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TEXT
Table 1. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1)in wages under current and replaced state and local government
Table 2. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in state and local
Table 3. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under state and local government collective
Table 4. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under state and local government collective
Table 5. Rate changes: Selected characteristics of settlements covering 1,000 workers or more, by duration of
Table 6. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in state and local
Table 7. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in state and local
Table 8. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in state and local government
Table 9. Cost changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in the cost of compensation and components
Table 10. Rate changes: Average changes in wages in state and local government collective bargaining agreements
Table 11. Rate changes: Average changes in wages in state and local government collective
Technical information: USDL: 95-323
Joan Borum (202) 606-6280 For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Media contact: (202) 606-5902 Wednesday, August 23, 1995
MAJOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING SETTLEMENTS IN STATE AND
LOCAL GOVERNMENT, FIRST 6 MONTHS 1995
Major collective bargaining settlements reached in state
and local government during the first half of 1995 provided changes
in wage rates over the contract term that, on average, were lower,
over the contract term than were specified in the agreements they
replaced, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics
reported today. This marked a return to the relationship that
had prevailed from the second half of 1990 through 1993. The
series covers bargaining units with 1,000 workers or more
and was initiated in 1984.
Wage rate changes under settlements
Settlements in the first half of 1995 specified wage rate
changes averaging an increase of 2.0 percent in the first year
of the agreements and 2.3 percent annually over the life of the
contracts. (See table 1.) Corresponding changes in agreements
they replaced (which were negotiated primarily in 1993 or 1994)
were 1.9 and 3.1 percent. (Lump-sum payments and cost-of-living
adjustments are not included in specified wage rate changes.)
During the first 6 months of 1995, 114 settlements,
covering 352,000 state and local government workers, were
concluded. Over their terms, agreements reached during the
first half of 1995 specified wage rate increases for 83 percent
of the workers, no rate change for 13 percent, and a net
decrease for 4 percent. (See table 3.) A majority of workers
with freezes and all workers with decreases were in local
government. This, coupled with smaller average rate increases in
local than in state government, made the average change in
local settlements smaller than in state government--an increase
of 2.2 percent annually over the contract term for local government,
compared with 2.7 percent for state government. Local governments
employed 66 percent (232,000) of state andlocal government
workers under settlements in the first 6 months of 1995.
Settlements in education (primarily for teachers, but also
for administrators and service employees), covering 41 percent
(145,000) of the workers under contracts reached in the first half
of 1995, provided wage rate changes averaging an increase of
2.8 percent a year over the contract term. Settlements in general
administration, covering about 33 percent (117,000) of the
workers under contracts signed during the first 6 months of
1995, provided wage rate changes averaging an increase of 1.5 percent
annually over the contract term.
State and local government settlements negotiated during the
first half of 1995 had an average duration of 25 months, the same
as the agreements they replaced. (See table 5.) About one-third of
workers under settlements in the period were covered by contracts
running for 12 months or less and another one-third had contracts
that were 3 yearsor more in duration.
Compensation cost changes under settlements
The BLS data on negotiated changes in employers' costs for
employee compensation relate to settlements covering 5,000
workers or more. Compensation cost changes include specified
(guaranteed) cash and benefit lump-sum payments and reflect both
the size and timing of compensation rate changes. (Lump-sum
payments and timing are not taken into account in the rate
measure.) See the Explanatory Note for a more detailed description
of the cost series.
In the first 6 months of 1995, settlements covering 5,000
workers or more called for compensation cost changes averaging an
increase of 0.9 percent a year over the life of the contract.
(See table 9.) These settlements applied to 46 percent (161,000) of
the workers under all major settlements in state and local
government during the period. Settlements in state government
(for 91,000 workers) averaged an increase of 1.4 percent, compared
with 0.1 percent under settlements in local government
(for 70,000 workers). The lower rate for local government
workers primarily reflected compensation freezes or cuts for
some fairly large units.
Changes in employer costs for cash payments to workers
(including wages and lump-sum payments) averaged an increase of
0.8 percent a year over the life of the contract, while changes
in wage costs alone averaged an increase of 0.9 percent .
(About 93,000 workers were under settlements that specified lump-sum
payments.) Changes in benefit costs averaged an increase of
1.0 percent a year over the contract term.
Wage rate changes under all major agreements
In addition to data just presented on changes in rates and
costs under settlements, BLS compiled information on wage
rate changes for state and local government workers under all
major agreements in effect during the first 6 months of 1995.
(See tables 10 and 11.)
