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Linking-Employment Problems
to Economic Status
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
June 1984
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Bulletin 2201
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Linking Employment Problems
to Economic Status
U.S Department of Labor
Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
June 1984
Bulletin 2201
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government P rinting Office, W ashington, D.C. 20402
(
Preface
This bulletin contains information on the employment
problems faced by American workers in 1982 and the
impact of these problems on the economic status of
their families and households. The bulletin is based
largely on data from the March 1983 Current Popula
tion Survey of the Bureau of the Census which relate
to the year 1982. Three employment problems are cov
ered: Unemployment; involuntary part-time employ
ment; and low earnings among year-round, full-time
workers. Statistics for persons with these problems are
linked with data on family and household income. The
poverty status is then determined using the Federal
Government’s official poverty lines. In addition, the
analysis is extended to cover trends since 1979, multi
ple employment problems of workers during 1982, and
changes in the poverty status of workers from 1981 to
1982.
This bulletin was prepared in the Division of Data
Development and Users’ Services under the direction
of Paul O. Flaim, Chief. Staff members contributing to
its preparation were Bernard R. Altschuler, Kenneth
D. Buckley, Francis W. Horvath, Robert J. Mclntire,
and Jeanette S. Montgomery. Mildred W. Behlin and
Joya V. Ashe processed the text.
Material in this publication is in the public domain
and with appropriate credit, may be reproduced with
out permission.
Contents
Page
Summary of findings ................................................................................................................
Employment problems and family income in 1982 ..................................................................
Trends since 1979 ......................................................................................................................
Multiple employment problem s...............................................................................................
Changes in poverty status of matched sample, 1981-82 ..........................................................
2
2
4
5
5
Tables:
1982:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Persons with unemployment by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and extent of
labor force experience.................................................................................................
Persons with unemployment and median weeks of unemployment by family
status, race, and Hispanic origin...............................................................................
Percent of unemployed workers below poverty level by family status, race,
Hispanic origin, and weeks of unemployment..........................................................
Median family income of persons in the labor force by occurrence of
unemployment, family status, race, and Hispanic origin.........................................
Persons with part-time employment by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and
reason for working part tim e.....................................................................................
Persons with part-time employment by family status, race, Hispanic origin, and
reason for working part tim e.....................................................................................
Persons with involuntary part-time employment by reason, family status, race,
Hispanic origin, and weeks of involuntary part-time employment.........................
Percent of persons with part-time employment below poverty level by family
status, race, Hispanic origin, and reason for working part tim e .............................
Earnings distribution of year-round full-time workers by sex, race, and
Hispanic o rig in ..........................................................................................................
Earnings distribution of year-round full-time workers by age, sex, race, and
Hispanic o rig in ..........................................................................................................
Number of year-round full-time workers, percent earning less than $6,700, and
median earnings by family status, race, and Hispanic origin...................................
Incidence of poverty among year-round full-time workers by family status,
earnings, race, and Hispanic origin............................................................................
Year-round full-time workers earning less than $6,700 by family income,
family status, race, andHispanic origin.....................................................................
8
10
11
12
13
15
16
18
19
19
20
21
22
1980-82:
14.
15.
16.
Incidence of unemployment among persons with labor force experience and per
cent in families below poverty level by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and family
status...........................................................................................................................
Incidence of involuntary part-time employment among persons working part
time and percent in families below poverty level by sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and family status........................................................................................................
Incidence of low earnings among year-round full-time workers and percent in
families below poverty level by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and family status ........
v
23
24
25
Contents—Continued
1982:
17.
18.
19.
Persons with labor market problems by number and type of problems:
Unemployment or involuntary part-time employment or low earnings.................
Persons with labor market problems by number and type of problems: 5 weeks
or more of unemployment or involuntary part-time employment or low
earnings......................................................................................................................
Persons with labor market problems by number and type of problems: 15 weeks
or more of unemployment or involuntary part-time employment or low
earnings.....................................................................................................................
26
26
27
Appendixes:
A. Explanatory n o tes............................................................................................ ................
B. Supplementary tables ........................................................................................................
VI
28
32
Linking Employment Problems
to Economic Status
presented in detail and the number of workers who en
countered more than one employment difficulty during
1982 are examined. Lastly, the change over time in the
relationship between employment problems and eco
nomic status is explored by following the same workers
from 1981 to 1982.
The principal concepts used in this report are dis
cussed in more detail below:
In 1982, a year in which the economy reached the
trough of the deepest recession of the post-World War
II period, 22 percent of all those in the labor force at
some time during the year were unemployed for 1 week
or more. In all, 26.5 million people experienced one or
more spells of joblessness during the year.
For some persons, the period of unemployment was
preceded by an involuntary reduction in their usual
weekly working hours. For many others, although they
worked year round full time, their earnings were below
the annual equivalent of the minimum wage. Within a
family or household, the degree of economic distress
caused by each of these problems often hinges on the
presence of other earners or the availability of nonlabor
sources of income.
This report, the fourth in a series, examines these
problems to assess their economic impact within a family
context.1 The data are from the March 1983 Current
Population Survey, which contains information on the
work experience, earnings, and income of persons in
1982.
Three situations are identified as problems for indi
vidual workers:
1. Weeks with unemployment during the year.
2. Weeks of involuntary part-time work when full
time work could not be found;
3. Earnings for the year amounting to less than the
minimum-wage equivalent for year-round full-time
work.
The demographic characteristics of workers experi
encing any of the three problems in 1982 are examined
briefly. Data are then presented showing the family
status of these persons and the poverty status of their
families. The tables in appendix B contain a distribution
of family income classified by the weeks of unemploy
ment experienced by the unemployed workers; the rea
sons worked part time; and the personal earnings of
full-time, year-round workers.2 Trends since 1980 are
Unemployment. Persons with unemployment are those
reported as having looked for work while not employed,
or as having been on layoff for at least 1 week during
the survey year. The actual time unemployed may vary
from a single week to a full year.
part-time employment. Persons who
wanted to work full time but who, because of economic
conditions, had to work less than 35 hours a week at
some time during the year are considered to have had
some involuntary part-time employment. This may have
occurred either because their regular full-time hours
were reduced due to slack work or material shortages,
or because a part-time job was all that they could find.
Involuntary
Persons
who usually work 35 or more hours per week who
were employed for 50 or more weeks arq defined as
full-time year-round workers. Low annual earnings for
an individual worker are defined as earnings below
$6,700, corresponding to 50 weeks of 40 hours of work
at the minimum wage. The minimum wage was $3.35
in 1982, unchanged from 1981.
Low annual earnings among full-year workers.
Income levels and poverty status
are determined on the basis of total money income be
fore personal income taxes and payroll deductions. The
value of noncash income such as food stamps, subsi
dized housing, and fringe benefits is not included. Un
like the minimum wage figure, the poverty lines are
adjusted each year for inflation using the Consumer
Price Index. Poverty lines are defined for families of
various sizes as well as for individuals living alone or
with unrelated individuals. For a family of four in 1982,
the poverty line was $9,862; for a single individual un
der 65, the line was $5,019. In this bulletin, the term
“family” often includes households consisting of indi
Income and poverty.
'Data for 1981 were published in BLS Bulletin 2169 (1983) of the
same title; data for 1980 are available from the National Technical
Information Service, No. PB83115345 (1982); and data for 1979 were
published in BLS Bulletin 2123 (1982).
2More detailed information on each of these subjects is presented
in the Current Population Reports, Series P-60, of the Bureau of the
Census. In addition, work experience data have been reported by
BLS in Special Labor Force Reports. Over 50 extensive tables are
compiled each year in the preparation of these reports, most of which
are unpublished but available by request.
1
average unemployment rate reflects the high turnover
among persons experiencing unemployment. Because
the individuals unemployed each month are continually
changing, the cumulative count over a 12-month period
is always higher than the level for any single month or
the average level for a year. In some years, the work
experience unemployment count has been as high as 4
times the annual average. However, in a recession, the
spells of unemployment are typically longer, reducing
the turnover among the unemployed. In 1982, the work
experience unemployment rate was about 2 1/4 times
the annual average rate.
About 3 out of 5 of those with any unemployment
in 1982 were men, and close to 80 percent of them were
in the labor force for the full year. Even among women,
over half of those who were unemployed during the
year were in the labor force for 50 weeks or more. The
incidence of unemployment for persons in the labor
force all year was 22 percent for men and 17 percent
for women.
For some persons in the labor force only part of the
year, such as students or others entering the work force,
some job search is usually required before obtaining a
job. This is reflected in the higher incidence of un
employment among part-year workers. For example,
among persons under 25, many of whom alternate la
bor force activities with school attendance, about 1 in
3 reported some joblessness in 1982. Persons 25 to 54,
who make up the bulk of the labor force, had an un
employment incidence of about 1 in 5, while older per
sons, age 55 and over, who often retire from the labor
force rather than continue to look for work, had the
lowest incidence of unemployment, about 1 in 8.
Among young persons, black youths were by far the
most likely to encounter unemployment during the year.
Over 50 percent of black men age 16 to 24 looked for
work during 1982. Among those in the labor force only
part of the year, the incidence was even higher. The
highest incidence for the demographic groups shown,
70.6 percent, occurred for black men age 20-24 who
were in the labor force 27-49 weeks.
In terms of family status, almost one-third of all per
sons with some unemployment during 1982 were clas
sified as "other” members. Most of them were children
in married-couple families or in families maintained by
men or women (no spouse present). These young per
sons had the highest incidence of unemployment and
generally the longest spells of unemployment.
For men and women who maintained their families
alone, the likelihood of having some unemployment
during the year was close to 25 percent. Husbands and
wives had the lowest incidence of unemployment—just
below' 18 and 17 percent, respectively.
Black families faced the greatest probability of en
countering unemployment. Among black women who
maintained families, the incidence of unemployment was
viduals living alone or of unrelated persons, so that in
dividual employment problems can be related to
poverty.3
Summary of findings
Analysis of these employment problems and their ef
fect on the economic status of families indicates that:
1. Nearly 26.5 million persons experienced some
unemployment during 1982. The vast majority of
these persons worked for some part of the year.
Over 20 percent lived in families with incomes be
low poverty levels.
2. Slightly more than 16 million persons had to
work part time for at least a part of the year in
1982 because their hours were reduced or because
no full-time work was available. About 18 percent
were members of families living in poverty.
3. About 4.6 million workers with year-round, full
time work had total earnings in 1982 below $6,700.
Many were self-employed or otherwise exempt
from coverage under the minimum wage law. Close
to 30 percent lived in families with incomes below
the poverty line.
4. Because 8.1 million of the persons enumerated
above experienced more than one problem, an
unduplicative total would come to 39 million indi
viduals with employment problems. Of these, 7.8
million belonged to families where the total income
for 1982 fell below the poverty line.
5. Over the 1979-82 period, the number of persons
with employment problems rose considerably, and
the proportion who lived in poor families contin
ued its upward movement.
Employment problems and family income in 1982
Unemployment and poverty. Of the 120.2 million per
sons in the labor force at some time during 1982, about
26.5 million were unemployed for a week or more (ta
ble 1). Thus, the proportion with some unemployment
during the year was 22.0 percent—a proportion often
referred to in this report as “the work experience un
employment rate” or “the incidence of unemployment.”
In comparison, the annual average unemployment level
for 1982 was 10.7 million persons, and the civilian un
employment rate for the year was 9.7 percent.
The difference between the much higher work expe
rience unemployment rate and the better known annual
'Although recognizing the limitations of the Federal Government
measure of poverty, BLS chose it because of its convenience. For
information on this measure of poverty, see Money Income amt Pov
erty Status o f Families and Persons in the United Stales: 1V<V_\ Current
Population Reports, Series P-M), No. 140 (U.S. Department of Com
merce, Bureau of the Census, July 1483). Changes in this measure
were proposed most recently by Timothy Smeeding in “Alternative
Methods for Valuing Selected In-kind Transfer Benefits and Meas
uring Their Effect on Poverty,” Technical Paper 50 (Bureau of the
Census, March 1482).
2
Of the
43.6 million persons who worked part time for at least
1 week during 1982, about 16.1 million did so involun
tarily. Of the latter group, approximately two-thirds
cited slack work or material shortages as the reason for
their short hours; the rest reported that they could not
find a full-time job (table 5).
The reasons given for involuntary part-time work
differed markedly by sex and race. Among the men,
almost 3 out of 4 of those with some involuntary parttime work had been on short schedules because of slack
work or material shortages. On the other hand, women
with involuntary part-time work were almost equally
divided between those whose hours had been cut back
and those who had to settle for a part-time job after
being unable to find full-time work. About half of all
blacks and Hispanics who worked part time in 1982 did
so involuntarily, compared with only somewhat more
than one-third of white workers.
If they worked part time, over half of the husbands
did so involuntarily. On the other hand, only about
one-quarter of the wives who worked part time in 1982
did so involuntarily. The presence of other earners in
the family is an important factor which allows some
workers to choose part-time hours. Those entirely re
sponsible for the economic support of the household,
such as men and women who maintain their own fami
lies, were more often involuntary rather than voluntary
part-time workers.
The duration of involuntary part-time work during
1982 tended to be somewhat shorter than the duration
of unemployment. Nearly two-thirds of the persons on
involuntary part-time schedules worked part time for a
total of less than 15 weeks during the year. Those who
reported slack work or material shortages were gener
ally on reduced workweeks for much briefer periods
than those reporting that they could not find a full-time
job and thus had settled for a part-time job. (table 7).
The poverty rate among persons with some involun
tary part-time work in 1982 was 18.0 percent, compared
with 9.1 percent for those working part time by choice
(table 8). Within the two categories of persons with in
voluntary part-time employment, those who could not
find a full-time job typically had a much higher inci
dence of poverty, about double that of persons with
periods of involuntary part time due to slack work.
Almost 1 in 3 blacks and Hispanics who worked part
time involuntarily in 1982 lived in a poor family, about
double the proportion for whites. The incidence of pov
erty was almost 65 percent for black women who main
tained families alone and had some involuntary parttime work.
Involuntary part-time employment and poverty.
almost 36 percent, compared with 23 and 25 percent,
respectively, for their white and Hispanic counterparts.
(Data in the tables for race and Hispanic-origin groups
will not sum to the totals because data for the “other
races” group are not presented and Hispanics are in
cluded in both the white and black population groups.)
Only about one-fifth of all the persons with unemploy
ment during the year lived in families with incomes be
low the poverty level (table 3). However, among those
unemployed for more than half the year, 1 out of 3 re
ported family income below the poverty line.
Among most families experiencing unemployment,
there are generally still some working members who
provide economic support. However, women who
maintain their own families are less likely to have ad
ditional working family members, and their unemploy
ment is most often accompanied by income below the
poverty level. In 1982, almost 60 percent of these women
had incomes below the poverty level for their family
size (table 3). Husbands and wives with some unemploy
ment typically had a relative low incidence of poverty,
as did the other members of married-couple families.
About 1 in 10 wives with unemployment lived in a
family whose income was below the poverty level.
In 1982, 12.2 million of the 26.5 million workers with
some unemployment (46 percent of the total) were
members of families in which income exceeded $20,000
(table B-l, appendix B). These income levels are more
than twice the poverty level for some family types.
However, family income may still be much lower than
in previous years, a loss which may entail curbs in
family consumption, mounting debts, and other
sacrifices.
Some indication of the amount of income lost due to
unemployment in 1982 can be seen in table 4. As shown,
median family income of persons experiencing some
unemployment was about 34 percent lower than it was
for those without unemployment. This relationship was
roughly the same in 1981. For some family members
(men and women who maintained their own families,
and men and women who lived alone or with nonrela
tives), the differences in income between those with
and those without any unemployment were much
greater. For example, women who maintained families
and encountered unemployment during the year had a
median income less than half that of women with no
unemployment. Of course, these differences often re
flect other labor market problems besides unemploy
ment, such as low wages or losses in earnings due to
cutbacks in hours of work.
The disparity in family incomes between those with
and those without unemployment was particularly large
for blacks; median family income of black persons with
unemployment was 41 percent below that for those with
no unemployment. For Hispanics, the difference was
about 34 percent.
There were about 64.0 mil
lion persons in 1982 who were employed for 50 weeks
or more and who usually worked full time. This rep
resents a drop of about 1.3 million from l()81 in the
Low earnings and poverty.
3
number of year-round full-time workers. Of these fullyear workers, 4.6 million, or 7.2 percent, reported earn
ings of less than $6,700—the amount which would be
earned by someone working the full year (2,000 hours)
at the Federal minimum wage ($3.35 an hour).
Although the majority of these low earners were
wage and salary workers, a substantial number were
self-employed in family-operated enterprises such as
farms or small businesses. Many of these workers, there
fore, were exempt from the minimum wage provisions
of the Fair Labor Standards Act. Also, some may have
worked part time only occasionally. Since full-time
status is defined on the basis of usual hours of work,
persons could fall below $6,700 because of “unusual”
weeks of involuntary part-time hours or a week or two
of unemployment. As shown later, 733,000 of the per
sons classified as low earners with year-round work
also had brief spells of unemployment or involuntary
part-time work during the year.
Of the 4.6 million low earners, 4.0 million were white,
divided almost equally between men and women (table
9). There were 470,000 blacks and 260,000 Hispanics
with reported earnings of less than $6,700 despite yearround, full-time work.
For both men and women, low earnings tended to
be most prevalent among youths or relatively old
workers (table 10). Slightly less than one-third of the
young men and women 16 to 19 years old and about
one-quarter of the men and women 65 and over had
earnings below $6,700 in 1982. Overall, the incidence
of low earnings was much higher for women than for
men, 9.9 percent compared to 5.6 percent.
