The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
TEXT
Table 1. Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation under current and replaced
Table 2. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry
Table 3. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry
Table 4. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under private industry collective bargaining
Table 5. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under
Table 6. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under construction collective bargaining
Table 7. Rate changes: Selected characteristics of settlements covering 1,000 workers or more, by duration of
Table 8. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages in private industry collective bargaining settlements covering
Table 9. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry
Table 10. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry
Table 11. Cost changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in the cost of compensation and components
Table 12. Cost changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in the cost of compensation and components
Table 13. Cost changes: Percent distribution of workers in
Table 14. Rate changes: Average changes in wages in private industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000
Table 15. Rate changes: Average changes in wages in private industry collective bargaining agreements
Technical Information: USDL: 95-139
Janice Devine (202) 606-6276 FOR RELEASE: 10:00 A.M. EDT
William Davis (202) 606-6277 Tuesday, April 25, 1995
Media Contact: (202) 606-5902
MAJOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING SETTLEMENTS
IN PRIVATE INDUSTRY, FIRST QUARTER 1995
Major collective bargaining settlements reached in private industry
during the first quarter of 1995 called for changes in wage rates and
compensation over the contract term that were lower, on average, than were
specified in the agreements they replaced, the U.S. Department of Labor's
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This relationship has existed
for 10 consecutive quarters, with the exception of the fourth quarter of
1993 when changes in compensation rates were the same for current and
replaced contracts. The Bureau's series on wage changes in major
collective bargaining agreements covers bargaining units of 1,000 or more
workers, while the data on compensation changes relate to bargaining units
of 5,000 or more workers.
Wage rate changes under settlements
Settlements in the first quarter of 1995 specified wage rate
changes averaging an increase of 1.9 percent in both the first year of the
agreements and annually over the contract term. (See tables 1 and 2.)
Corresponding changes in agreements they replaced, which were primarily
negotiated in 1991 or 1992, were increases of 3.6 percent and 3.0 percent.
Lump-sum payments and cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs) are not included
in specified wage rate changes. During the quarter, 48 settlements,
covering 168,000 workers, were concluded. Settlements in food stores,
machinery manufacturing, transportation equipment manufacturing,
construction, and health services accounted for nearly three-fifths of the
workers.
During the first quarter of 1995, cash lump-sum payment provisions
were newly negotiated in 8 agreements for 13,000 workers, maintained in 13
agreements for 58,000 workers, and discontinued in 1 agreement for 3,000
workers. As of March 31, 1995, such provisions covered 42 percent of the
5.4 million workers under all major collective bargaining contracts in
private industry. Lump-sum coverage had been as high as 44 percent in 1989
and dropped to a low of 36 percent at the end of 1992.
Two settlements for 4,300 workers reached in the first quarter of
1995 discontinued COLA clauses, while 10 settlements for 31,000 workers
retained them. No settlement added a COLA clause. As of March 31, 1995,
COLA provisions covered 23 percent of the 5.4 million workers under major
collective bargaining contracts, compared with 24 percent at the end of
1994. Coverage has been steadily declining from the 40 percent level that
existed in the late 1980s.
- 2 -
Workers under first-quarter settlements accounted for 11 percent of
the 1.5 million workers under the 406 settlements reached in the 12 months
ended March 31, 1995. (See table 3.) Settlements during this 4-quarter
period, on average, specified a lower wage rate change over their term than
the contracts being replaced--an annual increase of 2.3 percent compared
with 2.9 percent. (See the chart.) This has been the pattern for the last
10 4-quarter periods. Over their term, agreements reached during the
4-quarter period ended March 31, 1995, specified wage rate increases for 90
percent of the workers, no wage change for 7 percent, and a net decrease
for 3 percent. (See table 4.) These contracts had the longest average
duration--38.5 months--since the Bureau of Labor Statistics began
publishing this measure in 1972. (See table 7.)
Thirty-six percent of the workers under settlements reached during
the 4-quarter period ended March 31, 1995, had either a cash lump-sum
payment provision or a COLA clause or both. Their wage changes averaged an
increase of 2.2 percent annually over the contract term compared with 2.3
percent for workers in settlements with neither provision. Lump-sum
payments are not part of the ongoing rate structure and, therefore, are
excluded from the rate data. Such payments, however, are included in
measures of compensation cost changes discussed in the next section.
Potential wage changes from COLA clauses depend on future price changes
and, therefore, are excluded from both rate and cost data. See the
Explanatory Note.
Lump-sum payment and COLA provisions typically are negotiated more
frequently for manufacturing than for nonmanufacturing workers. Among the
settlements reached during the year ended March 31, 1995, cash lump-sum
payment and COLA provisions covered 70 percent of workers in manufacturing
compared with 21 percent in nonmanufacturing. For all manufacturing
settlements, the wage rate change averaged an annual increase of 2.1
percent over the contract term. Those with cash lump-sum and/or COLA
provisions called for wage rate changes averaging an increase of 2.1
percent annually over the life of the agreement compared with 2.2 percent
in those with neither provision.
Nonmanufacturing settlements reached in the year ended March 31,
1995, called for wage rate changes averaging an increase of 2.3 percent
annually over their life. Those with lump-sum and/or COLA provisions had
annual wage changes averaging an increase of 2.4 percent over the contract
term compared with 2.3 percent in settlements with neither provision.
Compensation cost changes under settlements
The Bureau's data on negotiated changes in employers' costs for
employee compensation relate to settlements covering 5,000 or more workers.
Compensation cost changes include specified (guaranteed) cash and benefit
lump-sum payments and reflect both the size and timing of compensation rate
changes. (Lump-sum payments and the timing of compensation changes are not
taken into account in the rate measure.) See the Explanatory Note for a
more detailed description of the cost series.
- 3 -
Settlements for 5,000 or more workers accounted for 52 percent of
the 168,000 workers covered by all major settlements negotiated in the
first quarter of 1995. These settlements provided total compensation cost
changes averaging an increase of 1.1 percent annually over the life of the
contract compared with 1.9 percent in the contracts being replaced. (See
table 11.) During the quarter, annual cost changes over the contract term
averaged 1.1 percent for wages alone and 1.2 percent for cash payments
(wages and cash lump-sum payments) to workers. Annual cost changes for
benefits averaged 0.9 percent.
For the 12 months ended March 31, 1995, settlements covering 5,000
or more workers accounted for 53 percent (802,000) of the workers under all
major settlements. They provided total compensation cost changes averaging
an increase of 1.4 percent annually over the contract term. The
corresponding change in the agreements they replaced was an increase of 2.1
percent. Over the contract term, settlements reached in the 12 months
ended March 31, 1995, specified annual changes averaging increases of 1.3
percent for both wages alone and for cash payments (including wages and
cash lump-sum payments) and 1.6 percent for benefit costs.
Thirty percent of the workers under settlements for 5,000 or more
workers reached in the 4-quarter period ended March 31, 1995, had
contingent pay provisions that could provide compensation increases beyond
those specified in the settlement. COLA provisions, discussed earlier, and
lump-sum provisions that call for a payment only if company profits exceed
a specified amount are examples. Potential payments under these provisions
are excluded from the series. Annual compensation cost changes over the
contract term averaged an increase of 2.1 percent in settlements with
contingent pay provisions and 1.1 percent in those without such provisions.
(See table 12.)
Wage rate changes under all major contracts
In addition to data just presented on changes in rates and costs
under settlements, the Bureau compiled information on wage rate changes
during the first quarter of 1995 under all major contracts. (See table
14.) Wage rate changes averaged an increase of 0.3 percent--agreements
reached prior to the first quarter of 1995 contributed 0.2 percent, and
settlements reached during the quarter and COLAs contributed the remainder.
Approximately 5.4 million workers were covered by these contracts.
About 1.2 million workers had their wages increased, another 4.2 million
workers were under major contracts in which wage rates remained the same
during the first quarter, and 2,600 workers had wage cuts.