During the first half of 1995, wage rate changes for the
2.8 million state and local government workers under all major
agreements averaged an increase of 0.5 percent--0.1 percent
from settlements reached in the period and 0.4 percent from
agreements reached earlier. Changes from cost-of-living
adjustments (COLAs) were negligible. About 654,000 workers were
under major contracts that increased wage rates in the first
half of 1995. The increases averaged 2.5 percent. Another
2.1 million workers were under contracts that provided no wage
change. About 14,700 workers had wage decreases.
Wage rate increases during the first half of 1995 stemmed
from one or more of the following: (1) Settlements reached
in 1995 which provided increases in the first half of 1995
averaging 3.8 percent for 120,000 workers; (2) contracts negotiated
before 1995 that specified increases in the first half
of 1995 averaging 2.2 percent for 528,000 workers; and (3) COLA
provisions, which yielded average increases of 0.8 percent for
6,500 workers. (About 134,000 additional workers had COLA
reviews which did not produce a wage change, largely because
movements in the BLS Consumer Price Index were insufficient to
trigger one.)
Second half 1995 bargaining activity
Approximately 459,000 state and local government workers
are under 114 major agreements scheduled to expire or reopen
between June and December 1995. In addition, about 1.4 million
workers are under 301 major contracts that expired or reopened,
but had not been renegotiated or ratified, prior to June
30, 1995. Thus, in total, about 1.9 million state and local
government workers may be involved in bargaining during the second
half of 1995. About 1.1 million are employed by local governments;
and more than one-fourth (537,000) of all workers are in state
and local education.
In the second half of 1995, about 699,000 workers are
slated for wage increases averaging 3.3 percent under provisions
of agreements reached earlier. No workers are scheduled to have
their wage rates reduced. About 7,960 workers are scheduled
for COLA reviews during the period.
EXPLANATORY NOTE ABOUT THE DATA
This release covers major collective bargaining
units--those with 1,000 workers or more--in state and local
government. The collective bargaining units are limited
to those in which: (1) A labor organization is recognized as
the bargaining agent for a group of workers and settlements are
embodied in signed, mutually binding collective bargaining
agreements; and (2) at least wages are determined by collective
bargaining. BLS is aware of 679 such units covering 2.8 million
workers.
Comparisons of major collective bargaining settlements for
state and local governments with those for private industry should
note differences in occupation mix, bargaining practices,
and settlement characteristics. Professional and other white-collar
employees, for example, make up a much larger proportion of the
workers covered by government than by private industry settlements.
Lump-sum payments and cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) clauses,
on the other hand, are less common in government than in private
industry settlements. Also, state and local government
bargaining frequently excludes items, such as pension benefits
and holidays, that are prescribed by law; these items
are typical bargaining issues in private industry.
Wage and compensation changes under settlements
The series on major collective bargaining settlements
estimates how much wage and compensation rates and compensation costs
will change from existing levels as a result of new collective
bargaining agreements reached during specified reference periods.
Compensation rates include: Straight-time pay for time
worked; premium pay for overtime, weekend, holiday, and shift work;
paid leave; life, health, and sickness and accident insurance;
pensionand other retirement plans; severance pay; and legally
required benefits.
Compensation rates exclude lump-sum payments because
they are not part of the ongoing rate structure.
Compensation costs include: The items covered by
compensation rates plus specified cash and benefit lump-sum
payments, which are excluded from rate data.
Wage and compensation rate changes: The rate change for
a settlement is the percent difference between the average rate
just prior to the start of a new agreement and the average
rate that would exist at the end of the first 365 days of the new
agreement (first-year measure) or at its expiration date
(over-the-life measure). (The over-the-life measure is expressed
as an annual average change). The average rate change for all
settlements is calculated by first multiplying the rate change
for each settlement by the number of workers under the settlement.
Next, the resulting products are summed, and the sum is
divided by the total number of workers under all settlements.
The result is the average change for all settlements.
Compensation cost changes: The compensation cost change
for a settlement is the percent difference between the average cost
of compensation per work hour (including the hourly cost of
lump-sum payments made during the term of the expiring agreement)
just prior to the start of a new agreement and the average cost
of compensation per hour under the settlement. The average
cost of compensation under the settlement is calculated in two
steps, as follows: 1) Each hourly compensation rate (excluding
lump-sum payments) is multiplied by the number of hours it is to
be paid during the agreement, the products are summed and the
total is divided by the number of work hours over the agreement
term. The result is the cost per work hour of compensation
excluding specified lump-sum payments. 2) The cost per work hour
of specified lump-sum payments is computed by dividing the
total amount of any cash and benefit lump sums by the total
number of work hours over the agreement term. The sum of the
results of 1) and 2) is the estimated average cost of
compensation per work hour over the term of the agreement.