Hispanic women had the highest incidence of low
earnings from full-year work, with over 12 percent fall
ing below the yearly minimum wage equivalent. Black
women also had a relatively high proportion of low
earners. The lowest incidence was found among white
men of prime working age (25-54), only 4.1 percent of
whom earned less than $6,700 in 1982.
Table 11 shows the incidence of low earnings by
marital and family status. The information tends to con
firm earlier findings. Young persons, generally classi
fied as “others” in a family context, had the highest in
cidence of low earnings, about 10 to 14 percent, de
pending on the type of family in which they lived. Hus
bands, most of whom are of prime working age, are
the least likely to have low earnings (4.6 percent), while
10.5 percent of wives fell below the minimum.
Over 1 in 4 of the 4.6 million workers with low earn
ings from year-round, full-time work lived in families
with total income below their specific poverty lines (ta
ble 12). Poverty incidence associated with low earnings
is higher than that associated with either unemployment
or involuntary part-time work.
The linkage between low earnings and poverty was
strongest for those women who maintained their own
families (no spouse present); over half of such women
who had full-year earnings of less than $6,700 fell be
low the poverty lines. This was largely because they
were unlikely to have other earners in the family, while
they had dependents to feed and clothe.
The proportion of low earners who were poor was
remarkably similar among whites, blacks, and Hispanics,
ranging from 30 to 32 percent. However, a particularly
high proportion of people living in poverty was found
among low-earning black women who maintained their
own families; about 2 out of every 3 had a family in
come that fell below the poverty level.
The distribution by family income of those persons
who worked full time year round and earned less than
$6,700 showed a similar pattern: Low earners who were
not likely to have other earners in the family or other
sources of income were the most prone to live in pov
erty (table 13). For example, for the low earners who
maintained their own families and for those “other”
men and women who lived alone or with nonrelatives,
total household income generally fell below $10,000.
On the other hand, total family income exceeded $20,000
for almost half of all wives and three-fourths of “other”
members of married-couple families with earnings un
der $6,700 for full-time year-round work.
Trends since 1979
The economy was affected by two back-to-back re
cessions in the 1979-82 period. As shown in text table
1, the number of persons with either unemployment or
involuntary part-time employment increased through
out the period. On the other hand, the number of per
sons with earnings from year-round full-time work be
low the minimum-wage equivalent held relatively
steady through 1981 and fell considerably in 1982. This,
however, was related in part to the fact that the mini
mum wage did not change in 1982 and in part to the
lessened likelihood that a low earner was able to work
full time that year. During a recession year such as
1982, many low earners are probably prevented from
working full time all year, and thus no longer meet the
definition of fully employed low earners. In general, the
Text table 1. Persons with employment problems, 1979-82
Persons with
unemployment
Persons with
involun
tary part-time
employment
Persons with
low earnings
Year
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
below
(in
below
below
(in
(in
thou poverty thou poverty thou poverty
line
sands)
line
line
sands)
sands)
1979
1980
1981
1982
....................
....................
....................
....................
18,468
21,410
23,382
26,493
14.3
17.5
19.1
20.5
____
4
11,455
13,033
14,627
16,064
13.4
15.4
16.7
18.0
4,922
5,199
5,202
4,408
22.4
24.4
26.5
29.8
linkage between employment problems and the occur
rence of poverty tightened over the 1979-82 period.
level as in the previous year4. Workers whose income
climbed slightly above the $6,700 minimum wage
equivalent would no longer be classified as low earners
under this definition, even if the value of their earnings,
measured in constant dollars, was lower than in the
previous year. Also, many of the workers who would
have been fully employed low earners may have suf
fered unemployment or reductions in hours during 1982.
They would thus no longer qualify as low earners with
year-round full-time employment.
A gradual but persistent increase over this 3-year pe
riod occurred in the proportion of low earners whose
total family income for the year was below the poverty
line. This proportion increased from 22.4 percent in
1979 to 29.8 percent in 1982.
Both the incidence of low earnings among full-year
workers and the proportion of low earners who were
poor were higher for blacks and Hispanics than for
whites.
Unemployment. Unemployment, the labor market
problem affecting the most persons, showed the largest
relative increase between 1979 and 1982. The number
of persons experiencing some unemployment during the
year rose from 18.5 to 26.5 million, or from 16 to 22
percent of all those with some labor force activity dur
ing the year. At the same time, the proportion of those
with some unemployment who lived in families or
households with incomes below the poverty level in
creased from 14.3 to 20.5 percent.
For whites, the percent of persons with labor force
experience who were unemployed at some time during
the year rose from 16.9 percent in 1979 to 20.7 percent
in 1982. For blacks, the incidence of unemployment
rose from 28.0 to 33.4 percent over the same period.
Joblessness rose among all types of families between
1980 and 1982. (See table 14.) There was also an in
crease in the proportion of persons with unemployment
whose family incomes fell below the poverty line. For
example, the proportion of husbands with some un
employment whose families had incomes below the
poverty level increased from 14.3 to 16.9 percent be
tween 1980 and 1982; for women who maintained fami
lies, this proportion increased from 55.6 to 59.2 percent;
and for women who lived alone or with unrelated in
dividuals, it rose from 36.9 to 41.4 percent.
Multiple employment problems
Summing the numbers of persons with the problems
of unemployment, involuntary part time, or low earn
ings yields a total of about 47 million people. However,
this figure overestimates the number of separate indi
viduals affected by the three employment problems dur
ing the year, since some people experienced more than
one of these difficulties in the course of 1982. In fact,
about 8 million persons experienced some combination
of employment difficulties during 1982. Thus, the total
number of different individuals with one or more of the
employment problems defined here was about 39
million.
For the 8 million persons with more than one em
ployment problem in 1982, the most frequent combina
tion was some unemployment and some involuntary
part-time work. In fact, almost half of those who worked
part time involuntarily also had other employment prob
lems. Among workers employed less than full time year
round, 7.1 million experienced both unemployment and
involuntary part-time employment (table 17). Naturally,
such problems had a severe impact on their earnings.
For those employed year round, the occurrence of
multiple problems was less likely. The most common
combination was low earnings and some involuntary
part-time employment—about 650,000 workers were af
fected by these two problems. Very few full-year
workers experienced all three employment problems,
largely because of the way in which the groups are de
fined. By definition, full-year workers can only experi
ence a week or two of unemployment; more than 2
The level and inci
dence of involuntary part-time employment also in
creased substantially over the 1980-82 period (table 15).
As was the case for unemployment, this problem was
also more closely associated with poverty in 1982 than
in previous years.
Workers with some involuntary part-time employ
ment totaled 16.1 million in 1982, up 3.0 million from
1980. Among these, the proportion with family income
below the poverty line rose from 15.4 to 18.0 percent.
All of the racial and family groups shown had increases
between 1980 and 1982 in the proportion with some
involuntary part-time employment (table 15).
Involuntary part-time employment.
The only employment problem con
fronting fewer persons in 1982 than in 1981 or 1980 was
that of low earnings from full-time year-round work;
the number of fully employed low earners dropped from
5.2 million in 1981 to 4.6 million in 1982 (table 16). This
decline was due, in part, to the simple but arbitrary
definition used to classify such low earners. The “low
earnings” standard is based on the Federal minimum
wage. For the first time since 1979, when this series of
reports began, the minimum wage remained at the same
Low earnings.
4The low-earnings line was set at $5,800 in 1979 (2,000 hours x
$2.90), $6,200 in 1980 (2,000 hours x $3.10), and $6,700 in 1981 and
1982 (2,000 hours x $3.35). These hourly wage rates represent the
Federal minimum wage rate in these years.
5
two.5 This issue was reexamined using a specially cre
ated match of microrecords from the March 1982 and
March 1983 CPS. The examination focused on persons
who (1) were in poverty families in either 1981 or 1982
and (2) were in the labor force in at least one of the
two years.
Because this subsample of records excluded persons
and families who, after being surveyed in March 1982,
moved away, and because of other technical problems,
the matched data for the two years are not totally rep
resentative of the U.S. population at large.6 For exam
ple, fewer young persons are found in the matched data
than are known to be present in the population. In ad
dition, movements into and out of poverty may be un
related to the labor market status of an individual. For
example, a married couple with relatively low earnings
could earn an equal amount in both years but fall be
low the poverty line in the second year because of the
addition of a child or older adult to the family. Simi
larly, a woman who becomes a widow or divorced
might work full time each year but have a household
income below the poverty level for single women in
the second year. Nevertheless, some insights are still
gained by examining two consecutive years of data for
the 3,643 individuals in the sample who were matched,
were in poverty in either of the two years, and had
some attachment to the labor force.
The matched sample fell into three almost equal parts;
about one-third were in poverty only the first year,
one-third were in poverty only the second year, and
one-third were in poverty both years, as shown in text
table 3. Put another way, almost half of all persons in
this sample who were in poverty in 1981 were in pov
erty in 1982. About 2 out of 3 persons in the sample in
poverty both years spent some time in the labor force
each year.
The family characteristics of persons staying in pov
erty both years are notably different from those who
enter or leave poverty, as shown in text table 4. Women
who maintain families accounted for about one-third of
all persons in the sample who had family income below
weeks of unemployment changes the work classifica
tion to part-year work, where no standard of low earn
ings is used.
Persons with multiple labor market problems were
more likely to live in families in poverty than those
with only one problem. For example, 23 percent of
part-year workers with both unemployment and invol
untary part-time employment had family incomes be
low the poverty line, whereas part-year workers who
only experienced unemployment had a poverty inci
dence of 14 percent.
The total number of persons with one or more of the
labor force problems defined here rose by about 3.1
million between 1981 and 1982 (text table 2). At the
same time, the number who lived in families with in
come below the poverty line rose by about 1.1 million,
raising the incidence of poverty to 1 in 5 of the total
with any of the three employment problems.
It should be reemphasized that the counts of persons
with employment problems include many with only
short periods of unemployment or involuntary part-time
work. Naturally, if a more restrictive definition of un
employment and involuntary part-time employment is
used, the number of persons with these problems falls.
In table 18, a 5-week minimum for unemployment or
involuntary part-time work was used, and 15 weeks was
used in table 19. While the count of persons with each
of the two restricted problems falls, the incidence of
poverty among those remaining rises—but by a surpris
ingly small amount. For those with labor market prob
lems that lasted 5 weeks or more, the incidence of pov
erty was 21.8 percent compared with 20.0 percent for
those with 1 week or more. Even if the restriction is
raised to 15 weeks, the incidence of poverty only rises
to 25.5 percent.
Text table 2. Persons with employment problems, 1980-82
Year
1980 ....................
1981 ....................
1982 ....................
Persons with
problems living in
“ poor” families
Persons with
one or more of
the labor market
problems
(in thousands)
Number
(in thousands)
32.342
35,924
39,040
5,626
6,717
7,800
Percent
5Mary Jo Bane and David T. Ellwood, “Slipping Into and Out of
Poverty: The Dynamics of Spells," Working Paper No. 1199 (Na
tional Bureau of Economic Research. September 1983); Mary Jo Bane
and David T. Ellwood. “The Dynamics of Dependence: The Routes
to Self-Sufficiency” (Urban Systems Research and Engineering. Inc..
Cambridge. Mass.. June 1983). paper prepared for the Office of In
come Security Policy. U.S. Department of Health and Human Serv
ices; Richard D. Coe. "Dependency and Poverty in the Short and
Long Run." in Greg J. Duncan and James N. Morgan, editors. 5000
American Families: Patterns o f Economic Progress, Vol. VI (Ann Ar
bor. Michigan Institute for Social Research. 1978): and Martha Hill.
“Some Dynamic Aspects of Poverty" in Martha S. Hill. Daniel H.
Hill, and James N. Morgan, editors. 5000 American Families, Vol. IX
(1981).
1See l sing the Current Population Survey as a l ongitudinal Data
Hose. Report <>0S (Bureau of 1 abor Statistics. 1980).
17.4
18.7
20.0
4
Changes in poverty status of a matched sample,
1981-82
How long does poverty last for those with labor force
problems? A number of recent studies using longitudi
nal data have found evidence that a large number of
persons slip into and escape from poverty each year.
While there are many families whose incomes are con
sistently below the poverty line, most of the persons
who fall into poverty will climb out within a year or
6
Text table 3. Changes in poverty status of persons in
matched sample by labor force status, 1981-82
everyone in the family were considerably lower. On
the other hand, for those persons who moved out of
poverty between 1981 and 1982, average weeks of un
employment fell, and individual and family earnings
about tripled. Changes between 1981 and 1982 in the
average weeks of involuntary part-time employment
were negligible for all groups. Among those persons
who stayed in poverty in both years, unemployment
averaged nearly half a year in 1982, reflecting the wors
ening economy. Individual earnings and family earn
ings rose slightly, but both were at very low levels.
Percent
Change in
poverty status
Number
Total ....................
Moved into poverty ...
Moved out of poverty
Remained in poverty .
3,643
1,253
1,100
1,290
Total
In labor
force
both
years
In labor
force
only
in 1981
In labor
force
only
in 1982
100
100
100
100
70.4
71.4
74.7
65.6
16.0
19.9
8.5
18.7
13.6
8.7
16.8
15.7
the poverty lines in both 1981 and 1982. From another
perspective, 2 out of 3 of these families did not rise
above the poverty line in 1982. On the other hand, over
half of the persons in married-couple families were able
to escape poverty in 1982.
Text table 5 compares the extent of unemployment,
involuntary part-time employment, and earnings of per
sons in the subsample according to the change in their
poverty status. Not surprisingly, for those entering pov
erty, the average number of weeks of unemployment
(for those with unemployment) was higher in 1982, and
both individual earnings and the combined earnings of
Text table 5. Changes in selected economic measures
for persons in matched sample by change in poverty
status, 1981-82
Amount
Measure
Total
Text table 4. Changes in poverty status of persons in
matched sample by family status, 1981-82
Percent
Change in
poverty status
Total ..............
Moved into
poverty ..............
Moved out of
poverty ..............
Remained in
poverty ..............
Number
Total
In
In
In
families families Unrela
mar
mainmainted
riedtained tained indivi
couple
by
by
duals
families
women men
3,643
100
57.6
22.5
2.7
17.2
1,253
100
63.3
16.4
2.8
17.6
1,100
100
63.4
16.5
3.2
16.9
1,290
100
47.2
33.5
2.3
17.0
7
For
persons
who
moved
into
poverty
For
For
persons persons
who
who
moved remained
out of
in
poverty
poverty
Weeks of unemployment
(mean):
1981 ....................................
1982 ....................................
Change ................................
21
24
3
18
26
8
21
18
-3
22
25
3
Weeks of involuntary parttime employment (mean):
1981 ....................................
1982 ....................................
Change ................................
17
18
1
15
17
2
18
18
17
18
1
Individual earnings (median):
1981 ....................................
1982 ....................................
Percent change ..................
$3,394
3,715
9.6
$6,741
2,850
-57.7
$2,740
7,710
181.4
$2,008
2,221
10.6
Family earnings (median):
1981 ....................................
1982 ....................................
Percent change ..................
$6,189
6,093
-1.6
$13,049
4,237
-67.5
$4,352
13,698
214.8
$3,884
3,898
.4
-
Table 1. Persons with unemployment by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and extent o* labor force experience,
1982
(Numbers in thousands)
Persons with unemployment
Characteristic
Persons
with
labor
force
experience
50 to 52
weeks of
labor force
experience
Total
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
27 to 49
weeks of
labor force
experience
Number
1 to 26
weeks of
labor force
experience
Percent
Number
Percent
All persons 16 and over
T o ta l....................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ...............................
20 to 2 4 ...............................
25 to 5 4 ...............................
55 to 6 4 ...............................
65 and over ........................
120,235
26,493
22.0
18,441
20.2
3,878
29.3
4,174
26.2
9,751
17,808
75,046
13,458
4,172
3,264
5,858
15,288
1,770
312
33.5
32.9
20.4
13.2
7.5
1,233
3,751
11,779
1,471
207
36.0
31.9
18.8
13.5
8.4
717
1,056
1,906
150
50
41.7
40.5
27.4
11.5
7.4
1,314
1,051
1,604
149
56
28.5
30.4
28.8
12.2
5.3
M en...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ...............................
20 to 2 4 ..............................
25 to 5 4 ..............................
55 to 6 4 ...............................
65 and o v e r........................
66,160
15,441
23.3
12,183
22.3
1,778
33.5
1,480
24.0
5,169
9,208
41,368
7,865
2,551
1,812
3,372
8,996
1,078
184
35.1
36.6
21.7
13.7
7.2
806
2,470
7,838
940
129
42.0
37.7
20.7
13.9
8.3
359
491
832
72
23
43.2
42.8
34.7
12.6
6.4
647
411
326
66
31
26.7
27.2
30.7
12.2
4.9
W om en..............................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ...............................
20 to 2 4 ..............................
25 to 5 4 ...............................
55 to 6 4 ...............................
65 and over ........................
54,074
11,052
20.4
6,258
17.2
2,100
26.4
2,693
27.6
4,581
8,601
33,678
5,592
1,621
1,452
2,486
6,293
693
129
31.7
28.9
18.7
12.4
7.9
427
1,281
3,941
532
78
28.3
24.7
16.0
12.7
8.6
358
565
1,073
77
27
40.3
38.7
23.5
10.7
8.5
667
640
1,278
83
24
30.5
32.8
28.3
12.3
6.0
T ota l...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ...............................
20 to 2 4 ..............................
25 to 5 4 ..............................
55 to 6 4 ...............................
65 and over ........................
104,942
21,730
20.7
15,358
19.3
3,216
27.7
3,156
23.2
8,633
15,361
65,043
12,091
3,814
2,746
4,698
12,509
1,501
276
31.8
30.6
19.2
12.4
7.2
1,068
3,123
9,726
1,259
183
34.3
30.4
17.9
12.8
8.2
635
837
1,572
126
46
40.1
37.6
26.3
10.7
7.4
1,043
738
1,212
117
47
26.5
25.8
25.4
10.7
4.9
M en...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............................
