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PROGRESS
WORKS
HARRY L. HOPKINS
Administrator
ADMINISTRATION
(X)RRINGTON GILL
Assistant Administrator
NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
on
Reemployment Opportunities and Recent Changes
in Industrial Techniques
IRVING KAPLAN
Associate Director
DAVID WEINTRAUB
Director
In cooperati0n with
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
WHARTON SCHOOL OF FINANCE AND COMMERCE
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
ANNE BEZANSON
JOSEPH WILLITS
Director
Director
Philadelphia Labor Market Studies
Gladys L. Palmer, Economist in Charge
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PHILADELPHIA LABOR MARKET STUDIES
GLADYS L. PALMER, Research Associate. Industrial Research Department, University of
Pennsylvania; Consultant, National Research Project, directing studies of this
secti0n
JANETH. LEWIS, Statistician
HELEN L. KLoP,ER, Associate Economist
MuRRAY P. P,E,,ERMAN, Associate Statistician
MARGARET W. BELL, Assistant Statistician
VlRGINJA F. SHRYOCK, Chief Statistical Clerk
HELEN HERRMANN, Research Economist in charge
of field work for Schedule #20
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THE LABOR FORCE OF THE PHIIADEIPHIA RADIO INDUSTRY
IN 1936
by
Gladys L. Palmer and Ada M. Stoflet
Philadelphia Labor Market Studies
Report No. P-2
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
April, 1938
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WORKER ~ IN THE RAD IO INDUSTRY
Tne typi cal man or woma n atta c hed tn the rajio i nd us try
or the Philade lp~, ia area i n 1936 was, l ike tt,e se work ers,
young and semiskilled . or 686 produc ti on and mai nte na nce
workers studied, 553 were classiried as s emiskilled . o nly
121 as skilled, and 12 as unskilled. The average age of
women wor kers was 2~ and
of
men 3; yea r .; - only 11 per cent
or a l l wo r ke r s were ij5 or more years old.
Thi s pi c tureshowsthe end of the feeder line along which
transrormers, coils, capacitors, cables , and tube s ockets
are installed.
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
WALKER-JOHNSON BUILDING
1734 NEW YORK AVENUE NW,
WASHINGTON, D. C.
HARRY L. HOPKINS
ADMINISTRATOR
April 26J
1938
Hon. Harry L. Hopkins
Works Progress Administrator
Sir:
Much of the research work of the Works ProgrPss
Administration and its predecessors has centered around
the questions:
What kind of people are the unemployed?
HowJ if at allJ do they differ from the employed population?
We now know in considerable detail what cge
groups predominate among the unemployedJ what their occupational and industrial composition is in various
areasJ how many of those seeking jobs have never worked
beforeJ and a great deal more.
Some of this material
was published in such research monographs as Orban
Wo'l'ke'l'S on Re iief J i'anne'l's on Re iief and Reha bi litationJ
The T'l'ansient OnempLoyedJ The Nig'l'atory-CasuaL Wo,,.ke'l'J
and Ru'l'aL Youth on Relief.
In the light of the heterogeneous character of the
unemployed population, it is of direct interest to the
Works Progress Administration to find out what it can
about the opportunities for reemployment which may be
open to workers of various ages and differing occupational experience.
For instance:
Which groups among
the unemployed are likely to find employment should
certain types of mass-production industries expand or
should a new mass-production industry develop?
The report submitted herewith throws some light
on these questions.
The radio-manufacturing industry
is relatively new.
Within a period of about 15 years
it developed into one of the country's important manufacturing industries.
In the Philadelphia area it is
a major employer of labor.
Where did it obtain its labor force?
Who among the unemployed can hope to find
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employment in the industry should production and employment expand?
The outstanding fact developed by the study of
The Labor force of the Philadelphia Radio Industry in
1938 is that older workers found it practically impossible to gain a foothold in the industry.
Although the
growth of this new industry in Philadelphia has undoubtedly afforded employment opportunities for some workers
who were displaced from older and declining industries
in the area, it was only the younger workers who were
absorbed.
This fact becomes even more significant when
it is realized that the major establishments in the
radio-manufacturing industry are not new but have existed
in the area for a long period of years as producers of
either musical instruments, storage batteries, or ignition equipment.
It was found that, in spite of this,
only one-eighth of the labor force in i936 consisted
of workers who had been employed by these plants prior
to their introduction of radio manufacture and that
this groupwasconcentrated in the skilled occupations.
One-fifth of the labor force in i936 had never
had a job before.
Aside from the eighth who were former
employees, the remainder were relatively young workers
who had transferred into the radio-manufacturing industry from a large variety of other industries.
Even in
those instances in which the industry found it necessary to employ skilled workers, such as machinists and
cabinetmakers, it was only the younger workers in those
skilled occupations who were absorbed by the radiomanufacturing industry.
This report covers one of the studies of the Philadelphia labor market corr ied on by the National Research
Project on Reemployment Opportunities and Recent Changes
in Industrial Techniques in cooperation with the Industrial Research Department of the University of Pennsylvania.
The studywas conducted under the supervision
of Dr. Gladys L. Palmer, who, with Ada M. Stoflet, also
wrote the report.
Respectfully yours,
-e==~-t--- ~
Corrington Gill
Assistant Administrator
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C O N T E N T S
Page
Section
I.
PREFACE . . .
xiii
INTRODUCTION
1
Purpose of the study
The position of the radio industry in
Philadelphia . . . . . . . . .
Composition of the sample studied.
Reliability of the data . . . . . .
IL
OCCUPATIONAL AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIO
WORKERS IN MAY 1936.
Employment status in May 1936.
Occupation of present or last job.
Age and sex . . . . . . .
Residence and nationality.
Schooling. . .
Marital status . . . . . •
III.
SOURCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY'S LABOR FORCE
IN 1938 • . . . . . . . .
Year of beginning employment in the radio
industry. • • . . . . . • . . . . . .
Industry and occupation of last job preceding
employment in the radio industry. • . . .
Selected work histories. . . . • . . . . • . .
Occupation of last job preceding employment in
the radio industry compared with occupation of present or last job
Grade of skill • . . . . .
. • • . .
Occupation and industry of longest job • •
Stability of workers' jobs and occupations
Length of service on the longest job . . .
Number of years employed at usual occupation.
IV.
TEN-YEAR EMPLOYMENT HISTORY OF WORKERS ATTACHED
TO THE RADIO INDUSTRY IN 1938 . .
Employment status, 1928-35, by months.
Number of months employed in the radio industry and in other industries, 1928-35. . .
Full-time and part-time employment, 1926-35. .
Employment history of individual radio workers,
1926-35 . . . . • . . • . . . . . • . • •
V,
UNEMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE AND MOBILITY OF WORKERS
WHO ENTERED THE LABOR MARKET BEFORE 1926.
Number of months unemployed,
1926-35.
vii
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1
2
d
10
10
11
13
15
18
17
18
18
19
22
23
24
25
27
28
28
30
30
35
36
37
41
41
CONTENTS
Viii
Page
Section
Number of months unemployed, !928-30 and
1931-35 • . . . . . . . . . . • • .
Lon~est period of unemployment and frequency
of ·rnemployment periods, 1926-35. •
F'actors in the mobility of workers • . . • •
Mobility in the 10-year period, 1926-35. . •
Mobility in the two 5-year periods, 1926-30
and 1931-35 • . . . . . .
Employer separations, 1926-35.
vr.
42
43
45
48
48
49
SUMMA~Y OF FINDIN3S.
51
APPENDIX A:
59
TABLES.
APPENDIX B:
SCHEDULE AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
USED • .
95
CHARTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure
Workers in the radio industry . . . .
frontispiece
Index of pay rolls in the manufacture of radio and
musical instruments in the Philadelphia Federal
Reserve District, January 1926-May 1936
4
2.
Inspecting . • . . .
6
3.
Age distribution of workers in the radio industry
and of all employable persons in Philadelphia,
May 1936 . • . . . . . . • • . . . • . . • • • •
14
Industrial ~roup of last Job preceding employment
in the radio industry
20
5.
Cabinet work . • •
26
6.
Employment stat11s, January 1928-December 1935, by
occupational ~roup of last job • • •
31
Avera~e number of months of specified types of employment experience, 1926-35, by age in 1938 . • •
37
Employment history of men in skilled, semiskilled,
and •mskilled occnpations, January 1928-December
1935. • • • • • . .
• . . • • . . • • • • •
38
Employment history of women in semiskilled occupations, Jannary 1926-December 1935 • . . • . .
39
Percentage distribution of persons in sample by
type and frequency of separations, 1928-35 . •
47
1.
4.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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CONTENTS
ix
APPENDIX TABLES
Page
Table
Index of pay rolls in the manufacture of radio and
musical instruments in the Philadelphia Federal
Reserve District, January 1926-May 1936 . •
60
2.
Employment status in May 1936 by sex and age.
61
3.
Plant of present or last job in May 1936 by sex and
employment status
. . .
61
Duration of unemployment since last job for those
unemployed in May 1936 by sex and age
62
Employment status in September 1936 of workers unemployed in May 1936 by sex and age . .
62
6.
Occupation of present or last job by sex.
63
7.
Age of workers in the radio industry and of all employable persons in Philadelphia in May 1936.
64
Median age of radio workers by sex and occupation
of present or last job. •
. ..•.
64
Number of years of continuous residence in
Philadelphia by sex and age
65
10.
Country of birth by sex and age
65
11.
School grade completed by sex and age
66
12.
Marital status by sex and age
66
13.
Year of beginning employment in the radio industry
by sex and age.
. . . . . .
. ...
67
Industrial group of last job preceding employment
in the radio industry by sex and age . . . • . •
68
Occupational group of last job preceding employment
in the radio industry by sex and age • . • • • • •
69
Grade of skill of present or last job compared with
grade of skill of last job preceding employment
in the radio industry, by sex and age . . . •
70
Occupation of present or last job compared with occupation of last job preceding employment in the
radio industry, by sex and age.
• .•••••
70
Grade of skill of present or last job compared with
grade of skill of last job preceding employment
ln the radio industry by sex, age, and time of
beginning employment in the radio industry • . •
71
1.
4.
5.
8.
9.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
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X
CONTENTS
APPENDIX TABLES-Continued
Page
Table
Industrial group of longest job for workers whose
longest job was not in the radio industry, by sex
and age . • . . • .
. . . .
72
Occupational group of longest job for workers whose
longest Job was not in the radio industry, by sex
and age
.....••
73
21.
Length of service on longest job by sex and age
74
22.
Number of years employed at usual occupation by sex
and age
. . . . .
. • . . .
74
Employment status by months, 1926-35, of 118 men
who in May 1936 were attached to the radio industry in skilled occupations . • • • .
75
Employment status by months, 1928-35, of 303 men
who in May 1936 were attached to the radio industry in semiskilled and unskilled occupations. . .
76
Employment status by months, 1926-35, of 285 women
who in May 1938 were attached to the radio industry in semiskilled occupations.
77
Number of montns employed in the radio industry,
1928-35, by sex and age
....
78
Number of months employed in industries other than
radio, 1926-35, by sex and age • . . .
79
Number of months employed f·1ll time, 1926-35, by
sex and age . . • . . •
. • . . • . . . •
80
Number of months emrloyed part time, 1g26-35,
sex and age . • . . . .
. . . . • . ••.
81
. 19.
20.
23.
24.
25.
28.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
by
Average number of months of specified type of employment experience, 1926-35, by sex and age • .
82
Number of months unemployed, 1928-35, for workers
who entered the labor market before 1928, by sex
and age
..•••..
83
Number of months unemployed, 1928-30, for workers
who entered the labor market before 1926, by sex
and age
.....
84
Number of m~nths unemployed, 1931-35, for workers
who entered the labor market before 1928, by sex
and age . • • . . . . . . . • . . .
85
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xi
CONTENTS
APPENDIX TABLES-Continued
Page
Table
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
Length of longest period of _unemployment, 1926-35,
for workers who entered the labor market before
1926, by sex and age. . . . •
. •...
86
Number of unemployment periods, 1926-35, for workers who entered the labor market before 1926, by
sex and age
• • • • .
. . • .
87
Median number of months of unemployment and median
length of longest period of unemployment, 1926-35,
for workers who entered the labor market before
1926, by the number of unemployment periods. • .
88
Workers reporting one or more employer, industrial,
and occupational shifts as a percentage of workers
reporting one or more job separations, 1926-35,
for workers who entered the labor market before
1926, by sex and age . • . • . • . • . • • • •
89
Men reporting one or more employer, industrial, and
occupational shifts as a percentage of men reporting job separations, 1925-30 and 1931-35, for men
who entered the labor market before 19213, by age
89
Number of job separations and employer, industrial,
and occupational shifts, 19213-30 and 1931-35, for
men who entered the labor market before 19213,
by age.
• .•.•
90
Number of job separations and employer, industrial,
and occupational shifts, 1926-35, for workers who
entered the labor market before 1926, by sex
and age
..... .
92
Number of separations from employers in the radio
industry and from employers in other industries,
1926-35, for workers who entered the labor market
before 1926, by sex and age . . . . . . . . . . .
94
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PREFACE
While the Philadelphia area, with its diversified industries,
can be regarded as a single general labor market, it also represents numerous individual labor markets which are either overlapping and competitive or highly specialized. One effect of
the existence of these labor markets within a labor market is
the fact that persons with certain occupational and industrial
experience are either overrepresented or underrepresented among
those who are unemployed during any period of time. Both during periods when the number of jobs available is declining and
when employment opportunities are increasing, the industrial,
occupational, sex, age, and racial composition of the unemployed
reflect the degree to which these selective factors operate in
the labor market.
Perhaps more striking is the fact that a metropolitan labor
market like Philadelphia's can simultaneously experience a labor
shortage and a stranded-population problem - the one with respect to machinists and the other with respect to textile weavers. These two groups are the subject of forthcoming reports
in this series. 1 The present study deals with st i 11 another
type of labor-market problem: How and where does a new and growing i_ndustry located in a highly diversified labor market obtain
its labor force?
The radio-manufacturing industry is organized along highly
modern production lines and employs mainly semiskilled workers.
The training of a semiskilled product ion worker ordinarily requires a period of only 2 weeks to 1 month. The report on The
Labor Force of the Philadelphia Radio Industry in 1936 illustrates how the nature of the production process employed in an
industry has influenced the selection of workers in the building
of the labor force of a new and growing industry. While the data
available for analysis do not cover the labor force as it existed
prior to 1936 and therefore do not permit a complete study of
the character of the labor turn-over and of the process of personnel selection, they clearly show that the 1936 labor force
1The Philadelphia Labor Market Studies being carried on In cooperation with
the Industrlal Research Department or the University or Pennsylvania have
been descrlbed by Gladys L. Palmer in Recent Trends in EmploY'"ent and Unemployment in Philadelphia (Works Progress Administration, National Research
Project In cooperation with Industrial Research Department, University or
Pennsylvania, Report No. P-1, Dec. 1937),
xiii
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PREFACE
xiv
was built up by drawing to a large extent on young and untrained
workers in the labor reserve of the general market and that the
older unemployed workers in Philadelphia never had a chance to
be absorbed by this new mass-production industry.
Philadelphia's 1923 peak in manufacturing employment has never
been reached since, and even the spring of 1929 saw a rate of
unemployment of 10 percent. This fact doubtless made it possible for the new radio-manufacturing industry to pick and choose
from a growing labor reserve and thus to end up in 1936 with a
labor force which consisted of 39 percent women and 61 percent
men and whose average age was below the average for all industries in Philadelphia bys years for men and ij years for women.
This report is based on data supplied by a sample of Philadelphia radio workers who patiently answered time-consuming quest ions concerning the past 1oyears of their working life. Without
their cooperation this study could not have been made. We are
happy to have this opportunity to express our gratitude to them
as well as to all those who have otherwise contributed toward
this study.
DAVID WEINTRAUB
IRVING KAPLAN
PHILADELPHIA
Apri 1 22, 1938
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The major objectives of this study have been to examine the
sources of the labor supply used by a relatively new and expanding
industry in Philadelphia and the recent employment opportunities
offered in it. The radio industry was selected for special study
of these questions.
The Philadelphia labor market has been characterized in recent
years by the presence of a large unemployed labor reserve. 1 This
reserve has been made up of workers from industries and occupations with a large volume of unemployment during the depression
and of workers displaced from industries and occupations of declining importance in the local area. The reserve has also
cluded a growing group of new entrants to the labor market
were unsuccessful in securing employment. At the same time,
of the largest plants in the radio industry in Philadelphia
inwho
one
was
expanding operations and enlarging its labor force.
Thereweremany specific questions upon which it was hoped that
some light might be shed by this study. Were new entrants to the
labor market employed in large numbers? Among previously employed
persons, were older or younger workers preferred, men or women?
From what occupations and industries were workers accepted for
employment in the radio industry? Were unemployed workers who
were laid off from the occupations or industries of declining
importance
in
the local labor market absorbed by the radio in-
dustry? Were skilled workers recruited to the industry and were
they employed at the same levels of skill? Did the background
experience of the workers attached to the industry in 1936 indicate occupational mobility or a high degree of specialization an,1
immobility? When workers transferred to the radio industry, was
the transfer immediately preceded by employment or unemployment?
1Gladys L. Palmer, Recent Trends in K,.ployaent and Une•PLoy•ent in Phi lade iPhf.a (Works Progress Administration, National Research ProJect in cooperation with Industrial Research Department, University or Pennsylvania, Report
No. P-1, Dec. 1937).