The percent difference between this amount and average cost
at the end of the expiring agreement is the average cost
change under the settlement.
The average cost change under all settlements is calculated
by multiplying the percent change in cost under each settlement
by the number of workers under the settlement. The results are
summed, and the sum is divided by the total number of workers
under all settlements.
The following example illustrates one of the major
differences between the compensation rate series and the
compensation cost series. Two agreements (A and B) expire.
At expiration, compensation under each agreement is $10 an
hour. The agreements are replaced by new settlements that run
for one year. The settlement replacing agreement A immediately
increases compensation from $10 an hour to $10.50 an hour.
The settlement replacing agreement B leaves compensation unchanged
for the first six months and then increases compensation
from $10 an hour to $10.50 an hour.
The rate series measures the size of each settlement by
calculating the difference between compensation at the expiration
of the old agreement and compensation at the expiration of the
new agreement and computing the percent change. Thus, it measures
each settlement as providing a 5 percent ($.50/$10) compensation
rate increase over the one- year term.
The cost series measures the size of each settlement by
comparing employer costs for compensation under the settlement with
what they were under the expiring agreement just before it was
renegotiated as follows: When each agreement expired, an employee
who worked 2,000 hours over the year would cost the employer
$20,000 (2,000 hours at $10). Under the settlement replacing
agreement A (with the immediate increase), the employer would
pay for 2,000 hours at $10.50 an hour, or $21,000 for the year,
a 5 percent increase over the $20,000. Under the settlement
replacing agreement B (with the delayed increase), the employer
would pay for 1,000 hours at $10 an hour and for 1,000
hours at $10.50 an hour, or $20,500 for the year, a 2.5 percent
increase over the $20,000. Thus, the cost series reflects the
influence of timing of changes during the agreement term which
is not reflected by the rate series.
For a more detailed description of the compensation cost
series and how it compares with the compensation rate series,
see Alvin Bauman, "A New Measure of Compensation Cost Changes,"
Monthly Labor Review, August 1990, pp. 11-18.
Data on changes under settlements exclude potential
increases or decreases that may result from COLA clauses that
are based on future changes in the CPI unknown at the time of
settlement. The data do, however, include "guaranteed"
COLA payments (those specified when the agreement was reached and
scheduled to be implemented later) because they are not tied to
subsequent price movements. Similarly, data on cost changes
exclude contingent lump-sum payments (such as those tied to
future profit levels or productivity increases) but include
lump-sum payments guaranteed by the settlement.
Estimates of changes are based on the assumption that
conditions existing at the time of settlement (e.g., composition
of the labor force or methods of funding pensions) will remain
constant over the life of the contract.
Wage rate changes under all contracts
The series on all major collective bargaining contracts
estimates average wage rate changes during the reference period
under settlements reached during the calendar year as well as
under major agreements reached earlier and remaining in force
during the period.
The average change under all contracts in force during
a period is computed by multiplying the percent change under
each contract by the number of workers covered, adding the products,
and dividing the sum by the total number of workers under all
contracts.
The average rate change reflects net rate increases,
decreases, and zero changes during the reference period. Rate
increases and decreases stem from settlements in the calendar
year that call for increases or decreases during the period,
from agreements reached earlier with increases or decreases
deferred to the period, and from COLA clauses. (Although some
agreements do not incorporate wage increases and decreases
from COLA clauses into base wage rates, such changes are included
in the Bureau's wage rate change measure for all contracts.)
Wage changes under COLA clauses are based on changes in
the Consumer Price Index for a review period designated in the
agreement.
Data for 1995 are preliminary and may be revised if
additional information is obtained. Final data will be available
in the Spring of 1996.
Additional historical information is available from the
Office of Compensation and Working Conditions, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212.
Data on second quarter private industry agreements, which
are collected separately, were released on July 25, 1995.
Information in this release will be made available to
sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:
202-606-7828, TDD phone: 202-606-5897, TDD Message
Referral Phone Number: 1-800-326-2577.
__________________________________
Major state and local government collective bargaining
settlement data for the second half of 1995 and the year ended
December 1995 will be released in February 1996.