20 to 2 4 ..............................
25 to 5 4 ..............................
55 to 6 4 ..............................
65 and o v e r........................
58,560
12,883
22.0
10,278
21.1
1,466
31.5
1,139
21.6
4,577
7,990
36,480
7,164
2,350
1,513
2,728
7,570
914
158
33.1
34.1
20.8
12.8
6.7
699
2,054
6,614
798
113
40.1
35.9
19.7
12.9
7.9
315
379
690
61
21
41.4
38.7
33.8
11.6
6.2
499
295
266
55
24
24.1
23.0
30.9
11.6
4.1
46,381
8,847
19.1
5,081
16.3
1,749
25.2
2,017
24.2
4,056
7,371
28,563
4,927
1,463
1,233
1,970
4,939
587
118
30.4
26.7
17.3
11.9
8.1
369
1,069
3,112
461
70
26.9
23.5
15.0
12.6
8.6
320
458
882
64
25
39.0
36.7
22.4
9.9
8.9
544
443
945
62
23
29.2
28.1
24.2
10.1
6.2
White
W omen..............................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............................
20 to 2 4 ..............................
25 to 5 4 ...............................
55 to 6 4 ...............................
65 and over ........................
See footnotes at end of table.
8
Table 1. Persons with unemployment by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and extent of labor force experience,
1982—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Persons with unemployment
Characteristic
Persons
with
labor
force
experience
Number
27 to 49
weeks of
labor force
experience
50 to 52
weeks of
labor force
experience
Total
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
1 to 26
weeks of
labor force
experience
Percent
Number
Percent
B la c k
T o ta l...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ...............................
20 to 2 4 ...............................
25 to 5 4 ...............................
55 to 6 4 ...............................
65 and over ........................
12,276
4,096
33.4
2,622
29.0
576
42.6
898
48.0
927
2,046
7,889
1,125
289
459
1,031
2,355
221
29
49.6
50.4
29.9
19.6
10.2
138
560
1,723
182
20
55.4
45.5
26.6
19.6
11.8
75
190
288
20
4
61.8
60.4
37.1
19.7
(’)
246
282
344
20
6
44.3
56.0
54.6
19.6
7.5
M en...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............................
20 to 2 4 ...............................
25 to 5 4 ...............................
55 to 6 4 ...............................
65 and over ........................
5,994
2,186
36.5
1,614
33.9
263
50.8
309
43.3
492
994
3,785
567
156
271
562
1,192
142
19
55.1
56.5
31.5
25.0
12.5
88
366
1,022
126
13
62.0
53.2
30.4
26.4
12.9
42
90
120
8
2
0
49.3
59.1
32.7
0
(’)
141
106
50
8
5
6,282
1,910
30.4
1,008
23.5
314
37.4
589
50.9
435
1,052
4,104
558
133
188
469
1,163
79
10
43.3
44.6
28.3
14.2
7.5
50
194
701
56
7
46.7
35.8
22.5
12.5
0
33
100
168
11
2
0
38.9
54.3
61.5
0
105
176
295
12
1
T ota l...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............................
20 to 2 4 ..............................
25 to 5 4 ..............................
55 to 6 4 ..............................
65 and over ........................
6,331
1,717
27.1
1,226
25.5
228
35.0
264
30.0
597
1,033
4,176
427
97
219
355
1,050
80
13
36.6
34.3
25.2
18.7
13.9
97
233
816
69
10
42.6
32.1
23.8
19.7
54.1
42.3
31.8
(’)
0
81
66
111
4
2
27.4
37.4
31.5
0
41
55
124
7
1
M en...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............................
20 to 2 4 ..............................
25 to 5 4 ..............................
55 to 6 4 ..............................
65 and over ........................
3,646
1,038
28.5
827
27.5
117
39.2
94
27.6
339
575
2,405
258
69
123
212
644
51
9
36.3
36.8
26.8
19.8
41.1
36.9
25.7
21.0
23
26
64
3
1
59.2
(’)
42
24
25
1
2
26.6
O
57
162
555
47
5
2,685
679
25.3
398
22.2
111
31.4
170
31.5
259
458
1,771
169
28
96
143
407
29
5
36.9
31.2
23.0
17.2
0
40
71
261
22
5
44.9
24.8
20.5
17.2
0
18
29
60
4
0
(’)
38
43
86
3
28.5
40.2
31.5
W omen..............................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ...............................
20 to 2 4 ...............................
25 to 5 4 ..............................
55 to 6 4 ..............................
65 and over ........................
70.6
44.2
53.4
33.2
0
(’)
0
(’)
0
H is p a n ic o rig in
W om en..............................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............................
20 to 2 4 ..............................
25 to 5 4 ..............................
55 to 6 4 ..............................
65 and over ........................
1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
(')
0
38.7
0
26.8
(’)
NOTE: Dash represents zero or rounds to zero.
9
-
0
(’)
(’)
31.6
0
(’)
(’)
-
Table 2. Persons with unemployment and median weeks of unemployment by family status, race, and Hispanic origin,
1982
Characteristic
Persons with unemployment
Persons with
labor force
experience
(thousands)
Number
(thousands)
Percent
Median
weeks
unemployed
All persons 16 and over
Total .............................................................
Husbands ............................................................
Wives ..................................................................
Others in married-couple families .....................
120,235
40,440
29,510
16,893
26,493
7,228
4,957
5,334
22.0
17.9
16.8
31.6
15
16
13
15
Women who maintain families...........................
Others in such families......................................
6,108
5,784
1,636
2,270
26.8
39.3
14
17
Men who maintain families ................................
Others in such families......................................
1,587
1,469
386
509
24.3
34.7
19
17
All other men’ .....................................................
All other women' ................................................
10,022
8,422
2,557
1,615
25.5
19.2
17
13
Total .............................................................
Husbands ............................................................
Wives ..................................................................
Others in married-couple families .....................
104,942
36,802
26,442
14,993
21,730
6,392
4,327
4,524
20.7
17.4
16.4
30.2
14
16
12
14
Women who maintain families...........................
Others in such families......................................
4,216
3,971
975
1,398
23.1
35.2
13
16
Men who maintain families ................................
Others in such families......................................
1,295
1,182
275
373
21.3
31.5
17
17
All other men1 .....................................................
All other women1 ................................................
8,661
7,379
2,091
1,376
24.1
18.6
16
12
Total .............................................................
Husbands............................................................
Wives .....................................................!............
Others in married-couple families .....................
12,276
2,687
2,280
1,452
4,096
666
496
673
33.4
24.8
21.8
46.3
20
21
14
21
Women who maintain families...........................
Others in such families......................................
1,734
1,657
622
832
35.9
50.2
17
21
Men who maintain families ................................
Others in such families......................................
243
238
96
120
39.5
50.3
26
20
All other men1 .....................................................
All other women1 ................................................
1,139
846
391
200
34.4
23.6
22
22
Total .............................................................
Husbands ............................................................
Wives ..................................................................
Others in married-couple families .....................
6,331
2,149
1,370
1,002
1,717
548
342
327
27.1
25.5
25.0
32.7
17
19
14
17
Women who maintain families...........................
Others in such families......................................
407
370
103
142
25.3
38.4
14
25
Men who maintain families ................................
Others in such families......................................
127
133
30
41
23.7
30.8
(*)
(*)
All other men1 .....................................................
All other women1 ................................................
481
292
128
56
26.6
19.0
20
0
White
Black
Hispanic origin
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
' Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
10
Table 3. Percent of unemployed workers below poverty level by family status, race, Hispanic origin, and weeks of
unemployment, 1982
Total
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 to 52
weeks
Total below poverty level ............................
Husbands............................................................
Wives ..................................................................
Others in married-couple families .....................
20.5
16.9
10.4
7.2
13.0
5.8
8.7
4.1
14.9
9.9
7.4
5.4
20.4
17.2
11.8
6.6
33.2
32.9
15.0
12.2
Women who maintain families...........................
Others in such families......................................
59.2
28.1
53.4
21.4
50.4
25.5
59.6
22.8
75.6
38.0
Men who maintain families ...............................
Others in such families......................................
32.0
16.0
0
2.7
16.5
24.9
29.2
10.0
60.5
21.5
All other men2 .....................................................
All other women2 ................................................
32.7
41.4
16.3
29.3
16.3
33.7
34.1
43.8
61.0
64.1
Total below poverty level ............................
Husbands ............................................................
Wives ..................................................................
Others in married-couple families .....................
17.1
16.0
9.7
6.1
10.2
5.3
7.8
3.2
12.1
9.1
7.1
4.0
17.2
16.2
11.5
6.0
29.5
32.5
14.3
11.0
Women who maintain families...........................
Others in such families......................................
47.9
17.7
39.2
12.7
42.2
16.1
45.5
13.4
66.9
26.3
Men who maintain families ...............................
Others in such fam ilies......................................
27.8
13.0
0
(’)
0
20.3
20.6
8.8
60.1
17.8
All other men2 ....................................................
All other women2 ................................................
29.6
39.4
16.5
29.2
14.4
33.2
31.4
40.4
56.9
61.1
Total below poverty level ............................
Husbands............................................................
Wives ..................................................................
Others in married-couple families .....................
38.6
24.8
15.6
15.1
31.6
10.0
17.0
12.3
32.4
18.4
12.3
16.4
36.6
24.3
15.5
10.0
48.7
36.2
18.4
19.8
Women who maintain families...........................
Others in such families......................................
77.8
45.4
74.1
40.3
69.2
42.2
79.7
40.4
87.9
52.5
Men who maintain families ...............................
Others in such families......................................
46.8
26.0
0
0
0
0
0
(’)
(’)
0
All other men2 .....................................................
All other women2 ................................................
48.5
55.2
0
(’)
28.1
(’)
46.3
0
76.7
(’)
Total below poverty level ............................
Husbands............................................................
Wives ..................................................................
Others in married-couple families .....................
31.6
34.8
18.3
17.9
24.9
(’)
25.8
(’)
24.5
25.6
13.0
13.3
28.7
33.0
16.6
18.0
47.1
57.4
18.1
26.2
Women who maintain families...........................
Others in such families......................................
61.6
40.0
0
(')
0
(’)
(’)
O
(’)
(’)
Men who maintain families ...............................
Others in such families......................................
(’)
(’)
0
0
(')
(’)
0
0
(’)
0
All other men2 ....................................................
All other women2 ................................................
54.2
(’)
0
(’)
(’)
(')
0
0
0
(’)
Characteristic
A ll u n e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s
W h ite
B la c k
H is p a n ic o rig in
1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
2 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
11
Table 4. Median family income1 of persons in the labor force by occurrence of unemployment, family
status, race, and Hispanic origin, 1982
Characteristic
Persons
with no
unemployment
Persons
with some
unemployment
Percent
difference
in income
A ll p e r s o n s 16 a n d o v e r
Total .............................................................
Husbands ............................................................
Wives ..................................................................
Others in married-couple families .....................
$27,991
31,029
31,011
40,802
$18,421
19,582
22,415
32,968
-34.2
-36.9
-27.7
-19.2
Women who maintain families...........................
Others in such families......................................
16,383
22,622
6,771
15,216
-58.7
-32.7
Men who maintain families ...............................
Others in such families......................................
25,304
29,125
12,544
19,148
-50.4
-34.3
All other men1
2 ....................................................
All other women2 ................................................
17,441
13,346
8,347
6,202
-52.1
-53.5
Total .............................................................
Husbands............................................................
Wives ..................................................................
Others in married-couple families .....................
28,789
31,340
31,379
41,410
19,617
19,901
22,943
34,031
-31.9
-36.5
-26.9
-17.8
Women who maintain families..........................
Others in such families......................................
17,587
23,657
8,210
17,098
-53.3
-27.7
Men who maintain families ...............................
Others in such families......................................
26,632
30,427
13,368
20,314
-49.8
-33.2
All other men2 ....................................................
All other women2 ................................................
18,061
13,619
8,904
6,400
-50.7
-53.0
Total .............................................................
Husbands ............................................................
Wives ..................................................................
Others in married-couple families .....................
21,189
25,891
26,371
30,582
12,407
16,066
18,579
25,539
-41.4
-37.9
-29.5
-16.5
Women who maintain families..........................
Others in such families......................................
12,862
19,594
4,981
11,721
-61.3
-40.2
Men who maintain families ...............................
Others in such families......................................
20,248
20,046
9,044
16,701
-55.3
-16.7
All other men2 ....................................................
All other women2 ...............................................
13,452
11,449
5,739
4,559
-57.3
-60.2
Total .............................................................
Husbands ............................................................
Wives .................................................................
Others in married-couple families .....................
22,000
23,018
25,977
33,208
14,571
14,516
18,337
24,391
-33.8
-36.9
-29.4
-26.6
Women who maintain families..........................
Others in such families......................................
14,137
16,713
6,705
10,623
-52.6
-36.4
Men who maintain families ...............................
Others in such families......................................
19,901
23,987
(3)
(3)
All other men2 ....................................................
All other women2 ...............................................
12,175
11,409
$5,093
(3)
W h ite
B la c k
•
H is p a n ic o rig in
1 Personal income for “ all other” men and women.
2 Includes a small number of members of unrelated
(3)
(3)
-58.2
(3)
subfamilies.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
12
Table 5. Persons with part-time employment by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and reason for working part time,
1982
(In thousands)
nvoluntary part time
Characteristic
Total
Total
Slack work or
material shortage
Could only find
part-time work
Voluntary:
Wanted or could
only work part time
Other
reasons
A ll p e r s o n s w ith p a r t-tim e
e m p lo y m e n t
T o ta l.........................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over ..............................
43,599
16,064
10,400
5,664
19,932
7,603
7,122
8,134
22,087
3,743
2,513
1,671
3,387
9,422
1,326
258
558
1,797
6,835
1,011
200
1,114
1,591
2,586
316
58
4,812
3,377
8,154
1,634
1,954
639
1,369
4,511
783
301
M en .........................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over ..............................
19,835
9,043
6,651
2,391
6,529
4,263
3,660
4,114
9,039
1,609
1,413
925
1,889
5,376
705
147
361
1,168
4,405
597
121
564
721
971
109
26
2,391
1,425
1,202
437
1,074
344
801
2,461
466
191
W om en...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over ..............................
23,764
7,022
3,749
3,273
13,403
3,339
3,463
4,020
13,048
2,134
1,100
746
1,498
4,046
621
111
197
628
2,431
414
79
549
870
1,615
207
31
2,421
1,953
6,952
1,197
880
295
568
2,050
316
109
T o ta l.........................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over ..............................
38,480
13,555
8,927
4,628
18,344
6,581
6,446
7,024
19,426
3,284
2,299
1,447
2,817
7,970
1,106
214
489
1,550
5,852
866
170
958
1,267
2,118
241
44
4,432
3,040
7,556
1,517
1,799
567
1,167
3,900
661
285
M en.........................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over ..............................
17,425
7,736
5,821
1,915
5,980
3,709
3,314
3,542
7,864
1,394
1,310
804
1,553
4,662
592
123
322
1,009
3,879
509
103
483
545
784
83
20
2,201
1,297
1,066
413
1,002
309
692
2,135
389
185
W om en...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over ..............................
21,055
5,819
3,106
2,713
12,364
2,872
3,132
3,482
11,562
1,890
988
643
1,263
3,308
514
91
167
541
1,974
357
67
475
722
1,335
157
24
2,231
1,743
6,489
1,103
797
258
476
1,765
273
100
W h ite
See footnotes at end of table.
13
Table 5. Persons with part-time employment by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and reason for working part time,
1982—Continued
(In thousands)
Involuntary part time
Characteristic
Total
Total
Slack work or
material shortage
Could only find
part-time work
Voluntary:
Wanted or could
only work part time
Other
reasons
B la c k
T o ta l.........................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over ..............................
4,177
2,180
1,253
927
1,126
870
539
921
2,144
396
177
192
519
1,241
192
35
53
216
837
125
22
139
303
404
67
13
284
229
391
95
128
63
173
512
109
14
M en .........................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over ..............................
1,985
1,131
709
422
377
477
278
461
975
187
85
101
302
608
101
19
30
139
447
81
13
71
163
161
20
6
145
69
86
16
60
31
90
281
69
5
W om en...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over ..............................
2,192
1,049
544
505
750
393
261
460
1,169
210
92
91
218
633
91
16
23
77
390
45
10
68
140
243
47
7
139
160
305
79
67
31
83
230
40
8
T o ta l.........................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over ..............................
2,180
1,060
724
336
752
367
398
402
1,197
130
53
119
193
672
61
15
53
121
492
49
8
65
71
180
13
7
245
141
294
42
32
35
69
231
27
6
M en.........................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over ..............................
1,174
664
505
159
277
232
224
234
614
70
33
81
119
416
38
10
43
84
337
34
7
39
35
79
4
3
123
71
51
14
18
20
43
147
18
4
W om en...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over ..............................
1,006
396
219
177
475
135
174
168
583
60
20
38
74
257
24
5
11
37
155
15
1
27
36
102
9
4
122
69
243
27
14
15
25
83
9
2
H is p a n ic o rig in
14
Table 6. Persons with part-time employment by family status, race, Hispanic origin, and reason for working part time,
1982
(In thousands)
Involuntary part time
Characteristic
Total
Slack work or
material
shortage
Total
Could only find
part-time work
Voluntary:
Wanted or could
only work part time
Other
reasons
A ll p e r s o n s w ith p a r t-tim e e m p lo y m e n t
T ota l.........................................................
Husbands ........................................................
W ives..............................................................
Others in married-couple families.................
43,599
8,983
13,178
9,579
16,064
4,618
3,413
2,846
10,400
3,953
2,105
1,248
5,664
665
1,308
1,598
19,932
1,907
7,899
5,665
7,603
2,457
1,865
1,068
Women who maintain fam ilies......................