- 4 -
Wage rate increases during the first quarter of 1995 stemmed from
one or more of the following: 1) Settlements reached in the first quarter
that provided increases in the quarter averaging 3.1 percent for 88,000
workers; 2) contracts negotiated earlier that specified increases in the
quarter averaging 2.6 percent for 509,000 workers; and 3) COLA provisions
that yielded average increases of 0.3 percent for 652,000 workers. (About
127,000 additional workers had COLA reviews that did not produce a wage
change, largely because movement in the BLS Consumer Price Index was
insufficient to trigger one. COLA reviews during the first quarter of 1995
generated average wage rate changes that amounted to 60 percent of the CPI
movement during the review period.)
Second-quarter 1995 activity
During April-June 1995, 614,000 workers are under 169 major
agreements scheduled to expire or reopen for wage negotiations. Just under
70 percent of these workers are in the construction, telephone
communications, and electrical products manufacturing industries. In
addition, there are 462,000 workers under 70 agreements that expired or
were reopened, but had not been renegotiated or ratified prior to March 31,
1995. Seventy-two percent of these workers are in the railroad, food
store, and airline industries.
In the second quarter, 1 million workers are scheduled for wage
increases averaging 2.8 percent under provisions of agreements negotiated
prior to 1995, and about 25,000 are slated for increases averaging 2.5
percent under agreements reached during the first 3 months of 1995.
Another 4,100 workers will have their wages cut. COLA reviews are
scheduled for 860,000 workers during the quarter. EXPLANATORY NOTE ABOUT
THE DATA
This release covers major collective bargaining units--those with
1,000 or more workers--in private nonfarm industries. It is limited to
production and related workers in manufacturing and nonsupervisory workers
in nonmanufacturing. About 7.1 percent of the employed production and
nonsupervisory workers in private industry (excluding households) are
covered by a major bargaining agreement.
Wage and compensation changes under settlements
The series on major collective bargaining settlements estimates how
much wage and compensation rates and compensation costs will change from
existing levels as a result of new collective bargaining agreements reached
during specified reference periods.
Compensation rates include: Straight-time pay for time worked;
premium pay for overtime, weekend, holiday, and shift work; paid leave;
life, health, and sickness and accident insur ance; pension and other
retirement plans; severance pay; and legally required benefits.
Compensation rates exclude lump-sum payments because they are not part of
the ongoing rate structure.
Compensation costs include: The items covered by compensation
rates plus specified cash and benefit lump-sum payments, which are excluded
from rate data.
- 5 -
Wage and compensation rate changes: The rate change for a
settlement is the percent difference between the average rate just prior to
the start of a new agreement and the average rate that would exist at the
end of the first 365 days of the new agreement (first year measure) or at
its expiration date (over-the-life measure). (The over-the-life measure is
expressed as an annual average change.) The average rate change for all
settlements is calculated by first multiplying the rate change for each
settlement by the number of workers under the settlement. Next, the
resulting products are summed, and the sum is divided by the total number
of workers under all settlements. The result is the average change for all
settlements.
Compensation cost changes: The compensation cost change for a
settlement is the percent difference between the average cost of
compensation per work hour (including the hourly cost of lump-sum payments
made during the term of the expiring agreement) just prior to the start of
a new agreement and the average cost of compensation per work hour under
the settlement. The average cost of compensation under the settlement is
calculated in two steps, as follows: 1) Each hourly compensation rate
(excluding lump-sum payments) is multiplied by the number of hours it is to
be paid during the agreement; the products are summed; and the total is
divided by the number of work hours over the agreement term. The result is
the cost per work hour of compensation excluding specified lump-sum
payments. 2) The cost per work hour of specified lump-sum payments is
computed by dividing the total amount of any cash and benefit lump sums by
the total number of work hours over the agreement term. The sum of the
results of steps 1 and 2 is the estimated average cost of compensation per
work hour over the term of the new agreement. The percent difference
between this amount and the average cost at the end of the expiring
agreement is the average cost change under the settlement.
The average cost change under all settlements is calculated by
multiplying the percent change in cost under each settlement by the number
of workers under the settlement. The results are summed, and the sum is
divided by the total number of workers under all settlements.
The following example illustrates one of the major differences
between the compensation rate series and the compensation cost series. Two
agreements (A and B) expire. At expiration, compensation under each
agreement is $10 an hour. The agreements are replaced by new settlements
that run for 1 year. The settlement replacing agreement A immediately
increases compensation from $10 an hour to $10.50 an hour. The settlement
replacing agreement B leaves compensation unchanged for the first 6 months
and then increases compensation from $10 an hour to $10.50 an hour.
The rate series measures the size of each settlement by calculating
the difference between compensation at the expiration of the old agreement
and compensation at the expiration of the new agreement and computing the
percent change. Thus, it measures each settlement as providing a 5-percent
($.50/$10) compensation rate increase over the 1 year term.
- 6 -
The cost series measures the size of each settlement by com paring
employer costs for compensation under the settlement with what they were
under the expiring agreement just before it was renegotiated as follows:
When each agreement expired, an employee who worked 2,000 hours over the
year would cost the employer $20,000 (2,000 hours at $10). Under the
settlement replacing agreement A (with the immediate increase), the
employer would pay for 2,000 hours at $10.50 an hour, or $21,000 for the
year, a 5-percent increase over the $20,000. Under the settlement
replacing agreement B (with the delayed increase), the employer would pay
for 1,000 hours at $10 an hour and for 1,000 hours at $10.50 an hour, or
$20,500 for the year, a 2.5-percent increase over the $20,000. Thus, the
cost series reflects the influence of timing of changes during the
agreement term which the rate series does not reflect.
For a more detailed description of the compensation cost series and
how it compares with the compensation rate series, see Alvin Bauman, "A New
Measure of Compensation Cost Adjustments," Monthly Labor Review, August
1990, pp. 11-18.
Data on changes under settlements exclude potential increases or
decreases that may result from COLA clauses that are based on future
changes in the CPI unknown at the time of settlement. The data do,
however, include "guaranteed" COLA payments (those specified when the
agreement was reached and specified to be implemented later) because they
are not tied to subsequent price movements. Similarly, data on cost
changes exclude contingent lump-sum payments (such as those tied to future
profit levels or productivity increases) but include lump-sum payments
guaranteed by the settlement.
Estimates of changes are based on the assumption that conditions
existing at the time of settlement (e.g., composition of the labor force or
methods of funding pensions) will remain con stant over the life of the
agreement.
Wage rate changes under all contracts
The series on all major collective bargaining contracts estimates
average wage rate changes during the reference period under settlements
reached during the calendar year as well as under major agreements reached
earlier and remaining in force during the period.
The average change under all contracts in force during a period is
computed by multiplying the percent change under each contract by the
number of workers covered, adding the products, and dividing the sum by the
total number of workers under all contracts.
The average rate change reflects net rate increases, decreases, and
zero changes during the reference period. Rate increases and decreases
stem from settlements in the calendar year that call for increases or
decreases during the period, from agreements reached earlier with increases
or decreases deferred to the period, and from COLA clauses. (Although wage
increases and decreases from COLA clauses are not incorporated into base
wage rates under all agreements, they are included in the wage rate change
measure for all contracts.)
- 7 -
Wage changes under COLA clauses are based on changes in the
Consumer Price Index for a review period designated in the agreement.
Data for the first quarter of 1995 are preliminary and may be
revised if additional information is obtained. Final data will be
available in the Spring of 1996. Historical information is available from
the Office of Compensation and Working Conditions, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Washington, DC 20212-0001.
Data on major public sector collective bargaining settlements are
developed separately and issued semi-annually. Data for the first half of
1995 are scheduled to be released in August 1995.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-7828, TDD phone:
202-606-5897, TDD Message Referral Phone Number: 1-800-326-2577.
