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Labor Supply and Mobility in a Newly Industrialized Area B u lle tin No. 1261 UNITED STA TES DEPARTM ENT O F LABOR James P. Mitchell, Secretary BU REAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague. Commissioner Labor Supply and Mobility in a Newly Industrialized Area B u lle tin No. 1 2 6 1 February 1960 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR James P. Mitchell, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - Price 35 cents PR EFA TO RY NOTE T h is d u c te d s u r v e y o f e m p l o y e e s and jo b a p p lic a n t s w a s c o n by G e r a ld G. S om ers fo r th e B u rea u of Labor S t a t is t i c s , w h ile h e w a s a s s o c i a t e d w ith th e W e s t V ir g i n i a U n i v e r s i t y . He i s n o w a t th e U n i v e r s i t y o f W is c o n s i n . B o th M r . S o m e r s a n d th e B u r e a u w is h to e x p r e s s t h e i r a p p r e c i a t io n of th e c o o r d in a t in g K a is e r h e lp g iv e n b y C a r l E . W ad e f o r a s s i s t a n c e in th e fie ld C o r p o r a tio n fo r in te r v ie w s , t h e ir p e r i o d o f th e s u r v e y . iii and to o f f i c i a l s o f th e c o o p e r a t i o n th ro u g h o u t th e CONTENTS Page I n t r o d u c t io n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T h e a r e a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I m p a c t o f th e p l a n t -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S u r v e y m e t h o d s -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e l a b o r s u p p l y ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------H ir in g n e e d s -----------------------------------------------H ir in g s t a n d a r d s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------H ir in g p r o c e d u r e s -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------P e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------B ir t h p l a c e and p r e - K a i s e r r e s i d e n c e -------------------------------------------------------------------------------I n d u s t r ia l e x p e r i e n c e -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------F a r m o w n e r s h ip and f a r m w o r k ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------O c c u p a t io n a l e x p e r i e n c e ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------W o r k in g w i v e s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------E s t im a t e s o f th e v a lu e o f t r a i n i n g -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S u m m a r y -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------P a t t e r n s o f l a b o r m o b i l i t y ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -— C h a n g e s o f i n d u s t r y --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C h a n g e s o f o c c u p a t i o n -------------------------------------------------------------G e o g r a p h ic m o v e m e n t -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------L o n g - d i s t a n c e c o m m u t e r s ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S u m m a r y ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T h e r e a s o n s f o r m o b i l i t y --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------U n e m p lo y m e n t and u n d e r e m p l o y m e n t -------------------------------------------------------------------------------A r e a a t t a c h m e n t -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------W a g e s and s a l a r i e s -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S u b je c t iv e e v a lu a tio n o f m o t i v e s ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S u m m a r y and C o n c l u s i o n s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 10 10 13 13 13 15 16 16 16 17 17 20 21 22 22 24 28 30 35 L IS T O F T A B L E S 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. S e l e c t e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f p o p u la t io n and in d u s t r y d a ta f o r J a c k s o n C o u n ty , W . V a . and a d jo in in g c o u n t i e s ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------E m p lo y e e s at th e R a v e n s w o o d p la n t, by o c c u p a t i o n and s e x , s u m m e r 195 7 --------A p p lic a n t s u n a c c e p t e d by th e R a v e n s w o o d p la n t, b y l e v e l o f s k i l l and s e x , s u m m e r 1 9 5 7 --------------------------------------------E m p lo y e e s at th e R a v e n s w o o d p la n t, b y a g e , e d u c a t io n , b ir t h p l a c e , a d d r e s s o n a p p lic a t io n f o r m , and o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p , s u m m e r 1 957 ---------------------------------------------A p p lic a n t s u n a c c e p t e d by th e R a v e n s w o o d p la n t, b y a g e , e d u c a t io n , b ir t h p l a c e , a d d r e s s o n a p p lic a t io n f o r m , and o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p , s u m m e r 1 9 5 7 -----------------------E m p lo y e e s at th e R a v e n s w o o d p la n t, b y p r i n c i p a l in d u s t r i a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s i n c e 1 9 5 0 , and la s t i n d u s t r ia l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p r e c e d i n g R a v e n s w o o d p la n t e m p lo y m e n t , b y o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p , s u m m e r 1 95 7 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------U n a c c e p t e d a p p lic a n t s , b y p r i n c i p a l in d u s t r ia l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s in c e 1 9 5 0 , and l a s t i n d u s t r i a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p r e c e d i n g R a v e n s w o o d p la n t a p p li c a t i o n , by o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p , s u m m e r 1 9 5 7 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C u r r e n t o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p o f e m p l o y e e s , b y t h e i r la s t o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p p r i o r to R a v e n s w o o d p la n t e m p lo y m e n t , s u m m e r 1 9 5 7 ------------------------------------------------------------W iv e s w h o w e r e w o r k in g w h en h u sb a n d a p p lie d f o r R a v e n s w o o d p la n t jo b , b y c u r r e n t e m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s and b y h u s b a n d 's a p p lic a t io n a d d r e s s , s u m m e r 1 9 5 7 -----E m p l o y e e s ’ e s t im a t e o f v a lu e o f e d u c a t io n and tr a in in g in o b ta in in g R a v e n s w o o d p la n t j o b , by o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p , s u m m e r 1957 ------------------------------------------------------------ IV 2 4 6 8 9 11 12 14 15 15 TABLES- - CONTINUED Page 11. 1 2. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. M o s t d is ta n t r e s i d e n c e and c h a n g e s o f r e s i d e n c e o f e m p lo y e e s in 5 y e a r s p r e c e d in g R a v e n s w o o d p la n t e m p lo y m e n t , by o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p , s u m m e r 1 9 5 7 -----A g e o f e m p l o y e e s , b y m o s t d is ta n t r e s i d e n c e and c h a n g e s o f r e s i d e n c e in 5 y e a r s p r e c e d i n g R a v e n s w o o d p la n t e m p lo y m e n t , s u m m e r 1957 -------------------------------E m p lo y e e s a p p ly in g f r o m w ith in th e R a v e n s w o o d a r e a , by le n g th o f r e s i d e n c e in th at a r e a , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p , s u m m e r 1 95 7 -----------------------------------------------------------D a te s o f p r e v i o u s r e s i d e n c e in R a v e n s w o o d o f e m p lo y e e s w h o a p p lie d f r o m o u t s id e th is a r e a , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p , s u m m e r 1 9 5 7 --------------------------------------------------E m p lo y e e s * c o m m u t in g d is t a n c e to R a v e n s w o o d p la n t, b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p , s u m m e r 1 9 5 7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------P la n n e d r e s i d e n c e c h a n g e o f e m p l o y e e s , by o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p , s u m m e r 1 9 5 7 - D u r a tio n o f u n e m p lo y m e n t o f e m p lo y e e s in 3 y e a r s p r i o r to R a v e n s w o o d p la n t jo b , by l o c a t i o n and r e c e i p t o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t io n , s u m m e r 195 7 --------C u m u la tiv e u n e m p lo y m e n t o f a l l e m p lo y e e s in 3 y e a r s p r i o r to R a v e n s w o o d p la n t jo b , b y l o c a t i o n o f u n e m p lo y m e n t and o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p , s u m m e r 1 957 -----------P e r s o n s n ot w o r k in g f u ll t i m e in y e a r b e f o r e e m p lo y m e n t at R a v e n s w o o d p la n t, and r e a s o n s f o r p a r t t im e w o r k , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p , s e x and r e c e i p t o f u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a t i o n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------E m p lo y e e s w o r k in g l e s s th an th e f u ll y e a r p r e c e d i n g R a v e n s w o o d p la n t e m p l o y m e n t , by n u m b e r o f w e e k s w o r k e d ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------R e t u r n e d m i g r a n t s , b y r e a s o n s f o r le a v in g th e R a v e n s w o o d a r e a p r i o r to p la n t e m p lo y m e n t , b y o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p and a g e , s u m m e r 1 9 5 7 ---------------------------------R e tu r n e d m i g r a n t s , b y r e a s o n s f o r r e t u r n in g to th e R a v e n s w o o d a r e a , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p and a g e , s u m m e r 1 9 5 7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------C o m m u tin g d is t a n c e o f e m p lo y e e s in R a v e n s w o o d a r e a d u r in g 5 y e a r s p r i o r to K a i s e r p la n t e m p lo y m e n t , b y o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p , s u m m e r 195 7 ----------------------------W a g e s r e c e i v e d b y h o u r ly r a t e d e m p lo y e e s b e f o r e and a f t e r R a v e n s w o o d p la n t e m p lo y m e n t , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------E a r n in g s o f w h ite c o l l a r and s u p e r v i s o r y e m p lo y e e s and u n a c c e p t e d a p p lic a n t s o n jo b p r i o r to R a v e n s w o o d p la n t a p p l i c a t i o n ----------------------------------------------------------------E a r n in g s l e v e l s o f e m p lo y e e s o n p r e c e d i n g jo b , b y e m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s in p r e c e d in g j o b --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------L o w e s t a c c e p t a b l e e a r n in g s a s in d ic a t e d b y e m p l o y e e s and u n a c c e p t e d a p p lic a n t s , b y o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p , s u m m e r 1 95 7 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------W a y s in w h ic h e m p lo y e e s at th e R a v e n s w o o d p la n t l e a r n e d a b o u t th e jo b o p e n in g , b y o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p , s u m m e r 1 95 7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------R e a s o n s g iv e n b y e m p lo y e e s and u n a c c e p t e d a p p lic a n t s f o r le a v in g l a s t jo b p r i o r to R a v e n s w o o d p la n t a p p lic a t io n , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p ------ ---------------------------------------E m p lo y e e s * r e a s o n s f o r c h o o s i n g to w o r k at th e R a v e n s w o o d p la n t, by o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p , s u m m e r 1 957 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 19 19 20 21 21 22 23 25 25 26 27 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 A P P E N D IC E S I. II. S u r v e y m e t h o d s ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------E m p lo y m e n t a p p lic a t io n f o r m s and in t e r v ie w q u e s t i o n n a i r e ------------------------------------ v 38 39 Labor Supply and Mobility in a Newly Industrialized Area INTRODUCTION A r e a s o f c h r o n i c a l l y l im i t e d e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r t u n it ie s h a v e b e e n a s o u r c e o f stu d y a n d l e g i s l a t i v e c o n c e r n f o r m a n y y e a r s . In p e r i o d s o f n a t io n a l fu ll e m p lo y m e n t t h e s e a r e a s s ta n d ou t a s c o n tin u in g s o r e s p o t s in an o t h e r w is e h e a lth y e c o n o m y . In p e r i o d s of r is in g n a t io n a l u n e m p lo y m e n t t h e i r c h r o n ic d is t r e s s is a g g ra v a te d th rou g h a fu r t h e r d e c l i n e in l o c a l o p p o r t u n it ie s and th e d i s c o u r a g e m e n t o f o u tw a r d m i g r a t i o n . P r i m a r y a tte n tio n h a s b e e n g iv e n to m a jo r d e p r e s s e d a r e a s a n d to th o s e w ith s u b s ta n tia l, m e a s u r a b le l a b o r s u r p lu s c a u s e d b y d r a m a t i c d e c l in e s in s u c h i n d u s t r i e s a s t e x t il e s o r c o a l , o r b y th e c l o s i n g o f a d o m in a n t i n d u s t r i a l f a c i l i t y . M a n y s m a l l e r r u r a l a r e a s , h o w e v e r , a r e k n ow n to h a v e l o n g e r s ta n d in g p r o b l e m s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t and u n d e r e m p lo y m e n t e v e n th o u g h th e y c a n n o t r e a d il y b e m e a s u r e d o r d o c u m e n t e d . M a n y s u c h a r e a s h a v e n e v e r d e v e lo p e d a s u f f i c i e n t e c o n o m i c b a s e to s u p p o r t n a t u r a l p o p u la tio n i n c r e a s e . A r e c e n t r e p o r t c i t e d s o m e 315 c o u n t ie s in th e U n ite d S ta te s w h ic h it m a y b e a s s u m e d c o n s t it u t e the c o r e o f th e l o w e s t i n c o m e r u r a l a r e a s . 1 M o s t o f t h e s e r u r a l d e p r e s s e d a r e a s a r e in th e S o u th e a s t, w ith 17 in W e s t V ir g i n i a , r e p r e s e n t i n g 5. 4 p e r c e n t o f th e n a t io n a l t o t a l o f s u c h a r e a s . 2 L it t le is k n ow n o f th e d e t a ils o f u n e m p lo y m e n t , u n d e r e m p lo y m e n t , a n d l a b o r m o b i l i t y in th e s e s e c t o r s o f t r a d it i o n a l ly l im i t e d e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r t u n it i e s . w h a t e v e r a c t i o n m a y b e ta k e n t o a t t r a c t n e w in d u s t r y . F r o m th e s ta n d p o in t o f the l o c a l c o m m u n i t i e s , h o w e v e r , th e s e c o n d a lt e r n a t iv e i s m o r e o ft e n v ie w e d a s th e o n ly v ia b le lo n g ru n s o lu t i o n . M u c h t im e and e f f o r t h a v e b e e n d e v o t e d to th e a t t r a c t i o n o f in d u s t r y to d e p r e s s e d a r e a s , and t h e r e h a s b e e n c o n s i d e r a b l e s tu d y o f th e f a c t o r s e n c o u r a g in g a n d in h ib itin g s u c h m o v e m e n t . T h e s e s t u d ie s s h o w th a t o n e d o m in a n t c o n s id e r a t i o n i s the q u a n tity a n d q u a lity o f th e l a b o r f o r c e a w a itin g a p r o s p e c t i v e e m p l o y e r . W h ile th e c h r o n i c l a c k o f l o c a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r t u n it ie s m ig h t s e r v e to a s s u r e a m a n u fa c t u r in g f i r m o f th e q u a n ti ta tiv e a d e q u a c y o f p o t e n t ia l l a b o r s u p p ly , t h e r e m ig h t b e g r o u n d s f o r s e r i o u s c o n c e r n r e g a r d i n g q u a lit a t iv e a d e q u a c y . B e c a u s e o f a d e p r e s s e d r u r a l a r e a ’ s l im i t e d i n d u s t r ia l b a s 4 and th e o u tw a r d m i g r a t i o n o f y o u n g w o r k e r s ^ a s h o r t a g e o f q u a lif ie d , e x p e r i e n c e d a p p lic a n t s m ig h t b e a n t ic ip a t e d . A lth o u g h n u m e r o u s s u g g e s t io n s h a v e b e e n m a d e f o r th e a ll e v ia t i o n o f d i s t r e s s in t h e s e a r e a s , p o s s i b l e s o lu t io n s e s s e n t i a l l y n a r r o w d o w n t o tw o : th e o u tw a r d m i g r a t i o n o f s u r p lu s l a b o r a n d / o r th e l o c a l a t t r a c t i o n o f n e w i n d u s t r y . In p r a c t i c e th e f i r s t a l t e r n a t iv e i s l i k e l y to b e f o l l o w e d , r e g a r d l e s s o f T h e p r e s e n t stu d y w a s d e s ig n e d to p r o v id e a d d it io n a l i n f o r m a t i o n o n th e c h a r a c t e r o f th e l a b o r s u p p ly a t t r a c t e d to m a n u f a c t u r in g e m p lo y m e n t in a c h r o n i c a l l y d e p r e s s e d r u r a l a r e a a n d , b y a n a ly s is o f th e p r io r w o r k h is t o r ie s o f th e s e e m p lo y e e s , to g a in in s ig h t in t o th e p r o b l e m s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t , u n d e r e m p lo y m e n t , a n d m o b il it y e x p e r i e n c e d in s u c h an a r e a . s T h e o c c a s i o n f o r th e stu d y w a s th e e s t a b lis h m e n t o f th e K a i s e r A lu m in u m and C h e m ic a l C o r p . s h e e t and f o i l r o l l i n g m i l l on th e O h io R i v e r n e a r the to w n o f R a v e n s w o o d , W . V a . T h e m i l l b e g a n p r o d u c t io n in 1 9 5 6 . W h en th e p la n t is c o m p l e t e d a s a fu lly in t e g r a t e d r o l l in g m ill, its a n n u a l c a p a c it y w ill be 2 5 0 m i l l i o n p ou n d s o f s h e e t and f o i l p r o d u c t i o n . E m p lo y m e n t in the p la n t n u m b e r e d a p p r o x im a t e ly 900 at th e t i m e o f th e s u r v e y in m i d - 1957 and w a s e x p e c t e d to r e a c h o v e r 3 ,0 0 0 b y 1 9 5 9 . 1Sar A. Levitan. Federal Assistance to Labor Surplus Areas, (Committee on Banking and Currency, U.S. House of Representa tives, 85th Cong., 1st sess.) Committee Print, April 15, 1957, pp, 29-35. 2 Ibid., p. 32. * See Gerald G. Somers, Labor Supply for Manufacturing in a Coal Area (in Monthly Labor Review, December 1954, pp. 13271330); and Mobility of Chemical Workers in a Coal-Mining Area (in West Virginia University Business and Economic Studies, Morgantown, W Va., June 1954,) . - 1 - ca n be se e n in the fa c t that the co u n ty ’ s p op u la tion d e c lin e d an e s tim a te d 16 p e r ce n t b e tw een 1940 and 1 9 5 6 --a p e r io d in w h ich the co u n try a s a w h ole e x p e r ie n c e d su b sta n tia l p op u la tion g a in s . P op u la tion a ls o d e c lin e d in tw o a d join in g co u n tie s d u rin g th is p e r io d . J a ck so n C ounty and fo u r a d jo in in g W est V ir g in ia co u n tie s w e r e lis te d by the S e c r e t a r y o f A g r ic u lt u r e as am on g the 500 co u n tie s in the U nited States having the la r g e s t p e r c e n ta g e o f c o m m e r c ia l fa r m s e a ch p ro d u cin g l e s s than $ 2 ,5 0 0 w o rth o f p r o d u cts f o r sa le in 1 9 5 4 --a c r it e r i o n e s t a b lis h e d f o r d e s ig n a tio n a s r u r a l “ p r o b l e m ” a r e a s .4 The A rea A t the tim e o f the p la n t’ s estab lish m en t* R a v e n sw o o d w as a s m a ll, r u r a l co m m u n ity o f 1,175 p e o p le in J a ck so n C ou n ty, w h ich had a w h o lly r u r a l p o p u la tio n o f 13,900 (table 1) T h e p re d o m in a n tly r u r a l c h a r a c t e r o f the a r e a ex ten d s to a d jo in in g co u n tie s w ith the e x c e p t io n o f Kanawha in w h ich C h a r le s to n , the State c a p ita l, is lo c a te d 55 m ile s f r o m R a v e n sw o o d , and W ood C ou n ty, con ta in in g P a r k e r s b u r g , 39 m ile s f r o m R a v e n s w o o d . T h e o n ly o th er s iz a b le W e st V ir g in ia co m m u n ity w ithin a 5 0 - m ile ra d iu s o f R a v e n sw o o d is P t. P le a s a n t (M a so n C ou n ty ), 20 m ile s d ista n t, w ith a p o p u la tio n o f 4 ,5 0 0 . O n the O h io sid e o f the O h io R iv e r , P o m e r o y and M id d le p o r t, 25 m ile s d ista n t, had a c o m b in ed p o p u la tio n o f 7 ,0 0 0 , and G a llip o lis , a p op u la tio n o f 8 ,3 0 0 . E v en in the u rb a n c e n t e r s , the n u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s en g a ged in m a n u fa ctu rin g i s r e la t iv e ly s m a ll. W ith the e x c e p tio n o f Kanawha C ou n ty, c o a l m in in g is e ith e r n o n e x iste n t o r in s ig n ifica n t in the a r e a . A s id e f r o m a g r ic u lt u r e , the bu lk o f e m p lo y m e n t is d is tr ib u te d a m on g a v a r ie ty o f o th e r s m a ll n on m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s . The C ounty T he im p a c t o f the plan t m u st a ls o be v ie w e d in the lig h t o f the e m p lo y m e n t situ a tion in W est V ir g in ia a s a w h ole d u r ing the p e r io d s in c e 1950. In th o se y e a r s W est V ir g in ia c o m m u n itie s a p p e a re d p ro m in e n tly in the lis t s o f a r e a s w ith s e r io u s le v e ls o f u n e m p lo y m e n t. T he d i f f i c u ltie s ste m m e d not on ly f r o m the d e p r e s sio n in the S ta te’ s a g r ic u ltu r a l s e c t o r s , but a ls o f r o m the con tin uin g d e c lin e in c o a l-m in in g e m p lo y m e n t. F r o m A p r il 1* 1950, to July 1, 1954, the p op u la tion o f W est V ir g in ia d e c r e a s e d by an e s tim a te d 1 p e r ce n t, w h ile the p op u la tion o f the U nited S tates in c r e a s e d by an e s tim a te d 6.3 p e r - dep ressed c o n d itio n o f J a ck so n p r i o r to the p la n t’ s e s ta b lis h m e n t TABLE 1 . 4L e v ita n , op . c it . p. 8 5. S e le c t e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f p o p u la t io n and in d u s tr y d ata f o r Jackson County, W. V a.? and a d jo in in g c o u n tie s P o p u la tio n 1950 County 19-40 T ota l J a ck son --------------------------------Kanawha--------------------------------Mason------------------------------------M eigs (O h io )----------------------Putnam----------------------------------Roane------------------------------------W ir t--------------------------------------Wood--------------------------------------- 1 6 ,5 9 8 195,619 2 2,2 70 2-4,104 1 9 ,5 1 1 2 0,7 87 6 ,4 7 5 6 2,3 99 Urban 1 5,2 99 239,629 1 35 ,51 4 4 ,5 9 6 2 3,5 37 7 ,1 0 2 2 3,2 27 2 1,0 2 1 1 ,3 9 1 1 8,4 08 2 ,58 7 — 5 ,11 9 6 6 ,5 4 0 4 6 ,5 1 2 R u ral 1 5,299 104,115 1 8 ,9 4 1 1 6,1 25 1 9 ,6 3 0 1 5 ,8 2 1 5 ,1 1 9 2 0 ,0 2 8 J u ly 19561 Number of fa rm s, 1954 Employees i n manu fa c tu r in g , 1954 1 3 ,9 0 0 254,000 23,5 00 3 1 ,8 0 0 2 1,0 00 1 6,3 00 4 ,2 0 0 6 6 ,3 0 0 1 ,7 5 1 1 ,73 5 1 ,6 4 8 1 ,7 5 7 1 ,5 3 7 1 ,9 0 4 604 1 ,6 9 8 107 2 1,2 2 2 1 ,0 8 7 535 2 ,5 1 8 365 32 7 ,9 1 9 1 E stim a ted . S o u rc e : F or p o p u la t io n ; U .S . Department o f Commerce, Bureau o f th e Census, D e ce n n ia l Census 1940, 1950; and f o r 1956, C urrent P o p u la tio n R e p o r ts , June 1958, S e r ie s P -2 5 , No. 1 78 . F or rem ain in g ite m s ; Bureau o f th e Census, County and C ity Data Book, 1956. - 2 - ce n t.