Others in such families .................................
2,010
2,673
947
1,131
515
524
432
607
686
1,186
376
356
Men who maintain families............................
Others in such families .................................
438
662
243
271
192
142
51
130
93
278
102
113
All other men1 ................................................
All other women1............................................
3,165
2,912
1,527
1,068
1,144
577
383
491
916
1,301
722
543
T otal.........................................................
Husbands .......................................................
W ives..............................................................
Others in married-couple families.................
38,480
8,134
12,154
8,628
13,555
4,139
2,966
2,465
8,927
3,565
1,839
1,095
4,628
574
1,127
1,370
18,344
1,777
7,496
5,251
6,581
2,219
1,692
912
Women who maintain families ......................
Others in such families .................................
1,430
1,918
634
734
338
330
297
404
532
941
263
244
Men who maintain families............................
Others in such families .................................
348
547
182
215
147
112
35
103
81
253
85
79
All other men1 ................................................
All other women1............................................
2,728
2,592
1,298
922
995
505
303
416
825
1,188
605
482
T otal.........................................................
Husbands .......................................................
W ives..............................................................
Others in married-couple families.................
4,177
691
768
724
2,180
400
367
336
1,253
324
217
131
927
76
151
205
1,126
93
262
256
870
198
139
132
Women who maintain fam ilies......................
Others in such families .................................
525
681
288
370
157
177
131
193
132
206
105
104
Men who maintain families............................
Others in such fam ilies.................................
78
98
55
51
43
28
12
23
6
17
16
30
All other men1 ................................................
All other women1............................................
362
251
191
122
118
59
74
63
69
84
101
45
T otal.........................................................
Husbands ........................................................
W ives..............................................................
Others in married-couple families.................
2,180
567
481
489
1,060
365
184
181
724
307
115
99
336
58
69
82
752
63
225
241
367
139
72
66
Women who maintain families ......................
Others in such families .................................
136
181
76
73
46
33
30
40
44
88
17
20
Men who maintain families............................
Others in such families .................................
29
53
15
24
11
12
4
11
8
24
7
5
All other men1 ................................................
All other women1............................................
154
90
102
41
83
18
19
23
26
34
26
15
W h ite
B la c k
H is p a n ic o rig in
’ Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
15
Table 7. Persons with involuntary part-time employment by reason, family status, race, Hispanic origin, and
weeks of involuntary part-time employment, 1982
(In thousands)
Characteristic
Total
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 weeks
or more
A ll p e rs o n s
Total with involuntary part-time employment............................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
W ive s..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.................................................................
Women who maintain families.......................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
Men who maintain fam ilies...........................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
All other men1.................................................................................................
All other women1 ............................................................................................
16,064
4,618
3,413
2,846
947
1,131
243
271
1,527
1,068
4,522
1,545
847
743
235
299
76
54
485
238
5,438
1,668
949
1,014
289
426
95
98
542
357
2,996
817
686
532
188
198
35
53
285
202
3,108
589
931
556
235
209
37
66
215
271
Total with slack w o rk.................................................................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
W ive s..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.................................................................
Women who maintain families.......................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
Men who maintain families ...........................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
All other men1.................................................................................................
All other women1 ............................................................................................
10,400
3,953
2,105
1,248
515
524
192
142
1,144
577
3,650
1,424
683
488
171
195
70
35
-414
169
3,764
1,467
664
437
204
185
82
69
437
220
1,735
666
385
173
89
85
20
26
186
106
1,252
396
373
150
51
58
20
12
108
82
Total who could only find part-time w ork..................................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
W ive s..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.................................................................
Women who maintain families.......................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
Men who maintain families ...........................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
All other men1.................................................................................................
All other women1 ............................................................................................
5,664
665
1,308
1,598
432
607
51
130
383
491
872
121
164
255
64
103
6
19
72
69
1,675
201
286
578
86
240
13
29
105
137
1,261
150
301
359
100
112
15
27
100
96
1,856
192
558
406
183
151
17
54
106
189
Total with involuntary part-time employment............................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
W ive s..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.................................................................
Women who maintain families......................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
Men who maintain families ...........................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
All other men1 ................................................................................................
All other women1 ...........................................................................................
13,555
4,139
2,966
2,465
634
734
182
215
1,298
922
3,851
1,407
738
618
158
193
55
44
422
215
4,575
1,508
844
882
199
255
72
67
453
295
2,573
720
601
485
131
146
30
42
247
172
2,556
505
783
480
146
140
26
61
176
240
Total with slack w o rk.................................................................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
Wives ..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.................................................................
Women who maintain families......................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
Men who maintain families ...........................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
All other men1 ................................................................................................
All other women1 ...........................................................................................
8,927
3,565
1,839
1,095
338
330
147
112
995
505
3,155
1,301
595
423
112
121
50
32
368
153
3,226
1,319
586
386
143
115
63
46
381
187
1,514
589
343
163
57
65
20
21
161
93
1,032
355
316
123
25
29
15
12
86
72
Total who could only find part-time work.................................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
W ives.............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple families................................................................
Women who maintain families......................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
Men who maintain fam ilies...........................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
All other men1................................................................................................
All other women1...........................................................................................
4,628
574
1,127
1,370
297
404
35
103
303
416
695
105
144
195
46
72
5
12
54
62
1,349
189
258
496
56
139
9
21
72
108
1,059
130
257
322
74
81
10
21
86
79
1,524
149
468
356
121
111
11
49
90
168
White
See footnotes at end of table.
16
Table 7. Persons with involuntary part-time employment by reason, family status, race, Hispanic origin, and
weeks of involuntary part-time employment, 1982—Continued
(In thousands)
Characteristic
Total
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 weeks
or more
Black
Total with involuntary part-time employment............................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
Wives ..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple families.................................................................
Women who maintain families.......................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
Men who maintain families ...........................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
All other m e n '.................................................................................................
All other women1 ............................................................................................
2,180
400
367
336
288
370
55
51
191
122
573
113
95
109
66
95
19
8
50
18
754
135
81
114
83
161
21
28
80
50
366
83
72
40
51
48
6
11
28
28
487
68
120
73
88
67
9
4
33
26
Total with slack w o rk.................................................................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
Wives ..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple families.................................................................
Women who maintain families.......................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
Men who maintain families ...........................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
All other men1................................................................................................
All other women1 ............................................................................................
1,253
324
217
131
157
177
43
28
118
59
408
98
75
56
48
66
19
1
34
11
468
126
58
42
56
67
19
23
48
29
191
66
37
9
26
17
4
18
12
187
33
46
24
26
27
5
18
7
Total who could only find part-time work..................................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
Wives ..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple families .................................................................
Women who maintain families.......................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
Men who maintain families ...........................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
All other men1.................................................................................................
All other women1 ............................................................................................
927
76
151
205
131
193
12
23
74
63
166
15
19
53
18
29
1
7
16
8
286
9
23
72
27
93
2
6
32
21
175
17
35
31
25
31
6
6
10
16
300
35
73
49
62
40
4
4
15
19
Total with involuntary part-time employment......................................... .
Husbands .......................................................................................................
Wives ..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple families.................................................................
Women who maintain families.......................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
Men who maintain families ...........................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
All other men1 ................................................................................................
All other women1 ...........................................................................................
1,060
365
184
181
76
73
15
24
102
41
326
124
58
66
15
17
9
375
139
57
63
24
23
1
6
45
17
178
54
30
27
18
17
3
3
20
4
181
48
39
25
19
16
1
9
11
13
Total with slack w o rk.................................................................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
Wives .............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple families.................................................................
Women who maintain families......................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
Men who maintain families ...........................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
All other men1 ................................................................................................
All other women1 ...........................................................................................
724
307
115
99
46
33
11
12
83
18
261
108
48
46
11
11
7
289
126
39
37
20
13
1
4
40
9
107
42
17
10
11
8
1
1
14
2
67
31
11
7
Total who could only find part-time work.................................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
W ives..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple families.................................................................
Women who maintain families......................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
Men who maintain families ...........................................................................
Others in such families..................................................................................
All other men1 ................................................................................................
All other women1 ...........................................................................................
336
58
69
82
30
40
4
11
19
23
64
16
9
20
4
7
2
87
13
18
26
4
10
71
12
13
17
7
9
2
2
6
2
114
18
28
18
14
15
H is p a n ic o rig in
1 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
17
5
25
5
5
24
1
-
1
4
-
2
5
8
NOTE: Dash represents zero or rounds to zero.
5
1
1
2
5
5
-
7
6
8
Table 8. Percent of persons with part-time employment below poverty level by family status, race, Hispanic origin, and reason
for working part time, 1982
Involuntary part time
Characteristic
Total
Total
Slack work or
material shortage
Voluntary:
Wanted or could
only work part
Could only find
part-time work J
time
Other
reasons
A ll p e r s o n s w ith p a r t-tim e e m p lo y m e n t
Total below poverty level...........................
Husbands ..........................................................
W ives.................................................................
Others in married-couple families....................
12.8
12.7
5.9
5.8
18.0
15.8
9.0
8.9
14.2
13.5
6.1
6.9
25.2
29.3
13.6
10.6
9.1
7.9
4.5
4.1
11.2
10.5
5.8
6.4
Women who maintain fam ilies.........................
Others in such families ....................................
38.0
18.7
45.3
23.5
36.3
20.7
56.1
25.9
32.4
15.7
29.7
13.8
Men who maintain families...............................
Others in such families ....................................
18.4
7.9
22.6
9.0
17.1
8.2
(’)
9.9
13.3
6.2
12.9
9.4
All other men2....................................................
All other women2...............................................
26.1
30.0
28.7
37.0
21.1
24.9
51.6
51.2
27.7
29.1
18.3
18.4
Total below poverty level...........................
Husbands ..........................................................
W ives.................................................................
Others in married-couple families....................
11.0
11.8
5.5
5.0
15.8
15.0
8.5
8.2
12.6
12.9
5.8
6.7
21.9
28.0
12.8
9.4
7.8
6.7
4.4
3.3
10.1
10.0
5.4
5.8
Women who maintain families .........................
Others in such families ....................................
31.7
12.3
37.6
15.1
30.5
11.0
45.7
18.5
26.7
11.0
27.5
8.7
Men who maintain families...............................
Others in such families ....................................
13.9
6.0
18.4
7.7
12.8
7.7
7.7
0
6.0
5.4
11.9
3.6
All other men2....................................................
All other women2...............................................
24.1
29.1
26.2
35.4
19.4
25.0
48.5
48.1
26.4
28.4
16.4
18.5
Total below poverty level...........................
Husbands ..........................................................
W ives.................................................................
Others in married-couple families....................
27.8
22.2
10.4
14.5
31.9
23.8
12.9
14.1
24.5
19.0
7.3
8.4
42.0
44.2
20.9
17.7
26.8
27.7
8.9
16.4
18.6
16.6
6.8
11.6
Women who maintain families .........................
Others in such families ....................................
56.4
36.0
64.8
39.5
51.2
38.2
81.1
40.6
55.9
35.9
33.8
23.9
Men who maintain families...............................
Others in such families ....................................
35.6
17.6
(')
(’)
(’)
O
(’)
(’)
0
0
(’)
0
All other men2....................................................
All other women2...............................................
37.8
39.5
43.7
50.3
33.0
(’)
O
(’)
27.5
38.9
O
Total below poverty level...........................
Husbands ..........................................................
W ives.................................................................
Others in married-couple families....................
24.0
27.1
14.9
13.2
30.1
30.6
19.3
19.4
24.3
25.0
13.5
14.9
42.5
18.6
0
O
0
17.6
21.6
24.8
13.3
9.8
Women who maintain fam ilies.........................
Others in such families ....................................
51.2
32.0
55.1
(’)
(’)
O
(’)
0
29.2
(’)
Men who maintain families..............................
Others in such families ....................................
(’)
0
(’)
(’)
(')
(’)
(’)
(’)
0
(’)
0
All other men2 ....................................................
All other women2 ...............................................
36.7
44.9
37.3
31.8
O
(’)
(’)
(’)
0
(’)
(’)
W h ite
B la c k
(’)
H is p a n ic o rig in
1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
0
0
(’)
0
0
(’)
2 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
18
Table 9. Earnings distribution of year-round full-time workers by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 1982
(Numbers in thousands)
With earnings of Characteristic
Total
T ota l..............................
M en .............................
W om en.......................
Median
earnings
Under
$6,700
$6,700$9,999
$10,000$14,999
$15,000$19,999
$20,000$24,999
$25,000
and over
63,973
40,129
23,844
4,608
2,240
2,368
6,742
2,521
4,221
14,325
6,526
7,799
11,942
7,005
4,936
9,258
6,643
2,615
17,099
15,194
1,905
$17,385
21,142
13,106
White .............................
M en.............................
W om en.......................
56,523
36,210
20,314
4,008
2,003
2,005
5,577
2,061
3,516
12,138
5,530
6,608
10,422
6,200
4,222
8,303
6,026
2,277
16,075
14,390
1,685
17,948
21,668
13,245
Black..............................
M en.............................
W om en.......................
5,840
2,987
2,853
474
192
282
999
406
592
1,816
818
998
1,205
631
573
723
469
253
624
470
155
13,636
15,429
12,318
Hispanic origin..............
M en.............................
W om en.......................
3,192
2,044
1,148
261
121
139
634
313
321
959
553
406
513
369
144
357
276
81
468
412
56
13,262
15,344
11,135
Table 10. Earnings distribution of year-round full-time workers by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin,
1982
Men
Characteristic
Women
Percent distribution
Percent distribution
Median
earnings
Total
(thou
sands)
Total
Under
$6,700
$6,700$9,999
88.1
$21,142
23,844
100.0
9.9
17.7
72.4
$13,106
34.7
18.8
4.6
4.6
7.9
36.5
72.2
91.2
89.0
68.1
8,475
12,688
22,261
22,927
15,738
328
3,057
17,148
2,925
386
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
33.6
11.6
8.6
10.7
31.0
40.8
29.3
15.4
17.0
15.5
25.5
59.1
76.1
72.4
53.4
8,023
10,728
13,922
13,406
11,121
5.5
5.7
88.8
21,668
20,314
100.0
9.9
17.3
72.8
13,245
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
27.8
8.6
4.1
6.3
23.2
35.7
18.0
4.0
4.3
7.3
36.5
73.4
91.9
89.4
69.5
8,473
12,937
22,962
23,712
16,500
303
2,732
14,360
2,568
352
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
34.3
11.3
8.5
10.2
30.2
41.0
28.7
14.9
16.3
14.9
24.7
60.0
76.6
73.5
54.9
8,021
10,786
14,114
13,843
11,398
2,987
100.0
6.4
13.6
80.0
15,429
2,853
100.0
9.9
20.8
69.4
12,318
23
269
2,304
339
53
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(’)
13.3
4.4
7.9
0
(’)
28.1
12.6
8.1
0
(’)
58.7
83.1
84.0
(’)
O
$10,462
16,251
15,932
(’)
24
264
2,230
305
29
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(’)
15.6
8.3
12.6
(’)
(’)
35.3
18.5
23.6
0
O
49.0
73.2
63.9
0
(’)
$9,911
12,896
11,181
(’)
2,044
100.0
5.9
15.3
78.7
$15,344
1,148
100.0
12.1
28.0
59.9
$11,135
43
231
1,576
167
25
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(’)
9.1
4.6
5.1
0
(’)
32.5
11.7
15.5
(’)
0
58.4
83.7
79.4
(')
f)
$10,629
16,488
15,600
(’)
17
181
860
84
7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(’)
10.9 •
11.1
19.0
(’)
(’)
34.4
26.3
29.1
(’)
0
54.7
62.5
51.9
(’)
(’)
$10,346
11,605
10,213
(')
Total
(thou
sands)
Total
Under
$6,700
$6,700$9,999
40,129
100.0
5.6
6.3
433
3,514
29,681
5,607
895
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
28.8
9.0
4.1
6.4
23.9
36,210
100.0
405
3,184
26,627
5,176
817
$10,000
and over
Median
$10,000 earnings
and over
A ll y e a r -r o u n d
fu ll-tim e w o r k e r s
T o ta l................
Age:
16 to .19..............
20 to 2 4 ..............
25 to 5 4 ..............
55 to 6 4 ..............
65 and over ........
W h ite
T o ta l................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............
20 to 2 4 ..............
25 to 5 4 ..............
55 to 6 4 ..............
65 and over ........
B la c k
T o ta l................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............
20 to 2 4 ..............
25 to 5 4 ..............
55 to 6 4 ..............
65 and over ........
H is p a n ic o rig in
T o ta l................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............
20 to 2 4 ..............
25 to 5 4 ..............
55 to 64 ..............
65 and over ........
' Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
19
Table 11. Number of year-round full-time workers, percent earning less than $6,700, and median
earnings by family status, race, and Hispanic origin, 1982
Characteristic
Number
(thousands)
Percent earning
less than $6,700
Median earnings
A ll y e a r -r o u n d fu ll-tim e w o rk e r s
Total .............................................................
Husbands ............................................................
Wives ..................................................................
Others in married-couple families .....................
63,973
29,464
13,184
3,976
7.2
4.6
10.5
13.6
$17,385
22,916
13,055
11,390
Women who maintain families...........................
Others in such fam ilies......................................
3,277
1,784
7.8
10.4
13,057
12,098
Men who maintain families ...............................
Others in such families......................................
1,040
545
6.5
11.0
20,293
12,545
All other men1 ....................................................
All other women1 ................................................
5,920
4,783
6.3
8.3
18,885
14,810
Total .............................................................
Husbands ............................................................
Wives ..................................................................
Others in married-couple families .....................
56,523
26,980
11,552
3,532
7.1
4.6
10.7
13.8
17,948
23,473
13,047
11,442
Women who maintain families...........................