Table 1. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1)in wages under current and replaced state and local government
collective bargaining settlements covering 1,000 workers or more, six-and 12-month periods, 1990-first six months
of 1995
(in percent)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | |
| 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995
|_____________|_____________|_____________|_____________|_____________|______
Measure | | | | | | | | | | |
| First|Second| First|Second| First|Second| First|Second| First|Second| First
| half | half | half | half | half | half | half | half | half | half | half
| | | | | | | | | | | (2)
____________________________________|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______
|
| Semi-annual averages
|______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
| | | | | | | | | | |
First year change(3) | | | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements...............| 5.0| 4.8| 2.6| 1.8| 1.4| 0.9| 1.1| 1.2| 2.9| 2.5| 2.0
Replaced settlements..............| 4.6| 5.3| 4.9| 5.0| 4.9| 4.4| 3.4| 2.4| 2.5| 2.0| 1.9
| | | | | | | | | | |
Annual changes over the contract | | | | | | | | | | |
term(4) | | | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements...............| 5.0| 4.9| 2.6| 2.8| 2.5| 1.7| 2.2| 2.0| 3.1| 3.0| 2.3
Replaced settlements..............| 4.4| 5.5| 4.6| 5.2| 4.7| 3.9| 3.5| 2.5| 2.8| 2.8| 3.1
|____________________________________________________________________________
|
| 12 months ended
|______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______
| | | | | | | | | | |
First year change(3) | | | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements...............| 5.1| 4.9| 3.8| 2.3| 1.6| 1.1| 1.0| 1.1| 1.9| 2.7| 2.3
Replaced settlements..............| 5.1| 5.0| 5.1| 4.9| 4.9| 4.6| 3.8| 2.9| 2.4| 2.0| 1.9
| | | | | | | | | | |
Annual changes over the contract | | | | | | | | | | |
term(4) | | | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements...............| 5.2| 5.0| 3.9| 2.8| 2.6| 2.1| 2.0| 2.1| 2.5| 3.0| 2.7
Replaced settlements..............| 5.0| 5.1| 5.1| 4.9| 4.9| 4.3| 3.7| 3.0| 2.5| 2.8| 2.9
____________________________________|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______
1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. Excludes lump-sum payments and potential changes from
COLA clauses.
2 Preliminary.
3 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective
date.
4 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the
contract.
Table 2. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in state and local
government collective bargaining settlements, first six months of 1995 (preliminary)
(in percent)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | |
| | Annual | |
| First-year | change | Number of | Number of
Measure | change(2) | over the | workers | settlements
| | life of the| (000's) |
| |contracts(3)| |
__________________________________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________
| | | |
Wage changes in settlements | | | |
covering 1,000 workers or more: | | | |
| | | |
All state and local government...............| 2.0 | 2.3 | 352 | 114
State government...........................| 2.3 | 2.7 | 120 | 24
Local government...........................| 1.9 | 2.2 | 232 | 90
| | | |
Government function | | | |
General government and administration......| 1.3 | 1.5 | 117 | 24
Education..................................| 2.8 | 2.8 | 145 | 57
Primary and secondary.....................| 2.7 | 2.7 | 128 | 49
Colleges and universities.................| 3.7 | 3.3 | 17 | 8
Protective services........................| 0.9 | 2.1 | 44 | 16
Health services............................| 2.3 | 3.8 | 24 | 7
Other(4)...................................| 2.4 | 2.5 | 22 | 10
| | | |
Compensation changes in settlements | | | |
covering 5,000 workers or more: | | | |
| | | |
All state and local government...............| 1.8 | 2.0 | 161 | 17
State government...........................| 2.0 | 2.4 | 91 | 9
Local government...........................| 1.5 | 1.4 | 70 | 8
| | | |
Government function | | | |
General government and administration......| 1.3 | 1.2 | 80 | 6
Education..................................| 2.6 | 2.5 | 46 | 6
Protective services........................| 0.6 | 2.1 | 17 | 2
Other(5)...................................| 3.0 | 4.0 | 17 | 3
__________________________________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________
1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. All measures exclude any cash or benefit
lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses.
2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract
effective date.
3 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life
of the contract.
4 Includes units in transportation and public utilities.
5 Includes units in health services, transportation, and public utilities.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals.