1
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THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
2
THE POSITION OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY IN PHILADELPHIA
Radio manufacturing is a relatively new but important industry
in Philadelphia. At the present time the industry ranks as one
of the 10 leading man11facturing industries. 2 This place of importance has been attained, moreover, within the past 15 years.
Prior to 1922 the industry did not exist in Philadelphia, and
radio-receiving sets, which were used chiefly for experimental
purposes, were made by plants manufacturing electrical machinery
and apparatus.
It is common knowledge in the industry
that Philadelphia is
one of the most important centers for the manufacture of radioreceiving sets in the United States. Two of the largest radio-set
manufacturers in the country are located here, and one of these
firms is known to be the largest single employer among manufacturers in the city of Philadelphia. Although the radio industry
is considered a new industry, the three most important companies
developing radio production in Philadelnhia, the RC A Victor
Company, Inc., the Philco Radio and Telt•vision Corporation, and
the Atwater Kent Manufacturing Company, WPre well-established
manufacturing plants in the local area l,efon' t tey began producing
radios.
Before 1928 the Philco Radio and Television Corporation had
:nc111ufactured storage batteries for 11ore than 2 4 years. During
th,'.
s years oreceding
1928,
the comn,1.ny had specialized in the
production of batteries for radio-receiving sets.
In the fall of
alternating-current tubeswere perfected, and sets equipped
with these tubes could be plugged into any electric outlet.
Batteries, therefore, became superfluous. Th is new advance in
radio reception meant that this battery firm was faced with the
immediate loss of its markets and with extinction. It escaped
this fate by entering the field of radio-set production and in
doing so has greatly increased the dollar value of its ~usiness
1927,
over that of the years when it was producini:: batteries.
The Victor Company had long reen fiimous for its production of
phonographs. During the 1920 1 s, demand for these products was
contracting as a result of the (!rowing ponularity of the radio.
In 1929 this company was ;rnrchasPd by tht~ Radio Corporation of
America, which held most of the basic p;ih'nts essential to the
2Norman F. Hall, Radio - A Key Industry in Philadelphia, anunpubl1shed report
prepared by the Research Section or the Philadelphia Chamber or Commerce,
19:37.
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INTRODUCTION
manufacture of radio sets.
3
The latter company had not manufac-
tured radio sets prior to this time, but had marketed sets produced by two electrical-machinery and -apparatus firms with which
it had manufacturing contracts.
The victrola plant provided
adequate manufacturing space, an excellent cabinetmaking shop,
and nationally established distributing outlets. Accordingly,
after the radio company acquired
the victrola plant,
it began
the production of radio sets as well as phonographs.
The Atwater Kent Manufacturing Company, the oldest radio manufacturer in the Philadelphia area, produced automotive and other
types of ignition systems prior to 1923 when
the production of
radio sets was started. The company began curtailing production
in 1935 and discontinued the manufacture of radios in the spring
of 1936.
Figure 1, showing an index of the pay rolls of the radio industry
in the Philadelphia area from 1926 to 1936, 3 may be used as a
rough index of the productive activity in the industry during
this period, despite the fact that changes in wage rates as well
as in business activity are reflected in the index. The industry
was expanding in this area from 1926 to 1930; this was followed
by a sharp decline from 1931 to 1933. During the latter year
and
but
in the years 1934 and 1935 productive activity increased,
the levels of the earlier years were not attained, See
table
1. 4
There was a serious dislocation of themarketresu1ting
from drastic price competition during
the years from 1930 to
1933. This was reflected in the loss of orders by firms which
could not meet the price competition because of higher operating
costs. One firm failed to regain its markets after 1933 and
discontinued the manufacture of radios in 1936; other firms increased production following 1933, but the production levels of
1930 have not been attained again.
The three firms in the Philadelphia area, previously discussed,
assemble radio sets and produce all or a considerable number of
the necessary parts. These plants have adopted the most up-to-date
3 Th1s index 1s based on pay-roll data rurnlshed by a number or representative
!lrms manu!acturlng radio sets and parts ln the Ph1ladelph1a Federal Reserve
District. Tne radio industry in thls district ls located primarily in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Camden, New Jersey. The index, there!ore, re!lects
the radio industry in the Ph1ladelph1 a .1rea. The base ror the index, as
compiled by the Department or Research and Statistics or the Federal Reserve
Bank or Philadelphia, is the 1923-25 average taken as 100. For use in this
study the index has been converted to a base using May 1936 as 100.
4
All or the tables 1n thls report wlll be round 1n Appendix A.
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THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
4
production techniques of modern large-scale industry. They have
introduced the use of moving-conveyor sys terns for assembling parts
and sets. Many of the other operations are highly routinized and
mechanized. Improvements in production methods, moreover, are
being constantly introduced. Other firms operating in the area
specialize in the manufacture of radio parts and employ relatively
few persons.
There are ·several characteristics of the industry which affect
employment opportunities in it. The pay-roll index of plants manu-
FIGURE 1.- INDEX OF PAY ROLLS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF RADIO AND
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS IN THE PHILADELPHIA
FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICT
JANUARY 1926-MAY 1936
JN0£.X NOS.
INDEX NOS
MAY 1936•K>O
MAY t0.18-100
600 .
T
+-
500
I
100
•o
1--
t --
'
!
I
I
.. .
400
- --~--.-
eoo
$00
400
I
l
-
300
200
1
1------+--------"'"""''---+-++-------t-+----,l--++---l'"---+ ---r--flOO
+---<l-f---1"°
80
!-
80
10
60
70
60
T
,o
50
40
40 •
30
1928
See tab I e l
lll27
for
1928
data.
1029
lndustrlal
Research
Department -
University of Pennsylvanta and
Research Project
WPA- National
P-5
facturing radios and parts in the Philadelphia area ( figure 1 l indicates very clearly that the industry is a seasonal one. Each
season the latest style and most recent inventions which are being
constantly developed through experimentation are incorporated in
the new product. Since consumers demand the latest improvements,
a new invention may make sets manufactured for stock obsolete
overnight. Most firms, therefore, follow the practice of produc-
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5
INTRODUCTION
ing only for orders and hiring large numbers of workers for the
rush season and laying them off when orders decline.
Because the industry uses mass-production methods, thema,iority
of the operations require only semiskilled lahor. The training
period of the average radio worker is relatively short, and even
a newworker in the industry quickly becomes adept at an operation.
Persons informed about the labor market of the industry state that
an inexperienced worker on such an operation as assembling is
able to earn the basic wage rate within a period of from 2 weeks
to 1 month. Firms which produce parts to any extent, however,
employ as part of their labor force a relatively large group of
skilled toolmakers, die setters, and machinists. For plants which
produce any or all of their cabinets, cabinetmakers and cabinet
workers are an important part of the industry 1 s labor supply. Much
of this work requires a cabinetmaker's skill and knowledge, although no cabinet worker makes a complete cabinet. Because of
the rapid changes that are constantly being introduced in the
structure of the radio set, however, skilled workers must be fairly
adaptable to be successful in the industry. There is little evidence that new skills have been developed in the production of
radio sets.
The nature of the production technique, however,
demands a highly developed type of mechanical inspection of parts
and an elaborate and intricate testing of the assembled product.
The latter type of work requires more specialized training than
is necessary for inspectors and testers in many other industries,
This is one of the few instances of the development of a new skill
in the radio industry.
COMPOSITION OF THE SAMPLE STUDIED
In order to study the sources of the radio industry's labor
force and the employment experience afforded by the industry, a
detailed record of the work histories of persons attached to the
radio industry in May 1936 was obtained for the previous 10 years.
This period coincides with that of the most rapid development
of the industry in Philadelphia. All persons who reported that
they were employed in radio manufacturing or, if unemployed,
that their usual industry was radio manufacturing when the Philadelphia Survey of F.inployment and Unemployment was made in May
1936 were selected for further interview.
In the course of
sampling, three additional conditions were made: (11 that the
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6
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
persons were or had been production or maintenance workers in
radio manufacturing ( this requirement eliminated clerical workers
including shipping clerks), 5 (2) that, if unemployed, their last
job wasinradio manufacturing, 6 (3) that the unemployed persons
were seeking work in May 1936. 7
The persons thus selected were asked to give an account of
the occupation, industry, and duration of every joh at which
they had been employed for a month or more and the dnration of
every unemployment periodwhi.ch they had lastin1; 1 month or more,
WPA - Nat Iona I
Research
Project
(Hine)
FIGURE
2.-
INSPECTING
The final inspector, working in a room entirely surrounded by copper screeningwhich eliminates interference, tests frequency alignment and makes a final
checkup on the chassis of the completed mechanism.
from January 1926 to the date of the interview in 1936. Time
not in the labor market lasting 1 month or more during these
5 A rewpersons employed asmach!nlsts, mlllwrlghts, carpenters, electr!clans,
plumbers, p!pe, gas, and steam !! tters, watchmen, and Jan! tors have oeen
Included ln the study.
6Twenty-two unemployed persons (17 men and 5 women) wh o reported radlo as
their usual Industry were excluded rrom the study because their last Job was
not in the radio Industry.
7 Thls condi tlon excludes 76 persons (71 women and 5 men) who were not seeking
work., but whose last Job was !n the radio Industry. A rew persons temp o rar!lY
not seek.!ng work. because or illness (persons who had been sick. ! o r over l week
t>ut less than I year) or women occupied with h ousehold duties !n May 1936,
but who at the time or the interview ror this study had reentered the labor
mark.et, have been included. Since these latter persons were only temp o rar!ly
out or the labor mark.et, it was decided that they should logically oe considered a part or it.
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7
INTRODUCTION
years was also accounted for. Certain skeletal work-history
data for the years prior to 1926 for those who had become g-ainflll
workers prior to that date were also obtained, especi.ally data
pertaining to the first job and the longest job beginning before
1926. Other information regarding the major social characteristics and the usual occupation and industry was procured from all
persons. 6 These data form the basic information of t~e present
report.
The total sample is composed of 686 workers, 421 men and 265
women. About four-fifths of these reported that their 11sual
industry, as well as the industry of their last job, was radio
manufacturing. The remainner·iid not consider radio manufacturing
their usual industry, although their present job happened to be
in it. The sample does not incl11de those persons who worked in
radio manufacturing at some time nuring the perind from January
1926 to May 1936, but who in May 1936 were either working in some
other industry or, if unemployed, had last worked in some other
industry. In order to present a completely representative picture
of the workers in the industry during the entire 10-year period
under study, this group of persons should be inclnde,I in the study.
In evaluating the material collected, therefore, it m11st be borne
in mind that the sample is composed only of persons who had been
able to adapt themselves to the production techniques of the radio
industry, or who had elected to remain with the industry, or who
had just become associated with the ind11stry. The employment
history of these workers prior to 1936 may not be typical of workers
formerly employed in the industry but no longer so employed.
A significant fact regarding the composition of the sample
is that over two-thirds of the radio workers for who~ work histories were obtained were attached to the largest plant operating
in the Philadelphia area in 1936. The sample is, therefore,
heavily weighted by the experiencP of the employees of the Philco
Company. Moreover, the social characteri.st ics and background
employment experience of this sample of radio ,,.;orkers reflect, to
a considerable degree, the type of 111.bor supply which this company
has recruited or acc-=p ted for employment. There are several ex6 The occu11ation and industry codes used in
classi rylng the work-history material are adaptations or Bulletin No. 3, occupation Coce, and Bulletin No. 4,
Industry Code, Works Progress Administration, National Research Project in
coo1>eration with the In<1usn1a1 Research Department or tt1e University or
Pennsylvania (mlmeo., Al)r. 1936). The revisions provided ror tile identl ricatlon or additional occu1>ations and industries w111cn have been dutJe~ts or
special studies.
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8
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
planations for th is preponderance of employees from OTJ.e plant in
the sample. The company increased its operating equipment and
labor force during the period under study, particularly during
the 3 years from 1933 to 1936. Also, the expansion of this plant
occurred while the Atwater Kent Company, at one time the leading
radio plant in the country, was contracting production and laying
off workers permanently. According to informed persons in the
area, the Philco Company which was enlarging its labor force,
absorbed many of the employees of the plant discontinuing radio
production. The only other large employer in the radio industry,
the RC A Victor Company, is located in nearby Camden, New Jersey.
Although this plant relies upon the Philadelphia labor market for
a part of its personnel, many of its employees reside in Camden
and its immediate environs.
The sample is composed of a significant number of individuals
who were not a part of the gainful population during the entire
period. This is particularly true of the women. Two-thirds of
them, as opposed to three-tenths of the men in the sample, started
working for the first time in January 1926 or after. Moreover,
such first entries occurred during each year of the period from
1926 to 1935. This means that for a number of workers the work
histories cover a period of c0nsiderably less than 10 years. For
this reason it has been necessary to confine the special analyses
of unemployment and mobility during the years from 1926 to 1935
to persons who entered t!1e labor market before 1926. The latter
group were available forf'rnplovment throughout the entire 1oyears,
except for periods of temporary absence from the labor market
because of illness or duties at home.
RELIABILITY OF THE DATA
The relative reliability of data collected by personal interviews is known to be affected by the possibilities of error in
the respondent's understancling of the questions asked and by the
interviewer's interpretation of the Rnswers. The data collected
for this study were s11l)ject to an additional source of error.
Since the work histories cover a period of 10 years, there is no
doubt that there were errors in recalling the dates of beginning
and ending jobs and that certain jobs and periods of unemployment were not recalled at all, or their duration was reported
inaccurately.
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9
INTRODUCTION
The internal consistency of the data has been checked, and, in
the opinion of the enumerators, the sequence and the relative
lengths of previous jobs and unemployment periods appear to be
fairly accurately recalled, although the exact dating is· less
reliable. The data presented in th is report appear to be relatively reliable for the purposes of the study 011tlined here.
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SECTION II
OCCUPATIONAL AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
RADIO WORKERS IN MAY 1936
EMPLOYMENT STATUS IN MAY 1936
Al though the slack season in radio varies from year to year
and from firm to firm, operations are usually resumed in the
latter part of the spring months, preceding the busy season in
the summer and early fall. The majority of the radio workers
stuciied were employed in May 1936 (table 2), and most of the
workers were emplpyed full time. This reflects an unusual degree
of activity during the production season of 1935 and 1936 in the
Philco Company (Plant No. 2 l, at which most of the radio workers
in this study were empl0yed or were last employed (table 3).
Regardless of the plant of attachment, a higher proportion of
women than of men were unemployed in May 1936. About a fourth
of the women and over a tenth of the men were unemployed. For
women radio workers the incidence of unemployment increases with
age. Over a third of the women from 30 to 44 years of age were
unemployed, as compared with about a fifth of the women from
16 to 29 years of age. There is less difference in the volume
of unemployment among the older and younger men, although the
men in the middle group, i. e., those from 30 to 44 years of
age, had the lowest rate of unemployment. Only 11 percent of
the men in this age group were unemployed compared with 16 percent
of the men from 16 to 29 and 45 years of age and over. A higher
proportion of men in skilled occupations than in semiskilled and
unskilled occupations were employed at the time of the study.
Of those employed part time, the proportion of men was greater
than that of women. Over two-fifths of the unemployed men and
a third of the unemployed women had been out of work for a year
or more. A few persons haci lost their last job 5 years or more
previously. 1 Workers 30 years of age and over had been unemployed
, longer than workers from 16 to 29 years of age. Men ·had lost
their last job before women. See table 4.
1 Although the 7 individuals who had not been em1>loyed ror 5 years or more
claimed that they were seeking work when questioned by the Interviewer, nevertheless their schedules Indicate that there was some doubt ln the enumerator •s
mind as to whether they had been genuinely look.Ing ror work all the time since
they lost their last job.
10
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OCCUPATIONAL AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
11
Radio workers who were unemployed iriMay 1930 represent several
distinct groups: workers who had been laid off by a plant which
gradually curtailed its operations during the latter half of 1935
and discontinued production of radios in June 1936, workers who
had been temporarily laid off from other plants as a result of
slack work, and workers who had been unemployed for long periods
and probably would not be recalled by their former employers.
The workers laid off by the firm which closed in 1936 account for
three-tenths of those unemployed in May 1936, yet employed and
unemployed workers attached to this firm in May 1936 together
form less than a ten th of the total number of radio workers in
the study. As might be expected, over two-thirds of the individuals who reported this firm as their place of employment on their
present or last job, were unemployed. 2 See table 3.
The extent to which the remainder of the radio workers who were
unemployed in the spring of 1936 I seven-tenths of the unemployed
persons) represent either those laid off for short periods of
time or the long-time unemployed was tested by analyzing their
employment status in September 1936. Over half were still unemployed in September 1936; the proportion of men out of work was
greater than that of women ( table .s I • This is a reversal of
the sex ratio as of May 1936. The greatest change in employment status occurred in the youngest age group. Those who were
reemployed by September 1936 had, for the most part, returned
to work at the same radio firm at which they had been employed
formerly. Nevertheless a few men and women hart obtained work
outside the radio industry. 3 It is significant that the persons
who were reemployed by September 1936 were the ones who had been
out of work for only short periods of time prior to May 1936,
whereas those still unemployed in September 1936 tended to be
the persons who had been unemployed for longer periods of time.