Others in such families......................................
2,385
1,299
6.6
9.7
13,699
12,506
Men who maintain families ...............................
Others in such families......................................
891
459
6.6
11.0
20,956
12,818
All other men1 ....................................................
All other women1 ................................................
5,221
4,203
6.1
8.0
19,404
15,007
Total .............................................................
Husbands ............................................................
Wives ..................................................................
Others in married-couple families .....................
5,840
1,787
1,212
322
8.1
4.3
8.1
15.0
13,636
17,207
12,972
10,494
Women who maintain families...........................
Others in such families......................................
808
437
10.5
12.0
11,792
10,961
Men who maintain families ...............................
Others in such families......................................
125
71
5.7
(2)
16,020
(2)
All other men1 ....................................................
All other women1 ................................................
596
482
7.8
10.4
$15,147
12,947
Total .............................................................
Husbands............................................................
Wives ..................................................................
Others in married-couple families .....................
3,192
1,423
580
315
8.2
4.3
12.8
15.0
13,262
16,777
11,126
10,318
Women who maintain families..........................
Others in such families......................................
208
98
11.0
13.0
11,593
9,601
Men who maintain families ...............................
Others in such families......................................
83
62
4.1
(2)
14,474
All other men1 ....................................................
All other women1 ...............................................
263
159
7.8
8.6
$13,525
13,184
W h ite
B la c k
H is p a n ic o rig in
1 Includes a small number of members of unrelated
subfamilies.
ft
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
20
Table 12. Incidence of poverty among year-round full-time workers by family status, earnings, race, and Hispanic origin,
1982
Total
Characteristic
Number
(thousands)
With earnings of -
Percent in
families
below poverty
level
Under
$6,700
Number
(thousands)
$6,700
or more
Percent in
families
below poverty
level
Number
(thousands)
Percent in
families
below poverty
level
A ll y e a r -r o u n d fu ll-tim e w o r k e r s
T o ta l.....................................................................
Husbands ...................................................................
W ives..........................................................................
Others in married-couple families.............................
Women who maintain families .................................
Others in such families..............................................
Men who maintain fam ilies.......................................
Others in such families..............................................
All other men1
2 ............................................................
All other women2 .......................................................
63,973
29,464
13,184
3,976
3,277
1,784
1,040
545
5,920
4,783
3.1
3.2
2.3
2.0
6.8
3.3
3.3
1.1
3.1
3.3
4,608
1,342
1,387
541
256
185
68
60
374
396
29.8
43.2
14.7
10.2
51.2
16.6
(')
0
49.1
38.6
59,366
28,122
11,797
3,435
3,021
1,599
972
485
5,547
4,387
1.1
1.3
.9
.7
3.1
1.8
.3
.1
56,523
26,980
11,552
3,532
2,385
1,299
891
459
5,221
4,203
2.9
3.1
2.3
1.8
4.4
1.1
3.2
1.3
3.0
3.3
4,008
1,237
1,237
487
158
126
59
51
318
335
29.6
44.4
15.3
9.2
43.5
7.2
0
0
50.0
39.9
52,515
25,743
10,316
3,046
2,227
1,172
832
409
4,903
3,868
.8
1.1
.7
.6
1.6
.5
.3
5,840
1,787
1,212
322
808
437
125
71
596
482
5.6
4.7
2.7
5.7
13.7
9.7
3.2
0
3.1
3.4
474
77
98
48
85
52
7
9
46
50
32.5
29.9
5.9
0
66.8
0
0
0
(’)
(')
5,367
1,709
1,113
274
724
385
118
63
549
432
3,192
1,423
580
315
208
98
83
62
263
159
6.3
8.7
4.1
3.6
9.6
7.5
1.8
(’)
3.1
3.2
261
62
74
47
23
13
3
4
21
14
32.2
0
(’)
0
0)
0
(’)
(’)
(')
0
2,931
1,361
506
268
185
85
80
58
242
146
W h ite
T o ta l.....................................................................
Husbands ...................................................................
W ives.........................................................................
Others in married-couple families.............................
Women who maintain families .................................
Others in such families..............................................
Men who maintain fam ilies.......................................
Others in such families..............................................
All other men2 ............................................................
All other women2 .......................................................
-
.2
B la c k
T ota l.....................................................................
Husbands ...................................................................
W ives..........................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.............................
Women who maintain families .................................
Others in such families..............................................
Men who maintain fam ilies.......................................
Others in such families..............................................
All other men2 ............................................................
All other women2 ................................................... .
3.2
3.6
2.4
3.0
7.5
6.0
-
0
-
-
H is p a n ic o rig in
T o ta l.....................................................................
Husbands ...................................................................
W ives..........................................................................
Others in married-couple families.............................
Women who maintain families .................................
Others in such families..............................................
Men who maintain fam ilies.......................................
Others in such families..............................................
All other men2 ............................................................
All other women2 .......................................................
1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
2 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
NOTE: Dash represents zero or rounds to zero.
21
4.0
6.6
1.7
2.0
3.4
5.1
1.4
0
.7
Table 13. Year-round full-time workers earning less than $6,700 by family income, family status, race, and Hispanic
origin, 1982
With family income' ofCharacteristic
Total
Under
$5,000
$5,000$9,999
$10,000$14,999
$15,000$19,999
$20,000$24,999
$25,000
and over
A ll y e a r -r o u n d fu ll-tim e w o r k e r s
Total earning less than $6,700 (thousands) ........................
Percent distribution................................................................
4,608
100.0
834
18.1
1,149
24.9
673
14.6
524
11.4
369
8.0
1,058
23.0
Husbands ......................................................................................
W ives.............................................................................................
Others in married-couple families................................................
Women who maintain fam ilies.....................................................
Others in such families ................................................................
Men who maintain families..........................................................
Others in such families ................................................................
All other men3...............................................................................
All other women3...........................................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
25.9
8.2
2.1
13.7
5.2
17.7
16.5
8.4
17.5
26.4
(2)
(2)
5.9
5.1
12.1
16.5
11.5
7.4
13.8
.9
2.3
7.5
12.5
8.0
4.8
14.0
ft
ft
.3
1.4
11.0
34.6
65.0
6.0
19.2
(2)
44.1
32.5
25.8
11.6
5.0
50.5
21.2
(2)
(2)
47.5
57.6
Total earning less than $6,700 (thousands) ........................
Percent distribution................................................................
4,008
100.0
759
18.9
930
23.2
549
13.7
468
11.7
332
8.3
970
24.2
Husbands ......................................................................................
W ives.............................................................................................
Others in married-couple families................................................
Women who maintain families .....................................................
Others in such families ................................................................
Men who maintain families..........................................................
Others in such families ................................................................
All other men3...............................................................................
All other women3...........................................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
27.4
8.8
2.3
11.9
.3
(2)
(2)
45.1
34.7
25.4
11.4
5.5
45.4
19.7
(2)
(2)
45.2
53.7
16.5
15.3
6.7
18.2
24.8
(2)
(2)
6.9
6.1
11.3
17.0
10.8
11.9
16.3
ft
ft
1.1
2.7
8.0
12.0
8.1
6.1
18.0
ft
ft
.4
1.6
11.5
35.6
66.6
6.5
20.9
ft
ft
1.3
1.2
Total earning less than $6,700 (thousands) ........................
Percent distribution................................................................
474
100.0
52
10.9
186
39.3
104
22.0
42
8.9
26
5.4
64
13.5
Husbands ......................................................................................
W ives.............................................................................................
Others in married-couple families................................................
Women who maintain families .....................................................
Others in such families ................................................................
Men who maintain families..........................................................
Others in such families ................................................................
All other men3...............................................................................
All other women3...........................................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
6.1
(2)
14.3
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
36.0
13.2
ft
59.3
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
31.4
33.3
0
17.2
ft
(2)
ft
ft
ft
21.5
13.1
ft
_
17.0
ft
3.0
5.1
23.4
ft
6.1
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
Total earning less than $6,700 (thousands) ........................
Percent distribution................................................................
261
100.0
25
9.5
84
32.2
39
14.8
34
12.9
Husbands ......................................................................................
W ives.............................................................................................
Others in married-couple families................................................
Women who maintain fam ilies.....................................................
Others in such families ................................................................
Men who maintain families..........................................................
Others in such families ................................................................
All other men3...............................................................................
All other women3...........................................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
1.1
1.0
W h ite
B la c k
-
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
H is p a n ic o rig in
' Personal income for “ all other” men and women.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
22
8.3
ft
ft
58
22.3
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
3 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
NOTE: Dash represents zero or rounds to zero.
22
Table 14. Incidence of unemployment among persons with labor force experience and percent in families below poverty
level by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and family status, 1980-82
(Numbers in thousands)
1980
1981
With unemployment
With unemployment
Characteristic
Percent
Persons
in
with
labor
fami
lies
force
Number Percent
experi
below
the
ence
poverty
level
1982
Percent
Persons
with
in
labor
fami
force
lies
Number Percent
experi
below
ence
the
poverty
level
With unemployment
Persons
Percent
with
in
labor
fami
force
lies
Number Percent
experi
below
ence
the
poverty
level
Total .................................................... 118,348
Men .................................................. 65,277
W om en............................................. 53,071
21,410
12,072
9,338
18.1
18.5
17.6
17.5
15.5
20.1
119,658
65,950
53,708
23,382
13,175
10,207
19.5
20.0
19.0
19.1
17.7
21.0
120,235
66,160
54,074
26,493
15,441
11,052
22.0
23.3
20.4
20.5
18.6
23.2
White ................................................... 103,608
Men .................................................. 57,791
W om en............................................. 45,817
17,506
10,005
7,501
16.9
17.3
16.4
14.0
13.1
15.2
104,668
58,378
46,290
19,140
10,963
8,177
18.3
18.8
17.7
15.7
15.5
16.1
104,942
58,560
46,381
21,730
12,883
8,847
20.7
22.0
19.1
17.1
16.3
18.3
Black....................................................
Men ..................................................
W om en.............................................
11,980
5,972
6,007
3,352
1,755
1,596
28.0
29.4
26.6
35.0
28.2
42.4
12,153
6,030
6,123
3,703
1,884
1,819
30.5
31.2
29.7
36.2
29.3
43.4
12,276
5,994
6,282
4,096
2,186
1,910
33.4
36.5
30.4
38.6
32.0
46.2
Hispanic origin....................................
Men ..................................................
W om en.............................................
6,069
3,547
2,522
1,396
822
574
23.0
23.2
22.7
25.2
26.5
23.4
6,293
3,678
2,615
1,491
891
600
23.7
24.2
22.9
25.3
24.7
26.1
6,331
3,646
2,685
1,717
1,038
679
27.1
28.5
25.3
31.6
32.6
30.2
Husbands ............................................
W ives...................................................
Others in married-couple families......
40,605
29,015
16,162
5,391
4,221
4,214
13.3
14.5
26.1
14.3
7.2
5.4
40,535
29,272
16,592
5,717
4,577
4,689
14.1
15.6
28.3
16.2
8.4
6.3
40,440
29,510
16,893
7,228
4,957
5,334
17.9
16.8
31.6
16.9
10.4
7.2
Women who maintain families..........
Others in such fam ilies......................
6,034
5,486
1,335
1,873
22.1
34.1
55.6
23.5
6,214
5,660
1,457
2,024
23.4
35.8
55.8
25.4
6,108
5,784
1,636
2,270
26.8
39.3
59.2
28.1
Men who maintain families................
Others in such fam ilies......................
1,525
1,408
304
430
19.9
30.5
24.0
7.4
1,548
1,477
322
521
20.8
35.3
19.3
10.2
1,587
1,469
386
509
24.3
34.7
32.0
16.0
All other men' ....................................
9,721
2,191
22.5
28.2
9,922
2,510
25.3
32.1
10,022
2,557
25.5
32.7
All other women' ................................
8,392
1,451
17.3
36.9
8,438
1,565
18.5
39.2
8,422
1,615
19.2
41.4
1 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
23
Table 15. Incidence of involuntary part-time employment among persons working part time and percent in families below
poverty level by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and family status, 1980-82
(Numbers in thousands)
1981
1980
Persons
with partPercent
time
of
work
Number parttime
workers
With involuntary part
time
With involuntary part
time
With involuntary part
time
Characteristic
1982
Percent
Percent
Percent
Persons
Persons
in
in
in
with partPercent
with partPercent
fami
fami
fami
time
time
of
of
lies
lies
lies
work
work
Number partNumber partbelow
below
below
time
time
the
the
the
workers
workers
poverty
poverty
poverty
level
level
level
Total .................................................... 42,742
Men .................................................. 19,015
W omen............................................. 23,727
13,033
7,161
5,872
30.5
37.7
24.7
15.4
14.4
16.7
44,063
19,807
24,256
14,627
8,199
6,428
33.2
41.4
26.5
16.7
15.9
17.8
43,599
19,835
23,764
16,064
9,043
7,022
36.8
45.6
29.5
18.0
17.1
19.2
W h ite ...................................................
Men ..................................................
Women.............................................
37,576
16,615
20,961
10,866
6,066
4,800
28.9
36.5
22.9
12.8
12.3
13.5
38,909
17,370
21,539
12,223
6,962
5,262
31.4
40.1
24.4
14.2
13.9
14.6
38,480
17,425
21,055
13,555
7,736
5,819
35.2
44.4
27.6
15.8
15.4
16.2
Black...................................................
Men ..................................................
W omen.............................................
4,235
1,948
2,286
1,841
920
921
43.5
47.2
40.3
30.1
27.5
32.7
4,268
2,015
2,253
2,081
1,073
1,008
48.8
53.3
44.7
31.1
27.4
35.1
4,177
1,985
2,192
2,180
1,131
1,049
52.2
57.0
47.9
31.9
27.8
36.3
Hispanic origin....................................
Men .................................................
Women.............................................
2,084
1,068
1,016
838
492
346
40.2
46.1
34.1
24.0
24.3
23.6
2,198
1,150
1,048
987
602
385
44.9
52.4
36.7
26.7
25.4
28.7
2,180
1,174
1,006
1,060
664
396
48.6
56.6
39.4
30.1
29.6
30.8
Husbands ............................................
W ives...................................................
Others in married-couple families......
8,564
13,168
9,094
3,605
2,862
2,267
42.1
21.7
24.9
13.2
7.3
5.2
8,954
13,349
9,481
4,121
3,158
2,432
46.0
23.7
25.7
14.7
8.4
6.5
8,983
13,178
9,579
4,618
3,413
2,846
51.4
25.9
29.7
15.8
9.0
8.9
Women who maintain families...........
Others in such fam ilies......................
2,007
2,604
749
929
37.3
35.7
41.6
24.5
2,170
2,736
877
1,049
40.4
38.3
45.5
24.2
2,010
2,673
947
1,131
47.1
42.3
45.3
23.5
Men who maintain families................
Others in such fam ilies......................
428
614
213
221
49.7
36.0
25.6
8.6
398
649
196
300
49.3
46.2
15.4
9.8
438
662
243
271
55.3
41.0
22.6
9.0
All other men1 ....................................
3,179
1,232
38.8
22.9
3,222
1,474
45.8
26.1
3,165
1,527
48.2
28.7
All other women1 ................................
3,084
955
30.9
32.3
3,104
1,020
32.9
31.6
2,912
1,068
36.7
37.0
1 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
24
Table 16. Incidence of low earnings among year-round full-time workers and percent in families below poverty level by
sex, race, Hispanic origin, and family status, 1980-82
(Numbers in thousands)
1980
1981
Low earners
(under
$6,200)
Characteristic
Yearround
full-time
workers
1982
Low earners
(under
$6,700)
Low earners
(under
$6,700)
Percent
in
Percent
of year- fami
round
lies
Number
below
fu ll
time
the
workers poverty
level
Yearround
full-time
workers
YearPercent
Percent
round
Percent
in
in
Percent
of year- fami
of year- fami full-time
workers
round
round
lies
lies
Number
Number
fu ll
below
fu ll
below
time
time
the
the
workers poverty
workers poverty
level
level
Total ....................................................
Men ..................................................
Women.............................................
64,936
41,915
23,021
5,199
2,380
2,819
8.0
5.7
12.2
24.4
34.4
15.9
65,292
41,806
23,486
5,202
2,527
2,675
8.0
6.0
11.4
26.5
36.3
17.2
63,973
40,129
23,844
4,608
2,240
2,368
7.2
5.6
9.9
29.8
38.0
22.1
White ...................................................
Men ..................................................
Women.............................................
57,547
37,818
19,729
4,330
2,013
2,316
7.5
5.3
11.7
23.1
34.4
13.3
57,689
37,576
20,112
4,443
2,179
2,263
7.7
5.8
11.3
25.8
37.0
15.0
56,523
36,210
20,314
4,008
2,003
2,005
7.1
5.5
9.9
29.6
39.0
20.2
Black....................................................
Men ..................................................
Women.............................................
5,882
3,186
2,696
702
286
416
11.9
9.0
15.4
30.9
31.1
30.7
6,059
3,322
2,737
669
307
362
11.0
9.2
13.2
31.5
32.3
30.8
5,840
2,987
2,853
474
192
282
8.1
6.4
9.9
32.5
28.4
35.3
Hispanic origin....................................
Men ..................................................
Women.............................................
3,141
2,130
1,011
356
175
181
11.3
8.2
17.9
26.8
36.4
17.4
3,345
2,212
1,133
328
155
173
9.8
7.0
15.3
28.1
40.9
16.6
3,192
2,044
1,148
261
121
139
8.2
5.9
12.1
32.2
41.3
24.3
Husbands ............................................
W ives...................................................
Others in married-couple families......
31,073
12,538
4,140
1,278
1,538
746
4.1
12.3
18.0
44.2
7.7
8.4
30,777
12,911
4,179
1,444
1,482
713
4.7
11.5
17.1
43.4
9.9
10.6
29,464
13,184
3,976
1,342
1,387
541
4.6
10.5
13.6
43.2
14.7
10.2
Women who maintain families..........