* In M a r c h 1957, the C h a r le s to n a r e a w as lis t e d a m on g 19 m a jo r la b o r m a rk e t a r e a s in the U n ited S tates a s having a con tin u ou s h is t o r y o f “ su b sta n tia l la b o r s u r p l u s " ; 6 a d d itio n a l s m a lle r a r e a s w ithin the State w e r e a ls o in c lu d e d a m on g th o se “ p r o b a b ly e l i g i b l e " f o r F e d e r a l a s s is t a n c e b e c a u s e o f con tin u in g h igh u n e m p lo y m en t l e v e l s ; and 17 c o u n tie s , r e p r e s e n t in g about 25 p e r c e n t o f the S ta te 's to ta l p op u la tion , w e r e lis t e d a m on g 315 “ p r o b l e m " c o u n tie s w ith the lo w e s t f a r m in c o m e s and le v e ls o f liv in g in the c o u n tr y . • I m p a c t o f th e P la n t A t the tim e o f the s u r v e y in the s u m m e r o f 1957, the p la n t's e s ta b lis h m e n t had not y e t had a m a r k e d ta n g ib le e f f e c t u pon the a r e a . T h e p o p u la tio n o f R a v e n s w o o d , 7 m ile s aw ay f r o m the plan t, had in c r e a s e d to 2 ,5 0 0 , and the tow n c o u ld b o a s t o f tw o n ew m o t e ls , a n ew r e s ta u r a n t, and a ren ta l h ou sin g d e v e lo p m e n t f o r s u p e r v is o r y p e r s o n n e l. A h o u sin g p r o je c t f o r h o u r ly ra te d e m p lo y e e s w as in the planning s ta g e . A lth ou gh h ou sin g w a s in s h o r t su p p ly , the sh o r ta g e had not y e t b e c o m e c r it ic a l b e ca u s e o f the co m m u tin g p a tte rn s o f e m p lo y e e s . A s y e t th e r e w e r e n o b u s , r a i l, o r a ir c o n n e c tio n s b e tw e e n R a v e n sw o o d and o th e r c o m m u n itie s , but the e x te n s io n o f a bu s ro u te w as p e n d in g . In the a b s e n c e o f cou n ty a c t io n , the co m p a n y had a ls o a r r a n g e d f o r the c o n s t r u c t io n o f a new e le m e n ta r y s c h o o l. W hile m o s t o f the b u s i n e s s p r o p r ie t o r s and y o u n g e r R a v e n sw o o d r e s id e n ts w e lc o m e d the c h a n g e s b ro u g h t by the plan t, in fo r m a l d is c u s s io n s w ith a n u m b e r o f r e s id e n t s in d ic a te d that s o m e o f the o ld e r p e r s o n s d e p lo r e d the im p a c t on th e ir tra d itio n a l r u r a l w a y s . In sp ite o f the w id e s p r e a d a ttr a c tio n o f w o r k e r s f r o m o th e r a r e a e s ta b lis h m e n t^ the e x is t e n c e o f a la r g e su rp lu s o f la b o r so fte n e d the im p a c t o f the plan t on la b o r su p ply in o th e r c o m p a n ie s . C o m p la in ts f r o m o th e r e m p lo y e r s w e r e r a is e d o n ly in c o n n e c tio n w ith c o m p e titio n f o r c le r ic a l e m p lo y e e s and s k ille d m a in ten a n ce w o r k e r s . B ut, e v e n h e r e , r e c o g n it io n o f the is o la t e d lo c a t io n o f the plan t and it s c o n s e quent sta ffin g p r o b le m s s e r v e d to m o d e r a te c r i t i c i s m o f its p o lic y o f r e c r u it in g s k ille d *U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Series P-25, No. 124. • Levitan, op. cit., pp. 12-13, and 26. e m p lo y e e s m e n ts . fr o m o th e r area e s t a b lis h The f i r s t m a jo r e ffe c t o f the p la n t's e s t a b lis h m e n t w as the h ope that w as s t ir r e d am on g the u n e m p lo y e d , the u n d e re m p lo y e d , and the lo w -w a g e w o r k e r s in d e p r e s s e d c o m m u n itie s in the a r e a . In W est V ir g in ia 's ca m p a ig n f o r in d u s tria l d e v e lo p m e n t the an n ou n ced e s ta b lis h m e n t o f th is la r g e m a n u fa ctu rin g fa c ilit y w a s h ea d lin e n e w s . Job a p p lic a tio n s b eg a n p o u rin g in lon g b e fo r e c o n s tr u c tio n and h irin g b e g a n in 1955 and 1956. The n u m b er o f a p p lic a tio n s had d ro p p e d by January 1957 to ab ou t 50 o r 60 a day w hen the c o m p a n y 's n a tion a l t e l e v is io n p r o g r a m p r e s e n te d a fe a tu re on the n ew plant w h ich in clu d e d a " M e n W a n te d " s ig n . In the fo llo w in g w e e k s ,d a ily a p p lic a tio n s a v e r a g e d 200 to 300, and b y the s u m m e r o f 1957; tota l a p p lic a tio n s on file e x c e e d e d 25*000. S u rvey M e th o d s T D ata on the c h a r a c t e r is t i c s o f la b o r su p p ly and the p r e v io u s w o r k e x p e r ie n c e o f e m p lo y e e s at the R a v e n sw o o d w o r k s w e r e ob ta in e d th rou gh tw o p r in c ip a l s o u r c e s d u rin g the s u m m e r o f 1957: f i r s t , the c o m pany m a d e a v a ila b le the jo b a p p lica tio n f o r m s o f the a p p r o x im a te ly 900 e m p lo y e e s who had b e e n h ir e d by the c l o s e o f the s u r v e y on A u g u st 1. T h e s e w e r e v e r ifa x e d and the in fo rm a tio n on th e m c o d e d . The f o r m s w e r e c o m p le te f o r a lm o s t a ll h o u rly ra te d e m p lo y e e s , but w e r e la ck in g in a n u m b e r o f ite m s o f in fo r m a tio n f o r m any o f the s a la r ie d p e r s o n n e l. S e co n d , p e r son a l in te r v ie w s w e r e co n d u cte d w ith 894 o f the p la n t's e m p lo y e e s , in clu d in g top m a n a g em en t, on the b a s is o f a s tru ctu re d q u e s tio n n a ire f o r m . In te rv ie w q u e stio n s su p p lem en ted a p p lic a tio n f o r m data. In o r d e r to ev a lu a te the c o m p a n y 's h irin g p o l i c ie s and g a in a fu lle r p ic tu r e o f the c h a r a c t e r is t i c s o f p oten tia l la b o r su p ply 522 a p p lic a tio n fo r m s w e r e s e le c t e d f r o m a p p lica n ts d e e m e d u n a cce p ta b le by the com pan y. 8 tMethods and forms employed in the survey are discussed in greater detail in appendices I and II. 8 A 3-percent random sample was drawn from each of the occu pational groups except the unskilled. Because of the large num ber of application forms in this group, a 1-percent random sample was drawn. These forms were verifaxed and coded and compared with the application form data of the employees. - 3 - C H A R A C T E R I S T IC S O F T H E L A B O R S U P P L Y T h e a d e q u a cy o f the la b o r su pply a v a il a b le to the co m p a n y in the R a v en s w ood a r e a is o b v io u s ly r e la t e d to the p la n t’ s h ir in g n e e d s and sta n d a rd s b oth at the tim e o f the s u r v e y and in the fu tu r e . T h e l o c a l su p ply o f w o r k e r s m u st a ls o be e v a lu a ted in c o n ju n c tio n w ith o th e r s o u r c e s o f p e r son n e l a v a ila b le th rou gh t r a n s fe r by the co m p a n y . F in a lly , the c o m p a n y ’ s a b ility to a c h ie v e a su ita b le fu ll c o m p le m e n t o f e m p lo y e e s b y 1959 ca n b e e s tim a te d th rou g h e x a m in a tio n o f the q u a lific a tio n s o f a p p li ca n ts w ho w e r e n ot h ir e d at the tim e o f the s u r v e y , in a d d itio n to th o s e w ho w e r e h ir e d . H ir in g N e e d s F e w e r p r o d u c t io n e m p lo y e e s w e r e r e q u ir e d at the tim e o f the s u r v e y , r e la tiv e to o th e r o c c u p a t io n s , than w ill b e r e q u ir e d a s fu ll c a p a c ity i s a p p r o a c h e d . A t an e a r ly sta g e in the p la n t’ s d e v e lo p m e n t the n u m ber of p r o f e s s io n a l, t e c h n ic a l, and m a n a g e r ia l e m p lo y e e s and f o r e m e n w as d is p r o p o r t io n a t e ly la r g e (ta b le 2 ). A t the tim e o f the survey* e m p lo y e e s in th e s e c a t e g o r ie s c o n stitu te d 27 p e r c e n t o f the w o r k f o r c e , w h e r e a s o p e r a t iv e s r e p r e s e n t e d on ly TABLE 2 . 18 p e r c e n t o f the to ta l. T h e s e d i s p r o p o r tio n s r e s u lte d f r o m the p la n t’ s lim ite d p r o d u ctiv e c a p a c ity d u rin g the c o n s tr u c tio n p h ase and f r o m the e x te n s iv e tra in in g p r o g r a m s r e q u ir e d f o r the r e la t iv e ly i n e x p e r ie n c e d w o r k f o r c e . P lan t a c tiv ity d u r in g the s u m m e r o f 1957 w as s t ill d ir e c t e d la r g e ly to w a rd p r e p a r a tio n s f o r fu tu re p r o d u ctio n n e e d s ra th e r than to w a rd th ose o f c u r r e n t p r o d u ctio n . A s in o th e r b a s ic m e ta l p r o d u ctio n , w o m e n e m p lo y e e s a r e r e q u ir e d p r im a r ily in c l e r i c a l w o r k and in a fe w te c h n ic a l o c c u p a t io n s . C l e r ic a l e m p lo y e e s c o n s t i tuted 87 p e r c e n t o f to ta l fe m a le e m p lo y m en t in m i d - 1957, and 65 p e r c e n t o f a ll c l e r i c a l e m p lo y e e s w e r e w o m e n . H ir in g S ta n d a r d s T h e com p a n y w ish e d to fin d w o r k e r s in an ag e g ro u p w h ich co m b in e d p h y s ic a l v ig o r , e x p e r ie n c e , and in te llig e n c e w ith the r e q u is ite s k ills and w ith the h ig h e s t p o s s ib le le v e ls o f e d u ca tio n . In p r a c t i c e , it w a s r e c o g n iz e d that the o p tim u m c o m b in a tio n o f th e se q u a litie s w ou ld n ot be found in m an y c a s e s , and that c o n c e s s io n s w ou ld Employees a t th e Ravenswood p la n t , by o c c u p a tio n and s e x , summer 1957 T ota l Male Female O c cu p a tio n a l grou p s1 Number P e rce n t Number P e rce n t Number A l l o c c u p a t io n s ------------------------------------- 888 100 780 100 108 P r o f e s s io n a l, t e c h n i c a l , and m a n a g eria l-----------------------— ------------C l e r i c a l -------------------------------------------------Foremen---------------------------------------------------C raftsm en---------------------------------------- -----O p e r a tiv e s ---------------------------------------------S e r v ic e 2-------------------------------------------------L a b o r-------------------------------------------------------T r a in e e s 3- ---------------------------------------------- 174 145 67 103 160 51 156 32 20 16 7 12 18 6 17 4 164 51 67 103 157 50 156 32 21 7 9 13 20 6 20 4 10 94 — — P e r ce n t 100 9v 87 —— — 3 1 3 1 — — 1 S ix male em ployees whose o c c u p a t io n a l d a ta were n o t a v a i la b le a re e x clu d e d from th in t a b l e and a n a ly s e s in v o lv in g o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p s . The p r o f e s s i o n a l , t e c h n i c a l , and man a g e r i a l , and c l e r i c a l em p loyees, and forem en and t r a in e e s are s a l a r ie d p e r s o n n e l. The rem ain in g o c c u p a tio n s a re h o u r ly r a t e d . 2 In c lu d e s watchmen, j a n i t o r s , s torero o m a tte n d a n ts , e t c . 3 Management t r a i n e e s . - 4 - have to b e m a d e w h ich , in the in itia l s ta g e s , w ou ld take the f o r m o f r e la x in g sta n d a rd s f o r the l e s s e s s e n t ia l o c c u p a t io n s . It w as fu r th e r r e a liz e d that a b r o a d e r r e la x a t io n o f sta n d a rd s m igh t b e c o m e n e c e s s a r y as fu ll e m p lo y m e n t w a s a p p r o a c h e d . F o r th is r e a s o n ,m a n y th ou sa n d s o f a p p lic a tio n f o r m s w e r e file d and d e s ig n a te d a s “ t e m p o r a r ily u n a c c e p t e d " r a th e r than “ r e j e c t e d . " 6. P e r s o n s w ith p r e v io u s m ilita r y s e r v i c e w e r e a c c o r d e d p r e fe r e n c e o v e r th o se w h o se s e r v i c e w a s p en d in g . T h o s e v e te r a n s w ithout an h o n o ra b le d is c h a r g e w e re s c r e e n e d by the e m p lo y m e n t s u p e r v is o r b e fo r e h ir in g . A lie n s and a p p lica n ts d e c la r e d unfit f o r m ilit a r y s e r v i c e w e r e a ls o g iv e n s p e c ia l s c r e e n in g . 7 . No p r e fe r e n c e w as e s ta b lis h e d r e l a tiv e to s in g le and m a r r ie d a p p lica n ts e x c e p t that the h irin g o f s p o u s e s o f e m p lo y e e s r e q u ir e d s p e c ia l a p p r o v a l. A m a x im u m o f th re e a p p lica n ts co u ld b e s e le c t e d f r o m 1 • T h e c o m p le t io n o f the a p p lic a tio n the sa m e fa m ily . f o r m had to d e m o n s tr a te n e a tn e ss and a b ility to c o m p r e h e n d and fo llo w i n s t r u c 8. In re v ie w in g the a p p lic a n t's p r e v io u s tio n s . e m p lo y m e n t r e c o r d* r e f e r e n c e s w e r e to be ch e c k e d at the d i s c r e t io n o f the e m p lo y 2 . P r e f e r e n c e w a s to b e g iv e n to a p p li m en t s u p e r v is o r , reason s fo r le a v in g ca n ts w h o se c o m m u tin g tim e f r o m the p r e v io u s jo b s w e r e to b e a p p r a is e d , and plant d id n ot e x c e e d a 3 0 -m in u te d r iv e . (It p r e fe r e n c e w as g iv e n to th o s e w h ose e m b e c a m e n e c e s s a r y to aban don th is sta n d ard p lo y m e n t h is t o r y sh ow ed r e a s o n a b le jo b in m an y in s t a n c e s . ) s ta b ility , w ith p r o g r e s s i o n and g ro w th . F i r s t p r e fe r e n c e w as a c c o r d e d to a p p li 3. T h e m in im u m h ir in g a g e w a s 18 y e a r s . ca n ts w ith e m p lo y m e n t e x p e r ie n c e in a lu m i T he m a x im u m h ir in g a g e d ep en d ed on the n u m m a n u fa ctu rin g , and then, to th ose ap p lica n ts* p h y s ic a l and m en ta l co n d itio n , w ith e x p e r ie n c e in o th e r lig h t-m e ta l m a n u but in n o c a s e w a a it to e x c e e d 65. P r e f fa c tu r in g , and fin a lly , to th o se w ho had e r e n c e w a s to b e g iv e n a p p lic a n ts b e tw e e n w o rk e d in h ea v y in d u s tr y . B e c a u s e o f the the a g e s o f 25 and 35, and p la n s w e r e m ad e e x te n s iv e tra in in g n e e d s a n ticip a ted and to s e le c t a p p r o x im a te ly 55 p e r c e n t o f the the e x p e c ta tio n that m any o f the e m plant*s e m p lo y e e s w ith in th is a g e c a t e g o r y . p lo y e e s f i r s t h ir e d f o r h o u r ly ra te d jo b s It w a s e x p e c te d that 20 p e r c e n t o f the e m w ou ld end up in s u p e r v is o r y p o s it io n s , the p lo y e e s w ou ld b e in the 18 to 25 y e a r b r a c k e t and an a d d itio n a l 20 p e r c e n t in the p e r s o n n e l o ffic e g a ve p r e fe r e n c e to a p p li ca n ts w ith p r e v io u s s u p e r v is o r y or 35 to 50 y e a r c a t e g o r y . T h e n u m b e r o v e r m a n a g e r ia l e x p e r ie n c e and to th o s e w h ose 50 y e a r s o f a g e w a s n ot to e x c e e d 5 p e r c e n t b a ck g ro u n d and g e n e r a l e x p e r ie n c e in d i o f the t o ta l. ca te d p o te n tia lity f o r tr a in in g . 4 . T h e com p a n y *s in itia l p o lic y w as to den y e m p lo y m e n t to a ll a p p lic a n ts w ith s e r io u s s ig h t d e fe c t s o r c h r o n ic d i s e a s e . H ir in g P r o c e d u r e s T h o s e w ith o th e r p h y s ic a l d e f e c t s w e r e to T h e com p a n y e x p e r ie n c e d its g r e a t e s t b e r e f e r r e d to the e m p lo y m e n t s u p e r v is o r d iffic u lt ie s in fin d in g l o c a l e m p lo y e e s w ith f o r h is d is c r e t io n a r y a c t io n . A t the tim e te c h n ic a l s k ill and s u p e r v is o r y e x p e r ie n c e o f the s u r v e y , s e r io u s p h y s ic a l h a n d ica p s p r e c lu d e d e m p lo y m e n t, but o f f i c i a l s o f in a lu m in u m m a n u fa ctu rin g , but w as a b le to t r a n s fe r a n u cle u s o f s u ch k ey p e r s o n State a g e n c ie s w e r e d is c u s s in g w ith the n e l f r o m it s o th e r e s ta b lis h m e n ts , p r i c o m p a n y the p o s s ib ilit ie s o f i n c r e a s e d e m m a r ily f r o m the W est C o a s t. S e v e n ty -tw o p lo y m e n t o f h a n d ica p p ed p e r s o n s . o f the s u r v e y e d e m p lo y e e s , r e p r e s e n tin g 8 5. N o m in im u m e d u c a tio n a l l e v e l w as p e r c e n t o f th e to ta l, had b e e n e m p lo y e d by the co m p a n y e ls e w h e r e p r i o r to th e ir e m p r e s c r i b e d , but a h igh s c h o o l e d u c a tio n w as p lo y m e n t in the R a v en s w ood w o r k s . M o re p r e f e r r e d f o r h o u r ly ra te d and c l e r i c a l than 80 p e r c e n t o f the t r a n s fe r r e d e m e m p lo y e e s . A c o lle g e o r u n iv e r s it y d e g r e e p lo y e e s w e r e in the p r o fe s s io n a l, t e c h n i w a s r e q u ir e d f o r a lm o s t a ll t e c h n ic a l and c a l, m a n a g e r ia l, o r s u p e r v is o r y o c c u p a p r o fe s s io n a l o c c u p a tio n s and, u s u a lly , f o r in c lu s io n in the m a n a g e m e n t-tr a in in g p r o tio n s , r e p r e s e n tin g about 25 p e r c e n t o f a ll e m p lo y e e s in th e s e e s s e n t ia l o c c u p a tio n s . gram . E m p lo y m e n t o f f i c i a l s a ttem p ted to f o l lo w a p r e s c r i b e d s e t o f sta n d a rd s in s e le c t in g e m p lo y e e s : - 5 - A p p lic a tio n f o r m s o f l o c a l a p p lica n ts w e r e f i r s t e x a m in e d in the lig h t o f the e s t a b lis h e d s e le c t io n sta n d a r d s . W here q u a lific a t io n s w e r e found to b e in adequ ate u n d e r th o s e sta n d a rd s, the fo r m s w e r e s e t a s id e f o r p o s s ib le u se at a la t e r date w h en r e la x a t io n o f the in itia l sta n d ard s m ig h t b e c o m e n e c e s s a r y . A p p lic a n ts who a p p e a r e d a c c e p ta b le w e r e in t e r v ie w e d and t e s t e d . T h e t e s t s in clu d e d an o r a l a b ility t e s t d e s ig n e d to d e te r m in e g e n e r a l i n t e l l i g e n c e and a m e c h a n ic a l aptitude t e s t . A n a p p lic a n t w ho p e r fo r m e d s a t is f a c t o r ily in th e s e t e s t s w a s g iv e n a m e d ic a l e x a m in a tio n , and i f th is t o o w a s s a t is fa c t o r y , he w a s o ff e r e d a jo b w ith in a 6 -w e e k s p e r io d . O th e r a p p lica n ts w e r e g iv e n v a r y in g d e g r e e s o f e n c o u r a g e m e n t o r d is c o u r a g e m e n t but w e r e s e ld o m r e je c t e d o u trig h t. d is c u s s e d in t e r m s o f fiv e o ccu p a tio n a l c a t e g o r ie s in to w h ich th ey w e r e p la c e d by the p e r s o n n e l o f f i c e on the b a s is o f p r i o r e x p e r ie n c e d i s c l o s e d in th e ir a p p lic a tio n fo r m s (table 3). T h e p r o f e s s i o n a l, t e c h n i c a l, and m a n a g e r ia l c l a s s ific a t io n and the c l e r i c a l c la s s i fi c a t io n a m on g u n a cce p te d a p p lica n ts a r e g e n e r a lly c o m p a r a b le w ith the s im ila r ly d e s ig n a te d c a t e g o r ie s am on g e m p lo y e e s (ta b le 2 ). T h e s ld lle d , s e m i s k ille d , and u n s k ille d c a t e g o r ie s a m on g u n a cce p te d a p p lica n ts a r e g e n e r a lly c o m p a r a b le w ith c r a ft s m e n , o p e r a t iv e s , and s e r v i c e and la b o r c a t e g o r ie s , r e s p e c t iv e l y . F o r e m e n and tr a in e e s in the e m p lo y e e g ro u p ca n m o s t lo g i c a l ly b e c la s s e d w ith m a n a g e r ia l p e r s o n n e l f o r p u r p o s e s o f c o m p a r is o n w ith the u n a cce p te d a p p lic a n ts . W om en a r e p r im a r ily c o n c e n tr a te d in the c l e r i c a l fie ld in b oth g r o u p s , but th ey r e p r e sen t a s m a lle r p r o p o r t io n o f the to ta l u n a c c e p t e d a p p lic a n ts . In a p p r a is in g m an y o f the c h a r a c t e r is t i c s o f the la b o r su p ply a v a ila b le to the flrxi^ it w a s p o s s ib le to c o m p a r e the q u a lific a tio n s o f a p p lic a n ts w ho w e r e h ir e d w ith th o s e o f a p p lic a n ts n ot a c c e p t e d . W h ile to ta l i n f o r m a tio n f r o m a p p lic a tio n f o r m s and i n t e r v ie w q u e s tio n n a ir e s w a s u t iliz e d in d e s c r i b in g e m p lo y e e s , i t w a s n e c e s s a r y to r e ly w h o lly on a p p lic a tio n f o r m data f o r u n a c c e p t e d a p p lic a n ts . T h e la tte r g ro u p is TABLE 3 . P e r s o n a l C h a r a c te r is t ic s T h e co m p a n y w a s a b le on the w h ole to a c h ie v e its p r e s c r i b e d sta n d a rd s w ith r e g a r d to a g e and e d u ca tio n o f its e m p lo y e e s . The p r o p o r t io n o f e m p lo y e e s in e a c h o f the A p p lic a n ts u n a ccep ted b y th e Ravenswood p la n t , b y l e v e l o f s k i l l and s e x , summer 1937 Male T o ta l Female O ccu p a tio n a l grou p 1 Number P e rce n t Number P e rce n t Number P e rce n t A l l g rou p s------------------------------------------------ 522 100 486 100 36 100 P r o f e s s i o n a l , t e c h n i c a l , and m a n a g eria l2 -----------------------------------------C l e r i c a l ---------------------------------------------------S k i l l e d 3.............................................................. S e m is k ille d 4- ................................................ U n s k ille d 5— .............................................. — 48 67 124 100 183 9 13 24 19 35 48 35 121 100 182 10 7 25 21 37 — — 89 8 32 3 — — 1 3 1 A p p lic a t io n form s w hich la c k e d d a ta on th e item s under a n a ly s is were o m itte d from th e t o t a l i n d eterm in in g p e r c e n t a g e s . 2 In c lu d e s a few a p p lic a n t s who m ight a ls o q u a l i f y f o r s u p e r v is o r y p o s i t i o n s . Management t r a in e e s w ere n o t in c lu d e d among u n accep ted a p p lic a n t s . 3 In c lu d e s m aintenance o c c u p a t io n s : b o ile r m a k e r s , b r ic k m a s o n s , c a r p e n t e r s , e l e c t r i c i a n s , m a c h in is t s , p a i n t e r s , and p i p e f i t t e r s . 4 C l a s s i f i e d b y th e company as p r o d u c tio n o c c u p a t io n s , in c lu d in g r o l l e r s , o p e r a t o r s , s h ip p e r s , potm en, and rodmen. 5 In c lu d e s la b o r e r s and such s e r v i c e o c c u p a tio n s as j a n i t o r s , guards and s to re ro o m a tt e n d a n t s . - 6 - a g e c a t e g o r ie s c o r r e s p o n d e d g e n e r a lly with that s p e c ifie d a s a gu id e to e m p lo y m e n t o f f i c i a l s (ta b le 4 ) . Such d e p a r t u r e s as e x is te d a p p e a re d to be p r im a r ily in the d ir e c t io n o f a g r e a t e r r e lia n c e on young w o r k e r s than had b een o r ig in a lly in ten d ed . T h e la r g e s t p r o p o r t io n s o f you n g e m p lo y e e s w e r e c o n c e n tr a te d in the c l e r i c a l and la b o r c l a s s i f i c a t io n . W ith a ll but 3 p e r c e n t o f the t e c h n ic a l-m a n a g e r ia l e m p lo y e e s b etw een 20 and 44 y e a r s o f a g e , the co m p a n y w as a b le to c o m e c l o s e s t to its e s ta b lis h e d a g e sta n d a rd s in th is g ro u p o f p e r s o n n e l, m o s t o f w h om w e r e t r a n s f e r r e d . T h e a v e r a g e a g e o f the fo r e m e n and c r a ft s m e n w a s n ota b ly h ig h e r than that o f the o th e r c a t e g o r ie s w ith 45 and 46 p e r ce n t, r e s p e c t iv e ly , 35 th rou gh 44 y e a r s o f a g e , and 9 and 12 p e r c e n t , r e s p e c t iv e ly , 45 o r o v e r . F o r the e m p lo y e e s as a w h o le , h o w e v e r , the co m p a n y w a s a b le to o b ta in a lm o s t 50 p e r c e n t o f its p e r s o n n e l w ithin its d e s ir e d a g e ra n g e o f 25 th rou g h 34. It is in s t r u c t iv e to c o m p a r e th e s e r e su lts w ith the a g e d is tr ib u tio n o f u n a c c e p te d a p p lic a n ts . T h e 25 th rou g h 34 a g e c a t e g o r y (ta b le 5) w a s a ls o h e a v ily r e p r e s e n t e d in the sa m p le o f u n a c c e p te d a p p lic a n ts . But in c o m p a r is o n w ith the s e le c t e d e m p lo y e e s , a l a r g e r p r o p o r t io n w a s iii the lo w e s t and h ig h e st a g e c a t e g o r ie s (9 and I I p e r c e n t, r e s p e c t iv e l y ) . In c o n tr a s t w ith the u n s k ille d e m p lo y e e s , an e s p e c ia lly la r g e p r o p o r t io n o f u n sk ille d a p p lica n ts w a s in th e s e tw o age grou ps. O nly 4 p e r c e n t o f the p la n t’ s r e c r u it s had ended th e ir fo r m a l ed u ca tio n in e le m e n ta r y s c h o o l. T h e r e m a in d e r , in k eep in g w ith the c o m p a n y ’ s h ir in g s p e c if ic a t io n s , had at le a s t s o m e h igh s c h o o l e d u ca tio n , and m o r e than 33 p e r c e n t had atten ded a c o l le g e o r u n iv e r s it y . T h o s e who had attended c o l le g e o r u n iv e r s ity in clu d e d 88 p e r c e n t o f the p r o f e s s io n a l, t e c h n ic a l, and m a n a g e r ia l e m p lo y e e s , and 49 p e r c e n t o f the fo r e m e n . E ven 13 and 12 p e r c e n t , r e s p e c t iv e ly , o f the c r a ft s m e n and l a b o r e r s w e r e in th is e d u ca tio n a l c l a s s i f i c a t io n . T h e r e la t iv e ly h igh e d u ca tio n a l le v e l o f th e s e h o u r ly ra te d e m p lo y e e s r e f l e c t s the co m p a n y p o lic y o f h ir in g w ith an ey e to the fu tu re su p ply o f s u p e r v is o r y p e r s o n n e l. T h e s e e d u ca tio n a l l e v e ls w e r e su b s ta n tia lly h ig h e r than th o s e atta in ed by a c r o s s s e c t io n o f the adult p op u la tio n in the cou n ty and S t a t e .9 91950 Census of Population, VoL n. Characteristics of the Population, pt. 49 (West Virginia), (U.S. Bureau of the Census), tables 20 and 42. M any o f the e m p lo y e e s had su p p lem en ted th e ir fo r m a l e d u ca tio n w ith b u s in e s s , t r a d e , o r t e c h n ic a l tr a in in g . A lm o s t o n e -fo u r t h o f the c l e r i c a l e m p lo y e e s had atten d ed b u s i n e s s s c h o o l; and 28 p e r c e n t o f the c r a f t s m e n and 18 p e r c e n t o f the o p e r a t iv e s had atten ded tr a d e s c h o o l. T h e c o n tr a s t in e d u ca tion a l attain m en t b etw een e m p lo y e e s and u n a cce p te d a p p li ca n ts is e s p e c ia lly s tr ik in g . W h e re a s , on ly 4 p e r c e n t o f the o p e r a tiv e e m p lo y e e s and 10 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e d l a b o r e r s had ended th e ir e d u ca tion in e le m e n ta r y s c h o o l, about 33 p e r c e n t o f the u n a cce p te d a p p li ca n ts f o r u n s k ille d and s e m is k ille d jo b s w e r e at th is le v e l . A s id e f r o m th o s e in the p r o fe s s io n a l, t e c h n ic a l, m a n a g eria l^ and c l e r i c a l g r o u p s , o n ly a handful o f u n a cce p te d a p p lica n ts had atten d ed c o l le g e o r u n iv e r s ity and, ev en in th e s e o c c u p a tio n s , the n u m b er w ith a h ig h e r ed u ca