Major private industry collective bargaining settlements data for the
second quarter of 1995 and for the year ended June 30, 1995 will be
released on July 25, 1995, at 10:00 AM (EDT).
BLS Collective Bargaining Data Now Available on the INTERNET
LABSTAT, the Bureau of Labor Statistics' public database, provides time
series data for many surveys, as well as numerous news releases. Time
series data are composed of individual databases (in flat file format)
corresponding to each of the surveys. News release files contain both the
text and tables (in plain text format) that were included in the official
release.
Internet users can choose from several methods to access LABSTAT.
Anonymous FTP access to LABSTAT is available at stats.bls.gov; Gopher
access is at hopi.bls.gov; and World Wide Web access is at
http://stats.bls.gov/blshome.html.
Collective bargaining related time series data include both negotiated wage
and benefit changes (private industry and State & local government), and
work stoppages. Current news releases are available for major collective
bargaining settlements (private industry and State & local government),
bargaining activity in 1995, work stoppages, and union membership. If you
have questions or comments regarding the LABSTAT system on the Internet,
address e-mail to labstat.helpdesk@bls.gov.
Non-Internet users can use the limited dial-in service through the DOL
bulletin board to access BLS data; the telephone number is (202) 606-7060 .
Table 1. Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation under current and replaced
private industry collective bargaining settlements, by quarter, and during 4-quarter
periods
(in percent)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
| | |
| 1993 | 1994 | 1995
_____________________________________________________
Measure | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| I | II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | I(2)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
|
| Quarterly averages
|
_____________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
Wage-rate changes in settlements | | | | | | | | |
covering 1,000 workers or more: | | | | | | | | |
First-year change(3) | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements.............| 2.5| 2.5| 1.1| 2.8| 3.0| 2.0| 1.0| 2.2| 1.9
Replaced settlements............| 4.4| 4.0| 3.6| 3.4| 5.4| 2.8| 2.5| 3.3| 3.6
Annual change over the contract | | | | | | | | |
term(4) | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements.............| 2.7| 2.5| 1.7| 2.0| 2.4| 2.4| 1.9| 2.5| 1.9
Replaced settlements............| 3.8| 3.5| 3.0| 2.2| 3.7| 3.0| 2.8| 2.9| 3.0
Compensation-rate changes in | | | | | | | | |
settlements | | | | | | | | |
covering 5,000 workers or more: | | | | | | | | |
First-year change(3) | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements.............| 3.1| 3.2| 1.0| 3.8| 3.0| 3.4| (5) | 1.5| 1.4
Replaced settlements............| 4.6| 5.0| 4.2| 3.8| 5.9| 3.8| 3.4| 4.9| 3.8
Annual change over the contract | | | | | | | | |
term(4) | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements.............| 3.2| 2.6| 1.4| 2.5| 2.6| 2.9| 1.4| 2.1| 1.6
Replaced settlements............| 3.9| 3.9| 2.8| 2.5| 4.1| 3.6| 3.0| 4.0| 2.9
Compensation-cost changes in | | | | | | | | |
settlements | | | | | | | | |
covering 5,000 workers or more: | | | | | | | | |
Annual change over the contract | | | | | | | | |
term(4) | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements.............| 1.9| 1.8| 0.9| 1.8| 2.0| 1.9| 0.8| 1.2| 1.1
Replaced settlements............| 3.0| 2.9| 2.4| 2.0| 3.6| 2.2| 1.9| 2.6| 1.9
_____________________________________________________
|
| Four quarters ended
|
_____________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
Wage-rate changes in settlements | | | | | | | | |
covering 1,000 workers or more: | | | | | | | | |
First-year change(3) | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements.............| 2.6| 2.5| 2.0| 2.3| 2.4| 2.2| 2.3| 2.0| 1.8
Replaced settlements............| 3.6| 3.9| 4.1| 3.7| 3.8| 3.5| 3.2| 3.2| 2.9
Annual change over the contract | | | | | | | | |
term(4) | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements.............| 2.9| 2.7| 2.3| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1| 2.2| 2.3| 2.3
Replaced settlements............| 3.3| 3.4| 3.5| 2.9| 2.9| 2.8| 2.7| 3.0| 2.9
Compensation-rate changes in | | | | | | | | |
settlements | | | | | | | | |
covering 5,000 workers or more: | | | | | | | | |
First-year change(3) | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements.............| 3.0| 2.9| 2.1| 3.0| 3.0| 3.1| 3.1| 2.3| 2.1
Replaced settlements............| 4.1| 4.6| 4.8| 4.2| 4.3| 4.1| 3.9| 4.2| 3.9
Annual change over the contract | | | | | | | | |
term(4) | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements.............| 3.1| 2.9| 2.4| 2.4| 2.3| 2.4| 2.5| 2.4| 2.3
Replaced settlements............| 3.4| 3.5| 3.6| 2.9| 2.9| 2.9| 3.0| 3.5| 3.4
Compensation-cost changes in | | | | | | | | |
settlements | | | | | | | | |
covering 5,000 workers or more: | | | | | | | | |
Annual change over the contract | | | | | | | | |
term(4) | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements.............| 2.0| 1.9| 1.4| 1.6| 1.6| 1.6| 1.7| 1.6| 1.4
Replaced settlements............| 2.9| 3.0| 3.2| 2.3| 2.4| 2.3| 2.2| 2.4| 2.1
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. All rate measures exclude any
cash or benefit lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses.
2 Preliminary.
3 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the
contract effective date.
4 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate
over the life of the contract.
5 Less than 0 and greater than -0.05 percent.
Table 2. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry
collective bargaining settlements, first quarter of 1995 (preliminary)
(in percent)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | Annual | Number of |
Measure | First-year | change over| workers | Number of
| change(2) |the contract| (000's) | settlements
| | term(3) | |
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | |
Wage changes in settlements | | | |
covering 1,000 workers or more: | | | |
All industries...........................| 1.9 | 1.9 | 168 | 48
With COLA clauses......................| 0.4 | 0.6 | 31 | 10
Without COLA clauses...................| 2.2 | 2.2 | 136 | 38
With lump-sum provisions...............| 0.8 | 0.8 | 71 | 21
Without lump-sum provisions............| 2.7 | 2.7 | 96 | 27
With either lump sums, COLA, or both...| 0.7 | 0.8 | 74 | 23
With neither lump sums nor COLA........| 2.8 | 2.8 | 94 | 25
Manufacturing............................| 0.6 | 0.8 | 67 | 20
With either lump sums, COLA, or both...| 0.5 | 0.7 | 61 | 16
With neither lump sums nor COLA........| 1.8 | 1.6 | 6 | 4
Nonmanufacturing.........................| 2.7 | 2.7 | 101 | 28
With either lump sums, COLA, or both...| 1.3 | 1.4 | 13 | 7
With neither lump sums nor COLA........| 2.9 | 2.9 | 88 | 21
Goods-producing..........................| 1.0 | 1.2 | 79 | 24
Service-producing........................| 2.7 | 2.6 | 88 | 24
| | | |
Compensation changes in settlements | | | |
covering 5,000 workers or more: | | | |
All industries...........................| 1.4 | 1.6 | 88 | 9
Manufacturing............................| -0.5 | (4) | 36 | 4
Nonmanufacturing.........................| 2.7 | 2.7 | 52 | 5
Goods-producing..........................| -0.1 | 0.5 | 43 | 5
Service-producing........................| 2.8 | 2.7 | 45 | 4
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. The lump-sum measures refer to whether or
not settlements have cash lump-sum provisions. All measures exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum
payments and potential changes from COLA clauses.
2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract
effective date.
3 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the
life of the contract.