Others in such families ......................
3,245
1,724
333
277
10.3
16.1
41.0
17.0
3,335
1,788
311
277
9.3
15.5
47.7
20.9
3,277
1,784
256
185
7.8
10.4
51.2
16.6
Men who maintain families................
Others in such fam ilies......................
1,038
549
69
94
6.7
17.2
O
1,080
560
62
68
5.8
12.1
(’)
7.8
O
1,040
545
68
60
6.5
11.0
(’)
(’)
All other men2 ....................................
5,912
398
6.7
38.1
5,949
405
6.8
39.6
5,920
374
6.3
49.1
All other women2 ...............................
4,717
466
9.9
32.6
4,712
439
9.3
28.2
4,783
396
8.3
38.6
1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
2 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
25
Table 17. Persons with labor market problems by number and type of problems: Unemployment or involuntary part-time
employment or low earnings, 1982
(In thousands)
Persons with
labor market
problems
Labor market problems
T o ta l......................................................................................................
Workers employed year round, full tim e .............................................
One problem only:
Low earnings...................................................................................
Unemployment................................................................................
Involuntary part-time employment.................................................
Two problems:
Low earnings, unemployment........................................................
Low earnings, involuntary part-time employment..........................
Unemployment, involuntary part-time employment.......................
Three problems:
Low earnings, unemployment, involuntary part-time employment
Workers employed less than year round, full tim e.............................
One problem only:
Unemployment...............................................................................
Involuntary part-time employment..................................................
Two problems:
Unemployment, involuntary part-time employment.......................
Nonworkers who looked for w ork......................................................
Persons with
labor market
problems
living in
“ poor” families
39,040
8,749
7,800
1,472
3,874
738
3,170
1,154
46
659
232
10
199
28
26,333
12
4,628
14,359
4,843
2,033
931
7,131
3,958
1,664
1,700
6
82
10
Table 18. Persons with labor market problems by number and type of problems: 5 weeks or more of unemployment or
involuntary part-time employment or low earnings, 1982
(In thousands)
Persons with
labor market
problems
Labor market problems
T otal..............................................................................................................
Workers employed year round, full tim e ....................................................
One problem only:
Low earnings..........................................................................................
Involuntary part-time employment, 5 weeks or m ore..........................
Two problems:
Low earnings; involuntary part-time employment, 5 weeks or more ...
Workers employed less than year round, full tim e...................................
One problem only:
Unemployment, 5 weeks or m ore........................................................
Involuntary part-time employment, 5 weeks or m ore..........................
Two problems:
Unemployment, 5 weeks or more; involuntary part-time employment, 5 weeks or more
Nonworkers who looked for work, 5 weeks or m ore................................
26
Persons with
labor market
problems
living in
“ poor” families
32,323
6,512
7,060
1,441
4,090
1,904
1,212
518
22,666
163
4,196
13,546
4,770
2,239
891
4,351
3,145
1,067
1,422
66
Table 19. Persons with labor market problems by number and type of problems: 15 weeks or more of unemployment or
involuntary part-time employment or low earnings, 1982
(In thousands)
Persons with
labor market
problems
Labor market problems
T ota l...............................................................................................................................................
Workers employed year round, full tim e ......................................................................................
One problem only:
Low earnings............................................................................................................................
Involuntary part-time employment, 15 weeks or m ore..........................................................
Two problems:
Low earnings; involuntary part-time employment, 15 weeks or more..................................
Workers employed less than year round, full tim e......................................................................
One problem only:
Unemployment, 15 weeks or m ore.........................................................................................
Involuntary part-time employment, 15 weeks or m ore..........................................................
Two problems:
Unemployment, 15 weeks or more; involuntary part-time employment, 15 weeks or more
Nonworkers who looked for work, 15 weeks or m ore................................................................
27
Persons with
labor market
problems
living in
“ poor” families
22,492
5,114
5,739
1,402
4,382
506
1,306
27
225
15,150
69
3,265
9,777
4,246
2,168
790
1,126
2,228
307
1,072
Appendix A.
Explanatory Notes
or railroad retirement benefits; public assistance or wel
fare payments; supplemental security income; dividends,
interest, and rental income or losses; unemployment,
veterans’, and workers’ compensation; government and
private employee pensions; alimony, child support, or
regular contributions from persons not living in the
household; and other periodic income. In the March
1983 CPS, income did not reflect nonmoney transfers,
such as food stamps; subsidized housing; goods pro
duced on a farm or in a home; and employer-financed
fringe benefits like retirement, educational expenses,
stock options, or health and life insurance. For more
information on the income concept, see Money Income
o f Households, Families, and Persons in the United
States: 1980, Current Population Reports, Series P-60,
No. 132 (Bureau of the Census, July 1982).
The source, coverage, concepts and definitions, and
limitations of the data presented in this bulletin are de
scribed below.
Data source
The primary source of data is the supplement to the
March 1983 Current Population Survey (CPS). The
data refer to calendar year 1982.
Population coverage
Each month, trained interviewers collect information
from a sample which in 1982 totaled about 60,000 oc
cupied households in 629 areas in 1,148 counties and
independent cities in each of the 50 States and the Dis
trict of Columbia. Estimates in this bulletin are for per
sons 16 years of age and over in the civilian noninstitutional population during the calendar week ending
March 12, 1983. The civilian noninstitutional popula
tion excludes all members of the Armed Forces and in
mates of institutions such as homes for the aged and
correctional institutions.
No information was obtained on persons who might
have been in the civilian labor force during 1982 but
were not in the civilian noninstitutional population as
of the March date. Similarly, data on persons who died
in 1982 or in 1983 before the survey date are not re
flected. Persons who reached age 16 during January,
February, or March 1983, however, are included.
Poverty statistics
presented in this bulletin are based on definitions de
veloped by the Social Security Administration in 1964
and revised by Federal interagency committees in 1969
and 1980. These definitions are based on the Depart
ment of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflect
the different consumption requirements of families based
on their size and number of children under 18 years
old. Unrelated individuals and two-person families are
further differentiated by age.
The latest modifications, implemented in the March
1982 CPS, were: (1) Elimination of separate thresholds
(poverty levels) for farm families, (2) averaging of
thresholds for female householders and “all other” fami
lies, and (3) development of a poverty threshold for
families with nine or more members.
In 1982, the average poverty threshold for a family
of four was $9,862; for a family of nine persons or more,
the threshold was $19,698; and for an unrelated indi
vidual age 65 and over, $4,626. The poverty thresholds
are updated each year to reflect changes in the Con
sumer Price Index. For more information, see Money
Income and Poverty Status o f Families and Persons in the
United States: 1982, Current Population Reports, Series
P-60, No. 140 (Bureau of the Census, 1983).
Poverty (low-income) classification.
Concepts and definitions
Work experience. Persons with work experience are
those who worked as civilians at any time during the
year at full- or part-time jobs. Respondents are asked
how many hours they usually worked per week during
the year. They are classified as having worked at full
time jobs if they worked 35 hours per week or more in
a majority of the weeks employed during the year; re
spondents are classified as having worked at part-time
jobs if they worked 1 to 34 hours per week in a major
ity of the weeks employed during the year.
Data on income are limited to money income
received before personal income taxes and payroll de
ductions. Money income is the sum of the amounts re
ceived from earnings (hourly wages, salaries, or profits
or losses of self-employed operations); social security
Income.
Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force comprises
all civilian persons 16 years and older classified as em
ployed or unemployed sometime during the year.
28
been obtained if a complete census had been taken us
ing the same questionnaires, instructions, and enumera
tors. There are two types of errors possible in an esti
mate based on a sample survey: Sampling and nonsam
pling. The standard errors provided for this bulletin
primarily indicate the magnitude of the sampling error.
They also partially measure the effect of some nonsam
pling errors in response and enumeration, but do not
measure any systematic biases in the data. The full ex
tent of nonsampling error is unknown. Consequently,
particular care should be exercised in the interpretation
of figures based on a relatively small number of cases
or on small differences between estimates.
Employed persons are all those who in 1982
worked as civilians for pay or profit (including paid
vacations and sick leave) or worked without pay on a
family-operated farm or business.
Employed.
Year-round, full-time work. Year-round, full-time work
is employment of 50 to 52 weeks during the year, usu
ally at a full-time job.
Unemployed. Unemployed persons are those who were
looking for work while not employed or were on lay
off for at least 1 week during the year. The number of
weeks unemployed is the total number of weeks ac
cumulated during the entire year.
The standard errors that may be
obtained using this appendix are primarily measures of
sampling variability; that is, of the variation that oc
curred by chance because a sample rather than the en
tire population was surveyed. The sample estimate and
its estimated standard error enable one to construct
confidence intervals—ranges that would include the av
erage result of all possible samples with a known proba
bility. For example, if all possible samples were selected,
each surveyed under essentially the same general con
ditions and using the same sample design, and if an es
timate and its estimated standard error were calculated
from each sample, then:
1. Approximately 68 percent of the intervals from
one standard error below the estimate to one stand
ard error above the estimate would include the av
erage result of all possible samples.
2. Approximately 90 percent of the intervals from
1.6 standard errors below the estimate to 1.6 stand
ard errors above the estimate would include the
average result of all possible samples.
3. Approximately 95 percent of the intervals from
two standard errors below the estimate to two
standard errors above the estimate would include
the average result of all possible samples.
The average estimate derived from all possible sam
ples may not be contained in any particular computed
interval. However, for a particular sample, one can say
with a specified confidence that the average estimate
derived from all possible samples is included in the con
fidence interval.
Standard errors for data based on the CPS. Because of
the large number of estimates that are produced from
the CPS, it is not feasible to give a standard error for
each of the estimates. Instead, generalized standard er
ror tables and adjustment factors for different types of
estimates provided by the Bureau of the Census can be
used. These will be available in the detailed report for
1982 in the Current Population Reports, Series P-60,
when it is published.
In this bulletin, formulas and parameters used to de
rive the generalized tables and adjustment factors are
provided.
Sampling variability.
Persons who
worked less than 35 hours for at least 1 week during
the year a) because of slack work or material shortages,
or b) because they could not find full-time work.
Involuntary
part-time
employment.
The median is the value which divides a dis
tribution into two equal parts, one part having values
above the median and the other having values below
the median. Median earnings in this bulletin are based
on distributions which include zero values. The median
is estimated by linear interpolation within the distribu
tion. The precision of the estimates depends on the size
of the interval which contains the median.
Median.
Earnings are all money income from hourly
wages, salaries, and profits or losses from
self-employment.
Earnings.
The age classification is based upon a person’s
age as of the last birthday.
Age.
A family is a group of two or more persons
residing together who are related by blood, marriage,
or adoption. All such persons are considered as mem
bers of one family even though they may include a
“subfamily,” that is, a married couple or a parent-child
group sharing the living quarters of the married couple
or person maintaining the household.
Family.
In this report, this term
refers to family income for persons in families and per
sonal income for unrelated individuals.
Family or household income.
Reliability of the estimates
The estimating procedure used
in this survey inflates weighted sample results to inde
pendent estimates of the civilian noninstitutional popu
lation by age, sex, and race. These independent esti
mates were based on statistics from the 1980 Census of
Population and other data on births, deaths, immigra
tion, emigration, and size of the Armed Forces.
Since the CPS estimates are based on a sample, they
may differ somewhat from the figures that would have
Estimating procedure.
29
Here x is the size of the estimate and a and b are the
parameters associated with the characteristic.
For other comparisons, assume P equals zero. Mak
ing this assumption will result in accurate estimates of
the difference between two estimates of the same char
acteristics in two different areas, or for the difference
between separate and uncorrelated characteristics in the
same area. If, however, there is a high positive (nega
tive) correlation between the two characteristics, the
formula will overestimate (underestimate) the true
standard error.
(2)
Other limitations of the data
Standard errors o f estimated numbers and estimated per
centages.
Standard errors of estimated numbers and
estimated percentages can be computed directly with
formulas (1) and (2) respectively:
(1)
G = yj ax2 + bx
%
= J ! j ( p ( l o o - p))
Besides errors that result directly from sampling
variation, the CPS is known to have other limitations
which affect results of the survey. Foremost, the in
come estimates reported in the CPS are lower than
amounts reported by other independent sources, such
as the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Social Se
curity Administration. These differences are termed
“underreporting” and occur for a variety of reasons,
among them: Overlooking small amounts of income,
lack of information on money-income-producing activi
ties of family members not present during the interview,
and reluctance to reveal certain types of income such
as public assistance or alimony. More generally, the
CPS is affected by recall problems—inability to recall
completely or accurately events which took place dur
ing the previous year. Other errors can occur in con
ducting or processing interviews, such as misstating or
misunderstanding interview questions.
In the March 1982 CPS, no interview was obtained
for approximately 4 percent of the households in the
sample for reasons such as “no one home,” “temporar
ily absent,” or “refusals.” In order to account for these
households, the weights assigned to households in which
interviews were obtained have been increased slightly.
The “noninterview” adjustment procedure adjusts the
weights of sample households by race of head and within
a specified set of geographical restrictions. Nonresponse
is a serious problem in most household surveys and is
especially troublesome for income questions. In many
cases, even though an interview is obtained, complete
information for all of the income questions is not avail
able, unknown, or not divulged. Missing income items
are imputed or allocated by values which are obtained
from active respondents with similar economic and de
mographic characteristics.1There are other limitations
of the CPS data which are particularly important in
linking employment problems to economic status. First,
family status is recorded as of the date of the CPS in
terview in March, which may not be the same as the
family status which existed in the previous year. An
other important limitation is that hourly earnings are
Here x is the size of the subclass of the population which
is the base of the percentage, p is the percentage
(05 P <100), and b is the parameter associated with the
characteristic.
Table A-l provides the values of the a and b
parameters that are used in formulas (1) and (2) to
create standard errors of estimated numbers and
estimated percentages of households, families,
unrelated individuals, and persons.
Standard error o f a difference. The formula for approx
imate standard errors of the difference between two
estimates x and y, is given by:
(3)
<C» =\Z<C + 0 / - 2 P O a
where q and Oyare the standard errors of the estimates x
and y, and P represents the correlation between the two
estimates.
For the year-to-year comparisons of income and pov
erty estimates, the correlation coefficients, P, are con
tained in Report No. 142 in the Current Population
Reports series P-60.
Table A-1. Parameters for direct computation of standard
errors of estimated numbers and percentages of
households, families unrelated individuals, and persons,
1982
Parameters
Characteristics
a
b
Number of households, families, and
unrelated individuals:
All races or w h ite .............................
Black and/or other races ...............
Hispanic origin..................................
-0.000010
-.000089
-.000014
1.721
1,876
2,420
Number of persons:
All races or w h ite .............................
Black and/or other races ...............
Hispanic origin.................................
-.000009
-.000077
-.000020
1,885
2,155
3,000
Families below provery level:
All races or w hite.............................
Black and/or other races ...............
Hispanic origin.................................
.000076
.000076
-.000014
1,876
1,876
2,420
Persons below poverty level:
All races or w h ite .............................
Black and/or other races ...............
Hispanic origin..................................
-.000031
-.000270
-.000063
7,946
7,946
11,528
'For more information, see Money Income o f Households. Families,
and Persons in the United Slates: I WO, Current Population Reports.
Series P-60. No. 132 (Bureau of the Census. July 1982). p. 229.
30
not reported for the entire CPS sample, although an
nual earnings are. Further, the CPS does not have com
plete information on persons who have limited partici
pation in the labor force. CPS data do not reveal if the
employment of part-year workers is limited by labor
market conditions or is voluntary in nature. Also, it is
not possible to determine how many persons never par
ticipated in the labor force because they viewed their
employment opportunities as unfavorable.
%
/
31
Appendix B.
Supplementary Tables
Table B-1. Persons with unemployment by family status, family income, poverty status, and weeks of unemployment,
1982
(Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Persons
with
labor force
experience
Without
unem
ployment
Total
with
unem
ployment
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 to 51
weeks
52 weeks
Weeks of unemployment
A ll p e r s o n s 16 a n d o v e r
T o ta l..................................................................
120,235
93,742
26,493
5,451
7,910
6,372
5,407
1,353
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
5,820
9,930
13,153
13,954
14,577
62,801
2,729
5,999
9,332
10,542
11,512
53,627
3,092
3,931
3,820
3,411
3,065
9,174
399
585
690
724
700
2,352
648
1,074
1,132
1,011
997
3,048
680
1,069
963
820
727
2,113
925
913
815
731
570
1,452
440
289
219
124
70
210
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
10,713
8.9
5,278
5.6
5,435
20.5
707
13.0
1,181
14.9
1,302
20.4
1,553
28.7
692
51.2
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
15,089
12.6
7,990
8.5
7,099
26.8
968
17.7
1,623
20.5
1,767
27.7
1,955
36.2
787
58.2
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
19,953
16.6
11,151
11.9
8,803
33.2
1,256
23.0
2,149
27.2
2,222
34.9
2,306
42.6
871
64.4
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
31,309
26.0
19,246
20.5
12,064
45.5
1,899
34.8
3,152
39.8
3,003
47.1
2,998
55.5
1,012
74.8
Median family income.............................................
$25,913
$27,991
$18,421
$22,233
$20,442
$17,824
$15,326
$8,415
T ota l..................................................................
40,440
33,212
7,228
1,326
2,175
1,897
1,498
332
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 .................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r................................................
