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Linking Employment Problems
to Economic Status
x
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
September 1986
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Bulletin 2270
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Linking Employment Problems
to Economic Status,1984 Survey
U.S. Department of Labor
William E. Brock, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
September 1986
Bulletin 2270
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
Preface
This bulletin contains information on the employment
problems faced by American workers in 1984 and the
impact of these problems on the economic status of
their families and households. The bulletin is based
largely on data from the March 1985 Current Popula
tion Survey (cps) which relate to the year 1984. Three
employment problems are covered: Unemployment; in
voluntary part-time employment; and low earnings
among year-round full-time workers. Statistics for per
sons with these problems are linked with data on family
and household income. The poverty status is then deter
mined using the Federal Government’s official poverty
lines. In addition, the analysis is extended to cover
trends since 1979 and multiple employment problems of
workers during 1984. In the final section, additional
data on income and participation in government
assistance programs are used to supplement the analysis
of employment problems. These data are from the
Survey of Income and Program Participation (sipp)
conducted by the Bureau of the Census.
This bulletin was prepared in the Office of Employ
ment and Unemployment Statistics, Division of Data
Development and Users’ Services under the direction of
Paul O. Flaim, Chief. Staff members contributing to its
preparation were Bernard R. Altschuler, Gloria Peter
son Green, Francis W. Horvath, Bruce W. Klein,
Robert J. Mclntire, and Jeannette S. Montgomery.
Joya V. Ashe, Mildred W. Behlin, Lois D. Gatling, and
John E. Howe processed the text.
Material in this publication is in the public domain
and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced
without permission.
Contents
Page
Introduction......................................................................................................................................................... 1
Summary of findings........................................................................................................................................... 2
Data from the Current Population Survey........................................................................................................... 3
Employment problems and family income in 1984 ........................................................................................ 3
Trends since 1979............................................................................................................................................. 5
Multiple employment problems...................................................................................................................... 5
Data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation............................................................................ 5
Source of data ................................................................................................................................................. 5
Employment problems during January-July 1984 .......................................................................................... 6
Tables: Current Population Survey (CPS)— 1984:
1. Persons with unemployment by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and extent of labor
force experience...................................................................................................................................... 8
2. Persons with unemployment and median weeks of unemployment by family status, race,
and Hispanic origin................................................................................................................................. 10
3. Percent of unemployed workers below the poverty level by family status, race, Hispanic
origin, and weeks of unemployment...................................................................................................... 11
4. Median family income of persons in the labor force by occurrence of unemployment,
family status, race, and Hispanic origin.................................................................................................12
5. Persons with part-time employment by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and reason for
working part tim e ................................................................................................................................... 13
6. Persons with part-time employment by family status, race, Hispanic origin, and reason
for working part tim e ............................................................................................................................. 15
7. Persons with involuntary part-time employment by reason, family status, race, Hispanic
origin, and weeks of involuntary part-time employment......................................................................16
8. Percent of persons with part-time employment below the poverty level by family status,
race, Hispanic origin, and reason for working part tim e .....................................................................18
9. Earnings distribution of year-round full-time workers by sex, race, and Hispanic
origin ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
10. Earnings distribution of year-round full-time workers by age, sex, race, and Hispanic
origin ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
11. Number of year-round full-time workers, percent earning less than $6,700, and median
earnings by family status, race, and Hispanic origin............................................................................. 20
12. Incidence of poverty among year-round full-time workers by family status, earnings,
race, and Hispanic origin....................................................................................................................... 21
13. Year-round full-time workers earning less than $6,700 by family income, family status,
race, and Hispanic origin....................................................................................................................... 22
1982-84:
14. Incidence of unemployment among persons with labor force experience and percent in
families below the poverty level by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and family s ta tu s...............................23
15. Incidence of involuntary part-time employment among persons working part time and
percent in families below the poverty level by sex, race, Hispanic origin,
and family status.....................................................................................................................................24
Contents—Continued
Page
16. Incidence of low earnings among year-round full-time workers and percent in families
below the poverty level by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and family status.............................................. 25
1984:
17. Persons with labor market problems by number and type of problems:
Unemployment or involuntary part-time employment or low earnings.............................................. 26
18. Persons with labor market problems by number and type of problems: 5 weeks or more
of unemployment or involuntary part-time employment or low earnings .......................................... 26
19. Persons with labor market problems by number and type of problems: 15 weeks or more
of unemployment or involuntary part-time employment or low earnings .......................................... 27
Tables: Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)— 4-month periods between
January and July 1984:
20. Persons with some unemployment, some involuntary part-time work, or both, by the
number of weeks these problems were experienced...............................................................................27
21. Persons with labor force activity by family relationship and size and type of employment
problems................................................................................................................................................... 28
22. Persons who had weeks of labor force inactivity, but who wanted and could have taken
a job during these weeks, by family relationship and the reason they did not
look for w ork........................................................................................................................................... 29
23. Persons in the civilian noninstitutional population by receipt and type of cash or in-kind
assistance and type of employment problem .......................................................................................30
24. Average monthly assistance payments for recipients of cash assistance by type of
assistance and type of employment problem and discouragement........................................................32
25. Persons with employment problems or with periods of discouragement who received
cash or in-kind assistance by family size................................................................................................. 32
Appendixes:
A. Explanatory n o tes........................................................................................................................................33
B. Supplementary tables from the Current Population Survey...................................................................... 40
C. Some comparisons of SIPP and CPS d a ta ................................................................................................. 55
VI
Linking Employment Problems
to Economic Status
Introduction
least part of the year; and 4.5 million, though working
full time year round, reported annual earnings below
the minimum wage equivalent of $6,700 (the amount
which would have been earned by someone working
2,000 hours—50 weeks at 40 hours per week—at the
Federal minimum wage of $3.35 an hour). Because
many persons experienced a combination of these three
problems over the course of the year (for example, both
some unemployment and involuntary part-time employ
ment), the total affected—33.7 million—was
significantly less than would have been obtained
through the simple aggregation of the persons in each of
the three categories.
Of course, the application of different criteria in iden
tifying persons with employment problems and, among
these, those who are in poverty, would substantially
alter the numbers. For example, if, instead of including
all persons with 1 week or more of unemployment or in
voluntary part-time work, the count was limited to only
those whose employment problems lasted a minimum of
5 weeks, the unduplicated count for 1984 would be
reduced from 33.7 million to 26.8 million.
Although the data lend themselves to the construction
of alternative estimates of the number of persons af
fected by the three employment problems and of those
falling into poverty, they are presented in this bulletin in
accordance with the more conventional concepts and
definitions used in previous reports of this nature. The
concepts and definitions, methods of presentation, and
sources of the data used in this bulletin are described
below:
In 1984, as the economy continued its recovery from
the recession years of 1981-82, the total number of per
sons experiencing some unemployment fell substantially
from the level in 1983, dropping by 2.2 million. The
number of persons who were involuntarily limited to
part-time work for at least part of the year also drop
ped, by 440,000. By contrast, the number of workers
whose reported earnings from year-round full-time
work were below the minimum wage equivalent was
about unchanged from the level in 1983.
These aggregates relate to individual workers and do
not directly address the effect that specific employment
problems have on the economic well-being of their
families. In order to determine how unemployment and
other employment problems affect the economic status
of a worker’s family, several additional factors need to
be considered: The earnings lost by the worker in ques
tion, the presence of other earners in the family, the
level of their earnings, and the availability of other
sources of income.
Over the past two or three decades, the rapid increase
in labor force participation of women has made dual
earner families the rule rather than the exception. In
such families, the economic setbacks which may be en
countered by one member are often cushioned by the
earnings of other members. Income transfer programs
also shield family income from the full consequences of
unemployment and other labor market problems.
There are, however, still many families with only one
earner, and in these the effect of any employment pro
blems has a more direct bearing on family income.
While the proportion of married-couple families with
two earners or more has increased rapidly, there also
has been a large increase in the proportion of families
maintained by single women, and when employment
problems strike these households the economic conse
quences can be serious. For example, nearly 3 out of 4
black women who maintained families alone and were
unemployed for any length of time during 1984 had
family income below the poverty level.
Of the 124.1 million persons who were in the labor
force at sometime during 1984 (they worked or looked
for work), about 21.5 million were unemployed for at
least a week during the year. About 14.4 million, though
preferring to work full time, had to work part time at
Unemployment. Persons with unemployment are those
reported as having looked for work while not employed,
or as having been on layoff for at least 1 week during
the year. The actual time unemployed may vary from a
single week to a full year.
Involuntary part-time employment. The persons af
fected are those who wanted to work full time but who,
because of economic conditions, had to work less than
35 hours a week at some time during the year. This may
have occurred either because of reductions in hours due
to slack work or material shortages, or because a parttime job was all that could be found.
1
Low annual earnings among full-year workers. Low an
nual earnings from a full year of work are those falling
below $6,700, corresponding to 50 weeks of 40 hours of
work at the minimum wage, which was $3.35 in 1984.
Full-year workers are those who usually work 35 hours
or more per week and who were employed for 50 weeks
or more during the year.
Income and poverty. Income levels and poverty status
are determined on the basis of total money income,
before personal income taxes and payroll deductions, as
reported in the March Current Population Survey. The
value of noncash income such as food stamps, subsidiz
ed housing, and certain fringe benefits is not taken into
account in computing total family income. Unlike the
minimum wage figure, the poverty lines are adjusted
each year to reflect the changes in the Consumer Price
Index. Poverty lines are defined for families of various
sizes as well as for individuals living alone or with
unrelated individuals. For a family of four, the poverty
line was $10,609 in 1984; for a single individual under
65, it was $5,400. In this bulletin, the term “ family” in
cludes households consisting of individuals living alone
or with unrelated persons, so that individual employ
ment problems can be related to poverty.1
Summary of Findings
The recent data on employment problems and their ef
fect on the economic status of families may be summariz
ed as follows:
1. Over 21.5 million persons experienced some
unemployment during 1984. The vast majority of these
persons worked for some part of the year. Nevertheless,
22 percent lived in families with incomes below the pover
ty level.
2. Slightly more than 14.4 million persons had to
work part time for at least a part of the year either
because their hours were reduced or because no full-time
work was available to them. About 18 percent were
members of families living in poverty.
3. About 4.5 million workers with year-round full
time work had total earnings in 1984 below the
minimum-wage equivalent of $6,700. Many of these
workers were either self-employed or held jobs exempt
from coverage under the minimum wage law. Close to
one-third of the 4.5 million lived in families with incomes
below the poverty line.
4. A total of 33.7 million persons experienced one or
more of the three above-mentioned employment pro
blems, with 6.8 million having encountered two or
more—most frequently unemployment and involuntary
part-time work—and, on rare occasions, all three.4 Of
Source o f data. This report is the sixth in an annual
series focusing on these problems.2 It is based primarily
on data obtained from the March 1985 supplement to
the Current Population Survey ( C P S ) . However, for the
first time in the series, some data from the Survey of In
come and Program Participation ( s i p p ) , conducted by
the Bureau of the Census, are also used, beginning on
page 5.
The March supplement to the c p s provides data on
the work experience of the entire population of working
age (16 years and over) over the course of the previous
calendar year—number of weeks worked, weeks spent
looking for work, and so forth. Data are also gathered
on the annual earnings of workers and on the total in
come of their families.3
The s i p p is a panel survey in which the respondents
are interviewed every 4 months over a 2!/2-year period. The
’A lth o u g h r e c o g n izin g th e lim ita tio n s o f th e F ed eral G overn m en t
m ea su re o f p o v e r ty , BLS c h o se it b eca u se o f its c o n v e n ie n c e . F or in
fo r m a tio n o n th is m ea su re o f p o v e r ty , se e M o n ey In com e a n d P o ve rty
S tatu s o f F am ilies a n d P erson s in th e U n ited States: 1984 (A dvan ce
D a ta F rom th e M arch 1985 Current P o p u la tio n Su rvey) C urrent
4It m ay n o t seem p ossib le that a p erson cou ld en cou n ter three
em p loym en t p rob lem s during th e sam e year— that is, b e u n em p loyed
for a p eriod , w ork part tim e for e c o n o m ic reason s fo r an oth er p eriod ,
an d also fall in the category o f year-round fu ll-tim e w orkers w ith low
earnings. Y et it is p o ssib le . Y ear-round em p loym en t is d efin e d as 50
w eek s or m ore o f em p loym en t in a given year, a d e fin itio n w h ich allow s
for 1 or 2 weeks o f unemployment. Year-round full-time employment is defined
as 50 weeks or more o f employment which is usually full time, but which may
in clu d e so m e w eek s o f part-tim e w o rk , as w ell as a very b r ie f p eriod o f
u n em p lo y m en t. D ep en d in g o n the typ e o f jo b , this pattern o f em p lo y
m ent co u ld also con ceiv a b ly p rod u ce less than the $ 6 ,7 0 0 m inim u m w age eq u ivalen t in term s o f an n u al earn in gs, leavin g the w orker in q u es
tion w ith all three em p loym en t prob lem s.
P o p u la tio n R ep o r ts, S eries P -6 0 , N o . 149 (B u reau o f th e C e n su s,
A u g u st 1985).
2D a ta fo r 1983 w ere p u b lish ed in BLS B u lletin 2 2 2 2 o f th e sam e title
(1 9 8 5 ). T h a t rep ort co n ta in s a c o m p le te listin g o f all p rev io u s BLS
b u lletin s o n th e su b ject.
3M o re d eta ile d in fo r m a tio n o n ea rn in g s, p a rt-tim e w o r k , and
u n e m p lo y m e n t is p resen ted in th e C urrent P o p u la tio n R e p o r ts, S eries
P -6 0 , o f th e B u reau o f th e C en su s. In a d d itio n , w o rk ex p erien ce d ata
h a v e b een rep o rted b y BLS in S p ecia l L a b o r F o rce R ep o rts. O ver 50
ex te n siv e ta b le s are co m p ile d ea ch y e a r ,m o st o f w h ich are u n p u b lish e d
bu t a v a ila b le b y req u est.
survey’s focus is on income and participation in govern
ment assistance programs, but information is also ob
tained on employment status and other characteristics.
The s i p p data are relatively new and subject both to
sampling errors and possible bias, the nature and dimen
sions of which are yet unknown. Although use of these
data was recommended by the National Commission on
Employment and Unemployment Statistics, this initial
analysis should be treated as exploratory.
While the labor force activity concepts used in the s i p p
are similar to those used in the C P S , the resulting
estimates vary significantly in terms of the numbers of
persons with employment problems. These differences
are due to the widely dissimilar reference periods used in
the two surveys and to differences in survey procedures
and methodology. Comparisons of s i p p and c p s data and
some of the reasons for divergences between them are
discussed in appendix C.
2
and daughters in married-couple families or families
maintained alone (no spouse present) by women or men
(table 2). These young people had the highest incidence
of unemployment. For women and men who maintained
their own families, the likelihood of encountering some
unemployment was also relatively high—about 20 per
cent. At about 13 percent, husbands and wives experienc
ed the lowest incidence of unemployment of any family
classification.
Of the persons unemployed at some time in 1984,
about one-fourth or 5.3 million were unemployed for a
total of less than 5 weeks during the year. The impact of
unemployment on these workers was probably not very
severe, particularly if there were other earners in their
families. Only 15 percent of persons with short spells of
unemployment lived in families with incomes below the
poverty level (table B-l).
Just under one-half of all workers with unemployment
in 1984 were members of families in which annual income
exceeded $20,000 (table B-l). At the same time, 22 per
cent lived in families with incomes below the poverty level
(table 3). Of course, the longer the duration of
unemployment, the greater the reduction in income and
the probability of falling into poverty. For example,
among those unemployed for more than half the year,
over one-third reported family income below the poverty
line.
Often when a family member encounters unemploy
ment, other family members continue or begin working
to sustain the flow of family income. For example, in
1984, the median income in married-couple families was
about $20,300 when the husband encountered some
unemployment; it was $24,800 when the wife had some
unemployment; and it was $36,100 when some “ other”
family member had a period of joblessness (table 4).
Families with the advantage of multiple workers typically
had a relatively low incidence of poverty. This is partly
because the parents in a family containing a son or
daughter of working age tend to be somewhat older and
well established in their jobs and careers. In contrast,
women maintaining their own families are less likely to
have other working family members, and their
unemployment is often accompanied by income below
the poverty line. Thus the median income for families
maintained by women who were unemployed during
1984 was about 60 percent lower than that for the
families of women who had no unemployment during the
year.
Although unemployment may not, by itself, result in a
family’s income falling below the poverty level, it may
still cause a considerable reduction in the standard of liv
ing. As indicated in table 4, the median family income of
persons with some unemployment in 1984 was nearly 40
percent lower than it was for those without any
unemployment. Of course, the 40-percent gap cannot be
the 33.7 million, 7.1 million were members of families
whose total income for 1984 fell below the federally
designated poverty thresholds.
5. In 1983, the total number of persons with employ
ment problems had been 15.8 million, 3.2 million below
the level for 1982. The decline continued in 1984, with the
total falling another 2.1 million. Persons with either
unemployment or involuntary part-time work in 1984
were less likely to live in poverty than similarly situated
persons in 1983. However, the poverty incidence rose
slightly among persons who were low earners.
6. According to the survey of Income and Program
Participation, a total of 25.8 million persons experienced
employment problems in an average 4-month span over
the first half of 1984. Over 40 percent of these persons
received cash and in-kind government benefits. The most
often cited forms of payments were food stamps and
unemployment compensation.
Data from the Current Population Survey
Employment problems and family income in 1984
Unemployment and poverty. The 21.5 million persons 16
years and older who were unemployed at some time dur
ing 1984 (on the basis of data from the March 1985 C P S )
represented 17.4 percent of all individuals with some
labor force activity over the course of the year (124.1
million). This 17.4 percent, referred to as “ the incidence
of unemployment’’ during the year, should not be con
fused with the annual averge unemployment rate; in fact,
the annual incidence was more than double the annual
average unemployment rate of 7.5 percent. This large dif
ference reflects the high turnover among persons ex
periencing unemployment. Since the persons making up
the universe of the unemployed are continually changing,
their count over an entire year is always much larger than
for any month or the annual average of the monthly levels.
The majority of persons with some unemployment in
1984 were in the labor force for the entire year. The in
cidence of unemployment among full-year labor force
participants was 17 percent for men and 13 percent for
women. Students and other work force entrants and
reentrants, who are in the labor force only part of the
year, had a much higher incidence of unemployment.
About one-fourth of the persons under age 25, many of
whom were entering or reentering the labor force, en
countered some unemployment during 1984 (table 1).
Persons 25 to 54, who make up the majority of the labor
force, had an unemployment incidence of 16 percent,
while older workers, 55 and over, who often retire rather
than continue to seek employment, had by far the lowest
incidence of unemployment—below 10 percent.
Almost 1 out of 3 persons with some unemployment
during the year was classified—within a family context—
as “ other’’ members. They were generally the young sons
3
about double the incidence of poverty than those af
fected by slack work (25 percent and 13 percent, respec
tively).
About 1 in 3 blacks and 1 in 4 Hispanics who worked
part time involuntarily in 1984 lived in a poor family, in
contrast to about 1 in 7 for whites. The incidence of
poverty was over 60 percent for black women who
maintained families alone and had some involuntary
part-time work.
attributed entirely to unemployment. It also reflects the
fact that persons who experience unemployment tend to
be in lower paying jobs and that this may also be true
for other workers in their families.
The disparity in family income between those with
and without unemployment was particularly large for
blacks: Median family income of blacks with unemploy
ment was 47 percent lower than for those with no
unemployment. For whites and Hispanics with
unemployment, median family income was about 38
percent lower than for those with no unemployment.
Low earnings and poverty. Of all full-year full-time
workers, 4.5 million, or 6 percent, reported earnings of
less than $6,700 in 1984.
Although the majority of these low earners were wage
and salary workers, a substantial number were selfemployed in family-operated enterprises such as farms
or small businesses. Many of these workers, therefore,
were exempt from the minimum wage provisions of the
Fair Labor Standards Act. Also, since full-year status is
defined as employment of 50 weeks or more, and full
time status is based on “ usual hours” of work, earnings
of some persons could fall below $6,700 merely because
of “ unusual” weeks of part-time hours or a week or two
of unemployment. In fact, 675,000 persons classified as
low earners with year-round work did report some brief
spells of unemployment or part-time work during the
year.
Of the 4.5 million low earners, almost 9 in 10 (3.9
million) were white, divided almost equally between
men and women (table 9). There were 450,000 blacks
and 348,000 Hispanics with reported earnings of less
than $6,700, despite year-round full-time work. About 6
to 7 percent of both white and black year-round full
time workers were low earners. For Hispanics, the pro
portion of year-round full-time workers with less than
minimum wage earnings was 8 percent.
Low earnings from a full year’s work were most often
reported for teenagers and workers 65 years and over
(table 10). About one-third of men and women 16 to 19
years old and about one-fifth of men and women 65 and
over with year-round full-time work were reported as
earning less than $6,700 in 1984. Overall, the incidence
of low earnings among full-year workers was much
higher for women than for men, 8 percent compared to
5 percent. The highest incidence was among Hispanic
women (11.2 percent), and the lowest was among white
men (5.3 percent).
Table 11 shows the incidence of low earnings among
year-round full-time workers by marital and family
status. Young persons, generally classified as “ others”
in a family context, had a high incidence of low earn
ings, about 9 to 16 percent, depending on the type of
family in which they lived. Only 4 percent of husbands
fell in the low-earnings category, while 9 percent of
wives fell below the minimum.
Involuntary part-time employment and poverty. Some
43.9 million persons worked part time for at least 1
week during 1984. While this total was slightly higher
than the figure for 1983, the number of persons working
part time involuntarily fell from 14.9 to 14.4 million over
the year. Over three-fifths of those who worked part
time involuntarily cited slack work or material shortages
as the reason for their short hours; the rest reported that
they could not find full-time work (table 5).
Among men, almost 70 percent of those with some in
voluntary part-time work during 1984 had been on short
schedules because of slack work or material shortages.