4 More than 0 and less than 0.05 percent.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals.
Table 3. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry
collective bargaining settlements, four quarters ended with the first quarter of 1995 (preliminary)
(in percent)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | Annual | Number of |
Measure | First-year | change over| workers | Number of
| change(2) |the contract| (000's) | settlements
| | term(3) | |
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | |
Wage changes in settlements | | | |
covering 1,000 workers or more: | | | |
All industries...........................| 1.8 | 2.3 | 1,502 | 406
With COLA clauses......................| 2.5 | 2.4 | 326 | 66
Without COLA clauses...................| 1.6 | 2.2 | 1,176 | 340
With lump-sum provisions...............| 1.8 | 1.9 | 347 | 95
Without lump-sum provisions............| 1.8 | 2.4 | 1,155 | 311
With either lump sums, COLA, or both...| 2.3 | 2.2 | 538 | 130
With neither lump sums nor COLA........| 1.5 | 2.3 | 965 | 276
Manufacturing............................| 2.2 | 2.1 | 457 | 137
With either lump sums, COLA, or both...| 2.2 | 2.1 | 318 | 79
With neither lump sums nor COLA........| 2.2 | 2.2 | 139 | 58
Nonmanufacturing.........................| 1.6 | 2.3 | 1,046 | 269
With either lump sums, COLA, or both...| 2.4 | 2.4 | 220 | 51
With neither lump sums nor COLA........| 1.4 | 2.3 | 826 | 218
Construction.............................| 1.5 | 2.4 | 335 | 110
All industries excluding construction....| 1.9 | 2.2 | 1,167 | 296
Nonmanufacturing excluding construction..| 1.7 | 2.3 | 710 | 159
Goods-producing..........................| 1.9 | 2.2 | 794 | 248
Service-producing........................| 1.7 | 2.3 | 709 | 158
| | | |
Compensation changes in settlements | | | |
covering 5,000 workers or more: | | | |
All industries...........................| 2.1 | 2.3 | 802 | 58
With COLA clauses......................| 4.6 | 3.1 | 217 | 12
Without COLA clauses...................| 1.1 | 2.0 | 585 | 46
With lump-sum provisions...............| 2.4 | 2.1 | 158 | 13
Without lump-sum provisions............| 2.0 | 2.3 | 644 | 45
With either lump sums, COLA, or both...| 4.0 | 2.9 | 296 | 20
With neither lump sums nor COLA........| 1.0 | 2.0 | 507 | 38
Manufacturing............................| 2.8 | 2.3 | 226 | 18
Nonmanufacturing.........................| 1.8 | 2.3 | 576 | 40
Construction.............................| 0.4 | 1.7 | 145 | 13
All industries excluding construction....| 2.4 | 2.4 | 657 | 45
Nonmanufacturing excluding construction..| 2.3 | 2.5 | 431 | 27
Goods-producing..........................| 1.8 | 2.0 | 371 | 31
Service-producing........................| 2.3 | 2.5 | 431 | 27
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. The lump-sum measures refer to whether or
not settlements have cash lump-sum provisions. All measures exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum
payments and potential changes from COLA clauses.
2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract
effective date.
3 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the
life of the contract.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals.
Table 4. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under private industry collective bargaining
settlements covering 1,000 workers or more by change(1) in wages, four quarters ended with the first
quarter of 1995 (preliminary)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
| All | Manu- | Nonmanu-
| industries | facturing | facturing
____________________________________________
Measure |
|
| First-year change(2)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | |
Number of workers (in thousands).......................| 1,502 | 457 | 1,046
| | |
| | |
Percent of workers | | |
All settlements......................................| 100 | 100 | 100
| | |
No wage change....................................| 24 | 30 | 22
Decreases(3)......................................| 3 | 1 | 5
Increases.........................................| 72 | 69 | 74
Under 3 percent................................| 36 | 20 | 43
3 and under 4 percent..........................| 20 | 24 | 19
4 and under 5 percent..........................| 12 | 23 | 8
5 percent and over ............................| 3 | 2 | 4
| | |
| | |
Changes (in percent): | | |
Mean change..........................................| 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.6
Median change........................................| 2.3 | 2.7 | 2.3
| | |
Mean increase........................................| 2.9 | 3.2 | 2.8
Median increase......................................| 2.9 | 3.7 | 2.7
____________________________________________
|
| Annual change over the contract term(4)
____________________________________________
| | |
Number of workers (in thousands).......................| 1,502 | 457 | 1,046
| | |
| | |
Percent of workers | | |
All settlements......................................| 100 | 100 | 100
| | |
No wage change....................................| 7 | 15 | 3
Decreases(3)......................................| 3 | 1 | 4
Increases.........................................| 90 | 84 | 93
Under 2 percent................................| 29 | 27 | 30
2 and under 3 percent..........................| 30 | 28 | 32
3 and under 4 percent..........................| 25 | 26 | 24
4 percent and over.............................| 6 | 3 | 7
| | |
| | |
Changes (in percent): | | |
Mean change..........................................| 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.3
Median change........................................| 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.4
| | |
Mean increase........................................| 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.6
Median increase......................................| 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.5
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Mean and median changes include net increases, decreases, and zero change. Mean and median
increases refer to only those settlements with a net increase. Data exclude lump-sum payments and
potential changes from COLA clauses.
2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract
effective date.
3 Distributions are not shown to protect confidentiality.
4 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the
life of the contract.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals.
Table 5. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under
private industry collective bargaining settlements covering 5,000
workers or more by change(1) in compensation, four quarters ended
with the first quarter of 1995 (preliminary)
__________________________________________________________________
|
Measure |First-year change(2)
__________________________________________________________________
|
|
Total number of workers (in thousands).......| 802
|
Percent of workers |
|
All settlements............................| 100
|
No change...............................| 10
Decreases(3)............................| 13
Increases...............................| 77
Under 2 percent......................| 12
2 and under 3 percent................| 17
3 and under 4 percent................| 17
4 percent and over...................| 31
|
Changes (in percent): |
Mean change................................| 2.1
Median change..............................| 2.7
|
Mean increase..............................| 3.6
Median increase............................| 3.4
|
____________________
|
| Annual change over
|the contract term(4)
____________________
|
|
Total number of workers (in thousands).......| 802
|
Percent of workers |
|
All settlements............................| 100
|
No change...............................| 1
Decreases(3)............................| 8
Increases...............................| 92
Under 2 percent......................| 25
2 and under 3 percent................| 28
3 and under 4 percent................| 25
4 percent and over...................| 14
|
Changes (in percent): |
Mean change................................| 2.3
Median change..............................| 2.5
|
Mean increase..............................| 2.6
Median increase............................| 2.6
__________________________________________________________________
1 Mean and median changes include net increases, decreases, and
zero change. Mean and median increases refer to only those
settlements with a net increase. Data exclude any cash or benefit
lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses.
2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective
within 12 months of the contract effective date.
3 Distributions are not shown to protect confidentiality.
4 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as
an average annual rate over the life of the contract.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items
may not equal totals.