tion w as su b s ta n tia lly b e lo w that in the c o m p a r a b le o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s o f e m p lo y e e s . G iven th e s e sh a rp d i ffe r e n c e s in r e p r e s e n ta tio n at the lo w e s t and h ig h e s t le v e ls o f ed u ca tio n a l a tta in m en t, it is in te re s tin g to note that the p r o p o r tio n s w ho had ended th e ir fo r m a l e d u c a tio n in h igh s c h o o l w e r e rou g h ly the sa m e am on g e m p lo y e e s and u n a cce p te d a p p li c a n ts . It is a ls o s ig n ific a n t that a s lig h tly h ig h e r p r o p o r t io n o f u n a cce p te d a p p lica n ts had su p p lem en ted th e ir fo r m a l e d u ca tion w ith tr a d e , b u s in e s s , o r te c h n ic a l tr a in in g . T h is p r o v id e d s o m e co m p e n s a tio n f o r th e ir d e f i c ie n c ie s in fo r m a l s c h o o lin g but a p p a r ently w as in s u ffic ie n t to ju s tify th e ir e m p lo y m e n t. In c o m p a r in g the e d u ca tio n a l l e v e ls o f e m p lo y e e s and u n a cce p te d a p p lica n ts , it should be r e c a lle d that a r e la t iv e ly la r g e p r o p o r t io n o f e m p lo y e e s with h ig h e r e d u c a tio n w e r e in the p r o fe s s io n a l, te c h n ic a l, m a n a g e r ia l, and s u p e r v is o r y c a t e g o r ie s and that about o n e -fo u r t h o f the e m p lo y e e s in th e s e c a t e g o r ie s had been t r a n s fe r r e d to R a v e n sw o o d f r o m the c o m p a n y ’ s o th e r e s ta b lis h m e n ts . It sh ou ld a ls o be n oted that the data on a g e and ed u ca tion f o r o th e r e m p lo y e e s a s w e ll a s the u n a cce p te d a p p li ca n ts w e r e not r e s t r i c t e d to r e s id e n ts o f the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a . A s in d ica te d la t e r , a la r g e p r o p o r t io n o f e m p lo y e e s and u n a c c e p te d a p p lica n ts w e r e liv in g beyon d a 5 0 - m ile ra d iu s o f R a v e n sw o o d at the tim e th e ir a p p lic a tio n s w e r e su b m itte d . A lth ou gh th e r e w e r e la r g e r p e r c e n ta g e s o f e m p lo y e e s than u n a cce p te d a p p lica n ts in the p r e f e r r e d a g e and e d u ca tion c a t e - - 7 - TABLE 4 . Employees at th e Ravenswood p la n t , b y a g e , e d u c a t io n , b i r t h p l a c e , address on a p p li c a t i o n form , and o c c u p a t io n a l g ro u p , summer 1957 (P ercen ta g e d i s t r i b u t i o n ) Item P r o fe s s io n a l, te c h n i A ll C l e r i F o r e C r a ft s Opera S e r v T r a in Labor ca l, occu p a tiv e s cal men men ice ees t i o n s 1 and manage ria l Number o f em p loyees------------ 888 Age-----------------------------------------Under 20 y e a r s -------------2 0 -2 4 y e a r s -------------------2 5 -3 4 y e a r s -------------------3 5 -4 4 y e a r s -------------------4 5 -6 4 y e a r s -------------------- 100 6 20 48 22 4 E d u ca tion 2----------------------------E lem entary s c h o o l -------High s c h o o l -------------------C o lle g e o r u n i v e r s i t y -----------------E lem entary p lu s tr a d e s c h o o l 3-----------High s c h o o l p lu s tr a d e s c h o o l 3-----------C o lle g e p lu s tr a d e s c h o o l 3------------ 100 4 49 100 B ir t h p l a c e --------------------------Ravenswood a rea 4---------O ther West V ir g i n i a l o c a t i o n s 5-----------------C on tiguou s S t a t e 5--------N oncontiguous S t a t e 5— F o r e ig n --------------------------A ddress on a p p li c a t i o n form ------------------------------------Ravenswood a rea 4---------O ther West V ir g i n i a l o c a t i o n s 5-----------------C on tiguous S t a t e 5 --------N oncontiguous S t a t e 5— 174 145 67 103 160 100 100 19 32 39 9 1 100 100 — — 42 46 12 100 4 26 54 15 1 9 100 1 56 100 — 43 100 10 51 30 81 20 39 1 1 2 12 2 18 4 7 100 40 51 156 32 100 20 55 23 2 100 8 24 44 19 5 100 4 44 52 100 4 69 100 6 74 100 10 68 100 11 9 8 11 94 4 1 8 22 14 3 10 2 3 100 17 100 52 100 2 100 31 100 54 100 57 100 56 100 9 29 13 17 1 18 22 41 2 33 9 6 21 20 56 2 43 12 14 28 14 4 33 8 2 31 10 3 31 4 52 4 100 48 100 12 100 74 17 13 22 16 13 59 16 7 3 — 18 57 22 3 — — 4 42 45 9 — — — — — 3 3 10 12 1 — — — — — — 100 3 100 49 100 66 100 76 100 70 100 3 9 19 69 22 17 12 16 12 6 14 6 4 20 8 2 38 12 47 1 See f o o t n o t e 1, t a b l e 3 . 2 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s in c lu d e th o s e who b egan , b u t d id n o t n e c e s s a r i l y co m p le te , e d u c a tio n a t th e s p e c i f i e d l e v e l . 3 In c lu d e s v o c a t i o n a l , b u s in e s s , and t e c h n i c a l s c h o o l s . 4 W ith in a 5 0 -m ile ra d iu s o f Ravenswood. 5 Beyond a 5 0 -m ile ra d iu s o f Ravenswood. - 8 - g o r i e s , it ca n be in fe r r e d that the c o m pany w ill be f o r c e d to r e v is e its h irin g sta n d a rd s som ew h a t a s it expan ds e m p lo y m e n t. E ven in the u n a cce p te d g ro u p f r o m 34 to 48 p e r c e n t o f the a p p lica n ts in the v a r io u s o c c u p a tio n a l c a t e g o r ie s w e r e in the p r e f e r r e d 25 th rou g h 34 age r a n g e . (See ta b le 5 .) M o r e than 60 p e r c e n t o f th e p o te n tia l p r o f e s s io n a l, t e c h n ic a l, and m a n a g e r ia l p e r s o n n e l had atten ded c o l le g e o r u n i TABLE 5 . v e r s it y , and f r o m 60 to 72 p e r c e n t o f the o th e r o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p s had attended h igh s c h o o l. A lth ou gh it can n ot be e x p e c te d that a ll o f the th ou san d s o f a p p lica n ts fr o m w h om th is s a m p le w as draw n w ou ld re s p o n d to a fu tu re co m p a n y c a ll, it is r e a s o n a b le to a s s u m e that an adeq u ate w o r k f o r c e can be s e c u r e d w h ich w ill m e e t the sta n d a rd s o f a g e and ed u ca tion w ithout s e r io u s ly r e d u cin g the qu ality o f the w o r k f o r c e . A p p lic a n ts u n a ccep ted by th e Ravenswood p la n t , by a ge, e d u c a t io n , b i r t h p l a c e , add ress on a p p li c a t i o n fo rm , and o c c u p a t io n a l g ro u p , summer 1957 (P e rc e n ta g e d i s t r i b u t i o n ) Item A ll occu p a tio n s 1 P r o fe s s io n a l, C le r te c h n ic a l, ic a l and m a n ageria l S k il le d Semi U n s k ille d s k ille d Number o f u n a ccep ted a p p lic a n t s ----- 522 48 67 124 100 183 Age---------------------------------------------------------Under 20 y e a r s ----------------------------20-24- y e a r s ----------------------------------2 5 -3 4 y e a r s ----------------------------------3 5 -4 4 y e a r s ----------------------------------4 5 -6 4 y e a r s ----------------------------------- 100 9 16 39 25 11 100 4 48 40 8 100 18 24 34 18 6 100 2 10 42 32 14 100 4 16 44 24 12 100 16 20 35 18 11 E d u ca tion ---------------------------------------------Elem entary s c h o o l -----------------------High s c h o o l ----------------------------------C o lle g e o r u n i v e r s i t y ---------------E lem entary s c h o o l p lu s tra d e s c h o o l 2--------------------------------------High s c h o o l p lu s tr a d e s c h o o l 2 C o lle g e p lu s tr a d e s c h o o l 2------- 100 23 48 10 100 2 21 52 100 2 46 24 100 21 46 2 100 34 50 4 100 33 55 3 2 15 2 15 10 2 19 7 4 26 1 1 10 1 1 8 B ir t h p la c e -------------------------------------------Ravenswood a rea 3------------------------Other West V ir g i n i a l o c a t i o n s 4 C ontiguous S t a t e 4 -----------------------N oncontiguous S t a t e 4 -----------------F o r e ig n ------------------------------------------- 100 29 50 16 5 100 15 41 23 19 2 100 41 42 11 6 100 15 57 23 5 100 24 53 19 4 100 40 49 10 1 — — — — A ddress on a p p li c a t i o n form -----------Ravenswood a rea 3-------------------------Other West V ir g i n i a l o c a t i o n s 4 C ontiguous S t a t e 4 -----------------------N oncontiguous S t a t e 4 ------------------ 100 37 43 16 4 100 31 29 29 11 100 57 30 7 6 100 33 46 18 3 100 27 46 23 4 100 41 48 10 1 1 2 3 4 — — See f o o t n o t e 1 , t a b le 3 . In c lu d e s v o c a t i o n a l , b u s in e s s , and t e c h n i c a l s c h o o ls * See f o o t n o t e 4 , t a b le 4 . See f o o t n o t e 5 , t a b le 4* - 9 - — B irth p lace and P r e - K a is e r R esid en ce e m p l o y e e s ; on ly 17 p e r c e n t had a p p lie d fr o m b ey on d a 5 0 -m ile ra d iu s in W est V ir g in ia . T h e c o m p a r is o n in d ic a te s the im p o r ta n c e a c c o r d e d plant p r o x im it y f o r h o u r ly ra te d e m p lo y e e s in the c o m p a n y ’ s h irin g p o l i c i e s . W h ile the co m p a n y w as g e n e r a lly a b le to m a in ta in p r e c o n c e iv e d sta n d a rd s o f a g e and e d u ca tio n in s e le c t in g e m p lo y e e s , it did so o n ly at the c o s t o f aban don in g its p r e f e r e n c e f o r plant p r o x im it y . F ift y -tw o p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e e s liv e d b ey on d a 5 0 - m i le ra d iu s o f R a v e n sw o o d at the tim e o f th e ir a p p lic a tio n , (See ta b le 4 .) S e v en teen p e r c e n t liv e d in W e st V ir g in ia b eyon d the 5 0 - m i le ra d iu s and o v e r 20 p e r c e n t liv e d in a n o n co n tig u o u s sta te . T h e c o n t r a s t b etw een e m p lo y e e s and u n a c c e p te d a p p lica n ts is e s p e c ia lly sh a rp f o r the p r o fe s s io n a l, m a n a g e r ia l, and s u p e r v i s o r y o c c u p a t io n s . F r o m 59 to 69 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e e s in th e s e o c c u p a tio n s c a m e f r o m n o n con tig u ou s s ta t e s , and on ly 12 p e r c e n t o f the a c c e p te d fo r e m e n c a m e f r o m the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a and o th e r W est V ir g in ia l o c a l i t i e s . T h e p r o p o r t io n s o f u n a c c e p te d a p p lica n ts w e r e a lm o s t c o m p le t e ly r e v e r s e d , w ith 60 p e r c e n t o f th e p r o f e s s io n a l, t e c h n ic a l, m a n a g e r ia l, and s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s a p p lyin g f r o m the R a v e n s w o o d and o th e r W e st V ir g in ia a r e a s , and o n ly 11 p e r c e n t ap p lyin g f r o m n on con tig u ou s s ta t e s . In th e s e in s ta n c e s , p r i o r in d u s tria l e x p e r ie n c e and p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r is t i c s ou tw eig h ed plant p r o x im ity a s d e c is iv e f a c t o r s in co m p a n y s e le c t io n . In g e n e r a l, d is ta n c e fr o m the plant i m m e d ia te ly p r i o r to th e ir e m p lo y m e n t at the R a v e n sw o o d w o r k s in c r e a s e d w ith the a p p li c a n t 's l e v e l o f s k ill. O nly 12 p e r c e n t o f the p r o f e s s io n a l, t e c h n ic a l, and m a n a g e r ia l g ro u p w e r e w ith in 50 m ile s o f the p lan t, and o n ly 3 p e r c e n t o f the fo r e m e n liv e d w ith in th is a r e a . A b ou t 25 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e e s in th e s e o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s had b een t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m the c o m p a n y ’ s o th e r p la n ts. On the o t h e r hand, 49 p e r cen t o f the c r a ft s m e n , 66 p e r c e n t o f the o p e r a tiv e s ,* and 70 p e r c e n t o f the la b o r e r s e m p lo y e d a p p lie d fr o m w ith in the R a v e n s w o o d a r e a . T h e g e o g r a p h ic d is tr ib u tio n o f the m a n a g e m e n t t r a in e e s w a s s im ila r to that o f the m a n a g e r ia l and s u p e r v is o r y p e r s o n n e l, e x c e p t that a l a r g e r p r o p o r t io n o f t r a in e e s l iv e d in o th e r W est V ir g in ia lo c a t io n s at the tim e o f t h e ir a p p lic a t io n s . T h e g r o u p w ith the g r e a t e s t p r o x im it y to the plan t w a s that o f 145 c l e r i c a l e m p lo y e e s o f w h o m 74 p e r c e n t a p p lie d f r o m w ith in the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a . In d u strial E xp erien ce W h ile the co m p a n y w a s g e n e r a lly a b le to m e e t its r e q u ir e m e n ts w ith r e s p e c t to a g e and e d u ca tio n , p r o b le m s a r o s e in fin d in g l o c a l w o r k e r s w ith the d e s ir e d s k ills and in d u s tr ia l e x p e r ie n c e . E m p lo y e e s* p r in c ip a l in d u s tr ia l c l a s s i fi c a t io n s s in c e 1950 g e n e r a lly w e r e the s a m e as th e ir la s t in d u s tr ia l c l a s s ific a t io n s p r i o r to e m p lo y m e n t at the R a v e n sw o o d plant (ta b le 6 ). O nly 1 0 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e e s had b een p r im a r ily e n g a g ed in alu m in u m m a n u fa ctu rin g in the 7 y e a r s p r e c e d in g th e ir m o v e to the plant and o v e r fo u r -fift h s o f th e s e w e r e p r o fe s s io n a l, te c h n ic a l, m a n a g e r ia l, o r s u p e r v is o r y p e r so n n e l. S in ce m o r e than 80 p e r c e n t o f th o s e w ith p r e v io u s a lu m in u m e x p e r ie n c e had b een t r a n s fe r r e d fr o m o th e r co m p a n y p la n ts, it ca n o n ly be c o n c lu d e d that l o c a l r e s o u r c e s w e r e h ig h ly lim ite d in th is r e g a r d . In a d d ition to th o s e w ith a lu m in u m m a n u fa ctu rin g e x p e r ie n c e , 28 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e e s had b een p r im a r ily en gaged in o th e r m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u s tr ie s b e fo r e th ey c a m e to the p la n t. T h e r e la t iv e ly le s s s k ille d e m p l o y e e s - - o p e r a t i v e s and th o s e w o rk in g in s e r v i c e and l a b o r e r j o b s - - w e r e e s p e c ia lly la ck in g in p r e v io u s alu m in u m and o th e r m a n u fa ctu rin g e x p e r ie n c e . It w as a p p a ren t that the co m p a n y w ou ld h ave to u n d erta k e a v e r y c o n s id e r a b le tra in in g E v en though the c o m p a n y a c c e p t e d m any a p p lic a n ts w ho liv e d su b sta n tia l d is t a n c e s f r o m th e pla n t, e x a m in a tio n o f the b a c k g rou n d o f u n a cc e p te d a p p lica n ts r e v e a ls the e x e r c i s e o f c o n s id e r a b le co m p a n y d i s c r e tio n in th is m a t t e r . A m a jo r d is t in c tio n b etw e e n a c c e p t e d and u n a c c e p te d a p p li ca n ts w a s t h e ir d is ta n c e f r o m the plant at the t im e o f a p p lic a tio n (ta b le 5 ). In e v e r y o c c u p a tio n a l c a t e g o r y e x c e p t p r o f e s s io n a l, t e c h n ic a l, and m a n a g e r ia l, the p r o p o r t io n o f u n a cce p te d a p p lica n ts a p p lyin g f r o m w ith in the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a w a s s m a lle r , and the p r o p o r t io n o f u n a cce p te d a p p lica n ts a p p lyin g f r o m o th e r W e st V ir g in ia l o c a l i t ie s w a s l a r g e r . T h e fa c t that 43 p e r c e n t o f a ll the u n a c c e p te d a p p lica n ts liv e d in W e st V ir g in ia b ey on d a 5 0 - m i le ra d iu s o f the plan t is an in d ic a tio n o f the a ttr a c tio n the plan t had f o r w o r k e r s in the S ta te’ s d e p r e s s e d a r e a s . But a m on g the a c c e p te d - 1 0 - program . C o n se q u e n tly , e m p h a s is w as p la c e d on the e d u c a b ilit y o f th e s e e m p lo y e e s a s in d ic a te d by th e ir a g e , e d u c a tio n , and t e s t r e s u lt s . D u rin g the p e r io d o f the s u r v e y , the p r in c ip a l r e s p o n s ib ilit y in s u p e r v is io n and tra in in g p r o g r a m s w as a s s u m e d by the e x p e r ie n c e d co m p a n y t r a n s f e r e e s . Indeed, it w as the c o m p a n y 's in ten tion to tr a in m a n y o f the in itia lly h ir e d h o u r ly ra te d e m p lo y e e s a s s u p e r v is o r s by TABLE 6 . Employees a t th e Ravenswood p la n t , b y p r i n c i p a l i n d u s t r i a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s in c e 1 95 0, and l a s t i n d u s t r i a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p r e c e d in g Ravenswood p la n t employment, by o c c u p a t io n a l g ro u p , summer 1957 C urrent o c c u p a tio n a t Ravenswood p la n t (p e r c e n ta g e d i s t r i b u t i o n ) P rev iou s in d u s tr ia l c la s s ific a tio n P r in c ip a l i n d u s t r i a l c la s s ific a tio n s in c e 1950-------------M a n u fa ctu rin g : Aluminum: K a is e r — O th er— O ther manu fa c tu r in g Nonmanufac t u r in g : A g r ic u l t u r e Mining.---------Other n o n manufac tu rin g — L ast i n d u s t r i a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ------Manuf a c t u r in g : Aluminum: K a is e r 3O th er----Other manuf a c t u r in g Nonmanufac t u r in g : A g r ic u l t u r e M in in g---------Other n o n m anufac tu rin g — 1 th e 2 3 Num ber of A ll emo ccu p a p lo y tio n s ees1 P r o fe s s io n a l, te ch C le r F ore C r a ft s Opera S e rv n ic a l, ic a l men men tiv e s ic e and mana g e r ia l Labor T ra in ees 839 100 100 100 100 100 100 69 18 8 2 28 2 1 -— 29 9 1 4 1 1 233 28 22 17 31 47 29 13 3 ( 2) 503 60 48 82 31 47 67 67 64 72 836 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 68 15 8 2 27 1 1 27 8 2 5 1 1 2 --- 1 1 232 28 22 31 51 28 27 27 2 3 1 2 9 ( 2) 510 61 — 1 — — 16 — — 50 — 83 3 4 1 28 2 5 1 — 41 — — 68 100 6 1 29 2 — 100 2 — 2 — 1 2 100 69 67 — 22 — 6 — 17 — 77 Does n o t in c lu d e 30 em ployees whose r e c o r d s in d i c a t e no employment p r i o r t o th a t in Ravenswood p la n t and o th e r s f o r whom r e le v a n t d a ta were n o t a v a i la b le . Less than 1 p e r c e n t . T r a n s fe rs from o t h e r K a is e r p la n t s . - 1 1 - K a is e r jo b , and l e s s than 1 p e r c e n t had b een p r im a r ily e m p lo y e d in m in in g , the S ta te’ s m a jo r in d u s try . F u rth e r d e ta il on fa r m o w n e r s h ip and fa r m w o r k am on g e m p lo y e e s is p r e s e n te d b e lo w . the tim e the fu ll e m p lo y m e n t c o m p le m e n t w as rea ch ed . A s id e f r o m the p r o f e s s io n a l, te c h n ic a l, m a n a g e r ia l and s u p e r v is o r y f o r c e , and c r a ft s m e n , o v e r t w o -t h ir d s o f the w o r k e r s had b een p r im a r ily en ga ged in n o n m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s in the y e a r s p r i o r to th e ir e m p lo y m e n t in the p la n t. T h e s e in d u s t r ie s w e r e la r g e ly tr a d e and s e r v i c e , t r a n s p o r ta tio n , g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c ie s , and p u b lic u t ilit ie s . S ig n ific a n tly , o n ly 2 p e r ce n t o f th e s e e m p lo y e e s had b e e n p r im a r ily e m p lo y e d in a g r ic u lt u r e , the a r e a ’ s d o m i nant in d u stry in the 7 y e a r s p r i o r to th e ir A d d itio n a l lig h t on the r e a s o n s f o r the s p a r s e r e p r e s e n ta tio n o f c o a l m i n e r s am on g the e m p lo y e e s ca n be found in the in d u stria l e x p e r ie n c e o f the u n a cce p te d a p p lica n ts (ta b le 7). T h is g ro u p , lik e the e m p lo y e e s (e x c e p t f o r th o s e tra n s fe rre d )^ had a lm o s t no p r e v io u s e x p e r ie n c e in alu m in u m m a n u fa c tu r in g and l e s s to ta l m a n u fa ctu rin g e x p e r ie n c e than th o s e s e le c t e d . It fo llo w s that TABLE in d u s t r ia l 7 . la s t U n a c ce p te d in d u s t r ia l g ro u p , sum m er a p p lic a n ts , c la s s if ic a t io n b y p r in c ip a l p r e c e d in g R aven sw ood c la s s if ic a t io n p la n t s in c e a p p lic a tio n , b y 19 5 0 , and o c c u p a tio n a l 19 5 7 O c c u p a tio n a p p lie d fo r (p e rc e n ta g e a t R aven sw ood p la n t d is tr ib u tio n ) P r o fe s N um ber P r e v io u s o f in d u s t r ia l s io n a l, em p lo y e e s 1 c la s s if ic a t io n te c h A ll o cc u p a C le r n ic a l, i c a l and tio n s S e m i S k ille d Un s k ille d s k ille d m ana g e r ia l P r in c ip a l t io n in d u s t r ia l s in c e c l a s s i f i e s 4 79 100 — 1 9 5 0 ----------------------------------------- 100 100 — 100 100 100 — — — — M anuf a c tu r in g : A lu m in u m : K a i s e r -------------------------------------- 8 2 O th e r 13 8 m a n u f a c t u r i n g --------------- 29 — 2 21 O t h e r --------- ------------------------------- 2 1 29 19 4 40 2 7 N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g : — A g r i c u l t u r e ----------------------------------- 1 7 3 M i n i n g ------------------------------------------------ U 3 2 302 63 75 4 72 100 100 — — — O th e r L a s t n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ------- in d u s t r ia l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ------- 3 1 7 4 2 4 79 62 53 6 1 100 100 100 100 — — — — 2 — M anuf a c tu r in g : A lu m in u m : K a i s e r ------------------------------------O t h e r ---------------------------------------O th e r 8 m a n u f a c t u r i n g -------------- 2 28 13 3 — 2 2 4 1 26 1 7 23 3 1 3 7 N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g : — A g r i c u l t u r e ----------------------------------- 13 3 2 2 2 5 M i n i n g ------------------------------------------------ 17 4 4 2 2 5 4 3 0 1 63 77 73 63 52 65 O th e r 1 to D oes t h e ir n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ------- n o t in c lu d e a lu m in u m 35 a p p lic a n ts a p p lic a tio n and w h ose o th e r s a p p lic a tio n fo r w hom a v a ila b le . - 12 - fo rm s r e le v a n t in d ic a te d in d u s t r ia l n o d a ta e m p lo y m e n t w ere n o t p r io r g r e a t e r p r o p o r t io n s o f u n a c c e p te d a p p li ca n ts had b e e n p r im a r ily e m p lo y e d in n on m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u s t r ie s . A s in the c a s e o f the e m p lo y e e s , th is in d u s tr ia l d i s trib u tio n co n tin u e d up to the tim e o f a p p li c a tio n at the R a v e n sw o o d plan t. U n a ccep ted a p p lica n ts w e r e som ew h a t m o r e h e a v ily r e p r e s e n t e d in a g r ic u lt u r e and m in in g than the s e le c t e d e m p lo y e e s . T h e a r e a s u r r o u n d ing the R a v e n sw o o d plant is not a c o a l m in in g s e c t o r . T h u s, m in e r s w e r e in that g ro u p a pp lyin g f r o m beyon d a 5 0 - m i le ra d iu s w h o se a g e , e d u ca tio n , and s k ills w e r e in s u ffic ie n tly a t t r a c t iv e to c o m p e n s a te f o r g e o g r a p h ic d is t a n c e . S om e e m p lo y e r s w e r e c o n v in c e d that m in e r s w ou ld a lw a y s re tu r n to the m in e s w hen an o p p o rtu n ity a r o s e . A t the sa m e t im e , the r e la t iv e ly s m a ll n u m b e r o f a p p lica n ts w ith a m in in g b a ck g ro u n d s u g g e s ts that th e m in e r s t h e m s e lv e s m a y h ave b e e n re lu cta n t to ch an ge in d u s tr ie s d e s p it e the lo n g -r u n d e c lin e in c o a l m in in g e m p lo y m e n t. Farm Ownership and Farm Work E ven though fe w e m p lo y e e s had been p r im a r ily en g a ged in a g r ic u lt u r e in the 6 o r 7 y e a r s p r i o r to t h e ir e m p lo y m e n t at the a lu m in u m pla n t, the im p o r ta n c e o f a g r i c u ltu re in the b a ck g ro u n d o f the p la n t’ s w o r k f o r c e ca n be se e n f r o m the fa c t that a lm o s t 40 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e e s had w o r k e d on a fa r m at s o m e t im e d u rin g th e ir p r e v io u s e m p lo y m e n t h i s t o r i e s , and m o r e than 15 p e r c e n t w e r e liv in g on a fa r m w h ile w o rk in g at the a lu m in u m plan t. O f the 351 e m p lo y e e s w ho had p r e v io u s ly don e fa r m w o r k , 31 p e r c e n t had fa r m e d fu ll t im e , 66 p e r c e n t had fa r m e d p a rt tim e , and abou t 3 p e r c e n t had en ga ged in v a ry in g p e r io d s o f fu ll- t im e and p a r t -t im e fa r m w o r k . T h e p r o p o r t io n o f e m p lo y e e s w ho had b een e m p lo y e d in fa r m w o rk w as r e la t iv e ly high f o r o p e r a t iv e s and l a b o r e r s and r e l a t iv e ly lo w fo r p r o f e s s io n a l, m a n a g e r ia l, and s u p e r v is o r y p e r s o n n e l, and f o r c r a ft s m e n . T h is d is tr ib u tio n la r g e ly fo llo w e d the g e o g r a p h ic b a ck g ro u n d o f the e m p lo y e e s , w ith lo c a l r e s id e n c e and p r e v io u s fa r m w o rk bein g c l o s e l y r e la t e d . A lm o s t o n e -t h ir d o f th o se liv in g on a fa r m at the t im e o f the s u r v e y w e r e o p e r a t iv e s and m o r e than o n e -fo u r t h w e r e l a b o r e r s ; but o n ly 20 p e r c e n t o f the fa r m r e s id e n t s w e r e in the p r o f e s s io n a l, t e c h n ic a l; and m a n a g e r ia l c l a s s i f i c a t io n s . H e re a g a in , the p a tte rn o f p r e v