By comparison, women with involuntary part-time
work were more equally divided between those whose
hours had been cut back at least temporarily and those
who had worked part time after being unable to find
full-time work. A substantially larger proportion of
men than women reporting part-time work attributed it
to economic factors beyond their control.
Just under one-half of all blacks and Hispanics who
worked part time in 1984 did so involuntarily, compared
with about one-third of white workers. Again, in each
group, a larger proportion of men than women had
been constrained to work part time against their
preferences.
If husbands worked part time, about one-half of
them did so involuntarily, as did about one-half of men
and women who maintained their own families. On the
other hand, only about one-fourth of the wives who
worked part time in 1984 had done so involuntarily
(table 6).
The duration of involuntary part-time work during
1984 was much shorter for those who reported “ slack
work” than for persons citing that they could not find a
full-time job. Only 26 percent of those working part
time because of reduced workweeks did so for 15 weeks
or more, compared with 56 percent of those who
reported they could only find part-time work (table 7).
The poverty rate among persons with some involun
tary part-time work in 1984 was 18 percent, compared
with 9 percent for those working part time by choice
(table 8). Among the persons with involuntary part-time
work, those who could not find a full-time job had
4
having employment problems over the year, because
many persons encountered more than one of these labor
market difficulties in the same year. About 6.8 million
individuals experienced a combination of these pro
blems; thus, the unduplicated count of persons with one
or more of these difficulties was about 33.7 million in
1984. This figure was about 2.1 million lower than the
comparable total for 1983.
Of the 6.8 million persons with more than one
employment problem in 1984, the most common com
bination of difficulties was unemployment and involun
tary part-time work. More than 6 million persons ex
perienced these difficulties, and close to one-fourth of
such persons were in families below the poverty level. It
should be emphasized that among the 33.7 million per
sons with employment problems as defined here, many
had only short spells of 1 or 2 weeks of unemployment
or involuntary part-time work. Not surprisingly, the
total number of persons with these problems decreases
when more restrictive definitions are used. If only those
with a minimum of 5 weeks of unemployment or in
voluntary part-time work are counted, the total would
be lowered to 26.8 million for 1984 (table 18). If the
definition is restricted to 15 weeks or more, the number
is reduced by almost another 8.5 million, as shown in
table 19. At the same time, the application of these more
restrictive definitions affects the incidence of poverty by
only a small amount. For example, for those with labor
market problems for 5 weeks or more, the incidence of
poverty was 23.1 percent, versus 21.0 percent for those
having employment problems of 1 week or more.
Nearly 1 in 3 of the 4.5 million workers with low earn
ings from year-round full-time work lived in families
with total income below their specific poverty line (table
12). As in past years, the poverty incidence associated
with low earnings was higher than that associated with
either unemployment or involuntary part-time work.
Trends since 1979
Unemployment. Of the three labor market problems,
unemployment, which is very cylically sensitive, has
been most volatile since 1979, the year marking the in
troduction of this report. The total number of persons
with some unemployment climbed to 26.5 million in
1982, before falling in both 1983 and 1984, reaching a
level of 21.5 million. This drop occurred among men
and women, blacks and whites, and Hispanics, and, as
seen in table 14, was spread across all types of families.
Involuntary part-time employment. The number of
workers with some involuntary part-time employment
dropped by 440,000 in 1984, down to 14.4 million. The
decline in this number, which had exceeded 16 million in
1982, reflected the continuing economic recovery and
was widespread across most of the various labor force
groups (table 15).
Low earnings. In 1984, the number of year-round full
time workers with earnings below $6,700 was about un
changed from the level in 1983 (table 16). However, it is
important to note that the standard used to classify low
earners, namely, the Federal minimum wage, has re
mained at the same level since 1981.5 In the meantime,
the poverty threshhold has been gradually increased.
This explains in part the steady increase in the propor
tion of low earners whose total family income for the
year falls below the poverty line. This proportion in
creased from 22.4 percent in 1979 to 31.2 percent in
1984.
The poverty rate for black year-round full-time
workers with low earnings rose by 4.5 percentage points
to 37.2 percent in 1984. In contrast, the incidence of
poverty among whites and Hispanics was little changed
between 1983 and 1984.
Data from the Survey of income and
Program Participation
Source of data
The Survey of Income and Program Participation
a relatively new longitudinal survey conducted
by the Bureau of the Census, provides additional in
sights into the economic situation of persons with
employment problems, as it yields very detailed data on
income and on participation in government assistance
programs.6 Particularly useful is the emphasis placed in
s i p p on the collection of data on both cash and in-kind
government benefits and assistance payments, which
many of the persons with employment problems may
receive. Also, s i p p ’s 4-month reference period is a useful
intermediate interval between the focus of the monthly
c p s and the annual March supplement to the c p s .
(S IP P ),
Multiple employment problems
When the number of persons experiencing either
unemployment, involuntary part-time employment, or
low earnings in 1984 is added up, the total comes to
more than 40.6 million persons. However, this figure
overestimates the total number of separate individuals
6F or m o re in fo r m a tio n , see D . N e ls o n , D . B . M cM illen , and
D . K asp rzyk , “ A n O verview o f the Su rvey o f In c o m e an d P rogram
P a rtic ip a tio n , U p d a te 1 ,” SIPP W o rk in g P ap er Series N o . 8401
(B ureau o f th e C en su s, 1985).
5T h e lo w -ea rn in g s line w as set at $ 5 ,8 0 0 in 1979 (2 ,0 0 0 h ou rs x
$ 2 .9 0 ), $ 6 ,2 0 0 in 1980 (2 ,0 0 0 h o u rs x $ 3 .1 0 ), a n d $ 6 ,7 0 0 in 1981-84
(2 ,0 0 0 h o u rs x $ 3 .3 5 ). T h ese h o u rly w a g e rates rep resen t th e F ed eral
m in im u m w a g e rate in th e se years.
5
periods of involuntary part-time work would not cause
much of an impact on family income. On the other
hand, about 35 percent of those reporting some
unemployment and 42 percent of those with some in
voluntary part-time work reported that their condition
lasted the entire 4-month period covered in the s i p p in
terview (table 20).
The s i p p data in this bulletin are from the third wave
of the 1984 s i p p panel.7 In this wave, households were
interviewed about their labor force situation and income
received during overlapping 4-month periods between
January and July 1984. The specific interview periods
for the four rotation groups that made up the sample
were January through April, February through May,
March through June, and April through July. The data
presented are the averages for the sum of the four rota
tion groups, and are thus fairly representative of the
situation in the first half of 1984.
Given the relatively new and complex nature of the
s i p p data, the analysis presented in this report should be
viewed as exploratory. Future s i p p data files will allow
the examination of more than 4 months of data for each
of the rotation groups, since the households in the sam
ple are interviewed at 4-month intervals for 2Vi years.
The linkage of the 4-month files will provide the poten
tial for tracking those who receive assistance payments
and for assessing the relationship between changes in
employment status and qualifying for assistance.
Family relationship, employment problems, and
discouragement. Of all the persons with employment
problems, as indicated by the s i p p data, husbands in
married-couple families accounted for 22 percent and
wives for a slightly smaller proportion (19.5 percent).
Women who maintained their own families (no spouse
present) accounted for another 8 percent. Together,
these three groups accounted for about one-half of all
persons with employment problems (table 21). The re
mainder consisted almost entirely of young men and
women (classified as “ other” family members) and per
sons living outside the family nucleus. These latter
groups had the highest incidence of employment pro
blems. For example, almost half (47 percent) of the
“ other” members in families maintained by women
reported some employment problems, as did one-third
of those in married-couple families (table 21).
Among the persons who had a period of inac
tivity—that is a period in which they neither worked nor
looked for work—and who attributed such inactivity to
discouragement over job prospects, a large proportion
(22 percent) were wives. Another relatively large pro
portion (26 percent) were family members other than
either the husband or wife. Husbands, who are not like
ly to leave the labor force regardless of the conditions of
the job market, accounted for only 8 percent of the per
sons reporting periods of inactivity associated with
discouragement (table 22).
Employment problems during January-July 1984
On the basis of s i p p data, 15.6 million persons ex
perienced periods of unemployment lasting 1 week or
more during an average 4-month period between
January and July 1984. In addition, 6.5 million persons
spent a week or more working part time involuntarily,
and 5.6 million persons reported working full time at an
average below the Federal minimum. Altogether, there
were 25.8 million persons who experienced one of these
problems or a combintion of them for the 4-month
periods. An additional 2.2 million reported some
periods of inactivity which they attributed to
discouragement over job prospects. These estimates are
compared to the c p s estimates in appendix C.
Effects o f employment problems by family size. The in
come, consumption, and other requirements of a family
are related to its size. Because large families have greater
needs, employment problems may cause them greater
difficulty. For these reasons, employment problems are
examined in terms of family size. Almost one-third (32
percent) of persons with labor force activity in families
having six members or more experienced employment
problems during the 4-month periods studied. On the
other hand, about 20 to 23 percent of persons who lived
in families having two to five members experienced
employment problems. Among the latter families, the
prevalence of employment problems bore little relation
to family size (table 21).
Cumulative duration o f unemployment and involun
tary part-time work. The severity of employment pro
blems depends largely on how long they persist, or how
frequently they occur, particularly when they involve
unemployment and involuntary part-time work. While
many of these problems may have begun or ended out
side the 4-month period studied, the cumulative dura
tion within the 4-month period was 10 weeks both for
unemployment and involuntary part-time work. The
distribution by cumulative duration shows that among
those who had some unemployment, 29 percent had 4
weeks or less, while among those who worked part time
involuntarily, 28 percent did so for 4 weeks or less. In
many cases, such short spells of unemployment and
7 A w a v e in th e SIPP is, in g en era l, o n e cy cle o f fo u r in terview s
c o v erin g th e en tire sa m p le . A p a n el is a lo n g itu d in a l sa m p le w h ich is
c o m p o se d o f fo u r ro ta tio n g r o u p s.
6
Receipt o f cash and in-kind benefits by persons with
employment problems. Government benefits lessen the
burden caused by loss of earnings. Of the 25.8 million
persons with employment problems, 10.9 million (42
percent) reported receiving some type of cash or in-kind
benefits, and very often both types (table 23).
Understandably, the most commonly reported type of
cash benefits for these persons was unemployment com
pensation. Food stamps—a major assistance pro
gram—were the second most commonly reported inkind aid. A significant proportion of those with employ
ment problems lived in households where children
received free or reduced-price school lunches.
Persons with employment problems accounted for
about one-fifth of all the recipients of government
benefits. But among the participants in some specific
programs, the proportion with such problems was much
higher—one-third (36 percent) among the recipients of
Aid to Families with Dependent Children ( a f d c ) and
nearly one-half (44 percent) among the recipients of
general assistance (State welfare for the needy not
covered under other programs). Among the recipients
of food stamps, one-third reported employment pro
blems, as did one-fifth of those receiving a housing sub
sidy.
The highest average monthly cash benefits ($386) for
persons with employment problems came from Social
Security. The lowest average amount ($207) came from
general assistance. The average monthly amount for
State unemployment compensation recipients ($376)
was high relative to the income from other programs
(table 24).
Although one-third of the persons with labor force
activity in families of six members or more had employ
ment problems, only 16 percent of these persons received
government benefits (table 25). Among the persons with
employment problems who lived in families with two to
five members, the proportion receiving government
benefits varied from 12 to 21 percent; the smaller the
family the larger the proportion receiving benefits.
7
Table 1. Persons with unemployment by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and extent of labor force experience, 1984
(Numbers in thousands)
Persons with unemployment
Characteristic
Persons
with
labor
force
experience
50 to 52
weeks of
labor force
experience
Total
27 to 49
weeks of
labor forbe
experience
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
1 to 26
weeks of
labor force
experience
Number
Percent
All persons 16 and o v er
T ota l...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............................
20 to 2 4 ...............................
25 to 5 4 ...............................
55 to 6 4 ..............................
65 and over ........................
124,117
21,535
17.4
14,236
15.2
3,642
26.3
3,656
21.9
9,373
17,376
79,777
13,470
4,121
2,539
4,837
12,532
1,421
206
27.1
27.8
15.7
10.5
5.0
986
2,917
9,128
1,093
112
32.1
26.3
13.8
10.0
5.1
603
1,016
1,823
175
25
36.4
37.4
24.7
12.7
3.5
950
904
1,581
154
68
20.4
25.3
26.1
12.7
5.7
M en...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ...............................
20 to 2 4 ..............................
25 to 5 4 ...............................
55 to 6 4 ...............................
65 and o v e r........................
67,234
12,174
18.1
9,240
16.6
1,668
30.9
1,266
20.4
4,855
8,912
43,287
7,734
2,446
1,358
2,731
7,096
861
128
28.0
30.6
16.4
11.1
5.2
611
1,891
5,979
698
60
35.6
30.5
15.0
10.5
4.4
275
498
785
95
15
34.6
41.7
32.7
15.7
3.7
471
342
331
69
53
20.1
22.5
28.8
13.6
7.7
56,883
9,361
16.5
4,996
13.2
1,974
23.3
2,390
22.8
4,518
8,464
36,490
5,736
1,675
1,181
2,106
5,436
560
78
26.1
24.9
14.9
9.8
4.7
375
1,027
3,148
394
52
27.7
21.0
11.8
9.3
6.2
328
517
1,038
80
11
38.1
34.0
20.9
10.4
3.3
478
562
1,249
85
15
20.8
27.4
25.5
12.0
3.0
T ota l...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............................
20 to 2 4 ..............................
25 to 5 4 ...............................
55 to 6 4 ...............................
65 and over ........................
107,749
17,461
16.2
11,766
14.5
3,009
25.0
2,686
18.7
8,187
14,936
68,895
12,031
3,699
2,089
3,860
10,135
1,199
179
25.5
25.8
14.7
10.0
4.8
850
2,352
7,530
935
98
31.0
24.6
13.1
9.6
5.0
517
854
1,467
149
22
35.3
36.2
23.1
12.2
3.4
722
654
1,138
114
58
18.2
21.8
21.9
10.6
5.3
M en...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ...............................
20 to 2 4 ...............................
25 to 5 4 ...............................
55 to 6 4 ...............................
65 and over ........................
59,144
10,008
16.9
7,677
15.6
1,392
29.8
939
17.5
4,230
7,710
37,959
7,023
2,222
1,102
2,219
5,853
724
110
26.1
28.8
15.4
10.3
4.9
527
1,540
4,971
589
51
34.4
28.9
14.2
9.8
4.1
229
424
642
84
13
32.7
40.3
31.8
15.3
3.6
347
256
240
50
46
17.3
19.4
25.0
11.5
7.2
48,605
7,454
15.3
4,089
12.7
1,618
22.0
1,747
19.4
3,957
7,226
30,936
5,008
1,478
987
1,640
4,282
475
69
24.9
22.7
13.8
9.5
4.7
324
812
2,559
346
48
26.7
19.2
11.4
9.4
6.6
289
430
825
65
9
37.7
32.9
19.1
9.7
3.2
375
398
898
64
12
19.0
23.7
21.2
10.0
2.6
Women..............................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ...............................
20 to 2 4 ...............................
25 to 5 4 ...............................
55 to 6 4 ...............................
65 and o v e r........................
W hite
W omen..............................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ...............................
20 to 2 4 ...............................
25 to 5 4 ...............................
55 to 6 4 ...............................
65 and o v e r........................
See footnotes at end of table.
8
Table 1. Persons with unemployment by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and extent of labor force experience,
1984—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Persons with unemployment
Characteristic
Persons
with
labor
force
experience
Total
Number
Percent
Number
1 to 26
weeks of
labor force
experience
27 to 49
weeks of
labor force
experience
50 to 52
weeks of
labor force
experience
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Black
T ota l...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............................
20 to 2 4 ..............................
25 to 5 4 ..............................
55 to 6 4 ..............................
65 and o v e r........................
12,994
3,473
26.7
2,112
21.8
539
37.2
823
43.9
975
1,991
8,533
1,143
353
399
864
1,997
190
24
40.9
43.4
23.4
16.6
6.7
125
509
1,336
130
12
47.7
40.9
18.9
14.4
6.0
78
143
289
26
3
49.7
48.1
36.3
19.5
0
196
212
372
34
8
35.2
47.1
54.8
31.1
10.1
M en...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............................
20 to 2 4 ..............................
25 to 5 4 ..............................
55 to 6 4 ..............................
65 and o v e r........................
6,297
1,847
29.3
1,334
26.4
241
41.8
272
41.1
519
959
4,089
556
175
234
452
1,027
119
15
45.2
47.1
25.1
21.4
8.4
80
319
835
92
8
51.6
45.1
23.0
20.1
7.9
43
67
119
10
2
56.8
56.2
40.0
0
0
112
66
73
17
5
38.7
49.4
47.8
0
0
6,697
1,626
24.3
778
16.9
298
34.2
550
45.4
456
1,032
4,444
586
178
164
412
970
70
9
36.0
39.9
21.8
12.0
5.1
45
190
500
38
5
42.0
35.4
14.6
8.6
4.2
35
76
170
15
1
43.0
42.6
34.0
17.8
0
84
146
300
17
3
31.5
46.1
56.9
0
0
T ota l...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............................
20 to 2 4 ..............................
25 to 5 4 ..............................
55 to 6 4 ..............................
65 and o v e r........................
7,795
1,778
22.8
1,193
20.4
303
34.0
282
26.8
637
1,363
5,104
573
117
217
386
1,080
90
5
34.1
28.3
21.2
15.7
4.4
85
240
800
67
2
38.4
25.8
19.2
14.4
(’)
42
85
161
15
-
38.1
40.4
32.5
0
-
90
61
120
8
3
29.5
27.2
26.9
0
0
M en...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ...............................
20 to 2 4 ..............................
25 to 5 4 ..............................
55 to 6 4 ..............................
65 and o v e r........................
4,567
1,144
25.0
849
22.8
167
42.0
128
29.0
353
825
2,978
336
74
130
272
685
53
4
36.8
33.0
23.0
15.6
0
57
196
554
41
1
41.8
31.8
21.0
14.0
0
19
56
83
10
-
0
51.4
41.1
0
-
54
21
47
2
3
33.5
20.6
35.0
0
0
Women.............................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............................
20 to 2 4 ..............................
25 to 5 4 ..............................
55 to 6 4 ..............................
65 and o v e r........................
3,228
634
19.7
344
16.2
136
27.6
154
25.2
0
28.6
26.7
O
36
40
73
6
24.9
32.7
23.3
0
~
W omen.............................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............................
20 to 2 4 ..............................
25 to 5 4 ..............................
55 to 6 4 ..............................
65 and o v e r........................
Hispanic origin
283
538
2,126
238
43
87
113
396
38
1
30.7
21.1
18.6
15.8
(1)
28
44
245
26
1
23
29
78
6
“
NOTE: Dash represents zero or rounds to zero.
1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
32.9
14.1
16.1
15.2
(’)
9
“
Table 2. Persons with unemployment and median weeks of unemployment by family status, race, and Hispanic origin, 1984
Characteristic
Persons with
labor force
experience
(thousands)
Persons with unemployment
Number
(thousands)
Percent
Median
weeks
unemployed
All pe rsons 16 and o v er
T o ta l.....................................................................
Husbands ...................................................................
W ives..........................................................................
Others in married-couple families.............................
124,117
40,532
30,724
16,098
21,535
5,231
4,145
4,000
17.4
12.9
13.5
24.8
13
13
11
13
Women who maintain families .................................
Others in families maintained by women.................
6,687
6,454
1,439
2,029
21.5
31.4
13
19
Men who maintain fam ilies.......................................
Others in families maintained by m en......................
1,767
1,624
342
504
19.4
31.1
18
14
All other men1............................................................
All other women1.......................................................
11,027
9,205
2,411
1,431
21.9
15.5
14
12
T o ta l.....................................................................
Husbands ...................................................................
W ives..........................................................................
Others in married-couple families.............................
107,749
36,807
27,469
14,160
17,461
4,630
3,643
3,347
16.2
12.6
13.3
23.6
13
13
10
12
Women who maintain families .................................
Others in families maintained by women.................
4,683
4,528
861
1,212
18.4
26.8
12
14
Men who maintain fam ilies.......................................
Others in families maintained by m en......................
1,469
1,266
260
366
17.7
28.9
16
13
All other men1............................................................
All other women1.......................................................
9,383
7,985
1,955
1,188
20.8
14.9
13
11
T o ta l.....................................................................
Husbands ...................................................................
W ives.........................................................................
Others in married-couple families.............................
12,994
2,693
2,345
1,438
3,473
465
377
534
26.7
17.3
16.1
37.2
20
17
13
22
Women who maintain families .................................
Others in families maintained by women.................
1,864
1,768
545
770
29.2
43.6
16
26
Men who maintain fam ilies.......................................
Others in families maintained by m en......................
246
293
69
117
28.1
39.9
(2)
22
All other men1............................................................
All other women1.......................................................
1,348
999
399
195
29.6
19.6
23
13
T o ta l.....................................................................
Husbands ...................................................................
W ives..........................................................................
Others in married-couple families.............................
7,795
2,454
1,719
1,126
1,778
519
301
309
22.8
21.1
17.5
27.4
14
14
14
15
Women who maintain families .................................
Others in families maintained by women.................
464
492
105
123
22.5
24.9
12
12
Men who maintain fam ilies.......................................
Others in families maintained by m en......................
182
225
41
93
22.8
41.1
(2)
20
All other men1............................................................
All other women1.......................................................
758
374
218
70
28.8
18.8
18
(2)
W hite
Black
H ispanic origin
1 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
10
Table 3. Percent of unemployed workers below the poverty level by family status, race, Hispanic origin, and weeks of
unemployment, 1984
Total
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 to 52
weeks
Total below poverty le v e l............................
Husbands............................................................
Wives ........... •......................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.....................
22.0
19.0
10.5
8.1
15.3
7.2
8.5
5.6
15.7
13.3
8.3
4.3
23.1
20.1
8.0
8.5
37.1
37.3
22.0
15.0
Women who maintain families...........................