Table 6. Rate changes: Percent distribution of workers under construction collective bargaining
settlements covering 1,000 workers or more by change(1) in compensation and wages, four quarters
ended with the first quarter of 1995 (preliminary)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
| First-year change(2)
_______________________________________
Measure |
| Compensation | Wages alone
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| |
Total number of workers (in thousands)......................| 335 | 335
| |
Percent of workers | |
| |
All settlements...........................................| 100 | 100
| |
No change..............................................| 29 | 39
Decreases(3)...........................................| 2 | 2
Increases..............................................| 68 | 58
Under 2 percent.....................................| 18 | 11
2 and under 3 percent...............................| 26 | 28
3 and under 4 percent...............................| 14 | 11
4 and under 5 percent...............................| 7 | 4
5 percent and over..................................| 4 | 4
| |
Changes (in percent): | |
Mean change...............................................| 1.7 | 1.5
Median change.............................................| 2.0 | 1.9
| |
Mean increase.............................................| 2.8 | 2.8
Median increase...........................................| 2.6 | 2.6
| |
_______________________________________
|
|Annual change over the contract term(4)
_______________________________________
| |
| Compensation | Wages alone
_______________________________________
| |
| |
Total number of workers (in thousands)......................| 335 | 335
| |
Percent of workers | |
| |
All settlements...........................................| 100 | 100
| |
No change..............................................| 2 | 6
Decreases(3)...........................................| 2 | 2
Increases..............................................| 96 | 92
Under 2 percent.....................................| 37 | 33
2 and under 3 percent...............................| 30 | 23
3 and under 4 percent...............................| 19 | 25
4 and under 5 percent...............................| 6 | 7
5 percent and over..................................| 4 | 4
| |
Changes (in percent): | |
Mean change...............................................| 2.3 | 2.4
Median change.............................................| 2.3 | 2.4
| |
Mean increase.............................................| 2.5 | 2.7
Median increase...........................................| 2.4 | 2.6
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Mean and median changes include net increases, decreases, and zero change. Mean and median
increases refer to only those settlements with a net increase. Data exclude any cash or benefit
lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses.
2 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract
effective date.
3 Distributions are not shown to protect confidentiality.
4 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the
life of the contract.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals.
Table 7. Rate changes: Selected characteristics of settlements covering 1,000 workers or more, by duration of
contract, four quarters ended with the first quarter of 1995 (preliminary)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| Contract duration
____________________________________________________________________________
Measure | | | More than| | More than| |
| All | 12 months| 12 and | 24 months| 24 and | 36 months| More than
| contracts| or less | less than| | less than| | 36 months
| | | 24 months| | 36 months| |
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | |
Number of settlements...................| 406 | 30 | 10 | 32 | 57 | 140 | 137
| | | | | | |
Number of workers (in thousands)........| 1,502 | 79 | 15 | 86 | 186 | 519 | 617
| | | | | | |
Average contract duration (months)......| 38.5 | 11.3 | 16.1 | 24.0 | 32.8 | 36.0 | 48.4
| | | | | | |
Percent change in wages:(1) | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Annualized over the contract term.....| 2.3 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 2.1
| | | | | | |
Occurring in: | | | | | | |
First contract year(2)..............| 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 1.4
Second contract year(3).............| 2.5 | NA | 0.3 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.3
Third contract year(4)..............| 2.4 | NA | NA | NA | 1.2 | 2.6 | 2.6
Fourth contract year(5).............| 1.5 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.5
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. Excludes lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA
clauses.
2 Data are not annualized.
3 Average is based only on settlements with a duration greater than 12 months. Data are not annualized.
4 Average is based only on settlements with a duration greater than 24 months. Data are not annualized.
5 Average is based only on settlements with a duration greater than 36 months. Data are not annualized.
NOTE: "NA" indicates not applicable. Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal
totals.
Table 8. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages in private industry collective bargaining settlements covering
1,000 workers or more, by region,(2) during 4-quarter periods
(in percent)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| Four quarters ended
_______________________________________________________________________
Measure | 1993 | 1994 | 1995
_______________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | |
| II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | I(3)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | |
First-year wage change(4) | | | | | | | |
Interregional.................................| 2.6 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.9
New England...................................| 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.1
Middle Atlantic...............................| 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.3
East North Central............................| 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.6
West North Central............................| 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.0
South Atlantic................................| 1.6 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 2.2
East South Central............................| 4.4 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 1.7
West South Central............................| 0.2 | 0.1 | -0.5 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 2.0
Mountain......................................| 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.4
Pacific.......................................| 2.2 | 2.8 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.4
Annual wage change over the contract term(5) | | | | | | | |
Interregional.................................| 2.9 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.8
New England...................................| 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.1
Middle Atlantic...............................| 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.8
East North Central............................| 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8
West North Central............................| 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8
South Atlantic................................| 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 2.4
East South Central............................| 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.1