io u s r e s id e n c e w as s ig n ific a n t in c u r r e n t fa r m sta tu s. S ligh tly o v e r o n e -h a lf o f the 137 e m p lo y e e s who liv e d on a fa r m w e r e fa r m o w n e r s , and a lm o s t 70 p e r c e n t o f the fa r m r e s id e n ts did s o m e fa r m w o rk in a d d ition to th e ir w o rk at the a lu m in u m p la n t. A s in fa r m r e s id e n c e , th o s e en gaged in s o m e fa r m w o r k w e r e h e a v ily co n c e n tr a te d in the o p e r a tiv e and la b o r c l a s s i f i c a t io n s . Occupational E xperience T h e o c c u p a tio n a l b a ck g rou n d o f the p la n t’ s e m p lo y e e s w as som ew h a t m o r e d iffic u lt to d e te r m in e than th e ir in d u s tria l e x p e r ie n c e . F r o m the s p e c if i c o c c u p a tio n s lis t e d on th e ir a p p lic a tio n f o r m s , an e ffo r t w a s m ad e to p la c e e a ch e m p lo y e e in on e o f the m a jo r o c c u p a tio n a l c a t e g o r ie s lis te d by the B u rea u o f the C en su s w ith r e s p e c t to both the o c c u p a tio n ju st p r i o r to e m p lo y m e n t at the R a v e n sw o o d plant and the o c c u p a tio n in w h ich th e r e had b een the lo n g e s t p e r io d o f te n u re s in c e 1950. T h e s e p r i o r o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p s a r e c o m p a r e d w ith o c c u p a tio n a l c a t e g o r ie s a s s ig n e d to e m p lo y e e s in the a lu m in u m plant a fte r a 3 -m o n th p e r io d (ta b le 8). It a p p e a re d that the o c c u p a tio n a l l e v e l o f m o s t o f the h o u r ly ra te d e m p lo y e e s had been h ig h e r in th e ir p r e v io u s e m p lo y m e n t. T h r e e -fo u r t h s o f th o s e a s s ig n e d to a la b o r e r p o s itio n by the co m p a n y had b e e n in a m o r e h ig h ly s k ille d o c c u p a tio n a l c a t e g o r y ju s t p r i o r to th e ir e m p lo y m e n t at the alu m in u m w o r k s . A lth ou gh a r e la t iv e ly la r g e p r o p o r t io n o f f o r m e r l a b o r e r s , s e r v i c e w o r k e r s , and o p e r a t iv e s con tin u ed in th e s e c a t e g o r ie s in the R a v e n s w o o d plan t, a la r g e p e r c e n ta g e had b een f o r m e r ly in a m o r e s k ille d o c c u p a tio n a l c a t e g o r y . T h e s m a lle s t m o v e m e n t b etw een o c c u p a tio n a l c a t e g o r ie s w a s in the s a la r ie d and s k ille d o c c u p a tio n s . Working W ives F o r t y - t h r e e o f the 10^ w o m e n e m p lo y e d in the plan t w e r e m a r r ie d at the tim e o f the s u r v e y . A l l but s ix o f th e m w e r e in the c l e r i c a l o c c u p a tio n a l c a t e g o r y . O v e r 50 p e r c e n t o f the w o rk in g w iv e s w e r e u n d er 25 y e a r s o f a g e , and 12 p e r c e n t w e r e 35 o r o v e r . A lm o s t 90 p e r c e n t o f the w iv e s who a p p lied f o r a lu m in u m co m p a n y jo b s w e r e fr o m w ith in the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a , a m u ch - 13 - TABLE 8 . C u rre n t o c c u p a tio n a l p r io r to g ro u p o f R aven sw ood e m p lo y e e s , p la n t (P e rc e n ta g e b y e m p lo y m e n t, t h e ir la s t su m m er o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p 19 5 7 d is tr ib u tio n ) P r o fe s s io n a l, E m p lo y e e s 1 p a tio n a l to la s t p r io r e m p lo y m e n t te c h S e r v t io n s 1 F o re . m en m en t iv e s 13 3 63 10 3 15 3 4 7 100 “ " 10 0 100 100 100 100 n ic a l, and C r a fts O p era C le r i c a l 16 6 o c c u p a g ro u p p la n t A ll o c c u T r a in L a b o r ic e e e s m ana g e r ia l N um ber A ll o f e m p l o y e e s -------------- o c c u p a t i o n s -------------------------" P r o fe s s io n a l, 833 ' 10 0 " 14 9 '' 10 0 8 m a n a g e r i a l ---------------------- 22 79 4 3 1 21 9 79 5 F o r e m e n --------------------------------------------- 7 2 1 38 6 3 C r a f t s m e n ---------------------------------------- 13 2 2 5 74 6 13 7 O p e r a t i v e s -------------------------------------- 24 5 16 2 3 2 1 S e r v i c e --------------------------------------------- 10 L a b o r --------------------------------------------------F arm la b o r o r " 100 te c h n ic a l, C l e r i c a l ------------------------------------------- and 19 fa r m 1 o w n er- 12 — 2 16 1 6 3 26 13 21 5 7 — - — 45 32 42 1 17 2 1 5 — 6 15 1 — 2 — 5 — 20 9 23 11 1 2 3 5 32 — 1 ____________ 1 See fo o tn o te 1 , ta b le 6• h ig h e r p r o p o r t io n than th e a v e r a g e f o r a ll plant e m p lo y e e s . A lth ou gh th ey g e n e r a lly liv e d w ith in th e 5 0 - m i le ra d iu s at the tim e o f the a p p lic a tio n , m a n y o f th e m w e r e co m m u tin g c o n s id e r a b le d is t a n c e s to the p la n t. T h ir ty p e r c e n t t r a v e le d 30 m ile s o r m o r e e a ch w a y , and 7 p e r c e n t t r a v e le d at le a s t 40 m i l e s . O v e r t h r e e -fo u r t h s o f the w o rk in g w i v e s ’ h u sban d s w o r k e d s o m e w h e r e o th e r than the R a v e n sw o o d p la n t. A d d itio n a l in sig h t into the p r o b le m s o f w o r k in g w iv e s in the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a w as g a in ed f r o m the r e c o r d s and r e s p o n s e s o f the 169 plan t e m p lo y e e s w ho in d ic a te d that th e ir w iv e s had b e e n w o rk in g at the tim e th ey (the h u sb a n d s) le ft th e ir p r e v io u s jo b s (ta b le 9 ). A ft e r the h u sban d s r e c e iv e d jo b s at the a lu m in u m pla n t, s lig h tly o v e r 50 p e r c e n t o f the w iv e s w e r e s t ill e m p lo y e d , 5 p e r c e n t w e r e lo o k in g f o r w o r k , and the r e m a in d e r w e r e no lo n g e r in the la b o r fo r c e . It w ou ld a p p e a r that o n e o f the p r i c e s f o r m ig r a t io n to w o r k in the R a v e n sw o o d plant w as the p o s s ib le l o s s o f e m p lo y m e n t o f o n e ’ s w ife , a ss u m in g that m a n y o f the w iv e s no lo n g e r in the la b o r f o r c e w ith d rew b e c a u s e o f th e ir fe e lin g that su ita b le e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n itie s w e r e u n a v a ila b le . C om pa ny p o l i c y , a s s e e n in p r a c t i c e , did n ot r e a d ily w e lc o m e husband and w ife te a m s in the p la n t. M any o f the w iv e s m a y h a v e w ith draw n f r o m the la b o r f o r c e b e c a u s e th e ir h usbands im p r o v e d th e ir e a r n in g s at the a lu m in u m p la n t. H o w e v e r , s o m e c o n fir m a tio n that the w i v e s ’ w ith d ra w a l f r o m e m p lo y m e n t w a s at le a s t p a r t ia lly i n v o lu n ta ry and lin k ed to in w a rd m ig r a tio n is found in the c r o s s - c l a s s i f i c a t i o n in ta b le 9. Seven ty p e r c e n t o f the w iv e s w h o se h u sb a n d s’ jo b a p p lic a tio n s c a m e fr o m w ithin the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a con tin u ed to w o rk a fte r t h e ir h u sban d s had t r a n s fe r r e d to the n ew p la n t. But o n ly 44 p e r c e n t o f the w iv e s w h o se h u sban d s a p p lie d fr o m W est V ir g in ia l o c a li t i e s o u ts id e the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a con tin u ed to w o r k a fte r th e ir h usbands m o v e d to the plan t; and th e p r o p o r t io n w as o n ly 15 and 21 p e r c e n t , r e s p e c t iv e ly , f o r w iv e s w h o se husbands a p p lie d f r o m c o n tig u ou s and n on con tig u ou s s ta t e s . In c o n t r a s t w ith the n u m b e r o f w iv e s w ho w ith d r e w f r o m e m p lo y m e n t w hen th e ir h u sban d s m o v e d to the new R a v e n sw o o d p la n t, on ly 13 w iv e s not w o rk in g at the tim e o f th e ir h u sb a n d s' p r e v io u s jo b s w e r e r e p o r t e d as - 14 - TABLE 9 . W iv e s w ho w ere e m p lo y m e n t A d d re ss on w o r k in g s ta tu s h u sb an d b y h u sb an d *s C u rre n t N um ber h u sb an d *s a p p lic a tio n w hen and R aven sw ood e m p lo y m e n t a d d r e s s , s ta tu s p la n t jo b , sum m er 19 5 7 (p e rc e n ta g e b y c u r r e n t d is tr ib u tio n ) E m p lo y e d A ll w iv e s on fo r a p p lic a tio n o f fo rm w iv e s A d d re ss a p p lie d E m p lo y e d L o o k in g N ot a t e ls e w h e r e f o r la b o r p la n t w o rk in th e fo r c e a p p lic a tio n 16 9 R aven sw ood a r e a 1 ------------------- O th e r 100 2 50 5 43 89 f o r m -------------------------------------------------------- 100 2 68 2 28 V ir g in ia W est 39 N o n c o n tig u o u s S t a t e 2 --------- 1 See fo o tn o te 4 , ta b le fo o tn o te 5 , ta b le 100 44 — 18 3 5 1 5 — 15 85 6 1 18 4 . 2 See 100 28 S t a t e 2 ----------------- 100 13 l o c a t i o n s 2 -----------------------------C o n tig u o u s 4 . e m p lo y e d a ft e r the m en to o k th e a lu m in u m plan t jo b s . d e s ig n a te d o n - t h e - jo b tra in in g a n d /o r e x p e r i e n c e ; and the r e m a in d e r s p e c ifie d b u s i n e s s , te c h n ic a l, o r tr a d e s c h o o l, o r s o m e o th e r ty p e o f tra in in g , o r fe lt u n able to s p e c ify any p a r tic u la r tra in in g as m o s t h e lp fu l (ta b le 10). E stim a tes of the Value of Training In co n c lu d in g th is s e c t io n on the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f the p la n t's la b o r su p p ly , the e m p lo y e e s s u b je c tiv e ev a lu a tio n o f the ty p e o f e d u ca tio n o r tra in in g w h ich h e lp e d th e m m o s t in ob ta in in g e m p lo y m e n t at the alu m in u m plant is o f in t e r e s t . O n e -th ird lis t e d th e ir f o r m a l ed u ca tio n in h igh s c h o o l o r c o l le g e a s the m o s t h e lp fu l; 3 out o f 10 TABLE 1 0 . E m p lo y e e s * e s tim a te p la n t jo b , o f v a lu e b y o f gro u p N um ber o f e m p lo y e e s A ll o f e s t i m a te s o f v a lu e A ll o c c u p a t i o n s -------------- — P r o fe s s io n a l, c a l, and e d u c a tio n o c c u p a tio n a l T yp es O c c u p a tio n a l O f th o s e who g a v e a s p e c if i c r e p ly , the s a la r ie d p e r s o n n e l fa v o r e d fo r m a l e d u c a tio n , w h ile the h o u rly ra ted e m p lo y e e s ten d ed to s t r e s s o n - t h e - jo b tra in in g . S ig n if ica n t n u m b e rs o f c l e r i c a l e m p lo y e e s and c r a ft s m e n a ls o m en tio n e d b u s in e s s , t e c h n ic a l, o r tr a d e s c h o o l as m o s t h e lp fu l. and g ro u p , v a lu a b le N one o f s p e c ia l v a lu e tr a in in g su m m er in o b ta in in g tr a in in g (p e rc e n ta g e O n -th e -jo b H ig h tr a in in g s c h o o l and e x p e r ie n c e o r c o lle g e 888 100 17 4 100 2 14 100 14 27 d is tr ib u tio n ) B u s in e s s , te c h n ic a l, o r tr a d e 3 7 30 O th e r s c h o o l 80 14 5 27 R aven sw ood 19 5 7 6 33 4 te c h n i m a n a g e r ia l— C l e r i c a l -------------------------------------- 2 2 18 3 6 F o r e m e n ---------------------------------------- 67 100 3 52 34 5 C r a f t s m e n ------------ ----------------------- 10 3 100 12 64 4 12 8 O p e r a t i v e s - --------------------------- -- 160 100 52 27 16 3 2 S e r v i c e ---------------------------------------- 5 1 100 23 57 10 4 6 L a b o r --------------------------------------------- 15 6 100 69 22 7 1 T r a i n e e s ------------------------------------- 32 100 — - 15 - — 9 7 — 1 3 plan ts and i f s o m e e m p lo y e e s had not been a ttra cte d to the plant f r o m c o n s id e r a b le d is t a n c e s . One o f the r e s u lt s o f the t r a n s fe r o f e m p lo y e e s into th is a r e a o f lim ite d e m p loy m en t o p p o rtu n itie s m a y h av e b een s o m e l o s s o f em p lo y m e n t by m a r r ie d w o m e n . R e la t iv e ly la r g e p r o p o r t io n s o f e m p lo y e e s in the le a s t s k ille d c a t e g o r ie s w e r e u nable o r u n w illin g to d e s ig n a te a s p e c if ic ty p e o f tra in in g o r ed u ca tio n as h e lp fu l. T h is m ay h ave r e fle c t e d th e ir r e a liz a t io n o f la c k o f e x p e r ie n c e in alu m in u m m a n u fa ctu rin g , but sh ow ed a la c k o f a w a r e n e s s o f the w eigh t g iv e n by the co m p a n y to g e n e r a l e d u c a tio n a l b a ck g ro u n d . U n a cce p te d a p p lica n ts had l e s s e d u c a tio n than e m p lo y e e s and w e r e co n c e n tr a te d in l e s s p r e f e r r e d a g e g r o u p s . A p p lica n ts w ith s e r io u s p h y s ic a l h a n d ica p s w e r e not h ir e d . On the a v e r a g e , the u n a cce p te d a p p li ca n ts liv e d fa r th e r f r o m the plant at the tim e o f a p p lic a tio n . T h ey had ev en le s s p r e v io u s e x p e r ie n c e in a lu m in u m and o th e r m a n u fa ctu rin g , but had b een som ew h a t m o r e g e n e r a lly en gaged in a g r ic u lt u r e and m in in g . F a r m r e s id e n c e and fa r m w o rk p la y e d a s ig n ifica n t r o l e in the b a ck g rou n d o f e m p lo y e e s , but v e r y few w e r e p r im a r ily en gaged in fa rm in g ju st p r i o r to bein g h ir e d by the alu m in u m co m p a n y . A lth ou gh the e m p lo y m e n t q u a lific a tio n s o f the u n a cce p te d a p p lica n ts w e r e g e n e r a lly b e lo w th o s e o f the a c c e p te d e m p lo y e e s , a s u ffic ie n t n u m b e r in th is g ro u p w ith the r e q u is ite q u a lifi c a tio n s w ou ld p e r m it su b sta n tia l ex p a n sion bey on d the p la n t’ s in itia l 900 e m p lo y e e s w ithout a s e r io u s r e d u c tio n in the qu ality o f the w o rk f o r c e . Summary A lth ou gh co m p a n y o f f i c i a l s w e r e u nable to m a in ta in a ll the h ir in g sta n d a rd s se t up as an id e a l g u id e , th ey a ttra cte d a h igh ly s a t is fa c t o r y in itia l la b o r su p p ly . T h e r e l a tiv e la c k o f a lu m in u m and o th e r m a n u fa c tu r in g e x p e r ie n c e a m on g a r e a r e s id e n ts w a s at le a s t p a r t ia lly o ffs e t by a p p lica n ts at the p r e f e r r e d a ge and e d u ca tio n a l l e v e l s . B a s ic s k ills g a in ed at r e la t iv e ly h igh o c c u p a tio n a l le v e ls co n trib u te d to the g e n e r a l e d u c a b ility o f e m p lo y e e s . E ven s o , the la c k o f l o c a l w o r k e r s w ith a lu m in u m o r o th e r m a n u fa ctu rin g e x p e r ie n c e w ou ld h ave co n stitu te d a s e r io u s p r o b le m i f it had not b een f o r the t r a n s fe r o f k e y p e r s o n n e l fr o m the c o m p a n y ’ s o th e r PATTERNS OF LABOR MOBILITY Changes of Industry T h e p r o c e s s by w h ich a la b o r su pply w as m a d e a v a ila b le to the R a v e n sw o o d plant can n ot be fu lly u n d e r sto o d w ithout k n o w led g e o f the c a u s e s and p a tte rn s o f la b o r m o b ility in th is f o r m e r ly d e p r e s s e d a r e a . The p a tte rn s o f m o b ilit y in the y e a r s p r i o r to the m o v e to the new a lu m in u m plant h elp ex p la in that m o v e , and the n a tu re o f the m o v e to the a lu m in u m plant h e lp s e x p la in the c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f the la b o r supply d e s c r ib e d in the p r e c e d in g s e c t io n . S om e o f the m o s t in te r e s tin g v a r ia t io n s in m o b ility o c c u r a lon g o c c u p a tio n a l lin e s ; t h e r e fo r e , m u ch o f the fo llo w in g d is c u s s io n co n tin u es the in te r o c c u p a tio n a l a n a ly s is . S in ce age d iff e r e n c e s h ave a ls o b een found d e c is iv e in in flu e n cin g m o b ilit y , a n a ly s is by age g ro u p s is u s e d in s o m e in s ta n c e s to s u p p le m en t that o f the o c c u p a tio n a l c l a s s i f i c a t io n s . P a tte r n s o f m o b ilit y a r e d is c u s s e d in t e r m s o f m o v e m e n t b etw een in d u s tr ie s , o c c u p a tio n s , and g e o g r a p h ic a r e a s . B e c a u s e o f the e n v ir o n m e n ta l co n d itio n s in the p r e s e n t study, g e o g r a p h ic m o v e m e n t w as the m o s t s ig n ific a n t. - It is the n a tu re o f d e p r e s s e d a r e a s that th ey a r e c u s t o m a r ily d om in a ted by a sin g le d e c lin in g in d u s try . If e m p lo y m e n t p r o b le m s in an a r e a a r e to be s o lv e d by the in t r o d u ctio n o f d i v e r s ific a t io n in the in d u stria l b a s e , it w ill n e c e s s a r i l y in v o lv e a sh ift o f m an y e m p lo y e e s fro m on e in d u stria l c l a s s ific a t io n to a n o th e r. In the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a , the dom in an t in d u stry w as a g r ic u lt u r e , and 40 p e r c e n t o f the s u r v e y e d e m p lo y e e s had been en g a ged in fa r m w o r k d u rin g s o m e p e r io d p r i o r to th e ir jo b s w ith the alu m in u m c o m p a n y . A su b sta n tia l sh ift out o f a g r i cu ltu re had o c c u r r e d b e fo r e the e s t a b lis h m en t o f the R a v e n sw o o d plant, h o w e v e r , as w a s show n by the v e r y s m a ll p e r c e n ta g e o f a p p lica n ts w ho had b een p r im a r ily en gaged in fa r m w o r k in the p r e v io u s 6 o r 7 y e a r s (ta b le 6 ). A lth ou gh s o m e t ie s to a g r ic u ltu r e w e r e m a in ta in ed , o n ly 15 p e r c e n t o f the c o m p a n y ’ s e m p lo y e e s s t ill liv e d on a fa r m , and o n ly 10 p e r c e n t w e r e s t ill en gaged in p a r t -t im e fa r m w o r k . 16 - T h e l o c a l e m p lo y e e s ’ m o b ilit y h is to r y sh ow ed little m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u stry a tta c h m en t p r i o r to o r at the t im e o f the m o v e to the p la n t. W ith the m o v e m e n t out o f a g r i c u ltu r e , m o r e than 60 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e e s had b e c o m e a tta ch ed to o th e r n on m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u s t r ie s , la r g e ly b e c a u s e o f the la c k o f in d u s tr ia l a lt e r n a t iv e s . W hen o p p o rtu n ity f o r m o v e m e n t into m a n u fa c tu r in g p r e s e n te d i t s e l f in the fo r m o f the new alu m in u m plan t, the e m p lo y e e s and th ou sa n d s o f u n a c c e p te d a p p lica n ts w e r e p r e p a r e d to m a k e a n o th e r in d u s tr ia l t r a n s i tio n . One d iv e r g e n t n ote in th is p ic t u r e o f re a d y in te r in d u s tr y m o b ilit y w as the lim ite d t r a n s fe r o f c o a l m in e r s f r o m the d e p r e s s e d a r e a s o f W est V ir g in ia b eyon d the R a v e n s w ood a r e a . A n a ly s is o f th e r e c o r d s o f the sa m p le o f u n a c c e p te d a p p lica n ts in d ica te d that th is lim ita tio n w as c a u s e d a s m u ch by the m in e rs* u n w illin g n e s s to m o v e as it w as by c o m p a n y h irin g sta n d a rd s (ta b le 7). In te rin d u stry m o b ilit y a s a so lu tio n to the p r o b le m s o f th is d e p r e s s e d r u r a l a r e a is se e n , then, to be p r im a r ily a r e s u lt o f the c o m p a n y ’ s a b ility and w illin g n e s s to h ir e l o c a l a p p lic a n ts f r o m a lie n in d u stria l b a ck g ro u n d s and tra in th em in a lu m in u m p r o d u c t io n . Changes of Occupation T h e sh ift to the a lu m in u m plant fu r th e r d e m o n s tr a te d the o c c u p a tio n a l a d a p ta b ility o f the lo c a l w o r k f o r c e . T h o s e who w e r e t r a n s fe r r e d f r o m the c o m p a n y ’ s o th e r f a c i li t i e s o r a ttr a c te d f r o m c o n s id e r a b le d is ta n c e s la r g e ly m a in ta in ed the s a m e o c c u p a tio n a l p o s it io n b e fo r e and a ft e r th e ir jo b sh ift (ta b le 8 ). T h e s e w e r e te c h n ic a lly tra in e d p e r s o n s w ho had a c q u ir e d a v e s te d in t e r e s t in a p a r t ic u la r ty p e o f s k ill. F o r the l o c a l a p p lic a n ts , h o w e v e r , the o p p o r tunity f o r a g o o d jo b ou tw eigh ed any c o n s id e r a tio n o f o c c u p a tio n a l a tta ch m e n t. O p e r a t iv e s b e c a m e la b o r e r s and l a b o r e r s b e c a m e o p e r a t iv e s in a r e a d y tr a n s itio n . T h e o n ly e x c e p tio n to th is p a tte rn w a s the lo c a lly r e c r u it e d c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s , w h o, lik e the t e c h n ic a lly tr a in e d , had a v e s te d in t e r e s t in a p a r t ic u la r s k ill and, f o r the m o s t p a rt, m a in ta in ed th e ir p r e v io u s o c c u p a tio n a l s t a tus a ft e r m o v in g to the R a v e n sw o o d p la n t. o c c u p a tio n m o v e m e n t .1 A s has b een n oted , 0 n e ith e r in d u s tria l n o r o c c u p a tio n a l a tta c h m en t p r o v e d to be o b s t a c le s to m o b ilit y in the fa c e o f the ou tstan d in g e m p loy m e n t o p p ortu n ity p r o v id e d by the n ew ly e s t a b lis h e d R a v e n sw o o d w o r k s . And y e t, w ithout an unusual am ount o f g e o g r a p h ic m o v e m e n t on the p a rt o f in m ig r a n ts , re tu rn e d m ig r a n ts , and c o m m u te r s the plant co u ld h a rd ly h ave begun o p e r a t io n s . P e rh a p s the m o s t n ota b le fin din g o f the s u r v e y is that the co m p a n y , d e s p ite its e x p r e s s e d p r e fe r e n c e f o r plant p r o x im ity in c h o o s in g e m p lo y e e s , w as f o r c e d to a c c e p t e m p lo y e e s liv in g at c o n s id e r a b le d is ta n c e s to ob ta in its w o rk f o r c e . M o re than h a lf o f the e m p lo y e e s liv e d beyond a 5 0 -m i le ra d iu s o f the plant at the tim e o f th e ir a p p lic a tio n (ta b le 4 ). M o r e o v e r , even m any o f th o s e w ho had a p p lied fr o m w ithin th is ra d iu s had a p p a re n tly m o v e d to the a r e a on ly r e c e n t ly , s in c e a little le s s than t w o -fift h s o f the e m p lo y e e s had b een liv in g w ith in 50 m ile s o f R a v e n sw o o d f o r 5 y e a r s b e fo r e th e ir a p p lic a tio n (ta b le 11). An a d d ition a l o n e -fift h o f the e m p lo y e e s had liv e d in o th e r W est V ir g in ia a r e a s in the 5 -y e a r p e r io d , but o v e r o n e -fo u r t h o f the p la n t’ s to ta l w o r k f o r c e had been liv in g in n o n con tig u ou s s ta t e s . A s in the c a s e o f the a d d r e s s e s g iv e n in the a p p lic a tio n s , the la r g e s t p r o p o r tio n s o f p e r s o n s liv in g in d ista n t p la c e s b e fo r e th e ir e m p lo y m e n t in the alu m in u m plant w e r e in the p r o fe s s io n a l, m a n a g e r ia l, and s u p e r v is o r y o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s . A d d itio n a l in d ica tio n o f m o v e m e n t in and out o f the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a b e fo r e a p p lic a tio n s w e r e file d w ith the co m p a n y ca n be s e e n in a c o m p a r is o n o f the b ir th p la c e s o f e m p lo y e e s (ta b le 4 ), th e ir r e s id e n c e f o r 5 y e a r s b e fo r e th e ir a p p lica tio n (ta b le 11), and the a d d r e s s on th e ir a p p lica tio n fo r m s (ta b le 4 ). E x a m in a tion o f the p r o f e s s i o n a l- m a n a g e r ia l g ro u p is e s p e c ia lly in s tr u c tiv e in th is r e g a r d . A lth ou gh 17 p e r c e n t o f th e s e e m p lo y e e s w e r e b o rn in the R a v e n s w o o d a r e a , o n ly 9 p e r c e n t w e r e s t ill liv in g in the a r e a 5 y e a r s b e fo r e th e ir a p p lic a tio n s w e r e s u b m itte d , but the p r o p o r t io n had in c r e a s e d to 12 p e r c e n t by the tim e o f the a p p lic a tio n s . Geographic Movement T h e fa c t that 29 p e r c e n t o f a ll plant e m p lo y e e s w e r e b o rn in m o r e d ista n t W est V ir g in ia l o c a li t i e s sh ow s the im p o r ta n c e o f th e s e a r e a s in the p a tte rn s o f g e o g r a p h ic m o b ilit y . But 5 y e a r s b e fo r e a p p lic a tio n s M o b ility g e o g r a p h ic r e s t r ic t e d losee the summary of research findings on this point discussed by Herbert S. Parnes, Research on Labor Mobility (Social Science Research Council, Bull. No. 54, 1954), pp. 73-80. stu d ie s g e n e r a lly sh ow that m o b ilit y o f la b o r is m o r e than in te r in d u s tr y o r i n t e r - 17 - TABLE 11. M o st p r e c e d in g d ista n t R av e n sw o o d r e sid e n c e p la n t and changes e m p lo y m e n t, C u rren t re sid e n c e o c c u p a tio n (p e rc e n ta g e Num ber o f a t e m p lo y e e s gro u p , in su m m er R av e n sw o o d 5 y ears 1957 p la n t d istr ib u tio n ) P ro fe s o f R e sid e n c e o f "b y o c c u p a t i o n a l A ll em - o c p lo y - cupa ees tio n s sio n a l, te c h n i C le r F o re C ra fts c a l, and ic a l m en m en tiv e s ic e 100 100 100 100 100 100 39 52 61 54 3 O p era S erv Labor T r a in ees m an a g e r ia l M o st d ista n t dence in r e s i p r io r 5 y e a r s 1 ------------------------- 888 100 100 100 335 38 9 55 117 20 U 21 10 24 23 14 24 31 140 16 15 14 21 20 17 12 14 6 236 26 62 10 69 17 8 14 8 60 y e a r s 4 ------------------------- 888 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 N o n e ------------------------O n e --------------------------- 678 76 56 82 84 74 78 84 88 78 147 17 25 13 16 18 18 12 10 13 T w o --------------------------- 40 4 12 3 — 5 3 2 1 3 T h r e e ----------------------- 16 2 6 1 — 1 2 1 Four 17 1 1 1 — 2 R av e n sw o o d O th e r a re a 2 — W est V ir g in ia lo c a - t i o n s 3 ---------------C o n tig u o u s S t a t e 3 ---------------N o n c o n tig u o u s S t a t e 3 ---------------N um ber o f changes r e sid e n c e w o rk in to p r io r or 1 E x c lu d e s o f fin d 5 m o r e -------- r e sid e n c e 2 See fo o tn o te 3 See fo o tn o te 4 E x c lu d e s th e w h ile 4 , ta b le 5 , ta b le m ove to in A rm ed F o rces e d u c a tio n a l — 1 — 6 — in stitu tio n . 