the number o f pounds o f tea that she does o f coffee,
and with a view to obtaining the most revenue ; whereas, with us it is
exactly opposite— we consume seven to eight times the amount o f coffee
that we do o f tea. The average cost of tea is three to four times that of
coffee ; and if three times be taken and 15 cents per lb. on tea be fixed
upon as the duty, it would be a fair proportion, I should say, and give
$4,000,000 @ $4,500,000 revenue, I judge.
The present sugar duty o f f c. can be doubled, and not much exceed,
if any, the previous duty o f 24 per cent, ad valorem. Upon these four
leading articles we may estimate the revenue as follows, to take a low
estimate, in quantities, for the whole country, as it has been :
Coffee,
180,000,000 lbs. per year, at 5 cents duty per lb .,...............
Tea,
30,000,000 “
“
“ 15 “
“
“
...............
Sugar,
700,000,000 “
“
foreign import, at H cents per lb.,
Molasses, 30,000,000 galls.
“
at 4 cents per gall, duty,.............

$9,000,000
4,500,000
10,500,000
1,200,000

Present sugar and molasses duty, one-lialf the above,...............................

$25,200,000
5,850,000
$19,350,000

I f my data and reasoning are nearly correct, therefore, about $20,000,000
additional revenue can be easily raised upon these four articles, and at a
cost to the country of about two-thirds that amount, the balance beingpaid by the cheaper cost in producing countries. I should have remarked,
that the duty on sugar in England is 12s. to 13s. per cwt. on brown and
yellow sugars, or nearly double the rate o f 1^- cents per lb. fixed upon
above.
This mode of raising money by duties is certainly not only a great
saving to the country, compared with direct taxation, which is attended
with additional expense in the collection, and objectionable on many
accounts, but is especially free from the annoyance and irritation often
to individuals, growing out of direct taxation. Yet, as nearly all con
sume these articles, and more or less according to their means, the
amount to each is very small, and equitably distributed.
G.




Foreign Correspondence.

99

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE
OF THE MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE AND COMMERCIAL REVIEW .

L

o n d o n

,

M ay 31st, 1861.

To the Editors o f the Merchants' Magazine:
P u b l i c attention has been intensely directed, during this month, to the
straggle unfortunately pending in the United States; and the action o f the
executive towards either party has been closely watched lest any disagree
ment might occur on any point. And well may it be so, when we con
sider how important are the relations of commerce with the United
States; how dependent are our manufacturers on the supply o f cotton,
the first of our raw materials, and how extensive is the American market
for British manufactures. The proclamation issued by the British gov
ernment warning British subjects from taking any part, or receiving any
commission from either party, the same being illegal under the Foreign
Enlistment Act, has been commented upon, as it seems to acknowledge
the belligerent right o f the Confederate States to issue letters o f marque.
But it is scarcely liable to such a construction. It is quite certain that
by international law the State alone has power to commission national
vessels to assist in carrying on the war; and that unless the privateer as
sumes for the time a national character, it must be considered as a pirate.
Are the Confederate States to be considered as sovereign States or as
rebel provinces ? It is certainly premature for the British government to
express an opinion on the subject, though it has been the policy o f this
government to recognise any new arrangement as a matter of fact; on the
reasons o f which it has no business to enter. It is much to be regretted
that the United States government did not concur in the declaration of
the European powers at the Congress o f Paris, in 1856, respecting pri
vateering, though the demand that private property at sea should be
respected in war was most just and proper.
The British legislature has been for a considerable time engaged in
discussing the Budget, and more especially the policy o f abolishing the
paper duty. The debate was long and vigorous, but a majority o f fifteen
saved the government, and the measure is safe. W e need not expect
this year any untoward stoppages in the House o f Lords. Although their
right to consider, accept, reject or alter all bills, whether financial or other
wise, is incontestable, and they were glad to exercise such right last year,
when the condition o f public finances really justified their interposition
against the abandonment o f a large sum o f revenue, there is nothing
this year that will in the least countenance such a course, and the bill
will pass safely. I send you the bill as it now stands before the House.
The bankruptcy bill, however, which has been remitted to a committee
of the House of Lords, has undergone a searching scrutiny, and many
o f the most important clauses have been struck out. The bill has just
been laid before the House, as amended, but is not yet printed to en-




100

Foreign Correspondence.

able me to send it to you. W hat may be the fate o f the measure it is
difficult to say. The Chambers of Commerce and all public bodies were
quite satisfied with it as it was, at least in its main features, and it will
depend on the nature o f the changes made in it whether it will pass or
not this session.
The trade marks bill has passed the House o f Lords and is now be
fore the House o f Commons. Considerable opposition has, however, been
raised to it, principally by those who are in the habit o f using the trade
marks of other manufacturers to give currency to their own goods. That
such a practice must be stopped by making it criminal, is quite clear; and
I sincerely hope the government may be strong enough to pass it.
I send you this day several public documents of interest, such as the
Statistical Abstract for the United Kingdom, a paper full of commercial
information of great value; the correspondence with the United States
government respecting the blockade, and the reports on the conveyance
of mail between Galway and America. From the last of these docu
ments it appears that the Galway contract is to terminate, but Viscount
Palmerston stated in Parliament that the British government are not
■unwilling to encourage the most direct communication between the
United Kingdom and America, but any proposal must be founded on
open competition.
I send you also a return on the consumption o f tea, showing the won
derful increase in the quantity consumed. The committee on the income
and property taxes is still sitting. The bill on copyright in works of art
has been remitted to a committee. There is a bill before the House of
Commons to introduce into Ireland the same summary procedure on bills
o f exchange as it now exists in England and Wales.
Y ou will have observed that the value of the exports o f British pro
duce and manufacture to the United States in the quarter ending 31st
March, 1861, was £4,147,019, against £5,886,357 in the similar period
in 1860, and £6,271,993 in 1859. A division is now made in the Board
o f Trade accounts in our exports to the United States, v iz .: ports on the
Atlantic, northern ; ports on the Atlantic, southern ; ports on the Pacific.
The total exports in the four months ending 30th April, 1861, amounted
to £38,574,462, against £41,834,347 in the similar period in 1860, and
£41,851,524 in 1859.
Among the important combinations lately formed to promote the im
port of cotton from other countries into England, the following will show
that secession has defeated its own object, i. e., the supremacy o f Southern
commerce.
1. The British Cotton Company, Manchester. 2. The Manchester Cotton
Company, Manchester; capital $5,000,000 ; chairman, Thomas B arzley,
Esq., M. P. from Manchester. Sphere o f operations, India and Australia,
&e. 3. The East India Company; capital $1,250,000, London. 4. The
Jamaica Cotton Company, London; capital $100,000; chairman, Samuel
Gurnet, Esq., M. P. 5. The Coventry Cotton Company, Coventry;
capital $250,000.
These are among the first results o f the alarm now felt as to the cotton
supply in England. There are, in addition to these, two societies with
wide reach, which will soon tell powerfully upon the question. One is
the Cotton Supply Association, of Manchester, which is now actually
stimulating cotton production in India, Australia, Africa, the W est Indies