OCCUPATION OF PRESENT OR LAST JOB
As has been stated, all the persons included for study were
either employed in radio manufacturing in May 1936, or, if unem2 The rate or the reabsorptlon or these displaced workers (both those who were
unemployed In May 183t:I and those who were laid orr a month later when the
flrm stopped production) was tested through an analysis or their employment
status In September 1836. It was round that over half were unemployed 4
months later. or those who ha1 secured Jobs, the women were reabsorbed Into
the radio Industry, but most or the men were not.
3 Table 5 presents the employment status In September 1836 or all persons
unemployed In May 1836. These conclusions regarding the composition or the
unemployed still obtain when the persons displaced by the plant discontinuing
operation are not Included.
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12
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
ployed, considered radio manufacturing their usual industry and
had been employed in the radio industry on their last job. The
occupations at which these persons were working, or had last
worked, ranged from highly skilled tool makers, die setters, and
cabinetmakers through semiskilled assemblers, inspectors, and
examiners to 11nskilled factory laborers. In order to facilitate
•.
comparisons, all workers have been grouped according to the grade
of skill of their present or last occupation. Persons employed
at semiskilled occupations predominated, as might be expected
in amass-production industry. See table 6. Less than one-fifth
had jobs at occupations generally considered to be skilled. 4
Almost all of the women and about seven-tenths of the men were
employed in semiskilled occupati_ons. The n11mber of men reporting
work at unskilled occupations was very small. In the following
discussion, the employment and unemployment experience and the
social and occupational characteristics of persons in this study
will be considered separately for men in skilled occupations,
for men in semiskilled and unskilled occupations, and for women
in semiskilled occupations in the radio industry in 1936.
The five largest occupations in each of the occupational groups,
ranked according to the number of persons attached to each, are
li.sted below:
Skilled occupations
of men
Cabinetmakers
Radio repairmen and
installation
men
Tool makers and die
setters
l<'oremen
Machinists
Semiskilled and unskilled
occupations of men 5
Inspectors and examiners
Cabinet workers
Assemblers
Testers
Punch-press operators
Semiskilled
occupations
of women
Assemblers
Coil winders
Solderers
Inspectors and
examiners
Wirers
These occupations were the present or last occupation for more
than half of the workers in the study. Only two occupations are
4 The DrODOrtlon or skllled workers emDloyed ln a radlo Dlant varles wlth the
extent to whlch the r1rm manufactures the Darts or a radlo set.
5 Excludlng 1 ODeratlves In radio manufacture, not elsewhere classified• whose
rank Drecedes that or DUnch-Dress ODerators. Since the rormer lsan occuDatlonal grouD, It Is not entirely comparable to the other more distinct occupations listed, and, hence, Is omltted from the list.
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OCCUPATIONAL AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
13
important for both men and women, namely, inspectors and assemblers, although both men and women were employed at 14 different
occupation?. Women were employed in larger numbers than men at
coil winding, soldering, wiring, and assembling. Only a few men
and women worked as drill-press operators, labelers, pasters,
packers, platers, enamelers, and welders. Men were employed in
larger numbers than women in the other occupati()ns at which botl!
men and women were engaged. 6
AGE AND SEX
Radio workers in Philadelphia, as represented by this study,
were younger than the employable population in all industries in
the Philadelphia Survey of Employment and Unemployment when surveyed in May 1936. At that time the average age of men in the
employable population was 37. s years and of men in the radio industry, 32.7years. The averageageof the employable women was 28.7
years and of those in the radio industry, 24. 3 years. See figure
3 and table 7.
Age varies, especially for men, with the occupation of the
present or last job (table 8!. The range of the medians tiy
occupation clearly shows that there are two concentration points
in the ages of men in the radio industry. The mediirn ages of
tool makers and die setters, machinists, anJ skilled machine
operators, cabinetmakers, and cabinet anrl allied workers ranr,t~
from 39.1 to43.3 years; whereas, the median a 6esofradio repairmen and installation men, assemblers, testers, f0remen, and inspectors and examiners range from 25.5 to 29.9 years. In other
words, there is a difference of about 18 years between the medi;:i.n
ages of the oldest and youngest men when classified by occupation.
Furthermore, men engaged in occupations more specific to the
manufacture of radios, such as radio repair and installation,
are important among the younger workers, and the men engaged in
occupations not specific to the manufact11re of radios, snch as
tool making, die setting, machinist's work and skilled machine
operating, and cabinetmaking, are important among the older workers. Persons informed regarding the employment practices of the
industry state that only experienced workers are accepted for the
latter jobs. Si~ce the skilled labor s•1pply in Philadelphia,
6These are:
roremen, lnspector·s and examiners, operatives in radio manu!acture not elsewhere classlCied, punch-press ope1·ators, pre:,s operators net
otherwise spec1!1ed, radio repairmen and installation men, and testers.
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THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
14
particularly of the cabinetmakers and cabinet workers, is an
older ~roup, any age requirements which the industry may have established in employing new workers have been waived in the case
of these persons. There are no important differences in the average ages of women employed in various occupations. Wirers and
wire operators, with a median a~eof21.8 years, were the young-
FIGURE 3.- AGE DISTRIBUTION OF WORKERS IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
AND OF ALL EMPLOYABLE PERSONS IN
PHILADELPHIA, MAY 1936
RADIO WORKERS
ALL EMPLOYABLE PERSONS
YEARS
PERCENT
40
30
20
10
9
P":/ / "L ~
C -,22::7,
~/ ~ i~' !,!
16-19
)
20-24
~-!~- ' ~ I J! ~, -!
25-29
/
30-34
,,
PE"CENT
0
L
10
20
30
40
30
40
i:=
~
MJ'
...
-• •
r'.:c~
35-39
40-44
~_J
~
45-49
,J
M
~
50-54
I
-MEN
[Z22
WOMEN
f----'--
40
30
60-64
•
,-,,·····1-,,,., .••.
20
10
0
PERCENT
See
tab I e
55-59
7 for data.
65
ANO
OVER
:..J
~
'
....... _.....,._·-+---•............-+----..
0
10
20
P["CCNT
.....
-
Research Department
University of Pennsylvania and
Research Project
I naustr i al
WPA-National
P-6
est, and solderers and welders, with a median age of 25.9 years,
were the oldest. 7
In an industry that has adopted the techn ig_ues of mass produc-·
tion to such a large extent and th11,t produces such a relatively
7
rn rererrlng to the age groups ln tlle dlscuss!Jn, persons rrom 16 to 29 years
or age wlll be described as the younger ~rouv and those 30 years or age and
over as the older. When 1 t 1s necessary to di rr~rentlate between the age
groups 30 to 44 years or age and 4b years or age and over, thls d1st1nct1on
will be stated.
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OCCUPATIONAL AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
15
light product as radios, one would expect to find women employed
in fairly large numbers. fhe women in this study make up 38.6
percent of the total sample. The women reporting in the 1936
Philadelphia Survey of Employment and Unemployment were a smaller
proportion of the total employable population ( 31. '+ percent). 8
Persons familiar with personnel problems in the radio industry r~port a varying proportion of men and women employed by different
plants; the proportion of women to total employees ranges from 30
percent in one plant to 50 percent in another plant during the goodto-peak season, with an average of probably i+O percent throughout
the year.
RESIDENCE AND NATIONALITY
Women radio workers are less mobile geog"raphically than men,
as measured by the proportion who reported continuous residence
in Philadelphia since birth. More than three-fourths of the women
and only a little over one-half of the men had lived in Philadelphia since birth. A slightly higher percentage of the younger
women (82.9) than of the younger men (77.4) had always lived in
the city. The greatest difference, however, is seen in the length
of residence in the city of the older men and women. Only 39.0
percent of the men from 30 to 44 years of age and only 29.4 percent of the men45yearsofage and older had livedinPhiladelphia
continuously since birth. The older women, on the other ha~J,
reported a larger percentage who had been lifetime residents
of the city (62.8) than the older men. See table 9,
The majority of workers in the radio industry in 1936 were
born in the United States (table 10). The proportion of radio
workers who reported that they were foreign-born is about the
same as the proportion of employable persons who reported in the
1936 Philadelphia Survey of Employment and Unemployment that they
were foreign-born. 9 A considerably higher proportion of older than
of younger radio workers are foreign-born. Italy is the country of
birth for the largest number of men who were foreign-born. I tali an
workers in the radio industry are engaged, forthemost part, at
8 This Clgure and otl,er data used below to compare workers !n the radlo lndustry wlth the employable populatlon or Phlladelph!a are rrom another report 1n
this series, in preparatlon, by Gladys L. Palmer, on employment and unemployment !n Phlladelphla 1n May 1936.
9Twenty-eigbt and one-halr percent or the men and 9.1 percent or the women
in the radlo sample were rore!gn-born; 23.8 percent or the employable men
and 12,0 percent or the employable women !n the 1936 Philadelphia Survey or
Employment and Unemployment were roreign-torn.
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THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
16
cabinetmaking and cabinet work.
Many cabinetmakers learned their
trade abroad and worked at it both abroad and in this country
for a number of years preceding employment in radio manufacturing.
In fact, Italian workers have long constituted an important part
of the skilled labor supply · for the cabinet- and furnituremanufacturing industry in Philadelphia. Although none of the
women are direct immigrants from Italy, a number are of Italian
extraction. Many other women working in the radio industry are
daughters of textile workers who were born in the British Isles.
SCHOOL ING
An analysis of the schooling of the men and women reveals that
the women have had slightly more education than the men (see
table
11
I.
This difference is also true for men and women who
are employed at occupations of the same grade of skill.
10
The
percentage of women who completed more than elementary school
is 45.4 and of men 37.9. Similar proportions of men and women
reporting i. n the Philadelphia Survey of Employment and Unemployment in 1936 completed more than eight grades of schooling.
The close correspondence between the schooling of radio workers
and of employable persons in all industries is of interest because of a difference in the composition of the two groups. In
the 1936
Philadelphia Survey of
Fmployment and Unemployment,
clerical and professional persons, who are known to have had
considerablymore schooling than industrial workers, are included
as well as production workers.
The fact that the educational background of radio workers is
more representative of a cross section of employable persons in
all industries than of workers in other 111annfact1Jring indnstri.es
reflects an important characteristic of raJio workers, as well
as the inriustry's policy of recruitini:; workers with high-school
training on jobs that do not regnire ;:irevious experience. One
obvious reason is that radio workers are young and have, therefore, had more opportunities for schooling. A second point is
that former white-collar workers have been recruited to the radio
industry in larger proportions than are normally found in manufacturing industries. This group of radio workers reported more
schooling than the group as a whole. Moreover, although the
proportion to the total is small,. 10 men engaged in production
10 These rindings regarding the
d1!rerence in the educational back.ground or
men and women radio workers or the same grade or sk.111 are supported by slm-
llar rtndlngsln the 1936 Philadelphia Survey or Employmentand Unemployment.
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OCCUPATIONAL AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
17
operations reported that they had either attended or graduated
from college. Most of these indicated that they ha<l taken engineering courses, usually electrical. All workers with college
training were 35 years of age or younger, except one person who
was 40 years old. The experience of one worker is illustrative
of the educational and occupational background of the radioworkers
with more than a high-school education. In 1936 he was 28 years
old and employed as a radio repairman. He had graduated from a
technical institute with a degree in electrical engineering in
1931 and, not finding employment in his chosen field, he looked
for a job in the radio industry where he has since worked as a
final tester, a supervisor of inspectors and testers, and a radio
repairman.
MARITAL STATUS
The marital statusofworkers in the radio industry is similar
Over half
to that of the employable population in the city.
percent)
(32.8
men
the
of
third
a
and
percent)
of the women (57.7
attached to the radio industry in May 1936 were single. However,
about the same percentage of men and women from 30 to 44 years of
age (84.6 and 84.3 respectively) reported that they were either
married, widowed, or divorced. See table 12. From these fignres
one may believe that there were no barriers to the employment of
married women in the industry in 1936.
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SECTION III
SOURCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY'S IABOR FORCE IN 1936
Perhaps of primary interest in the background experience of
radio workers is an analysis of the industries and occupations
from which they were recruited and the dates at which they beg-an
work in the radio industry. When did workers attached to the
radio industry in May 1936 first enter the industry? Were radio
workers previously employed in the industries known to be declining in Philadelphia during the past decade, such as certain
branches of the textile industry? Were they to any extent continued in employment by the three largest radio-set manufacturers
durin~ the time that these plants were converted into radiomanufacturing plants? Or were they workers with no gainful employment of any kind prior to their first job in radio?
YEAR OF BEBINNINB EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
Throu_;;hout the period from January 1926 to May 1936, workers
were being recruited to the radio industry ( table 13 l. Relatively few of the group studied began their first job in radio
before 1926. This is partly due to the fact that prior to 1926
there were few employment opportunities in the industry, but may
also be attributable to the fact that a large proportion of the
workers who may have been employed before 1926 were not included
in the sample of radio workers studied. Two-fifths of the men
and about one-fourth of the women studied began their first job
in the industry in or prior to 1929. One-half the women in this·
sample, however, and a little less than two-fifths of the men
were recruited to the industry more recently, i.e., from1g33 to
1936. The year in the 10-year period in which the largest number
of workers in the study first became attached to the radio industry is 1933. The year 10-<9 for men and 1935 for women are other
years in which large numbers of workers were first employed in
radio. Despite the great prosperity in the radio industry in
1928 and 1929, comparatively few workers in this study (.27.6
percent of the men and 16 .2 percent of the women l entered the
industry at that time.
The relatively recent dates of absorption into the radio industry for the group studied in 1936 may be accounted for by a
18
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SOURCE OF THE INDUSTRY'S LABOR FORCE
19
number of factors. One is that workers laid off by the industry
during the d111l season were not rehired the following season,
so that new workers, in the sense that they have had no previous
radio experience, were constantly being hired by the industry
during this period. This would account for the continuous accessions to the industry's labor force as rrflect.ed in the employment histories of the workers. Another factor is that the
largest plant producing radio sets has had such a tremendous
growth that it dominates the employment situatiPn in the Philadelphia area.
As might be expected, more of the younger than of the older
workers began the first job in the radio industry in the latter
part of the 10-year period studied. In general, the skilled
men entered the radio industry first, then the semiskilled and
unskilled men. Women were recruited to the industry more recently
than men.
INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION OP LAST JOB PRECEDINB EMPLOYMENT
IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
The job that has been chosen to throw light on the source of
the labor supply of the radio industry is the job immediately
preceding the worker's entrance into the ra<iio industry. This
job has the limitation that it may or may not he at a.n occupation or in an industry to which the worker har! some continuous
attachment. For the younger worker it is lik~lvto be his first
job and of the blind-alley type which is availal>Je to the newcomer in the labor market. Nevertheless, in addition to giving
a picture of the industries and occupations of workers prior to
their employment in radio, the analysis of data concerning this
job will showtheproportionofworkers who wert>absorbeddirectly
into the radio industry by the firms who converted their plants
from the manufacture of automotive and othf'r typPs of ignition
systems, storage batteries, and phonographs intothemanufacture
of radios, and the proportion who were inexperienced workers at
the time they began employment in the industry.
When the job immediately preceding entrance
into the radio
industry is studied, it is found that men harl r1een employer! in
most of the industries found in thP Philadelphia area and women
had worked in the industries which usually employ large numbers
of women. See figure 4 and table 14. Both men,,ndwomen W'Jrketl
to a greater extent in manufacturing industries t nan in other
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THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
20
industrial groups, although the proportion was higher for men
than for women. It may be said, therefore, that radio workers
have been recruited from a wide diversity of industries, al though
the textile and clothing industry has been by far the most important single source of labor supply for women. Of the women
who had previous jobs, almost two-fifths had worked in textile
and clothing manufacturing on the last job preceding employment
in radio. A personnel worker familiar with labor policy in the
radio industry states that one radio firm in particular employed
FIGURE 4.-
INDUSTRIAL GROUP OF LAST JOB P~ECEDING
EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO
INDUSTRY
PERCENT
INDUSTRIAL GROUP
0
10
20
30
40
60
- -t- -
MANUFACTURING
BUILDING AND
CONSTRUCTION
WHOLE SALE AND
RETAIL TRADE
ALL OTHER
-MEN
NO PREVIOUS JOB
EZ2J
WOMEN
- +-- ----I
0
See
tab I e
14-
fo,
data.
10
20
30
40
PERCENT
50
60
70
Industrial Research Department University of Pennsylvania and
WPA- National
Research
Project
P-7
large numbers of women textile workers. Women with this type of
previous employment experience had developed the manual dexterity
which is required of persons doing coil winding and all types of
assembly work.
The next important industry for the women was
wholesale and retail trade, which supplieJ 10.9 percent of the
total number of women. The proportion of men who worked in any
one of the various industries is even smaller, because they worked
in a larger number of the industries in the area than women.
A slightly higher proportion of the men, however, had worked in
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SOURCE OF THE INDUSTRY'S LABOR FORCE
21
the manufacture of machinery, musical instruments, transportation
equipment, and textiles than in other industries prior to entrance into the radio industry.
The industries in which persons worked prior to radio employment varywi th age. The industries enll'nerated above as important
ones from which men were recruited are also the industries in
which a fairly large proportion of older men worked (almost half
of the men from 30 to 44 years of age and seven-tenths of the men
45 years of age and over I. For these men the 1 umber- and t imherproducts industry was also important. ~lightly less than half
of the older women had worked in textile and clothing manufacturing. The next most important industry in which they worked was
machinery manufacturing. More than half of
who had been employed prior to their first
the younger women
job in the radio
industry also worked in textile and clothing manufacturing and
in wholesale and retail trade.