Table 3. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under state and local government collective
bargaining settlements covering 1,000 workers or more by change(1) in wages, first six months of
1995 (preliminary)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | |
| All | State | Local
| government | government | government
Measure |______________|______________|______________
|
| First-year change(2)
_______________________________________________________|____________________________________________
| | |
Number of workers (in thousands).......................| 352 | 120 | 232
| | |
| | |
Percent of workers | | |
All settlements......................................| 100 | 100 | 100
| | |
No wage change....................................| 33 | 39 | 29
Decreases(3)......................................| 4 | 0 | 6
Increases.........................................| 63 | 61 | 64
Under 3 percent..................................| 18 | 9 | 23
3 and under 4 percent............................| 19 | 17 | 20
4 and under 5 percent............................| 20 | 33 | 13
5 percent and over ..............................| 6 | 2 | 8
| | |
| | |
Changes (in percent): | | |
Mean change..........................................| 2.0 | 2.3 | 1.9
Median change........................................| 2.4 | 3.0 | 2.4
Mean increase.....................................| 3.4 | 3.7 | 3.2
Median increase...................................| 3.1 | 4.0 | 3.0
|____________________________________________
|
| Annual change over
| life of contracts(4)
|____________________________________________
| | |
Number of workers (in thousands).......................| 352 | 120 | 232
| | |
| | |
Percent of workers | | |
All settlements......................................| 100 | 100 | 100
| | |
No wage change....................................| 13 | 15 | 11
Decreases(3)......................................| 4 | 0 | 6
Increases.........................................| 83 | 85 | 82
Under 3 percent................................| 36 | 31 | 38
3 and under 4 percent..........................| 25 | 28 | 23
4 and under 5 percent..........................| 17 | 25 | 13
5 percent and over.............................| 5 | 1 | 7
| | |
| | |
Changes (in percent): | | |
Mean change..........................................| 2.3 | 2.7 | 2.2
Median change........................................| 2.6 | 3.0 | 2.5
Mean increase.....................................| 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.0
Median increase...................................| 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0
_______________________________________________________|______________|______________|______________
1 Mean and median changes include net increases, decreases, and zero change. Mean and median
increases refer to only those settlements with a net increase. Data exclude lump-sum payments and
potential changes from COLA clauses.
2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract
effective date.
3 Distributions are not shown to protect confidentiality.
4 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the
life of the contract.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals.
Table 4. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under state and local government collective
bargaining settlements covering 5,000 workers or more by change(1) in compensation, first six months
of 1995 (preliminary)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
|
Measure | First-year change(2)
_________________________________________________________________|__________________________________
|
|
Total number of workers (in thousands).........................| 161
|
Percent of workers |
|
All settlements................................................| 100
|
No change...................................................| 37
Decreases...................................................| 9
Increases...................................................| 54
Under 2 percent..........................................| 4
2 and under 3 percent....................................| 14
3 and under 4 percent....................................| 15
4 percent and over.......................................| 20
|
Changes (in percent): |
Mean change..................................................| 1.8
Median change................................................| 1.5
Mean increase.............................................| 3.6
Median increase...........................................| 3.6
|__________________________________
|
|
|
| Annual change over
| life of contracts(3)
|__________________________________
|
|
Total number of workers (in thousands).........................| 161
|
Percent of workers |
|
All settlements................................................| 100
|
No change...................................................| 15
Decreases...................................................| 9
Increases...................................................| 75
Under 2 percent..........................................| 22
2 and under 3 percent....................................| 21
3 and under 4 percent....................................| 12
4 percent and over.......................................| 20
|
Changes (in percent): |
Mean change..................................................| 2.0
Median change................................................| 2.3
Mean increase.............................................| 3.1
Median increase...........................................| 2.8
_________________________________________________________________|__________________________________
1 Mean and median changes include net increases, decreases, and zero change. Mean and median
increases refer to only those settlements with a net increase. Data exclude any cash or benefit
lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses.
2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract
effective date.
3 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the
life of the contract.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals.
Table 5. Rate changes: Selected characteristics of settlements covering 1,000 workers or more, by duration of
contract, first six months of 1995
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|
| Contract duration
____________________________________________________________________________
|
| | | | | | |
Measure | | | More than| | More than| |
| All | 12 months| 12 and | 24 months| 24 and | 36 months| More than
| contracts| or less | less than| | less than| | 36 months
| | | 24 months| | 36 months| |
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Number of settlements...................| 114 | 41 | 8 | 23 | 3 | 25 | 14
| | | | | | |
Number of workers (in thousands)........| 352 | 118 | 25 | 77 | 8 | 81 | 44
| | | | | | |
Average contract duration (months)......| 25.0 | 10.9 | 14.1 | 24.0 | 28.8 | 36.0 | 49.4
| | | | | | |
Percent change in wages:(1) | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Annualized over the contract term.....| 2.3 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 2.0
| | | | | | |
Occurring in: | | | | | | |
First contract year(2)................| 2.0 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 0.6
Second contract year(3)...............| 2.3 | NA | 0.0 | 3.4 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 0.5
Third contract year(4)................| 2.5 | NA | NA | NA | 0.0 | 3.0 | 2.1
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | |
1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. Excludes lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA
clauses.