Foreign Correspondence.

101

and other tropical regions. The other is the African A id Society, of
London, formed to aid American free blacks to emigrate to Africa and
the West Indies, where they may engage in the cotton culture. Its object
is nearly identical with that o f the Colonization Societies, superadding
the idea of-cotton culture as an immediate work for the free blacks. The
chairman is Lord A lfred S. Churchill, M. P., and its officers compris
ing Lord Caltliorpe, the Bishop o f Sierra Leone, Lord R ollo, Hon. W .
A shley, Admiral Seymour, Sir C. E ardley and many other distin
guished men.
It has formed branches in Glasgow, Manchester, Birmingham and other
towns, and bids fair to greatly aid in ameliorating the condition o f the
negro race. The friends of that cause embrace many of the leading
minds in Great Britain. The determination is to deliver England from
dependence upon the South. African cotton can he delivered at Liverpool
for 4^d., which is much cheaper than American, and o f an average quality.
Let the merchants connected with the Southern trade not forget these
facts. In any event of this war, secession has opened the eyes o f the
British, and the South has lost the monopoly of the cotton trade.
Lord John Russell has officially requested the British consuls to stimu
late cotton culture throughout the British tropical dominions.
Soon after Mr. Charles F. A dams, the new American Minister, landed
at Liverpool, in May, he was waited upon by the Mayor and by a deputa
tion from the American Chamber of Commerce, who presented to him
an address.
In reply his Excellency said: Mr. President and Gentlemen of the
American Chamber o f Commerce: I heartily accept of your cordial
greeting on my arrival in this great city. It is now more than forty years
since I left these shores. I -was then a hoy, and now I am past the age
o f middle life ; but the interval o f time has produced far greater changes
in the relations between the country I now represent and the kingdom of
Great Britain than any I can trace relatively in myself. As I watched
the progress o f discharging the letter bags from the steamer in which I
have just made my passage, and reflected how often the same process is
now repeated by means of such admirable nautical despatch, I felt in its full
force the ever-increasing magnitude o f the commercial relations between
the two countries, and the importance o f aiding, by every practical method,
in developing them to their fullest extent. The progress of your city,
gentlemen, manifests the great expansion of the same ideas. Long may
it continue, by cultivating the arts o f peace, to present the strongest in
ducements to the preservation of harmony between the nations. I come
here desirous only to develop the fraternal relations to which you have
been pleased to allude in your address to me. Such I believe to be the
wish of the government o f the United States, which has sent me, as well
as o f a very large portion o f the people, irrespective o f any personal
differences that may now unhappily prevail among them. Permit me
here to concur with you in the hope and the trust, that time and trial will
bring round a better state of feeling there, so that we may all once more
unite and co-operate in the blessed work of promoting the prosperity of
the civilized world. Not doubting that this would be joyfully hailed
by you in your respective useful vocations on this side, I can only pledge
to you all my individual efforts to contribute to the same result.




102

Journal o f Agriculture.

J O U R N A L OF A G R I C U L T U R E .

COTTON FLAX OR FIBRILIA.

The objects sought to be attained in producing fibrilia are to bring out
a practical substitute for cotton, which may be grown in the northern
States, and which will have a tendency to connect and equalize the agri
cultural with the mechanical and commercial interests of the North.
The principal causes o f failure in times past, in bringing forward flax
as a cheaper article o f manufacture suited to practical and universal use,
have been, first— the great labor to the agriculturist in order to main
tain a clean and even straw in bundles suitable for breaking. This could
only be done by pulling and threshing by hand, and in the process of
rotting the flax.
The production o f flax for making flax cotton or fibrilia, as well as the
manufacture o f it into cloth, is conducted upon a much more practical
and economical scale. The flax or straw may be cut by a scythe, a
mowing machine, or cradled. The seed may be threshed out by any or
dinary threshing machine. The rotting process is dispensed with alto
gether. There are flax mills now in use for breaking and cleaning the
straw, which are capable o f dressing from two to five tons per day, and
even going as high as ten tons in ten hours. The dressing o f flax is
entirely different from the old method, as well as the manufacture of it
into cloth. Machines have been perfected for dressing and preparing flax
to be carded and spun on cotton machinery. The foundation is laid, and
it is with us, the American people, to exhibit its permanent and practical
value to the world.
If any one of your readers will give his name and post-office address,
I shall be happy to render him such information as I may be in possession
o f in connection with this subject.
Charles B each.
P enn Y an, Y ates C o ., N. Y., 1861.
In connection with the foregoing, we received a circular stating that
in 1848 Mr. B each, together with his father and brother, invented and
applied for, and took out letters patent for a machine to dress and prepare
flax to be spun on cotton machinery. Mr. B each constructed a fullsized working machine, with which he dressed ten tons o f straw, produc
ing five tons of flax cotton daily, with the aid of one man, and that the
lint was in perfect condition. He has waited twelve years for a market
for this lint, and would now be glad to know what is its market value,
unbleached. Mr. B each is confident that if a demand will spring up,
making the manufacture as profitable as any other branch o f agriculture,
the want will be met fully and promptly.— E ds.— Rural New-Yorker.