Others in families maintained by wom en.........
57.5
26.4
50.5
21.5
49.3
19.7
64.6
22.1
69.5
37.9
Men who maintain families ...............................
Others in families maintained by m e n ..............
30.5
14.7
0
13.2
23.2
8.1
23.0
22.6
55.1
16.1
All other men2 ....................................................
All other women2 ................................................
35.8
40.9
24.9
32.1
22.6
31.4
36.9
47.9
59.4
65.9
Total below poverty le v e l............................
Husbands............................................................
W ive s..................................................................
Others in married-couple families .....................
18.1
17.8
9.9
6.2
11.9
6.3
7.5
4.6
13.1
12.1
7.9
3.5
18.7
19.0
7.2
6.7
33.4
36.6
22.0
11.9
Women who maintain families...........................
Others in families maintained by wom en.........
47.5
15.2
37.1
12.3
40.8
13.3
56.7
5.0
64.3
29.4
Men who maintain families ...............................
Others in families maintained by m en ..............
26.8
10.1
0
0
(')
4.9
0
21.1
0
9.9
All other men2 ....................................................
All other women2 ...............................................
32.0
38.1
24.0
29.4
20.3
28.8
32.8
45.9
55.9
62.5
Total below poverty le v e l............................
Husbands............................................................
Wives ..................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.....................
40.0
25.0
15.3
19.5
35.5
8.0
18.0
15.9
32.4
23.5
11.7
11.3
41.1
24.5
14.6
19.0
47.7
38.7
0
25.9
Women who maintain families...........................
Others in families maintained by wom en.........
72.9
44.3
73.9
0
67.6
0
73.6
0
76.1
0
Men who maintain families ...............................
Others in families maintained by m e n ..............
0
26.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
All other men2 ....................................................
All other women2 ................................................
52.0
55.7
24.5
0
40.2
0
0
0
68.0
(')
Total below poverty le v e l............................
Husbands ............................................................
Wives ..................................................................
Others in married-couple families .....................
33.3
35.1
20.2
19.4
25.1
22.9
O
25.8
24.6
15.4
16.4
35.2
39.5
(')
19.2
48.0
53.1
Women who maintain families...........................
Others in families maintained by wom en.........
60.5
29.1
0
O
0
0
0
0
(’ )
0
Men who maintain families ...............................
Others in families maintained by m e n ..............
( 1)
0
(1)
0
0
23.2
0
o .
0
0
52.9
0
0
0
0
O
0
0
0
0
Characteristic
All un em plo yed w o rke rs
W hite
Black
Hispanic origin
All other men2 ....................................................
All other women2 ................................................
0
1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
0
0
2 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
11
Table 4. Median family income1 of persons in the labor force by occurrence of unemployment, family
status, race, and Hispanic origin, 1984
Characteristic
Persons
with no
unemployment
Persons
with some
unemployment
Percent
difference
in income
All persons 16 and o v er
T o ta l..........................................................................
Husbands .........................................................................
W ives...............................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies..................................
$31,144
34,723
35,284
45,180
$18,905
20,316
24,808
36,128
-39.3
-41.5
-29.7
-20.0
Women who maintain families .......................................
Others in families maintained by wom en.......................
17,937
25,109
7,250
16,621
-59.6
-33.8
Men who maintain fam ilies.............................................
Others in families maintained by m en............................
28,607
33,025
13,304
22,464
-53.5
-32.0
All other men1
2 ..................................................................
All other women2 .............................................................
18,739
14,736
8,167
6,921
-56.4
-53.0
T o ta l..........................................................................
Husbands .........................................................................
W ives...............................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies..................................
31,967
35,043
35,525
45,792
20,290
20,535
25,337
37,601
-36.5
-41.4
-28.7
-17.9
Women who maintain families .......................................
Others in families maintained by women.......................
19,427
26,620
8,414
19,487
-56.7
-26.8
Men who maintain fam ilies.............................................
Others in families maintained by m en............................
29,838
33,425
14,410
25,639
-51.7
-23.3
All other men2 ..................................................................
All other women2 .............................................................
19,429
14,889
8,896
7,199
-54.2
-51.7
T o ta l...........................................................................
Husbands .........................................................................
W ives...............................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies..................................
22,709
28,863
30,182
37,629
12,010
18,325
21,210
27,160
-47.1
-36.5
-29.7
-27.8
Women who maintain families .......................................
Others in families maintained by wom en.......................
13,808
19,675
5,828
11,758
-57.8
-40.2
Men who maintain fam ilies.............................................
Others in families maintained by m en............................
19,549
26,668
(3)
$16,197
(3)
-39.3
All other men2 ..................................................................
All other women2 .............................................................
14,880
13,474
5,321
4,979
-64.2
-63.0
T o ta l...........................................................................
Husbands .........................................................................
W ives...............................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies..................................
24,813
26,107
28,597
35,376
15,092
15,554
17,995
29,488
-39.2
-40.4
-37.1
-16.6
Women who maintain families .......................................
Others in families maintained by women.......................
14,967
20,973
7,905
14,642
-47.2
-30.2
Men who maintain fam ilies.............................................
Others in families maintained by m en............................
22,123
28,672
(3)
$21,003
(3)
-26.7
All other men2 ..................................................................
All other women2 .............................................................
13,129
10,882
5,108
0
-61.1
(3)
W hite
Black
Hispanic origin
1 Personal income for “ all other” men and women.
2 Includes a small number of members of unrelated
subfamilies.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
12
Table 5. Persons with part-time employment by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and reason for working part time, 1984
(In thousands)
nvoluntary part time
Characteristic
Total
Total
Slack work or
material shortage
Could only find
part-time work
Voluntary:
Wanted or could
only work part time
Other
reasons
All persons w ith part-tim e
em ploym ent
43,877
14,429
9,052
5,378
21,039
8,409
7,106
8,110
22,306
3,761
2,595
1,490
3,133
8,409
1,134
262
512
1,640
5,858
850
192
978
1,494
2,551
284
70
4,824
3,605
8,777
1,806
2,027
791
1,372
5,120
821
306
M en.........................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over .............................
19,204
7,954
5,611
2,343
6,616
4,635
3,544
3,967
8,748
1,537
1,408
830
1,720
4,689
608
107
325
1,030
3,678
494
84
505
690
1,011
114
23
2,282
1,473
1,291
466
1,104
432
774
2,769
463
197
W om en...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over .............................
24,673
6,476
3,441
3,035
14,423
3,774
3,562
4,142
13,558
2,224
1,187
660
1,413
3,721
526
156
187
610
2,180
356
108
473
803
1,540
170
47
2,543
2,131
7,486
1,340
923
359
597
2,351
357
109
T o ta l.........................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over .............................
38,523
12,077
7,815
4,262
19,130
7,316
6,327
7,009
19,514
3,346
2,328
1,261
2,593
7,015
978
230
471
1,410
5,007
751
176
790
1,183
2,008
227
55
4,365
3,194
8,102
1,636
1,833
701
1,221
4,397
732
264
M en.........................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over .............................
16,749
6,734
4,909
1,826
5,944
4,071
3,155
3,445
7,495
1,375
1,280
690
1,452
3,964
531
96
293
907
3,190
442
78
398
546
775
89
18
2,079
1,307
1,125
419
1,012
385
685
2,405
424
172
W om en...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over ..............................
21,773
5,343
2,906
2,436
13,186
3,244
3,171
3,564
12,019
1,972
1,047
571
1,141
3,050
447
134
178
504
1,817
309
98
392
637
1,233
138
36
2,285
1,887
6,977
1,217
821
316
536
1,992
308
92
T o ta l.........................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and o v e r.............................
W hite
See footnotes at end of table.
13
Table 5. Persons with part-time employment by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and reason for working part time,
1984—Continued
(In thousands)
Involuntary part time
Characteristic
Total
Total
Slack work or
material shortage
Could only find
part-time work
Voluntary:
Wanted or could
only work part time
Other
reasons
Black
T o ta l.........................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and o v e r..............................
4,344
2,016
1,047
969
1,399
930
624
885
2,256
344
236
211
477
1,172
129
27
35
196
718
83
15
177
281
453
46
13
338
288
459
141
172
74
120
625
74
36
M en.........................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and o v e r..............................
1,992
1,042
592
449
497
454
309
401
1,041
133
108
130
228
611
65
8
29
97
416
45
7
101
131
195
20
2
143
109
127
40
77
36
64
303
28
22
W om en...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over ..............................
2,352
974
454
519
902
476
314
484
1,215
211
128
82
248
561
64
19
6
99
303
38
8
76
149
258
25
11
195
179
332
101
95
38
56
322
46
14
T o ta l.........................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over ..............................
2,655
1,194
815
379
955
505
426
587
1,425
161
56
111
279
728
67
10
55
176
533
45
6
56
102
195
22
3
255
218
388
52
42
60
90
309
41
5
M en.........................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over ..............................
1,365
767
571
197
315
283
216
348
694
75
32
67
200
454
41
5
39
136
363
30
2
28
64
91
11
3
120
99
62
9
25
29
49
178
25
2
W om en...................................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ....................................
20 to 2 4 ....................................
25 to 5 4 ....................................
55 to 6 4 ....................................
65 and over ..............................
1,290
427
245
182
640
222
211
239
731
86
24
44
78
274
26
5
17
40
169
15
4
28
38
104
11
1
135
119
326
43
17
31
41
131
16
2
Hispanic origin
14
Table 6. Persons with part-time employment by family status, race, Hispanic origin, and reason for working part time, 1984
(In thousands)
Involuntary part time
Characteristic
Total
Slack work or
material
shortage
Total
\
Could only find
part-time work
Voluntary:
Wanted or could
only work part time
Other
reasons
All persons w ith p a rt-tim e em plo ym ent
T o ta l.....................................................................
Husbands ...................................................................
W ives.........................................................................
Others in married-couple families............................
43,877
8,242
13,332
9,034
14,429
3,658
3,039
2,382
9,052
3,054
1,831
1,011
5,378
604
1,207
1,371
21,039
2,026
8,342
5,547
8,409
2,558
1,951
1,105
Women who maintain fam ilies.................................
Others in families maintained by women.................
2,188
3,177
920
1,300
516
551
405
749
789
1,419
479
458
Men who maintain families.......................................
Others in families maintained by m en......................
438
712
219
315
179
187
40
128
80
272
139
125
All other men1............................................................
All other women1.......................................................
3,533
3,221
1,565
1,032
1,141
581
423
451
1,037
1,527
932
662
T ota l.....................................................................
Husbands ...................................................................
W ives.........................................................................
Others in married-couple families.............................
38,523
7,478
12,347
8,077
12,077
3,277
2,691
2,051
7,815
2,759
1,634
902
4,262
518
1,057
1,150
19,130
1,883
7,879
5,050
7,316
2,318
1,778
975
Women who maintain fam ilies.................................
Others in families maintained by women.................
1,549
2,333
609
862
363
386
246
475
626
1,128
314
344
Men who maintain families.......................................
Others in families maintained by m en......................
342
601
154
249
125
156
29
93
73
241
115
111
All other men1............................................................
All other women1.......................................................
2,958
2,838
1,288
897
978
512
310
384
883
1,368
787
574
T o ta l....................................................................
Husbands ..................................................................
W ives.........................................................................
Others in married-couple families.............................
4,344
602
701
706
2,016
305
269
280
1,047
247
149
93
969
58
120
187
1,399
114
290
322
930
184
142
105
Women who maintain families .................................
Others in families maintained by women.................
610
791
293
425
151
156
142
269
158
254
159
113
Men who maintain fam ilies.......................................
Others in families maintained by m en......................
85
80
56
50
46
23
10
27
7
17
21
13
All other men1............................................................
All other women1.......................................................
459
310
234
104
132
50
102
54
113
125
112
80
T o ta l.....................................................................
Husbands ...................................................................
W ives.........................................................................
Others in married-couple families.............................
2,655
551
677
558
1,194
340
219
196
815
283
134
105
379
57
85
91
955
64
341
286
505
147
117
76
Women who maintain families .................................
Others in families maintained by women.................
157
203
77
86
49
46
29
40
46
98
33
19
Men who maintain fam ilies.......................................
Others in families maintained by m en......................
47
98
28
61
22
47
6
15
9
20
10
17
All other men1............................................................
All other women1.......................................................
242
121
141
45
103
27
38
18
48
43
54
33
W hite
Black
Hispanic origin
1 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
15
Table 7. Persons with involuntary part-time employment by reason, family status, race, Hispanic origin, and
weeks of involuntary part-time employment, 1984
(In thousands)
Characteristic
Total
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 weeks
or more
All persons
Total with involuntary part-time employment............................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
W ives..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.................................................................
Women who maintain families.......................................................................
Others in families maintained by women......................................................
Men who maintain fam ilies...........................................................................
Others in families maintained by m en..........................................................
All other m e n '.................................................................................................
All other wom en'............................................................................................
14,429
3,658
3,039
2,382
920
1,300
219
315
1,565
1,032
4,416
1,407
881
615
236
312
65
85
542
272
4,687
1,229
866
817
270
421
84
118
589
294
2,664
673
554
482
166
274
48
56
243
169
2,663
349
737
467
249
293
23
57
191
297
Total with slack w o rk.................................................................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
W ives..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.................................................................
Women who maintain families.......................................................................
Others in families maintained by wom en......................................................
Men who maintain families ............................................................................
Others in families maintained by m en..........................................................
All other m e n '.................................................................................................
All other women’ ............................................................................................
9,052
3,054
1,831
1,011
516
551
179
187
1,141
581
3,648
1,286
718
400
196
229
61
67
466
226
3,084
1,064
567
354
176
164
71
77
430
180
1,446
522
286
168
77
104
35
22
159
74
874
182
260
89
67
54
12
22
87
101
Total who could only find part-time w ork..................................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
W ives..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.................................................................
Women who maintain families.......................................................................
Others in families maintained by wom en......................................................
Men who maintain fam ilies............................................................................
Others in families maintained by m en..........................................................
All other men’ .................................................................................................
All other women’ ............................................................................................
5,378
604
1,207
1,371
405
749
40
128
423
451
767
121
163
215
41
83
4
18
76
47
1,603
165
299
462
94
257
12
41
159
113
1,218
151
268
315
88
170
13
34
84
95
1,789
167
477
378
182
240
11
35
105
195
Total with involuntary part-time employment............................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
W ive s..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.................................................................
Women who maintain families.......................................................................
Others in families maintained by women......................................................
Men who maintain families ............................................................................
Others in families maintained by m en..........................................................
All other men’ .................................................................................................
All other women’ ............................................................................................
12,077
3,277
2,691
2,051
609
862
154
249
1,288
897
3,779
1,269
777
556
164
210
47
64
451
241
3,981
1,103
773
722
189
266
56
96
504
272
2,236
618
489
408
108
192
30
45
188
157
2,081
287
651
366
149
193
20
43
145
227
Total with slack w o rk.................................................................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
W ives..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.................................................................
Women who maintain families.......................................................................
Others in families maintained by wom en.....................................................
Men who maintain fam ilies...........................................................................
Others in families maintained by m en..........................................................
All other men’ ................................................................................................
All other women’ ............................................................................................
7,815
2,759
1,634
902
363
386
125
156
978
512
3,162
1,157
636
372
136
166
44
55
393
204
2,677
961
505
316
133
104
47
67
379
165
1,269
480
264
147
55
80
23
17
132
71
706
161
229
67
39
36
10
17
73
72
Total who could only find part-time work..................................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
W ive s..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.................................................................
Women who maintain families.......................................................................
Others in families maintained by women......................................................
Men who maintain fam ilies...........................................................................
Others in families maintained by m en..........................................................
All other men’ ................................................................................................
All other women’ ............................................................................................
4,262
518
1,057
1,150
246
475
29
93
310
384
617
112
141
184
28
44
4
9
58
38
1,304
142
268
406
56
162
9
30
124
106
966
138
225
261
53
113
6
28
56
86
1,374
126
422
298
110
156
10
26
72
154
W hite
See footnotes at end of table.
16
Table 7. Persons with involuntary part-time employment by reason, family status, race, Hispanic origin, and
weeks of involuntary part-time employment, 1984—Continued
(In thousands)
Characteristic
Total
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 weeks
or more
Black
Total with involuntary part-time employment............................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
W ives.............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.................................................................
Women who maintain families......................................................................
Others in families maintained by wom en.....................................................
Men who maintain fam ilies...........................................................................
Others in families maintained by m en..........................................................
All other men1................................................................................................
All other women1 ............................................................................................
2,016
305
269
280
293
425
56
50
234
104
528
113
76
52
70
94
14
15
72
21
615
107
76
75
78
151
23
16
73
15
375
45
56
66
51
81
16
6
47
8
497
40
61
86
94
99
3
13
42
60
Total with slack w o rk.................................................................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
W ives..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.................................................................
Women who maintain families.......................................................................
Others in families maintained by wom en.....................................................
Men who maintain fam ilies...........................................................................
Others in families maintained by m en..........................................................
All other men1................................................................................................
All other women1 ............................................................................................
1,047
247
149
93
151
156
46
23
132
50
404
105
60
26
59
58
14
9
56
17
344
90
51
28
41
58
20
5
42
8
154
34
17
18
23
24
10
4
22
1
145
18
21
21
28
17
2
12
24
Total who could only find part-time work..................................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
W ives..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.................................................................
Women who maintain families.......................................................................
Others in families maintained by wom en......................................................
Men who maintain fam ilies...........................................................................
Others in families maintained by m en..........................................................
All other men1 ................................................................................................
All other women1 ............................................................................................
969
58
120
187
142
269
10
27
102
54
124
8
16
26
12
37
6
16
4
271
17
25
47
36
93
3
11
31
7
222
11
38
48
28
56
7
1
25
7
352
22
40
66
66
82
1
9
30
36
Total with involuntary part-time employment............................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
W ives..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.................................................................
Women who maintain families.......................................................................
Others in families maintained by wom en.....................................................
Men who maintain fam ilies...........................................................................
Others in families maintained by m en..........................................................
All other men1 ................................................................................................
All other women1 ...........................................................................................
1,194
340
219
196
77
86
28
61
141
45
375
122
60
57
27
21
12
16
47
13
369
116
56
68
16
20
7
20
51
16
233
62
53
35
10
15
5
21
28
4
217
40
50
36
24
31
4
5
15
13
Total with slack w o rk.................................................................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
Wives ..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.................................................................
Women who maintain families......................................................................
Others in families maintained by women.....................................................
Men who maintain fam ilies...........................................................................
Others in families maintained by m en..........................................................
All other men1................................................................................................
All other women1 ............................................................................................
815
283
134
105
49
46
22
47
103
27
319
104
49
47
22
19
11
15
43
9
280
102
41
34
12
14
7
19
41
11
127
47
25
18
6
5
2
11
12
2
89
30
19
7
9
9
2
2
7
5
Total who could only find part-time w ork..................................................
Husbands .......................................................................................................
W ive s..............................................................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.................................................................
Women who maintain families......................................................................
Others in families maintained by women.....................................................
Men who maintain fam ilies...........................................................................
Others in families maintained by m en..........................................................
All other men1................................................................................................
All other women1............................................................................................
379
57
85
91
29
40
6
15
38
18
56
18
11
11
5
2
1
1
4
89
14
15
34
4
6
106
16
28
17
4
10
3
10
16
2
128
10
31
30
15
22
2
3
8
8
Hispanic origin
1 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
3
-
10
5
NOTE: Dash represents zero or rounds to zero.
17
Table 8. Percent of persons with part-time employment below the poverty level by family status, race, Hispanic origin, and
reason for working part time, 1984
Involuntary part time
Characteristic
Total
Total
Slack work or
material
shortage
Voluntary:
Wanted or could
Could only find only work part
time
part-time work
Other
reasons
All persons w ith p a rt-tim e em plo ym ent
Total below poverty level...................................
Husbands ...................................................................
W ives..........................................................................
Others in married-couple families.............................
12.4
11.1
5.7
4.4
17.7
14.4
9.2
6.3
13.4
11.8
5.4
5.5
25.0
27.7
14.9
7.0
9.2
6.4
4.5
3.3
11.2
10.1
5.2
5.8
Women who maintain families .................................
Others in families maintained by women.................
38.4
17.3
44.7
21.8
34.6
12.9
57.6
28.3
37.3
14.4
27.8
13.5
Men who maintain fam ilies.......................................
Others in families maintained by m en......................
19.8
7.6
23.1
9.6
19.8
6.9
0
13.6
13.1
7.2
18.5
3.5
All other men2 ............................................................
All other women2 .......................................................
26.9
27.7
31.9
31.9
24.0
22.7
53.0
43.9
29.7
26.8
15.6
23.0
Total below poverty le ve l...................................
Husbands ...................................................................
W ives..........................................................................
Others in married-couple families.............................
10.6
10.2
5.3
3.8
15.0
13.0
8.8
4.9
11.7
10.8
5.3
4.3
21.0
24.6
14.1
5.4
8.1
6.1
4.4
3.0
10.0
9.8
4.5
5.2
Women who maintain fam ilies.................................
Others in families maintained by women.................
31.7
11.5
36.5
14.9
28.3
10.8
48.5
18.2
32.3
9.6
21.3
9.6
Men who maintain fam iiies.......................................
Others in families maintained by m en......................
18.7
6.6
25.1
8.3
21.9
5.0
(’)
13.7
0
7.3
14.0
1.5
All other men2 ............................................................
All other women2 .......................................................
24.5
27.2
27.8
32.0
21.6
20.7
47.4
47.0
27.7
25.6
15.5
23.3
Total below poverty level...................................
Husbands ...................................................................
W ives..........................................................................
Others in married-couple families.............................
26.7
18.3
10.7
11.0
32.5
25.4
13.6
16.3
25.0
21.8
7.3
18.0
40.7
0
21.5
15.4
23.4
10.9
8.5
6.6
19.1
11.2
9.4
10.7
Women who maintain families .................................
Others in families maintained by women.................
54.2
33.3
60.8
35.3
50.4
17.4
71.8
45.7
56.8
33.9
39.4
24.9
Men who maintain fam ilies.......................................