937
2,091
3,542
4,349
5,321
24,200
509
1,161
2,318
3,224
4,229
21,770
428
930
1,224
1,125
1,092
2,429
21
76
157
178
242
653
49
196
316
311
391
913
104
266
382
331
265
550
172
298
301
254
179
294
83
95
68
51
15
19
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,582
6.4
1,363
4.1
1,220
16.9
77
5.8
216
9.9
325
17.2
431
28.8
170
51.3
Below 1.25 dJverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
3,841
9.5
2,152
6.5
1,689
23.4
124
9.3
325
14.9
484
25.5
557
37.2
199
60.0
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
5,318
13.2
3,120
9.4
2,197
30.4
204
15.4
454
20.9
646
34.0
669
44.6
225
67.8
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
8,957
22.2
5,759
17.3
3,198
44.2
370
27.9
738
33.9
919
48.4
902
60.2
270
81.4
Median family income.............................................
$28,799
$31,029
$19,582
$24,728
$22,810
$18,073
$14,588
$8,711
H usbands
See footnotes at end of table.
32
Table B-1. Persons with unemployment by family status, family income, poverty status, and weeks of unemployment,
1982—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Persons
with
labor force
experience
Without
unem
ployment
Total
with
unem
ployment
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
T o ta l..................................................................
29,510
24,553
4,957
1,241
1,572
1,020
960
165
Family income:1
Under $5,000 ........................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
561
1,350
2,438
3,179
3,807
18,174
367
890
1,776
2,385
3,092
16,043
194
461
662
794
716
2,131
45
95
149
205
176
571
36
136
195
221
252
733
51
105
146
149
139
430
42
93
139
200
133
351
20
31
33
19
16
45
Below poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,445
4.9
932
3.8
513
10.4
108
8.7
116
7.4
121
11.8
119
12.4
49
30.0
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,273
7.7
1,503
6.1
769
15.5
162
13.1
195
12.4
178
17.4
175
18.2
59
36.1
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
3,275
11.1
2,205
9.0
1,070
21.6
229
18.5
285
18.1
264
25.8
224
23.3
68
41.6
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
5,835
19.8
4,102
16.7
1,732
34.9
411
33.1
497
31.6
386
37.9
352
36.7
86
52.2
Median family income.............................................
$29,535
$31,011
$22,415
$23,687
$23,737
$21,854
$20,187
$14,427
T o ta l..................................................................
16,893
11,559
5,334
1,138
1,502
1,289
1,136
270
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
184
446
818
1,106
1,438
12,900
120
207
437
635
865
9,295
64
239
382
471
573
3,605
9
35
42
85
117
850
11
45
91
140
133
1,082
15
47
85
97
151
894
23
82
108
117
140
665
6
30
56
31
31
115
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
837
5.0
453
3.9
384
7.2
47
4.1
81
5.4
85
6.6
129
11.3
43
15.9
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,292
7.6
683
5.9
609
11.4
87
7.7
142
9.4
132
10.2
179
15.8
69
25.7
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,860
11.0
987
8.5
873
16.4
136
11.9
213
14.2
185
14.4
246
21.7
93
34.6
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
3,166
18.7
1,746
15.1
1,420
26.6
229
20.1
351
23.3
312
24.2
400
35.3
128
47.5
Median family income.............................................
$38,263
$40,802
$32,968
$36,226
$35,658
$33,381
$28,072
$21,383
Characteristic
Weeks of unemployment
27 to 51
weeks
52 weeks
W iv e s
O th e r s in m a r r ie d -c o u p le fa m ilie s
See footnotes at end of table.
33
Table B-1. Persons with unemployment by family status, family income, poverty status, and weeks of unemployment,
1982—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Persons
with
labor force
experience
Without
unem
ployment
Total
with
unem
ployment
T o ta l..................................................................
6,108
4,472
Family income:1
Under $5,000 ........................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
870
1,216
1,224
970
749
1,078
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
Characteristic
Weeks of unemployment
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 to 51
weeks
1,636
364
502
381
287
102
270
710
985
833
682
993
601
507
239
137
67
85
106
117
47
48
17
29
169
142
92
45
31
23
121
128
65
31
13
23
137
91
32
13
6
8
67
29
3
1,661
27.2
692
15.5
969
59.2
194
53.4
253
50.4
227
59.6
203
70.7
91
89.6
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,126
34.8
1,023
22.9
1,103
67.4
223
61.3
303
60.4
259
68.0
222
77.4
95
93.9
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,575
42.2
1,339
30.0
1,235
75.5
245
67.3
366
72.8
286
75.0
242
84.3
97
95.4
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
3,376
55.3
1,995
44.6
1,381
84.4
280
76.9
409
81.4
331
86.8
263
91.7
99
97.4
Median family income.............................................
$13,897
$16,383
$6,771
$7,992
$8,122
$7,206
$5,338
$4,122
T o ta l..................................................................
5,784
3,514
2,270
412
616
513
527
202
Family income:1
Under $5,000 ........................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
393
772
890
885
817
2,027
125
358
458
538
537
1,498
268
413
432
347
281
529
32
53
71
68
56
132
66
95
114
116
74
150
40
105
80
74
86
128
79
104
116
76
59
93
52
57
51
12
5
25
Below poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,013
17.5
374
10.7
639
28.1
88
21.4
157
25.5
117
22.8
167
31.7
110
54.3
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,361
23.5
544
15.5
817
36.0
118
28.7
196
31.8
164
32.0
221
42.0
117
58.2
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,704
29.5
746
21.2
958
42.2
139
33.6
226
36.6
195
38.0
265
50.3
133
66.1
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,317
40.1
1,107
31.5
1,209
53.3
176
42.8
311
50.5
244
47.6
318
60.3
160
79.1
Median family income.............................................
$19,705
$22,622
$15,216
$17,986
$15,710
$17,105
$13,695
$8,257
52 weeks
W o m e n w h o m a in ta in fa m ilie s
-
1
2
O th e r s in fa m ilie s m a in ta in e d b y w o m e n
See footnotes at end of table.
34
.
Table B-1. Persons with unemployment by family status, family income, poverty status, and weeks of unemployment,
1982—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Persons
with
labor force
experience
Without
unem
ployment
...............................................................
1,587
1,201
386
61
98
112
75
40
Family income:'
Under $5,000 ........................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
103
175
194
235
202
678
29
84
136
185
161
606
74
91
58
51
40
71
4
7
8
10
12
19
5
20
20
12
14
27
15
31
21
16
10
18
31
20
8
8
3
5
19
12
1
5
1
2
Below poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
181
11.4
58
4.8
123
32.0
5
ft
16
16.5
33
29.2
42
55.8
ft
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
242
15.2
91
7.6
150
39.0
ft
20
20.4
42
37.9
50
67.1
0
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
301
19.0
132
11.0
169
43.7
10
(2)
25
25.5
50
44.3
52
69.5
32
(2)
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
451
28.4
235
19.5
217
56.2
16
ft
41
42.2
66
58.6
61
81.6
33
(2)
Median family income.............................................
$22,198
$25,304
$12,544
ft
$15,640
$12,574
$6,475
T o ta l..................................................................
1,469
960
509
93
134
130
119
34
Family income:1
Under $5,000 ........................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
69
115
134
209
204
737
29
43
73
111
117
588
41
72
61
98
87
149
8
9
21
18
36
19
25
13
21
13
42
23
17
23
26
40
10
8
16
25
29
29
12
7
6
7
1
1
Below poverty level:
T o ta l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
126
8.6
44
4.6
82
16.0
3
2.7
33
24.9
13
10.0
14
11.8
ft
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
159
10.8
58
6.0
101
19.9
9
9.5
39
29.2
17
13.2
17
14.7
19
(2)
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
216
14.7
93
9.7
122
24.0
13
13.8
47
34.8
25
19.1
19
16.2
ft
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent...................... ...........................................
375
25.5
174
18.2
201
39.4
27
28.6
65
48.4
39
30.3
44
36.7
ft
Median family income.............................................
$25,220
$29,125
$19,148
$22,417
$17,303
$20,241
$19,903
ft
Characteristic
Total
with
unem
ployment
Weeks of unemployment
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 to 51
weeks
52 weeks
M e n w h o m a in ta in fa m ilie s
Total
6
28
31
0
O th e r s in fa m ilie s m a in ta in e d b y m e n
See footnotes at end of table.
35
-
-
19
19
26
Table B-1. Persons with unemployment by family status, family income, poverty status, and weeks of unemployment,
1982—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Persons
with
labor force
experience
Without
unem
ployment
Total
with
unem
ployment
10,022
7,465
2,557
Weeks of unemployment
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
420
766
15 to 26
weeks
27 to 51
weeks
52 weeks
A ll o th e r m e n 3
T o ta i..................................................................
720
518
133
209
233
134
83
34
26
275
131
60
34
17
2
114
19
125
16.3
246
34.1
283
54.5
114
86.0
81
19.2
178
23.2
307
42.7
336
64.8
123
92.8
1,205
47.1
91
21.7
256
33.5
367
51.0
363
69.9
128
96.1
1,752
23.5
1,489
58.2
141
33.6
348
45.4
450
62.6
416
80.3
133
100.0
$14,924
$17,441
$8,347
$12,925
$10,993
$7,387
$4,589
$1,448
T ota l..................................................................
8,422
6,807
1,615
396
544
310
288
77
Family income:’
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
1,334
2,061
1,946
1,438
809
834
697
1,508
1,711
1,328
763
801
637
553
235
110
46
33
116
131
76
42
17
15
173
199
91
49
20
12
124
129
35
15
5
2
156
86
34
4
4
4
68
8
-
-
Below poverty level:
T o ta l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,402
16.7
734
10.8
669
41.4
116
29.3
183
33.7
136
43.8
165
57.4
68
89.1
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,925
22.9
1,090
16.0
835
51.7
157
39.7
225
41.3
183
59.2
197
68.4
73
94.9
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,407
28.6
1,434
21.1
973
60.2
190
47.9
277
50.9
205
66.1
226
78.6
75
97.6
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
3,590
42.6
2,374
34.9
1,216
75.3
249
62.9
392
72.1
255
82.5
242
84.1
77
100.0
Median family income.............................................
$11,938
$13,346
$6,202
$8,170
$7,662
$5,834
$4,354
$1,542
*
Family income:’
Under $5,000 ........................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
1,368
1,702
1,966
1,582
1,230
2,174
583
1,039
1,438
1,303
1,067
2,033
784
663
527
279
163
141
66
63
132
67
45
47
119
216
201
96
68
66
Below poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,466
14.6
630
8.4
837
32.7
69
16.3
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,871
18.7
846
11.3
1,025
40.1
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,299
22.9
1,094
14.6
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T o ta l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
3,241
32.3
Median family income.............................................
-
-
A ll o th e r w o m e n 3
1 Personal income for “ all other” men and women.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
-
3 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
NOTE: Dash represents zero or rounds to zero.
36
Table B-2. Persons with part-time employment by family status, family income, poverty status, and reason for working part
time, 1982
(Numbers in thousands)
Reasons for working part time
Characteristic
Total
Voluntary:
Wanted or could
only work part time
Involuntary:
Slack work or could only find part-time work
Total
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 weeks
or more
Other
reasons
A ll p e r s o n s 16 a n d o v e r
T o ta l..................................................................
43,599
19,932
16,064
4,522
5,438
2,996
3,108
7,603
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
3,055
5,120
5,512
5,240
5,030
19,642
1,054
1,848
1,975
2,080
2,198
10,778
1,532
2,421
2,502
2,169
1,893
5,547
381
583
688
665
583
1,622
532
794
838
707
650
1,917
313
481
501
418
324
958
306
562
475
379
336
1,049
469
851
1,035
991
939
3,317
Below poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
5,559
12.8
1,811
9.1
2,897
18.0
711
15.7
994
18.3
600
20.0
592
19.1
851
11.2
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
7,776
17.8
2,606
13.1
3,932
24.5
967
21.4
1,322
24.3
824
27.5
820
26.4
1,239
16.3
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
10,165
23.3
3,467
17.4
5,069
31.6
1,284
28.4
1,736
31.9
983
32.8
1,067
34.3
1,629
21.4
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
15,091
34.6
5,400
27.1
7,162
44.6
1,853
41.0
2,427
44.6
1,375
45.9
1,507
48.5
2,530
33.3
Median family income............................................. $22,743
$26,924
$18,540
$19,546
$18,851
$17,371
$17,625
$22,335
H usbands
T o ta l..................................................................
8,983
1,907
4,618
1,545
1,668
817
589
2,457
Family income:1
Under $5,000 ........................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
383
1,053
1,430
1,401
1,268
3,447
63
222
297
283
255
786
230
597
774
771
674
1,573
69
175
220
246
247
587
70
198
271
282
242
605
54
128
164
138
117
216
36
96
119
104
68
166
90
234
359
348
339
1,088
Below poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,137
12.7
151
7.9
729
15.8
217
14.0
240
14.4
161
19.7
112
19.1
257
10.5
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,642
18.3
232
12.2
1,013
21.9
291
18.8
339
20.3
223
27.3
160
27.2
397
16.2
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,244
25.0
316
16.6
1,379
29.9
397
25.7
490
29.4
282
34.5
209
35.5
549
22.3
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
3,411
38.0
522
27.4
2,038
44.1
589
38.1
725
43.5
418
51.2
305
51.9
851
34.6
Median family income............................................. $20,782
$21,311
$19,591
$21,106
$20,223
$17,273
$16,873
$22,855
See footnotes at end of table.
37
>
Table B-2. Persons with part-time employment by family status, family income, poverty status, and reason for working part
time, 1982—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Reasons for working part time
Characteristic
Total
Voluntary:
Wanted or could
only work part time
Involuntary:
Slack work or could only find part-time work
Total
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 weeks
or more
Other
reasons
W iv e s
T o ta l..................................................................
13,178
7,899
3,413
847
949
686
931
1,865
Family income:1
Under $5,000 ........................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
282
775
1,367
1,664
1,886
7,203
130
386
668
924
1,103
4,690
111
290
511
521
535
1,444
17
69
130
126
141
363
44
74
147
154
146
383
21
52
100
115
96
302
29
95
134
126
151
396
41
99
188
219
249
1,068
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
772
5.9
358
4.5
306
9.0
61
7.2
97
10.2
58
8.4
90
9.7
108
5.8
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,239
9.4
566
7.2
500
14.7
115
13.6
150
15.8
91
13.2
144
15.5
173
9.3
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,820
13.8
857
10.8
726
21.3
185
21.9
207
21.8
125
18.2
209
22.4
237
12.7
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
3,242
24.6
1,632
20.7
1,172
34.3
289
34.1
353
37.2
209
30.4
322
34.5
438
23.5
Median family income............................................. $26,651
$28,479
$22,184
$22,573
$21,655
$22,350
$22,389
$27,837
O th e r s in m a r r ie d -c o u p le fa m ilie s
T ota l..................................................................
9,579
5,665
2,846
743
1,014
532
556
1,068
Family income:1
Under $5,000
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
130
301
504
667
790
7,187
62
117
237
339
427
4,484
41
154
215
248
268
1,919
12
46
54
82
63
486
18
57
72
70
96
700
7
32
41
49
50
353
5
20
48
46
57
381
26
30
52
81
96
783
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
556
5.8
233
4.1
254
8.9
81
10.9
99
9.8
46
8.6
28
5.0
69
6.4
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
821
8.6
367
6.5
346
12.1
105
14.1
133
13.1
. 61
11.5
47
8.4
108
10.1
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T o ta l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,136
11.9
514
9.1
474
16.7
141
19.0
170
16.8
78
14.6
85
15.3
148
13.8
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,904
19.9
896
15.8
766
26.9
221
29.7
273
27.0
128
24.1
144
25.8
242
22.7
Median family income............................................. $37,472
$39,651
$32,820
$31,205
$34,070
$33,040
$31,947
$36,916
See footnotes at end of table.
38
Table B-2. Persons with part-time employment by family status, family income, poverty status, and reason for working part
time, 1982—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Reasons for working part time
Characteristic
Total
Voluntary:
Wanted or could
only work part time
Involuntary:
Slack work or could only find part-time work
Total
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 weeks
or more
Other
reasons
Women who maintain families
T o ta l..................................................................
2,010
686
947
235
289
188
235
376
Family income:’
Under $5,000 ........................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
391
572
415
259
168
203
105
181
137
81
84
98
233
300
189
119
45
61
58
64
41
42
17
13
80
79
57
41
11
21
37
63
47
23
7
11
58
95
44
14
9
15
53
91
89
60
39
44
Below poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
763
38.0
222
32.4
429
45.3
94
39.9
131
45.1
78
41.6
126
53.9
112
29.7
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
959
47.7
278
40.5
535
56.5
123
52.2
155
53.4
110
58.6
148
63.0
146
38.8
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,126
56.0
333
48.6
620
65.4
145
61.9
183
63.3
121
64.4
170
72.4
173
46.0
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,401
69.7
417
60.8
752
79.4
171
72.7
227
78.4
150
79.8
204
86.8
232
61.7
Median family income............................................. $10,397
$12,140
$8,811
$9,644
$9,173
$9,351
$7,270
$12,284
Others in families maintained by women
T o ta l..................................................................
2,673
1,186
1,131
299
426
198
209
356
Family income:1
Under $5,000 ........................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
174
434
458
438
420
750
69
168
187
202
184
376
82
223
226
177
145
278
30
41
55
65
41
68
38
91
79
47
60
110
5
42
46
36
22
48
9
49
47
29
23
52
23
44
44
59
91
96
Below poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
500
18.7
186
15.7
266
23.5
52
17.4
113
26.6
47
23.8
53
25.4
49
13.8
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
698
26.1
263
22.1
370
32.7
87
29.1
150
35.3
67
34.1
66
31.6
65
18.3
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
900
33.7
343
28.9
467
41.3
106
35.6
193
45.4
76
38.3
92
44.0
89
25.1
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,197
44.8
463
39.0
605
53.5
160
53.7
224
52.7
92
46.7
128
61.1
130
36.5
$19,158
$15,646
$16,174
$15,274
$15,682
$14,937
$20,493
Median family income............................................. $17,863
.