Journal o f Life Insurance.

103

J O U R N A L OF L I F E I N S U R A N C E .

WAR RISKS OF LIFE INSURANCE— LETTER FROM ELIZUR WRIGHT.

Elizur W right, Secretary o f the Massachusetts Board o f Insurance
Commissioners, having been applied to for information concerning war
risks in life insurance policies, makes the following reply.

Office of the Massachusetts I nsurance Commissioners,
Boston, A pril 21, 1861.
My Dear S ir: My opinion, not mathematically a very positive one,
as to the proper rate to be charged on northern lives for permission to
engage in the military service o f the government in the present emer
gency, was formed some time ago, after a careful consideration of the
facts then within my reach, and thus far I have seen no reason to
change it.
The military statistics which we have, assuming their accuracy,
throw but a feeble and flickering light on the question o f military
risks. Taking modern wars o f first rate European powers along with
our own military experience, the extra mortality varies all the way from 0
up to 20 per cent, per annum on the mean force. This extra mortality
may he divided into three parts :
First.— The enhancement o f ordinary diseases, which varies accord
ing to circumstances of commissariat, medical arrangements, climate, fa
tigue of marches, &c., &c.
Second.— Deaths from casualties in action; the ratio o f these to the
forces engaged in the service has varied greatly, but not so much as that
o f the deaths by disease, and it is not nearly so large. In many very
important wars it has been less than one per cent.
Third.— The mortality which shows itself after the war, from disease
or vicious habits contracted in the service. As to the amount o f this,
we are left almost entirely to conjecture. It must be considerable for the
mass, but would probably not be large for such lives as in times of peace
resort to life insurance, and could be guarded against in some measure
as to lives seeking insurance now by judicious selection. Men o f char
acter may undergo great hardships with even a beneficial effect on their
vitality.
Allowing to blind fortune its full share in the government of mili
tary matters, it is obvious enough that the ratio o f mortality in past
wars has depended greatly on the palpable circumstances belonging to
each, and that in predicting that which will rule in the present war we
must carefully consider the relative position, strength and means of the
parties. This war has really no precedent in the history of the world,
either among foreign, civil or servile wars.




104

Journal o f Life Insurance.

A government cordially supported by eighteen millions o f people,
possessed o f ample means, inspired with a common enthusiasm, is called
on to suppress a rebellion got up, amidst a population o f ten millions,
more than one-third o f whom are slaves, by a small minority of the free
population, and entirely in their interest. The country controlled by the
conspirators has no navy, small manufactures, little available 'wealth at
home, and no credit abroad. It appears to me, that while the war may
cost the insurgents much blood, the government must be sadly deficient
in both statesmanship and generalship, if it does not conquer a perma
nent peace at a very moderate cost of life on its part. Whatever preju
dices or predilections may be entertained at the North, a military neces
sity now dictates that property in slaves, the cause o f rebellion, must he
sacrificed for the salvation o f the country. Such sacrifice involves noth
ing barbarous, wasteful o f life, or beyond the constitutional power of the
government at such an emergency.
It will necessarily take place by throwing upon southern soil at two
or three commanding points sufficient force to ensure the protection of
life, liberty and all other species of property to all the population who
will stand by their allegiance to the government, or return to it. The
peculiar institution o f the South renders it impossible for its extempo
rized government to concentrate a force sufficient to parry a blow o f this
sort, and it must necessarily make the best terms it can— among which
will doubtless bo a stipulation for the extinguishment of that claim of
property in man which caused the war.
The Montgomery government, even if it had full time to organize,
consolidate and avail itself o f all its possible resources, would only be
strong for aggressive war on a weak people. If the British government,
at the time o f our revolution, had had no slaves o f its own and only the
slave States to subdue, I think the forces it landed on southern soil would
have done the work without suffering an extra mortality of more than
one per cent. And while our government can have two hundred thou
sand troops for the arming, I do not believe it need sacrifice one per cent,
of its army, or more than the time between this and July 4th, to end the
question and seal the perpetuity o f the Union.
There has been great danger that the conspiracy would gain some
important advantage over our government while it was in a disorganized
state; but that is passed. Now, I can liken the war only to that be
tween the enraged bull and the locomotive. The natural brute is sure
to get the worst of it, while, with caution and a cow-catcher, the artificial
will convert its antagonist into harmless beef with no material damage to
itself.
From all these considerations I am inclined to think the chances are
in favor of the companies not losing by granting military permits at two
per cent. But their position is so strong that I think they can shoulder
some loss, and their constituents would cheerfully justify them in doing
it. True prudence seems to be just now in over-doing rather than under
doing. The flag must be sustained, or our institutions sink into a com
mon ruin.
Yours truly,




Elizur W right.

105

Commercial Chronicle and Review.

C O M M E R C I A L C H R O N I C L E AND R E V I E W .
T he month o f June has been marked with extreme dullness in com
mercial circles. The failures among dry goods firms, grocers, in the
leather trade, hardware trade, &c., within the two months past have been
numerous and heavy. The entire cessation of remittances from the se
ceding States, on account of indebtedness to New-York and other cities,
has forced numerous houses, which were previously considered substan
tial, to suspend payment. Activity has prevailed among those articles
in demand for war purposes. Fire-arms, ammunition, ready-made cloth
ing, blankets, heavy shoes, and a few other articles in immediate use for
the troops, command good prices and find ready sale. The entries of
foreign goods for consumption in May, 1861, were less than one-fifth of
May, 1859. W e annex the summary for four years:
V alue of I mports at N e w -Y ork from F oreign P orts for tiie month of M ay .
1858.

1 85 9.

186 0.

'

1861.