Others in families maintained by m en......................
24.1
11.1
0
(’)
0
0
(’)
(1)
(1)
(')
(’)
(’)
All other men2 ............................................................
All other women2 .......................................................
39.5
30.1
51.9
28.9
38.9
68.8
0
38.9
38.7
14.0
18.4
Total below poverty level...................................
Husbands ...................................................................
W ives.........................................................................
Others in married-couple families.............................
20.6
23.1
10.6
9.0
26.7
27.1
17.1
14.1
22.4
23.5
12.5
9.6
35.9
0
24.3
19.4
14.6
17.3
16.1
9.1
6.2
Women who maintain fam ilies.................................
Others in families maintained by women.................
45.7
24.8
50.4
22.3
O
0
(1)
0
0
27.3
0
Men who maintain fam ilies.......................................
Others in families maintained by m en......................
0
11.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
All other men2 ............................................................
All other women2 .......................................................
43.1
38.2
50.5
0
44.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
W hite
Black
O
Hispanic origin
1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
O
7.0
6.2
O
2 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
18
Table 9. Earnings distribution of year-round full-time workers by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 1984
(Numbers in thousands)
With earnings of Characteristic
Total
$6,700
$6,700$9,999
Under
$10,000$14,999
$15,000$19,999
$20,000$24,999
$25,000
and over
Median
earnings
Total..............................
M en............................
W om en.......................
70,419
43,833
26,585
4,492
2,356
2,136
6,089
2,350
3,739
13,717
5,955
7,761
12,499
6,668
5,831
10,168
6,574
3,594
23,453
19,929
3,524
$19,294
23,411
14,737
White ............................
M en............................
Women.......................
61,679
39,226
22,453
3,886
2,077
1,809
4,897
1,890
3,006
11,496
4,922
6,574
10,820
5,830
4,990
8,921
5,906
3,016
21,659
18,601
3,057
19,867
24,120
14,856
Black.............................
M en............................
Women.......................
6,769
3,453
3,316
450
206
245
1,057
414
644
1,820
845
975
1,306
652
654
972
504
468
1,164
833
330
15,143
16,451
13,644
Hispanic origin..............
M en............................
W om en.......................
4,177
2,709
1,468
348
184
165
641
347
294
1,054
577
477
817
533
284
522
371
151
795
698
97
15,174
16,891
12,872
Table 10. Earnings distribution of year-round full-time workers by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 1984
Men
Characteristic
Total
(thou
sands)
Women
Percent distribution
Percent distribution
Median
earnings
Total
(thou
sands)
Total
Median
$10,000 earnings
and over
Total
Under
$6,700
$6,700$9,999
100.0
5.4
5.4
89.3
$23,411
26,585
100.0
8.0
14.1
77.9
$14,737
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
35.0
11.6
3.9
5.4
19.2
24.9
16.3
4.1
3.8
7.4
40.1
72.1
92.0
90.8
73.3
9,011
13,054
24,581
25,405
21,601
329
3,060
19,798
3,061
338
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
29.0
11.8
6.7
8.8
27.7
38.2
24.6
11.9
14.4
17.7
32.8
63.6
81.4
76.8
54.6
8,440
11,320
15,561
14,656
10,820
39,226
100.0
5.3
4.8
89.9
24,120
22,453
100.0
8.1
13.4
78.6
14,856
396
3,324
29,567
5,214
725
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
34.4
11.6
3.9
5.4
18.5
25.5
14.9
3.6
3.1
7.8
40.1
73.5
92.5
91.4
73.7
9,116
13,385
25,091
25,987
22,911
297
2,702
16,506
2,649
298
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
30.6
11.1
6.8
8.6
24.7
37.4
24.0
11.1
13.5
17.2
31.9
65.0
82.1
77.9
58.1
8,369
11,553
15,668
14,849
11,554
3,453
100.0
6.0
12.0
82.1
16,451
3,316
100.0
7.4
19.4
73.2
13,644
42
320
2,686
352
53
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0
12.1
4.5
4.9
(’)
0
31.9
9.5
13.1
0
56.0
86.0
82.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0
16.6
5.5
9.3
0
0
33.0
17.2
22.5
0
50.4
77.3
68.2
0
(’)
10,026
14,552
13,326
0
18
295
2,636
329
37
0
O
2,709
100.0
6.8
12.8
80.4
16,891
1,468
100.0
11.2
20.0
. 68.8
12,872
42
365
2,037
236
30
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0
16.7
4.3
4.8
0
24.9
10.2
10.4
0
0
0
58.4
85.5
84.7
0
11,189
18,670
17,465
0
0
23
210
1,105
114
14
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
13.9
10.0
15.4
0
(’)
63.0
72.3
55.2
0
(’)
11,583
13,506
10,706
$10,000
and over
Under
$6,700
$6,700$9,999
All year-ro un d
fu ll-tim e w o rke rs
T o ta l................ 43,833
Age:
444
16 to 1 9 ..............
20 to 2 4 ..............
3,733
25 to 5 4 .............. 33,171
55 to 6 4 ..............
5,683
65 and over ........
802
W hite
T o ta l................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............
20 to 2 4 ..............
25 to 5 4 ..............
55 to 6 4 ..............
65 and over ........
Black
T o ta l................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............
20 to 2 4 ..............
25 to 5 4 ..............
55 to 6 4 ..............
65 and over ........
0
C)
10,584
18,030
15,760
0
Hispanic origin
T o ta l................
Age:
16 to 1 9 ..............
20 to 2 4 ..............
25 to 5 4 ..............
55 to 6 4 ..............
65 and over ........
1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
19
0
0
23.1
17.6
29.4
0
O
Table 11. Number of year-round full-time workers, percent earning less than $6,700, and median earnings
by family status, race, and Hispanic origin, 1984
Characteristic
Number
(thousands)
Percent earning
less than $6,700
Median earnings
All year-ro un d fu ll-tim e w o rke rs
T o ta l..........................................................................
Husbands .........................................................................
W ives...............................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies..................................
70,419
31,327
14,517
4,506
6.4
4.1
8.8
13.4
$19,294
25,272
14,763
12,334
Women who maintain families .......................................
Others in families maintained by women.......................
3,777
2,209
6.2
11.8
14,938
12,629
Men who maintain fam ilies.............................................
Others in families maintained by m en............................
1,235
638
5.2
11.6
23,847
13,570
All other m e n '..................................................................
All other w om en'.............................................................
6,883
5,326
5.8
5.7
20,686
16,467
T o ta l...........................................................................
Husbands .........................................................................
W ives...............................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies..................................
61,679
28,600
12,632
3,928
6.3
4.1
8.9
13.7
19,867
25,668
14,731
12,415
Women who maintain families .......................................
Others in families maintained by women.......................
2,755
1,642
6.0
10.4
15,502
13,325
Men who maintain families .............................................
Others in families maintained by m en............................
1,065
485
5.4
11.8
24,695
13,527
All other men’ ..................................................................
All other women’ .............................................................
5,931
4,641
5.7
5.7
21,277
16,539
T o ta l...........................................................................
Husbands .........................................................................
W ives...............................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies..................................
6,769
1,927
1,374
416
6.7
3.2
7.2
11.9
15,143
18,955
14,586
11,173
Women who maintain families .......................................
Others in families maintained by wom en.......................
935
505
7.2
16.1
12,966
11,124
Men who maintain fam ilies.............................................
Others in families maintained by m en............................
138
126
4.5
9.3
18,607
12,840
All other m e n '..................................................................
All other w om en'.............................................................
780
567
6.0
4.8
15,704
15,962
T o ta l...........................................................................
Husbands .........................................................................
W ive s...............................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies..................................
4,177
1,737
791
374
8.3
3.6
10.6
13.7
15,174
19,092
13,285
10,976
Women who maintain families .......................................
Others in families maintained by wom en.......................
248
196
12.0
10.6
12,393
11,373
Men who maintain fam ilies.............................................
Others in families maintained by m en............................
116
94
12.7
9.2
17,921
11,662
All other men1..................................................................
All other w om en'.............................................................
415
206
12.3
12.1
15,028
14,394
W hite
Black
Hispanic origin
1 includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
20
Table 12. Incidence of poverty among year-round full-time workers by family status, earnings, race, and Hispanic origin,
1984
With earnings of -
Total
Characteristic
Number
(thousands)
Percent in
families
below poverty
level
$6,700
or more
Under
$6,700
Number
(thousands)
Percent in
families
below poverty
level
Number
(thousands)
Percent in
families
below poverty
level
All year-ro un d full-tim e w o rke rs
T o ta l..........................................................................
Husbands ........................................................................
W ives...............................................................................
Others in married-couple families..................................
Women who maintain families .......................................
Others in families maintained by women.......................
Men who maintain fam ilies.............................................
Others in families maintained by m en............................
All other men1
2 ..................................................................
All other women2 .............................................................
70,419
31,327
14,517
4,506
3,777
2,209
1,235
638
6,883
5,326
2.9
3.1
1.7
2.1
6.7
3.6
4.2
1.9
3.2
2.8
4,492
1,272
1,279
606
233
261
65
74
401
303
31.2
44.7
12.7
10.8
55.5
22.4
0
0
55.3
49.6
65,926
30,055
13,238
3,900
3,545
1,947
1,171
565
6,482
5,023
1.0
1.3
.7
.8
3.5
1.1
1.6
-
61,679
28,600
12,632
3,928
2,755
1,642
1,065
485
5,931
4,641
2.7
2.9
1.6
2.2
4.4
2.2
3.3
2.0
3.4
2.8
3,886
1,166
1,127
537
166
170
58
57
340
265
30.5
44.3
12.8
11.3
43.9
15.1
57,793
27,434
11,505
3,391
2,590
1,472
1,008
428
5,590
4,376
.8
1.1
.5
.8
1.8
.7
.8
-
6,769
1,927
1,374
416
935
505
138
126
780
567
5.2
5.1
2.6
1.2
14.3
7.8
10.0
37.2
6,318
1,865
1,275
366
868
424
132
115
733
540
2.9
3.6
2.0
8.9
2.3
6.1
2.0
2.2
450
62
99
49
67
81
6
12
47
27
4,177
1,737
791
374
248
196
116
94
415
206
5.6
6.9
2.0
2.0
12.6
3.1
6.0
.4
7.6
8.1
348
63
84
51
30
21
15
9
51
25
30.7
0
8.5
3,829
1,674
708
323
218
175
101
85
364
181
3.4
5.7
1.2
1.2
6.8
3.0
"
-
W hite
T o ta l..........................................................................
Husbands ........................................................................
W ives...............................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies..................................
Women who maintain families .......................................
Others in families maintained by women.......................
Men who maintain fam ilies.............................................
Others in families maintained by m en............................
All other men2 ..................................................................
All other women2 .............................................................
(’)
0
58.8
48.6
-
-
Black
T o ta l..........................................................................
Husbands ........................................................................
W ive s...............................................................................
Others in married-couple families..................................
Women who maintain fam ilies.......................................
Others in families maintained by women.......................
Men who maintain fam ilies.............................................
Others in families maintained by m en............................
All other men2 ..................................................................
All other women2 .............................................................
-
0
11.0
0
0
36.7
(’)
0
0
0
-
-
Hispanic origin
T o ta l..........................................................................
Husbands ........................................................................
W ive s...............................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies..................................
Women who maintain families .......................................
Others in families maintained by women.......................
Men who maintain fam ilies.............................................
Others in families maintained by m en............................
All other men2 ..................................................................
All other women2 .............................................................
1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
2 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
0
0
0
0
(’)
0
0
NOTE: Dash represents zero or rounds to zero.
21
Table 13. Year-round full-time workers earning less than $6,700 by family income, family status, race, and Hispanic
origin, 1984
With family income1 of Characteristic
Total
Under
$5,000
$5,000$9,999
$10,000$14,999
$15,000$19,999
$20,000$24,999
$25,000
and over
All ye ar-ro un d fu ll-tim e w o rke rs
Total earning less than $6,700 (thousands) ........................
Percent distribution................................................................
4,492
100.0
746
16.6
983
21.9
626
13.9
479
10.7
417
9.3
1,240
27.6
Husbands ......................................................................................
W ives.............................................................................................
Others in married-couple families................................................
Women who maintain fam ilies....................................................
Others in families maintained by women ...................................
Men who maintain families..........................................................
Others in families maintained by men ........................................
All other men3...............................................................................
All other women3..........................................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
23.5
5.6
3.2
15.3
7.5
(1
2)
(2)
44.6
34.0
22.9
9.1
5.1
46.8
19.2
(2)
(2)
46.1
53.1
17.9
14.2
10.3
13.6
22.2
ft
3.5
9.1
12.8
13.8
9.1
8.7
13.8
ft
ft
2.1
.9
8.7
14.9
10.1
6.6
11.1
ft
ft
.4
1.3
14.2
42.5
62.2
9.0
26.2
ft
ft
3.4
1.7
Total earning less than $6,700 (thousands) ........................
Percent distribution................................................................
3,886
100.0
675
17.4
810
20.8
517
13.3
386
9.9
370
9.5
1,129
29.0
Husbands ......................................................................................
W ives.............................................................................................
Others in married-couple families................................................
Women who maintain fam ilies....................................................
Others in families maintained by women ...................................
Men who maintain families..........................................................
Others in families maintained by men ........................................
All other men3...............................................................................
All other women3..........................................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
24.0
5.8
3.6
16.3
7.4
(2)
(2)
46.9
34.6
22.8
9.3
4.9
37.6
18.4
(2)
(2)
44.6
52.2
17.2
13.2
10.4
15.9
17.1
(2)
(2)
2.9
9.7
12.4
12.3
8.2
12.2
10.6
9.0
14.7
9.3
8.5
14.3
ft
ft
ft
2.4
1.0
ft
.5
1.4
14.6
44.7
63.6
9.4
32.2
ft
ft
2.6
1.1
Total earning less than $6,700 (thousands) ........................
Percent distribution................................................................
450
100.0
51
11.3
144
31.9
91
20.2
59
13.2
36
8.0
70
15.5
Husbands ......................................................................................
W ives.............................................................................................
Others in married-couple families................................................
Women who maintain fam ilies....................................................
Others in families maintained by women ...................................
Men who maintain families..........................................................
Others in families maintained by men ........................................
All other men3...............................................................................
All other women3..........................................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2)
4.1
(2)
(2)
8.9
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
5.1
(2)
(2)
19.3
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
27.8
(2)
ft
35.6
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
25.2
ft
ft
19.7
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
14.4
ft
ft
23.3
ft
ft
10.7
Total earning less than $6,700 (thousands) ........................
Percent distribution................................................................
348
100.0
41
11.8
99
28.5
63
18.2
28
8.1
37
10.8
79
22.7
Husbands ......................................................................................
W ives.............................................................................................
Others in married-couple families................................................
Women who maintain families ....................................................
Others in families maintained by women ...................................
Men who maintain families..........................................................
Others in families maintained by men ........................................
All other men3...............................................................................
All other women3..........................................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2)
1.5
(2)
(2)
(2)
8.8
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
ft
21.8
ft
ft
8.0
ft
ft
20.8
ft
ft
39.1
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
W hite
Black
ft
5.8
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
Hispanic origin
ft
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1 Personal income for “ all other” men and women.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
ft
3 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
22
Table 14. Incidence of unemployment among persons with labor force experience and percent in families below the poverty
level by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and family status, 1982-84
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
With unemployment
With unemployment
Characteristic
1984
1983
Persons
Percent
with
in
labor
fami
force
lies
Number Percent
below
experi
ence
the
poverty
level
With unemployment
v
Percent
Persons
with
in
fami
labor
force
lies
Number Percent
below
experi
ence
the
poverty
level
Percent
Persons
in
with
fami
labor
lies
force
Number Percent
below
experi
the
ence
poverty
level
Total ................................................... 120,235 26,493
66,160 15,441
Men .................................................
W omen............................................. 54,074 11,052
22.0
23.3
20.4
20.5
18.6
23.2
121,503 23,762
66,350 13,919
55,153
9,842
19.6
21.0
17.8
23.0
21.0
25.9
124,117 21,535
67,234 12,174
56,883
9,361
17.4
18.1
16.5
22.0
21.1
23.2
W h ite .................................................. 104,942 21,730
58,560 12,883
Men .................................................
8,847
W omen............................................. 46,381
20.7
22.0
19.1
17.1
16.3
18.3
105,870
58,520
47,351
19,549
11,614
7,935
18.5
19.8
16.8
19.0
17.8
20.8
107,749
59,144
48,605
17,461
10,008
7,454
16.2
16.9
15.3
18.1
18.0
18.4
33.4
36.5
30.4
38.6
32.0
46.2
12,560
6,234
6,326
3,640
1,992
1,648
29.0
32.0
26.0
43.7
38.7
49.7
12,994
6,297
6,697
3,473
1,847
1,626
26.7
29.3
24.3
40.0
35.7
44.9
0
0
0
0
0
(’)
7,409
4,378
3,030
1,830
1,151
680
24.7
26.3
22.4
31.4
30.6
32.6
7,795
4,567
3,228
1,778
1,144
634
22.8
25.0
19.7
33.3
34.5
31.0
Black...................................................
Men .................................................
W omen.............................................
12,276
5,994
6,282
4,096
2,186
1,910
Hispanic origin....................................
Men .................................................
W omen.............................................
6,331
3,646
2,685
0
0
0
Husbands ............................................
W ives..................................................
Others in married-couple families......
40,440
29,510
16,893
7,228
4,957
5,334
17.9
16.8
31.6
16.9
10.4
7.2
40,477
29,991
16,199
6,431
4,371
4,532
15.9
14.6
28.0
19.5
12.6
8.6
40,532
30,724
16,098
5,231
4,145
4,000
12.9
13.5
24.8
19.0
10.5
8.1
Women who maintain families..........
Others in such families......................
6,108
5,784
1,636
2,270
26.8
39.3
59.2
28.1
6,458
6,020
1,550
2,129
24.0
35.4
61.1
30.0
6,687
6,454
1,439
2,029
21.5
31.4
57.5
26.4
Men who maintain families................
Others in such fam ilies......................
1,587
1,469
386
509
24.3
34.7
32.0
16.0
1,602
1,446
297
470
18.5
32.5
31.8
10.8
1,767
1,624
342
504
19.4
31.1
30.5
14.7
All other men2 ....................................
10,022
2,557
25.5
32.7
10,468
2,481
23.7
35.0
11,027
2,411
21.9
35.8
All other women2 ...............................
8,422
1,615
19.2
41.4
8,842
1,501
17.0
45.1
9,205
1,431
15.5
40.9
2 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
1 Data for persons of Hispanic origin have been revised to reflect new
population estimates. Revised data are not available for 1982.
23
Table 15. Incidence of involuntary part-time employment among persons working part time and percent in families below the
poverty level by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and family status, 1982-84
(Numbers in thousands)
1982
1983
With involuntary parttime work
Characteristic
Persons
with partPercent
time
of
work
Number parttime
workers
1984
With involuntary parttime work
With involuntary parttime work
Percent
Percent
Percent
Persons
Persons
in
in
in
with partPercent
with partPercent
fami
fami
fami
time
time
of
of
lies
lies
lies
work
work
Number partNumber partbelow
below
below
time
time
the
the
the
workers
workers
poverty
poverty
poverty
level
level
level
Total ................................................... 43,599
Men .................................................. 19,835
W omen............................................. 23,764
16,064
9,043
7,022
36.8
45.6
29.5
18.0
17.1
19.2
42,795
19,152
23,642
14,869
8,328
6,542
34.7
43.5
27.7
19.3
18.5
20.3
43,877
19,204
24,673
14,429
7,954
6,476
32.9
41.4
26.2
17.7
17.0
18.7
W h ite ................................................... 38,480
Men .................................................. 17,425
W omen............................................. 21,055
13,555
7,736
5,819
35.2
44.4
27.6
15.8
15.4
16.2
37,834
16,858
20,975
12,530
7,162
5,368
33.1
42.5
25.6
16.5
16.3
16.8
38,523
16,749
21,773
12,077
6,734
5,343
31.4
40.2
24.5
15.0
14.5
15.7
2,180
1,131
1,049
52.2
57.0
47.9
31.9
27.8
36.3
4,056
1,906
2,150
2,046
1,023
1,023
50.4
53.7
47.6
36.0
33.2
38.8
4,344
1,992
2,352
2,016
1,042
974
46.4
52.3
41.4
32.5
30.7
34.5
O
0
2,512
1,323
1,189
1,164
716
448
46.3
54.1
37.7
28.1
29.7
25.6
2,655
1,365
1,290
1,194
767
427
45.0
56.2
33.1
26.7
26.6
26.8
Black...................................................
Men .................................................
Women.............................................
4,177
1,985
2,192
Hispanic origin....................................
Men ..................................................
Women.............................................
0
0
0
0
0
0
(’)
(’)
0
Husbands ............................................
W ives..................................................
Others in married-couple families......
8,983
13,178
9,579
4,618
3,413
2,846
51.4
25.9
29.7
15.8
9.0
8.9
8,498
13,032
9,045
4,136
3,158
2,513
48.7
24.2
27.8
16.4
10.1
7.2
8,242
13,332
9,034
3,658
3,039
2,382
44.4
22.8
26.4
14.4
9.2
6.3
Women who maintain families..........
Others in such fam ilies......................
2,010
2,673
947
1,131
47.1
42.3
45.3
23.5
2,131
2,771
1,021
1,077
47.9
38.9
48.2
22.7
2,188
3,177
920
1,300
42.1
40.9
44.7
21.8
Men who maintain families................
Others in such fam ilies......................
438
662
243
271
55.3
41.0
22.6
9.0
436
591
218
269
50.1
45.5
23.2
14.9
438
712
219
315
50.0
44.2
23.1
9.6
All other men2 ....................................
3,165
1,527
48.2
28.7
3,332
1,514
45.4
32.8
3,533
1,565
44.3
31.9
All other women2 ...............................