4 . 4 . th e R av e n sw o o d p la n t w e r e file d o n ly 20 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e e s w e r e s t ill r e s id e n t s in th o s e l o c a li t i e s , and the n u m b e r w a s fu r th e r r e d u c e d to 17 p e r c e n t by the tim e o f the a p p lic a t io n s . T h e a g e s o f the e m p lo y e e s w e r e a ls o sig n ific a n t a s an in flu e n c e on g e o g r a p h ic m o v e m e n t. T h e y o u n g e st and o ld e s t e m p lo y e e s w e r e m o s t lik e ly to be found in the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a 5 y e a r s b e fo r e a p p lic a tion fo r m s w e r e file d (ta b le 12 ). In c o n tr a s t w ith 72 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e e s u n d er 20 y e a r s o f a g e and 50 p e r c e n t o f t h o s e 45 o r o v e r , o n ly b etw een 35 and 38 p e r c e n t o f th o s e in the m id d le -a g e g r o u p s r e s id e d in the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a . or — and m oves w h ile in th e A rm ed F o rces. F u rth e r in sigh t into the p a tte rn s o f g e o g ra p h ic m o v e m e n t w as ob ta in ed by e x a m in ing the len gth o f r e s id e n c e in the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a o f th o s e e m p lo y e e s who a p p lie d fr o m w ithin the a r e a (ta b le 1 3 ). M o r e than 70 p e r c e n t o f t h e s e a p p lica n ts had r e s id e d in the a r e a f o r at le a s t 10 y e a r s , w h ile 42 p e r c e n t o f th is g ro u p had liv e d in the a r e a s in c e b ir th ; 10 p e r c e n t had liv e d in the a r e a l e s s than 2 y e a r s and 18 p e r c e n t m o r e than 2 but l e s s than 10 y e a r s . T h e len g th o f r e s id e n c e in R a v e n sw o o d d iffe r e d by o c c u pa tion a l g r o u p s , with m o s t o f the h o u rly ra te d and c l e r i c a l e m p lo y e e s r e p o r tin g a lo n g ten u re in the a r e a and the p r o f e s s i o n a lm a n a g e r ia l g ro u p h avin g a s h o r t e r p e r io d o f r e s id e n c e . - 18 - TA BLE 12. A ge o f 5 e m p lo y e e s ,1 b y y ears m o st p r e c e d in g d ista n t R av e n sw o o d U nder 20 r e s id e n c e p la n t and changes e m p lo y m e n t, o f su m m er r e sid e n c e in 1957 2 0 -2 4 2 5 -3 4 3 5 -4 4 4 5 -6 4 y ears y ears y ears y ears y ears R e sid e n c e N um ber M o st d ista n t p r io r 5 r e sid e n c e P er P er N um ber cent cen t N um ber P er N um ber cent P er P er N um ber cent cent in y e a r s 2 --------------------------- 49 100 175 100 406 100 188 100 36 100 35 72 62 35 147 36 72 38 18 50 3 6 44 25 91 22 33 17 15 14 7 14 37 21 63 16 28 15 4 11 4 8 32 18 105 26 55 30 9 25 y e a r s 5 ---------------------------------------- 49 175 134 406 100 306 188 143 36 77 100 76 100 43 100 88 100 N o n e -------------------------------------------- 76 33 92 O n e ---------------------------------------------- 5 10 32 18 67 16 31 16 2 T w o ---------------------- ------------------------ 1 2 6 3 21 5 11 6 R av e n sw o o d a r e a 3 ------------------ O th e r W est V irg in ia l o c a t i o n s 4 --------------------------C o n tig u o u s S t a t e 4 ---------------- N o n c o n tig u o u s N um ber o f dence 5 S t a t e 4 ---------- changes to fin d o f r e s i w ork in p r io r T h r e e ------------------------------------------ 1 — — 2 1 7 2 2 1 Four — - — 1 1 5 1 1 — 1 or m o re— E x c lu d e s --------------------- e m p lo y e e s fo r w hom 2 See fo o tn o te 1, ta b le fo o tn o te 4 , ta b le d a ta w ere u n a v a ila b le . 4 — 1 3 — — See fo o tn o te 5 , ta b le 4 . 5 See 11. 3 age 5 _ fo o tn o te 4 , ta b le 11. 4 . See TA BLE 13. E m p lo y e e s a p p ly in g th a t fro m are a, by w ith in th e R av e n sw o o d o c c u p a tio n a l L e n g th grou p , o f a re a, by su m m e r r e sid e n c e (p e rc e n ta g e in le n g th o f re sid e n c e in 1957 R av e n sw o o d area1 d istr ib u tio n ) N um ber O c c u p a tio n a l o f gro u p A ll em 1 p e rio d s p lo y e e s o f U nder 1 r e s i y ear th a n o c c u p a tio n s - - P ro fe ssio n a l, te c h n ic a l, 434 100 5 10 2 y ears but le ss dence A ll y ear but 2 le ss th a n 5 5 y ears but y ears o r m o re th a n 10 S in c e but le ss not s in c e b ir th b ir th * 10 5 8 30 10 15 25 25 25 3 7 12 32 41 42 , and m a n a g e r i a l ---------- 20 100 C l e r i c a l ------------------ 107 100 F o r e m e n --------------------- 2 5 2 100 C r a f t s m e n ---------------- 50 100 6 8 6 10 38 32 O p e r a t i v e s -------------- 106 100 3 4 8 5 33 47 44 — — — — — — S e r v i c e -------------------- 39 100 8 8 3 8 29 L a b o r ------------------------- 109 100 6 2 8 11 27 T r a i n e e s -------------- — 2 100 1 In c lu d e s R av e n sw o o d 2 a area N um ber t o o r a d iu s fo r 1 o f 50 b r ie f sm a ll to m ile s — aro u n d in te r v a ls p e rm it — R av e n sw o o d . d u r in g c a lc u la tio n — In c lu d e s th e in d ic a te d o f p e rc e n ta g e . - 19 - — e m p lo y e e s p e r io d s. 46 — — w ho le ft th e to w o rk ; 11 p e r c e n t w e r e tr a v e lin g fr o m 40 to 50 m ile s , and 6 p e r c e n t w e r e c o m m uting 50 m i le s o r m o r e e a ch w ay to the plant (ta b le 15). C ra ftsm e n and l a b o r e r s w e r e am on g the m o s t dista n t c o m m u t e r s , but the o th e r h o u rly ra te d e m p lo y e e g ro u p s a ls o had a r e la t iv e ly la r g e p r o p o r t io n o f lo n g -d is t a n c e c o m m u t e r s . T h e p r o fe s s io n a l, m a n a g e r ia l, and s u p e r v is o r y e m p lo y e e s , on the o th e r hand, w ho c a m e la r g e ly fr o m o u tsid e the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a , ten d ed to s e ttle dow n c l o s e r to the plan t. T h e a lu m in u m plant b e n e fite d not on ly f r o m the e x te n s iv e m o v e m e n t into R a v en s w oo d o f f i r s t - t i m e a r r iv a ls but a ls o took advan tage o f the r e tu r n m ig r a t io n o f f o r m e r r e s id e n t s (ta b le 14). F ift y -e ig h t o f the n o n R a v e n sw o o d a p p lica n ts had p r e v io u s ly r e s id e d in the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a . Six o f th em had not liv e d in the a r e a s in c e p r i o r to 1940, w h ile a lm o s t o n e -t h ir d had liv e d in the a r e a d u rin g the y e a r s 1 9 4 0 -4 9 . A ll o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p s w ere r e p r e s e n te d am on g th e s e re tu rn e d m ig r a n ts e x ce p t m a n a g em en t t r a in e e s . D e sp ite the g re a t co m m u tin g d is t a n c e s o n ly 22 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e e s who liv e a beyond 5 m ile s o f the plant e x p r e s s e d an in ten tion o f m o v in g c l o s e r to it in the fu tu re (ta b le 16). A la r g e p r o p o r tio n o f the c r a ft s m e n w e r e in clu d ed in th is g ro u p . But the l a b o r e r s , w h o se co m m u tin g d is ta n c e s 1e x c e e d e d th o s e o f the o th e r e m p lo y e e s and who had m a d e fe w e r m o v e s to w a rd the plant a fte r th e ir e m p lo y m e n t, in d ica te d an in ten tion to ch an g e r e s id e n c e in the fu tu re in o n ly s lig h tly g r e a t e r n u m b e rs than the average. Long-D istance C om m uters E v en the e m p lo y e e s ’ e x te n s iv e w illin g n e s s to ch a n g e r e s id e n c e w ou ld not h ave s o lv e d the p la n t’ s la b o r su p ply p r o b le m s w ithout a n oth er kind o f g e o g r a p h ic m o v e m e n t. M any e m p lo y e e s w e r e w illin g to c o m m u te c o n s id e r a b le d is ta n c e s in o r d e r to w o r k at the p la n t. In v ie w o f the s c a r c it y o f h ou sin g in R a v e n sw o o d in the e a r ly p h a se o f the p la n t’ s o p era tion s* th is w as a p e c u lia r ly fo rtu n a te ty p e o f m o b ilit y . A t the tim e o f the s u r v e y , 33 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e e s w e r e tr a v e lin g fr o m 5 to 10 m ile s TA BLE 14. D a te s o f p r e v io u s th is re sid e n c e are a, N um ber o f by in R av e n sw o o d o c c u p a tio n a l e m p lo y e e s r e p o r tin g T o ta l e m p lo y e e s A ll o c c u p a t i o n s ----- .— P r o fe s s io n a l, n ic a l, and e m p lo y e e s su m m e r d a te s R av e n sw o o d O c c u p a tio n a l gro u p o f gro u p , o f w ho a p p lie d fro m m o st recen t :r e s i d e n c e in 1 9 5 6 -5 7 1 9 5 3 -5 5 1 9 5 0 -5 2 1 9 4 -0 -4 9 R a v e n sw o o d 4-54- 396 in th e area No p r e v i o u s re sid e n c e o u ts id e 1957 6 16 B e fo re 1940 20 10 6 te c h m an 154 145 C l e r i c a l ------------------------- 38 25 a g e r i a l ---------------------- 3 2 3 1 4 — 2 5 2 F o r e m e n --------------------------- 65 63 1 C r a f t s m e n ----------------------- 53 45 1 1 2 3 1 O p e r a t i v e s -------------------- 54 40 2 6 2 3 1 2 3 S e r v i c e --------------------------- 12 10 L a b o r ------------------------------- 47 37 2 T r a i n e e s ------------------------- 31 31 --- — - 20 - — — — 1 — 2 - —— — 2 — — — 1 — TABLE 15. E m p lo y e e s' c o m m u tin g d ista n c e to su m m e r o f gro u p A ll n ic a l, p la n t, by o c c u p a tio n a l gro u p 1957 d ista n c e to (p e rc e n ta g e p la n t1 d istr ib u tio n ) e m p lo y e e s i A ll U nder 5 -9 1 0 -1 9 2 0 -2 9 3 0 -3 9 4 0 -4 9 50 d ista n c e s 5 m ile s m ile s m ile s m ile s m ile s m ile s and 888 100 2 33 14 20 14 11 6 62 26 7 11 15 27 7 18 5 11 4 o c c u p a t i o n s -------------- P ro fe s s io n a l, C o m m u tin g ! S N u m b er* O c c u p a tio n a l R av e n sw o o d m ile s over te c h and m a n a g e r i a l ----------------------- 174 100 1 145 C l e r i c a l ----------------------------- 100 3 F o r e m e n — * -------------------------- 67 100 C r a f t s m e n --------------------------- 103 100 — 3 73 6 10 7 2 2 22 5 16 22 12 13 10 O p e r a t i v e s ------------------------- 160 100 3 14 21 25 15 16 6 S e r v i c e ------------------------------- 51 100 2 24 24 17 10 17 6 L a b o r ------------------------------------ 156 100 1 12 16 19 T r a i n e e s ----------------------------- 32 100 3 72 3 22 1 D is ta n c e , TA BLE 16. one w ay, P la n n e d fro m re sid e n c e r e sid e n c e change to th e o f e m p lo y e e s , by o c c u p a tio n a l p la n s (p e rc e n ta g e N um ber gro u p o f A ll p la n s liv in g o c c u p a t i o n s ------------------------- w ith in P r o fe s s io n a l, 100 888 grou p , o f su m m e r 1 9 5 7 e m p lo y e e s P la n 5 m ile s1 A ll 12 — d istr ib u tio n ) C u r r e n tly e m p lo y e e s 16 — p la n t. R e sid e n c e O c c u p a tio n a l 24 — 3 to m ove c lo s e r No p l a n s m ove to c lo s e r 75 22 te c h n ic a l, m a n a g e r i a l ----------------------- 174 100 2 13 85 C l e r i c a l ---------------------------------------- 145 100 6 14 80 F o r e m e n ------------------------------------------ 67 100 1 103 100 2 24 40 75 C r a f t s m e n -------------------------------------O p e r a t i v e s ------------------------------------ 160 100 4 25 71 and 58 S e r v i c e ------------------------------- ---------- 51 100 25 75 L a b o r ---------------------------------------------- 156 100 1 27 72 32 100 12 13 75 T r a i n e e s ----------------------------------------- 1 T h o se liv in g w ith in 5 m ile s o f th e p la n t w ere Summary In r e c r u it in g a w o r k f o r c e ,t h e a lu m in u m plant w a s a b le to tak e advan tage o f an a b s e n c e o f in d u s tr ia l and o c c u p a tio n a l atta ch m en t on the p a rt o f the l o c a l w o rk f o r c e . But, g iv e n the c h r o n ic a lly d e p r e s s e d n a tu re o f the a r e a , ev en th is d e g r e e o f fle x ib ilit y w ou ld not have s u ffic e d w ithout su b sta n tia l g e o g r a p h ic m o v e m e n t. T h is — - 21 not ask e d i f th e y p la n n e d to m ove. m o v e m e n t took the f o r m o f co m p a n y t r a n s fe r s o f k e y e m p lo y e e s fr o m d ista n t s ta te s , in itia l in w ard m ig r a tio n f r o m su rrou n d in g a r e a s , and re tu rn m ig r a tio n o f f o r m e r r e s id e n t s . Just as im p o rta n t as th e s e m o d e s o f g e o g r a p h ic m o b ility , h o w e v e r , w as the w illin g n e s s o f r e s id e n ts in the su rrou n d in g a r e a to c o m m u te great d is ta n c e s in o r d e r to ob ta in e m p lo y m e n t in the plan t. - THE REASONS FOR MOBILITY It r e m a in s to be a sk ed “ What p r o m p te d the p a tte rn s o f p r i o r m o b ilit y ? What m o t i v a te d w o r k e r s to m o v e to the new a lu m in u m p la n t? * In a n sw e rin g th e s e questions^under • standing is g a in ed o f the b a s ic p r o b le m s o f e m p lo y m e n t and in c o m e in a r u r a l a r e a c h r o n ic a lly lim ite d in jo b o p p o r tu n itie s , and fu r th e r lig h t is th ro w n on s o u r c e s o f la b o r su p ply f o r new in d u s tr ia liz a tio n in su ch an area. In th is s e c t io n , an o b je c t iv e a p p r a is a l o f the c ir c u m s t a n c e s p ro m p tin g m o b ilit y is c o m p a r e d w ith the w o r k e r s * s u b je c tiv e e v a lu a tio n s o f p a st e x p e r ie n c e and fu tu re p rosp ects. TABLE 1 7 . Unemployment and Underem ploym ent A s ig n ifica n t p o r tio n o f the la b o r m o b ility in the a r e a ca n be ex p la in ed in t e r m s o f the la c k o f a lte rn a tiv e em p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n i t i e s . T h e attitude o f m an y a r e a w o r k e r s to w a rd e m p lo y m e n t in the a lu m in u m plant ca n b e s t be u n d e r s to o d in the lig h t o f th e ir e m p lo y m e n t status in the p r e c e d in g y e a r s . T w en ty p e r c e n t o f the p la n t’ s e m p lo y e e s had been to ta lly u n e m p lo y e d at s o m e tim e in the 3 y e a r s p r e c e d in g th e ir jo b w ith the alu m in u m co m p a n y . F o r 49 p e r c e n t o f th e s e u n e m p lo y e d w o r k e r s ;the to ta l u n em p loy m en t e x p e r ie n c e d d u rin g th is p e r io d had been 1 but l e s s than 3 m on th s (ta b le 1 7). E ig h teen p e r - D u ra tion o f unemployment o f em ployees i n 3 ye a rs p r i o r t o Ravenswood p la n t jo b , b y l o c a t i o n and r e c e i p t o f unemployment com p en sation , summer 1957 (P e rce n ta g e d i s t r i b u t i o n ) T o t a l unemployment i n 3 y e a rs p r i o r t o p la n t jo b L o c a t io n o f unemployment and r e c e i p t of unemployment com pen sation A ll unem ployed1 A l l unem ployed---------------- 100 6 100 52 27 14 L o c a t io n o f lo n g e s t p e r io d o f unem ployment------------------------------Ravenswood a re a 2----O ther West V ir g i n i a l o c a t i o n s 3-------------C on tiguous S t a t e 3— N oncontiguous S t a t e 3-------------------Number o f tim es r e c e iv e d unemployment com pen sation ---------------None--------------------------One----------------------------Two----------------------------T h ree------------------------- 7 100 45 47 7 1 1 bu t le s s than 3 months 3 but le s s than 6 months 6 months bu t le s s th an 1 year 11 49 18 11 5 100 80 100 32 100 50 100 53 100 58 100 78 10 10 37 10 30 12 19 25 26 16 21 8 3 100 47 53 100 50 47 3 — 100 47 47 3 3 Under 2 weeks 2 -4 weeks — 100 70 30 — — --- — 1 year and over 22 — — — 100 10 53 32 5 100 22 56 22 — 1 T o t a ls 175 em ployees who were unemployed i n th e p r e c e d in g 3 y e a r s , n o t a l l o f whom were n e c e s s a r i l y i n co v e re d employment. 2 See f o o t n o t e 4 , t a b l e 4 . 3 See f o o t n o t e 5 , t a b l e 4 . - 22 - p e r c e n t o f the u n em p loy ed o p e r a t iv e s had b een w ithout e m p lo y m e n t f o r a to ta l p e r io d e x c e e d in g 3 m o n th s. S ig n ifica n tly , th e s e o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s w e r e the o n e s r e c r u ite d p r im a r ily fr o m the R a v en s w ood and o th e r W est V ir g in ia a r e a s . T h e r e l a tio n sh ip b etw een u n em p loy m en t and lo c a t io n is e m p h a s iz e d in the c r o s s c l a s s ific a t io n co n ta in e d in ta b le 17. M o re than 50 p e r c e n t o f the u n e m p lo y e d had s u ffe r e d th e ir lo n g e s t p e r io d o f u n em p loy m en t w h ile liv in g w ith in a 5 0 - m i le ra d iu s o f R a v e n sw o o d and 27 p e r ce n t e x p e r ie n c e d th e ir lo n g e s t p e r io d o f ce n t w e r e u n e m p lo y e d f o r a to ta l o f 3 but u n d er 6 m o n th s; 11 p e r c e n t f o r 6 up to 12 m o n th s; and 5 p e r c e n t f o r a y e a r o r m o r e . L engthy p e r io d s o f c u m u la tiv e u n e m p lo y m e n t w e r e e s p e c ia lly p r e v a le n t a m on g the h o u r ly ra te d e m p lo y e e s . A bou t 33 p e r cen t o f the la b o r e r s and a lm o s t 30 p e r c e n t o f the o p e r a t iv e s who had b een u n e m p loy ed had b een w ithout w o r k f o r a to ta l p e r io d o f 1 o r m o r e m on th s du rin g the 3 y e a r s (ta b le 18). A bou t 10 p e r c e n t o f the u n e m p lo y e d c l e r i c a l , s e r v i c e , and la b o r g r o u p s and 15 TABLE 18. Cum ulative unemployment o f a l l em ployees i n 3 y e a rs p r i o r t o Ravenswood p la n t j o b , b y l o c a t i o n o f unemployment,* and o c c u p a t io n a l g ro u p , summer 1957 (P e rce n ta g e d i s t r i b u t i o n ) D u ra tion and l o c a t i o n o f unemployment P r o fe s s io n a l, te c h n ic a l, and m a n ageria l A l l em p loyees---------------Cum ulative unem ploy ment in 3 y ea rs p r i o r t o Ravenswood p la n t j o b -------------------No unemployment— Under 2 w eeks-------2 -4 weeks---------------1 bu t l e s s than 3 months-------------3 bu t l e s s than 6 months-------------6 months b u t l e s s th an 1 y e a r -------1 y e a r and o v e r ----L o c a tio n o f lo n g e s t p e r io d o f unem ployment----------------------------No unemployment----Ravenswood area1 — O ther West V ir g i n i a l o c a t io n s 2-----------------C ontiguous S t a t e 2N oncontiguous S t a t e 2------------------ C le r i ca l F ore men Opera S e r v ic e tiv e s Labor T r a in ees 174 145 67 103 160 51 156 32 100 98 — 1 100 82 2 1 100 96 — — 100 85 — 4 100 67 3 1 100 86 — — 100 59 2 6 100 91 — — 1 8 1 8 14 4 22 9 3 3 3 8 4 6 MM — — 2 ... — ... — 4 3 2 4 4 1 100 82 12 100 96 — 100 85 4 100 67 17 100 86 8 100 59 24 4 1 100 98 — 3 1 3 1 6 2 8 6 6 — 10 6 3 2 — 1 1 — 1 See f o o t n o t e 4 , t a b le 4 . 2 See fo o t n o t e 5, t a b le 4 . C r a ft s men - 23 - — 100 91 — 6 — 3 u n e m p lo y m e n t w h ile liv in g in o th e r W est V ir g in ia l o c a l i t i e s . T h e s e p r o p o r t io n s a r e g r e a t e r than the p e r c e n t a g e s o f e m p lo y e e s who w e r e r e s id e n t s in th e s e a r e a s e ith e r at the tim e o f t h e ir a p p lic a tio n s o r 5 y e a r s e a r l ie r (ta b le s 4 and 11). c l e r i c a l e m p lo y e e s had c ite d h o u se h o ld o r fa m ily r e a s o n s f o r p a r t -t im e w o r k ; and la r g e p r o p o r t io n s o f the c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s , t r a in e e s , and p r o f e s s i o n a l- m a n a g e r i a lp e r so n n e l in d ica te d that th ey had b een c o m p letin g th e ir ed u ca tio n d u rin g the y e a r . A fu r th e r in d ic a tio n o f the r e la tio n s h ip betw een lo c a t io n and l o n g - t e r m u n e m p lo y m en t is d is c lo s e d in ta b le 17. M o r e than 70 p e r c e n t o f th o se w ho w e r e u n e m p lo y e d f o r a to ta l o f 3 but le s s than 6 m onths s u ffe r e d th e ir lo n g e s t p e r io d o f u n e m p lo y m en t in the R a v e n sw o o d and o th e r W est V ir g in ia a r e a s . And th is r a tio in c r e a s e d to 84 p e r c e n t f o r th o s e u n e m p lo y e d f o r 6 up to 12 m o n th s; and to 100 p e r c e n t o f th o s e w ith cu m u la tiv e u n e m p lo y m e n t o f 1 y e a r or m ore. F o u r -fift h s o f th o s e who w o rk e d le s s than a fu ll y e a r w e r e w o rk in g fu ll tim e p a rt o f the y e a r ra th e r than p a rt tim e p a rt o f the y e a r (ta b le 2 0 ). F o r ty p e r c e n t o f a ll the e m p lo y e e s who w o rk e d l e s s than a fu ll y e a r had w o rk e d 39 o r m o r e w e e k s , but 23 p e r c e n t had w o rk e d le s s than 13 w e e k s , and 12 p e r c e n t fr o m 13 to 26 w e e k s . F o r t y -s e v e n p e r c e n t o f the g ro u p that w o rk e d fu ll tim e p a rt o f the y e a r had w o rk e d 39 w e e k s o r m o r e in the y e a r ; and 28 p e r c e n t o f th is g ro u p had w o rk e d 25 w e e k s o r l e s s . In sp ite o f len gth y cu m u la tiv e p e r io d s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t in the 3 y e a r s p r e c e d in g th e ir jo b s w ith th e a lu m in u m co m p a n y , m any e m p lo y e e s had r e c e iv e d no u n e m p lo y m en t co m p e n s a tio n . No b e n e fits had b een r e c e iv e d by 50 p e r c e n t o f th o s e w ho w e r e u n e m p lo y e d f o r a to ta l p e r io d o f 1 m onth but l e s s than 3 m o n th s. E ven 4 7 p e r c e n t o f th o s e w ho w e r e u n e m p lo y e d f r o m 3 up to 6 m on th s r e c e iv e d no b e n e fit s . T h is w as a ls o tru e in the c a s e o f s e v e r a l e m p lo y e e s who s u ffe r e d c u m u la tiv e u n e m p lo y m e n t o f 6 m on th s o r m o r e . W id e s p r e a d in e lig ib ility fo r u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a tio n m a y be t y p ic a l o f r u r a l a r e a s w ith on ly sm a ll n on m a n u fa ctu rin g e sta b lis h m e n ts and m a y c o n tr ib u te fu r th e r to the d i s t r e s s o f th e se areas. A fin a l in d ica tio n o f the im p o r ta n c e o f u n em p loy m en t as a fa c t o r im p e llin g m o v e m en t is the fa c t that 11 p e r c e n t o f the p la n t’ s e m p lo y e e s had been u n em p loy ed im m e d ia te ly p r i o r to th e ir K a is e r jo b . (S ee ta b le 19). T h e le s s s k ille d and the c le r ic a l grou ps, p r im a r ily r e c r u it e d l o c a lly , w e r e found to h ave had le a s t e m p lo y m e n t s e c u r it y . Tw enty p e r c e n t o f the l a b o r e r s w e r e w ithout w o r k ju st b e fo r e th e ir plant e m p lo y m e n t w h ile 13 p e r c e n t o f the c l e r i c a l e m p lo y e e s and 14 p e r c e n t o f the o p e r a t iv e s w e r e in th is c a t e g o r y . In th e s e o c c u p a tio n s , the u n em p loy m en t r a te w as h ig h e r f o r m e n than fo r w o m e n . U n em p loym en t and u n d e re m p lo y m e n t w e r e e s p e c ia lly s e r io u s p r o b le m s f o r m any e m p lo y e e s in the y e a r p r e c e d in g th e ir w o rk at the K a is e r pla n t. O n e -fo u r th o f th e m had w o r k e d le s s than fu ll tim e du rin g the y e a r . T h r e e -fo u r t h s o f the m a n a g em en t t r a in e e s , o n e -t h ir d o f the l a b o r e r s , and abou t t w o fifth s o f the w o m e n t e c h n ic a l-m a n a g e r ia l e m p lo y e e s and w o m e n c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s w e r e in th is c a t e g o r y (ta b le 19). L e s s than h a lf o f th o s e out o f w o r k ju s t b e fo r e th e ir alu m in u m plant em p lo y m e n t had r e c e iv e d u n em p loy m en t co m p e n s a tio n (ta b le 19). A little o v e r th r e e -fifth s : o f the c r a ft s m e n , la b o r , and o p e r a tiv e e m p lo y e e s had r e c e iv e d su ch b e n e fits , c o m p a r e d w ith s m a lle r p r o p o r tio n s in the s a la r ie d o c c u p a t io n s . S in ce on ly a handful o f s a la r ie d e m p lo y e e s w e r e am on g the u n e m p lo y e d , h o w e v e r , the p e r c e n ta g e d is tr ib u tio n o f b en efit r e c ip ie n t s has little s ig n ific a n c e . A rea Attachment T h e r e a s o n s f o r l e s s than f u ll-t im e w o rk d iffe r e d a m on g the o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p s (ta b le 19 ). T h i r t y - s ix p e r c e n t o f a ll e m p lo y e e s w ho had not b een fu lly e m p lo y e d in d ic a te d u n a v a ila b ility o f w o rk a s the r e a s o n f o r p a r t -t im e e m p lo y m e n t, w h ile the p e r c e n t a g e o f p a r t -t im e w o r k e r s in the fo u r h o u r ly r a te d g r o u p s w ho had b e e n i n v o lu n ta r ily id le ra n g ed f r o m 56 to 68 p e r c e n t. T w e n t y -fo u r p e r c e n t o f the p a r t -t im e T he la c k o f em p lo y m e n t o p p o rtu n itie s as a fa c t o r im p e llin g m o b ility in a d is t r e s s e d a r e a b e c o m e s m o r e s ig n ifica n t w hen r e la te d to w o r k e r s ’ attach m en t to p a r t ic u la r g e o g ra p h ic a r e a s . S u rv ey s show that w o r k e r s in s e a r c h o f e m p lo y m e n t ch an g e r e s id e n c e o n ly as a la s t r e s o r t . 