Men engaged at different grades of ski 11 in radio manufar.tnr-
ing in 1936 reported differences in the industries of the job
immediately preceding radio employment. Relatively more of the
men in the skilled occupations worked in industries producing
machinery, transportation equipment, and lumber and timber products and many less in textile and clothing manufacturing. More
of the men in semiskilled and unskilled occupations, on the
other hand, worked in textile and clothing manufacturing and the
production of musical instruments.
Only 15 out of 265 women worked in the three plants which were
converted into radio-manufacturing plants. Although the proportion of men as a whole who were employed at these plants before
they were manufacturing radios was not large ( 17. 1 percent l , these
workers formed a larger proportion of older than of younger men.
About a third of the men 45 years of age and over, and a little
more than a fifth of the men from 30 to 44 years of age worked
at these three plants. For the younger men, this proportion was
very small (5 percent I. It is the opinion of several persons
in the industry that it was the policy of at least two of these
firms when they became radio manufacturers to continue in employment their former labor force. These firms, it wi 11 be remembered,
had been operating in the area for a number of years before the
change in the major product was effected. This explains the fact
that this nucleus of radio employees is, on the whole, older
because established firms tend to have an older plant personnel.
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THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
As has been stated before, since it has been impossible for
the radio incustry to obtain an experienced labor force, all
types of firms have employed newcomers into industry and have
trained them, as well as persons with a previous employment record.
The learning period £or the person with no gainful employment
prior to radio has been found to be little or no longer than for
a worker with some employment experience, but with no previous
radio experience. To a considerable extent, therefore, the radio
indus1 ry obtained its labor force from new entrants into the
labor market. This is especially true in the case of women. As
might be expected, workers with no gainful employment prior to
entrance into radio were younger workers under 30 years of age.
They accounted for 30 .6 percent of all the women and 12. 6 percent
of all the men included in the sample, 37; 9 percent of the younger
women and 29. 9 percent of the younger men ( table 11tl.
When the occupations prior to radio employment are classified
into occupational groups, it is found that the skilled and semiskilled occupations in manufacturing and mechanical industries
were the predominating occupationsinpreractio employment (table
15). Practically every type of occupation, nevertheless, was
represented. Women had not worked at so great a variety of occupations as men had, but they had worked at some of the occupations in all the occupational groups in which women are normally
engaged. See table 15.
SELECTED WORK HISTORIES
A few work histories have been selected to present background
employment experience of radio workers in more detail than has
been possible through the statistical analysis of the last job
preceding employment in radio. The following case stories are
illustrative of the preradio employment of worker.5 who have made
a successful transfer into radio and who were attached to either
skilled or st>miskilled occupations in the industry in May 1936:
Mr. D., age 36, was employed as a tool maker in the radio industry in May 1936. Before 1932 when he began radio work, he
had had lit years of experience as a tool maker and, in addition,
had serveda1t-year apprenticeshipatmachine workina locomotive
repair shop. Most of his 18 years of preradio employment were
spent in jobbing shops which specialized in the production of machine tools. He also worked for firms manufacturing electrical
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SOURCE OF THE INDUSTRY'S LABOR FORCE
23
equipment, metal fasteners, laminated bakelite, and automobile
bodies and transferred into the radio industry at the age of 32.
Mr. S., a cabinetmaker, began working in a radio-set manufacturing plant in the middle of 1928 at the age of 32 and has worked
there ever since. He transferred into the radio industry at that
time, because the furniture factory where he was working went
out of business. Before 1928 he had worked 12 years as a cabinetmaker in a number of the large furniture factories in Philadelphia.
His apprenticeship at cabinetmaking was served in Italy.
Since 1929 Mr. ~. has been working as a press operator in the
radio industry. Immediately prior to employment in radio manufacturing he had been employed for 5 years as a press operator
in a firm producing heavy castings for streetcar equipment. For
12 of the 22 years of his working experience prior to radio employment he was engaged either as a press operator or as a machinist's helper in the manufacture of streetcar equipment or in
shipbuilding. In 1936 he was 42 years of age.
Mrs. G. had been employed for 8 years as a stenographer in a
mail-order house before she took a "better job" in the radio industry in 1935. She was 24 years old when she transferred to the
radio industry, where she has worked as a condenser.
Mrs. T., 31 years old and an assembler
in the radio industry
in 1936, began working in radio in 1929 after 11 years experience
as a woolen- and worsted-cloth weaver. Since 1929 Mrs. T. has
alternated between assembling in radio and weaving in textiles.
The slack periods in weaving generally coincided with the busy
season in radio manufacture and vice versa.
In contrast to the transfer experience of the other workers
described, Mr. 0. experienced a long period of unemployment before
he began working as a radio inspector in 1933. He was then 25
years of age. Prior to the time when he became unemployed, he
had worked for less than 1 year as time clerk for a firm which
manufactured sporting goods and for about 3 years as a candy maker.
DCCUPATIDN DF LAST JOB PRECEDING EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO
INDUSTRY COMPARED WITH OCCUPATION DP PRESENT
DR LAST JOB
As has been pointed out previously, themajority of jobs which
have been available in the industry, primarily because of its
production techniques, are semiskilled in character. In order
to determine the extent to which workers shifted the level of
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THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
skill of their occupation by reason of entrance into this industry, the grade of skill of the occupation of the present or
last job in May 1936 relative to that of the occupation preceding
employment in radio was compared. A refinement of the Occupation
Code based on Alba Edwards' socioeconomic classification for the
United States Census occupation al returns was used as a basis
for the comparisons. 1 This rearrangement made it possible to
differentiate between three ~rades of skill associated with production occupations, namely, skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled,
and between production and nonproduction occupations. 2
GRADE OF SKILL
Although for most
the present or last
about three-fifths
same grade of skill
workers some lapse of time occurred between
job and the preradio job, it was found that
of both the men and the women worked at the
onthetwo jobs (table 16). Only4.9percent
of the men increased their grade of ski 11 ,rnd a greater percentage
( 15.5) shifted from a higher to a lower grade of skill. Only
6.o percent of the women were attached to a less skilled job in
radio in 1936. Most of the workers who raised their level of
skill were individuals working at skilled occupations on the
present or last job in 1936. Of the 57 men who took a less skilled
job in radio, 25 had formerly worked at skilled occupations in
building and construction and 15 at skilled occupations in the
manufacture of metal products, machinery, and electrical goods.
Of the 11 women who reported jobs in 1036 which indicated a decrease in skill, 8 were formerly skilled textile workers. A
third of the women and slightly less than a fifth of the men
worked at nonproduction occupations prior to work in radio. Persons engaged at nonproduct ion occ 11pat ions prior to radio employment were, for the most part, white-collar workers in clerical
and selling jobs. Almost three-fourths of the men in skilled
occupations in 1936 and three-fifths of the men in semiskilled
and unskilled occupations worked at the same level of skill on
both these jobs. A fifth of the men in semiskilled and unskilled
1 For a description or Dr. F.dwards' class!rication see: Alba M. Edwards,
•A Social-F.conomic Grouping of the Gainru1 WorKcrs or the United States,•
Journal of the American Statisti-::,1! Asscd.>tion, XXVIII, No. 184 (Dec. 1933),
377-87. The rearran_gemeHt or the Occupation rode, Dased on Dr. Edwards•
classHlcation, is available In the !Iles or the Philadelphia Labor Market
Studies Sectl,rn or the National Research ProJect rr the Works Progress
Adminls tra ti on.
2 Nonproductlon occupations arc round in the rollowln~ socioeconomic groups:
clerks and k 1nd red workers, domes t I c and personal serv Ice workers, pro ress lonal and semlproressional persons, proprietors, managers, and orriclals.
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SOURCE OF THE INDUSTRY'S LABOR FORCE
25
occupations experienced a decline in the level of their ski 11.
Approximately the same proportion of the men in skilled and semiskilled and unskilled occupations formerly worked at nonprod11ct ion
occupations.
As age increases, a greater proportion of the workers are found
to have worked at the same level of skill on both jobs. Considerably fewer of older than of yo11nger workers were employed
at nonproduction occupations. Those who lowere,1 the graJe of
skill in the transfer to radio employment, however, tended rn be
older workers.
More of the men and women who entere1 the radio industry ;irior
to 1931 than of those who entered between 1931 and 1930 were
employed at the same grade of skill on both jobs. A considP,rably
smaller proportion of those who entered in the earlier µeriol
had been employed at white-collar jobs. More men lowere,! their
grade of skill in the group who entered d11ring the later than in
the earlier years of the period studied. This was not true for
women.
See table 18.
A comparison of the occupations of the two jobs showed that a
third of the men and only G percent of the women worked at the
same occupation immediately tJefore entrance into the radio industry and on their present or last job (table 17).
Fifty-five
percent of the men in skilled occupations but only 25 percent of
the men in semiskilled and unskilled occupations worked at the
same occupation or these two jobs. Especially in the case of
men, a greater proportion of the older than of the younger workers
tended to work at the same occupation on both jobs.
OCCUPATION AND INDUSTRY OF LONGEST JDB
The longest job, except in the case of the worker who has been
in the labor market for a short time, represents work in an industry and at an occ11pation to which theworker has been attached
for some time. 3 In the case of persons whose longest job was
outside the radio ind us try, it also reflects the source of the
radio industry's labor force as found in 193G. The persons who
reported that the industry of their longest job was in radio
manufacturing (29.2 percent
of
the men and 56.6 percent of the
3 rn this study, a Job 1s de!1ned as continuous service at 1 occupational
assignment with 1 employer ror 1 month or longer. The longest Job is de!ined
as the longest Job beginning before January 1926 !or those who began ga1n!ul
work prior to this date and the longest Job held 1n the period Crom January
1926 to Hay 1936 ror those who began work ln or after January 1926.
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wPA -
,¥PA -
Nat iona I
t i on a I
Res ea r c l'1
Research
Project
Na
Pr
o jec
t
(Hine)
(Hi":1)
F I Gu RE 5. -
CAB I NET WORK
Skilled, experienced cabinetmakers ar,, emplcyej in '.n~ radio industry,
Ev~n the asse'11oler working at the conveyor in the lo;.er picture needs a thorougn· knowledge of cabinetmaking.
In the upper picture '.ne worker is preparing
to cut a piece of veneer to replace a section damaged during assembl~.
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SOURCE OF THE INDUSTRY'S LABOR FORCE
27
women! have, therefore, been eliminated in analyzing the data
on the industry and occupation of the longest job so that some
indication of the sources of the industry's labor supply might
be obtained.
Radio workers were engaged in as wide a variety of industries
on the longest job (table 19) as on the job preceding initial
employment in the radio industry. The larges t number worked in
manufacti1ring industries (67.4- percent of the rn~n an<l 69.6 percent
of the women). A comparison of the industry of the longest job
with that of the last job preceding radio employment confirms
the findings already discussed regarding t~e sources of the industry's labor supply. The two in·iustrial gro11ps which contributed the largest proportion of women radio worke rs in 193b are
textile and clothing manufacture and wholesale and r e tail trade,
the former being the more important source. For 11en the important
industries of the longest job are somewhat different from the
industries in which a large n11mber had worked o n the last job
preceding radio employment. On both jobs, however, a sign if ican t
group had been engaged in the manufacture of e lectrical machinery
and apparatus and other machinery and parts. Men to a greater extent than women had been recruited from a wide range of i-nriustries.
Differences in the industry of the longest job when analyzed
for the effects of age are worth noting. The two industries from
which the greatest proportion of women have been recruited are
the same for both older and younger women, although more younger
women had been employed in nonmanufacturing industries, such as
trade. Younger men in a higher proportion than older meri had
also worked in nonmanufacturing industries.
The analysis of the occ 11pation of the longest job substantiates
the findings already stated regarding the preradio employment
experience of the industry's labor supply in 193 6 . The typical
radio worker in May 1936 had worked at a skilled or semiskilled
occupation in a manufacturing or mechanical ind 11stry on his longest job !table 20) and on the job immediately preceding his employment in the radio industry. For both men and womenagreater
proportion of younger than of older workers had been employed
at clerical or selling occupations.·
STABILITY OP WORKERS" JOBS AND OCCUPATIONS
Data on the length of service on the l ongest job and the years
spent at the usual occupation constitute two rough measures of
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28
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
the stability of workers. The one measures a worker's service
record on the job designated as the longest for this study, and
the other, the length of time a person has been employed at the
occupation he considered to be his usual one and may include
time employed on several jobs. The analysis of these data will
emphasize the difference between the background work experience
of men and women and of workers engaged at different levels of
skill in the radio industry in 1936.
LENGTH OF SERVICE ON THE LONBEST JOB
The length of service on the longest job for workers attached
to the radio industry in 1936 varies considerably according to
sex and age. Men, on the average, worked almost 2 years more
(4.6 years) than women (2.7 years). This difference is not so
marked for younger workers; nevertheless, younger men reported
a longer period of service (2.8 years) on the longest job than
the y0unger women did (2.3 years). The oldest men, ~5 years of
age and over, spent over 1oyears on their longest job; men from
30 to 44 years of age spent about 6 years; and the younger men
less than 3 years. The differences were less pronounced for
women, because older women worked about 2years more on the longest job (4.1 years) than did the younger women (2.3 years). See
t;itile 21.
Although the differences in the average length of service of
the men in skilled and semiskilled and unskilled occupations
are not large, the men in the skilled occupations hadaslightly
longer record of service on the longest job ( 4. 9 years l than
the men in thesemiskilledandunskilled occupations (4.5 years).
NUMBER OF YEARS EMPLOYED AT USUAL OCCUPATION
The number of years of employment at the usual occupation, as
interpreted by the workers interviewed, reflects more of the
total work experience of individuals than does the length of
service on the longest job. Men had been employed at the usual
occupation a little more than twice as long as women (6.9 years
compared with 3.1 years). See table 22. This difference in the
number of years spent at the usual occupation reflects an important factor peculiar to the employment experience of women.
It is common knowledge that married women leave the labor market,
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SOURCE OF THE INDUSTRY'S LABOR FORCE
29
often !or long periods of time, to care for their home an<i children and may later return to gainful employment. This fact affects
considerably the number of years for which women are employed at
a given occupation. (See pages36 and37 for a more detailed account of this factor.) The difference between the number of years
spent at the usual occupation by younger men and women (3.3 years
and 2.8 years! is not as great as that between the number of
years spent at the usual occupation by men and women from 30 to
44 years of age. In the latter age group men were employed 10.1
years at the usual occupation and women, only 'i,l years. It
will be remembered that the women in this age group were for
the most part either married, divorced, or widowPJ, and, therefore, the number of years spent at the usual occ 11pationsforthis
group would be considerably affected by the factor of not seeking
workwhilethey were occupiedwiththe care of home and children.
The oldest men, 45 years of age and over, had been employed over
five times as long at their usual occupation as the younger men
(17.4 years compared W'ith 3.3 years). Older women, on the other
hand, have had, on the average, 5.1 years of service at the usual
occupation and the younger women 2.8 years.
There is a significant difference between the number of years
employed at the usual occupation for men in skilled as compared
with semiskilled and unskilled occupations. Men in skilled occupations spent 10.3 years at the usual occupation, whereas men
in semiskilled and unskilled occupations spent only 6.o years
at the usual occupation.
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SECTION IV
TEN-YEAR EMPLOYMENT HISTORY OF WORKERS ATTACHED
TO THE RADIO INDUSTRY IN 1936
Several methods have been used to present the 10-year employment and unemployment experiences of all radio workers studied
in 1936. Their employment status with regard to employment in
the radio industry orin other industries has been presented for
each month during the period from 1926 to 1935. The average
number of months of full-time and part-time employment, of unemployment, and of time not seeking work have been computed. Bar
charts of the employment hi.story of i.ndivi.dual workers depict
the incidence of employment and unemployment on individuals over
the 10-year period.
EMPLOYMENT STATUS, 1926-35, BY MONTHS
Figure 6 presents the employment status of the workers studied
according to the occupational group in the radio industry to
which they were attached in May 1936, month by month for the
10-year period (tables 23, 24, 25). 1 This type of work-history
analysis is significant in that it discloses certain important
facts regarding employment and unemployment experiences which
are concealed by other methods of summarizing the data.
The method adopted to compile the data forth is analysis varies
from that used for other material discussed in the report. When
the employment-history data were collected. workers in many instances reported that the month ending a specific type of employment experience was the same as the month beginning another.
In such cases the middle of the month was assumed as the date
on which one type of employment experience ended and another began. For the analysis under discussion, the employment status
of each worker, month by month, was detennined by his status as
of the middle of the month. This procedure necessitated arbitrarily shifting all changes in a worker's employment status
which occurred in the middle of the month to the beginning of
the month. It was found that this modification had little or no
effect on the length of theperiods of employment, unemployment,
1 only periods (or employment, unemployment, or
month or more were recorded and tallied.
not seeklnp: work) lasting 1
30
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FIGURE 6.- EMPLOYMENT STATUS, JANUARY 1926-DECEMBER 1935
BY OCCUPATIONAL GROUP OF LAST JOB
MEN IN SKILLED OC CUPATION S
lQQ_
~
_Q__
ZQl)
ioo
l2Q
~
WOMEN IN SEMISKI LL ED OCCU PAT IONS
ZQQ
.LQQ
lQQ
~
_Q_
H.W, D,
-
EMPLOYED IN TH[ AA.010 I N DUSTRY
~
UNEMPLOYED
~
CMPLOY[O
(=::I
NOT .5C[KING WOIIK
S•• tables 23,
IN
OTHER INDU.STRIE5
24,
25
for
data.