2 Data are not annualized.
3 Average is based only on settlements with a duration greater than 12 months. Data are not annualized.
4 Average is based only on settlements with a duration greater than 24 months. Data are not annualized.
NOTE: "NA" indicates not applicable. Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal
totals.
Table 6. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in state and local
government collective bargaining settlements, 12 months ended with the first six months of 1995
(preliminary)
(in percent)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | |
| | Annual | |
| First-year | change | Number of | Number of
Measure | change(2) | over the | workers | settlements
| | life of the| (000's) |
| |contracts(3)| |
__________________________________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________
| | | |
Wage changes in settlements | | | |
covering 1,000 workers or more: | | | |
| | | |
All State and local government...............| 2.3 | 2.7 | 1,000 | 286
State government...........................| 2.3 | 2.7 | 218 | 43
Local government...........................| 2.3 | 2.8 | 782 | 243
| | | |
Government function | | | |
General government and administration....| 1.5 | 2.0 | 258 | 60
Education................................| 3.0 | 3.2 | 486 | 153
Primary and secondary...................| 3.0 | 3.1 | 452 | 142
Colleges and universities...............| 3.8 | 3.5 | 34 | 11
Protective services......................| 1.2 | 2.7 | 121 | 35
Health services..........................| 2.3 | 3.2 | 53 | 17
Other(4).................................| 2.4 | 2.6 | 82 | 21
| | | |
Compensation changes in settlements | | | |
covering 5,000 workers or more: | | | |
| | | |
All State and local government...............| 2.3 | 2.7 | 512 | 49
State government...........................| 2.1 | 2.2 | 159 | 15
Local government...........................| 2.4 | 2.9 | 353 | 34
| | | |
Government function | | | |
General government and administration....| 1.6 | 1.9 | 169 | 15
Education................................| 3.2 | 3.3 | 216 | 22
Other(5).................................| 1.9 | 2.7 | 127 | 12
__________________________________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________
1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. All measures exclude any cash or benefit
lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses.
2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract
effective date.
3 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life
of the contract.
4 Includes units in transportation and public utilities.
5 Includes units in protective services, health services, transportation, and public utilities.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals.
Table 7. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in state and local
government collective bargaining settlements, by year and six-month periods
(in percent)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| Annual averages | Six-month averages
|_________________|____________________________________________
| | | | |
Measure | | | 1993 | 1994 | 1995(2)
| | |_________________|_________________|________
| 1993 | 1994 | | | | |
| | | First | Second | First | Second | First
| | | half | half | half | half | half(2)
________________________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________
| | | | | | |
Wage changes in settlements covering | | | | | | |
1,000 | | | | | | |
workers or more: | | | | | | |
First year(3) | | | | | | |
All state and local government......| 1.1 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.0
State government..................| 1.3 | 3.0 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 2.3
Local government..................| 1.0 | 2.5 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 1.9
Annual average over the life of the | | | | | | |
contract(4) | | | | | | |
All state and local government......| 2.1 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.3
State government..................| 2.4 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 2.7
Local government..................| 1.9 | 3.0 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.2
| | | | | | |
Compensation changes in settlements | | | | | | |
covering | | | | | | |
5,000 workers or more: | | | | | | |
First year(3) | | | | | | |
All state and local government......| 0.9 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 1.8
State government..................| 1.2 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.0
Local government..................| 0.7 | 2.8 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 1.5
Annual over life of contract(4) | | | | | | |
All state and local government......| 1.8 | 3.1 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 2.0
State government..................| 2.1 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 3.2 | 2.0 | 2.4
Local government..................| 1.6 | 3.3 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 1.4
________________________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________
1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. All measures exclude any cash or benefit
lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses.
2 Preliminary.
3 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract
effective date.
4 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life
of the contract.
Table 8. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in state and local government
collective bargaining settlements during 12-month periods
(in percent)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|
| Twelve months ended
|______________________________________________________________
| | | |
Measure | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995
|_________________|_________________|_________________|________
| | | | | | |
| June | Dec. | June | Dec. | June | Dec. | June(2)
__________________________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________
| | | | | | |
Wage changes in settlements covering 1,000| | | | | | |
workers or more: | | | | | | |
First year(3) | | | | | | |
All state and local government......| 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 2.3
State government..................| 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 2.3
Local government..................| 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 2.3
Annual average over the contract term(4)| | | | | | |
All state and local government......| 2.6 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 2.7
State government..................| 2.9 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 2.7
Local government..................| 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 2.8
| | | | | | |
Compensation changes in settlements | | | | | | |
covering | | | | | | |
5,000 workers or more: | | | | | | |
First year(3) | | | | | | |
All state and local government......| 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 2.3
State government..................| 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 2.1
Local government..................| 1.6 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 2.4
Annual average over the contract term(4)| | | | | | |
All state and local government......| 2.6 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 2.7
State government..................| 2.8 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.2
Local government..................| 2.1 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 3.3 | 2.9
__________________________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________
1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change.