1 W hen fin a lly c o m 1 - 24 - nSee pp. 16-17. TABLE 19, P erson s n ot w orkin g f u l l tim e i n y e a r b e fo r e employment a t Ravenswood p la n t , and rea son s f o r p a r t -t im e w ork, b y o c c u p a t io n a l grou p , s e x and r e c e i p t o f unemployment com pen sation Reasons f o r p a r t -t im e work O c cu p a tio n a l group and sex A l l o c c u p a tio n s -------------M ale--------------------------Female-----------------------P r o f e s s io n a l, t e c h n i c a l , and m a n a g eria l— M ale--------------------------Female-----------------------C l e r i c a l --------------------------M ale--------------------------Female-----------------------Foremen, m ale3---------------C raftsm en, m ale3------------O p e ra tiv e s -----------------------M ale--------------------------Fem ale-----------------------S e r v ic e ----------------------------M ale-------------- ------------Female-----------------------L abor, m ale3---------------- T r a in e e s , m ale3-------------- Number P e rcen t w orking of em ploy p a r t Number tim e ees w orking p art tim e F u l l tim e work n ot a v a ila b le (p e r c e n t) Unemployed immedi a t e l y b e fo r e Ravenswood p la n t employment V o lu n ta ry Number (p e r c e n t) Number drawing unemployment com pen sation 888 780 108 25 22 5 219 173 46 36 (x ) C ) 1 64 c1 ) (M 98 86 12 46 44 2 174 164 10 145 51 94 67 103 160 157 3 51 50 1 156 32 11 10 40 38 27 44 13 12 24 25 20 16 4 55 14 41 9 13 39 39 ______ 100 (x) (x) 2 89 (3) ( 3) 78 38 44 ( X) (x ) 33 n (x ) 32 96 4 4 1 1 — — — 11 C ) 1 ( L) 22 62 56 ( X) 0) 67 ( X) ( X) 68 4 — 12 10 100 34 75 6 5 1 53 24 — — 19 8 11 3 8 23 23 5 3 2 1 5 14 U — — 1 1 3 2 1 31 7 — 19 — 1 D i s t r i b u t i o n b y s e x n o t a v a i la b le . 2 In c lu d e s 24 p e r c e n t w orkin g p a r t tim e b eca u se o f h o u se h o ld o r fa m ily r e a s o n s . 3 No fem ale em ployees i n th e s e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s . TABLE 20. Employees w orkin g l e s s than th e f u l l y e a r p r e c e d in g b y number o f weeks worked A l l em p loyees1 Number o f weeks Number P e rce n t Ravenswood p la n t employment, P a rt tim e p a r t o f th e y e a r Number P e rce n t F u ll tim e p a r t o f th e y e a r Number P e rce n t T o t a l -------------------------------------------- 209 100 45 100 164 100 Under 13 w eeks--------------------------13 but under 26 weeks-------------26 bu t under 39 w eek s-------------39 bu t under 52 w eeks-------------Number o f weeks unknown---------- 49 24 50 83 3 23 12 24 40 1 20 7 10 6 2 45 16 22 13 4 30 16 39 77 2 18 10 24 47 1 1 E xclu d es th o s e who worked p a r t tim e th rou gh ou t th e y e a r . - 25 - p e lle d to le a v e the h om e a r e a to fin d a jo b , th e r e w ill o fte n be a str o n g r e tu rn p u ll. W ith b e tte r h igh w ays and the g r o w ing o w n e r s h ip o f a u to m o b ile s , lo n g -d is t a n c e co m m u tin g has b e c o m e an in c r e a s in g ly im p o rta n t a lte r n a tiv e to r e s id e n c e ch a n g e . But co m m u tin g in v o lv e s h a rd s h ip and jo b c h o ic e is in flu e n ce d by c o m m u tin g d is ta n c e as w e ll a s by o th e r c o n s id e r a t io n s . In the 5 y e a r s p r i o r to th e ir jo b s w ith the a lu m in u m c o m p a n y o n e -fo u r t h o f the p la n t's e m p lo y e e s had m a d e at le a s t on e ch a n g e o f r e s id e n c e in o r d e r to fin d w o r k (ta b le 11). U n der the n e e d to o b ta in e m p lo y m e n t, 4 p e r cen t had ch a n ged r e s id e n c e t w ic e , 2 p e r c e n t had m o v e d 3 t im e s , and 1 p e r c e n t had m o v e d fo u r t i m e s . C h an ges o f r e s id e n c e w e r e e s p e c ia lly n u m e ro u s a m on g the p r o f e s s io n a l-m a n a g e r ia l e m p lo y e e s , the s k ille d c r a ft s m e n , and the o p e r a t iv e s . C h anges o f r e s id e n c e in s e a r c h o f e m p lo y m e n t w e r e m o r e c o m m o n a m o n g e m p lo y e e s in the 20 th rou g h 44 a g e g r o u p s than a m on g th o s e u n d er 20 o r 45 o r o v e r (ta b le 12). O f 66 e m p lo y e e s who had o n c e liv e d in the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a and le ft the a r e a d u rin g the y e a r s b e fo r e the e sta b lish m e n t o f th e a lu m in u m pla n t, a lm o s t o n e -h a lf r e p o r t e d that th e y le ft b e c a u s e o f a la c k o f l o c a l e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n itie s (ta b le 2 1 ). An a d d itio n a l o n e - f ift h m o v e d “ in o r d e r to TABLE 2 1. g e t a b e tte r j o b ” o r f o r s o m e o th e r j o b r e la te d r e a s o n . T h e o u tm ig ra tio n o f the h o u r ly ra te d e m p lo y e e s had been m o tiv a te d by la c k o f e m p lo y m e n t to a g r e a t e r d e g r e e than that o f the p r o fe s s io n a l-m a n a g e r ia l o r c l e r i c a l e m p lo y e e s . A l a r g e r p r o p o r t io n o f the 2 5 -3 4 y e a r a g e g rou p had m ig r a te d f o r e m p lo y m e n t r e a s o n s than had th o s e m o t h e r a g e c a t e g o r ie s . T h e r e tu r n p u ll on th e s e m ig r a n ts ca n be s e e n in the fa c t that a lm o s t 60 p e r c e n t r e p o r t e d that, in a d d ition to th e ir e m p lo y m en t at the alu m in u m w o r k s , th ey re tu rn e d to the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a in o r d e r to g et “ c l o s e r to h o m e * ’ o r f o r fa m ily r e a s o n s ; and an a d d itio n a l 26 p e r c e n t a ttrib u ted th e ir re tu rn to t h e ir p r e v io u s r e s id e n c e in the a r e a a n d /o r a g e n e r a l a r e a p r e fe r e n c e (ta b le 2 2 ). H om e and a r e a attach m en t w e r e c ite d m o r e fre q u e n tly by the c l e r i c a l and h o u rly ra te d e m p lo y e e s than by the p r o fe s s io n a l-m a n a g e r ia l o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p . H om e and a r e a attach m en t a ls o p la y e d a m o r e im p o rta n t r o l e in the re tu rn m i g r a tio n o f the y o u n g e s t and o ld e s t e m p lo y e e s than o f th o s e in the 2 5 -4 4 a g e ra n g e . W h ile s o m e sought to fin d w o rk by ch an gin g th e ir re sid e n ce ^ m any o th e r R a v e n sw o o d a r e a w o r k e r s , fa c e d by the c h r o n ic s h o rta g e o f jo b o p p o r tu n itie s , had b een com m u tin g c o n s id e r a b le d is ta n c e s in o r d e r to o b ta in e m p lo y m e n t d u rin g the y e a r s Returned m ig ra n ts , b y re a son s f o r le a v in g th e Ravenswood a re a p r i o r t o p la n t employment, b y o c c u p a t io n a l group and a g e , summer .1957 Reasons f o r le a v in g a re a o r i g i n a l l y (p e r ce n ta g e d i s t r i b u t i o n ) Number of re tu rn e d m igran ts A ll re a so n s Lack of em ploy ment A l l re tu rn e d m ig ra n ts ----------------------------- 66 100 4-8 21 14 17 P r o f e s s io n a l and m a n a g eria l-----------------C l e r i c a l -----------------------------------------------------H ou rly r a t e d ---------------------------------------------- 12 14 40 100 100 100 42 29 57 25 29 18 8 28 10 25 14 15 Age ( a l l re tu rn e d m ig r a n ts )-----------------Under 24 y e a r s ----------------------------------2 5 -3 4 y e a r s ---------------------------------------3 5 -4 4 y e a r s --------------------------------------- 66 20 33 2 13 100 100 100 100 48 45 55 38 21 30 15 23 14 10 18 8 17 15 12 31 O c cu p a tio n a l group and age Other j o b - Fam ily O ther1 r e la t e d rea son s re a so n s 1 In c lu d e s a w ide v a r i e t y o f re a son s su ch as c lim a t e , h e a lt h , e t c . 2 In c lu d e s 2 p erson s 4 5 -6 5 y e a rs o f age. - 26 - TABLE 2 2 . R e tu rn e d m ig r a n t s , b y re a s o n s f o r r e t u r n i n g t o th e Ravenswood a r e a , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g ro u p and a g e , summer 1 9 5 7 O c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p -a n d age Number of re tu rn e d m ig r a n ts R easons f o r r e t u r n in g t o a r e a (p e r c e n ta g e d is tr ib u tio n ) No re a s o n o t h e r th a n p l a n t jo b A ll re a s o n s C lo s e r to home o r fa m ily re a s o n s P r e v io u s r e s id e n c e and a r e a p re fe re n c e A l l r e t u r n e d m ig r a n t s -------- 66 100 14 59 26 P r o f e s s i o n a l and m a n a g e r ia l--------------------------C l e r i c a l ------------------ ----------------H o u r ly r a t e d --------------------------- 12 14 40 100 100 100 25 14 10 33 72 62 33 14 28 Age ( a l l r e t u r n e d m i g r a n t s ) ----------------------------U n d e r 2 4 y e a r s -------------2 5 - 3 4 y e a r s --------------------3 5 - 4 4 y e a r s --------------------- 66 20 33 1 13 100 10 0 100 100 14 10 18 59 70 55 54 26 20 24 38 O th e r S 1 9 — — 1 — 3 — 1 In c lu d e s 2 p e rs o n s 4 5 - 6 4 y e a r s o f a g e . b e fo r e the e sta b lis h m e n t o f the R a v e n sw o o d p la n t. In the 5 y e a r s b e fo r e th e ir K a is e r e m p lo y m e n t, o v e r o n e -t h ir d o f the R a v e n s w oo d a r e a e m p lo y e e s w e r e co m m u tin g 30 m i le s o r m o r e to w o r k , and 23 p e r c e n t o f the to ta l w e r e d r iv in g 50 m ile s o r m o r e to TABLE 2 3 . th e ir p la c e o f e m p lo y m e n t (ta b le 2 3 ). T he lon g -d is ta n c e c o m m u te r s w e r e m o s t h e a v ily c o n c e n tr a te d am on g the h o u r ly ra ted e m p l o y e e s , w ith 31 p e r c e n t o f the s e r v i c e w o r k e r s and 29 p e r c e n t o f the c r a ft s m e n co m m u tin g 50 m ile s o r m o r e to w o r k . Com m uting d is t a n c e o f e m p lo yees i n Ravenswood a r e a d u r in g 5 y e a r s p r i o r t o K a is e r p l a n t e m p lo y m e n t, b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p , summer 1 9 5 7 O c c u p a t io n a l g ro u p Number of e m p lo y e e s 2 Com m uting d is t a n c e t o a r e a 1 (p e r c e n ta g e d i s t r i b u t i o n ) A ll U n d e r 10 d is ta n c e s m ile s 1 0 -2 9 m ile s 3 0 -4 9 m ile s 50 m ile s and o v e r A l l o c c u p a tio n s ------------------------------------------ 414 10 0 56 10 11 23 P r o f e s s i o n a l , t e c h n i c a l , and m a n a g e r ia l---------------------------------------C l e r i c a l -----------------------------------------------F o rem en --------------------------------------------------C ra fts m e n ---------------------------------------------O p e r a t iv e s -------------------------------------------S e r v i c e --------------------------------------------------L a b o r------------------------------------------------------T r a in e e s ------------------------------------------------ 21 97 3 1 49 107 35 104 — 100 100 100 100 100 100 1Q0 — 48 64 — 45 54 54 59 — -• 19 7 — 16 9 6 11 — 19 10 — 10 12 9 8 --- 14 19 — 29 25 31 22 --- 1 2 had 3 D is t a n c e , one w a y , fro m r e s id e n c e t o p la c e o f e m p lo y m e n t. Does n o t in c lu d e p l a n t e m p lo y e e s who r e s id e d beyo nd a 5 0 - m ile r a d iu s o f Ravensw ood o r no jo b d u r in g th e 5 y e a r s p r i o r t o p l a n t e m p lo ym en t. Number to o s m a ll t o p e r m it c a l c u l a t i o n o f p e r c e n ta g e . - 27 - W a g e s a n d S a la r i e s In v ie w o f the la c k o f e m p lo y m e n t o p p o r tu n itie s and the n eed to ch a n ge r e s id e n c e and co m m u te g r e a t d is t a n c e s in o r d e r to find w o r k b e fo r e e sta b lis h m e n t o f the alu m in u m pla n t, it is u n d e rsta n d a b le that the plant w as v ie w e d a s an ou tstan d in g e m p lo y m e n t op p o rtu n ity f o r R a v en s w o o d a r e a r e s id e n t s . B ut, in a d d ition to th e s e f a c t o r s , the plant a ls o r e p r e s e n t e d a m e a n s o f w a g e im p r o v e m e n t f o r m an y w o r k e r s in the a rea. In o r d e r to d e te r m in e w h eth er e m p lo y e e s im p r o v e d th e ir e a rn in g s p o s it io n by a c c e p t ing e m p lo y m e n t in the new plant^ a c o m p a r is o n w as m a d e o f th e ir p r e s e n t plant e a rn in g s and th o s e show n on t h e ir a p p li c a tio n fo r m s f o r the p r e v io u s jo b . A lth ou gh the s p e c if i c plan t e a rn in g s data w e r e g e n e r a lly c o m p le t e f o r the h o u r ly r a te d e m p lo y e e s , th ey w e r e not a v a ila b le f o r m o s t o f the s a la r ie d p e r s o n n e l. F o r th is la tte r g ro u p , a b rea k d ow n o f e a rn in g s on the p r i o r jo b w as p r o v id e d , and in fe r e n c e s w e r e d ra w n f r o m a c o m p a r is o n w ith s a la r ie s r e c e iv e d by s im ila r o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s in the R a v e n s w o o d pla n t. A s is s e e n in ta b le 24, 60 p e r c e n t o f the h o u r ly ra te d e m p lo y e e s r e c e iv e d a h ig h e r w a g e at the K a is e r plant (e it h e r upon in itia l h ir in g o r a fte r a 3 -m o n th p e r io d i f th ey TABLE 2 4 . w e r e p r o m o te d ) than on th e ir p r e v io u s jo b ; 38 p e r c e n t r e c e iv e d a lo w e r w a g e, and 2 p e r c e n t , the s a m e w a g e . T h e g r e a t e s t w a g e im p r o v e m e n t w as e x p e r ie n c e d by the s e r v i c e w o r k e r s and the c r a ft s m e n . O nly s lig h tly m o r e than 50 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e e s who a c c e p te d u n s k ille d p o s itio n s in the plant im p r o v e d th e ir e a r n in g s . A s p r e v io u s ly n oted , m an y o f the e m p lo y e e s in th is o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p had e n jo y e d a h ig h e r o c c u p a tio n a l status in th e ir p r i o r jo b s . H o w e v e r , m an y o f th em w e r e sla te d fo r h ig h e r o c c u p a tio n a l p o s it io n s , in clu d in g s u p e r v is o r y w o r k , a s plant p r o d u ctio n and em p lo y m e n t ex p an d ed . T h e alu m in u m plant a p p a ren tly e s t a b lis h e d o c c u p a tio n a l w a g e s c a le s s i g n if i ca n tly a b o v e th o s e p r e v a ilin g in the R a v e n s w o o d a r e a . T h e s e s c a le s r e f le c t e d the co m p a n y *s n a tion a l w a g e p o lic y and a r e c o g n itio n o f the n eed to a ttr a c t w o r k e r s fr o m o th e r e s ta b lis h m e n ts . T h e plant r a is e d its w a g e f o r s k ille d m a in ten a n ce c r a fts m e n a ft e r fin din g that the in itia l w a g e w as not h igh enough to a ttra ct a s u ffic ie n t su p ply o f q u a lifie d w o r k e r s . S im ila r ly , it w as fe lt n e c e s s a r y to se t the s a la r y f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s a b o v e the a r e a a v e r a g e b e c a u s e o f a g e n e r a l s h o r ta g e in th is o c c u p a tio n a l c a t e g o r y . T h e w age im p r o v e m e n t e x p e r ie n c e d by s e r v i c e w o r k e r s p r o b a b ly r e fle c t e d th e ir p r e v io u s c o n c e n tr a tio n in l o w p ay in g jo b s in the im m e d ia te R a v e n sw o o d Wages r e c e iv e d b y h o u r ly r a t e d e m p lo yees b e f o r e and a f t e r Ravensw ood p l a n t e m p lo y m e n t, b y o c c u p a t io n a l g ro u p O c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p Number of e m p lo y e e s 1 Wage l e v e l s a t Ravenswood p l a n t 2 (p e r c e n ta g e d i s t r i b u t i o n ) A ll Ravenswood Ravensw ood Ravensw ood th e h ig h e r th a n lo w e r th a n wage same as p r e l e v e l s p r e v io u s w age3 p r e v io u s w age3 v io u s w age3 A l l h o u r ly r a t e d e m p lo y e e s --------------------------- 403 100 38 60 2 C ra fts m e n ------------------------------O p e r a t iv e s ----------------------------S e r v i c e -----------------------------------L a b o r---------------------------------------- 97 137 41 1 28 10 0 100 100 100 33 37 27 46 66 61 71 51 1 2 2 3 1 E x c lu d e s e m p lo y e e s who had no jo b p r i o r t o Ravensw ood p l a n t em ploym ent and th o s e f o r whom no a d e q u a te wage d a t a w e re r e c o r d e d . 2 W h e re v e r p o s s ib le ^ w ages a t th e Ravenswood p l a n t w e re th o s e e i t h e r upon i n i t i a l h i r i n g o r 3 m onths l a t e r i f e m p lo y e e s w e re p ro m o te d i n th e i n t e r i m . 3 Wage on th e p r e c e d in g jo b d is r e g a r d in g an y i n t e r v a l o f u n e m p lo ym en t. - 28 - a r e a . A lth ou gh th e ir p r e v io u s e a r n in g s and o c c u p a tio n a l b a ck g ro u n d w e r e s im ila r to th o se o f the l a b o r e r s , s e r v i c e w o r k e r s w e r e paid m o r e than l a b o r e r s at th e p la n t. F o r t y - s i x p e r c e n t o f the s a la r ie d p e r so n n e l, in clu d in g fo r e m e n , had e a rn e d $ 3 0 0 o r l e s s p e r m on th , and o v e r 40 p e r c e n t o f the c l e r i c a l e m p lo y e e s had e a rn e d l e s s than $ 2 0 0 p e r m on th on th e ir p r i o r jo b (ta b le 2 5 ). In c o n t r a s t , the fo llo w in g s a la r y r a n g e s w e r e e s ta b lis h e d f o r th e se e m p lo y e e s in the R a v e n sw o o d p la n t: P r o f e s s io n a l and t e c h n i c a l -------- $ 5 5 5 - $ 850 C l e r i c a l ------------------- --------------------- $ 2 9 3 - $ 5 3 0 S u p e r v isio n ( f o r e m e n ) ---------------- $ 5 5 5 - $ 700 It ca n be in fe r r e d f r o m th is that m o s t o f the c l e r i c a l e m p lo y e e s and a su b sta n tia l n u m b e r o f o th e r s a la r ie d e m p lo y e e s i m p r o v e d th e ir e a rn in g s by m o v in g to the p la n t. On the o th e r hand, p r i o r e a rn in g s o f u n a cce p te d a p p lica n ts had b een g e n e r a lly h ig h e r than th o s e o f e m p lo y e e s (ta b le 2 5 ). A m on g the h o u r ly r a te d e m p lo y e e s w h o se K a is e r plant e a r n in g s w e r e lo w e r than th o s e on th e ir la s t jo b , 29 p e r c e n t had b een w o rk in g le s s than fu ll tim e in the y e a r b e fo r e th e ir e m p lo y m e n t at the R a v e n sw o o d pla n t, and 16 p e r c e n t w e r e u n e m p lo y e d im m e d ia te ly b e fo r e th e ir K a is e r jo b (ta b le 2 6 ). S m a lle r p e r c e n t a g e s p r e v io u s ly w e r e u n d e r e m p lo y e d and u n e m p lo y e d a m on g TABLE 2 5 . w o r k e r s who im p r o v e d th e ir e a rn in g s at the R a v e n sw o o d plant o r w ho r e c e iv e d the s a m e e a rn in g s as on th e ir la s t jo b . E le v e n p e r c e n t o f th o s e in th ese c a t e g o r ie s w ho r e c e iv e d lo w e r e a rn in g s r e la t iv e to th e ir p r e v io u s jo b w e r e r e c e iv in g u n e m p lo y m e n t c o m p e n s a tio n ju s t p r i o r to th e ir plant e m p lo y m e n t c o m p a r e d w ith 8 p e r c e n t o f th o s e who im p r o v e d th e ir e a rn in g s at the a lu m in u m w o r k s . A m on g s a la r ie d p e r s o n n e l, th o s e who had r e c e iv e d o v e r $ 3 0 0 p e r m on th on th e ir jo b p r i o r to K a is e r e m p lo y m e n t had su b s ta n tia lly lo w e r r a te s o f u n em p loy m en t and u n d e re m p lo y m e n t than th o se w ho ea rn e d $ 3 0 0 o r l e s s p e r m on th . A fu rth e r in d ica tio n o f the s ig n ific a n c e o f w a g e s a s a fa c t o r in m o v e m e n t to the R a v e n sw o o d plant is ob ta in ed in a c o m p a r is o n o f e a rn in g s on the la s t p r i o r jo b w ith the a p p lic a n t’ s statem en t on h is a p p li c a tio n f o r m o f the lo w e s t w a g e o r s a la r y he w ou ld a c c e p t . U n fortu n a tely , h o w e v e r , m an y o f the a p p lica n ts d id not c o m p le te th is s e c t io n o f the fo r m and o th e r s m e r e l y in d ica te d that th ey w ould a c c e p t w h a te v e r w age the co m p a n y e s ta b lis h e d f o r th e ir g ra d e o f l a b o r . A s is s e e n in ta b le 27, 27 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e e s in d ica te d a w a g e equ al to o r h ig h e r than th e ir p r e v io u s e a r n in g s . T h e s e w o r k e r s r e p r e s e n te d 63 p e r c e n t o f a ll e m p lo y e e s who in d ica te d a lo w e s t a c c e p ta b le w a g e . In g e n e r a l, the h o u r ly ra te d e m p lo y e e s , e s p e c ia lly th o s e at the lo w e r s k ill l e v e l s , ten d ed to in d ica te an E a rn in g s o f w h i t e - c o l l a r and s u p e r v is o r y em p lo yees and u n a c c e p te d a p p lic a n t s on jo b p r i o r t o Ravenswood p l a n t a p p l i c a t i o n O c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p Number of e m p lo y e e s 1 E a rn in g s on p r i o r jo b 2 (p e r c e n ta g e d is tr ib u tio n ) A ll e a r n in g s U n d er $ 2 0 0 a m on th $ 2 0 0 -3 0 0 a m onth O ver $300 a m on th E m p lo y e e s ----------------------------------------------------P r o f e s s i o n a l , t e c h n i c a l , and m a n a g e r ia l-------------------------------------C l e r i c a l ---------------------------------------------F o rem en ------------------------------- ----------------- 276 10 0 19 27 54 120 108 48 100 10 0 100 4 41 8 16 43 15 80 16 77 U n a c c e p te d a p p l i c a n t s --------------------------P r o f e s s i o n a l , t e c h n i c a l , and m a n a g e ria l.3 ----------------------------------C l e r i c a l ---------------------------------------------- 92 100 17 21 62 41 51 100 100 2 35 98 33 1 See f o o t n o t e 1 , t a b l e 24-. 2 See f o o t n o t e 3 , t a b l e 2 4 . 3 In c lu d e s some p o t e n t i a l s u p e r v is o r y e m p lo y e e s . - 29 - . . . 32 TABLE 2 6 i E a rn in g s l e v e l s o f e m p lo yees on p r e c e d in g j o b , b y em ploym ent s t a t u s i n p r e c e d in g jo b Em ploym ent s t a t u s p r i o r t o R avensw ood p l a n t em ploym ent (p e r c e n ta g e d i s t r i b u t i o n ) A l l e m p lo yees D u rin g y e a r b e fo re p la n t em ploym ent L e v e l o f e a r n in g s ju s t p r io r to p l a n t em ploym ent Im m e d ia te ly p r e c e d in g p l a n t em ploym ent N o t em p lo yed Number W o rk in g W o rk in g le s s th a n fu ll P e rc e n t fu ll tim e tim e Em p lo y e d Em and p lo y e d unem p lo y e d N o t d ra w D ra w in g in g unem u n e m p lo y p lo y m e n t m ent com compen p e n s a t io n s a tio n H o u r ly r a t e d e m p lo y e e s H ig h e r th a n p l a n t e a r n in g s ----------------------Low er t h a n p l a n t e a r n in g s ----------------------Same as p l a n t e a r n in g s ----------------------- 161 100 71 29 100 84 11 5 258 100 79 21 100 88 8 4 11 100 82 18 100 82 U n d e r $ 2 0 0 a m o n th -----$ 2 0 0 -$ 3 0 0 a m o n t h - - — O v e r $ 3 0 0 a m o n th -------- 48 82 164 100 100 100 54 67 90 46 33 10 100 100 100 90 88 97 5 1 10 7 2 No e a r n in g s d a t a a v a i l a b l e --------------------- 139 100 80 10 100 94 1 5 18 — S a l a r i e d em p lo y e e s a c c e p t a b le w a g e w h ich w as b e lo w that r e c e iv e d on t h e ir p r i o r jo b . T h e s a la r ie d p e r s o n n e l, on the o th e r hand, w e r e m o r e in s is te n t on e a rn in g s in e x c e s s o f th e ir p r e v io u s e a r n in g s . In the sa m p le o f u n a c c e p te d a p p lic a n ts , the p r o p o r t io n o f th o s e r e q u e s tin g a w age o r s a la r y the sa m e as o r h ig h e r than th e ir p r e v io u s e a rn in g s w a s eq u a l to that o f the e m p lo y e e s . But a som ew h a t l a r g e r p e r ce n ta g e , r e la t iv e to the e m p lo y e d g ro u p , w e r e w illin g to a c c e p t e a rn in g s b e lo w th e ir p r e v io u s le v e l . A s in the c a s e o f th e e m p lo y e d a p p lic a n ts , the p r o p o r t io n s o f u n a c c e p t e d a p p lica n ts w ho w e r e w illin g to tak e a cu t in e a rn in g s w e r e m u ch lo w e r a m on g the s a la r ie d p e r s o n n e l than a m on g the h o u r ly r a te d e m p lo y e e s . In g e n e r a l, it ca n be c o n c lu d e d that i m p r o v e m e n t in e a rn in g s w as a s ig n ific a n t m o tiv e f o r m o v e m e n t to the R a v e n sw o o d plan t a m on g m an y o f the e m p lo y e e s . M ost o f the h o u rly ra te d e m p lo y e e s im p r o v e d th e ir e a rn in g s p o s itio n by a c c e p tin g K a is e r e m p lo y m e n t, and it ca n be in fe r r e d that a s im ila r im p r o v e m e n t w as e x p e r ie n c e d by a la r g e p r o p o r t io n o f the s a la r ie d p e r s o n n e l. S u b je c t iv e E v a lu a t io n o f M o t iv e s In the p r e c e d in g d is c u s s io n ,th e o b je c t iv e c ir c u m s t a n c e s w h ich p r o m p te d the e m p lo y e e s to m o v e to the K a is e r plant a r e in d ica te d a s fo llo w s : 1, the e x p e r ie n c e o f e x te n s iv e u n em p loy m en t and u n d e r e m p lo y m en t in the y e a r s p r i o r to the p la n t’ s - 30 - TABLE 2 7 . L o w est a c c e p ta b le e a r n in g s as in d ic a t e d b y em p lo yees and u n a c c e p te d a p p li c a n t s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g ro u p , slimmer 1 9 5 7 L o w e s t a c c e p ta b le e a r n in g s (p e r c e n ta g e d i s t r i b u t i o n ) O c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p E m p lo y e e s -------------------------------------P r o fe s s io n a l, te c h n i c a l , and m a n a g e r ia l— C l e r i c a l — .