Dutiable for consump., $6,574,612 . . $ 15,222,311 ..$10,515,411 . . $2,889,588
Foreign, free,...............
1,928,573 . .
3,462,285 . .
1 ,845,020..
2,730,568
Entered for warehouse,
2,626,978 . .
4 ,7 4 6 ,6 1 4 ..
4 ,4 3 6 ,6 0 0 ..
5,842,313
Specie and bullion,. . .
324,540 . .
122,436 . .
96,060 . .
3,486,812
Total imports,.......... $ 11,454,703 . . $ 23,552,646 . . $ 16,893,091 . . $ 14,949,281
Withdrawn,..............
2,665,573 . .
1,628,434 . .
2,475,067 . .
1,606,864
Total,.........................$ 14,120,276 . . $ 25,181,080 . . $ 19,368,158 . . $ 16,556,145

Those for May do not vary in their characteristics from those of each
month since October last. An importation o f specie largely exceeding
the export— in fact, reversing the usual course; a large exportation o f
domestic products, double in value the corresponding month of the two
previous years; a diminished importation, of which a large proportion is
allowed to remain in bond, in the absence o f a market— these are the
distinguishing features which have prevailed for seven months. The
prospects of a revenue under the present tariff, while Treasury notes are
received for duties, are by no means flattering. The revenue for May was
lower than for any month since October, 1857, when it was reduced by
the panic. The following statement gives the totals for the eleven months
o f the fiscal year :
E xports , E xclusive of S pecie , from N ew -Y ork to F oreign P orts for eleven
MONTHS, ENDING W IT H M AY.

1858.

Six months,.................. $ 34,702,441 . . $
January,.......................
4 ,6 8 9 ,7 3 9 ..
February,.....................
4,1 73 ,5 7 7 ..
March,...........................
5,180,860 . .
A p r il,...........................
6,099,926 . .
M a y ,.............................
4,606,578 . .

1859.

1860.

27,994,834 . . $ 36,371,058 . . $
4 ,1 1 4 ,0 0 8 ..
6 ,022,462..
3,7 35 ,6 3 3 ..
6 ,675,870..
5,876,001 . .
8,128,754 . .
6,774,699 . .
7,375,913 . .
5,914,750 . .
6,370,381 . .

1861.

59,924,431
11,143,843
10,804,307
11,529,592
9,697,005
11,603,698

Total,.........................$ 59,453,121 . . $ 54,409,925 . . $ 70,944,438 . .$114,702,876
Specie for same time,. 33,727,897 . . 39,342,463 . . 4 9 ,26 5 ,5 6 6 .. 23,616,615
Total exports,...........$93,181,108 ..$93,752,388 ..$120,200,004 ..$138,319,491




106

Commercial Chronicle and Review.

The exports of domestic produce for the month o f May are largely in
excess o f those of last year, and also exceeding those of any month of the
current year. W e annex details for four years :
V

alve

of

E xports from N ew -Y ork to F oreign P orts for the M onth

of

M at ,

1858— 1861.
1858.

1859.

1 86 0.

1861.

Domestic prod u ce,___ $4,262,789 . . $5,180,652 . . $5,812,190 .. $10,855,709
Foreign mdse., dutiable,
229,990. .
426,002 . .
248,270 ..
567,872
do.
free, . . .
113,799. .
308,096 . .
309,921 . .
180,114
Total merchandise,. .
Specie and bullion........

$4,606,578 . . $ 5,914,750 . . $6,370,381 .. $ 11,603,695
1,790,275.. 11,421,032 . .
5 ,529,936..
128,900

Total exports,........... $ 6,396,853 ..$17,335,782 ..$11,900,317 .. $11,732,595

The imports for the fiscal year are nominally large, but in reality small.
The importations warehoused form a large part o f the whole. The fol
lowing is a summary for four years :
F oreign I mports at N e w -Y ork for E leven M onths, ending M ay 31.
1858.

1859.

Six months,___ $ 109,688,702 . .
January,............
8,105,719 . .
February,..........
9,209,043 . .
March................
11,729,702..
A p r il,...............
11,169,025 . .
M a y ,.................
11,454,703 . .

1860.

1861.

$ 91,082,433. . $ 116,000,642. . $
19,447,962 . .
21,756,273 . .
18,848,370 . .
19,356,379 . .
20,820,456..
23,580,126..
22,425,629 . .
16,971,358 . .
23,552,646 . .
16,893,151 . .

120,542,384
26,827,411
16,341,707
18,204,351
14,886,393
14,949,281

Total 11 mos., $ 161,356,894 . . $ 196,177,486 . . $ 214,557,929 . . $ 211,751,527

The cash duties received at the port were, for the first six months of
the fiscal year, higher than last year or the previous one, and are second
only to the large revenues o f 1857. For the month o f April the duties
were only one-half the average per month; and for May were less than
one-third.
Cash D uties received at N e w -Y ork.
1859.

1861.

1 86 0.

Six months, ending Jan. 1, $ 15,387,618 49 . . $ 19,322,060 96 . . $17,637,802 21
2,059,202 33
In January,.........................
3,899,166 17 .
3,478,471 38 .
2,528,736 83
February,...........................
3,328,688 93 .
3,378,043 28 .
March,.................................
2,489,926 25
3,164,011 25 .
3,477,545 74 .
A p r i l ,..................................
1,643,261 99
3,212,060 49 .
2,444,267 96 .
979,145 00
M a y ,....................................
3,014,520 39 .
2,466,462 76 .
Total eleven months, . . .

$31,585,370 93 . . $34,987,546 87 . . $ 27,338,074 61

It is thought that an additional revenue o f twenty-five millions can be
secured by duty on four articles, v iz .:
C offee,............................
Tea, ...............................
Foreign su gar,.............. . . .
M o la sse s,......................

.
30,000,000
700,000,000

(t
H

5 cents,
15 “
2 “
4

..

$ 9,000,000
4,500,000
14,000,000
1,200,000

The duties levied on tea from 1816 to 1832 were as follows
1816.

Im perial, per lb...........
Gunpowder, “
....
H yson,
“
....
Ily so n Skin, “
____
Souchong,
“
....

Bohea,

“




___

50 cents.............
50
“
____
____
40
“
28
“
____
25
“
____
12
“
____

1828.