In d ustrial Research Depart ment Universitt o f Pennsylvania an d
WPA -
,-at i o nal
Research
P r oj ect
P-8
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32
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
and time not seeking work as reported by the worker and that it
facilitated the preparation of the data for graphic presentation.
Figure 6 shows the number of workers in each specified employment
status for every month of the period 1926 to 1935.
For the group studied in 1936, the greatest volume of unemployment occurred in 1932 and 1933. Prior to 1930 few individuals in
any 1 month were unemployed. The number of persons who were unemployed began to increase, however, during the years from 1930
to 1932 when general business activity was decreasing. In the
latter part of 1933 there was a noticeable decline in the number
of persons unemployed, but the number out of work in the months
of 193~ and 1935 continued to b_egreater than in the months prior
to 1930. This is less true of men in skilled occupations than
of ·men and women in semiskilled and unskilled occupations.
The periodicity o! the industry's operation, as shown in the
PhiladelphiaFederalReserveBank'sindexofpay rolls (figure 1),
is not reflected in so great amplitude in the unemployment experience of the radio workers selected for study. That these
workers, on the whole, do not seem to have experienced such irregular employment points to several facts regarding the sample.
An important consideration is the fact that many of the workers
studied had not become attached to the radio industry until quite
recently. Temporary lay-offs by employers in a wide range o! industries including radio, permanent displacement of workers by
firms discontinuing or decreasing operations, and unemployment
of workers before their first job are some of the di verse factors
which explain the employment experience recorded in the sample
in the months prior to 1933. At ·any rate the irregular employment of the relatively few workers in 1936who had been attached
to the industry for most of the 10 years does not stand out. After
1933 when a larger proportion of the sample was attached to the
radio industry, it might be expected that intermittent employment and unemployment would be revealed in this analysis. But,
again, it is not very marked. The firm at which most of the
workers were employed in 1936 has operated under a union agreement for the past 3 years. It is possible that equal division
of work and control of overtime as a result of the union contract may have curtailed seasonal lay-offs of workers and stabilized employment at this firm. A number of workers reported
that this was true. As one worker stated, "There is a difference since the plant was unionized. Instead of overtime during
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TEN-YEAR EMPLOYMENT HISTORY OF WORKERS
33
the rush season and then lay-offs, there are now alternate periods of full-time and part-time work." A sp~cial analysis of
the radio employment and unemployment experience nf
120
workers at-
tached to this plant for the years from 1931 to 1935, a period
including years before and after the union agrt'P:nent became· operative, however, does not show any appreciable change after
1933 in the seasonality of employment of these workers. The explanation seems to lie in the limitations of the method of recording individual employment experience used i.n this study. The
numerous lay-offs to which many workers referrt'd in the course
of collecting the data probably lasted less than a month and,
therefore, have not been recorded. Part-time work has been counted
as employment.
For all three occupational groups, the largest number of persons were engaged in industries other than radio during the first
part of the 10-year period. The numbers who were not employed
in the radio industry during the last 2 years of the period were
negligible. A lag in the transference into the radio industry
sometimes occurred, i. e., a worker separated from a ,iob in an
industry other than radio to unemployment 1 ast. ing 1 month or
longer and then shifted to employment in the radio industry. A
special analysis reveals that almost half of tl,e persons having
a job prior to employment in the radio industry reported a period of unemployment immediately preceding work in radio. With
few exceptions, the periods during which workers are shown on
the chart as employed in an industry other than radio manufacturing represent periods when the individuals had not yet entered the radio industry.
When a special count was made of the
number of persons who shifted from radio manufacturing to other
industries and later returned to radio during the 10 years, it
was found that only a tenth of the persons studied reported
this type of experience. The majority of these people had only
one job in an industry other than radio after entrance. Very
few had jobs that could be considered supplementary employment
in the dull seasons of radio . . In general a larger proportion
of men in skilled occupations than in semiskilled and unskilled
occupations worked in industries other than radio, and a considerably larger proportion of men than of women worked in industries other than radio.
I_n 1926 and 1927, relatively few workers in the sample were
employed in the radio industry. This is partly due to the fact
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THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
that fewer opportunities for employment in the industry existed
at that time. After 19.28, radio workers, as reflected in this
sample, were accepted for employment in greater numt>ers. As
was mentioned previously, men in skilled occupations were recruited earliest, then men in semiskilled and unskilled occupations. The women in this sample were recruited to the industry
more recently than men.
The trend in the number of workers employed in the radio industry, as depicted in figure 6, is in rather sharp contrast to
that of the index of the industry's productive activity in the
Philadelphia area shown in figure 1. It will be remembered that
the index of pay rolls discloses that the period of most rapid
expansion in the industry in Philadelphia was prior to 1931. In
contrast to this the majority of workers in the sample began
their first job in the radio industry in the period from 1931 to
May 1936. As has been pointed out earlier, the lowest point in
productive activity occurred in 1933, the year in the 10-year
period in which the largest number of workers in the study first
became attached to the radio industry. The index of pay rolls
does not reflect
the enlarged operations of the largest plant,
which was expanding at a time of declining operations in another
plant in the area. A pay-roll index is also affected by changes
10 wage rates and by overtime and by part-time employment.
None
of these factors has been taken into account in the analysis
of the employment
period.
status of
radio workers over
the 10-year
Women attached to the industry in 1936 stand in marked contrast
to men with respect to the numbers who were not seeking work at
any given time during the 10-year period. Over two-thirds of
the men were either engaged at work or seeking work at the beginning of 19.26, whereas slightly over a quarter of the women
were in the labor market (tables 23, .21+, .25). With few exceptions men not in the labor market were the individuals who were
still in school and had not yet become gainful workers. To a
large extent this is also true of women not seeking work. But
there was a considerable number of women throughout the period
who, although they had once been gainful workers, had withdrawn
from the labor market because of personal reasons, primarily
for the care of the home and of children. At all intervals dur-
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TEN-YEAR EMPLOYMENT HISTORY OF WORKERS
35
ing the 10 years some women were withdrawing from the labor market and others were reentering it.
2
NUMBER OF MONTHS EMPLOYED IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
AND IN OTHER INDUSTRIES, 1926-35
The number of months employed in the radio industry and in
other industries varies considerably with age and occupation al
group (tables 26 and 27). During the 10-year period men worked
in the radio industry, on an average, 37.2 months and women,
28.9 months. When time not seeking work was excluded, it was
found that women spent a larger proportion of their total time
in the labor market in the radio industry than did men. It was
only the older men, 45 years of age and over, who averaged about
5 years of employment in the industry. For both younger men and
women, the median number of months employed in the industry was
considerably lower than for older men and women \ 30. 3 and 26. 8
for younger men and women respectively, compared with 44.1 and
42.3 for men and women from 30 to44 years of age respectively).
During the 10-year period men had spent more time than women
had in employment in industries other than radio ( 36.5 months
for men and 9.8 months for women). Furthermore, a greater proportion of men (85.3 percent) than of women !65.7 _percent) had
worked in industries other than radio. Men workers who reported
no employment in industries other than radio, were primarily the
younger men; whereas a fairly large proportion of both younger
and older women reported no employment in industries other than
radio. The older women who reported no employment in other industries were, to some extent, individuals who had left the labor
market prior to 1926 for personal reasons and then obtained work
in radio when they returned to gainful employment in the 10-year
period. The men from 30 to 44 years of age averaged the largest amount of employment in other industries (49.4 months) of
any group studied; in fact they worked more months outside of
radio than in radio. Younger workers reported fewer months of
employment in other industries than older workers, although the
differences in the median number of months employed outside of
radio are less marked for older and younger women than for older
and younger men.
2 Toward the end or the 10 years the number or women not seeking work because
or personal reasons decreased sharply. Thls was due to the basis or theselection or the sample. Persons included ror study, !twill be recalled, were
individuals who were either working or seeklng work !n Hay 1938.
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36
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
PULL-TIME AND PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT, 1926-15
Data on the extent to which a worker's employment is full-time
and part-time over a period of years have rarely been available.
In this study full-time employment has no doubt been overstated,
because in retrospect the distinction between full-time andparttime employment becomes less important to the worker. Such data
as were obtained, however, reveal that about two-fifths of radio
workers were employed part-time at some date in the 10-year period
( tables 28 and 29). Very few persons experienced only part-time
employment in the 10 years and, on the whole, all were employed
considerably more months full-time than part-time. Among men
who reported part-time employment, themedian months so employed
was 22.5. The median months employed full-time, on the other
hand, was 74.1. 3
Figure 7 shows the relationship of the number of months of fulltime and part-time employment to the number of months of unemployment and time not seeking work. See table 28. Men were employed,
on the average, about 82 months out of the 120 months in the
10-year period. The equivalent of about a year (11.3 months)
of the time employed was spent in part-time employment. The
average number of months of unemployment (20.7) was almost twice
as great as the average number of months of part-time employment. Men averaged 17.3 months of time not seeking work. The
average number of months spent at each type of employment experience is about the same for both age groups of older men.
Older men spent only about 1 month not seeking work because of
personal reasons ( illness, strikes, etc.) and were employed fulltime almost 1 year longer and were unemployed a few months more
than men as a whole. The most important difference in the 10year employment experience of younger men compared to that of
older men is that younger men averaged a little over 3 years of
time not seeking work. This is primarily accounted for by time
before entrance into the labor market.
In contrast to men, women spent almost half of the total 10
years outside the labor market (51.4 months). This affects the
amount of time they spent in unemployment and in full-time and
part-time employment.
Time not seeking work before entrance
into the labor market ac_counts for most of the time younger women
were not in the labor market. Older women, on the other hand,
3These r1gures comb1ne employment 1n rad1o and 1n other 1ndustr1es.
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37
TEN-YEAR EMPLOYMENT HISTORY OF WORKERS
FIGURE 7.- AVERAGE NUMBER OF MONTHS OF SPECIFIED TYPES
OF EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE, 1926-35
BY
AGE IN YEARS
- -·
0
10
20
- -+
.
AGE IN 1936
MEN
WONTHS
70
'f
~·· --+
40
"'
10
10
IDO
.+------ --+
110
-t--t
.
,
--l
TOTAL
16 -29
30-44
45 AND OVER
WOMEN
ffl0uA
TOTAL
16 -29
30-44*
(.
0
t ~
I
l
~
~
_;_
---·
40
~---+~
~
,0
~
MONTHS
-EMPLOYED
ruLL TIME
* 11-IIIU
See
tab le
~ EMPLOYED PART TIME
E2:2::] UNEMPLOYED
+---+--t----j
~
~
D
~
~
NOT SEEKING WORK
H.W,D.
WOM[N 4S Yt.A.JllS 0, AG.t: AND OV~R ARE: INCLUDCD .. A41: GAOUP M- 44
30 for
data.
lndustr1al Research Department University of
WPA - Nat1onal
Pennsylvania and
Research Project
P-9
averaged 2½ years of time not seeking work because of personal
reasons. They also spent more months in full-time and part-time
employment than younger women and than women as a whole.
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY OF INDIVIDUAL RADIO WORKERS, 1926-35
Data regarding the employment and unemployment experience of
workers attached to the radio industry in 1936 have been described for certain occupational and age groups. Figures 8 and
9 present the employment history of each individual who reported
a period of unemployment lasting 1 month or longer, regardless
of the date when the worker entered the labor market. 4 The individuals are ranked by the total number of months of unemployment which they experienced in the 10-year period. In plotting
the employment history of an individual, a change in employment
4Data on which these charts are based are not presented ln thls report but
are ln the r11es or the Ph!ladelphla Labor 11arket Studles sectlon or the
Natlonal Research ProJect ~r the works Progress Admlnlstratlon.
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FIGURE a.- EMPLOYMENT HISTORY OF MEN IN SKILLED, SEMISKILLED,
AND UNSKILLED OCCUPATIONS, JANUAR Y
1926-DECEMBER 1935
( RANKED BY TOTAL AMOUNT OF UNEMPLOYMENT)
SKILLED OCCUPATIONS
SEMISKILLED AND UNSKILLED OCCUPATIONS
~
-
~ UN[M PL 0'l'C0
EM P LOTCO
[ AC.I-I LIN[ Fl,[PA.[SENT S T l-IE MISTOA.Y
Ba se d o n aa t a
or
At. IN OI \I I OV .4 1.. WOA.J,,,[R w ..
in files of
Ph i ladelp hia La bo r Mar k e t
S tud i e s Sec tio n , WPA. -
Na tio nal
o
A.[POl'-T£. D ONl M ON TH OR. l,I Q A,[ OF l,N[MPLOH.. [ N T
H,W, L
I nd u strial Research Depa rtment Unive r sity o f Pen n sy l va ni~ a nd
WPA - Hat ion a I Resea r c h Pr o ject
Re s e a r c h Pr oject .
P-10
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TEN-YEAR EMPLOYMENT HISTORY OF WORKERS
status was assumed to
month. 5
have o ccurred at
39
th e begi nnin g of
t he
This met hod of g r aphic presentation emphasizes s trikingly the
wide variations be tween workers with r espect t o th ei r employment
histories and several facts conce rning unemployment expe rien ce .
FIGURE
9.- EMPLOYMENT HISTORY OF WOMEN I N SEMI SKILLED OCCUPATIONS, JANUARY 1926-DECEMBER 1935
(RANKED BY TOTAL A~OUNT OF UNE~PLOY~ENT)
~ V NCW~L OHO
- C W , , L OYC O
Based
on
data
Phl l•de.lph la
Studie s
in
files of
Mark,t
Lab or
S e ction,
Nat Iona I Resear ch
WP.A -
Industrial
R esear ch
De partment
Un i ver sit y o f
Penn s yl vania
WPA -Jla tio na l
Resea r ch
Pr oject.
-
an d
Proj ec t
P -11
Although a numb e r o f individuals in the three occupat i ona l g r oups
experien ced a
long period of unemploymen t, lastin g as
71 mon ths in the case
long as
of o ne man attached t o a skilled occ upa-
6
Th1s procedure l s the same as that r ollowed ln prepar in g data r or rt gu r e 6.
See p. 30 or the rep or t r or a more comple te desc ription or the meth od .
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40
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
t ion in 1936, most of the periods of unemployment tended to be
of short duration.
Persons who reported a considerable number of months of unemployment were, for the most part, unemployed several times. In
other words, the total number of months of unemployment experienced in the 10 years does not represent continuous unemployment
for the majority of workers in the sample. There is a definite
concenrration of unemployment in the second half of the 10-year
period, part icular1y in the years 1932 and 1933. A number of
persons were unemployed ia 1L: first 5-year period, however, especially men
in semiskilled and unskilled occupations.
During
the years from 1926 to 1930 less than a fourth of the skilled
men experienced a period of unemployment preceding entrance into
the radio industry, whereas about half of the men in semiskilled
and unskilled occupations were unemployed a month prior to their
first job in the industry. Women in semiskilled occupations also
secured employment in the industry more frequently without experiencing unemployment. The employment histories of women, moreover, indicate that they have had shorter periods of unemployment
than men. In comparison with men, relatively more women reported
periods of not seeking work, both before and after entrance into
the labor market, and women reported that they were not seeking
work for considerably longer periods than men.
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SECTION V
UNEMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE AND MOBILITY OF WORKERS
WHO ENTERED THE LABOR MARKET BEFORE 1926
This study of empl0yment histories includes n?t onl~ the occupational and industrial characteristics of workers attached to
the radio industry in 1936, but also their previous employment
and unemployment experience _in the 10-year period fro'.11 1926 to
1935, For the purpose of this section, the individual work
histories were used to compute the total number of m0nths persons
have been unemployed over a period of years irrespective of the
dates of beginning or ending such employment periods. In addition,
the length of the longest period of unemployment was obtained
and the frequency of the occurrence of unemployment periods in
the two 5-year periods, 1926 to 1930 and 1931 to 1935, The :110bili ty of workers in the study has been measured by the number of
separations from jobs and the number of employer shifts, industrial shifts, and occupational shifts experienced in the 10-year
period. These data are presented only for individuals who became
gainful workers prior to 1926.
NUMBER DP MONTHS UNEMPLOYED, 1926-35
Two facts are equally significant in the analysis of 1inemployment
data: First, the number of persons who experience unemployment
over a period of time, and, second, the number of mo!lths such
persons are unemployed, irrespective of whether or not the unemployment is continuous. About a fifth of the men and a fourth of
the women in the study who entered the labor market prior to 1926
reported no period of unemployment lasting 1 m0nth or longer in
the 10-year period ( table 31 J. The proportion 0f persons reporting
no periods of unemployment increases slightlywi. th age in the case
of men and is about the same for all age groups in the case of
women. Among those who experienced unemployment _during this
period, the average number of months out of work was 22 for men and
20 for women. For men the numherof months unemployed increases
with age. Men 45 years of age and older were une!Tlployed, on the
average, 9 months '.llore than men under 30. Among women workers
this relationship to age is reversed. Younger women reported
more months of unemployment (22.4) than older women (19.6),
41
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42
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
NUMBER OF MONTHS UNEMPLOYED, 1926-!0 AND 13!1-!5
The number of workers experiencing unemployment and the number
0f months that they were unemployed in each of the two 5-year
periods summarize the incidence and extent of unemploymeRt in
two contrasting periods of general business activity, About a
half of the men and women reported no unemployment lasting1 month
or longer during the first 5-year period, and almost a third
reported no unemployment in the second 5-yearperiod. During the
latter period a higher proportion of women (37.0 percent) than
of men (29.~ percent) reported no time out of work. As age increases, the proportion who reported no unemployment also increases
forboth men and women in the firsts-year period, The differences
in age and the relative number who reported some unemployment in
the second 5-year period are less marked for men than for women.