--------------------------F o rem en --------------------------------C ra fts m e n ----------------------------O p e r a t iv e s --------------------------S e r v i c e --------------------------------L a b o r-------------------------------------T r a in e e s ------------------------------U n a c c e p te d a p p l i c a n t s -----------P r o fe s s io n a l, te c h n i c a l , and m a n a g e r ia l— C l e r i c a l ------------------------------S k i l l e d --------------------------------S e m i s k i l l e d -------------------------. U n s k i l l e d ----------------------------- Number of em p lo y e e s A ll a c c e p ta b le e a r n in g s E a rn in g s b e lo w l a s t jo b E a rn in g s equal to o r above l a s t jo b L e ft to company p o lic y 1 Not s ta te d 888 100 16 27 13 44 174 145 67 102 161 51 156 32 100 10 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 9 13 11 17 24 20 22 3 39 35 25 23 21 20 15 31 5 11 6 23 15 21 19 3 47 41 58 37 40 39 44 63 522 100 21 27 17 35 48 67 124 100 183 100 100 100 100 100 10 12 20 30 22 42 36 23 19 28 23 16 15 21 15 25 36 42 30 35 1 A p p lic a n t s i n t h i s c a te g o r y i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y w o u ld a c c e p t w h a te v e r wage t h e company e s t a b lis h e d f o r t h e i r g ra d e o f l a b o r . e sta b lish m e n t and im m e d ia te ly b e fo r e jo b a p p lic a tio n s w e r e m a d e ; 2, m ig r a tio n fr o m the a r e a , lo n g -d is t a n c e c o m m u tin g , and fre q u e n t ch a n g e s o f r e s id e n c e in o r d e r to find w o r k ; and 3 j an o p p o rtu n ity f o r i m p r o v e m e n t o f e a r n in g s . In d ica tio n s o f the e m p lo y e e s ’ ow n s u b je c t iv e a p p r a is a l o f th e ir r e a s o n s f o r m o v ing to the plant w e r e ob ta in e d f r o m th e ir a p p lic a tio n f o r m s and w e r e c o m p a r e d w ith th e ir r e s p o n s e to the in te r v ie w q u e s tio n n a ir e s . T h e e m p lo y e e s ’ r e s p o n s e s a c c o r d e d c l o s e l y w ith the r e a s o n s that e m e r g e d fr o m the s u r v e y q u e s tio n s . T h e d e s ir e to r e tu rn to the h o m e a r e a , the a c h ie v e m e n t o f e m p lo y m e n t s e c u r it y , and the c h a n c e to im p r o v e e a rn in g s w e r e a ll p r o m in e n t am on g the r e a s o n s o ff e r e d w hen a sk e d w hy they c h o s e to w o r k at the K a is e r p la n t. T h e ir p r im a r y r e a s o n , h o w e v e r , is o n e w h ich can n ot r e a d ily b e r e la te d to any s p e c ific a s p e c t o f the e m p lo y e e s* e n v iro n m e n t o r w o r k h is t o r y d is c u s s e d a b o v e and y e t it r e f l e c t s a ll o f th e s e fa c t o r s , p lu s o th e r s . T h e e m p lo y e e s w is h e d to w o r k at the a lu m in u m plant b e c a u s e th ey fe lt that it c o n s t i tuted an ‘ ’ o p p ortu n ity f o r a d v a n ce m e n t” in a new and p r o g r e s s i v e co m p a n y ; it w as a “ b e tte r j o b , ” not on ly f r o m any s in g le stan d poin t o f e m p lo y m e n t s e c u r it y , g e o g ra p h ic lo c a tio n , w a g e s o r w o rk in g c o n d i tio n s , but f r o m the standpoint o f a ll o f th e s e c o n s id e r a t io n s and the a d d itio n a l in ta n g ib le on e o f a d v a n ce m e n t, o f p r o g r e s s in the w o r ld o f w o r k . T h u s, in sp ite o f w id e s p r e a d u n e m p lo y m en t in the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a and in W est V ir g in ia p r i o r to th e ir alu m in u m plant a p p lic a tio n s , the g r e a t m a jo r it y o f a p p li ca n ts w e r e s t ill e m p lo y e d at the tim e they a p p lie d . N e v e r t h e le s s , the e sta b lish m e n t o f the alu m in u m plant in the d e p r e s s e d e n v iro n m e n t o f R a v e n sw o o d , W .V a ., w as ban n er n e w s , ta lk ed about and know n by a ll - 31 - (ta b le 2 8 ). O u tsid e o f the co m p a n y t r a n s f e r s , m o s t o f the e m p lo y e e s le a r n e d o f the jo b o p e n in g s at the plant th rou g h m e d ia o f m ass c o m m u n ica tio n , w ith and w ithout fu r th e r d is c u s s io n by th e ir fr ie n d s and r e l a t iv e s . A la r g e g r o u p o f r e sp o n d e n ts ( i n clu d e d in the “ O th e r ” c a t e g o r y in ta b le 28) w e r e u nable to t e ll ju s t w hen and h ow th ey had le a r n e d o f the o p p o r tu n itie s at the p la n t. T h e n ew s w a s s im p ly “ in the a i r ” fr o m the tim e c o n s t r u c t io n w a s fir s t an n ou n ced . T h e e s s e n t ia lly v o lu n ta ry n a tu re o f the m o v e m e n t to the a lu m in u m plant ca n be s e e n in the e m p lo y e e s ’ r e a s o n s f o r le a v in g th e ir la s t jo b , as in d ica te d on th e ir a p p li c a tio n f o r m s (ta b le 2 9 ). O nly 15 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e e s in d ica te d s o m e su ch “ i n v o lu n ta r y ” r e a s o n s a s la y o ff, d is c h a r g e , b u s in e s s c lo s e d , jo b fin is h e d , e t c . T he p r o p o r t io n o f w o r k e r s in th is “ in v o lu n ta ry ” g ro u p w as a s high a s 21 p e r c e n t , h o w e v e r , f o r the l e s s s k ille d o c c u p a t io n s . T h e r e m a in d e r in d ic a te d e ith e r that they w e re s t ill e m p lo y e d o r ga ve s o m e o th e r “ v o lu n t a r y ” r e a s o n r e la te d to the jo b and its c o n d it io n s . It is s ig n ific a n t that 8 p e r c e n t TABLE 28. Ways o f the to ta l in d ica te d a lo c a tio n a l p r e fe r e n c e in th e ir r e a s o n s f o r le a v in g . A m a rk e d d iffe r e n c e is n oted in the r e a s o n s g iv e n by the u n a cce p te d a p p lic a n ts . In th is g ro u p , 42 p e r c e n t in d ica te d an i n v o lu n ta ry r e a s o n f o r le a v in g th e ir la s t jo b . A s in the c a s e o f the e m p lo y e e s , i n v o lu n ta ry jo b s e p a ra tio n s w e r e e s p e c ia lly s ig n ific a n t am on g the h o u r ly ra te d e m p lo y e e s . W hen a sk e d why th ey c h o s e to w o rk at the a lu m in u m plan t, e m p lo y e e s w e r e u rg e d to g iv e m o r e than on e r e a s o n , i f a p p lic a b le . T h e ir r e s p o n s e s a r e p r e s e n te d in ta b le 30. T h e fo r e m o s t r e a s o n , g iv e n by a lm o s t 33 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e e s , w as the o p p o r tunity f o r a d v a n cem en t in a new and p r o g r e s s i v e co m p a n y . T h e s e c o n d m a jo r r e a s o n , g iv e n as m o s t im p orta n t by 18 p e r c e n t o f the r e s p o n d e n ts , w as the d e s ir e to w o rk c l o s e r to h o m e o r the h o m e a r e a . T h ir te e n p e r c e n t c ite d h ig h e r w a g e s , and an equ al n u m b er in d ica te d p r e v io u s u n e m p lo y m e n t, u n d e re m p lo y m e n t, o r the d e s i r e to ob ta in m o r e jo b s e c u r ity as th e ir i n which employees at the Ravenswood p la n t learned about the job opening, by occupational group, summer 1957 Methods o f lea rning about jobs (percentage d is tr ib u tio n ) Occupational group Number of employees A l l occupations--- 888 P ro fe s s io n a l, te c h n ic a l, and managerial-------C le ric a l------------Foremen--------------Craftsmen-----------Operatives---------Se rv ic e --------------Labor----------------Tra in e e s------------- 174 145 67 103 160 51 156 32 1 A ll methods News paper, ra d io , te le v is io n Combina t io n o f communi cation media and frie n d s 100 25 31 12 100 100 14 29 100 12 100 34 32 39 23 9 16 35 9 35 34 41 47 13 3 23 3 16 100 100 100 100 Less than 1 percent. Frie n d s or re la tiv e s - 32 - S ta te employ ment service Company tra n s fe r 8 24 25 41 C) 1 1 1 Other 12 — — 25 — 2 51 13 12 — 1 21 8 — 2 10 16 3 1 1 12 --- 3 72 TABLE 29. Reasons given by employees and unaccepted applicants f o r leaving la s t job p r io r to Ravenswood p la n t a p p lic a tio n, by occupational group Number of employees1 Occupational group V oluntary reasons2 (percentage d is tr ib u tio n ) A ll reasons S till employed 100 42 156 100 121 100 100 49 36 41 54 33 36 44 25 Employees------------------P ro fe ss io n a l, techn ic a l, and managerial--------C le ric a l--------------Foreman---------------Craftsmen------------Operatives-----------Servic e---------------Labor------------------Tra in e e s--------------- 786 Unaccepted a p plica nts— P ro fe ss io n a l, tech n ic a l, and managerial--------C le ric a l--------------S k ille d ---------------S e m isk ille d ---------U n s k ille d ------------- 454 100 29 37 41 100 100 121 100 100 100 155 100 43 36 31 23 25 58 99 146 44 146 16 100 100 100 100 100 Loc a tiona l p re f erence3 Other* In v o lu n ta ry reasons5 8 35 15 4 9 4 6 40 45 34 30 31 32 29 50 4 25 6 43 36 17 23 25 6 16 11 7 5 1 9 5 7 10 21 10 20 21 20 19 42 8 22 51 45 45 1 Excludes those who had no job p r io r to t h e ir p la n t a p p lic a tio n and those whose forms were incomplete. 2 The c la s s ific a tio n i s based on statements made by applicants when asked to l i s t rea sons fo r leaving previous jobs on t h e ir a p p lic a tio n form s. Those who.simply stated " s t i l l employed" opposite the la s t job are classed among the p o te n tia lly v o lunta ry tr a n s fe r s . Those who gave other v o lu n ta ry reasons may o r may not have been s t i l l employed. 3 Includes such reasons as " to get c lo se r to home," "c lo se r to r e la t iv e s ," etc. * Includes "to get b e tte r" wages, c o n d itio n s, advancement, etc. 5 In c lu d e s l a y o f f , d is c h a r g e , " p la n t c l o s e d , " e t c . p r im a r y r e a s o n s . F o u r p e r c e n t s p e c ifie d jo b r e la t io n s and co n d itio n s in the K a is e r plan t. T h e s e fa c t o r s w e r e a ls o the m o s t fre q u e n tly m e n tio n e d , u su a lly in the sa m e o r d e r , by th o se who g a ve s e c o n d and th ird r e a s o n s f o r c o m in g to the pla n t. In te re stin g d if f e r e n c e s a p p e a re d a m on g the o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p s in th e s e s u b je c tiv e e v a lu a tio n s . A lth ou gh the o p p o rtu n ity f o r a d v a n ce m e n t w a s the fo r e m o s t r e a s o n g iv e n by a ll o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s w ith the e x c e p tio n o f the c l e r i c a l e m p lo y e e s , it w as p a r t ic u la r ly dom in an t a m on g the p r o fe s s io n a l-m a n a g e r ia l, s u p e r v is o r y , and tr a in e e e m p lo y e e s . L o c a tio n a l r e a s o n s w e r e e s p e c ia lly im p o rta n t a m on g the h o u rly ra te d and c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s . H ig h e r e a r n in gs w e r e a ls o s t r e s s e d by the c l e r i c a l sta ff, and jo b s e c u r it y a s w e ll a s h ig h e r w a g e s w e r e e m p h a s iz e d by m an y o f the c r a ft s m e n and o th e r h o u rly ra te d e m p lo y e e s . T he e m p lo y e e s ’ s u b je c tiv e e v a lu a tion o f th e ir r e a s o n s f o r m o b ility a c c o r d e d c l o s e l y w ith the o b je c t iv e c ir c u m s t a n c e s in w h ich th ey found t h e m s e lv e s b e fo r e and at the tim e o f the p la n t’ s e s ta b lis h m e n t. M o st le ft th e ir p r e v io u s jo b s v o lu n ta r ily b e c a u s e they c o n s id e r e d th is new p lan t, in an expanding in d u stry , an ou tstan d in g o p p ortu n ity f o r a d v a n ce m e n t. F o r m a n y , the plant o ffe r e d an o p p ortu n ity to re tu rn to the h o m e a r e a o r to end len gth y , d a ily t r a v e ls to n e ig h b o r ing c i t i e s . O th e rs , in ou tlyin g p a r ts o f the - 33 - TABLE 30* Employees* reasons f o r choosing to work at the Ravenswood p la n t, by occupational group, summer 1957 Reasons f o r choosing to work at the Ravenswood p la n t (percentage d is tr ib u tio n ) Occupational group Number o f em ployees A ll rea sons Closer Opportuni Wages Other to Job re la Employ t ie s f o r and/or reasons estab ment tio n s and advance frin g e o r not lis h e d s e c u rity cond itions ment b e n e fits sta te d 1 home F i r s t stated reason A ll occupations-------P ro fe s s io n a l, techn ic a l, managerial, foremen, and tra in e e s --------------C le ric a l----------------Craftsmen---------------Other h o u rly ra te d --- 13 13 4 20 6 10 37 31 15 9 3 9 15 2 24 4 11 6 21 5 15 13 6 5 54 11 1 17 5 9 4 3 9 9 4 60 54 61 50 1 2 91 92 87 888 100 32 273 145 103 367 100 42 100 100 21 28 100 29 23 18 21 Second stated reason A l l occupations-------P ro fe s s io n a l, tech n ic a l, managerial, foremen, and tra in e e s --------------C le ric a l-----------------Craftsmen---------------Other h o u rly ra te d --- 888 273 145 103 367 100 19 6 100 22 100 16 19 17 3 7 100 100 10 — 9 6 11 T h ird stated reason A l l occupations-------P ro fe s s io n a l, tech n ic a l, managerial, foremen, and tra in e e s --------------C le ric a l-----------------Craftsmen---------------Other h o u rly rate d --1 888 273 145 103 367 100 3 1 2 2 1 2 3 3 3 1 3 88 3 1 1 93 100 3 100 2 100 3 4 3 100 2 1 — — Includes company tr a n s fe r s . a r e a , w e r e w illin g to len gth en th e ir d a ily t r a v e l tim e in o r d e r to w o r k in the p lan t. M o st o f the e m p lo y e e s im p r o v e d th e ir e a rn in g s by m o v in g to the plant and, f o r s o m e , th is w a s the p r im a r y r e a s o n fo r t r a n s fe r r in g . F in a lly , f o r a s ig n ific a n t n u m b e r, the a lu m in u m plant o ffe r e d a jo b w h e re b e fo r e th e r e had b een no jo b , and th is c o m p e llin g r e a s o n o v e r r o d e a ll o th e r c o n s id e r a t io n s . - 34 - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS T h e fin d in gs o f th is s u r v e y ca n be s u m m a r iz e d as f o llo w s : 1. T h e K a is e r A lu m in u m and C h e m ic a l C o r p .’ s R a v e n sw o o d W o rk s began p r o d u c tio n in 1956. T h e a r e a in w h ich it had been e s ta b lis h e d , J a ck so n C ounty, W .V a ., w as d e p r e s s e d f r o m the stan dpoin t o f e m p lo y m en t o p p o r tu n itie s , and the State co n ta in e d a n u m b e r o f a r e a s w ith c h r o n ic a lly s e r io u s l e v e ls o f u n e m p lo y m e n t. 2 . T h e s u r v e y o f th e p la n t’ s 894 e m p lo y e e s w a s co n d u cte d in the s u m m e r o f 1957 b e fo r e fu ll p r o d u c t iv e c a p a c ity and e m p lo y m e n t had b e e n r e a c h e d . In s e le c t in g e m p lo y e e s , the co m p a n y a ttem p ted to fo llo w a p r e s c r i b e d se t o f sta n d a rd s c o v e r in g a g e , e d u ca tio n , r e s id e n c e , e x p e r ie n c e , and p h y s ic a l fit n e s s . 3. T h e co m p a n y g e n e r a lly w a s a b le to m e e t th e se sta n d a rd s w ith r e g a r d to a g e , ed u ca tion , and p h y s ic a l fit n e s s ; but in o r d e r to do s o , it w as n e c e s s a r y to a c c e p t a p p lica n ts who liv e d c o n s id e r a b le d is t a n c e s fr o m the plan t. L o c a lly r e c r u it e d e m p lo y e e s w e r e la ck in g in a lu m in u m m a n u fa c tu r in g e x p e r ie n c e , and, f o r the m o s t p a r t, in m a n u fa ctu rin g e x p e r ie n c e o f any k in d . K ey p e r s o n n e l fo r p r o f e s s io n a l r e s p o n s ib ilit ie s , s u p e r v is io n , and tra in in g w e r e t r a n s fe r r e d f r o m o th e r K a is e r p la n ts. 4 . A s a m p le o f 522 u n a cce p te d a p p lica n ts sh ow ed l e s s e r q u a lific a tio n s in m o s t k e y r e q u ir e m e n t s , but th e ir n u m b e rs and q u a li fic a tio n s w e r e s u ffic ie n t to p r o m is e a s u c c e s s f u l e x p a n sio n o f fu tu re e m p lo y m en t w ithout s e r io u s ly lo w e r in g the qu ality o f the la b o r f o r c e . 5. T h e p la n t’ s e m p lo y e e s had en g a ged in e x te n s iv e g e o g r a p h ic m o v e m e n t p r i o r to its e s ta b lis h m e n t, and m a n y con tin u ed to co m m u te c o n s id e r a b le d is t a n c e s in o r d e r to a v o id fu r th e r r e s id e n c e ch a n g e . In th e ir m o v e to the p la n t>e m p lo y e e s d e m o n s tra te d a m a r k e d w illin g n e s s to t r a n s fe r a c r o s s in d u stry and o c c u p a tio n a l lin e s e s ta b lis h e d in th e ir p r e v io u s e m p lo y m e n t. 6 . A su b sta n tia l n u m b e r o f the p la n t's w o r k f o r c e , e s p e c ia lly in h o u r ly ra te d o c c u p a t io n s , had e x p e r ie n c e d u n e m p lo y m en t and u n d e r e m p lo y m e n t in the 3 y e a r s b e fo r e th e ir e m p lo y m e n t at the R a v e n sw o o d w o r k s as w e ll a s ju s t p r i o r to th e ir jo b at the p la n t. O nly a p o r tio n o f th e ir u n e m p lo y m e n t w as c o v e r e d by u n em p loy m en t c o m p e n s a tio n . U n a ccep ted a p p lica n ts had e x p e r ie n c e d ev en h ig h e r r a te s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t. T h is p r e v io u s jo b in s e c u r it y w as a p r in c ip a l fa c t o r in the m o v e m e n t o f w o r k e r s to the plan t. 7. M any e m p lo y e e s m o v e d to th e plant in o r d e r to be c l o s e r to th e ir h o m e o r h om e a r e a . H o u rly ra te d e m p lo y e e s d e m o n s tra te d g r e a t e r a r e a attach m en t than s a la r ie d p e r so n n e l. 8. A m a jo r it y o f h o u rly ra te d e m p lo y e e s im p r o v e d th e ir e a rn in g s p o s itio n in m o v in g to the plant and m o s t o f the s a la r ie d p e r s o n n e l lo o k e d upon th e ir w o rk w ith the co m p a n y a s an op p ortu n ity to i n c r e a s e e a r n in g s . 9. M o st o f the e m p lo y e e s m o v e d to the plant v o lu n ta r ily ( i . e . , w ithout p r e c e d in g u n e m p lo y m e n t), m o tiv a te d by a w is h f o r a d v a n ce m e n t, a jo b c l o s e r to h o m e o r th e ir h om e a r e a , h ig h e r w a g e s , and g r e a t e r e m p lo y m e n t s e c u r it y . T h e d e p r e s s e d r u r a l a r e a h as con tin u ed to be a lm o s t e n tir e ly ig n o r e d in r e c e n t stu d ies o f la b o r m o b ility . Y e t, a sig n ifica n t fin din g o f the p r e s e n t s u r v e y is that the a d e q u a cy o f the la b o r su p ply f o r a new m a n u fa ctu rin g fa c ilit y in su ch an a r e a is b a s ic a lly d e te r m in e d by the p r e c e d in g p a ttern s o f m o b ilit y . S in ce m o b ility p a ttern s o f d e p r e s s e d r u r a l a r e a s a r e lik e ly to d iffe r m a r k e d ly fr o m th o s e o f m e tr o p o lita n c e n t e r s and s in c e the a ttr a c tio n o f new in d u stry is a con tin u in g o b je c t iv e in d e p r e s s e d a r e a s , fu rth e r u n d ersta n d in g o f m o b ility p a tte rn s in th e s e a r e a s is an e s s e n tia l step to w a rd a lle v ia tio n o f th e ir d e p r e s s e d c o n d itio n . B e fo r e the c o m in g o f the alu m in u m plan t, the m o s t s ig n ifica n t ty p e o f la b o r m o b ility in the R a v e n sw o o d a r e a w as g e o g r a p h ic . S e v e r e ly lim ite d e m p lo y m e n t o p p o rtu n itie s set the sta g e f o r p e r s is te n t ou tw a rd m i g r a tio n , as show n by the e x c e p tio n a l d e c lin e o f the a r e a ’ s p op u la tion d u rin g the p e r io d o f g r e a t n a tion a l p op u la tion g row th fr o m 1940 to 1956. P o te n tia l m a n u fa ctu rin g e m p lo y e e s who con tin u ed to m a in tain a r e s i d e n c e in the a r e a a p p e a r to h av e fo llo w e d on e o f tw o a lte rn a tiv e c o u r s e s : they t r a n s fe r r e d th e ir p r im a r y in d u s tria l attach m en t - 35 - fr o m a g r ic u lt u r e to lo c a l, r e la t iv e ly l o w payin g n on m a n u fa ctu rin g e s ta b lis h m e n ts , o r th ey co m m u te d c o n s id e r a b le d is t a n c e s to m o r e lu c r a t iv e e m p lo y m e n t in n e ig h b o rin g u rban c e n t e r s . T he la tte r a lte r n a tiv e is one w h ich has p r e s e n te d i t s e l f on ly r e c e n t ly to w o r k e r s con tin gen t upon expanding o w n e r s h ip o f a u t o m o b ile s . W h ile th is p ic t u r e o f m o b ilit y p a tte rn s b e fo r e the e sta b lish m e n t o f the a lu m in u m plant is b a se d upon the lim ite d in fo rm a tio n p r o v id e d by the p o p u la tio n c e n s u s and the e x p e r ie n c e o f w o r k e r s who la t e r b e c a m e plant e m p lo y e e s , it a p p e a r s a v a lid i n fe r e n c e f r o m th e s e data. G iven the a r e a ’ s m o b ilit y d e s ig n , what kind o f a la b o r su p ply c o u ld be a n ticip a ted by an a lu m in u m m a n u fa c tu r e r w ho c h o s e to lo c a t e h e r e ? A nd, by im p lic a t io n , what kind o f la b o r su p ply ca n o th e r e m p lo y e r s in the sa m e in d u stry , o r s im ila r e x p a n d ing in d u s t r ie s , su ch a s c h e m ic a ls , a n t i c i pate in a d e p r e s s e d r u r a l a r e a ? T h e fin d in gs o f the p r e s e n t s u r v e y le a d to the fo llo w in g c o n c lu s io n s r e g a r d in g the s o u r c e s o f la b o r supply f o r a p r o s p e c t iv e m a n u fa ctu rin g plant in a d e p r e s s e d r u r a l area: 1. S in ce the m a n u fa c tu r e r can n ot r e a l i s t ic a lly e x p e c t to fin d o r a ttr a c t a s u ffic ie n t num ber o f p r o f e s s io n a lly tr a in e d and m a n a g e r ia l p e r s o n n e l in su ch an a r e a , t r a n s fe r o f a n u m b e r o f k ey e m p lo y e e s fr o m o th e r p la n ts b e c o m e s n e c e s s a r y . T h is fa c t, a lo n e , p o in ts up the p r o b le m s w h ich su ch an a r e a w ou ld p r e s e n t f o r a s i n g le plant fir m . 2. T h e m a n u fa c tu r e r ca n e x p e c t s o m e in c r e a s e in the l o c a l la b o r f o r c e to r e s u lt fr o m the n ew dem and f o r la b o r . In a lu m in u m , c h e m ic a l, and m o s t h ea v y m a n u fa c tu r in g p lan ts w h e r e fe m a le e m p lo y m e n t is lim it e d , h o w e v e r , e m p lo y e r s can n ot e x p e c t w o m e n to be a m a jo r s o u r c e o f r e q u ire d la b o r su p p ly . M o r e o v e r , m e n who e n te r the la b o r f o r c e o n ly b e c a u s e o f the p la n t’ s e s ta b lish m e n t a r e not lik e ly to fu lfil the m a n u fa c t u r e r ’ s h ir in g s p e c ific a t io n s w ith r e g a r d to a g e , e d u ca tio n , e x p e r ie n c e , o r p h y s ic a l fit n e s s . T h e p r e s e n t s u r v e y in d ic a te s that the w id e s p r e a d e s ta b lish m e n t o f su ch pla n ts in r e m o t e a r e a s m a y even s e r v e to l o w e r - - a t le a s t t e m p o r a r i l y - - t h e la b o r f o r c e p a r tic ip a tio n r a t e s in su ch a r e a s ; m a n y w iv e s who w o r k e d b e fo r e th e ir h u sb a n d ’ s t r a n s fe r o r a ttr a c tio n to the new plant m igh t be unable to fin d em p lo y m e n t in the lim ite d in d u s tria l e n v iro n m e n t o f the dep ressed area. 3. U n em p loy ed and u n d e re m p lo y e d w o r k e r s ca n be e x p e c te d to co n stitu te an i m p orta n t s o u r c e o f la b o r . Such w o r k e r s w ould be p le n tifu l in a d e p r e s s e d a r e a , but th is s u r v e y in d ic a te s that they w ou ld not c o n s t i tute the m o s t im p o rta n t s o u r c e o f la b o r f o r a h ig h -w a g e fir m w ith r ig o r o u s h irin g sta n d a rd s. A s ca n be in fe r r e d fr o m the l a r g e r p r o p o r t io n o f u n e m p lo y e d am on g the u n a cce p te d a p p lica n ts than a m on g th o s e h ir e d , the q u a lific a tio n s o f m an y o f the u n e m p lo y e d w ou ld p r o b a b ly fa ll b e lo w s e l e c tion s p e c ific a t io n s . 