1824.

50 cents.
50
“
40
“
28
“
25
“
12
“

....

50 cents.
50
“
40
“
28
“
25 “
12
“

1832.

____
....
____
....
____
....

Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.
Free.

Free.

Commercial Chronicle and Review.

107

The loans required for the general government form a prominent topic
of discourse among merchants in this city. The present market rates for
the five and six per cents are lower than for many years. The lowest
price in the month o f May for the six per cents of 1868 was 80 ; and
the highest, 95. For the five per cents, the range was 75^ @ 79. Some
modifications of the tariff will be necessary in view o f the urgent wants
of the treasury. Tea, coffee and sugar will probably be taxed. The highest
duty yet levied upon coffee was five cents per pound, and on sugar also
five cents per pound. On tea the duty has reached fifty cents per pound.
Besides the proposed and probable loans to the general government,
the States are in the market for several loans, v iz .:
$ 3,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
400,000

Pennsylvania State five per cent, loan, taken,.................
Indiana State six per cent, loan, June 2 2 ,.......................
Illinois State six per cent, loan, June 25...........................
Michigan State seven per cent, loan, repayable 1886,...
Iowa State seven per cent, loan, repayable 1881,............

The exports o f breadstuff's to Europe continue large. W e annex a
summary of the export to Great Britain and Ireland, from September
1, 1860:
F rom

Bbls. Flour.

To

Hew-York,
New-Orleans,
Philadelphia,
Baltimore,
Boston,
Other ports,

June 14, 1861,
May 31, “
June 6, ti
“
6, “
“
7, ((
May 31, ((

Bbls. C. Meal.

1,401,946
179,427
164,562
126,013
82,117
118,426

..

Total,................
2,072,501
To about same period, 1860,
321,392
1859,
85,813
a
a
1858, 1,027,899

..

To the

2,532
996

..
..

48
106

..
..

3,682
522
58
140

..
..
..
..

Bush. Corn.

Bush. Wheat.

15,217,625 . . 5,951,478
66,767 . . 1,464,267
1,214,474
641,709
937,670
831,007
13,032
14,100
2,104,026
15,451
19,553,594
1,335,056
415,800
5,053,324

.
.

8,918,012
1,601,131
332,714
3,165,533

.

Bbls. Flour. Bush Wheat. Bush. Corn. Bush. Bye.

Continent.

From New*York, to June 4, 1861,..
From other ports, to latest dates,. . .

43,363 .
7,792 .

1,077,626 . . 41,023
9,073 . . 3,042

. . 70,861
................

From the monthly circular o f Messrs. Sawyer, W allace & Co., o f
New-York, we extract the following summary o f current prices o f
tobacco, compared with previous years :
T obacco.

1861.

1860.

Planters’ lugs,.................. 4 © 5* . . 4
Common to medium leaf, 6 @ 9 . . 5
Good to fine leaf,............. 9 @ 11
9
Choice selections,............ 1 1 @ 1 3 . . 10*
M onthly Statement

of

•• 5*
. . 6J
.. 9
. . 11*

Stock

T obacco.

Ky. & Mo.

of

@
@
@
@

6
8*
11
12*

Va. & N. C.

Ohio.

4

..

994
223
69
1,148

On hand, May 1st, 1 8 6 1 ,....
Received since,........................
Delivered since,.......................
On hand, June 1st, 1 861,.__

13,709
3,381
2,733
14,357

Stock in
“ in
“ in
“ in
“ in
“ in

Liverpool, June 1 ,..
London, May 1 , . . . .
Bremen, May 1 , . . . .
N. Orleans, May 25,
Baltimore, May 25,..
New-York, June 1,...

17,140
18,913
8,856
17,937
12,728
15,508

..
..
..
..
..
..

11,563
17,311
7,853
29,725
18,092
10,869

..
..

Hogsheads,...............

91,082

..

95,413

..

1861.




1858.

1859.

@ 4*
@ 8*
@10
@ 12

..7
.. 8
. . 104
. . 12

Total Hhds.

4,707
3,604
2,803
15,508

1
3
1859.

1860.

..
..

10,715
12,503
2,655
26,481
24,521
8,260

@ 7*
@ 10
@ 12
@ 13

1858.

..
..
..
..
..
..

6,937
8,462
3,793
35,748
11,502
6,034

85,135 . .

72,476

108

The Book Trade.

T H E BOOK T R A D E .
1. Commentaries upon International Law. B y R obert P hillmore , M. P., of the
College o f Advocates and of the Middle Temple. Author of “ The Law of Domi
cil.” 3 vols. 8vo. T. & J. W . J ohnson, Philadelphia.
The subject of International Law has assumed fresh importance in the present
year, in consequence of the new complications arising from the attempted secession
of the Southern States. The foreign relations of the country are seriously disturbed
b y the temporary and forcible obstruction of the laws of the general government at
the South. The law of blockade, at all times, is one of the most interesting ques
tions which affect the intercourse of maritime nations with each other. It is of
peculiar importance at this moment, because it affects the foreign and domestic trade
of the United States, and threatens to disturb the harmony hitherto existing between
this government and European nations. The question of blockade, and the position
assumed by the executive in our commercial intercourse with foreign countries,
have given rise to animated debates in the British Parliament. Hence the fresh in
terest felt in works on International Law.
W e have had for some years the elaborate works of Chancellor K ent on American
Law ; Mr. H enry W heaton’ s reliable Treatise on International L a w ; M c D aniel
G ardner’ s Elements of American L a w ; the valuable Commentaries on International
Law by President W oolsey, of Yale College— all of which claim a place in the
public and private libraries of the country. The Commentaries by Mr. P hillimore
cover more ground than either of the works named, in reference to the ancient and
modern law of international intercourse, rights and obligations. The author is
known to scholars as a member of the College of Advocates, and also of the Middle
Temple, London; and as the author of a treatise on the Law of Domicil, lie says,
very truly, that international jurisprudence has received, since the civilization of
mankind, and especially since the introduction of Christianity, continued culture and
improvement; “ and it has slowly acquired, in great measure and on many subjects,
the certainty and precision of positive law.” The value of Mr. P hillimore’ s work
is enhanced by a prefatory chapter on the state of International Law before the
Christian E ra ; the Era of G rotius ; from the Peace of Westphalia, 1648, to the
Treaty of Utrecht, 1713; the interval thence to the Treaty of Paris, 1763; thence
to the French revolution, 1789; and again, up to the middle of the present century,
with an elaborate history of international jurisprudence in England.
He gives a critical review of the writings on international law of Z oucii, S towell ,
V alin , D omat, P othier, V attel, G rotius, B ynkersiioek, P uffendorf, II eineccius,
L eibnitz , W olff, S tory , W heaton and K ent .