A greater prop0rtion of younger than of older women reported no
unemployment in this period, See tables 32 and 33.
Not only did relatively fewer persons experience unemployment
in the first s years than in the second s years, but the average
number of months unemployed was considerably less, as might be
expected. ·this is particularly true !or men. Of those who experienced unemployment, men were unemployed, on the average, about
twice as many months in the seconds years (20.~) as in the first
s years (10.3). Women were also unemployed more months in the
second than in the first 5-year period, although the difference
in the median months out of work is smaller for women than for
men, (Themedian months of unemployment for women was 15.5 in the
seconds years as compared with 12.6 in the first 5 years.) It
willbenoted that women had a higher average numberofmonths of
unemployment in the first 5-year period than men. In the 10-year
period and the second 5-year period, men, on the average, were unemployed long-er than women. This reflects the fact that cyclical
unemployment was more severe among men than women, In the case
of men the number of months unemployed in the second s years tends
to increase with age. There is, however, much less difference
in the number of months unemployed according to age in the first
s-year period. Of those experiencing unemployment, younger women
were unemployed slightly more months than older women in hoth syearperiods, al though more younger women reported no unemployment
in the second 5-year period. See tables 32 and 33,
A considerably smalle~ proportion of persons reported that they
were unemployed so percent or more of the !ime during the first
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UNEMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE AND MOBILITY
43
S-year period than dnnnP, the secnnj s-year period. In fact the
proportion of men w~o were ~nemployel 31 ~ont½s or lon~er in the
second S years was five times as great as the proportion in the
first syears (18.8 and 3,7 percent respectively/. The difierence
in the proportion of women who experienced this amount of unemployment in the two perio::ls is not so marl<ed. Abont 8 percent of the
women reported 31 months or more of unemployment in the first 5
years and 15 percent in the seconds years. The variations in the
proportion of persons who experienced 31 months or more of unemployment according to age are not very great.
Men in skilled occupations in 1936 experienced, on the average,
fewer months of unemploy:qent than men in semiskilled occupations
in both the 10-year perioJ and the two :;-year periods. For example, in the 10-year perioJ the median nul'lber ;)f month::; of unerTJploymen t for those reporting 11 nemploymen t was 18. 3 :non: hs for
skilled men and 24.4 months for semiskilled and unskilled men.
It is also true that a smaller proportion of men in ski.llci than
in semiskilled or nnskilled occnpations experienced one or more
periods of unemployment lasting 1 :nonth or longer during both the
total period and the two :;-year periods. This ii fference betwee'.1
the unemployment experience of skilled an,i of semiskilled and unskilled men reflects the tendency of industry to employ skilled
workers more regularly, since they may be assigned maintenance
work and preparatory work during slack seasons.
LONGEST PERIOD OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND FREQUENCY
OF UNEMPLOYMENT PERIODS, 1926-35
As has been indicated, the number of months of un•~;nploym"'T\t
reported by workers in this study in the 10 years may or may not
be continuous.
One meas11re of the duration of a continuous
period of unemployment is the length of the longest period of
unemployment in the 10-year period. This period was defined as
the longest period of unemployment preceded by some gainful
work in the 10-year period. The median length of the longest
single period of unemployment was considerably less than the median
number of months unemployed in the entire 10-year period for both
men and women (see tables 32, 33, 34); nevertheless, for almost
half of the persons who entered the labor market prior to 1926
and who reported unemployment, the duration of the longest period
of unemployment was more than a year. The length of this period
of unemployment varies with sex and age in a manner similar tot he
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44
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
rela t i.onship for total number of months unemployed. Women were out
of work for shorter periods than men. The length of the longest
period of unemployment for men ~5 years of age and over exceeded
that of men under ~5 years of age, on the average, by about 3½
months. The longest periodof unemployment of younger women was
longer than that of older women. It should also be noted that the
year of beginning the longest period of unemployment for workers in
this study is scattered throughout the 10-year period, although
the modal year for beginning this unemployment period was 1932 in
the case of men and 1935 in the case of women,
An analysis of the frequencyof unemployment periods from 1926
to 1935 reveals that about one-half of the men and two-fifths of
the women who became gainful workers prior to 1926were unemployed
more than once 1 ( table 35). About a tenth of these workers, moreover, were unemployed as many as five times or more during the
period under study. The frequency of unemployment periods does
not appear to vary significantly with age for women,
In the
case of men age seems to have some relationship to this measure
of unemployment. A higher proportion of men ~5 years of age and
older than of men under ~5 yearsof age reported only one period
of unemployment in the10 years. Interestingly enough, relatively
more of the oldest men also reported five or more periods of
unemployment.
The significance of the frequency of unemployment periods is
evident when this item is related to the number of months of unemployment. It is found that for men particularly there is a
consistent relationship between these two measures of unemployment. As the number of periods of unemployment which a worker
reported in the 10 years increases, the median number of months
out of work also rises. Men who experienced five or more periods
of unemployment were out of work for so months, on the average,
whereas men who reported only one period of unemployment were
011t of work only 13 months.
The median duration of the longest
period of unemployment varies much less with the frequency of
the unemployment periods. The length of the longest period of
unemployment,. on the average, is slightly lower for men who were
unemployed five times or more than for men who were unemployed
only once. See table 36. This is as might be expected, since
1
rn determ1n1ng the number or unemployment periods wh1ch a worker experienced
1n the 10 years, any unemployment per1od not preceded by ga1nru1 work 1n the
10 years"as excluded, that 1s, the r1rst unemployment per1od 1n the 10 :,ears
was not counted 1n cases where the 1nd1v1dual had no ga1nru1 work (w1th1n the
10-:,ear period) pr1or to th1s unemployment.
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UNEMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE AND MOBILITY
45
as the number of times a worker is unP"lployed increases he has
less chance to be unemployed for a loni;( ti"le, These data are
not presented by age. It may be assn:ned, h0wever, that the differences with regard to age are si:nilar t0 those already noted.
The fact that such a large proportion of workers reported several
periods of unemployment reflects to some extent the periodicity
of the operation of the radio industry. For instance, workers
who were unemployed as manyas 10 times in the 1O-year period are
individuals who reported recurring seasonal lay-offs from jobs
in the radio industry. There is no doubt that the frequency
of unemployment periods has been understated b-~canse of the definition of unemployment 11sed. Further:nore, throughout this discussion no reference has been made to the ex tent of part-time
employment which is also part-time unemployment. 2 If part-time
employment and unemployment had been tabulated, the pattern of
workers' unemployment would reflect the irreRular operations of
industry to an even greater degree.
FACTORS IN THE MOBILITY OF WORKERS
It is recognized tha.t the 'llobili ty of a worker is
dependent
upon two important economic factors: first, the diversity of
industriesand employers offerinr; employment in the labor market
in which he lives or with which he has conta.ct a.nd, second, the
activity of the industry to which he is atta.ched in relation to
that of other ind11stries. Significant also is the inclination
or disinclination of the worker himself to change his place of
employment or type of pursuit. But if few jobs are available,
it is more difficult for a. worker to shift his employer, industry, or occupation.
Since Philadelphia. is usually charactPrized as a cPnter of
diversified industries, it might be expected that workers in
this area would have had opportunity to shift from one job to
another. Many students of labor mobility are of the opinion
that a worker tends to become attached to an occnpa t ion and
rarely changes it. Is this true of radio workers? ls there a
difference in the incidence of employer and industrial mobility
in contrast to occupational
mobility?
Does a younger worker
change his occupatinn nr industry more readily than an older
worker? Is there a difference in mobility between men and women?
2ror d1scuss1on or part-t1me employment see Section IV or this report.
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46
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
Does the worker attached to a skilled occupation shift more or
less often than a worker attached to a semiskilled occupation?
In this study a job has been defined as continuous service
at one occupational assignment with one employer for 1 month or
longer. A job separation occurred each time a worker left one
.iob for another or became unemployed. A change from one emnl0yer to another constituted an employer shift; a change from
one occupation to another, an occupational shift; and a change
fro,11 cine industry to another, an industrial shift. Although
this Methodof tabulation isolates types of shifts, it was found
in a special analysis of one age group in the sample that a shift
was more likely to be a composite shift, i. e. ,a worker shifted
his employerand occupation or his employer, occupation, and industry at one time and le:;s frequently only his occupation or
his industry. The industrial-shift dau for this sampleare subject to a further qualification. An industrial shift without a
job separationoran employer shift was experienced by38workers
when the firms at which they were employed changed their major
product to radios.
The n1mber of separations and shifts per person which occurred
in twos-year periods, 1926 to 1930 and 1931 to 1935, have also
been contrasted.
The tw0 5-year periods, it will be noted,
roughly coincide with a predepression period from 1926 to 1930
and a depression and recovery period from 1931 to 1935. The
degree of occunationaland industrial shifting reflects, to some
extent, the detail provided for in the occupational and industrial codes 11sed. The fact that there are only a few firms producing radi,1 partsand asc;e::::ilin[; radio sets in the Philadelphia
area has 11n:i011btedly li'.'li ~,~d a worker's opportunities to shift
employers Ki tr.in the rac!io industry. Its hon ld also be emphasized
that a c0nsider.:i.ble pa rt of the shifting- reported by radio workers
occurred orior to employment in the radio industry.
MOBILITY IN THE 10-YEAR PERIOD, 1926-35
One of the most important facts about these data on mobility
for the 10-year period is that, al though most of the individuals
who entered the labor market prior to 1926 experienced one or more
job separations, a considerably smaller proportion shifted their
occupation.
Al thou15h a srnal ler proportion of men reported em-
ployer and industrial shifts than job separations, more reported
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17
UNEMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE AND MOBILITY
employer or industrial shifts than occ11pational shifts. There
is little difference in the proportion of women who reported the
three types of shift. Nevertheless, slightly more women had employer shifts than had industrial or occupational shifts. Although a smaller proportion of women than of men reported employer
and industrial shifts, a slightly higher proportion of women
reported changes in occupation. This reflects the fact that for
a greater number of women than of men entra11ce into the radio
industry necessitated a shift into another occnpation. See figure 10 and table 40.
FIGURE
10.-
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF PERSON~ IN SAMPLE BY
TYPE AND FREQUENCY OF SEPARATIONS
1926-35
MEN
WOMEN
PERCENT
PE.RCENT
o
~
~
~
~
~
~
ro ~ ~ ~
1---+-~-----+-------i-~~· - - - - - ~ - - - ....
o
~
o
~
w
~
~
N
~
~
~
- I
ro
~
~
f-
~
ro
ro
~
• --+-•-a
EMPLOYER
SHIFTS
INDUSTRIAL
SHIFTS
o
~
D
~
~
NONE
•
~
~
PERCENT
ro
~
~
~
I AND 2
oo
~
•
ro
N
PERCENT
3 AND 4
-
~
J
~
5 ANO OVER
H.w.o.
Su
tab le ~O for data,
lndustr ia I Research
University
WPA -
of
National
Departm•nt -
Pennsylvania
Research
and
Project
P-12
A consistently larger proportion of the younger workers, irrespective of sex, experienced all types of shifts and particularly
occupational shifts (table 37). This points to the fact that
the younger worker is more mobile.
Moreover, proportionately
fewer men 45 years of age and over than men from 30 to 44 years
of age shifted their employer, industry, and occupation. This
difference is most marked with regard to the proportion who
shifted occupation. About 70 percent of the men from 30 to 44
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48
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
years of age reported occupational shifts and only52 percent of
the men 45 years of age and over. There appeilrs to be no significant difference between the proportion of men in skilled and
in semiskilledand unskilled occupations who reported either job
separations or employer and industrial shifts, With respect to
occupational shifts, however, the experience of these two occupational groups differed, Whereas about three-fourths of the
men in semiskilled and unskilled occupations shifted occupations
once or more in the 10 years, only a little over one-half of the
men in skilled occupations did so. A higher proportion of men
in semiskilled and unskilled than in skilled radio employment
shifted their occupation.
Data with regard to the number of times a person shifted are
also important. More workers reported one or two separations or
shifts in the 10-year period than a higher number.
A large
number of job separations were reported by many more individuals
than reported a large number of shifts, regardless of type,
Especially in the case of men a greater proportion of the younger
workers than of the older workers reported a high numberof separations or shifts,
To relate these data regarding job separations to those regarding employer, industrial, and occupational shifts, the ratio
of persons reporting one or more employer, industrial, and occupational shifts to persons reporting one or more job separations
was computed. 3 These ratios reflect whether or not persons who
had job separations also reported employer, occupational, or
industrial shifts. High ratios indicate that radio workers who
separated from jobs also tended to change either employer, occupation, or industry, Low ratios, on the other hand, indicate
that persons tended, after leaving a job, to be unemployed until
the end of the period or to be unemployed for a time and then
return to their previous job, For the 10-year period it was
found, with few exceptions, that persons who reported job separations also reported one or more employer, industrial, or occupational shifts. See table 37.
MOBILITY IN THE TWO 5-YEAR PERIODS,
1926-!D AND 1931-35
A greater proportion of men of all ages reported both job
separations and employer, industrial, and occupational shifts
3The rormula usect to compute the rat1os 1s as ro11ows:
Ratlo: Number or persons report1ng 1 or more sh1tts or spec1r1ect type x 100
Number or persons report1ng 1 or more Job separat1ons
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UNEMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE AND MOBILITY
during
the first 5-year period, 1926 to 1930,
49
th11.n during the
second 5-year period, 1931 to 1935, which may be an indication
that labor turn-over tends to rise in perio:is of good business
activity. In both periods more persons reported jot separations
than any type of shift. In the second 'i-year period, however,
the difference in the proportion of persons wit•1 emplo.ver, industrial, and occupational shifts in comparison to the proportion
of persons reporting job separations is greater than in the first
s-year period. See table 39. The ratios of persons with each
type of shift to persons with job separations were also much
lower in the second 5-year period than in the first 5-year period
( table 38). For example, in the first 5-year period%. 6 percent
of persons with job separations reported industrial shifts, whereas
in the second 5-year period, 0nly 50.9 percentofthose with job
separations also reported industrial shifts. This is explained
by the fact that, although fewer persons h~d j0b separations in
the second 5-year period, many of thefll were still unempl0yed at
the close of 1935 or else they separated to unempl0yfllent and later
returned to the same job, in which case the employer, ind 11stry,
and occupation remained the same.
Ineachperiod workers reported one ortwoseparationsorshifts
more frequently than higher numbers. Fewer persons i:1 the second
S-year period than in the first 5-year perio,i made more than two
separations or shifts. See table 39. The experience of w0men
in the two s-year periods with regard to these changes was 1i t tle
different from that of men, except that a smaller proportion of
women than of men consistently reported both job separations ant.!
shifts. 4
EMPLOYER SEPARATIONS,
1926-35
It is interesting to know not only how many persons have separated from jobs and have changed their occupation, industry,
or employer over a given period and the frequency with which
they did so, but also whether these changes became more freq11ent
after entrance into the radio industry. An analysis of the number
of persons reporting separations from employPrs in the radio
industry and from employers in other industries reveals several
interesting points concerning rat.lioworkers who entered the labor
4 Data regardtng 111oblltty or women !n the two 6-year per!ods are not presented
!n tne Appendt:i: but are in the r11es or the Philadelphia Labor Market Studies
Section or the National Research ProJect or the Works Progress Admtnistratlon.
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50
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
market before 1926. 6 A smaller proportion of both men and women
attached to the radio industry in May 1936 separated from employers who manufactured radios than from employers who manufacturedother products ( table 41 l. This is as might be expected,
since attachment to the radio industry for a significant number
of workers has been relatively recent. Most of the persons who
experienced either type of employer separation reported only
one or two separations.
A greater proportion of younger than of older workers reported
separations from employers in industries other than radio. Older
workers tended to enter the radio industry earlier than younger
workers and, therefore, have had a longer periodof time in which
to separate from employers in the radio industry.
One of the most significant points regarding the data on employer separations is that a slightly higher proportion of women
than of men reported separations from employers in the radio industry, This experience of women suggests that labor turn-over
rates in this industry are higher for women than for men, As
might be expected, the majority of separations from employers
in the radio industry for a large number of men and women are
due to short seasonal lay-offs. An inspection of the schedules
indicates, however, that for a considerable number of women the
separations represent temporary withdrawal from employment because of personal reasons, This is true of the separations of
relatively few men. Separations to long-time unemployment in
contrast to seasonal lay-offs and separations to another employer
in both the radio and other industries are more frequent for men
than for women.
5 An employer separation has been defined as leaving 1 employer for service
with another employer, or ror a period or unemployment, or ror a period or
not seek.ing work.. The Industry or the employer whom the work.er left determined whether the separation was rrom an employer in the radio Industry
or rrom an employer ln another industry. When the industry or the employer
changed in tlle course or 1 Job, the Industry at the time or separation
determined whether or not the separation was from an employer in the radio
industry.