2 Preliminary.
3 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract
effective date.
4 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of
the contract.
Table 9. Cost changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in the cost of compensation and components
annualized over the life of the contract(2) in state and local government collective bargaining
settlements covering 5,000 workers or more, by six-month periods, and during 12-month periods
(in percent)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | |
| 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995
|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______
Item | | | | | | |
| First | Second| First | Second| First | Second| First
| half | half | half | half | half | half |half(3)
________________________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
All state and local government | | | | | | |
Compensation ........................| 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.9
Cash payments (4)....................| 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 0.8
Wages...............................| 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 0.9
Benefits.............................| 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 3.4 | 1.0
| | | | | | |
State government | | | | | | |
Compensation ........................| 1.2 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 1.4
Cash payments (4)....................| 1.2 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 1.4
Wages...............................| 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 1.6
Benefits.............................| 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.4
| | | | | | |
Local government | | | | | | |
Compensation ........................| 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 0.1
Cash payments (4)....................| 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 2.7 | 2.0 | (5)
Wages...............................| 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 2.7 | 1.9 | -0.1
Benefits.............................| 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 3.9 | 0.6
|_______________________________________________________
|
| Twelve months ended
|_______________________________________________________
| | | | | | |
| June | Dec. | June | Dec. | June | Dec. |June(3)
|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
All state and local government | | | | | | |
Compensation.........................| 1.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 1.8
Cash payments(4).....................| 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.5
Wages...............................| 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 1.5
Benefits.............................| 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 2.7 | 2.7
With contingent pay provisions(6) | | | | | | |
Compensation.........................| - | 0.9 | 0.9 | - | - | 1.2 | 1.2
Cash payments(4).....................| - | 1.0 | 1.0 | - | - | 1.5 | 1.5
Wages...............................| - | 1.0 | 1.0 | - | - | 0.7 | 0.7
Benefits.............................| - | 0.8 | 0.8 | - | - | 0.6 | 0.6
Without contingent pay provisions(7) | | | | | | |
Compensation.........................| 1.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 1.8
Cash payments(4).....................| 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.5
Wages...............................| 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 1.6
Benefits.............................| 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 2.8 | 2.8
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
State government | | | | | | |
Compensation.........................| 2.1 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.4
Cash payments(4).....................| 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.4
Wages...............................| 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 1.5
Benefits.............................| 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1.4
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Local government | | | | | | |
Compensation.........................| 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 2.0
Cash payments(4).....................| 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 1.6
Wages...............................| 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 1.5
Benefits.............................| 1.4 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 3.5 | 3.2
________________________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______
1 Includes net increases, decreases, and no change. Excludes potential changes from
contingent pay provisions.
2 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual (compound)
rate over the life of the contract.
3 Preliminary.
4 Cash payments include wages and lump-sum payments.
5 Less than 0 and greater than -0.05 percent.
6 Contingent pay provisions include COLA clauses and/or contingent lump-sum payment clauses.
Data exclude potential changes from contingent pay provisions.
7 Data exclude potential changes from contingent pay provisions.
NOTE: "-" indicate no observations.