2,912
1,068
36.7
37.0
2,958
963
32.6
38.4
3,221
1,032
32.0
31.9
0
2 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
1 Data for persons of Hispanic origin have been revised to reflect new
population estimates. Revised data are not available for 1982.
24
Table 16. Incidence of low earnings among year-round full-time workers and percent in families below the poverty level by
sex, race, Hispanic origin, and family status, 1982-84
(Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Total ...................................................
Men .................................................
Women.............................................
1982
1983
1984
Low earners
(under $6,700)
Low earners
(under $6,700)
Low earners
(under $6,700)
YearPercent
round
of
full-time
yearworkers Number round
full
time
workers
Percent
in
fami
lies
below
the
poverty
level
YearPercent
round
of
yearfull-time
workers Number round
full
time
workers
Percent
in
fami
lies
below
the
poverty
level
YearPercent
round
of
full-time
yearworkers Number round
full
time
workers
Percent
in
fami
lies
below
the
poverty
level
63,973
40,129
23,844
4,608
2,240
2,368
7.2
5.6
9.9
29.8
38.0
22.1
66,744
41,469
25,275
4,463
2,239
2,224
6.7
5.4
8.8
30.7
41.3
20.0
70,419
43,833
26,585
4,492
2,356
2,136
6.4
5.4
8.0
31.2
38.7
23.0
W h ite .................................................. 56,523
Men .................................................. 36,210
Women............................................. 20,314
4,008
2,003
2,005
7.1
5.5
9.9
29.6
39.0
20.2
58,683
37,163
21,521
3,859
1,957
1,902
6.6
5.3
8.8
29.9
41.0
18.5
61,679
39,226
22,453
3,886
2,077
1,809
6.3
5.3
8.1
30.5
38.7
21.2
474
192
282
8.1
6.4
9.9
32.5
28.4
35.3
6,303
3,284
3,019
464
217
247
7.4
6.6
8.2
32.7
39.1
27.1
6,769
3,453
3,316
450
206
245
6.7
6.0
7.4
37.2
38.1
36.4
0
0
0
O
ft
0
0
0
O
3,908
2,524
1,384
354
180
173
9.0
7.1
12.5
32.9
41.3
24.2
4,177
2,709
1,468
348
184
165
8.3
6.8
11.2
30.7
33.9
27.1
Black...................................................
Men .................................................
Women.............................................
5,840
2,987
2,853
Hispanic origin....................................
Men .................................................
Women.............................................
0
0
0
Husbands ............................................
W ives..................................................
Others in married-couple families......
29,464
13,184
3,976
1,342
1,387
541
4.6
10.5
13.6
43.2
14.7
10.2
30,152
13,931
4,190
1,294
1,278
558
4.3
9.2
13.3
47.7
13.3
5.1
31,327
14,517
4,506
1,272
1,279
606
4.1
8.8
13.4
44.7
12.7
10.8
Women who maintain families..........
Others in such fam ilies......................
3,277
1,784
256
185
7.8
10.4
51.2
16.6
3,526
1,934
234
261
6.6
13.5
50.4
9.6
3,777
2,209
233
261
6.2
11.8
55.5
22.4
Men who maintain families................
Others in such fam ilies......................
1,040
545
68
60
6.5
11.0
(2)
ft
1,087
568
40
42
3.7
7.3
ft
ft
1,235
638
65
74
5.2
11.6
ft
ft
All other men3 ....................................
5,920
374
6.3
49.1
6,279
407
6.5
57.5
6,883
401
5.8
55.3
All other women3 ...............................
4,783
396
8.3
38.6
5,077
350
6.9
40.3
5,326
303
5.7
49.6
1 Data for persons of Hispanic origin have been revised to reflect new
population estimates. Revised data are not available for 1982.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000
3 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
25
Table 17. Persons with labor market problems by number and type of problems: Unemployment or involuntary part-time
employment or low earnings, 1984
(In thousands)
Persons with
labor market
problems
Labor market problem
T o ta l................................................................................................
Workers employed year round, full tim e ............................................
One problem only:
Low earnings..................................................................................
Unemployment............................................................................... .
Involuntary part-time employment.................................................
Two problems:
Low earnings, unemployment........................................................
Low earnings, involuntary part-time employment.........................
Unemployment, involuntary part-time employment.......................
Three problems:
Low earnings, unemployment, involuntary part-time employment
Workers employed less than year round, full tim e.............................
One problem only:
Unemployment................................................................................
Involuntary part-time employment..................................................
Two problems:
Unemployment, involuntary part-time employment.......................
Nonworkers who looked for w ork.......................................................
Persons with
labor market
problems
living in
“ poor” families
33,657
8,337
7,063
1,482
3,765
577
3,083
1,169
27
677
184
6
223
6
23
22,351
4
4,137
11,889
4,597
1,875
865
5,865
2,969
1,396
1,444
8
66
Table 18. Persons with labor market problems by number and type of problems: 5 weeks or more of unemployment or
involuntary part-time employment or low earnings, 1984
(In thousands)
Persons with
labor market
problems
Labor market problem
26,809
6,157
6,199
1,443
4,020
1,665
1,242
41
472
18,372
160
3,606
10,495
4,407
1,899
826
3,470
2,280
881
1,150
One problem only:
Two problems:
One problem only:
Two problems:
26
Persons with
labor market
problems
living in
“ poor” families
Table 19. Persons with labor market problems by number and type of problems: 15 weeks or more of unemployment or
involuntary part-time employment or low earnings, 1984
(In thousands)
Persons with
labor market
problems
Labor market problem
Workers employed year round, full tim e ..............................................
One problem only:
Low earnings..............................................
Involuntary part-time employment, 15 weeks or m ore.............................................
Two problems:
Low earnings; involuntary part-time employment, 15 weeks or more.....................................................................
Workers employed less than year round, full tim e...............................................................................
One problem only:
Unemployment, 15 weeks or m ore..................................................................................
Involuntary part-time employment, 15 weeks or m ore...................................................................
Two problems:
Unemployment, 15 weeks or more; involuntary part-time employment, 15 weeks or m ore..............................
Nonworkers who looked for work, 15 weeks or m ore..........................................................................
Persons with
labor market
problems
living in
“ poor” families
18 273
4^928
4 991
1^414
4,271
436
1,333
12
222
11,730
69
2,712
7,061
3,743
1,729
690
927
1,615
292
865
Table 20. Persons with some unemployment, some involuntary part-time work, or both, by the number of weeks these
problems were experienced, during 4-month periods betweeen January and July I984
Percent distribution by cumulative duration of problem(s)
Labor market problem
Total
(in
thousands)
Total
Less than
5 weeks
5 to 8
weeks
9 to 13
weeks
More than 13
weeks, but
less than the
entire period
The entire
period
T o ta l......................................................................
Some unemployment...............................................
Some involuntary part-time w ork.............................
B o th ..........................................................................
20,540
14,068
4,925
1,547
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
27.1
29.2
27.8
5.4
14.7
14.9
13.5
16.3
14.3
15.1
11.2
16.9
6.3
6.0
5.3
12.4
37.7
34.9
42.2
48.9
In the labor force the entire 4 m onths......................
Some unemployment...............................................
Some involuntary part-time w ork.............................
B o th ..........................................................................
16,144
10,456
4,390
1,299
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
18.1
16.5
26.0
3.9
12.3
12.7
11.5
12.1
14.4
16.3
9.6
16.0
7.2
7.6
5.5
9.8
47.9
46.9
47.3
58.2
In the labor force for only part of the 4 months.......
Some unemployment...............................................
Some involuntary part-time w o rk.............................
B o th ..........................................................................
4,396
3,612
536
248
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
60.0
65.8
42.8
23.2
21.2
29.4
13.8
11.7
24.0
(’)
3.0
1.3
3.7
1 Data not shown where base is less than 250,000.
NOTE: These estimates are derived from the Survey of Income and
Program Participation and are averages of four overlapping 4-month
O
0
0
_
-
reference periods between January and July 1984. The four periods are
January through April, February through May, March through June, and
April through July.
27
Table 21. Persons with labor force activity by family relationship and size and type of employment problems, during
4-month periods between January and July 1984
Persons with employment problems
Family relationship and size
Total
Total
Some
unemployment
Some involuntary
part-time work
Low earners
Numbers (in thousands)
Total ...........................................................................
117,760
25,780
15,615
6,472
5,549
Persons in fam ilies...........................................................
Husbands ........................................................................
W ives..............................................................................
Others in married-couple families.................................
100,191
39,487
28,116
16,649
22,148
5,693
5,025
5,557
13,475
2,938
2,505
3,895
5,514
1,442
1,404
1,316
4,694
1,671
1,466
725
Women who maintain families......................................
Others in families maintained by w om en.....................
6,555
6,385
1,998
3,009
1,277
2,263
516
624
361
347
Men who maintain families............................................
Others in families maintained by m e n ..........................
1,603
1,396
325
541
217
380
93
119
52
73
two members ........................................................
three members.......................................................
four members........................................................
five members ........................................................
six or more members............................................
26,919
25,432
25,966
13,002
8,872
5,467
5,389
5,519
2,958
2,815
2,862
3,220
3,499
1,925
1,969
1,389
1,472
1,300
818
534
1,583
1,105
1,126
• 452
428
Persons not in families1 ....................................................
Men ................................................................................
W omen...........................................................................
17,570
9,677
7,893
3,632
2,201
1,430
2,140
1,329
812
958
584
374
855
470
385
Total ...........................................................................
100.0
21.9
13.3
5.5
4.7
Persons in fam ilies...........................................................
Husbands ........................................................................
W ives..............................................................................
Others in married-couple families.................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
22.1
14.4
17.9
33.4
13.4
7.4
8.9
23.4
5.5
3.7
5.0
7.9
4.7
4.2
5.2
4.4
Women who maintain families......................................
Others in families maintained by w om en.....................
100.0
100.0
30.5
47.1
19.5
35.4
7.9
9.8
5.5
5.4
Men who maintain families............................................
Others in families maintained by m e n ..........................
100.0
100.0
20.3
38.8
13.5
27.2
5.8
8.6
3.2
5.3
With
With
With
With
With
two members ........................................................
three members.......................................................
four members........................................................
five members ........................................................
six or more members............................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
20.3
21.2
21.3
22.8
31.7
10.6
12.7
13.5
14.8
22.2
5.2
5.8
5.0
6.3
6.0
5.9
4.3
4.3
3.5
4.8
Persons not in families1 ....................................................
Men ................................................................................
W omen...........................................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
20.7
22.7
18.1
12.2
13.7
10.3
5.5
6.0
4.7
4.9
4.9
4.9
With
With
With
With
With
Percent distribution
See footnotes at end of table.
28
Table 21. Persons with labor force activity by family relationship and size and type of employment problems, during
4-month periods between January and July 1984—Continued
Persons with employment problems
Family relationship and size
Total
Some
unemployment
Total
Some involuntary
part-time work
Low earners
Percent distribution
Total ...........................................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Persons in fam ilies...........................................................
Husbands ...................................................................
W ives..........................................................
Others in married-couple families.................................
85.1
33.5
23.9
14.1
85.9
22.1
19.5
21.6
86.3
18.8
16.0
24.9
85.2
22.3
21.7
20.3
84.6
30.1
26.4
13.1
Women who maintain families......................................
Others in families maintained by wom en.....................
5.6
5.4
7.8
11.7
8.2
14.5
8.0
9.6
6.5
6.2
Men who maintain families............................................
Others in families maintained by m e n ..........................
1.4
1.2
1.3
2.1
1.4
2.4
1.4
1.8
.9
1.3
two members ........................................................
three members......................................................
four members........................................................
five members ........................................................
six or more members............................................
22.9
21.6
22.1
11.0
7.5
21.2
20.9
21.4
11.5
10.9
18.3
20.6
22.4
12.3
12.6
21.5
22.7
20.1
12.6
8.3
28.5
19.9
20.3
8.2
7.7
Persons not in families1 ....................................................
Men ...............................................................................
W omen...........................................................................
14.9
8.2
6.7
14.1
8.5
5.5
13.7
8.5
5.2
14.8
9.0
5.8
15.4
8.5
6.9
With
With
With
With
With
1 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
NOTE: These estimates are derived from the Survey of Income and
Program Participation and are averages of four overlapping 4-month
reference periods between January and July 1984. The four periods are
January through April, February through May, March through June, and
April through July.
Table 22. Persons who had weeks of labor force inactivity, but who wanted and could have taken a job during those weeks,
by family relationship and the reason they did not look for work, during 4-month periods between January and July 1984
(Percent distribution)
Family relationship
Total
Discouragement over job prospects Child care
or other
family
JobPersonal
responsi
market
Total
factors
bilities
factors
In school
or other
training
III health,
physical
disa
bility
Other
Total, in thousands.............................................................
Percent.............................................................................
6,152
100.0
2,160
100.0
1,484
100.0
677
100.0
974
100.0
1,436
100.0
426
100.0
1,155
100.0
Persons in families................................................................
Husbands ...........................................................................
W ives..................................................................................
Others in married-couple fam ilies.....................................
90.2
8.0
22.7
29.9
88.8
8.3
22.3
26.2
89.5
8.4
23.2
24.6
87.0
8.1
20.3
29.5
96.2
4.2
53.2
8.6
95.1
.4
3.1
65.5
79.0
24.7
17.3
9.4
85.8
13.7
24.0
18.2
Women who maintain families...........................................
Others in families maintained by wom en..........................
10.7
15.8
10.4
17.5
10.2
17.9
10.8
16.6
22.0
6.2
2.8
20.0
11.3
13.1
11.6
16.3
Men who maintain fam ilies................................................
Others in families maintained by m en..............................
.4
2.7
.4
3.7
.5
4.6
_
_
Persons not in families1........................................................
M e n .....................................................................................
Women ...............................................................................
9.8
4.7
5.1
11.2
5.0
6.2
10.5
5.6
4.8
1 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
NOTE: These estimates are derived from the Survey of Income and
Program Participation and are averages of four overlapping 4-month
1.6
2.0
.3
3.1
1.7
1.5
.4
1.6
13.0
3.7
9.2
3.8
1.6
2.2
4.9
3.4
1.5
21.0
6.2
14.8
14.2
7.6
6.6
reference periods between January and July 1984. The four periods are
January through April, February through May, March through June, and
April through July.
29
Table 23. Persons in the civilian noninstitutional population by receipt ana type of cash or in-kind assistance and type of
employment problem, during 4-month periods between January and July 1984
Persons with employment problems
Receipt and type of assistance
Total
Total with
labor force
activity
Total
Some
unemployment
Some
involuntary
part-time work
Low earners
Persons with
labor force
inactivity due
to discourage
ment
Numbers (in thousands)
Total ........................................................................
176,212
117,760
25,780
15,615
6,472
5,549
2,160
Total who received cash or in-kind assistance...........
58,873
22,391
10,902
8,252
2,319
1,244
1,204
Received cash assistance..........................................
State unemployment compensation........................
Supplemental unemployment benefits....................
Other unemployment compensation.......................
Workers’ compensation .......................................
General assistance...................................................
Other w elfare...........................................................
Aid to Families with Dependent Children...............
Federal Supplemental Security Income..................
Social Security benefits...........................................
42,067
3,781
182
63
1,007
1,086
193
3,256
3,439
31,755
11,005
3,650
173
52
697
530
99
1,408
295
4,622
6,269
3,279
169
28
113
473
72
1,177
158
1,229
5,190
3,063
163
20
86
444
55
1,049
118
586
1,018
533
24
4
15
38
11
117
23
315
562
56
677
67
4
Received in-kind assistance.......................................
Food stam ps............................................................
Special Supplemental Food Program for Women,
Infants, and Children ......................................
Medicaid....................................................................
Medicare...................................................................
Housing subsidy........................................................
Energy assistance....................................................
School lunch ............................................................
50,797
11,839
17,594
5,487
7,897
3,915
5,588
3,198
1,790
747
1,102
286
1,090
564
1,428
10,813
27,889
5,830
5,442
13,830
689
3,528
3,448
2,673
2,562
8,586
416
2,605
715
1,283
1,624
4,037
331
2,247
202
984
1,289
2,989
73
363
204
239
291
947
25
152
335
151
156
434
50
547
170
219
224
539
Total who received no such assistance.......................
117,340
95,369
14,878
7,363
4,153
4,304
956
Total .........................................................................
100.0
66.8
14.6
8.9
3.7
3.1
1.2
Total who received cash or in-kind assistance...........
100.0
38.0
18.5
14.0
3.9
2.1
2.0
Received cash assistance..........................................
State unemployment compensation........................
Supplemental unemployment benefits....................
Other unemployment compensation.......................
Workers’ compensation.........................................
General assistance...................................................
Other welfare ...........................................................
Aid to Families with Dependent Children...............
Federal Supplemental Security Income..................
Social Security benefits ...........................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
26.2
96.5
14.9
86.7
12.3
81.0
2.4
14.1
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.5
3.5
Received in-kind assistance.......................................
Food stam ps............................................................
Special Supplemental Food Program for Women,
Infants, and Children ......................................
Medicaid....................................................................
Medicare...................................................................
Housing subsidy........................................................
Energy assistance....................................................
School lunch ............................................................
Total who received no such assistance.......................
-
4
12
10
9
57
20
407
-
6
79
10
215
93
264
Percent distribution
O
0
0
0
O
O
O
O
O
O
0
O
O
0
1.2
.9
.6
7.3
69.2
48.8
11.2
43.6
8.5
40.9
43.2
8.6
14.6
36.2
4.6
3.9
32.2
3.4
1.8
100.0
100.0
34.6
46.3
15.5
33.1
11.0
27.0
3.5
6.3
2.2
2.4
2.1
4.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
48.2
32.6
12.4
45.8
47.1
62.1
29.1
24.1
2.6
22.0
29.8
29.2
23.2
20.8
.7
16.9
23.7
21.6
5.1
3.4
.7
4.1
5.3
6.8
1.7
1.4
1.2
2.6
2.9
3.1
3.5
5.1
.6
3.8
4.1
3.9
100.0
81.3
12.7
6.3
3.5
3.7
.8
O
See footnotes at end of table.
O
O
30
O
3.6
.7
1.0
1.7
.6
1.3
6.6
2.7
.8
Table 23. Persons in the civilian noninstitutional population by receipt and type of cash or in-kind assistance and type of
employment problem, during 4-month periods between January and July 1984—Continued
Persons with employment problems
Receipt and type of assistance
Total
Total with
labor force
activity
Total
Some
unemployment
Some
involi^ntary
part-time work
Low earners
Persons with
labor force
inactivity due
to discourage
ment
Percent distribution
Total ........................................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total who received cash or in-kind assistance...........
33.4
19.0
42.3
52.8
35.8
22.4
55.7
Received cash assistance..........................................
State unemployment compensation........................
Supplemental unemployment benefits....................
Other unemployment compensation.......................
Workers’ compensation .......................................
General assistance..................................................
Other w elfare...........................................................
Aid to Families with Dependent Children...............
Federal Supplemental Security Income..................
Social Security benefits...........................................
23.9
2.1
.1
(2)
.6
.6
.1
1.8
2.0
18.0
9.3
3.1
.1
(2)
.6
.4
.1
1.2
.3
3.9
24.3
12.7
.7
.1
.4
1.8
.3
4.6
.6
4.8
33.2
19.6
1.0
.1
.6
2.8
.3
6.7
.8
3.8
15.7
8.2
.4
.1
.2
.6
.2
1.8
.4
4.9
10.1
1.0
.1
.2
.2
.2
1.0
.4
7.3
31.3
3.1
.2
.3
3.7
.5
9.9
4.3
12.2
Received in-kind assistance.......................................
Food stam ps............................................................
Special Supplemental Food Program for Women,
Infants and Children...........................................
Medicaid....................................................................
Medicare...................................................................
Housing subsidy.......................................................
Energy assistance...................................................
School lu n c h ............................................................
28.8
6.7
14.9
4.7
30.6
15.2
35.8
20.5
27.7
11.5
19.9
5.2
50.5
26.1
.8
6.1
15.8
3.3
3.1
7.8
.6
3.0
2.9
2.3
2.2
7.3
1.6
10.1
2.8
5.0
6.3
15.7
2.1
14.4
1.3
6.3
8.3
19.1
1.1
5.6
3.2
3.7
4.5
14.6
.4
2.7
6.0
2.7
2.8
7.8
2.3
25.3
7.9
10.1
10.4
25.0
Total who received no such assistance.......................
66.6
81.0
57.7
47.2
64.2
77.6
44.3
1 Data
2 Less
NOTE:
Program
reference periods between January and July 1984. The four periods are
January through April, February through May, March through June, and
April through July.
not shown where base is less than 250,000.
then 0.05 percent.
These estimates are derived from the Survey of Income and
Participation and are averages of four overlapping 4-month
-
31
Table 24. Average monthly assistance payments for recipients of cash assistance by type of assistance and type of
employment problem and discouragement, during 4-month periods between January and July 1984
Average monthly assistance payments for:
Recipients with employment problems
Type of assistance
Total
recipients
State unemployment compensation...............................
Supplemental unemployment benefits...........................
Other unemployment compensation...............................
Workers’ compensation ...............................................
General assistance.........................................................
Other welfare...................................................................
Aid to Families with Dependent Children ......................
Federal Supplemental Security Incom e.........................
Social Security benefits...................................................
$375
0
(1)
599
195
(')
313
220
400
Recipients
with labor
force
activity
$372
(’)
(’)
499
202
(’)
296
274
417
Total
$376
0
O
0
207
0
310
o
386
Some
unemployment
Some
involuntary
part-time work
$385
(1)
Low earners
0
O
0
O
O
O
O
$286
O
O
O
(1)
o
0
0
0
0
206
(’)
320
o
394
373
Recipients
with labor
force inactivity
due to
discourage
ment
(')
(1)
$388
O
(1)
O
o
0
$393
July. The average monthly payments were calculated per receipt month, per
recipient, for each type of assistance; that is, for each type of assistance, an
average was calculated across receipt months for each recipient and those
monthly averages were then averaged across all recipients.