The leading chapters of the work are devoted to— 1. Foundations of International
Jurisprudence. II. Sources of International Law. III. Consent of Nations. IV.
Subjects of International Law. V. Objects of International Law. VI. Rights of
Independence and Equality. VII. Central America. VIII. Self-Preservation. IX .
Free Development of National Resources b y Commerce. X . Slaves and Slave
Trade. X I. Jurisdiction, Pirates, Extradition. X II. Principle of Intervention,
Reprisals, Embargo, War, Neutrals, Colonial and Coasting Trade, Blockade, Contra
band, Right of Search, Right of Capture, Tribunals of Prize.
The appendix to the w'ork is very full of documents relating to England, France
and Spain, Spanish American Provinces, branches of foreign municipal law, inter
pretation of treaties, right of sovereigns, embassies, consuls. In fact, no public
library, no professional library, would be complete without this elaborate and thor
ough work of Mr. P hillimore. The references to American decisions and cases add
to its high value.
2, General Index to the English Common Law Reports. Second Edition. 2 vols.
By G eorge W. B iddle and R ichard C. M cM urtrie. Philadelphia: T. & J. W.
J ohnson & Co., Publishers.
W e are much pleased to see a second edition of this valuable work. The large
number of volumes of the American reprint of the “ English Common Law Reports,”




The Book Trade.

109

issued since the former edition of the Digest, have rendered these volumes extreme
ly necessary. To every one a collection of decisions must be almost a sealed book
for all practical purposes, until its pages are opened b y means of a carefully pre
pared index of the points decided. This Digest thus opens to us, and furnishes the
means of using, to advantage, the amount of learning contained in these Common
Law Reports. We take especial pleasure, therefore, in calling attention to the work,
believing this series of reports to be of the greatest value to all who would clearly
understand the principles upon which all our laws are based. Even on points
where our statutes have changed the common law, it is necessary for us to study
English decisions, so that we may know the supposed evil the statute was intended
to remedy ; for only thus can we appreciate fully the object and effect of the statute.
3. Annual o f Scientific Discovery ; or, Year Book o f Facts in Science and Art, fo r
1861, exhibiting the most important Discoveries and Improvements in Mechanics,
Useful Arts, Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology, Zoology, Botany,
Mineralogy, Meteorology, Geography, Antiquities, dec. Together with Notes on the
Progress o f Science during the year 1860 ; a list o f recent Scientific Publications ;
Obituaries o f Eminent Scientific Men, dec. Edited b y D avid A. W ells, A. M.
1 vol. 12mo. pp. 424. Boston : G ould <fc L incoln.
This is the twelfth successive issue of this Annual, each edited by Mr. W ells, and
each published by Messrs. G ould & L incoln. The continued improvement and en
largement of the work from year to year is evidently owing to that increased circu
lation to which it is every way entitled; and the prosperous result of the enterprise
reflects credit upon the ability and sagacity of both author and publishers. This
issue is embellished with a portrait of A ugustus A. G ould, and presents a complete
compend of the progress of science during the past year. The style and arrange
ment of this work are excellent, inviting the business man, as well as student, to an
examination and perusal of its pages. The articles are generally short, pithy, re
lieved of unnecessary technical terms. The divisions of subjects are proportionate ;
and there is a full index, which is too often omitted from such publications.
4. A History o f the Destruction o f Ilis Britannic Majesty's Schooner Gaspee, on Narragansett Bay, on the 10th June, 1772; accompanied by the Correspondence con
nected therewith ; the Action o f the General Assembly o f Rhode Island thereon, and
the Official Journal o f the Proceedings o f the Commission o f Inquiry, appointed by
King G eorge the Third on the same. By J ohn R ussell B artlett, Secretary of
State. 1861. Imp. 8vo. pp. 140. Providence: A. Crawford G reene, Printer
to the State.
5. The Works o f F rancis B acon, Baron o f Vendam, Viscount St. Albans, arid Lord
High Chancellor o f England.
Collected and edited by J ames S pedding, M. A.,
Trinity College, Cambridge, R obert L eslie E llis, M. A., late Fellow of Trinity
College, Cambridge, and D ouglas D enon H eath , Barrister at Law, late Fellow
of Trinity College, Cambridge. Yol. 15; being Yol. 5 of the Literary and Pro
fessional Works. 12mo. pp. 449. B rown & T aggard.
6. Quarterly Reviews. Messrs. L eonard, S cott & Co. have promptly republished
the British Quarterly Reviews for April, 1861.
The Edinburgh Review, No. 230. Contents.— I. D ixon ’ s Personal History of
Lord B acon. II. The Republic of Andorre. III. Political Diaries— Lord A uckland
and Lord C olchester. IV. Eton College. Y . Remains of A lexis de T ocqueville.
VI. Essays and Reviews.
VII. Autobiography and Letters of Mrs. P iozzi.
VIII. Fables. IX . F orbes’ Iceland. X . Election of President L incoln, and its con
sequences.
7. The Semi-Attached Couple. B y the Author of “ The Semi-Detached House.”
1 vol. 12mo. Boston: T. O. II. P. B urnham.
One of the best novels we have had for a year. “ The Semi-Detached House” was
an excellent one, but this is better. The new volume has many characteristics which
particularly commend it. Among others it is a scholarly work as regards style and
composition; another, it is intensely interesting, without being sensational or im
probable ; a third, the author’s descriptions of English high life are evidently from
actual experience and not romantic imagination; and finally, the characters are
drawn with the hand of a master, the descriptions in many instances being a keen




The Book Trade.