West South Central............................| 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.4
Mountain......................................| 3.2 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.4
Pacific.......................................| 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.9
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. All measures exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum payments and
potential changes from COLA clauses.
2 Regions and the States they comprise (including the District of Columbia) are the following: New
England--Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont; Middle Atlantic--New Jersey, New York,
Pennsylvania; East North Central--Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin; West North Central--Iowa, Kansas,
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota; South Atlantic--Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida,
Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia; East South Central--Kentucky, Tennessee,
Alabama, Mississippi; West South Central--Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas; Mountain--Arizona, Colorado, Idaho,
Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming; Pacific--Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, Washington.
3 Preliminary.
4 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract effective date.
5 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life of the contract.
Table 9. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry
collective bargaining settlements, by year and quarter
(in percent)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
| Annual | Quarterly averages
| averages |
___________________________________________________________
Measure | | | | |
| | | 1993 | 1994 | 1995
_______________________________________________
| 1993| 1994| | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | I(2)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | | |
Wage changes in settlements covering 1,000| | | | | | | | | |
workers or more: | | | | | | | | | |
First year(3) | | | | | | | | | |
All industries........................| 2.3| 2.0| 2.5| 1.1| 2.8| 3.0| 2.0| 1.0| 2.2| 1.9
With COLA clauses....................| 2.8| 2.7| 1.2| (4) | (4) | (4) | 3.2| (4) | 1.8| 0.4
Without COLA clauses.................| 2.1| 1.8| 2.7| (4) | (4) | (4) | 1.6| (4) | 2.3| 2.2
With lump sums.......................| 2.6| 2.2| 1.4| (4) | (4) | 2.5| 2.8| 1.0| 2.5| 0.8
Without lump sums....................| 2.0| 1.9| 2.9| (4) | (4) | 3.2| 1.9| 0.9| 2.2| 2.7
With either lump sums, COLA, or both.| 2.6| 2.5| 1.5| 2.5| 2.9| 2.5| 3.0| 1.8| 2.1| 0.7
With neither lump sums nor COLA......| 2.0| 1.6| 2.9| 0.2| 2.7| 3.2| 1.4| 0.4| 2.2| 2.8
Manufacturing.........................| 2.7| 2.4| 1.7| (4) | (4) | 1.5| 3.0| 1.9| 2.7| 0.6
With either lump sums, COLA, or both.| 2.7| 2.4| 1.1| (4) | (4) | 1.0| 3.0| 2.0| 2.8| 0.5
With neither lump sums nor COLA......| 2.9| 2.2| 2.6| (4) | (4) | 2.2| 2.8| 1.8| 2.6| 1.8
Nonmanufacturing......................| 2.1| 1.8| 2.8| (4) | (4) | 3.5| 1.7| 0.1| 2.1| 2.7
With either lump sums, COLA, or both.| 2.4| 2.6| 2.0| (4) | (4) | 3.6| 3.0| 1.4| 1.8| 1.3
With neither lump sums nor COLA......| 1.8| 1.6| 3.0| (4) | (4) | 3.4| 1.3| -0.3| 2.2| 2.9
Construction..........................| 2.1| 1.8| 2.3| 1.7| (4) | (4) | 1.0| 2.2| (4) | (4)
All industries excluding construction.| 2.4| 2.0| 2.7| 1.0| (4) | (4) | 2.6| 0.6| (4) | (4)
Nonmanufacturing excluding | | | | | | | | | |
construction.......................| 2.0| 1.8| 3.4| (4) | (4) | (4) | 2.3| -1.5| (4) | (4)
Goods-producing.......................| 2.6| 2.1| 2.1| (4) | (4) | 3.1| 1.9| 2.0| 2.7| 1.0
Service-producing.....................| 2.0| 1.8| 3.4| (4) | (4) | 2.9| 2.3| -1.6| 2.1| 2.7
Annual average over the contract term(5) | | | | | | | | | |
All industries.........................| 2.1| 2.3| 2.5| 1.7| 2.0| 2.4| 2.4| 1.9| 2.5| 1.9
With COLA clauses.....................| 1.4| 2.5| 0.9| (4) | (4) | (4) | 2.7| (4) | 2.3| 0.6
Without COLA clauses..................| 2.5| 2.3| 2.7| (4) | (4) | (4) | 2.3| (4) | 2.6| 2.2
With lump sums........................| 1.9| 2.0| 1.4| (4) | (4) | 1.7| 2.4| 1.7| 2.2| 0.8
Without lump sums.....................| 2.5| 2.4| 2.8| (4) | (4) | 2.8| 2.4| 1.9| 2.6| 2.7
With either lump sums, COLA, or both..| 1.9| 2.3| 1.5| 1.5| 1.9| 1.7| 2.6| 2.1| 2.2| 0.8
With neither lump sums nor COLA.......| 2.5| 2.3| 2.9| 1.8| 2.2| 2.8| 2.3| 1.7| 2.6| 2.8
Manufacturing..........................| 1.5| 2.3| 1.3| (4) | (4) | 1.8| 2.5| 2.0| 2.5| 0.8
With either lump sums, COLA, or both..| 1.3| 2.3| 0.6| (4) | (4) | 1.3| 2.6| 2.1| 2.7| 0.7
With neither lump sums nor COLA.......| 2.5| 2.2| 2.4| (4) | (4) | 2.5| 2.5| 2.0| 2.4| 1.6
Nonmanufacturing.......................| 2.5| 2.3| 2.8| (4) | (4) | 2.7| 2.4| 1.7| 2.5| 2.7
With either lump sums, COLA, or both..| 2.6| 2.4| 2.4| (4) | (4) | 2.0| 2.7| 2.1| 2.0| 1.4
With neither lump sums nor COLA.......| 2.5| 2.3| 2.9| (4) | (4) | 2.9| 2.3| 1.6| 2.7| 2.9
Construction...........................| 2.6| 2.5| 2.7| 2.1| (4) | (4) | 2.3| 2.5| (4) | (4)
All industries excluding construction..| 2.1| 2.3| 2.4| 1.6| (4) | (4) | 2.5| 1.7| (4) | (4)
Nonmanufacturing excluding construction| 2.5| 2.2| 3.1| (4) | (4) | (4) | 2.5| 1.1| (4) | (4)
Goods-producing........................| 1.9| 2.4| 2.2| (4) | (4) | 2.8| 2.4| 2.2| 2.6| 1.2
Service-producing......................| 2.6| 2.2| 3.1| (4) | (4) | 2.2| 2.5| 1.1| 2.5| 2.6
| | | | | | | | | |
Compensation changes in settlements | | | | | | | | | |
covering 5,000 workers or more: | | | | | | | | | |
All industries | | | | | | | | | |
First year(3).........................| 3.0| 2.3| 3.2| 1.0| 3.8| 3.0| 3.4| (6) | 1.5| 1.4
With COLA clauses....................| 3.2| 5.0| 1.7| (4) | (4) | - | 5.8| (4) | (4) | (4)
Without COLA clauses.................| 2.9| 1.5| 3.4| (4) | (4) | 3.0| 2.1| (4) | (4) | (4)
Annual average over the contract | | | | | | | | | |
term(5)..............................| 2.4| 2.4| 2.6| 1.4| 2.5| 2.6| 2.9| 1.4| 2.1| 1.6
With COLA clauses....................| 1.7| 3.4| 0.6| (4) | (4) | - | 3.8| (4) | (4) | (4)
Without COLA clauses.................| 2.8| 2.1| 2.9| (4) | (4) | 2.6| 2.4| (4) | (4) | (4)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. The lump-sum measures refer to whether or
not settlements have cash lump-sum provisions. All measures exclude any cash or benefit lump-sum
payments and potential changes from COLA clauses.
2 Preliminary.
3 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the contract
effective date.
4 Data do not meet publication standards.
5 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the life
of the contract.
6 Less than 0 and greater than -0.05 percent.
- There were no settlements in this cell.
Table 10. Rate changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in wages and compensation in private industry
collective bargaining settlements during 4-quarter periods
(in percent)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
| Four quarters ended
_____________________________________________________
| | |
Measure | 1993 | 1994 | 1995
_____________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| I | II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | I(2)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
Wage changes in settlements covering 1,000| | | | | | | | |
workers or more: | | | | | | | | |
First year(3) | | | | | | | | |
All industries........................| 2.6| 2.5| 2.0| 2.3| 2.4| 2.2| 2.3| 2.0| 1.8
With COLA clauses....................| 2.8| 2.7| 2.5| 2.8| 2.7| 3.0| 2.9| 2.7| 2.5
Without COLA clauses.................| 2.6| 2.5| 1.8| 2.1| 2.3| 1.9| 2.0| 1.8| 1.6
With lump sums.......................| 2.7| 2.6| 2.3| 2.6| 2.6| 2.8| 2.6| 2.2| 1.8