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SECTION VI
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
When this study was made in 1936, the labor supply of the radio
industry in Philadelphia was found to incbde a large number of
workers who had been recruited to the industry during the depression and early recovery years. One-fifth of the total sample
were new entrants to the labor market when they secured jobs in
the industry. Only 34.b percent haJ entered the industry prior
to 1930. Experienced men for the skilled occupations were obtained from the major woodworking and metalworking industries in
the city. Previously employed women workers, who were two-thirds
of the total womer., on the other hand, were secured for the most
part from the textile industries. There is evidence that during
the period of rapid expansion the radio industry obuined workers
from industries of declining importance in the local area, although most of those so obtained were a selected gro•Ji_) from the
point of view of age, i. e., they were the younger workers in
the declining industries.
The occupational and social characteristics of the workers
attached to the radio industry in 1936 inJicate that they were
less specializeJ inbackgronnd experience and that their sex and
age distribution differed from that of many other industrial
groups. These rlifferences reflect primarily the character of
the production methods in this relatively new industry and the
personnel policy of the largest plant in the local labor market.
The majority of the workers stnrJied were engaged at semiskilled
occupations in 1936. A fourth of the men worked at skilled occupations. Women were engaged almost exclusively at semiskilled
types of work in a narrower range of occupations than men at the
same grade of work. Men, however, worked at practically all of
the occupations at which women were employed. It is significant
that the proportion of women employed in the radio industry in
1936 was higher than the average for all industries in the city.
Radio workers are young: the average worker in 1936 was 32.7
years old if a man and 24. 3 years old if a woman. He or she
was younger than the aver!l.ge employable person in all industries.
Over half of the women ann a fifth of the men were under 25 years
of age. When age is examined in relation to occupation, it is
51
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52
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
evident that among men there is a concentration of older workers
in certain occupations and of younger workers in others. More
of the older men work at the skilled occupations of tool making,
die setting, machinists' work, skilled machine operating, cabinetmaking, and cabinet work. More of the younger men work as assemblers, inspectors, examiners, and testers, i. e., occupations
which for the ;nost part require little or no previous tra1n1ng.
There is, however, no concentration of women by age groups in
particular occupations.
One-fifth of the total labor force in 193 6 had had no gainful
employment prior to work in the radio industry. This proportion
was hi 5 her, however, for women than for ;nen. Experienced workers
recruited to the industry had been employed in a wide range of
industries. Men had been engaged in such a diversity of industries that no one or two could be identified as the most important
industrial sources of the labor supply of men. This is less
true of women: it may be said that the textile and clothing
industries have been the important sources of supply for experienced women workers. The greater diversity of experience
reported by men is the result of the fact that men are normally
employed in
a wider range of
industries than women, and that
women from the textile industries were making a special effort
to transfert0 a new industry because of the decline in activity
in many of the city's textile industries.
The majority of workers
attached to the radio industry in 1936 who had previous experience
had been employed in the manufacturing industries. In the case
of women, however, wholesale and retail trade also contributed
a considerable group. A small number of the older men transferred
into the radio industry when the companies employing them converted their plants to the manufacture of radio sets. They were
continued in the employ of these plants, although some experienced
a temporary lay-off during the reorganization period necessary
to effect a shift in the product manufactured.
A comparison of the grade of skill of preradio employment relative to that of present or last employment in the radio industry
reveals that over half of the workers were engaged in work of
thesamegrade of skill on both jobs. Of thosewhochanged their
grade of skill, the majority either lowered it or transferred
from a nonproduction occupation, such as clt'rical or sales w0rk.
to a production occupation. Men working in skilled occupations
in 1936 had been employed on jobs of the same !;rade of skill
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SUMMARY
OF FINDINGS
53
before transferring to the radio industry in larger proportions
than women or than men working in unskilleJ or semiskilled occupations in 1936.
Machinists and tool makers transferred to the radio industry
in relatively large numbers from a wide range of inJustries manufacturing metal products and machinery. Electricians also transferred to the industry to secure employment at radio installation,
inspection, and other electrical work. Most of these skilled
mechanics were younger than the average man in their occupations
at the time of their transfer to the radio industry. The cabinet
workers in the radio industry were recruited from the cabinetmakers and furniture workers in the local area, most of whom
were of Italian birth or extraction. This group of men were
older than men in other occupations and considerably older than
any of the women attached to the industry in 1936. Coil winders,
solderers, and assemblers were recruited to a large extent from
former textile workers. The majority of this gronp were young.
Workers in the radio industry in1936 had entered the industry
throughout the period from January 1926 to May 1936. One-half of
the women and two-fifths of the men, however, entered in the years
from 1933 to 1936. This indicates that the industry's labor force
in 1936 was composed toa considerable extent of recent recruits.
Men engaged in skilled occupations in the radio industry in 1936
had entered the industry earlier than men in semiskilled and
unskilled occupations. In general, the women in the study haJ
entered more recently than men, many of them during the depression
and early recovery years. In spite of this fact, considerably
less than half the women who had had some employment prior to
entering the radio industry were c1nemployed immediately preceding
their employment in the radio industry. The same was true for
men in skilled occupations. For men in semiskilled and unskilled
occupations, on the other hand, radio employment was more likely
to be preceded by a period of unemployment.
The length of service on the longest job and the total ,umber
of years employed at the usual occupation are relatively short
for women because they were in the labor market for shorter periods
than men. These two measures of the stability of a worker's
employment indicate that men had a fairly long record of service
on one job and at a particular occupation. This record was longer
in the case of skilled than of semiskilled or unskilled workers
and of course longer in the case of older than of younger workers.
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54
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO·INDUSTRY
The social characteristics of workers attached to the radio
industry in 1936 show that they represent an average cross section
of the working population of Philadelphia. Most of them had been
born in the United States. Of the men the largest number of
foreign-born workers were Italian. Partly because of age and
partly because fewer women were foreign-born, a greater proportion
of women than of men were lifetime residents of Philadelphia.
Radio workers were relatively well-educated. A significant proportion of the total had completed more than a grammar-school
education, and a few men attached to the industry in 1936 had had
a college education. Younger workers had a better educational
background than older workers and women reported more education
than men. A relativelyhighproportion of the womeninthe study•
were sing le, although among women 3 o years of age and over a considerable number were married. Most of the men studied were
married.
At the time of study in May 1936 most of the worker$ were employed on a full~time schedule. Of those who were unemployed,
a greater numb~r were. women, despite the fact that there were
fewer women than men attached to the ind~stry in May 1936.
The
average unemployed worker had lost his or her last job in the
radio industry in the fall of 1935. Men, however, had been out
of work for a longer period of_ time than women, and older workers
for a longer period than
younger workers.
The existence of
unemployment amoni; radio workers in May 1936 may be explained
by three factors: the permanent lay-off of workers when one
radio firm discontinued radio production in 1936, 1 short layoffs arisin 5 from the periodicityof operations in the in•dustry,
and the residual long-time unemployment of another group. Three.tenths of those unemployed in May 1936 were in the first group.
Approximately the same proportion were out of work because of
short lay-offs. The remainder had been unemployed for longer
periods of time and for some of these, at any rate, the chances
of being recalled to the radio industry appeared slight.
The work experience of workers in the study has been examined
for the 10-year period from 19.26 to 1935 and is summarized in
terms of their employment status, month by month, and the average
number of months spent at specified types of employment status.
As reflected in these data,
the radio industry has offered em-
1 A1though the flrm did not completely stop operations until June 1'il36, it
began to reduce 1ts labor rorce In the latter half or 1935.
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SUMMARY
OF FINDINGS
55
ployment to new recruits throu.;hou t the 10 years selected for
study. This continuous acceptance of new workers reflects both
a high rate of labor tum-over in the industry and continuous
expansion of the ~abor force of one of the plants.
The heaviest co·ncentrat ion of unemployment for the group studied
occurred in the second half of the 10-year period, from 1931
to 1935, particularly in the years 1932 and 1933 . Despite relative recovery in the industry after 1933 the number out of work
1 month or longer is greater in the second half of the 10-year
period than in the first half. Men in skilled occupations had
better employment opportunity throughout this period than other
workers.
Two-fifths of the workers reported that they had bee~ employed
onapart-time schedule 1 monthormore within the 10-year period,
although there is likelihood that this is an understatement of
the total amount of part-time work. When the data for months
of different types of employment status are reduced to averages,
it is found that men were completely unemployed almost twice as
many months as they were employed part-time. They spent about
a fourth of the 10 years in unemployment and part-time employment.
Whereas men were employed two-thirds of the entire period for
which work-history data were obtained, wo;nen were employed only
five-twelfths of the same period. This difference is accounted
for by differences in time actually in the labor market and by
the fact that a considerable numher of the men were employed at
maintenance rather than production work.
Most of the workers attached to the radio industry in 1936 who
had entered the labor market before 1926, reported at least one
period of unemployment lasting 1 month or longer during the years
from 1926 to 1935. Although most persons who reported such periods
of unemployment were out of a job for relatively short periods,
a significant proportion were unemployed for a ~otal of over 2
years in the 10-year period.
Of the workers in the study wno had entered the labor market
Age was
prior to 1926. women were unemployed less than men.
a factor in the unemployment of the men. Ulder men were unemployed longer than younger men. In the case of women, however,
younger workers were unemployed longer than older workers. Among
this group who entered the labor market before 1926 one-half
reported no unemployment lasting 1 month or longer in the first
half of the 10-year period and a third reported no such unemployDigitized by
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56
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
ment in the second half of the 10-year period. It.was also found
that the amount of time lost hy each worker through unemployment
was considerably longer in the second half of the period than in
the first half. Unemployment for 1 he workers of this study was
a recurring experience and tlie frequency of unemployment periods
increased with the total number of months workers were out of a
job.
The adaptability or mobility of workers attached to the radio
industry in
of employer,
uals. These
labor market
1936 is reflected in the number of job changes and
occupational, and industrial shifts made by individhave also heen examined for workers who entered the
before 1926 for the period from 1926to 1935. Most
of the special group studied reported job changes, and many also
reported employer shifts and occupational or industrial shifts.
It should be noted that most of these chan~es occurred before or
simultaneously with entrance to the radio industry.
Younger
workers changed johs more frequently than older workers. The
workers as a whole shifted their employer and industry more
readily than their occupation. This tendency is most marked
for older workers and for the men attached to skilled occupations
in May 1936. The mobility of workers who were attached to the
radio industry in May 1936 was greater during the prosperity
period from 192b to 1930 than during the depression and recovery
period from 193 1 to 1935. The experience of the workers in this
regard reflects a general decline in job openings in the city
durin,: the latter s years. It is significant that the group for
which these data are presented is probably the most stable of
all workers who have ever been in the radio industry. They entered the labor market before 1Q2b and, alt hough they entered the
radio industry at different intervals, many of them stayed in
the radio industry throughout the depression; other radio workers
would probably have reported many more job changes and shifts.
To a large extent the shifts in employer, occupation, and inr1ustry reported by this special group of radio workers were made
prior to or concurrent with transfer into tlle radio in<iustry.
Evidence of this is revealed in the fact that a higher pr0port ion
of men and women separated from employers in industries other
than radio than from employers in radio, anr1 that, for men, the
frequency of the former type of t'mployer separation was higher
than for women. Job separations for women in the radio industry
appear to represent labor tnrn-over ratlwr than shifts to another
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57
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
industry or occupation. A higher proportion of women than of
men separated from employers in the radio industry one or more
times.
This study of
the occupational characteristics and previous
experience of the labor force of the rartio ind~stry in 1936 has
answered certain questions and failed to answer others. We know
that the 1936 labor supply was composed of a group of young and
relatively mobile workers, recruited from a wide ran 5 e of occupations and industries and from new entrants to tile labor market.
The majority entered the industry recently, and a significant proportion had not been previously employed when they secured jobs
in plants manufacturing radios. Radio workers in 1936 had a great
variety of background experience and were more mobile than many
other groups of workers who were studied in the Philadelphia labor
market. This study would have to be supplemented by studies of
company pay-roll and personnel records before a complete picture
of labor turn-over in the radio industry and the relationship
between the 1936 labor supply and the
labor supply in earlier
years would be available.
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APPENDIX A
TABLES
The sample on which these tables ( excert table
1)
are based
is described in the "Introduction", pp. s-8.
The occupation and industry codes used in classifying the workhistory material are adaptations of Bullet in No. 3, Occupation
Code, and Bulletin No. 4, Industry Code, Works Progress Administration,
National Research Project
in cooperation with
the
Industrial Research Department of the University of Pennsylvania
(mimeo., April 1936). The revisions provided for the identification of additional occupations and ind11stries which have been
subjects of special studies.
For definitions of terms used in tables, see appendix B.
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Cl
Table 1.- INDEX OF PAY ROLLS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF RADIO AND MUSICAL INSTRUMmTS IN THE
PHILADELPHIA FEDERAL RF.sERVE DISTRICT, JANUARY 1926-MAY 1936a
0
(May 1936 = 100)
t--3
Year
::i::
l>:I
Month
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
t"'4
0
>
ti,
January
February
March
109.5
ll6.4
118.3
146.6
139.8
135.5
179.7
176.0
143.4
122.1
140.4
115.5 .
126.l
101.0
90.3
126.7
108. 7
84.3
80.8
82.9
60.1
39.7
47.8
48.2
96.8
81.4
84.3
95.8
88.9
102.9
89.9
84.6
78.0
April
May
June
117.0
113.0
120.7
134.3
1.25.4
126.3
129.1
123.5
147.5
130.5
197.6
201.6
89.l
96.9
100.0
103.1
86.3
78.3
51.5
54.l
63,8
55.4
69.8
62.9
77.6
85.2
86.8
77.1
59.0
68.6
84.1
100.0
113.6
July
August
SeptAmber
133.3
126.3
129.8
138.5
142.3
153.6
181.7
204.0
229.5
261.0
322.4
289.2
153.4
250.1
360.0
84.7
94.6
96.2
64.6
52.4
60,4
60.2
48.3
58.3
91.9
111.4
115.4
67.1
91.0
116.4
100.6
114.8
109.7
October
Novei,,ber
December
176.8
192.0
163.3
145.4
157.6
194.3
234.9
225.5
180.7
264.4
415.4
259.4
151.8
127.6
122.1
70.0
63.0
54.l
51.6
115.5
141.l
134.3
134.1
12?..9
119.6
131.1
162.4
155.5
148.8
106.5
121.6
118.4
124.3
::a
...,
0
l:l::l
(")
0
co
""<DN
0.
CJ
'<
CJ
0
~........
(v
!?':I
...,0
t--3
::c
!?':I
:::t,
>
i:::,
0
z
t::::I
c:::
C/l
a'.lbese data were converted from an index compiled by the Depart"IIM3nt of Research and Statistics, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. Jan. 1926-Nov. 1931 figures (1923-25: 100) were published in A Supplement to
the Business Review {Jan. 1932); and Dec. 1931-Dec. 1936 figures (1923-26 = 100) were obtained from the Deparbllent of Research ahd Statistics, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
'"ii
::a
--<
Table 2.- !MPLOYMENT STATUS IN MAY 1936 BY SEX AND ACE
Men
Women
Age in years
Total
Employment
status
Number Percent
Total
8
in years
Age
Total
16-29
30-44
Number Percent
Number Percent
45 and over
Number
16-29
Percent
45 and over
30-44
Number Percent · Number Percent
Number Percent
Number Percent
420
100.0
1?6
100.0
169
100.0
?5
100.0
265
100.0
211
100.0
51
100.0
3
fl
Employed
Full time
Part time
361
289
?2
86.0
68.8
l?.2
14?
118
29
83.5
6?.0
16.5
151
123
28
89.3
?2.8
16.5
63
48
15
84.0
64.0
20.0
198
l?O
28
?4.?
64.l
10.6
163
141
22
??.3
66.9
10.4
33
2?
6
64.?
52.9
11.8
2
2
0
fl
fl
Unemployed
59
14.0
29
16.5
18
10.?
12
16.0
6?
25.3
48
22.?
18
35.3
l
fl
aExcludes l man who did not report employment status.
1Bsse
>
"ti
"ti
ti.I
too small for calculation.
z
Ct
H
><
,---
Tabla 3.- PLANT OF PRESENT OR IAST JOB IN MAY 1936 BY SF.X AND 1':MPLOYMENT STATUS
--------- ------- -~---- ---------- --- - .
Men and women
Men
------- - -
··-
0
Employed
Total
Plant
co·
~
""
f:j"
~
0
0
~
(v
Total
Plant No. 1 8
Plant No. 2
Plant No. 3
All other
plants
Unemployed
--.-----
Total
---- -
Percent
No.
Percent
686
100.0
560
81.6
53
128
100.0
100.0
100.0
15
432
89
28.3
92.l
69.5
38
3?
39
?l.?
?.9
30.5
2?
293
94
36
100.0
24
66.7
12
33.3
?
469
Em.ploys d
-
No.
(1)
Q_
---
1------
No. Percent No.
----- - - - - - 18.4
421
126
--
8F1ant No. 1 went out of business in June 1936.
1Bsse
Percent
No.
-.
Pere ant
- -
100.0
362
86 .()
100.0
100.0
100.0
10
2?1
74
3? .o
92 .5
?8 .?
-----
'
?
fl
too small for calculation.
Unemployed
"'· r;,;,,,,
SO I
l?