1 Data not shown where base is less than 250,000.
NOTE: These estimates are derived from the Survey of income and Pro
gram Participation and are averages of four overlapping 4-month reference
periods between January and July 1984. The four periods are January
through April, February through May, March through June, and April through
Table 25. Persons with employment problems or with periods of discouragement who received cash or in-kind assistance by
family size, during 4-month periods between January and July 1984
Percent distribution by family size
Labor market problem or discouragement
Total
(in
thousands)
Persons in families
Total
With two
Total
members
With three
members
With four
members
With five
members
W ith six
members
or more
Persons
not in
families1
Persons with employment problems............
Some unemployment .................................
Some involuntary part-time w o rk ...............
Low earners.................................................
10,902
8,252
2,319
1,244
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
86.7
86.4
89.3
85.2
20.9
18.6
23.3
32.9
19.1
19.4
21.4
16.3
18.8
20.0
17.6
14.3
12.3
12.4
13.7
11.3
15.5
16.0
13.4
10.4
13.3
13.6
10.7
14.8
Persons with some discouragement............
1,204
100.0
87.6
20.8
18.8
16.5
9.7
21.9
12.4
1 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
NOTE: These estimates are derived from the Survey of Income and
Program Participation and are averages of four overlapping 4-month
reference periods between January and July 1984. The four periods are
January through April, February through May, March through June, and
April through July.
32
Appendix A. Explanatory Notes
Current Population Survey
assistance or welfare payments; Supplemental Security
Income; dividends, interest, and rental income or losses;
unemployment, veterans’, and workers’ compensation;
government and private employee pensions; alimony,
child support, or regular contributions from persons not
living in the household; and other periodic income. In
the March 1985 c p s , income did not reflect nonmoney
transfers, such as food stamps; subsidized housing;
goods produced on a farm or in a home; and employerfinanced fringe benefits like retirement, educational ex
penses, stock options, or health and life insurance. For
more information on the income concept, see Money In
come o f Households, Families, and Persons in the
United States: 1984, Current Population Reports, Series
P-60, No. 151 (Bureau of the Census, April 1986).
(CPS)
(Tables 1-19 and B-l - B-3)
The source, coverage, concepts and definitions, and
limitations of the data presented in this bulletin are
described below.
Source of data
The primary data source is the supplement to the
March 1985 C P S . The data refer to calendar year 1984.
Population coverage
Each month, trained interviewers collect information
from a sample which, in 1985, totaled about 59,500
households in 729 areas in 1,973 counties and indepen
dent cities in each of the 50 States and the District of
Columbia. Estimates are for persons 16 years of age and
over in the civilian noninstitutional population during
the calendar week ending March 23, 1985. The civilian
nonistitutional population excludes all members of the
Armed Forces and inmates of institutions such as homes
for the aged and correctional institutions.
No information was obtained on persons who might
have been in the civilian labor force during 1984 but
were not in the civilian noninstitutional population as of
the March date. Similarly, data on persons who died in
1984 or in 1985 before the survey date are not reflected.
Persons who reached age 16 during January, February,
or March 1985, however, are included.
Poverty (low income) classification. Poverty statistics
presented in this bulletin are based on definitions
developed by the Social Security Administration in 1964
and revised by Federal interagency committees in 1969
and 1980. These definitions are based on the Depart
ment of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflect
the different consumption requirements of families bas
ed on their size and number of children under 18 years
old. Unrelated individuals and two-person families are
further differentiated by age.
The latest modifications, implemented in the March
1982 c p s , were: (1) Elimination of separate thresholds
(poverty levels) for farm families, (2) averaging of
thresholds for female householders and “ all other”
families, and (3) development of a poverty threshold for
families with nine members or more.
In 1984, the average poverty threshold for a family of
four was $10,609; for a family of nine persons or more,
the threshhold was $21,247; and for an unrelated in
dividual age 65 and over, $4,979. The poverty threshholds
are updated each year to reflect changes in the Consumer
Price Index for All Urban Consumers ( c p i - U ). For more
information, see Money Income and Poverty Status of
Families and Persons in the United States: 1984 (Advance
Data from the March 1985 Current Population Survey),
Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 149 (Bureau
of the Census, August 1985.)
Concepts and definitions
Work experience. Persons with work experience are
those who worked as civilians at any time during the
year at full- or part-time jobs. Respondents are asked
how many hours they usually worked per week during
the year. They are classified as having worked at full
time jobs if they worked 35 hours or more per week in a
majority of the weeks employed during the year;
respondents are classified as having worked at part-time
jobs if they worked 1 to 34 hours per week in a majority
of the weeks employed during the year.
Income. Data on income are limited to money income
received before personal income taxes and payroll
deductions. Money income is the sum of the amounts
received from earnings (hourly wages, salaries, or pro
fits or losses of self-employed operations); Social
Security or Railroad Retirement benefits; public
Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force comprises all
civilians 16 years and older classified as employed or
unemployed sometime during the year.
33
Population and other data on births, deaths, immigra
tion, emigration, and size of the Armed Forces.
Since the c p s estimates are based on a sample, they
may differ somewhat from the figures that would have
been obtained if a complete census had been taken using
the same questionnaires, instructions, and enumerators.
There are two types of errors possible in an estimate
based on a sample survey: Sampling and nonsampling.
The standard errors provided in this bulletin primarily
indicate the magnitude of the sampling error. They also
partially measure the effect of some nonsampling errors
in response and enumeration, but do not measure any
systematic biases in the data. The full extent of non
sampling error is unknown. Consequently, particular
care should be exercised in the interpretation of figures
based on a relatively small number of cases or on small
differences between estimates.
Employed. Employed persons are all those who in 1984
worked as civilians for pay or profit (including paid
vacations and sick leave) or worked without pay on a
family-operated farm or business.
Year-round, full-time work. Year-round, full-time work
is employment of 50 to 52 weeks during the year, usually
at a full-time job.
Unemployed. Unemployed persons are those who were
looking for work while not employed or were on layoff
for at least 1 week during the year. The number of
weeks unemployed is the total number of weeks ac
cumulated during the entire year.
Involuntary part-time employment. Persons who work
ed less than 35 hours for at least 1 week during the year
because of a) slack work or material shortages, or b)
they could not find part-time work.
Reliability of the estimates
Sampling variability. The standard errors that may be
obtained using this appendix are primarily measures of
sampling variability; that is, of the variation that occur
red by chance because a sample rather than the entire
population was surveyed. The sample estimate and its
estimated standard error enable one to construct con
fidence intervals—-ranges that would include the average
result of all possible samples with a known probability.
For example, if all possible samples were selected, each
surveyed under essentially the same general conditions
and using the same sample design, and if an estimate
and its estimated standard error were calculated from
each sample, then:
1. Approximately 68 percent of the intervals from
one standard error below the estimate to one
standard error above the estimate would in
clude the average result of all possible samples.
2. Approximately 90 percent of the intervals from
1.6 standard errors below the estimate to 1.6
standard errors above the estimate would in
clude the average result of all possible samples.
3. Approximately 95 percent of the intervals from
two standard errors below the estimate to two
standard errors above the estimate would in
clude the average result of all possible samples.
The average estimate derived from all possible
samples may not be contained in any particular com
puted interval. However, for a particular sample, one
can say with a specified confidence that the average
estimate derived from all possible samples is included in
the confidence interval.
Estimating procedure. The estimating procedure used in
this survey inflates weighted sample results to indepen
dent estimates of the civilian noninstitutional popula
tion by age, sex, and race. These independent estimates
were based on statistics from the 1980 Census of
Standard errors fo r data based on the CPS. Because of
the large number of estimates that are produced from
the C P S , it is not feasible to give a standard error for
each of the estimates. Instead, generalized standard er
ror tables and adjustment factors for different types of
Median. The median is the value which divides a
distribution into two equal parts, one part having values
above the median and the other having values below the
median. Median earnings in this bulletin are based on
distributions which include zero values. The median is
estimated by linear interpolation within the distribution.
The precision of the estimates depends on the size of the
interval which contains the median.
Earnings. Earnings are all money income from hourly
wages, salaries, and profits or losses from selfemployment.
Age. The age classification is based upon a person’s age
as of the last birthday.
Family. A family is a group of two persons or more
residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or
adoption. All such persons are considered as members
of one family even though they may include a “ sub
family,” that is, a married couple or a parent-child
group sharing the living quarters of the married couple
or person maintaining the household.
Family or household income. In this bulletin, this term
refers to family income for persons in families and per
sonal income for unrelated individuals.
34
estimates by the Bureau of the Census can be used.
In this bulletin, formulas and parameters used to
derive the generalized tables and adjustment factors are
provided.
Table A-1. Parameters for direct computation of standard
errors of estimated numbers and percentages of
households, families, unrelated individuals, and persons,
1984
Parameters
Characteristics
Standard errors o f estimated numbers and estimated
procedures. Standard errors of estimated numbers and
estimated percentages can be computed directly with
formulas (1) and (2) respectively:
(1)
a
O = J ax2 + bx
Here x is the size of the estimate and a and b are the
parameters associated with the characteristic.
a 1.-J |
Here x is the size of the subclass of the population which
is the base of the percentage, p is the percentage
(0< p <100), and b is the parameter associated with the
characteristic.
Table A-l provides the values of the a and b
parameters that are used in formulas (1) and (2) to
create standard errors of estimated numbers and
estimated percentages of households, families,
unrelated individuals, and persons.
-0.000010
-.000089
- 000237
1,721
1,876
2,713
Number of persons:
All races or w h ite .............................
Black and/or other races ...............
Hispanic origin.................................
-.000009
-.000077
-000294
1,885
2,155
3,363
Families below poverty level:
All races or w h ite .............................
Black and/or other races ...............
Hispanic origin.................................
.000076
.000076
- 000237
1,876
1,876
2,713
Persons below poverty level:
All races or w h ite .............................
Black and/or other races ...............
Hispanic origin..................................
-.000031
-000270
- 000063
7,946
7,946
11,528
Other limitations
Besides errors that result directly from sampling varia
tion, the c p s is known to have other limitations which
affect results of the survey. Foremost, the income
estimates reported in the c p s are lower than amounts
reported by other independent sources, such as the
Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Social Security
Administration. These differences are termed “ under
reporting” and occur for a variety of reasons, among
them: Overlooking small amounts of income, lack of in
formation on money-income-producing activities of
family members not present during the interview, and
reluctance to reveal certain types of income such as
public assistance or alimony. More generally, the C P S is
affected by recall problems—inability to recall com
pletely or accurately events which took place during the
previous year. Other errors can occur in conducting or
processing interviews, such as m isstating or
misunderstanding interview questions.
In the March 1985 c p s , no interview was obtained for
approximately 4 percent of the households in the sample
for reasons such as “ no one home,” “ temporarily ab
sent,” or “ refusals.” In order to account for these
households, the weights assigned to households in which
interviews were obtained have been increased slightly.
The “ noninterview” adjustment procedure adjusts the
% .*
where and Oyare the standard errors of the estimates x
and y, and P represents the correlation between the two
estimates.
For the year-to-year comparisons of income and
poverty estimates, the correlation coefficients, P, are
contained in the detailed reports in the series, Current
Population Reports, P-60. For other comparisons,
assume P equals zero. Making this assumption will
result in accurate estimates of the difference between two
estimates of the same characteristics in two different
areas, or for the difference between separate and uncor
related characteristics in the same area. If, however,
there is a high positive (negative) correlation between
the two characteristics, the formula will overestimate
(underestimate) the true standard error.
Note when using small estimates. Summary measures
(such as means, medians, and percent distributions) are
shown in this bulletin only when the base is 75,000 or
greater. Because of the large standard errors involved,
there is little chance that summary measures would
reveal useful information when computed on a smaller
Number of households, families, and
unrelated individuals:
All races or w h ite .............................
Black and/or other races ...............
Hispanic origin..................................
base. Estimated numbers are shown, however, even
though the relative standard errors of these numbers are
larger than those for corresponding percentages. These
smaller estimates are provided primarily to permit com
binations of the categories which may serve users’
needs.
Standard error o f a difference. The formula for approx
imate standard errors of the difference between two
estimates x and y, is given by:
(3)
b
35
weights of sample households by race of head and
within a specified set of geographical restrictions.
Nonresponse is a serious problem in most household
surveys and is especially troublesome for income ques
tions. In many cases, even though an interview is ob
tained, complete information for all of the income ques
tions is not available, unknown, or not divulged. Miss
ing income items are inputed or allocated by values
which are obtained from active respondents with similar
economic and demographic characteristics.1
There are other limitations of the C P S data which are
particularly important in linking employment problems
to economic status. First, family status is recorded as of
the date of the c p s interview in March, which may not
be the same as the family status which existed in the
previous year. Another important limitation is that
hourly earnings are not reported for the entire c p s sam
ple, although annual earnings are. Further, the c p s does
not have complete information on persons who have
limited participation in the labor force, c p s data do not
reveal if the employment of part-year workers is limited
by labor market conditions or is voluntary in nature.
Also, it is not possible to determine how many persons
never participated in the labor force because they view
ed their employment opportunities as unfavorable.
Survey of Income and Program Participation
were collected in 1984 are included.) The civilian
noninstitutional population excludes all members of the
Armed Forces and inmates of institutions such as homes
for the aged and detention centers. Only persons who
remained in the civilian noninstitutional population for
the 4 months of the survey period are included in the
estimates. Excluded are persons who died or became in
stitutionalized during the period.
Concepts and definitions
With a job. Persons are classified as “ with a job’’
during the reference period if they were 16 years or older
and either (a) worked as paid employees or worked in
their own business or profession or on their own farm or
worked without pay in a family business or farm or (b)
were temporarily absent from work either with pay or
without pay. In general, the word “job’’ implies an ar
rangement for regular work for pay where payment is in
cash wages or salaries, at piece rates, in tips, by commis
sion, or in kind (meals, living quarters, supplies receiv
ed). In this bulletin, “job” also includes selfemployment at a business, professional practice, or
farm. A business is defined as an activity that involves
the use of machinery or equipment in which money has
been invested or an activity requiring an office, “ place
of business” , or advertising. Payment may be in the
form of profits or fees.
The C P S , the official source of labor force statistics for
the Nation, uses the same definitions for a job or
business. The term “ with a job” , however, should not
be confused with the term “ employed” as used in the
C PS.
In s i p p , “ with a job” includes those who were
temporarily absent from a job because of layoff and
those waiting to begin a new job in 30 days; in the c p s
these persons are not considered employed, but are
classified as “ unemployed.”
( s ip p )
(Tables 20-25)
The source, coverage, and concepts and definitions of
the s i p p data presented in this bulletin are described
below.
Source of data
The data are from the Survey of Income and Program
Participation ( s i p p ) wave 3 of the 1984 panel. The data
are averages of 4-month overlapping reference periods
between January and July 1984. The periods are
January through April, February through May, March
through June, and April through July 1984.
With labor force activity. This term as used in this
bulletin includes all persons with a job (as defined
above) and those looking for work or on layoff from a
job for at least 1 week during a 4-month period. Con
versely, those persons “ with no labor force activity”
had no job, were not on layoff from a job, and made no
effort to find a job during the month.
Population coverage
During each month in 1984, a personal interview was
conducted for about one-fourth of the 20,000 active
sample households in 174 areas comprising 450 counties
and independent cities in 44 States and the District of
Columbia. Estimates are for persons in the civilian
noninstitutional population who were 16 years of age
and over as of April 1985. (Persons who would have
been 16 years old as of April 1985 and were at least 15
years old during all four reference periods in which data
Looking fo r work. Persons who “ looked for work” in a
given month are those who were 16 years old or over
and (a) were without a job during at least 1 week during
the reference period, (b) tried to get work or establish a
business or profession in that week, and (c) were
available to accept a job. Examples of jobseeking ac
tivities are (1) registering at a public or private employ
ment office, (2) meeting with prospective employers, (3)
investigating possibilities for starting a professional
practice or opening a business, (4) placing or answering
1F o r m o re in fo r m a tio n , see M o n ey In com e o f H ouseholds,
Fam ilies, a n d P erso n s in the U n ited States: 1984, C urrent P o p u la tio n
R ep o rts, S eries P -6 0 , N o . 151 (B u rea u o f th e C e n su s, 1986).
36
advertisements, (5) writing letters of application, (6) be
ing on a professional register, and (7) asking friends or
relatives.
Layoff. In general, the word “ layoff” means release
from a job because of slack work, material shortages,
inventory taking, plant remodeling, installation of
machinery, or other similar reasons; the released
workers anticipate recall at some future date, either
specified or not. For this survey, persons were also on
“ layoff” who did not have a job but responded that
they had spent at least 1 week on layoff from a job and
that they were available to accept a job.
In addition, persons were on “ layoff” during the
reference period if they were “ with a job” but “ absent
without pay” from that job for at least 1 full week and
they responded that their main reason for being absent
from their job or business was “ layoff.” In this
bulletin, the figures for persons “ on layoff” also in
clude a small number of persons who responded that
they were waiting to report to a new wage and salary job
that was to begin within 30 days.
nual income reports based on the March c p s income
supplement questionnaire. The data in those reports,
published in the Consumer Income Series, P-60, are
based only on income received in a regular or periodic
manner and, therefore, exclude lump-sum or one-time
payments, such as inheritances or insurance settlements.
The March income definition also excludes those same
income sources excluded by s i p p .
The income amounts represent amounts actually
received before deductions for income and payroll
taxes, union dues, Part B Medicare premiums, etc.
The s i p p income definition includes three types of
earnings: Wages and salaries, nonfarm self-employment
income, and farm self-employment income. The defini
tion of nonfarm self-employment and farm selfemployment income is based on salary or other income
received from the business by the owner of the business
or farm during the 4-month period; it is not based on
the net difference between gross receipts or sales and
operating expenses, depreciation, etc. Earnings from all
jobs and self-employment are included.
Table A-2. Income sources included in cash income
Some unemployment. Persons with some unemploy
ment are those who were looking for work while not
employed or were on layoff for at least 1 week during a
4-month period. The number of weeks with some
unemployment is the total during the 4-month period.
Some involuntary part-time employment. This includes
persons who worked less than 35 hours per week during
the 4-month period a) because of slack work or material
shortages, or b) because they could not find part-time
work.
Income from assets (property income)
Regular/passbook savings accounts in a bank, sav
ings and loan, or credit union
Money market deposit accounts
Certificates of deposit or other savings certificates
n o w , Super n o w , or other interest-earning check
ing accounts
Money market funds
U.S. Government securities
Municipal or corporate bonds
Other interest-earning assets
Stocks or mutual fund shares
Rental property
Mortgages
Royalties
Other financial investments
Low earners. These are persons who worked full time
during the entire 4-month period whose earnings were
less than $2,233~approximately the equivalent of earn
ing the minimum hourly wage of $3.35 for 40 hours of
work per week for 4 months.
Discouraged workers. These are persons who reported
no labor force activity in 1 week or more and didn’t look
for work during this time because either they felt they
lacked certain personal qualifications, believed no jobs
were available, or believed they could not find a job.
Other income sources
Social Security
U.S. Government Railroad Retirement
Federal Supplemental Security Income
State-Administered Supplemental Security Income
State unemployment compensation
Supplemental Unemployment Benefits
Other unemployment compensation (Trade Adjust
ment Act benefits, strike pay, other)
Cash income. The cash income concept includes the sum
of all income received from any of the sources listed in
table A-2. Excluded are rebates, refunds, loans, and
capital gain or loss amounts from the sale of assets; in
terhousehold transfers of cash such as allowances; and
accrued interest on Individual Retirement Accounts;
Keogh retirement plans; and U.S. Savings Bonds. This
definition differs somewhat from that used in the an
Earnings from employment
Wages and salaries
Nonfarm self-employment income
Farm self-employment income
37
Table A-3. Sources of means-tested benefits covered in SIPP.
Table A-2—Continued. Income sources included in cash
income.
Veterans’ compensation or pensions
Black lung payments
Workers’ compensaton
State temporary sickness or disability benefits
Payments from a sickness, accident, or disability
insurance policy purchased on your own
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (A F D C )
General assistance or general relief
Indian, Cuban, or Refugee Assistance
Foster child care payments
Other welfare
Child support payments
Alimony payments
Pensions from a company or union
Federal Civil Service or other Federal civilian
employee pensions
U.S. Military retirement
National Guard or Reserve Forces retirement
State government pensions
Local government pensions
Income from paid-up life insurance policies or
annuities
Estates and trusts
Other payments for retirement, disability or
survivors
G.I. Bill/Veterans’ Education Assistance Program
Income assistance from a charitable group
Money from relatives or friends
Lump-sum payments
Income from roomers or boarders
National Guard or Reserve pay
Incidental or casual earnings
Other cash income not included elsewhere
Cash benefits
Federal Supplemental Security Income
State-Administered Supplemental Security Income
Veterans’ pensions
Aid to Families with Dependent Children ( a f d c )
General assistance or general relief
Indian, Cuban, or Refugee Assistance
Other welfare
Noncash benefits
Food stamps
Special Supplemental Food Program for Women,
Infants, and Children (wic)
Low-income home energy assistance
Medicaid
Free or reduced-price school lunches
Free or reduced-price school breakfasts
Public or subsidized rental housing
Persons are considered recipients if they are enrolled in
the Medicaid program, regardless of whether they ac
tually used any Medicaid covered health care services
during the survey reference period.
Unemployment compensation is the cash benefits paid
to unemployed workers through a State or local
unemployment agency. It includes all benefits paid
under the Federal-State unemployment insurance pro
gram as established under the Social Security Act, as
well as those benefits paid to State and local government
employees, Federal civilian employees, and veterans.
Low-Income Home Energy Assistance benefits are
provided by the federally funded program authorized by
Title XXVI of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
of 1981, or comparable assistance provided through
State-funded assistance programs. The assistance may
be received in the form of direct payment to the
household as reimbursement for heating or cooling ex
penses or paid directly to the fuel dealer or landlord.
Means-tested benefits. This term refers to programs that
require that the income or assets (resources) of the in
dividual or family be below specified guidelines in order
to qualify for benefits. These programs provide cash
and noncash assistance to the low-income population.