4 . M ost o f the p la n t’ s e m p lo y e e s w ou ld c o m e to it v o lu n ta rily a fte r having quit th e ir p r e v io u s j o b s . S om e w ould t r a n s fe r fr o m the l o c a l n on m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n ts in s e a r c h o f a d v a n cem en t and h ig h e r e a r n in g s . O th e rs, in ou tlyin g s e c t io n s o f the a r e a , w ou ld be w illin g to co m m u te c o n s id e r a b le d is ta n c e s in o r d e r to im p r o v e th e ir e m p lo y m e n t p o s itio n . S till o t h e r s , situ ated beyon d the co m m u tin g ra n g e , w ould be w illin g to ch an ge th e ir r e s id e n c e in o r d e r to w o r k at the plan t. But c o m p a r is o n o f u n a cce p te d a p p lica n ts in the p r e s e n t s u r v e y in d ica te s that the d isa d v a n ta g e o f a distant a p p lica tio n a d d r e s s w ou ld h ave to be o ffs e t by high q u a lific a tio n s i f the a p p lica n t w e r e to be found a c c e p ta b le by the co m p a n y . 5. A m o s t s ig n ifica n t s o u r c e o f v olu n ta ry t r a n s f e r - - t h e on e w h ich c l e a r ly r e f l e c t s the p e c u lia r p a tte rn s o f m o b ility in a d e p r e s s e d r u r a l a r e a - - w o u l d be the m o v e m e n t to the plant m o tiv a te d by a r e a a tta ch m en t. M any w o r k e r s who had b een fo r c e d out o f the a r e a in a s e a r c h f o r e m p lo y m e n t w ould re tu rn to th e ir h om etow n , to th e ir fr ie n d s and r e la t iv e s , o r to the h om e th ey had le ft beh in d. And m any o th e r s w h o se a r e a a tta c h m en t w as su ch that th ey co m m u te d g re a t d is ta n c e s ra th e r than m ig r a te w ou ld now be e a g e r to take a jo b n e a r e r h o m e . Both the re tu rn e d m ig ra n ts and the lo n g -d is ta n c e c o m m u te r s a r e lik e ly to p o s s e s s m o r e a c c e p ta b le s k ills than th o s e w o r k e r s who a c c e p te d u n em p loy m en t o r lo w e r paying l o c a l jo b s in the d e p r e s s e d a r e a ra th e r than m ove. T h e s e s u r v e y fin d in g s w ou ld not h old if the c h a r a c t e r is t i c s o f m o b ility su rrou n d in g a new plant in a d e p r e s s e d r u r a l a r e a w e r e s im ila r to the c h a r a c t e r is t i c s d i s - - 36 - c l o s e d in stu d ie s o f la b o r m o b ility in m e tr o p o lita n c e n t e r s . 1 If the e m p lo y m e n t 2 o p p o r tu n itie s in the new plant had not b een w id e ly know n, i f the plan t had b e e n bound by a “ n o -p ir a t in g ” a g r e e m e n t, o r i f the w o r k e r s had b een con ten t w ith the w a g e s , 12 Reynolds, op. cit., pp. 17-19; Parnes, op. cit., pp. 138-40; Gladys L. Palmer and Carol P. Brainerd, Labor Mobility in Six Cities (Social Science Research Council, 1954), pp. 13-20. c o n d itio n s , and g e o g r a p h ic lo c a t io n s o f the jo b s th ey a lr e a d y h e ld , then the p r in c ip a l s o u r c e s o f la b o r su p ply f o r the plant w ou ld have been fa r d iffe r e n t and p r o b a b ly not n e a r ly so p r o d u c t iv e o f q u a lifie d e m p lo y e e s . It is b e c a u s e the la b o r m o b ility su rrou n d in g a new plant in a d e p r e s s e d r u r a l a r e a has few ty p ic a l im p e r fe c t io n s that it b e c o m e s an in te r e s tin g s u b je c t f o r a n a ly s is by students o f the la b o r m a r k e t. - 37 - A P P E N D IX I. SU R V E Y M E T H O D S S u rv e y o f E m p lo y e e s 1. A p p lic a tio n f o r m d a ta . T h e co m p a n y m a d e a v a ila b le v e r ifa x e d c o p ie s o f a ll a p p lic a tio n f o r m s c o m p le t e d by A u gu st 1, 1957. T h e fo r m u s e d f o r h o u r ly ra te d e m p lo y e e s d iffe r e d f r o m that u s e d f o r s a la r ie d e m p lo y e e s , but both co n ta in e d su b sta n tia lly the sa m e in fo r m a tio n . (S ee a p p en d ix II.) S e v e r a l o f the f o r m s f o r m a n a g em en t tr a in e e s and e m p lo y e e s t r a n s fe r r e d fr o m o th e r K a is e r p lan ts w e r e in c o m p le t e , but fr o m in te r v ie w s and data in the f i l e s o f the t r a n s f e r r e d e m p lo y e e s it w a s o fte n p o s s ib le to r e c o n s t r u c t the m is s in g it e m s . S in ce th is w as not u n ifo r m ly p o s s i b le , h o w e v e r , to ta l n u m b e r s o f e m p lo y e e s in clu d e d in a n a ly s e s b a se d on a p p lic a tio n fo r m data v a r y slig h tly a m on g ta b u la tio n s. A b s e n c e o f c u r r e n t o c c u p a tio n a l data f o r s ix o f the e m p lo y e e s w as an a d d itio n a l r e a s o n f o r m in o r d iffe r e n c e s in to ta l e m p lo y e e s in clu d e d in v a r io u s ta b u la tio n s. A p p lic a tio n f o r m s o f the 894 e m p lo y e e s in te r v ie w e d .w e r e v e r ifa x e d and m a tch ed w ith the c o r r e s p o n d in g n a m e on the i n t e r v ie w q u e s tio n n a ir e f o r m s . U tiliz a tio n o f a p p lic a tio n f o r m data r e d u c e d the i n t e r v ie w t im e . S in ce it w a s not a lw a y s p o s s ib le to r e c o n s t r u c t the ite m s m is s in g f r o m the in c o m p le te f o r m s o f s o m e t r a n s f e r e e s and t r a in e e s , the to ta l in clu d e d fe w e r than 894 in m o s t o f the ta b u la tio n s b a se d on a p p li c a tio n f o r m d a ta . T h e to ta l w as fu rth e r r e d u c e d by s ix in a ll ta b u la tio n s in v o lv in g a n a ly s is by the to ta l e m p lo y m e n t in o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s . U n le ss o t h e r w is e s p e c i fie d , p e r c e n t a g e s in d ica te d in the ta b u la tio n s e x c lu d e e m p lo y e e s f o r w h om the ite m u n d e r a n a ly s is w a s u n r e p o r te d and co u ld not be r e c o n s t r u c t e d f r o m o th e r da ta . 2. S ig n -o n and status ch a n g e d a ta . E m p l o y e e s ’ o c c u p a tio n upon b ein g h ir e d and ch a n g e in o c c u p a tio n a l status w e r e r e c o r d e d fr o m s ig n -o n and status ch an g e f o r m s in clu d e d in th e ir f i l e s . T h e s e f o r m s a ls o in clu d e d e a rn in g s in fo r m a tio n fo r a lm o s t a ll h o u r ly ra te d e m p lo y e e s and f o r som e o f the s a la r ie d e m p lo y e e s . A ll a n a ly s e s in v o lv in g o c c u p a tio n a l o r w age in fo rm a tio n in clu d e d the p o s itio n f o r w h ich the e m p lo y e e w a s h ir e d u n le s s a status ch a n g e o c c u r r e d w ith in 3 m o n th s. 3. In te r v ie w s . E ffo r t s w e r e m a d e to in te r v ie w e v e r y e m p lo y e e (in clu d in g top m a n a g em en t) o f the R a v e n sw o o d w o r k s as o f A u gu st 1, 1957. A to ta l o f 894 e m p lo y e e s w ere in te r v ie w e d on the b a s is of a s tr u c tu r e d q u e stio n n a ire fo r m. (See a p p en d ix II.) T h e r e w e r e 2 r e fu s a ls and 17 e m p lo y e e s who c o u ld not be in te rv ie w e d b e c a u s e o f con tin u ed a b s e n c e f r o m th e ir in d ica te d a d d r e s s . A lm o s t a ll o f the ta b u la tio n s b a se d on in te rv ie w data in clu d e d the to ta l o f 894 e m p lo y e e s , w ith the e x c e p tio n o f the ta b u la tion s u sin g o c c u p a tio n a l a n a ly s is , in w h ich the to ta l w as r e d u c e d to 888. T e n p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y e e s w e r e h ir e d b e fo r e June 30, 1956; 24 p e r c e n t betw een July 1 and D e c e m b e r 31, 1956; and 66 p e r c e n t b etw een January 1 and A u gu st 1, 1957. S u rv ey o f U n a cce p te d A p p lica n ts The co m p a n y had file d the u n a cce p te d a p p lic a tio n fo r m s in p o te n tia l o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s . F p r p u r p o s e s o f c o m p a r is o n w ith data o n e m p lo y e e s , the u n a cce p te d a p p li ca tio n s w e r e g ro u p e d in fiv e b ro a d c a t e g o r ie s : p r o fe s s io n a l, t e c h n i c a l , and m a n a g e r ia l (in clu d in g s o m e s u p e r v is o r y p e r s o n n e l), c l e r i c a l , s k ille d , s e m is k ille d , and u n s k ille d . A sa m p lin g p e r c e n ta g e w as c h o s e n on the b a s is o f co m p a n y e s tim a te s o f the n u m b e r o f a p p lica tio n s file d in e a ch o c c u p a tio n a l c a t e g o r y . A 3 -p e r c e n t ra n d o m sa m p le w a s d raw n fr o m e a ch o f the o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p s e x ce p t the u n s k ille d . B e c a u s e o f the la r g e n u m b e r o f a p p lic a tio n fo r m s in th is g r o u p , a 1 -p e r c e n t ra n d o m s a m p le w a s d ra w n , to g iv e a to ta l o f 522 a p p lic a n ts . T h e n u m b e rs s e le c t e d in e a ch o c c u p a tio n a l g rou p a r e in d ica te d in ta b le 2. T h e s e fo r m s w 6 r e v e r ifa x e d and co d e d and c o m p a r e d w ith the a p p lic a tio n fo r m data o f the e m p lo y e e s . - 38 - A P P E N D IX H. A. B. C. E M P L O Y M E N T A P P L IC A T IO N FO R M S AN D IN T E R V IE W Q U ESTIO N N AIRE A p p lic a tio n F o r m : S a la rie d E m p lo y e e s A p p lic a tio n F o r m : H o u rly R ated E m p lo y e e s In te rv ie w Q u e stio n n a ire - 39 - APPLI CATI ON FORM A: SALARIED EMPLOYEES KAISER ALUMINUM AND CHEMICAL CORPORATION 1924 B R O A D W A Y O A K L A N D , C A L IF O R N IA C O N F ID E N T IA L E M P LO Y M E N T A P P L IC A T IO N D ate---------------------------------------------(FIRST) (LAST) (MIDDLE) S ex_______________ H eight P resent AHHrecc (STREET) (CITY) (STATE) (STREET) (CITY) (STATE) P anent erm AHrlrpcc W eight U.S. C itizen? Telephone No________________________________________________ S SecurityN ocial o. D C raft lassification^ G N R L IN R A N EEA FO M TIO : S ingle_______ M arried_______ Tim es_______ D ivorced. D of B ____________________P of B ------ate irth lace irth N e of H am usbandor Wife (m aiden)--------------------------N eof F er________________________________ am ath F ather’s B irthplace--------------------------------------------F ather’sO ccupation--------------------------------------------F er’sA ath ddress_______________________________ In C of E ergency C N e----------------------------ase m all: am A ddress_________________________________ idowed_______ N of D o. ependents. .E gaged_______ W n ____________________D of M ate arriage_________ ________ — C hildren&Ages--------------------------.N e of M am other (m aiden)--------------------------------.M other’s B irthplace---------------------------------------.M other’sO ccupation--------------------------------------.M other’sA ddress------------------------------------------_______________ R elationship________________ _______________ Telephone_________________ HA : E E LTH xplain fully any physical defects or disabilities and the degree, if any, to w they affect your work:. hich E U A N Y com D C TIO : ears pleted in E entary______ H School_______ C lem igh ollege or U niversity______ B sin or Trade Schoo u ess U ndergraduate D egree----------------------------N e of College__________________________________________ Yearam G raduate D egree----------------------------------N e of C am ollege---------------------------------------------------------------- YearO D ther egrees------------------------------------ N e of School___________________________________________ Yearam M Subjects ajor Scholastic H onors Received! G rad. U ndergrad. C andSocieties:_____ lubs E xtracurricularActivities:_ Athletic Participation! Speak L anguages R ead W rite P Tim W art e ork_____________________ H ighest E lectedorAppointed Office H eld:____ S anyother E tate xperience, T rainingor H obbies! W quarterof your class didyoustand, academ hat ically?-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------R F R N E : N e S persons hot related to you who can attest to your C E E E C S am haracter, E xperience and Q ualifications: N e am A ddress P hone O ccupation FORM 1R-SOO. BM - 40 APPLI CATI ON FORM A: SALARIED E M P L 0 Y E E S (c o r ifd ) B chof S ran ervice_______________________________ L engthof S ervice___________F ______________To. rom A ssignm w ent ithin B ch ran ___________________________________________________________________ Type of D ischarge_____________________________________ R kor G at D an rade ischarge--------------------------H ighest P cipal D rin uties an R d esponsibilities_______________________________________________________ A youona R re eserve S s?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ --- — tatu S R IC S H O S AND/OR E U A N EV E C OL D C TIO : Type of C ourse L ength of C ourse CIVILIAN E PL Y E T ' M OMN: (S w last job first. L only em tart ith ist ploym of 3 m ent onths or m B specific a to the kind of w you perform ore. e s ork ed.) IN C L U S IV E DATES NAME AN D ADDRESS OF EM PLOYER J O B D U T IE S & T IT L E WAGE R EASO N FOR L E A V IN G FROM TO FROM TO FROM TO FROM TO FROM TO FROM TO FROM TO FROM TO InW Type of W areyouP arily Interested?. hat ork rim W Q hat ualifications D You P o ossess for T W his ork?. M achines O peratedSkillfully?________ ___________________________________________________________ S orth dS h an peed______ TypingS peed___________________________ R B eprin ead lu ts?. W D You D to A hy o esire ffiliate W This O ith rganization?_______ ; ________________________________ ____ ____ _ S W You P tate here refer to Work: G eneral R egion________________S tate___________C ity__________ W illing to m ove?. R easonfor Your Preference_______________________________________________________ N Preference_____ : o W isLow S hat est tartin S la Acceptable?____ 5___________________________._____ D A g a ry ate vailable. The answ I have m to each and a of the foregoing questions are true to the best of m know ers ade ll y ledge. S atu ign re------------------------------ 41 APPLICATION F O R M B: HOURLY-RATED EMPLOYEES KAISER ALUMINUM AND CHEMICAL CORPORATION R V N W O W R S R V N W O . W S V G IA A E S O D O K , A E S O D E T IR IN CONFIDENTIAL EMPLOYMENT APPLICATION on B o t h S i d e s o f F o r a in own H a n d w r i t i n g A n s w e r A ll Q u e s t i o n s N**5 (L est) _____________________ Present Address (No.A S t . ) ______________________ Permanent Address (Ho.* Male □ Female Q (F irst) _______________ (Middle)________________ (C ity) _____________ (S ta te ) _____________ (C ity) ____________ ___ (S ta te )j_____________ S t . ) ___________________________ O i or w Social Draft Nearest Phone ____________________ Security No.______________ Classification_____________ G N R L INO M T N E E A F R A IO Age_______ Date of Birth Place of Birth (Day)_____ (Ho.) ____________ (C ity ) ____________________ Height______Weight_______ (Y r.) _____ (S ta te ) ________________ U.S. Citizen? YesQ NoQ (Country)______________ Single Q Divorced □ W ed □ idow MarriedQ Separated□ IN C SE O E E G N Y N T A F MR E C O IFY N e (F ir e t) ____________________ am No. Dependents________ (L a st) _________________ Relationship_________________ Address_________________________________________________ Telephone No.____________ ____ PH SIC L Y A D you have any physical defects such as lameness, weak back, deafness, poor sight, high blood o pressure, rupture? Yes! I N I I o If yes, explain.___________________________________ _ Have you ever filed a claim for an industrial injury? E U A IO DCT N Circle highest grade completed. G m School ram ar High School 12345678 R FER C E EN ES YesQ NoQ If yes, explain. Business or Trade School 1234 123 4 Give three. N e persons not related to you. am Address N e am University 1234 Phone No. Occupation i_________________________ U.S. M A Y SER IC ILIT R V E Branch: Date Entered_____________ A y Q rm Navy □ Air Force Q Marines O Date Discharged___________ Type of Discharge: Are you a m ber of any arm forces reserve organization? em ed Coast Guard □ Merchant Marine (H U (OVER) - 42 - Honorable I _I Dishonorable I I YesQ NoQ IR-601 (11-15-55) A P P L I C A T ! O N P O R M B:. H O D R L Y - R A T E D E M P L O Y E E S (c o n f d) EM YM T RECORD: Start with your la s t job f ir s t . L ist a ll employment for la s t 3 years. PLO EN Be s\tre to indicate any experience p articu larly related to the type of work you are seeking no matter what date or how recent. For jobs held more than 3 years ago you need only include employment of 3 months or more. DATES NAME AND ADDRESS JOB TITLE PAY REASON FOR (Mo. & Y r .) OF EMPLOYER AND DUTIES RECEIVED LEAVING From: To: From: To: From: To: From: To: From: To: From: To: From: To: W kind of work do you wish to do? hat ■ W is the lowest wage you will accept? hat W can you sta rt to work? hen W means of transportation have vou? hat Have you ever been arrested for other than minor tr a f fic violations? Yes □ N oO I f yes, give date and place of each arrest, offense, and fin al action. Have you ever been employed by th is Company? Yes ^3 No Do you have any friends or relativ e employed by th is Company? I f yes, where and when? YesQ3 NoQ3 I f yes, give their names and job t i t l e s . _____________________________________________ ____________ I authorize my former employers to furnish a ll information they may.have concerning me, whether on record or^not, and I release them or th eir company from a l l li a b i l i t y for any damage a risin g from issuance o f such information . I c e r tify the information on th is ap plication to be true and accurate and I understand in ten tion al m isrepresentation may be cause fo r immediate d ism issal SIGN HERE___________________________________ - 43 - C* In te rv ie w Q u e stio n n a ire RAVENSW OOD, W EST VIR G IN IA , M O B IL ITY S U R V E Y Personal Interview Schedule Any information given on this form will be kept in strict confi dence and will be seen only by staff members of the West Virginia University and sworn employees of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Name______ (last) (first) Soc. Sec. No. (middle) Current Address______________________________________________ (No. and Street) 1. (City) (State) Telephone No._______________ Were you living in the Ravenswood area (within 50 miles) when you applied for work at the Kaiser p la n t?.......................................................................... Y es___ , No_____ a. (If “ yes” ) How long have you lived here?________________________________________________ b. (If “ no”) i. Where did you live? Town and State___________________________________________ ii. Had you ever lived in the Ravenswood area before you came to work at the plant?_____ When? From (mo., y r .)______________________ To (mo., y r .)____________________ (If employee had never lived in the Ravenswood area, omit 2a and 2b and move directly to 3.) 2. *a. If you had lived in the Ravenswood area and then moved away, why did you leave the Ravenswood area? _______________________________________________________________________________ b. 3. In addition to your job at Kaiser, why did you decide to return to the Ravenswood area?. (For new arrivals only) *Were there any reasons, in addition to your job at Kaiser, why you chose to live and work in the Ravenswood area rather than some other area? _____________________________________ _____ ♦ See instructions regarding positive and negative reasons. - 44 - Interview No. 4. (For all employees) In what other areas have you lived in the last five years? (If none, write “ none” across first column. List under indicated headings, beginning with last area first. Moves within one town or contiguous area need not be recorded.) (Where?) (When?) Area (town and state) Dates (mo. and year) *Why did you move? From: To: From: To: From: To: From: To: 5. a. How did you learn about the job opening in the Kaiser plant? Newspaper, radio, T.V...................................................... Friends or relatives.......................................................... State employment o f f ic e ................................................... Other (specify)____________________________________ b. 6. What educational courses or training programs, if any, helped you most in getting the job at the plant?____________________________________________________________________________ W did you choose to work at the Kaiser plant? hy Higher w ages............................................. Larger “ fringe” benefits........................... More job security........................................ More desirable employer-employee relations Better working conditions......................... Closer to established home........................ Unemployed before coming to Kaiser......... Underemployed before coming to Kaiser . . . Other (specify)________________________ - 45 - 7. Y es___ , N o ___ a. If “ no” , is she (he) looking for work?............................................................ Y es___ , No___ b. If “ yes” , is she (he) working at Kaiser?........................................................ Y es___ , No___ c. Was she (he) working when you left your previous job to work at the Kaiser plant?.................................................... ....................................................... 8. Is your wife (husband) working now?................................................................. Y es___ , N o ____ How far from the plant do you live? (m iles)........................................................ ............................. a. How do you get to work?_______________________________________________________________ b. (If over 5 miles) Do you plan to move closer to the plant?............................. Y es___ , No___ Undecided______ c. Have you already moved closer to the plant since taking your Kaiser job? . . . Y es___ , N o ____ d. Do you own your own home?............................................................................ (If “ no” ) Do you plan to buy or build in the next year or two?....................... Y es___ , N o____ ............................. e. Do you live on a farm now ?............................................................................ Y es___ , N o ____ If “ yes” , do you own i t ? ................................................................................ Y es___ , N o____ If “ yes” , do you lease it ? .............................................................................. Y es___ , N o ____ If both own and lease, indicate the larger item Own______ L ease_________ If you live on a farm, (1) do you do some farm work yourself in addition to your regular work at Kaiser?.................................. Y e s ___ , N o____ (2) do you operate the farm with hired or family help? ..................................................................... Y e s___ , N o ____ f. Did you do farm work before taking your job with Kaiser?............................. Y e s ___ , N o ____ If “ yes” , ................................................................................... full time?_______ Part time?_____ 9. During the entire year before you came to Kaiser, were you working full time? . . (If “yes” , omit remainder of question 9.) Y e s___ , N o ____ If you were not fully employed, a. Were you working part time throughout the year? Yes___ , No____ Hours per week _______ b. Did you work during only part of the year?...................................... .............. Y e s ___ , N o ____ If “yes,” . . . part time______ How many weeks____ full time______ How many weeks_____ c. W were you not working full time?______________________________________________________ hy - 46 - d. Were you not working (unemployed) but looking for work just before you came to work at the plant?.............................................................................. e. Were you drawing unemployment compensation just before you took the job at Kaiser?............................................................................................................ 10. Y es____ , No Yes____ , No What periods of total unemployment (not working, but looking for work) if any, have you experienced in the last 3 years? (List first any unemployment indicated in Question 9, and work backwards, placing information under indicated headings. If there has been no unemployment, write “ none” across the first column.) When? (mo. and year) Did you draw unemployment compensation? Where? (town and state) Did you use it up? From: To: From: To: From: To: From: To: Location of interview: Employee's home............................. At time of job interview .. Plant: Before or after work hours Interviewer's name_________________________________________ Date of interview Form reviewed b y __________________________________________ - 47 * U S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : I960 0 — 543728