Without lump sums....................| 2.6| 2.5| 1.8| 2.0| 2.1| 1.7| 1.9| 1.9| 1.8
With either lump sums, COLA, or both.| 2.7| 2.6| 2.3| 2.6| 2.6| 2.8| 2.7| 2.5| 2.3
With neither lump sums nor COLA......| 2.6| 2.5| 1.7| 2.0| 2.1| 1.5| 1.6| 1.6| 1.5
Manufacturing.........................| 2.9| 2.8| 2.5| 2.7| 2.5| 2.7| 2.6| 2.4| 2.2
With either lump sums, COLA, or both.| 2.4| 2.3| 2.3| 2.7| 2.4| 2.7| 2.7| 2.4| 2.2
With neither lump sums nor COLA......| 3.4| 3.3| 3.1| 2.9| 2.6| 2.6| 2.2| 2.2| 2.2
Nonmanufacturing......................| 2.6| 2.5| 1.7| 2.1| 2.3| 2.0| 2.0| 1.8| 1.6
With either lump sums, COLA, or both.| 2.8| 2.7| 2.3| 2.4| 2.8| 2.9| 2.8| 2.6| 2.4
With neither lump sums nor COLA......| 2.4| 2.4| 1.5| 1.8| 2.0| 1.3| 1.4| 1.6| 1.4
Construction..........................| 1.9| 1.8| 2.0| 2.1| 2.4| 1.7| 1.8| 1.8| 1.5
All industries excluding construction.| 2.8| 2.7| 1.9| 2.4| 2.4| 2.4| 2.3| 2.0| 1.9
Nonmanufacturing excluding | | | | | | | | |
construction.......................| 2.8| 2.7| 1.5| 2.0| 2.3| 2.1| 2.1| 1.8| 1.7
Goods-producing.......................| 2.4| 2.3| 2.3| 2.6| 2.5| 2.4| 2.4| 2.1| 1.9
Service-producing.....................| 2.8| 2.7| 1.5| 2.0| 2.2| 2.0| 2.0| 1.8| 1.7
Annual average over the contract term(4) | | | | | | | | |
All industries.........................| 2.9| 2.7| 2.3| 2.1| 2.1| 2.1| 2.2| 2.3| 2.3
With COLA clauses.....................| 2.6| 2.5| 2.1| 1.4| 1.0| 1.5| 1.7| 2.5| 2.4
Without COLA clauses..................| 3.0| 2.8| 2.4| 2.5| 2.5| 2.4| 2.3| 2.3| 2.2
With lump sums........................| 2.9| 2.7| 2.1| 1.9| 1.8| 1.9| 2.0| 2.0| 1.9
Without lump sums.....................| 2.9| 2.8| 2.4| 2.5| 2.5| 2.3| 2.3| 2.4| 2.4
With either lump sums, COLA, or both..| 2.8| 2.7| 2.1| 1.9| 1.8| 2.0| 2.1| 2.3| 2.2
With neither lump sums nor COLA.......| 3.0| 2.8| 2.5| 2.5| 2.5| 2.2| 2.2| 2.3| 2.3
Manufacturing..........................| 2.8| 2.6| 2.1| 1.5| 1.3| 1.5| 1.7| 2.3| 2.1
With either lump sums, COLA, or both..| 2.4| 2.2| 1.8| 1.3| 1.0| 1.4| 1.5| 2.3| 2.1
With neither lump sums nor COLA.......| 3.2| 3.0| 2.9| 2.5| 2.3| 2.3| 2.0| 2.2| 2.2
Nonmanufacturing.......................| 2.9| 2.8| 2.4| 2.5| 2.6| 2.4| 2.5| 2.3| 2.3
With either lump sums, COLA, or both..| 3.0| 2.9| 2.5| 2.6| 2.7| 2.7| 2.7| 2.4| 2.4
With neither lump sums nor COLA.......| 2.9| 2.7| 2.4| 2.5| 2.5| 2.2| 2.3| 2.3| 2.3
Construction...........................| 2.5| 2.4| 2.4| 2.6| 2.7| 2.5| 2.6| 2.5| 2.4
All industries excluding construction..| 3.0| 2.9| 2.3| 2.1| 2.0| 2.0| 2.1| 2.3| 2.2
Nonmanufacturing excluding construction| 3.1| 3.0| 2.4| 2.5| 2.5| 2.4| 2.4| 2.2| 2.3
Goods-producing........................| 2.6| 2.5| 2.3| 1.9| 1.8| 1.8| 1.9| 2.4| 2.2
Service-producing......................| 3.1| 3.0| 2.4| 2.6| 2.6| 2.5| 2.5| 2.2| 2.3
| | | | | | | | |
Compensation changes in settlements | | | | | | | | |
covering 5,000 workers or more: | | | | | | | | |
All industries | | | | | | | | |
First year(3).........................| 3.0| 2.9| 2.1| 3.0| 3.0| 3.1| 3.1| 2.3| 2.1
With COLA clauses....................| 4.2| 4.2| 3.0| 3.2| (5) | 3.7| 4.0| 5.0| 4.6
Without COLA clauses.................| 2.6| 2.4| 1.5| 2.9| (5) | 2.8| 2.6| 1.5| 1.1
Annual average over the contract | | | | | | | | |
term(4).............................| 3.1| 2.9| 2.4| 2.4| 2.3| 2.4| 2.5| 2.4| 2.3
With COLA clauses....................| 3.3| 3.3| 2.5| 1.7| (5) | 1.9| 2.1| 3.4| 3.1
Without COLA clauses.................| 3.0| 2.8| 2.3| 2.8| (5) | 2.7| 2.6| 2.1| 2.0
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. The lump-sum measures refer to whether
or not settlements have cash lump-sum provisions. All measures exclude any cash or benefit
lump-sum payments and potential changes from COLA clauses.
2 Preliminary.
3 Changes under settlements reached in the period and effective within 12 months of the
contract effective date.
4 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the
contract term.
5 Data do not meet publication standards.
Table 11. Cost changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in the cost of compensation and components
annualized over the life of the contract(2) in private industry collective bargaining
settlements covering 5,000 workers or more, by quarter, and during 4-quarter periods
(in percent)
______________________________________________________________________________________________
| | |
| 1993 | 1994 | 1995
_____________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
Item | I | II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | I(3)
_____________________________________________________
|
| Quarterly averages
______________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
All industries | | | | | | | | |
Compensation ..................| 1.9| 1.8| 0.9| 1.8| 2.0| 1.9| 0.8| 1.2| 1.1
Cash payments (4)..............| 1.4| 1.7| 0.8| 1.4| 1.9| 1.4| 0.9| 1.5| 1.2
Wages..........................| 1.6| 1.7| 0.7| 1.4| 1.7| 1.4| 0.9| 1.5| 1.1
Benefits.......................| 2.7| 1.8| 1.1| 2.4| 2.1| 2.7| 0.5| 0.6| 0.9
_____________________________________________________
|
| Four quarters ended
_____________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
All industries | | | | | | | | |
Compensation...................| 2.0| 1.9| 1.4| 1.6| 1.6| 1.6| 1.7| 1.6| 1.4
Cash payments(4)...............| 1.8| 1.7| 1.2| 1.3| 1.3| 1.3| 1.4| 1.4| 1.3
Wages..........................| 1.9| 1.8| 1.3| 1.3| 1.3| 1.3| 1.4| 1.3| 1.3
Benefits.......................| 2.5| 2.3| 1.7| 2.1| 2.0| 2.2| 2.2| 1.8| 1.6
With contingent pay provisions(5) | | | | | | | | |
Compensation...................| 2.1| 2.0| 1.4| 1.5| 1.4| 1.7| 1.9| 2.2| 2.1
Cash payments(4)...............| 1.9| 1.7| 1.2| 1.2| 1.2| 1.3| 1.4| 1.8| 1.7
Wages..........................| 2.0| 1.9| 1.4| 1.4| 1.3| 1.4| 1.6| 1.7| 1.6
Benefits.......................| 2.5| 2.5| 1.8| 2.0| 1.8| 2.3| 2.5| 3.0| 2.8
Without contingent pay | | | | | | | | |
provisions(5) | | | | | | | | |
Compensation...................| 2.0| 1.9| 1.4| 1.7| 1.8| 1.6| 1.5| 1.3| 1.1
Cash payments(4)...............| 1.8| 1.7| 1.3| 1.4| 1.6| 1.3| 1.3| 1.3| 1.1
Wages..........................| 1.8| 1.7| 1.2| 1.3| 1.4| 1.1| 1.1| 1.2| 1.1
Benefits.......................| 2.5| 2.3| 1.6| 2.1| 2.2| 2.1| 1.8| 1.3| 1.1
Manufacturing | | | | | | | | |
Compensation...................| 2.1| 1.8| 1.1| 1.2| 1.1| 1.3| 1.5| 1.9| 1.7
Cash payments(4)...............| 1.6| 1.3| 1.0| 0.8| 0.7| 0.9| 1.0| 1.7| 1.6
Wages..........................| 2.0| 1.7| 1.2| 1.1| 0.9| 1.1| 1.2| 1.6| 1.4
Benefits.......................| 3.3| 2.7| 1.4| 1.6| 1.5| 1.9| 2.1| 2.3| 2.0
Nonmanufacturing | | | | | | | | |
Compensation...................| 2.0| 2.0| 1.5| 1.9| 2.0| 1.8| 1.8| 1.4| 1.3
Cash payments(4)...............| 1.9| 1.8| 1.3| 1.6| 1.8| 1.5| 1.6| 1.3| 1.2
Wages..........................| 1.8| 1.8| 1.3| 1.5| 1.6| 1.4| 1.5| 1.3| 1.2
Benefits.......................| 2.4| 2.2| 1.8| 2.4| 2.3| 2.4| 2.2| 1.6| 1.5
Goods-producing | | | | | | | | |
Compensation...................| 1.9| 1.9| 1.6| 1.4| 1.4| 1.4| 1.4| 1.6| 1.4
Cash payments(4)...............| 1.5| 1.6| 1.4| 1.1| 1.2| 1.1| 1.2| 1.5| 1.3
Wages..........................| 1.8| 1.8| 1.5| 1.2| 1.2| 1.1| 1.2| 1.4| 1.2
Benefits.......................| 2.9| 2.7| 2.1| 1.9| 1.8| 1.8| 1.8| 1.6| 1.5
Service-producing | | | | | | | | |
Compensation...................| 2.1| 2.0| 1.2| 1.8| 1.8| 2.0| 2.0| 1.5| 1.5
Cash payments(4)...............| 1.9| 1.8| 1.1| 1.5| 1.6| 1.6| 1.6| 1.3| 1.3
Wages..........................| 1.9| 1.8| 1.0| 1.5| 1.5| 1.5| 1.6| 1.3| 1.3
Benefits.......................| 2.4| 2.2| 1.3| 2.3| 2.2| 2.7| 2.6| 1.9| 1.8
______________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Includes net increases, decreases, and no change. Excludes potential changes from
contingent pay provisions.