The major sources of means-tested cash and noncash
assistance are shown in table A-3.
Special Supplemental Food Program fo r Women, In
fants, and Children (wic). Benefits from this program
are received in the form of vouchers that are redeemed
at retail stores for specific supplemental nutritious
foods. Eligible low-income recipients are infants and
children up to age five, and pregnant, postpartum, and
breastfeeding women.
Medicare is the Federal Health Insurance Program for
the Aged and Disabled as provided for by Title XVII of
the Social Security Act. The phrase “ Medicare
covered” refers to persons enrolled in the Medicare pro
gram, regardless of whether they actually utilized any
Medicare covered health care services during the survey
reference period.
Average monthly cash benefits payments. For each type
of cash benefits, an average benefit payment was
calculated per receipt month, per recipient. That is, an
average was calculated across receipt months for each
Medicaid is the Federal-State program of medical
assistance for low income individuals and their families
as provided for by Title XIX of the Social Security Act.
38
of the questions, problems of recall, the provision of in
correct information, mistakes in data processing and
coding, and in the allocation for missing data values.
Unlike sampling errors, the magnitude of which can be
estimated, nonsampling errors cannot be quantified
unless data on the same topic are available from other
sources, such as administrative records.
Comparisons of the s i p p data with those from other
sources have been made with regard to some items, par
ticularly income. The data on income are known to be
subject to underreporting (a problem which also affects
the data from the c p s ); that is, other data sources in
dicate that there are more recipients of certain types of
income and more dollars received than indicated by the
s i p p findings. Comparisons of s i p p data with other
sources, including the c p s , may be found in the reports
cited above.
recipient and these monthly averages were then averag
ed across all recipients.
Reliability of the estimates
Since the s i p p data are produced from a sample, they
are subject to both sampling and nonsampling errors.
Sampling errors can be quantified and are estimated in
the same way as the sampling errors associated with the
data from the c p s . For comprehensive information on
sampling errors in the s i p p data, see Current Population
Reports, Series P-70, No. 3, Economic Characteristics
o f Households in the United States: First Quarter 1984
(Bureau of the Census, 1985), and No. 4 in this series
for the second quarter of 1984.
Nonsampling errors arise from such factors as the
possible misinterpretation of questions, unwillingness
on the part of some respondents to answer some or all
39
Appendix B. Supplementary Tables from the Current
Population Survey
Table B-1. Persons with unemployment by family status, family income, poverty status, and weeks of unemployment, 1984
(Numbers in thousands)
Characteristic
Persons
with
labor force
experience
Without
unem
ployment
Weeks of unemployment
Total
with
unem
ployment
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 to 51
weeks
52 weeks
All persons 16 and over
T o ta l..................................................................
124,117
102,583
21,535
5,290
6,643
4,815
3,887
900
Family income:'
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
5,183
9,115
11,655
12,597
13,142
72,426
2,661
5,780
8,787
10,013
10,896
64,445
2,522
3,335
2,868
2,583
2,246
7,981
449
604
631
624
552
2,430
522
900
925
840
774
2,683
542
814
679
605
521
1,653
715
796
511
442
344
1,079
293
222
121
72
55
136
Below poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
10,443
8.4
5,703
5.6
4,740
22.0
810
15.3
1,043
15.7
1,111
23.1
1,303
33.5
473
52.6
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
14,632
11.8
8,527
8.3
6,105
28.4
1,060
20.0
1,413
21.3
1,447
30.0
1,638
42.1
548
60.9
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
19,315
15.6
11,879
11.6
7,437
34.5
1,349
25.5
1,825
27.5
1,795
37.3
1,873
48.2
594
66.1
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
30,125
24.3
20,126
19.6
9,999
46.4
1,909
36.1
2,716
40.9
2,373
49.3
2,316
59.6
685
76.2
Median family income.............................................
$28,988
$31,144
$18,905
$23,041
$20,786
$17,932
$14,273
$8,636
T o ta l..................................................................
40,532
35,300
5,231
1,052
1,757
1,283
935
204
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
743
1,668
2,784
3,596
4,330
27,410
439
970
2,025
2,791
3,598
25,477
303
698
760
805
732
1,934
15
57
115
155
178
532
46
183
261
263
276
727
75
181
201
231
163
433
113
215
154
139
104
211
55
62
28
17
11
31
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,332
5.8
1,339
3.8
992
19.0
76
7.2
234
13.3
258
20.1
308
33.0
117
57.4
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
3,507
8.7
2,174
6.2
1,333
25.5
115
10.9
349
19.9
349
27.2
393
42.0
127
62.2
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
4,777
11.8
3,131
8.9
1,646
31.5
169
16.1
434
24.7
445
34.6
457
48.9
140
68.6
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
8,032
19.8
5,665
16.0
2,366
45.2
305
29.0
695
39.5
632
49.3
570
61.0
165
80.6
Median family income.............................................
$32,799
$34,723
$20,316
$25,173
$22,127
$19,031
$14,452
$8,749
H usbands
See footnotes at end of table.
40
Table B-1. Persons with unemployment by family status, family income, poverty status, and weeks of unemployment,
1984— Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Persons
-with
labor force
experience
Without
unem
ployment
Total
with
unem
ployment
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
T ota l..................................................................
30,724
26,579
4,145
1,260
1,390
834
576
85
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 .................................................
$10,000 to $14,999..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
444
1,093
1,915
2,656
3,277
21,339
305
751
1,428
2,122
2,695
19,277
139
342
487
534
582
2,062
22
91
150
156
155
687
42
85
167
188
227
681
18
68
95
101
116
437
42
82
60
82
76
234
16
17
16
7
8
22
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,371
4.5
936
3.5
435
10.5
107
8.5
116
8.3
67
8.0
113
19.7
32
38.1
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,125
6.9
1,503
5.7
622
15.0
162
12.9
167
12.1
105
12.6
150
26.0
37
43.7
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,954
9.6
2,103
7.9
851
20.5
228
18.1
235
16.9
157
18.8
188
32.7
43
50.1
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
5,282
17.2
3,957
14.9
1,325
32.0
350
27.8
439
31.6
233
27.9
247
43.0
55
64.2
Median family income.............................................
$33,791
$35,284
$24,808
$26,117
$24,724
$25,733
$21,254
$13,211
T o ta l..................................................................
16,098
12,098
4,000
1,083
1,162
804
797
154
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 .................................................
$10,000 to $14,999..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
146
372
600
829
1,084
13,067
90
192
355
512
746
10,203
57
180
245
317
337
2,864
10
35
36
61
62
878
4
31
51
91
92
893
8
33
67
70
82
544
21
55
82
75
496
12
27
23
12
26
53
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
711
4.4
389
3.2
322
8.1
61
5.6
50
4.3
68
8.5
102
12.8
41
26.5
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,108
6.9
629
5.2
479
12.0
81
7.5
90
7.8
106
13.2
140
17.5
61
39.6
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,550
9.6
928
7.7
622
15.5
107
9.9
114
9.8
160
19.9
174
21.9
67
43.5
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,759
17.1
1,740
14.4
1,019
25.5
190
17.5
220
19.0
246
30.6
277
34.8
86
55.8
Median family income.............................................
$43,106
$45,180
$36,128
$41,762
$37,642
$34,700
$31,016
$20,646
Characteristic
Weeks of unemployment
15 to 26
weeks
27 to 51
weeks
52 weeks
W ives
O thers in m arried-couple fam ilies
See footnotes at end of table.
41
68
Table B-1. Persons with unemployment by family status, family income, poverty status, and weeks of unemployment,
1984—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Persons
with
labor force
experience
Without
unem
ployment
Total
with
unem
ployment
T o ta l..................................................................
6,687
5,247
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
739
1,299
1,191
1,043
776
1,638
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
Characteristic
Weeks of unemployment
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 to 51
weeks
1,439
389
417
310
245
77
299
789
980
926
722
1,531
441
509
211
117
54
108
122
104
52
46
19
46
106
144
77
45
12
34
92
130
47
16
9
16
86
96
29
9
13
10
33
35
7
1
2
1
1,669
25.0
842
16.0
827
57.5
197
50.5
206
49.3
201
64.6
161
65.9
63
80.8
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,163
32.3
1,179
22.5
984
68.3
229
58.7
254
60.9
236
75.9
196
80.2
69
88.9
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,677
40.0
1,577
30.1
1,099
76.4
255
65.5
306
73.3
261
84.1
206
84.1
71
91.7
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
3,541
52.9
2,337
44.5
1,204
83.6
286
73.5
347
83.1
283
91.3
215
87.8
72
93.5
Median family income.............................................
$15,528
$17,937
$7,250
$8,320
$8,410
$6,382
$6,723
$5,341
T ota l..................................................................
6,454
4,425
2,029
413
486
488
485
159
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
340
751
809
909
878
2,767
129
366
498
580
632
2,220
211
385
312
328
246
547
32
64
47
62
46
162
48
67
63
85
67
154
34
86
81
86
75
126
68
124
84
76
52
82
29
43
37
19
7
22
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,008
15.6
472
10.7
536
26.4
89
21.5
96
19.7
108
22.1
181
37.3
63
39.7
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,352
21.0
660
14.9
692
34.1
121
29.3
118
24.4
156
31.9
223
46.0
74
46.5
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,760
27.3
904
20.4
856
42.2
140
34.0
170
35.0
192
39.4
264
54.5
89
56.3
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,471
38.3
1,344
30.4
1,126
55.5
179
43.4
236
48.6
268
55.0
331
68.3
112
70.6
Median family income.............................................
$22,325
$25,109
$16,621
$20,148
$18,886
$17,421
$13,352
$10,663
52 weeks
W om en w h o m aintain fam ilies
O th ers in fam ilies m aintained by w o m en
See footnotes at end of table.
42
Table B-1. Persons with unemployment by family status, family income, poverty status, and weeks of unemployment,
1984—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Persons
with
labor force
experience
Without
unem
ployment
T o ta l..................................................................
1,767
1,425
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
88
165
187
169
222
935
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
Characteristic
Total
with
unem
ployment
Weeks of unemployment
15 to 26
weeks
27 to 51
weeks
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
342
66
86
84
74
32
40
85
122
134
177
866
48
80
64
35
46
69
4
6
15
8
15
19
10
12
18
11
9
25
1
20
15
12
18
18
19
33
12
3
3
5
14
9
4
2
1
2
193
10.9
89
6.2
104
30.5
7
ft
20
23.2
19
23.0
ft
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
257
14.5
123
8.6
134
39.1
ft
26
30.0
23
27.7
ft
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
327
18.5
172
12.1
155
45.3
ft
30
35.3
29
34.0
ft
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
485
27.4
280
19.7
204
59.8
ft
43
50.4
44
52.1
ft
27
ft
Median family income.............................................
$26,041
$28,607
$13,304
ft
$15,520
$16,400
ft
ft
T ota l..................................................................
1,624
1,119
504
93
162
132
82
35
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
45
105
158
157
185
974
21
45
84
86
128
756
24
60
74
72
57
218
7
2
16
13
5
50
5
7
18
14
27
91
7
31
17
15
13
50
13
17
17
12
23
5
6
6
13
_
5
Below poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
116
7.2
42
3.8
74
14.7
12
13.2
13
8.1
30
22.6
14
16.7
ft
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
172
10.6
64
5.7
108
21.4
15
15.9
21
13.1
39
29.8
22
27.2
ft
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
222
13.7
98
8.7
125
24.8
17
18.7
24
15.0
47
35.3
26
31.0
ft
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
373
23.0
191
17.0
183
36.2
33
35.2
31
18.9
62
46.9
41
49.2
ft
Median family income.............................................
$29,131
$33,025
$22,464
$27,092
$27,585
$17,892
$18,253
ft
52 weeks
Men who maintain families
10
17
26
38
21
ft
50
25
ft
55
64
25
ft
Others in families maintained by men
See footnotes at end of table.
43
5
10
11
17
Table B-1. Persons with unemployment by family status, family income, poverty status, and weeks of unemployment,
1984—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Persons
with
labor force
experience
Without
unem
ployment
Total
with
unem
ployment
T o ta l..................................................................
11,027
8,616
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
1,367
1,750
1,989
1,644
1,329
2,949
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
Characteristic
Weeks of unemployment
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 to 51
weeks
2,411
525
715
558
509
104
597
1,124
1,517
1,386
1,172
2,820
770
625
472
258
157
129
117
111
127
75
56
39
130
201
176
96
55
57
181
157
107
57
38
19
261
136
62
29
9
12
82
21
1,582
14.3
719
8.3
863
35.8
131
24.9
162
22.6
206
36.9
279
54.7
86
82.0
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,054
18.6
1,002
11.6
1,052
43.6
161
30.7
191
26.7
259
46.5
342
67.1
99
94.7
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,588
23.5
1,368
15.9
1,220
50.6
198
37.7
259
36.2
293
52.5
370
72.7
100
95.8
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
3,557
32.3
2,040
23.7
1,517
62.9
260
49.7
382
53.4
359
64.3
412
81.0
103
98.5
Median family income.............................................
$16,005
$18,739
$8,167
$11,133
$10,481
$7,683
$4,704
$1,242
T ota l..................................................................
9,205
7,774
1,431
409
469
321
183
49
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
1,270
1,912
2,021
1,593
1,061
1,347
741
1,457
1,778
1,476
1,025
1,296
529
455
243
117
35
51
121
133
75
47
18
15
130
169
92
47
9
21
126
109
49
18
9
10
106
41
26
5
46
3
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,461
15.9
875
11.3
586
40.9
131
32.1
147
31.4
154
47.9
107
58.5
46
O
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,894
20.6
1,191
15.3
703
49.1
167
40.8
195
41.7
172
53.6
121
66.3
47
(1
2)
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,461
26.7
1,597
20.5
863
60.3
217
53.2
252
53.7
213
66.1
133
72.3
49
(2)
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
3,626
39.4
2,571
33.1
1,055
73.7
280
68.6
322
68.7
246
76.6
157
85.8
0
Median family income.............................................
$13,478
$14,736
$6,921
$7,960
$7,891
$6,186
$4,078
52 weeks
All o th e r m en3
-
1
1
All o th e r w o m e n 3
1 Personal income for “ all other” men and women.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
-
-
6
3 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
NOTE: Dash represents zero or rounds to zero.
44
-
-
49
(2)
Table B-2. Persons with part-time employment by family status, family income, poverty status, and reason for working part
time, 1984
(Numbers in thousands)
Reason for working part time
Characteristic
Total
Voluntary:
Wanted or could
only work part time
Involuntary:
Slack work or could only find part-time work
Total
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 weeks
or more
Other
reasons
All persons 16 and over
T otal..................................................................
43,877
21,039
14,429
4,416
4,687
2,664
2,663
8,409
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
2,823
4,820
5,017
4,689
4,660
21,868
1,067
1,842
1,927
1,943
2,062
12,198
1,315
2,073
2,060
1,806
1,653
5,521
337
523
602
561
565
1,826
465
640
687
562
517
1,816
259
426
362
376
282
959
253
485
409
307
290
920
442
904
1,030
940
945
4,148
Below poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
5,437
12.4
1,932
9.2
2,561
17.7
653
14.8
843
18.0
507
19.0
557
20.9
944
11.2
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
7,595
17.3
2,734
13.0
3,496
24.2
895
20.3
1,139
24.3
700
26.3
763
28.6
1,365
16.2
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
9,869
22.5
3,630
17.3
4,444
30.8
1,132
25.6
1,458
31.1
902
33.9
952
35.7
1,795
21.3
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
14,803
33.7
5,731
27.2
6,379
44.2
1,727
39.1
2,044
43.6
1,266
47.5
1,343
50.4
2,692
32.0
Median family income............................................. $24,931
$28,827
$19,884
$21,492
$19,906
$18,760
$17,823
$24,581
H usbands
T otal..................................................................
8,242
2,026
3,658
1,407
1,229
673
349
2,558
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r................................................
282
767
1,143
1,191
1,117
3,743
45
163
312
303
280
922
164
405
513
572
517
1,487
61
108
175
209
206
647
49
142
185
172
176
506
31
91
109
123
90
228
23
64
44
67
46
105
72
198
318
316
320
1,334
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
914
11.1
130
6.4
527
14.4
163
11.6
176
14.3
115
17.2
73
20.9
257
10.1
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,382
16.8
206
10.2
782
21.4
239
17.0
268
21.8
168
25.0
108
30.9
393
15.4
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,799
21.8
290
14.3
999
27.3
301
21.4
355
28.9
214
31.8
130
37.1
510
19.9
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,814
34.1
490
24.2
1,497
40.9
488
34.7
513
41.7
319
47.4
177
50.5
827
32.3
Median family income............................................. $23,273
$23,464
$21,536
$23,826
$21,710
$19,216
$17,812
$25,504
See footnotes at end of table.
45
Table B-2. Persons with part-time employment by family status, family income, poverty status, and reason for working part
time, 1984—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Reason for working part time
Characteristic
Total
Voluntary:
Wanted or could
only work part time
Involuntary:
Slack work or could only find part-time work
Total
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 weeks
or more
Other
reasons
W ives
T o ta l..................................................................
13,332
8,342
3,039
881
866
554
737
1,951
Ramily income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
242
643
1,062
1,427
1,678
8,280
131
309
580
816
981
5,526
83
249
355
424
466
1,461
17
68
82
129
162
424
29
66
102
131
107
432
22
58
79
74
68
252
15
57
92
91
129
353
28
86
126
187
230
1,292
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
754
5.7
375
4.5
279
9.2
68
7.7
80
9.2
59
10.7
72
9.7
101
5.2
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T o ta l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,208
9.1
606
7.3
442
14.5
111
12.6
137
15.8
95
17.1
99
13.4
161
8.2
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,672
12.5
869
10.4
594
19.5
153
17.4
174
20.1
129
23.3
137
18.5
209
10.7
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
3,018
22.6
1,640
19.7
1,015
33.4
274
31.1
281
32.5
208
37.5
252
34.2
363
18.6
Median family income............................................. $29,771
$31,571
$24,378
$24,608
$24,836
$23,066
$24,567
$31,715
O th ers in m arried -co up le fam ilies
T o ta l..................................................................
9,034
5,547
2,382
615
817
482
467
1,105
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
86
200
364
488
659
7,237
49
89
175
253
364
4,617
28
72
135
171
211
1,764
5
14
37
49
46
464
9
33
48
39
80
608
8
14
19
48
40
354
5
12
30
36
44
339
10
38
53
63
85
856
Below poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
396
4.4
182
3.3
151
6.3
31
5.0
60
7.4
24
5.0
35
7.6
64
5.8
Below 1.25 poverty ievel:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
610
6.8
293
5.3
227
9.5
49
7.9
83
10.2
42
8.8
53
11.3
91
8.2
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
892
9.9
415
7.5
347
14.6
77
12.5
127
15.6
65
13.5
77
16.5
129
11.7
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,668
18.5
848
15.3
575
24.1
149
24.2
199
24.3
116
24.1
111
23.8
245
22.2
Median family income............................................. $41,556
$43,073
$37,570
$36,166
$36,933
$38,890
$38,129
$42,829
See footnotes at end of table.
46
Table B-2. Persons with part-time employment by family status, family income, poverty status, and reason for workihg part
time, 1984—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Reason for working part time
Characteristic
Total
Voluntary:
Wanted or could
only work part time
Involuntary:
Slack work or could only find part-time work
Total
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 weeks
or more
Other
reasons
W om en w h o m aintain fam ilies
T ota l..................................................................
2,188
789
920
236
270
166
249
479
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 .................................................
$10,000 to $14,999..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
369
624
441
244
169
339
144
195
134
102
58
156
179
308
207
91
68
68
50
85
51
15
17
18
53
72
66
24
33
22
32
54
26
28
10
16
44
97
63
24
9
12
46
121
100
51
43
116
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
839
38.4
295
37.3
412
44.7
110
46.7
102
37.9
69
41.4
130
52.3
133
27.8
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,050
48.0
340
43.1
522
56.8
146
61.6
129
47.8
89
53.5
159
64.1
188
39.2
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,263
57.7
414
52.5
606
65.9
160
67.8
158
58.5
112
67.4
177
71.1
243
50.7
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,530
69.9
505
64.0
742
80.6
191
80.7
201
74.6
133
80.5
217
87.2
283
59.2
Median family income............................................. $10,963
$11,945
$9,441
$8,188
$11,232
$9,727
$8,245
$12,784
O th ers in fam ilies m aintained by w o m en
T ota l..................................................................
3,177
1,419
1,300
312
421
274
293
458
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 .................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
183
428
475
481
475
59
170
197
191
199
603
100
205
224
222
207
341
13
35
42
56
60
107
47
79
80
71
50
94
20
39
43
56
50
66
20
53
60
39
47
74
24
53
53
68
68
193
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
549
17:3
204
14.4
283
21.8
48
15.5
117
27.8
55
20.2
63
21.3
62
13.5
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
767
24.1
291
20.5
379
29.2
67
21.4
153
36.5
73
26.5
87
29.5
96
21.0
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,003
31.6
378
26.6
495
38.1
90
28.7
189
45.0
89
32.3
128
43.5
130
28.5
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,403
44.2
546
38.4
685
52.7
135
43.3
243
57.7
133
48.6
174
59.4
172
37.6
Median family income............................................. $20,234
$22,498
$17,562
$20,997
$15,586
$18,109
$16,206
$22,099
See footnotes at end of table.
47
Table B-2. Persons with part-time employment by family status, family income, poverty status, and reason for working part
time, 1984—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Reason for working part time
Characteristic
Total
Voluntary:
Wanted or could
only work part time
Involuntary:
Slack work or could only find part-time work
Total
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 weeks
or more
Other
reasons
Men w ho m aintain fam ilies
T ota l..................................................................