Table 10. Rate changes: Average changes in wages in state and local government collective bargaining agreements
covering 1,000 workers or more, by year and six-month periods
(in percent)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| Annual averages | Six-month averages
|_______________________|_______________________________________________________
| | | | | | |
Item | | | | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995
| | | |_______________|_______________|_______________|_______
| 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | | | | | | |
| | | | First | Second| First | Second| First | Second| First
| | | | half | half | half | half | half | half |half(1)
________________________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Average wage rate changes (2)...........| 1.9 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 2.3 | 0.5
| | | | | | | | | |
Source: | | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements..............| 0.8 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.1
Prior settlements................| 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.4
COLA provisions..................| (3) | (3) | (3) | (3) | (3) | (3) | (3) | (3) | (3) | (3)
| | | | | | | | | |
Government function | | | | | | | | | |
General government and | | | | | | | | | |
administration..........................| 1.9 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 0.4
Education........................| 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 2.4 | 0.6
Primary and secondary..........| 2.1 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 2.5 | 0.6
Colleges and universities......| 1.1 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 0.4
Protective services..............| 1.2 | 2.9 | 4.2 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 2.8 | 1.0
Health services..................| 1.9 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 0.5
Transportation...................| 3.4 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 0.5
Other............................| 0.7 | 3.1 | 3.7 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 0.7
| | | | | | | | | |
Average wage rate increase(4)...........| 4.6 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 2.5
| | | | | | | | | |
Source:(5) | | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements..............| 5.1 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 5.6 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 3.8
Prior settlements................| 4.3 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 4.0 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 2.2
COLA provisions..................| 2.7 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.8
| | | | | | | | | |
Number of workers receiving wage | | | | | | | | | |
increases | | | | | | | | | |
(in thousands).....................|1,125.3|1,849.4|2,126.6| 559.5| 811.6| 799.6|1,280.9| 754.6|1,771.2| 654.1
| | | | | | | | | |
Source: | | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements..............| 441.7|1,119.0| 919.5| 209.3| 372.5| 300.4| 891.3| 148.2| 820.1| 120.1
Prior settlements................| 676.2| 803.9|1,212.5| 339.2| 428.5| 494.1| 376.0| 594.3| 952.8| 527.6
COLA provisions..................| 22.6| 24.0| 22.7| 17.4| 15.1| 18.8| 17.3| 20.6| 3.5| 6.5
| | | | | | | | | |
Number of workers not receiving a wage| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
increase (in thousands)(6)..........|1,544.3| 880.0| 660.2|2,110.1|1,858.0|1,929.8|1,448.5|2,032.3|1,015.7|2,136.0
________________________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______
1 Preliminary.
2 Includes increases, decreases, and zero change in wages stemming from current settlements, settlements reached in a
prior period, and COLA clauses. Because of rounding and compounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
3 More than 0 and less than 0.05 percent.
4 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from all sources is a wage rate increase.
5 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from each source is a wage rate increase.
6 About one-half percent of these workers received wage decreases and the remainder received zero change.
Table 11. Rate changes: Average changes in wages in state and local government collective
bargaining agreements covering 1,000 workers or more during 12-month periods
(in percent)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
|
| Twelve months ended
|_______________________________________________________
| | | |
Item | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995
|_______________|_______________|_______________|_______
| | | | | | |
| First | Second| First | Second| First | Second| First
| half | half | half | half | half | half |half(1)
________________________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Average wage rate changes (2).........| 2.3 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 2.9
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Source: | | | | | | |
Current settlements.............| 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.3
Prior settlements...............| 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.5
COLA provisions.................| (3) | (3) | (3) | (3) | (3) | (3) | (3)
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Government function | | | | | | |
General government and | | | | | | |
administration..........................| 2.3 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 2.6
Education........................| 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.0
Primary and secondary..........| 2.5 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 3.0
Colleges and universities......| 1.9 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 2.6
Protective services..............| 2.3 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 4.2 | 3.8
Health services..................| 2.3 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 2.6
Transportation...................| 2.9 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 2.9 | 2.6
Other............................| 2.2 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 3.4
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Average wage rate increase(4).........| 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 3.9
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Source:(5) | | | | | | |
Current settlements.............| 3.3 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 3.4 | 4.3 | 4.1
Prior settlements...............| 4.9 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 3.3
COLA provisions.................| 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.2
| | | | | | |
Number of workers receiving wage | | | | | | |
increases (in thousands)..........|1,357.5|1,125.3|1,345.9|1,849.4|1,858.1|2,126.6|2,075.8
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Source: | | | | | | |
Current settlements.............| 572.8| 441.7| 660.6|1,119.0|1,016.1| 919.5| 928.7
Prior settlements...............| 877.1| 676.2| 750.5| 803.9| 941.2|1,212.5|1,311.5
COLA provisions.................| 37.4| 22.6| 25.3| 24.0| 24.7| 22.7| 6.5
| | | | | | |
Number of workers not receiving a wage| | | | | | |
increase (in thousands)(6)........|1,266.6|1,544.3|1,323.9| 880.0| 871.4| 660.2| 711.1
________________________________________|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______|_______
1 Preliminary.
2 Includes increases, decreases, and zero change in wages stemming from current settlements,
agreements reached in a prior period, and COLA clauses. Because of rounding and compounding,
sums of individual items may not equal totals.
3 More than 0 and less than 0.05 percent.
4 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from all sources is
an increase.
5 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from each source is
an increase.
6 Less than two percent of these workers received wage decreases and the remainder received
zero change.