2 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over
the life of the contract.
3 Preliminary.
4 Cash payments include wages and lump-sum payments.
5 Contingent pay provisions include COLA clauses and/or contingent lump-sum payment clauses.
Data exclude potential changes from contingent pay provisions.
Table 12. Cost changes: Average (mean) changes(1) in the cost of compensation and components
annualized over the life of the contract(2) in private industry collective bargaining settlements
covering 5,000 workers or more, four quarters ended with the first quarter of 1995 (preliminary)
(in percent)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | |
| | Cash | | | Number of
Measure | Compen-| | Wages | Benefits | workers
| sation |payments(-| | | (000's)
| | 3) | | |
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
All industries..........................| 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 802
| | | | |
With contingent pay provisions(4)....| 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 2.8 | 242
Without contingent pay provisions(4).| 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 560
| | | | |
Manufacturing...........................| 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 226
| | | | |
Nonmanufacturing........................| 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 576
| | | | |
Goods-producing.........................| 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 371
| | | | |
Service-producing.......................| 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 431
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change. Excludes potential changes from contingent
pay provisions.
2 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed as an average annual rate over the
life of the contract.
3 Cash payments include wages and lump sum payments.
4 Contingent pay provisions include COLA clauses and/or contingent lump sum payment clauses. Data
exclude potential changes from contingent pay provisions.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items may not equal totals.
Table 13. Cost changes: Percent distribution of workers in
private industry collective bargaining settlements covering
5,000 workers or more, by average (mean) changes(1) in
compensation costs annualized over the life of the contract,(2)
four quarters ended with the first quarter of 1995
(preliminary)
_______________________________________________________________
|
Measure | All
| industries
_______________________________________________________________
|
|
|
Total number of workers (in thousands)............| 802
|
|
Percent of workers |
|
All settlements.................................| 100
|
No change....................................| 0
Decreases(3).................................| 6
Increases....................................| 94
|
Under 1 percent...........................| 25
1 and under 2 percent.....................| 44
2 percent and over........................| 25
|
|
Changes (in percent): |
Mean change (percent)...........................| 1.4
Median change...................................| 1.7
|
Mean increase (percent)......................| 1.7
Median increase..............................| 1.8
_______________________________________________________________
1 Includes net increases, decreases, and zero change.
Excludes potential changes from contingent pay provisions.
2 Changes under settlements reached in the period expressed
as an average annual (compound) rate over the life of the
contract.
3 Distributions are not shown to protect confidentiality.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual employment items
may not equal totals.
Table 14. Rate changes: Average changes in wages in private industry collective bargaining agreements covering 1,000
workers or more, by year and quarter
(in percent)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| |
|Annual averages| Quarterly averages
_______________________________________________________________________________
| | | | |
Item | | | 1993 | 1994 | 1995
_______________________________________________________________
| 1993 | 1994 | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | I(1)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Average wage rate change (2)...............| 3.0 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.3
| | | | | | | | | |
Source: | | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements......................| 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | (3)
Prior settlements.....................| 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.2
COLA provisions.......................| 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | (3) | (3) | (3) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | (3)
| | | | | | | | | |
Industry | | | | | | | | | |
Manufacturing............................| 3.3 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.4
Nonmanufacturing......................| 2.8 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.3
Nonmanufacturing excluding | | | | | | | | | |
construction..............................| 2.8 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.3
Construction..........................| 2.7 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.2
Transportation and public utilities...| 3.0 | 2.8 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 0.2
Wholesale and retail trade............| 2.3 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.5
Services..............................| 3.4 | 3.3 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 0.6
Goods-producing.......................| 3.1 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3
Service-producing.....................| 2.8 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.4
| | | | | | | | | |
Average wage rate increase(4)..............| 3.5 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 1.5
| | | | | | | | | |
Source:(5) | | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements......................| 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.1
Prior settlements.....................| 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 2.6
COLA provisions.......................| 1.3 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.3
| | | | | | | | | |
Number of workers receiving wage increases | | | | | | | | | |
(in thousands)(6).........................|4,795.1|4,644.6|2,116.4|1,715.0|1,603.9|1,335.1|2,023.7|2,061.5|1,569.3|1,231.4
| | | | | | | | | |
Source: | | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements......................|1,671.7|1,083.3| 358.9| 359.5| 883.9| 149.0| 432.9| 317.5| 292.8| 88.1
Prior settlements.....................|2,999.2|3,037.1|1,121.2|1,163.0| 377.0| 558.2| 941.0|1,133.7| 646.9| 508.8
COLA provisions.......................| 872.2| 760.8| 661.8| 273.4| 720.5| 689.5| 655.8| 628.9| 695.0| 652.5
| | | | | | | | | |
Number of workers not receiving a wage | | | | | | | | | |
increase (in thousands)...................| 681.0| 777.3|3,359.7|3,761.2|3,872.2|4,086.8|3,398.2|3,360.4|3,852.6|4,194.0
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Preliminary.
2 Includes increases, decreases, and zero change in wages stemming from current settlements, settlements reached in a prior
period, and COLA clauses. Because of rounding and compounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
3 More than 0 and less than 0.05 percent.
4 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from all sources was a wage rate increase.
5 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from each source was a wage rate increase.
6 The employment total does not equal the sum of employment for each source, because some workers received wage changes
from more than one source.
Table 15. Rate changes: Average changes in wages in private industry collective bargaining agreements
covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods
(in percent)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
|
| Four quarters ended
_______________________________________________________________________
| | |
Item | 1993 | 1994 | 1995
_______________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| I | II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | I(1)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Average wage rate change (2).....| 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.6
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Source: | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements..........| 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.5
Prior settlements............| 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9
COLA provisions..............| 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3
| | | | | | | | |
Industry | | | | | | | | |
Manufacturing................| 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.4
Nonmanufacturing.............| 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8
Nonmanufacturing excluding | | | | | | | | |
construction................| 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8
Construction.................| 3.3 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.7
Transportation and public | | | | | | | | |
utilities...................| 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 2.8
Wholesale and retail trade...| 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.7
Services.....................| 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 3.3 | 3.1
Goods-producing..............| 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.5
Service-producing............| 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Average wage rate increase(3)....| 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 3.2
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Source:(4) | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements..........| 3.5 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.0
Prior settlements............| 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4
COLA provisions..............| 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.8
| | | | | | | | |
Number of workers receiving wage | | | | | | | | |
increases (in thousands)(5)......|4,630.8|4,528.5|4,468.8|4,795.1|4,696.5|4,598.6|4,512.5|4,644.6|4,611.7
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Source: | | | | | | | | |
Current settlements..........|1,347.8|1,405.0|1,229.8|1,671.7|1,651.8|1,748.1|1,689.4|1,083.3|1,076.1
Prior settlements............|2,706.0|2,785.0|2,965.9|2,999.2|2,989.1|2,888.2|2,965.4|3,037.1|3,018.5
COLA provisions..............|1,067.4|1,064.2| 921.2| 872.2| 839.2| 843.2| 786.2| 760.8| 746.6
| | | | | | | | |
Number of workers not receiving a| | | | | | | | |
wage increase (in thousands).....| 888.7| 991.0|1,050.7| 681.0| 779.6| 877.5| 963.7| 777.3| 810.3
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1 Preliminary.
2 Includes increases, decreases, and zero change in wages stemming from current settlements, agreements
reached in a prior period, and COLA clauses. Because of rounding and compounding, sums of individual items
may not equal totals.
3 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from all sources was an increase.
4 Reflects only contracts where the net effect of increases and decreases from each source was an increase.? 5 The employment total does not equal the sum of employment for each source, because some workers received
wage changes from more than one source.