See footnotes at end of table.
39
Table B-2. Persons with part-time employment by family status, family income, poverty status, and reason for working part
time, 1982—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Reasons for working part time
Characteristic
Total
Voluntary:
Wanted or could
only work part time
Involuntary:
Slack work or could only find part-time work
Total
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 weeks
or more
Other
reasons
M e n w h o m a in ta in fa m ilie s
T o ta l..................................................................
438
93
243
76
95
35
37
102
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
55
69
78
59
49
129
6
10
14
20
8
35
41
45
50
22
36
48
13
10
18
6
8
21
16
16
17
10
16
19
10
10
7
2
2
4
2
9
8
5
10
4
7
14
15
17
5
45
Below poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
80
18.4
12
13.3
55
22.6
13
17.4
22
23.5
4
0
13
12.9
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
110
25.0
13
13.6
75
30.9
20
26.4
28
30.1
8
0
22
21.4
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
130
29.7
17
17.9
91
37.6
26
34.2
35
37.5
10
ft
22
21.9
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
191
43.6
27
28.9
128
52.6
32
42.5
52
54.6
0
ft
37
35.7
Median family income............................................. $16,046
$19,060
$13,586
$14,330
$14,442
ft
ft
$19,714
15
(2)
18
(2)
20
ft
27
17
O th e r s in fa m ilie s m a in ta in e d b y m en
T o ta l..................................................................
662
278
271
54
98
53
66
113
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 .................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 .............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r................................................
28
57
70
98
87
322
13
14
27
29
29
166
12
33
26
54
51
96
1
4
5
11
18
15
6
11
10
16
8
48
3
8
5
12
14
11
2
9
7
15
10
22
3
11
17
15
8
59
Below poverty level:
T ota l.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
52
7.9
17
6.2
24
9.0
4
10
10.2
5
ft
11
9.4
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
73
11.0
28
9.9
31
11.4
10
10.4
6
0
ft
14
12.6
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l ........................................................................................
Percent ..................................................................................
93
14.1
32
11.7
45
16.5
21
21.4
8
ft
ft
16
14.2
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T ota l ........................................................................................
Percent ..................................................................................
181
27.3
58
20.8
91
33.6
27
$24,476
$27,985
$20,867
Median family income .......................................................
ft
4
4
5
ft
10
ft
11
ft
*
See footnotes at end of table.
40
17
ft
ft
29
29.6
18
ft
ft
32
28.2
$24,984
ft
ft
$26,198
Table B-2. Persons with part-time employment by family status, family income, poverty status, and reason for working part
time, 1982—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Reasons for working part time
Characteristic
Total
Voluntary:
Wanted or could
only work part time
Involuntary:
Slack work or could only find part-time work
Total
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 weeks
or more
Other
reasons
A ll o t h e r m e n 3
T o ta l..................................................................
3,165
916
1,527
485
542
285
215
722
Family income:'
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
767
808
687
385
231
287
232
294
172
81
62
74
409
353
347
194
110
114
102
84
122
75
36
66
135
131
130
64
57
26
107
63
54
34
13
13
65
75
41
22
4
9
126
162
168
109
59
99
Below poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
825
26.1
254
27.7
439
28.7
103
21.1
152
28.0
113
39.6
71
33.2
132
18.3
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,052
33.2
348
38.0
539
35.3
118
24.3
194
35.8
135
47.4
92
42.8
165
22.9
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,263
39.9
425
46.3
627
41.1
152
31.3
218
40.2
149
52.4
108
50.4
211
29.2
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,637
51.7
552
60.3
790
51.7
196
40.4
278
51.3
174
61.0
142
66.1
295
40.8
Median family income............................................. $10,044
$8,324
$10,024
$12,150
$10,200
$6,980
$7,448
$12,008
A ll o th e r w o m e n 3
T ota l..................................................................
2,912
1,301
1,068
238
357
202
271
543
Family income:'
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 .................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
846
1,050
503
268
130
115
373
456
236
123
46
67
373
426
163
62
29
14
80
90
43
10
10
5
125
137
55
23
13
4
69
85
36
9
2
(*)
99
115
29
19
4
5
100
167
104
84
55
34
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
874
30.0
379
29.1
395
37.0
86
36.1
130
36.5
77
38.3
102
37.5
100
18.4
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,182
40.6
511
39.3
523
49.0
104
43.7
163
45.7
108
53.4
149
54.9
147
27.2
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,454
49.9
629
48.3
641
60.0
126
53.0
218
61.1
121
60.2
175
64.7
184
33.9
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,927
66.2
832
63.9
821
76.9
177
74.3
265
74.4
159
78.9
220
81.1
274
50.4
Median family income.............................................
$7,584
$7,792
$6,423
$7,295
$6,709
$5,983
$5,917
$10,209
1 Personal income for “ all other” men and women.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
3 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
41
Table B-3. Earnings distribution of year-round full-time workers by family status, family income, and poverty status,
1982
(Numbers in thousands)
With personal earnings of -
Characteristic
Under
$6,700
Total
Total
Under
$3,000
$3,000
to
$6,699
$6,700
to
$9,999
$10,000
to
$14,999
$15,000
and
over
38,298
Median
personal
earnings'
A ll p e r s o n s 16 a n d o v e r
T o ta l..................................................................
63,973
4,608
1,679
2,929
6,742
14,325
Family income:2
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
865
2,865
6,046
7,295
8,299
38,603
834
1,149
673
524
369
1,058
616
289
184
174
111
306
219
860
489
351
259
752
17
1,690
1,020
910
895
2,211
13
16
4,330
1,811
2,042
6,112
11
24
4,050
4,992
29,222
403
7,289
11,124
15,335
17,473
22,946
Below poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,999
3.1
1,375
29.8
766
45.6
609
20.8
424
6.3
189
1.3
11
-
4,514
-
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
3,359
5.3
1,893
41.1
878
52.3
1,015
34.7
860
12.7
555
3.9
51
.1
$6,173
-
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
5,139
8.0
2,320
50.4
1,002
59.7
1,318
45.0
1,467
21.8
1,132
7.9
219
.6
$7,143
-
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
10,089
15.8
2,858
62.0
1,182
70.4
1,676
57.2
2,984
44.3
2,805
19.6
1,442
3.8
$9,140
-
Median family income............................................. $29,196
$12,298
$8,723
$13,922
$18,594
$22,396
$34,921
22,921
-
$17,385
-
H usbands
T o ta l..................................................................
29,464
1,342
683
659
1,230
3,971
Family income:2
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
350
687
1,724
2,637
3,787
20,280
348
346
237
162
101
148
305
119
75
67
46
71
43
227
162
96
55
77
336
318
259
173
144
2
2
1,157
846
917
1,047
Below poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
947
3.2
580
43.2
377
55.2
203
30.8
220
17.9
139
3.5
8
-
5,135
-
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,545
5.2
703
52.4
420
61.5
283
42.9
392
31.8
407
10.2
44
.2
$7,267
-
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,332
7.9
820
61.1
470
68.9
350
53.1
529
43.0
790
19.9
193
.8
$8,815
-
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
4,536
15.4
972
72.5
530
77.6
443
67.2
756
61.4
1,541
38.8
1,267
5.5
$11,261
-
Median family income............................................. $32,105
$9,552
$6,675
$12,063
$14,364
$19,875
$36,391
See footnotes at end of table.
42
3
12
1,369
2,595
18,942
$22,916
-2,056
6,671
10,806
15,117
18,574
27,647
-
Table B-3. Earnings distribution of year-round full-time workers by family status, family income, and poverty status,
1982—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
With personal earnings of -
Characteristic
Under
$6,700
Total
Total
Under
$3,000
$3,000
to
$6,699
$6,700
to
$9,999
$10,000
to
$14,999
$15,000
and
over
Median
personal
earnings1
W iv e s
T o ta l..................................................................
13,184
1,387
506
881
2,242
4,385
5,170
Family income:2
Under $5,000 .......... .............................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
135
250
656
1,013
1,511
9,619
114
161
229
229
174
480
96
78
64
74
37
157
18
84
165
155
136
323
13
75
240
357
485
1,072
9
9
180
327
628
3,233
-
4
6
100
224
4,835
1
5,298
7,575
9,337
10,449
15,037
Below poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
305
2.3
204
14.7
142
28.0
62
7.0
67
3.0
31
.7
3
.1
3,621
-
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
500
3.8
305
22.0
179
35.3
126
14.3
136
6.1
53
1.2
7
.1
$5,358
-
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
760
5.8
427
30.8
225
44.5
202
22.9
220
9.8
98
2.2
15
.3
$6,169
-
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,433
10.9
631
45.5
289
57.1
342
38.8
440
19.6
304
6.9
58
1.1
$7,216
-
Median family income............................................. $34,048
$18,999
$15,677
$20,770
$24,606
$31,439
$44,340
$13,055
-
O th e r s in m a r r ie d -c o u p le fa m ilie s
T o ta l..................................................................
3,976
541
144
397
941
1,370
1,124
Family income:2
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
18
32
90
169
276
3,391
11
27
46
62
43
352
10
22
14
19
15
64
1
5
32
43
28
288
4
4
33
67
82
750
2
12
32
116
1,209
-
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
81
2.0
55
10.2
35
24.5
20
5.0
22
2.4
3
.3
-
-
4,598
-
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
130
3.3
79
14.7
42
28.8
38
9.5
38
4.0
13
1.0
-
$6,009
-
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
216
5.4
114
21.0
47
32.8
66
16.7
60
6.4
39
2.8
3
.3
$6,432
-
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T o ta l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
443
11.1
169
31.2
68
47.1
101
25.4
155
16.4
100
7.3
20
1.8
$7,545
-
Median family income............................................. $42,750
$31,205
$21,725
$34,403
$36,361
$43,326
$54,487
See footnotes at end of table.
43
$11,390
0
-
8
36
1,081
(3)
$6,762
7,669
10,307
12,118
-
Table B-3. Earnings distribution of year-round full-time workers by family status, family income, and poverty status,
1982—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
With personal earnings of -
Characteristic
Under
$6,700
Total
Total
Under
$3,000
$3,000
to
$6,699
$6,700
to
$9,999
$10,000
to
$14,999
$15,000
and
over
1,073
1,305
Median
personal
earnings1
Women who maintain families
T o ta l..................................................................
3,277
256
39
217
643
Family income:2
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
35
387
762
692
553
848
35
129
45
19
12
15
18
7
8
1
2
2
17
122
37
18
10
13
258
206
76
48
55
509
285
144
135
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
224
6.8
131
51.2
24
(3)
107
49.5
81
12.6
12
1.1
-
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l.....................................................................
Percent.......................................................... >.....
463
14.1
166
65.1
26
(3)
140
64.8
228
35.4
69
6.4
-
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
707
21.6
188
73.6
29
(3)
159
73.5
349
54.3
167
15.5
3
.3
$8,333
-
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,218
37.2
209
81.8
30
(3)
179
82.7
460
71.6
485
45.2
63
4.8
$9,641
-
Median family income............................................. $18,119
$8,165
$8,495
$11,289
$15,355
$24,890
422
550
627
(3)
-
-
-
-
2
312
348
642
$13,057
(3)
$7,407
10,793
14,466
17,388
20,723
6,405
-
-
$7,380
-
-
-
Others in families maintained by women
T o ta l..................................................................
1,784
185
59
126
Family income:2
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 .................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r................................................
10
60
175
251
297
991
10
39
49
26
26
36
6
13
12
8
10
10
3
27
37
17
16
25
20
93
91
77
141
34
105
114
297
Below poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
59
3.3
31
16.6
8
23
18.1
26
6.1
3
.5
-
(3)
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
93
5.2
49
26.4
20
(3)
29
23.2
41
9.8
3
.5
-
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
151
8.5
73
39.4
27
(3)
46
36.3
62
14.7
15
2.6
2
.3
$6,806
-
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
301
16.9
94
50.7
33
(3)
60
48.0
133
31.5
61
11.0
13
2.1
$7,594
-
Median family income............................................. $26,950
$14,632
$14,646
$20,393
$25,961
$35,301
(3)
See footnotes at end of table.
44
-
-
-
-
30
81
517
$12,098
(3)
(3)
$7,715
10,256
10,967
15,331
(3)
$6,507
-
-
Table B-3. Earnings distribution of year-round full-time workers by family status, family income, and poverty status,
1982—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
With personal earnings of
Characteristic
Under
$6,700
Total
Total
Under
$3,000
$3,000
to
$6,699
44
$6,700
to
$9,999
$10,000
to
$14,999
$15,000
and
over
Median
personal
earnings1
Men who maintain families
T o ta l...................................................................
1,040
68
24
Family income:2
Under $5,000 ........................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
19
52
102
155
143
570
19
23
10
7
3
5
19
2
1
2
Below poverty level:
T o ta l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
34
3.3
32
(3)
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
58
5.6
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
92
8.8
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
167
16.1
Median family income............................................. $26,620
84
-
-
180
709
-
-
-
-
$20,293
(*>
0
$11,714
15,198
19,498
26,721
22
9
7
3
4
28
19
21
11
4
21
(3)
11
(3)
1
1.3
1
.8
-
0
36
(3)
21
(3)
16
(3)
14
16.2
8
4.5
-
0
47
(3)
21
(3)
26
(3)
31
36.8
12
6.4
3
.4
$6,728
-
57
0
23
(3)
34
(3)
45
53.0
52
29.0
13
1.9
$8,754
-
(3)
(3)
(3)
$13,638
$17,452
$31,408
199
188
71
44
27
37
1
83
101
523
-
-
Others in families maintained by men
T o ta l..................................................................
545
60
13
46
98
Family income:2
Under $5,000 ........................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
4
17
32
63
71
357
4
16
15
7
4
14
4
5
2
1
11
13
6
3
13
-
Below poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
6
1.1
(3)
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
10
1.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
32
5.9
20
(3)
11
(3)
10
(3)
10
10.6
2
.8
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
69
12.6
33
(3)
11
(3)
22
(3)
21
21.3
13
6.7
2
1.0
<*>
(3)
(3)
(3)
$22,545
$29,361
$43,102
-
Median family income............................................. $31,545
-
1
6
4
(3)
9
2
0
5
See footnotes at end of table.
45
4
1
12
25
17
43
-
6
23
41
130
-
8
9
171
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
.9
-
-
-
-
$12,545
0
(3)
0
0
f)
$14,712
ft
0
(*)
-
Table B-3. Earnings distribution of year-round full-time workers by family status, family income, and poverty status,
1982—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
With personal earnings of -
Characteristic
Under
$6,700
Total
Total
Under
$3,000
$3,000
to
$6,699
$6,700
to
$9,999
$10,000
to
$14,999
$15,000
and
over
Median
personal
earnings1
All other men4
T o ta l..................................................................
5,920
374
128
245
445
1,190
3,911
Family income:2
Under $5,000 ........................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
165
589
1,155
1,158
989
1,865
165
178
22
4
1
4
104
19
4
1
60
159
18
4
1
4
409
34
3
-
-
-
1
1,099
48
37
5
1,103
950
1,856
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
184
3.1
184
49.1
104
81.6
79
32.2
-
-
-
2,550
-
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
267
4.5
265
70.9
109
85.5
156
63.4
1
.2
1
.1
-
$3,559
-
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
402
6.8
309
82.7
111
87.0
198
80.5
88
19.7
6
.5
-
$5,164
-
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
852
14.4
335
89.6
121
94.6
213
87.0
410
92.0
106
8.9
-
Median family income............................................. $19,520
$5,312
$1,544
$6,036
$8,767
$12,699
$24,336
2
2
$18,885
2,184
7,789
12,297
17,179
21,833
30,846
$7,543
-
All other women4
T o ta l..................................................................
4,783
396
82
314
638
1,407
2,342
$14,810
Family income:2
Under $5,000 ........................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
129
792
1,350
1,158
672
682
129
228
20
9
5
4
52
25
3
3
-
77
204
18
6
5
4
557
65
12
-
-
4
1,263
101
19
20
2
2
1,037
646
655
3,168
8,005
12,180
16,862
21,321
28,283
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
159
3.3
153
38.6
51
61.2
102
32.7
6
1.0
-
3,610
-
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
294
6.1
282
71.2
57
69.2
225
71.7
10
1.6
.1
-
$5,043
-
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
446
9.3
323
81.5
61
73.4
262
83.6
119
18.7
4
.3
-
$5,936
-
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T o ta l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,070
22.4
358
90.3
77
92.7
281
89.7
565
88.5
144
10.2
.1
Median family income............................................. $15,430
$5,713
$2,928
$5,987
$8,901
$12,824
$20,787
1 Earnings are defined as all money income from wages, salaries, and
profits or losses from self-employment.
2 Personal income for “ all other” men and women.
1
3
-
2
4
$8,049
-
3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
4 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
NOTE: Dash represents zero or rounds to zero.
46
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Regional Offices
Region I
Suite 1603
John F. Kennedy Federal Building
Government Center
Boston, Mass. 02203
Phone: (617) 223-6761
Region II
Suite 3400
1515 Broadway
New York, N.Y. 10036
Phone: (212) 944-3121
Region III
3535 Market Street
P.O. Box 13309
Philadelphia, Pa. 19101
Phone: (215) 596-1154
Region IV
1371 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Ga. 30367
Phone: (404) 881-4418
Regions VII and VIII
911 Walnut Street
Kansas City, Mo. 64106
Phone: (816) 374-2481
Region V
9th Floor
Federal Office Building
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, III. 60604
Phone: (312) 353-1880
Regions IX and X
450 Golden Gate Avenue
Box 36017
San Francisco, Calif. 94102
Phone: (415) 556-4678
Region VI
Second Floor
Griffin Square Building
Dallas, Tex. 75202
Phone: (214) 767-6971
@FedFRASER