438
80
219
65
84
48
23
139
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
36
79
87
43
50
144
6
7
16
6
16
29
24
48
46
27
16
58
5
13
17
4
2
24
8
12
15
16
11
22
6
19
7
3
4
8
6
4
7
3
6
23
26
10
18
57
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
87
19.8
11
13.1
51
23.1
16
ft
12
14.8
ft
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
113
25.7
13
16.3
65
29.6
ft
21
25.2
ft
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
149
33.9
16
20.2
90
41.2
ft
27
32.1
ft
Below 2.00 poverty level
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
207
47.2
27
33.9
126
57.5
ft
38
45.4
ft
ft
54
38.8
Median family income............................................. $16,352
$21,123
$13,825
(2)
$17,453
ft
ft
$20,853
21
24
36
-
3
14
8
26
18.5
8
35
25.1
11
42
30.2
ft
14
ft
28
ft
34
18
O th ers in fam ilies m aintained by men
57
7
11
11
8
8
11
2
5
17
8
3
22
712
272
315
85
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
24
57
89
64
78
400
8
21
22
19
26
176
16
27
52
37
34
148
7
1
11
7
12
46
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
54
7.6
19
7.2
30
9.6
9
10.3
5
3.8
ft
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
82
11.5
27
10.0
42
13.4
10
11.7
8
6.4
ft
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
113
15.8
35
12.9
62
19.6
11
13.3
16
13.8
ft
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
196
27.5
60
22.2
111
35.3
27
31.7
23
19.4
ft
Median family income............................................. $27,145
$29,702
$24,032
$28,358
$25,967
ft
See footnotes at end of table.
48
118
56
T ota l..................................................................
-
10
13
14
12
69
125
9
15
7
18
76
6
4
3.5
12
12
9.9
13
16
12.8
31
ft
24
19.6
ft
$28,335
12
ft
12
ft
21
ft
31
Table B-2. Persons with part-time employment by family status, family income, poverty status, and reason for working part
time, 1984—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Reason for working part time
Characteristic
Total
Voluntary:
Wanted or could
only work part time
Involuntary:
Slack work or could only find part-time work
Total
1 to 4
weeks
5 to 14
weeks
15 to 26
weeks
27 weeks
or more
Other
reasons
All other men3
T o ta l..................................................................
3,533
1,037
1,565
542
589
243
191
932
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 .................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r................................................
828
926
693
418
285
383
266
320
178
110
91
71
435
412
313
164
94
147
126
103
129
66
43
76
179
147
105
61
42
55
77
78
44
23
6
13
53
84
35
14
3
2
127
195
202
144
99
164
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
951
26.9
308
29.7
499
31.9
144
26.6
190
32.3
91
37.6
73
38.1
145
15.6
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,204
34.1
399
38.5
618
39.5
166
30.6
231
39.3
120
49.3
101
52.7
187
20.1
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,476
41.8
486
46.9
721
46.1
194
35.8
271
46.0
139
57.1
117
61.3
269
28.9
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,940
54.9
639
61.7
931
59.5
262
48.3
355
60.2
169
69.5
146
76.4
370
39.7
Median family income............................................. $10,062
$8,610
$9,205
$11,624
$9,181
$6,658
$6,473
$13,686
All other women3
T ota l..................................................................
3,221
1,527
1,032
272
294
169
297
662
Family income:1
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
772
1,097
664
334
149
206
359
569
312
143
46
98
285
347
215
98
39
48
55
97
57
27
17
20
90
80
74
34
7
9
56
63
23
12
5
10
84
108
60
26
10
9
128
180
137
93
63
60
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
892
27.7
409
26.8
330
31.9
64
23.5
100
34.1
67
39.5
99
33.2
152
23.0
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,179
36.6
559
36.6
418
40.5
87
31.9
108
36.8
87
51.5
136
45.9
201
30.4
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,503
46.7
727
47.6
530
51.4
121
44.6
141
47.9
105
62.1
163
54.9
246
37.2
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,025
62.9
975
63.8
696
67.5
165
60.6
192
65.2
123
72.5
217
73.2
354
53.5
Median family income.............................................
$8,646
$8,336
$8,107
$9,113
$8,517
$6,438
$7,154
$10,438
1 Personal income for “ all other” men and women.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
3 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
NOTE: Dash represents zero or rounds to zero.
49
Table B-3. Earnings distribution of year-round full-time workers by family status, family income, and poverty status, 1984
(Numbers in thousands)
With personal earnings of -
Characteristic
Under
$6,700
Total
Total
Under
$3,000
$3,000
to
$6,699
$6,700
to
$9,999
$10,000
to
$14,999
$15,000
and
over
Median
personal
earnings1
All persons 16 and ov er
T ota l..................................................................
70,419
4,492
1,768
2,724
6,089
13,717
46,121
$19,294
Family income:2
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
772
2,607
5,478
6,884
7,655
47,023
746
983
626
479
417
1,240
553
226
234
167
154
434
193
757
392
312
263
806
11
1,587
792
819
683
2,197
13
23
4,021
1,611
1,593
6,455
2
14
39
3,974
4,961
37,131
874
7,397
11,352
15,473
18,725
24,663
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,076
2.9
1,402
31.2
745
42.1
656
24.1
397
6.5
253
1.8
23
.1
5,006
-
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
3,510
5.0
1,848
41.1
863
48.8
985
36.2
877
14.4
669
4.9
117
.3
6,479
-
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
5,372
7.6
2,165
48.2
950
53.7
1,215
44.6
1,598
26.2
1,199
8.7
410
.9
7,584
-
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
10,235
14.5
2,643
58.8
1,114
63.0
1,528
56.1
2,822
46.3
3,042
22.2
1,728
3.7
9,613
-
Median family income............................................. $32,761
$13,986
$12,395
$15,302
$18,946
$23,642
$38,346
-
Husbands
T ota l..................................................................
31,327
1,272
710
562
1,107
3,372
25,577
25,272
Family income:2
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
304
601
1,443
2,192
3,106
23,681
298
291
228
163
111
181
266
109
118
68
60
90
33
182
110
95
51
91
1
302
264
247
133
159
2
4
939
650
705
1,072
2
5
13
1,132
2,156
22,269
-1,035
6,952
10,803
15,116
18,437
29,787
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
956
3.1
568
44.7
367
51.7
202
35.9
1 201
18.1
174
5.2
12
-
5,328
“
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,606
5.1
670
52.7
420
59.2
249
44.4
369
33.3
474
14.1
93
.4
8,086
-
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
2,365
7.6
741
58.3
449
63.2
293
52.1
506
45.8
769
22.8
348
1.4
9,603
-
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
4,463
14.2
893
70.2
524
73.8
369
65.7
688
62.2
1,411
41.8
1,471
5.8
11,934
-
Median family income............................................. $36,009
$10,944
$9,123
$12,310
$14,807
$20,576
$40,119
See footnotes at end of table.
50
-
Table B-3. Earnings distribution of year-round full-time workers by family status, family income, and poverty status,
1984—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
With personal earnings of -
Characteristic
Under
$6,700
Total
Total
Under
$3,000
$3,000
to
$6,699
$6,700
to
$9,999
$10,000
to
$14,999
$15,000
and
over
Median
personal
earnings1
W ives
T o ta l..................................................................
14,517
1,279
525
754
1,892
4,258
7,088
Family income:2
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
84
210
465
902
1,206
11,649
72
116
182
176
190
543
60
58
59
59
69
220
12
58
123
117
120
323
7
79
118
336
341
1,011
5
9
152
285
485
3,323
6
14
106
191
6,772
1
5,409
7,867
9,383
10,388
16,154
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
252
1.7
163
12.7
113
21.4
50
6.6
55
2.9
27
.6
6
.1
3,966
-
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
439
3.0
239
18.7
143
27.2
96
12.8
123
6.5
64
1.5
13
.2
6,117
-
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
639
4.4
320
25.0
167
31.8
153
20.3
186
9.8
109
2.6
24
.3
6,717
-
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,286
8.9
465
36.3
215
40.9
250
33.2
424
22.4
322
7.6
75
1.1
8,004
-
Median family income............................................. $39,123
$22,736
$22,446
$22,990
$25,878
$33,856
$48,729
$14,763
-
O th ers in m arried -co up le fam ilies
T ota l..................................................................
4,506
606
172
434
864
1,434
1,603
12,334
Family income:2
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
26
51
100
133
225
3,971
19
31
62
55
61
377
11
12
30
16
13
89
9
18
32
39
48
288
3
11
25
37
78
711
4
8
10
32
63
1,316
2
3
9
23
1,567
0
0
5,607
7,700
8,972
12,995
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
97
2.1
66
10.8
27
15.4
39
9.0
14
1.6
14
1.0
3
.2
4,902
-
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
178
4.0
104
17.2
41
24.0
63
14.4
37
4.3
32
2.3
5
.3
5,909
-
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
264
5.9
149
24.6
65
37.7
84
19.4
56
6.5
50
3.5
9
.6
6,048
-
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
500
11.1
224
36.9
86
49.7
138
31.8
139
16.1
118
8.2
20
1.2
7,219
-
Median family income............................................. $47,935
$31,775
$26,731
$33,680
$40,321
$47,584
$59,302
See footnotes at end of table.
51
-
Table B-3. Earnings distribution of year-round full-time workers by family status, family income, and poverty status,
1984—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
With personal earnings of -
Characteristic
Under
$6,700
Total
Total
Under
$3,000
$3,000
to
$6,699
$6,700
to
$9,999
$10,000
to
$14,999
$15,000
and
over
Median
personal
earnings'
Women who maintain families
T ota l..................................................................
3,777
233
44
188
593
1,073
1,878
$14,938
Family income:2
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
35
374
720
773
604
1,270
35
109
32
20
15
21
22
2
6
4
4
7
14
107
26
17
11
14
265
174
69
27
57
515
269
121
168
415
440
1,024
(3)
7,556
11,018
15,233
18,341
21,906
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
255
6.7
129
55.5
25
(3)
105
55.6
102
17.3
23
2.1
-
6,651
-
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
486
12.9
145
62.3
25
(3)
120
63.8
267
45.0
71
6.6
2
.1
7,744
-
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
774
20.5
173
74.3
28
(3)
145
76.9
362
61.1
221
20.6
17
.9
8,678
-
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,341
35.5
183
78.8
30
(3)
154
81.8
459
77.4
584
54.5
114
6.1
10,165
-
Median family income............................................. $19,905
$7,459
$7,561
$10,764
$15,340
$25,949
0
-
Others in families maintained by women
T ota l..................................................................
2,209
261
56
206
437
661
849
12,629
Family income:2
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
20
65
179
270
290
1,385
20
50
58
36
29
68
10
14
7
7
5
13
10
36
51
29
24
55
15
80
71
75
197
41
133
110
377
30
77
743
(3)
(3)
7,883
10,700
11,208
15,784
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
80
3.6
59
22.4
18
(3)
41
19.7
17
3.9
3
.4
2
.2
4,735
-
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
137
6.2
87
33.1
27
(3)
59
28.9
40
9.1
9
1.4
2
.2
6,092
-
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T o ta l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
217
9.8
123
47.0
30
(3)
93
45.0
74
16.8
17
2.6
3
.4
6,436
-
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
393
17.8
158
60.3
33
(3)
125
60.5
131
29.9
91
13.7
14
1.7
7,362
-
Median family income............................................. $29,861
$16,090
$16,662
$24,038
$27,283
$37,626
(3)
See footnotes at end of table.
52
-
Table B-3. Earnings distribution of year-round full-time workers by family status, family income, and poverty status,
1984—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
With personal earnings of -
Characteristic
Under
$6,700
Total
Total
Under
$3,000
$3,000
to
$6,699
$6,700
to
$9,999
$10,000
to
$14,999
$15,000
and
over
Median
personal
earnings1
Men w ho m aintain fam ilies
T ota l..................................................................
1,235
65
33
32
71
138
962
Family income:2
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 .................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r................................................
15
64
80
113
152
811
15
28
9
5
1
7
13
9
3
4
3
2
18
6
1
1
4
36
13
9
3
9
57
18
24
39
-
Below poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
52
4.2
8
ft
ft
11
7.7
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
76
6.2
38
(3)
21
ft
ft
15
11.0
1
.1
6,407
-
Below 1.50 poverty level:
Total.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
117
9.5
45
(3)
ft
41
ft
26
18.6
5
.6
8,331
-
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal.....................................................................
Percent.................................................................
187
15.1
54
(3)
55
ft
ft
ft
54
39.0
25
2.6
9,381
-
(3)
ft
ft
ft
$17,975
$33,982
194
276
13,570
-
ft
ft
Median family income............................................. $30,325
33
19
15
ft
ft
22
16
ft
23
22
ft
28
26
1
80
125
756
-
$23,847
ft
ft
10,932
16,266
20,290
29,192
ft
-
O th ers in fam ilies m aintained by men
T ota l..................................................................
638
74
26
48
95
Family income:2
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 .................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
4
14
28
56
74
461
4
13
14
13
4
25
4
2
4
7
11
10
6
4
17
-
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
12
1.9
12
(3)
6
-
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
21
3.3
7
ft
ft
4
4.5
1
.4
1
.4
ft
-
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
33
5.1
24
ft
16
ft
7
7.1
1
.4
1
.4
ft
-
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
64
10.0
21
ft
ft
19
20.0
6
3.3
5
1.7
ft
ft
Median family income............................................. $37,259
ft
ft
ft
$26,921
$31,451
$45,225
-
-
8
7
ft
15
8
ft
8
34
ft
12
See footnotes at end of table.
ft
53
1
11
18
14
51
4
23
34
134
3
21
251
ft
ft
ft
•15,636
-
-
ft
-
Table B-3. Earnings distribution of year-round full-time workers by family status, family income, and poverty status,
1984—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
With personal earnings of -
Characteristic
Under
$6,700
Total
Total
Under
$3,000
$3,000
to
$6,699
$6,700
to
$9,999
Median
personal
earnings'
$10,000
to
$14,999
$15,000
and
over
4,807
$20,686
-
2,499
7,505
12,379
16,975
21,932
32,155
All other men4
T o ta l..................................................................
6,883
401
114
286
449
1,227
Family income:2
Linder $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
' $15,000 to $19,999..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999 ..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
180
582
1,175
1,214
1,071
2,661
179
185
14
8
2
14
102
6
2
1
1
2
77
178
12
7
1
12
395
30
18
4
1
1
2
1,126
66
21
11
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
223
3.2
221
55.3
102
89.4
119
41.7
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
327
4.7
323
80.6
106
92.7
217
75.7
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
543
7.9
342
85.4
108
94.8
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
1,006
14.6
364
90.9
Median family income............................................. $21,205
-
-
5
1,122
1,044
2,635
1
.1
-
3
.7
1
.1
-
234
81.6
200
44.5
2
.1
-
108
94.8
256
89.4
405
90.4
235
19.2
-
$5,234
$2,015
$6,147
$8,601
$12,758
$25,884
3,103
-
-
4,389
-
-
6,201
-
-
1
7,796
-
All other women4
T o ta l..................................................................
5,326
303
89
214
583
1,360
3,080
16,467
Family income:2
Under $5,000 .......................................................
$5,000 to $9,999 ..................................................
$10,000 to $14,999 ..............................................
$15,000 to $19,999 ..............................................
$20,000 to $24,999..............................................
$25,000 and o v e r.................................................
103
644
1,287
1,230
927
1,135
103
161
28
3
4
5
66
13
5
481
78
14
8
2
-
-
2
3
37
148
23
3
2
2
1
1,178
135
31
15
2
3
1,078
884
1,114
2,182
8,107
12,262
16,784
21,778
29,412
Below poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
151
2.8
150
49.6
69
78.3
81
37.7
1
.2
-
Below 1.25 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
240
4.5
228
75.2
70
79.4
158
73.5
12
2.1
-
-
-
-
Below 1.50 poverty level:
T otal......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
420
7.9
248
81.8
72
81.8
175
81.8
167
28.6
4
.3
Below 2.00 poverty level:
T ota l......................................................................
Percent.................................................................
995
18.7
268
88.5
79
89.0
189
88.4
502
86.2
Median family income............................................. $17,259
$5,795
$2,229
$6,181
$9,079
-
1 Earnings are defined as ail money income from wages, salaries, and
profits or losses from self-employment.
2 Personal income for “ all other” men and women.
3,252
-
-
-
5,058
1
6,311
-
221
16.2
4
.1
8,511
-
$13,038
$22,530
-
-
3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
4 Includes a small number of members of unrelated subfamilies.
NOTE: Dash represents zero or rounds to zero.
54
Appendix C. Some Comparisons
of SIPP and CPS Data
regard, the s ip p is similar to the March c p s supplement
which obtains information on the work experience of the
population during the previous calendar year.
As indicated in appendix A, the labor force activity
concepts used in the s i p p are similar to those used in the
CPS. The resulting estimates, however, vary significantly
due to the widely dissimilar reference periods and to dif
ferences in survey procedures and collection methods.1
While the estimates from the two surveys cannot be
reconciled, it is useful to compare these estimates, where
possible, in order to gain additional insight into the
number of persons experiencing employment problems.
Table C-l below compares data from the s i p p with
monthly and annual data from the c p s . A discussion of
some differences and the reasons for them follows.
Involuntary part-time work. During the January through
July 1984 period, the average monthly count of persons
on part-time schedules who wanted full-time jobs was 5.8
million in the CPS. During the 4-month s ip p reference
periods, an average of 6.5 million persons spent some
weeks working part time involuntarily, while for all of
1984, the c p s March supplement recorded 14.4 million
such persons. The reasons for the pattern are the same as
those for unemployment, as cited above.
Low earners. The s ip p indicates more low earners—per
sons working full time with earnings below the minimum
wage equivalent over a 4-month period—than the c p s
reported for the whole year (5.5 million vs. 4.5 million).
The higher s ip p estimate may reflect, in part, the fact that
persons can experience temporary fluctuations in their
earnings which may bring them below the minimumwage equivalent for parts of the year, as measured by
s i p p , although they might exceed such a standard for the
entire year as measured by the annual c p s . Also, there is
some evidence that wage and salary earnings as reported
in the s ip p are lower than in the c p s .
Table C-1. Comparison of selected data from the SIPP with
monthly and annual data from the CPS, 1984
(In thousands)
Persons with—
Data source
Monthly CPS..........
4-month SIPP data
Annual March supplement to the CPS.
Involuntary
Unemploy part-time
Low
ment
work
earnings
8,885
15,615
5,839
6,472
(D
5,549
21,535
14,429
4,492
Discour
agement
1,338
2,160
d)
'Not available.
Discouragement. In the s i p p , an average of 2.2 million
persons reported 1 week or more of inactivity due to
discouragement over job prospects. In contrast, the
average monthly number of discouraged workers as
measured in the CPS was 1.3 million. Here, the difference
may reflect primarily the longer s ip p reference period,
although definitions used in the two surveys may also
play a role. As noted earlier, the c p s data indicate how
many persons, on average, were ‘discouraged’ at any one
point in time, while the s ip p data are a cumulative count
of all persons with discouragement over a 4-month
period.
Unemployment. As measured in the c p s , average monthly
unemployment in the period January through July 1984
was 8.9 million. This compares with a s ip p 4-month
average estimate of 15.6 million persons and with a c p s
“work experience” total of 21.5 million persons for the
entire calendar year of 1984, as measured in the annual
March supplement.
Because of the longer reference period, more people
who were jobseeking or on layoff are reflected in the s ip p
than in the monthly estimates from the c p s . In the c p s ,
persons are classified into three separate but distinct
categories—the employed, the unemployed, and not in the
labor force. The s ip p concept, however, permits multiple
labor force statuses, and persons are counted in each status
over the course of the 4-month reference period. In this
f o r t h e m o s t p a r t , s ip p estimates for the 4-month
reference periods compare reasonably well with both
monthly and annual c p s data. The directions and general
magnitude of the differences that can be seen in table C-l
are consistent with what can be expected based on the
varying lengths of the reference periods and the inherent
character of the types of experiences being measured.
’S ee P a u l M . R y sca v a g e and J o h n E . B regger, “ N ew H o u se h o ld
Su rvey an d th e CPS: A L o o k at L a b o r F orce D iffe r e n c e s ,” M on th ly
L a b o r R eview , S ep tem b er 1985, p p . 3-12.
55
to realize higher earnings during the rest of the year and
not be a low earner for the whole year. On the other
hand, a person with a period of unemployment during
part of the year will be classified as having been
unemployed at some time during that year regardless of
the labor force status during the balance of that year.
For unemployment, involuntary part-time work, and
discouragement the longer the reference period, the
greater the probability that more people will have ex
perienced these statuses. Estimates of low earners,
however, need not be higher when the reference period is
a year than when it is a part of a year. A person who ex
periences low earnings during part of a year has a chance
56
BLS projections
of employment
Employment Projections
for 1995: Data and Methods
U S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
April 1986
Revised projections of employment, output, and
demand for 1995 by industry and occupation are
presented'in this collection of four articles from
the M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v ie w . Additional data and
a detailed methodology also are provided.
Bulletin 2253
Subjects include:
• The labor force— expected changes in size and
composition.
• Gross national product—alternative trends and
major assumptions.
• Distribution of demand— changing patterns in
the major sectors of consumption, business
investment, government expenditures, and
foreign trade.
• Industry output and employment.
• Changing occupational employment require
ments.
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or
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Atlanta, Ga. 30367
Phone: (404) 347-4418
Regions VII and VIII
911 Walnut Street
Kansas City, Mo 64106
Phone: (816) 374-2481
Region II
Suite 3400
1515 Broadway
New York. N Y 10036
Phone: (212) 944-3121
Region V
9th Floor
Federal Office Building
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago. III. 60604
Phone (312) 353-1880
Regions IX and X
450 Golden Gate Avenue
Box 36017
San Francisco. Calif. 94102
Phone: (415) 556-4678
Region III
3535 Market Street
P O Box 13309
Philadelphia. Pa. 19101
Phone: (215) 596-1154
Region VI
Federal Building
525 Griffin St., Rm. 221
Dallas. Tex. 75202
Phone. (214) 767-6971
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Washington, D.C. 20212
Postage and Fees Paid
U.S. Department of Labor
Third Class Mail
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use, $300
Lab-441
@FedFRASER