110

and telling satire upon life, society and people we meet at the present day every
where. As a sketch of English life in the higher classes, it is admirable and correct.
As a work of fiction, it is one which can be read with both profit and pleasure.
8. Considerations on Representative Government.
P arker , S on & B ourn.

9. Ten Weeks in Japan.
man,

G reen, L ongman

B y J ohn S tuart M ill.

B y the Bishop of Victoria, (Hong Kong.)
&

London:

London: L ong

R oberts.

10. Free Trade in Gold; being a reply to the C obden-Chevalier treatise “ On the probable

fa ll in the value o f Gold,” and an Exposition o f the French schemes on the Currency
now maturing. R ichardson & Co., 23 Cornhill, London.
11. History o f the Shoddy Trade. Price Is. Being a lucid statement o f every part o f
that wonderful trade to the present time. B y S. J ubb. London: H oulston &
W right. Manchester: J. II eywood .
12. The Voyage o f the Novara round the World. First volume just ready. The
Circumnavigation o f the World, by the Austrian ship Novara. English edition.
* Containing an unpublished letter from Baron H umboldt. With 400 wood engrav
ings. Dedicated, by special permission, to Sir R oderick M urchison. London:
S aunders, O tley & Co., 50 Conduit-street.
R

ecent

O f f ic ia l R

eports

R

e c e iv e d a t t h e

O f f ic e

of

th e

M

erch an ts’

M

a g a z in e .

Navy Register f o r 1861.
Clerks’ Manual fo r the Regulation o f Business in the Assembly o f the State o f NewYork. B y A. H. S t o u t e n b u r g h .
Copy o f Bills introduced into the Legislature o f New-York, Session o f 1861. B y A. H.
S to utenburgh .

Second Annual Report o f the Trustees o f the Cooper Union fo r the Advancement o f
Science and A rt, 1861.
Annual Report o f the Baltimore Board o f Trade f o r the year 1860-61. B y G e o r g e
U . P o r t e r , Secretary.
Report o f the Secretary o f the Treasury on Commerce and Navigation o f the United
States, f o r the year ending June 30, 1860. B y S a l m o n P. C h a s e , Secretary.

COMMERCE

OF

THE

STATE

OF

NEW-YORK.

Third Annual Report o f the Chamber o f Commerce o f the State o f New- York, fo r the
year 1860-’61. 8vo. pp. 340. Prepared b y the Secretary, Mr. J. Smith H omans.
This volume is filled with statistical materials of value to all who feel an interest
in the commerce of the City and State of Hew-York. The volume opens with the
proceedings of the Chamber for the year 1860, with a list o f members at the close
of the year, and a list of Presidents, Vice-Presidents, Secretaries and Treasurers
from the establishment of the Chamber in 1768 to this date.
Then follow elaborate tables of imports and exports of every article, of the port
of New-York and of the United States. 2. Imports and exports of each State, each
year, 1856— 1860. 3. Real and personal property of the City of New-York, and
population, each year, 1826— 1860. 4. Comparative population of each County in
the State by each census, 1790 to 1860. 5. Commercial treaties of the year with all
nations. 6. The harbors and rivers of the United States. 7. Comparative tariffs of
1842, 1846, 1867, 1861. 8. Annual report on the harbor of New-York.
Annual reports, with copious details, on A shes; Assay Office; Banks, Banking,
Savings Banks ; Boot, Shoe, Hide and Leather Trade; Breadstuffs and Provisions;
California Trade; Canals ; China and Tea T rade; Clearing House ; Coffee Trade ;
Cotton; Currants; D ry G oods; D rugs; Emigration; Fire, Life and Marine Insur
ance; Flour; Freights to Europe, die.; Fruits; Gold and Silver; Hemp and Jute;
Molasses and Sugar ; Naval Stores; Rail-Roads of N ew -York; Rosin; Rice; Salt;
Saltpetre; Tallow; T ar; Tobacco; Wines and Liquors; W ool and other subjects.
*** A few extra copies have been printed beyond those wanted for the use of the
members. These copies can be had at two dollars each.




MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE
AND

COMMERCIAL

REVIEW.

E s ta b lis h e d J u ly , 1 8 3 9 .

EDITED B T
i.

SMITH HOMANS, (SECRETARY OF TIIR CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE 8TATB OF N E W -Y O R K ,)
A N D W IL L IA M B . D A N A , ATTORNEY A T L A W .

VOLUME X L V .

CONTENTS

JULY,

OF

1861.

No.

I.,

NUMBER I.

VOL.

XLV.

ARTICLES.
A rt.

page

I. COTTON AND COTTON M ANUFACTURE.—1. Value of British Cotton Goods in
1860. 2. Progress o f the Cotton Manufacture from 1836 to 1860. 8. Imports o f Cot
ton into Great Britain, 1820-1859, from the United States, Brazil, Mediterranean,
British East Indies, British West Indies, with the annual average prices o f United
States Uplands, Brazil and Surat Cotton. 4. Cotton Trade o f Great Britain at six
decennial periods, and weekly consumption since 1847. 5. Capacity o f the Cotton Bale.
6. Cotton Manufacture o f France. 7. Holland and the Netherlands. 8. Stock o f
Cotton at Liverpool, 1844-1860. 9. The Chief Manufacturing Countries o f Europe
compared with the United States. 10. Labor and Wages in England. 11. Spindles
and Production in New-England,.........................................................................................

1

II. TIIE SOUTHERN HARBORS OF THE UNITED STATES.—The Southern Atlan
tic and Gulf Coast, from Cape Henry to the mouth of the Rio Grande: By an Officer
o f the United States Coast Survey.—1. Albemarle and Pamplico Sound. 2. Beaufort,
N. C. 3. Wilmington, N. C. 4. Georgetown, S. C. 5. Bull’ s Bay. 6. Charleston,
S. C. 7. Beaufort, S. C. 8. Savannah, Ga. 9. Brunswick, Ga. 10. Fernandina,
Fla. 11. St. John’ s, Fla. 12. St. Augustine, Fla. 18. Key West, Fla. 14. Fort
Jefferson, Fla. 15. Tampa Bay. 16. CedarlKeys. 17. St. Mark’ s, Fla. 18. St. George’ s
Sound. 19. Pensacola, Fla. 20. Mobile, Ala. 21. Mouths o f the Mississippi. 22.
Galveston, Texas. 23. Brazos River. 24. Matagorda Bay. 25. Brazos Santiago.
26. Mouth o f the Rio Grande. 27. Espiritu Santo Bay. 28. San Antonio Bay. 29.
Missiofi Bay. 30. Hines B ay,............................................................................................... 17
III. JOU RNAL OF INSURANCE.—1. Marine Statistics o f the United States. 2. An
nual Statements of the Marine Insurance Companies o f New-York. 3. Statement
showing the comparative loss on Vessels and Freight, and on Cargoes, during the
year 1860. 4. Proportion o f each class o f Disasters, 1859 and 1860,............................... 25




Contents o f July N o ., 1861 .

112

S T AT I S T I CS

OF POPULATI ON,

&c.

1. A ggregate Population o f the State and City o f N e w -Y o rk , from 1790 to 1860, w ith the in
crease every five years, and per centage o f increase for each period. 2. Official Census o f
the State o f Illin ois,.........................................................................................................................................

J OURNAL

OF

31

BANKI NG.

D eposits o f each Savings Bank in the State o f N e w -Y o rk , 1857, 185S, 1859, 1860, 1861, and
num ber o f D epositors,.....................................................................................................................................

STATISTICS

OF

TRADE

AND

COMMERCE.

1. N e w -Y o r k Leather Market— Annual Report and Statistics. 2. Im ports o f H ides at the port
o f N ew -Y ork , each month, 1S60. 3. R eview o f the Boot and Shoe Market, and statistics,
year 1860. 4. R eview o f the W ine and Liquor Trade for 1860, w ith im portations o f W ines,
Brandy, Gin, Rum , Champagne, Porter, A le, Cordials, W hiskey, Vinegar, Oils, Plum s and
Prunes, Cherries, Mustard, Sardines, H errings, Anchovies, Sauce, P ickles, Capers, Pre
served Fruit. 5. R eview o f the H em p Market for the year 1860, w ith statistics o f import,
export, consum ption, &c. 6. R eview o f the T o b a cco Market for the year 1860, w ith statis
tics o f production, consum ption, im port, export, prices, &c.; 1849-1860. 7. R eview o f the
Currant Trade for the year 1860, w ith statistics o f imports, prices, &c., 1S51-1S60. 8. Annual
R eview o f the California Trade— Tonnage, imports and exports o f leading articles— export
o f treasure, (1848-1860)— M onthly fluctuations in freights, N e w -Y o rk to San Francisco.
9. Annual R eview o f the D ry G oods Trade o f N e w -Y o rk and the U nited States, w ith statis
tics o f W oollens, Cottons, Silks, F lax, &c., each year, 1849-1860,....................................................

PROGRESS

OF THE CI TY AND STATE

OF

C OMME RC E

AND

BOARDS

OF

OF

NAUTICAL

81

INTELLIGENCE.

N ew Lights Established.—1. Surinam R iver. 2. Turk’ s Island. 3. F ixed R ed Light at K atakolo, (west coast o f the M orea.) 4. A ucanada Island, (cast coast o f M ajorca.) 5. Coruna,
(Spain,).................................................................................................................................................................

COMMERCI AL

77

TRADE.

1. Monthly M eeting o f the N e w -Y o rk Chamber o f Com m erce, June, 1861. 2. M onthly M eet
ing o f the Boston Board o f Trade, June, 1861. 3. Annual M eeting o f the M ontreal Board o f
Trade,...................................................................................................................................................................

JOURNAL

35

OF NE W- Y OR K.

1. Tabular Statement o f the aggregate assessed value o f Real Property in the City o f N ew -Y ork,
each year, 1826-1860.— V alue o f Personal Estate.— A ggregate value o f Real and Personal
Property.— Am ount o f Taxes raised each Y ear.— Population o f the City, according to the
Census, and estim ated Population at the interm ediate periods.— Rate o f T axation to aggre
gate Property.— Population o f U nited States, 1826-1860. 2. Population o f each County o f the
State o f N ew -Y ork , according to each State Census and each United States Census, from 1790
to 1860. 3. T he Progress o f Banking in N e w -Y o rk — Summary Statement, show ing the pro
gress o f Bank Capital, Circulation, Individual D eposits, Loans and Specie o f the Banks o f
the State o f N ew -Y o rk , in the years 1848-1860,......................................................................................

C H A MB E R S

34

91

REGULATIONS.

1. Transportation in B on d to certain ports discontinued. 2. Customs Regulations o f Brazil.
3. Trade o f the Ottoman Em pire. 4. T h e French Fisheries. 5. Trade betw een England and
Japan. 6. Proclam ation o f the British Governm ent in reference to P rivateers,........................

93

CORRESPONDENCE OF THE MERCHANTS’ MAGAZINE.
1. T h e D uty on Coffee.

2. L on don Letter, M ay, 1861,............................................................................

J OUR NA L

97

OF A G R I C U L T U R E .

Cotton Flax or F ib rilia ,...................................................................................................................................... 102

J OURNAL

OF L I F E

I NS URANCE.

W ar Risks of Life Insurance— Letter from E lizur W right, .......................................................... 103

C OMME R C I A L

C HR O NI C L E

AND R E V I E W .

Im ports—Exports—D uties at N e w -Y o rk — D uties on Tea— State Loans,.......................................... 105

THE

BOOK

TRADE.

N otices o f new Publications in the U nited States,.................................................................................... 108
Full text of The Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review : July 1861, Vol. XLV, No. I

FRASER