22
20
I
oI
I
"J':. ., "·'fTI-"
Tota.:__
_,
Employed
-1
Unemployed __
1,,,..,,' '"· '"""''
a.o
"' _ 100.0
63.0
7.5
21.3
26
176
34
-
>
Women
100.0
100.0
100.0
5
161
15
29 1 100.0 I 17 I
I
"·'
58.6 I 12 I
41.4
19.2
91.5
44.l
21
15
19
I
P.0.9
8.5
55.9
Q)
....
Table 4.- DURATION OF tJJmlPLOYVEJIT SINCE U.ST JOB FOR THOSE tnmlPLOYED IJf 11A Y 19S6 BY SEX AMl AGE
Age in years
Age in year•
Duntion of
un11111ployment
in months
Q)
l\j
Women
llen
Totol
Total
45 and over
30-44
16-29
46 and over
30-44
16-29
Number I Percent I Number I Percent I Number I Percent I NU11,ber I Percent I Number I Percent I Number I Percent I Nu111ber I Percent I NU11ber I Percent
69
Total
Leos than 3
6
17
10
3- 6
6-11
12-23
24-36
36-47
100.0
29
100.0
18
8.5
28.8
16.9
8.5
6.e
8.5
4
10
13.8
34.6
10.3
l
I
I
I
t±'
5
4
,
:
6
48-59
60 and over
Median dura-
I
------- -
I
6
4
0
l
3
l
2
10.s
10.3
3.6
10.4
l
3
2
11.8
10.2
6
tion•
3
3
3
I
[.:13
100.0
12
5.6
S3.3
22.2
0
l
2
0
l
3
2
16.6
6.6
I
i
3
5.6
II
I
*
-
#
#
#
#
#
67
100.0
48
13
23
9
13
0
4
19.4
34.3
13.4
19.4
10
17
6
9
0
4
j
-
6.('
!
3
11J3
0
l
6.9
I _11.1
,1_ _.,.__ _--.-J.__
-_ _-+-_ _ _..__#
- ___
--+---...L...----+-_ _ __..__
l_ __.,
I -----~------~-------~-8.4
i
7.9
1.0
I
-Wedi11.11s computed from a more detailed break-down.
>-:I
:::,;:
100.0
20.8
35.4
12.5 I
18. ~-
I
18
100.0
l
#
2
6
11.l
33.3
16.6
22.2
l
0
1i
3
I
!
s.,-
I
6.3
~
4
0
l
l
l
i
----- - I
i
I
-
I
I
I
I
5.6
5.6
5.6
I
I
(.
--
0
0
0
0
0
#
7.5
5.~
5.7
I
I
t--<
>
t::d
0
::0
...,
0
::0
(")
t:i;J
0
-·--
#Base too small for caleu.!Ation.
'-.:l
>-:I
::xi
l23
0
::0
ca
a.
;;;;-
---
(1)
0.
0
a(v
Total
Total
.....
z
46 and o..-er
30-44
16-29
46 and o..-er
30-44
16-29
0
Age in year•
Age in year&
Fmployment •~atua
in Sept~mber 1936
t::::I
.....
'ffOl!len
llen
~
0
>
Table 5.- D!FLOYMENT STATUS IN SEPTDIBER 1936 OF llORICERS UNE!IPLOYED Ill IIAY 1911£ BY SEJ: AND AGJ,:
t::::I
c::
U)
Number Percent Number Percent Nlnnber Peroent Ntanber Percent Ntanber Percent Ntanber Percent Number Percent Nwr,ber Percent
Total
0119111ployed
&ployed
By former firm
By e0111e other radio firm
By firm not in radio
industry
+..... too •-11
tor oalou.l&tion.
100.0
l
#
14
rr.6
4
3
l
22.2
16.7
5.5
l
0
0
0
*--
59
100.0
29
100.0
18
100.0
12
#
67
100.0
48
100.0
18
39
20
14
0
66.l
33.9
23.7
16
14
10
0
51.7
48.3
34.6
14
4
77.8
22.2
16.7
10
2
l
0
#
38
29
19
4
66.7
43.3
26.ll
s.o
23
26
16
3
47.9
62.l
33.3
6.3
6.E
1
6
9.0
6
12.6
0
6
-
10.2
4
-
13.8
3
0
1
-
I
#
-
*
-
0
>-:I
::0
>-<
APPENDIX A
63
Table 6.- OCCUPATION OF PRESENT OR LAST JOB :-Y SEX
Women
Men
Occupation
Nunber
p,,r-
1:'"r-
cent
cent
421
100.0
265
100.c
Skilled occupations
Cabine"bnakers
Instrument makers (scientific)
Lathe operators, eng::.ne and turret
Machinists
Milling-machine operators
Millwrights
Tool makers and die setters
Radio repairmen and installation men
Foromen
Carpenters and joiners
Electricians
Plumbers and pipe, gas, and ste~~ fitters
Casters, molders, and foundrymen
Mecha.'lics, other
Sheet-metal workers
Engravers and litho~raphers
Sawyers
118
29.0
.1
0.2
0.2
3
1.1
31:
Semiskilled occupations
Cabinet workers
Finishers
Varnishers and painters (factory)
Veneer workers
Buffers and polisherc (me~al)
Drill-press operators
Filers and grinders (metal)
Punch-press ope;ators and press operators, n.o.s.a
Screw-machine operators
Threading-machine operators
Coil winders, armature winders, coil makers,
condensers, and cable splicers (except
for storage batteries)
Solderers (except for storage batteries)
Welders
Wirers and wire operators
Assemblers
Inspectors and examiners
Testers
Operatives, n.e.c.b
Platers and enamelers
Storage-battery workers
Apprentices to skilled trades
Apprentices and helpers, n.e.c.b
Labelers, pasters and packers
Oilers of machinery
2')1
Total
Unskilled occupations
Handymen
Laborers, manufacturing
Watchmen and guards
Janitors
aN.o.s. means not otherwise specified.
C
1
l
1.9
C.2
J
1
1
0.2
18
li.3
2),
0
('
0
0
0
0
0
5.7
17
1,.1
2
1
1
C.2
.I
7
o.s
1
0.2
2
0.5
1
1
0.2
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0.5
C
0.5
0
57
0.7
0,4
69.2 262
0
13.6
0.2
1.2
1
5
0
0
0
0
2
0.5
1
1
0.2
2.2
0.2
16
3.8
6
1
0.2
0
9
1
0
o.4
1
0
2.3
I
o.4
5
5
1.2
1.2
1.0
53
43
20.0
lb.2
6
Lh
13
6.8
14.o
10.2
86
29
10.9
25
6.o
17
5
3
1.2
1
0.7
0
0
0
4
43
59
32
7.6
1
2
7
0.2
0.2
1.7
h
2
0.5
0
12
2,8
0.2
2,2
0,2
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
9
1
1
o.4
32.5
0.7
6.J.
0.4
bN.e,c, moans not elsewhere classified.
Digitized by
Google
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
64
Table 7 ,- AGE OF WORKERS IN THE RADIO INWSTRY AllD OF ALL KIIPLOYABLE PERSOHS
IN PHILADELPHIA IN MAY 1936
Vlo rke rs in the
radio indu ■ try
Employable
per■ ona
in
all indu■ trie,a
Age in years
Women
Men
Total
16-19
20-24
25-29
~0-34
3E-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
66 and over
Median flge
Men
Women
Percent
Nwnber
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Peroent
421
100,0
265
100,0
55,044
100.0
25,055
100.0
19
69
89
62
51
56
34
20
9
7
6
4,5
16.4
21.1
14,7
12.1
13,3
8.1
4,8
2,1
1,7
1,2
44
104
63
'29
15
7
3
0
0
0
0
16.6
39.3
23.8
10,9
5.7
2,1;
1,1
3,914
7,080
7,014
6,192
6,1;54
fi,371
5,611
4,591
3,180
2,382
2,055
7.l
12,9
12,8
11.2
12,l
11,6
10,2
8.3
5,8
4,3
3,7
3,1172
6,763
3,923
2,728
2,516
2,088
1,519
1,114
665
498
369
15,5
23,0
15,6
10,9
10,0
8.3
6,1
4,4
2,7
2.0
1.5
Number
32,7
-
24,3
37.5
28,7
aGlndys L. Palmer, Recent Trends in :Employment and Unemployment in Fhiladelphia (Works
Progress Administration, National Research Project in cooperation with Industrial Research Department, University of Pennsylvania, Report No.· P-1, Dec. 1937), pp. 50, 55.
Table 8,- b\EDIAN AGE. OF RADIO WORKERS BY SEX A!.D OCCUPATION OF PRESENT OR LAST JOB
Median age in year•
Occupation
All workers
Jkilled occupations
Cahinetmakers
Tool ma',o?rs, ,iie setters, machinists, and skilled. ma.chine
operntors 8
Radio repair men an1 installation man
Forem.gn
Other
Semiskilled occupations
Cabinet workers, finishers, vnrnishers, painters _(factory), and
vonoer workers
Semiskilled machine operators 0
Coil winders, annature winders, coil ma.kere, condensers, and
oable splicer• (exoept for storage batteries)
Solderers (except for storage batteries) and welders
Wirers and wiro operator•
Assemblers
Inspectors and examiners
Testers
Operatives, n.e.o.d
Other"
Unskilled oocupationaf
wua
nomen
32,7
24,3
----
S5,l
40,3
39,l
25,5
29,4
#
31.8
24.3
43,3
36,8
#
If
II#
26,2
29,9
28,3
32,5
34,2
-
24,8
25,9
21,8
25.l
23,2
I
25,6
*
*
-
&Includes scientific instrument makers, m1llwrir;hts, e"l;ine- and turret-lathe operators,
and milling maohinA operatora,
blncludes carpenters, joiners, electricians, plurribers, pipe, ges, and steem fitters,
casters, oolders, foundrymen, other mechanics, sheet roetel workers, engravers, 11thogrephers, end sawyers.
crncludes metal ~uffera an; polishers, drill pr~ss operators, metal filers and grinders,
punch-pre~s operators, press operators, n.o.s., screw mnc'11ne oporo.tora, and threading
machine operators.
dn.e.o. is an abhroviation for 1'not elsewhero clft.ssified."
8
Includes apprent1cea to skilled traJes, ~y~rentices and ~olpers, n.e.c,, la~elers,
pastera, packers, oilers of machinery., platers, enr.molers, storage-rattery workers, and
-r.men as foremen and radio repair men an•l installation m~n.
Includes handymen, manufaoturill{; laborers, watohmen, r,uards, nnd janitors,
Ba ■ e too small for oalculation,
*
Digitized by
Google
9--
Table
NUIIJIJII.
or
YIWIS
or
00.ll'l'IIIUOOS USIDDOI Ill PBI1.ADEIJ'III4 Bt Ill ~D .AOI
Wo■a
11811
Ac• in reara
"@;e in year•
Total
Number of .rear•
Total
16-29
45 Md OTer
30-44
16-29
45 end over
30-44
Number Percent Number Percent !lumber Percent Number Percent !lumber Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
To tel a
100.0
421
Lesa than
5 yr., 6 mo.
5 ;yr., 6 mo, to 10 ;yr., 5 mo,
10 ;yr., 6 mo, to 15 yr., 5 mo,
15 yr., 6 mo. to 20 yr., 5 mo,
20 yr., 0 mo. and over
Since birth
177
3.1
6,4
6.9
8.6
21.6
53.4
13
27
29
36
91
225
100,0
169
100.0
75
2,8
2,8
6.2
5.1
5,7
77,4
g
21
17
18
39
66
4.7
12.4
10.1
10. 7
23.1
39.0
0
5
5
11
9
10
137
"l:xcludes l womnn who did not report number of years of ree1dence,
l
l
9
42
22
100.0
264
100,0
211
100.0
51
6
16
15
2.3
6.0
5.7
1.9
5.3
78,8
6
2.9
4.7
4,7
2,4
2.4
82.9
0
10
10
5
5
l7'i
-
1.3
1.3
12,0
56.0
29.4
1G
208
6
4
0
9
32
100.0
2
11,!!
17.6
0
0
7.g
l
.,-
62.8
0
0
1
-t
#
-
-
>
~
tBa•e too emall for calculation.
"'Cl
t>;I
z
ti
Table 10.- COUNTRY or BIRTH BY Sile AliD AGK
x
-lien
in
Age
!lumber Percent
(I)
0.
u
CJ
0
~........
(\)
Total
Ur.1ted States
Brlt1eh Isle•
Ital,r
Rue6ia8
Others in Z>.trope
Other countries
&Includes Poland,
Women
~e 1n
yearo
45 and over
30-44
Number
Percent
Nwnber
f drcent
Number
Perc ~nt
16-29
Number
Percent
-
-NtL11bttr
Nwober
Percent
51
100.0
3
42
6
0
82, 3
11,8
2
1
0
0
0
0
100.0
177
l:JQ,O
169
100.0
75
100.0
2{,5
100,0
211
301
28
71.5
6,6
15.2
1.2
4.5
1.0
164
5
4
0
92.6
2.8
2. 3
101
12
43
59.8
7,1
25.4
o.6
5.3
1,8
_ 36
48.0
14. 7
22.7
5. 3
8,0
1, 3
241
99-i
o.
0,8
197
10
0
1
3
0
9~-~
l~
---
4
0
2-3
-
fBa•e too small for calculation,
l
9
3
11
17
4
6
l
17
0
2
5
0
1.9
-
45 and -:>ver
Pere.,. 1t
421
5
year ■
30-44
l '.)Q,0
64
>
't'f')t,i\)
16-29
""
'<
Tote.l
Country
0
-
-- ·- · -
--
<D
N
-
.,
-
0.5
1.4
-
l
2
0
-
2.0
3.9
Number
Percent
;
,
~
---
0)
'11
Table 11.- SCHOOL ORADI: COIIPLIL'l'l:D BY SIX
...
--
AJll)
AG::l
.:.=-=-. - _ ..:__-==:----
---
------
45
30-44
1&-29
A,e 1n ;year•
Total
onr
&nd
a,
a,
Women
--
&ge 1n year•
- ---
- - - - - -··
Total
School grade completed
lien
--
..
16-29
45
30-44
and onr
!lumber Percent NU11ber Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent NU11ber Percent
-
Total 8
llo formal •chool1ng
I
11.,.,entar;y echool
!lot graduate
Graduate
B1gh echool
Not graduate
Graduate
College
Not greduate
Graduate and poatgraduate
420
100.0
176
10
2.4
0
132
119
31.4
28,3
97
52
23.1
12,4
8
1.9
0.5
2
man
100,0
75
100.0
262
-
2
1.2
8
10.7
0
18
51
10.2
29.0
81
47.9
29.0
33
19
44,o
49
25-3
64
38
36.4
21.6
24
8
14.2
4.7
9
6
3
2
1.7
1.1
5
0
3.0
0
0
8,6
Median ecbool grade
8hclude• l
169
100.0
9.9
-
-
8.0
.
and 3 women who did not report school grade completed.
100.0
100.0
209
-
0
57
86
21.8
32.8
12.0
8,0
86
33
--
0
0
7.4
100.0
50
3
f
-
0
17
26
34.o
52.0
:x,
0
f
-
38.3
14.3
5
2
10.0
4.o
l
l
--
0
0
--
',
:x,
0
0
-
0
39
6o
18,7
28. 7
32,8
12.6
80
30
--
0
0
8.9
l
8,3
9.2
-f
►
0
"2j
0
0
t:i;I
0
"II
~
=
fBaae too ama.11 !or ca.lculation.
0
:x,
►
N.
....
....
:z:
0
Table 12.- IIARITil STATUS BY SU lND AG:S
<l>
0.
0
~
C")
a-
t""'
t:D
t:i;I
(Q
;=;.·
0
~
=
t:i;I
lien
llari tal •tatu•
11011911
ige in year•
Total
3cµi4
1&-29
Dumber Percent
(v
Total
Single
llarried
Widowed and divorced
!lumber Percent
421
100.0
177
138
272
32,8
106
70
11
fllaH too -11 tor calc,,uation,
91.6
2.6
l
Number Percent
45
-and over
Number P,•1·ceI1t
100,0
169
100.0
75
100.0
59,9
39.5
o,6
26
13~
15,4
82.2
2,4
6
63
6
8,0
s4,o
8,0
1&-29
Number Percent
265
li~
28
0
c=
At.• in ;year•
Total
30-44
!lumber Percent
100.0
211
100.0
57,7
31. 7
10.6
144
54
13
25,6
Number Percent
Cl)
45 and onr
Number Percent
51
100.0
3
f
68.3
8
~
15.7
56.~
27,
l
l
f
6.1
l
f
f
~
::ti
--<
Table 13.- YF.AR OF BEGINNING Ela'LOYM!NT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY BY SEX ARD AGE
Men
Women
Age in years
Year
Total
·
Numtie r
-- ----- - -
Total
Before 1926
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
0
C")
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
0
January-May 1936
(0
;=;.·
N
(l)
a.
SI
a( i)
- --
---
Percent
- ·- -
16
13
35
81
41
100,('
---5.2
3.8
3.1
8.3
19.3
9.7
25
29
87
27
37
8
5.9
6.9
20. 7
6.4
8.8
1.9
421
,,,.,....:_,
Age in years
Total
45 and
16-29
30-44
over
- - - - ----·
--- ~--- - - p-~r- Num- Per- N"Jm- PerNum- Perbe r
cent be r
cent
cent ber
cent her
. - . --·-- ~- - ·- ~---- - -- - - -- -- -- -- -- ---·
177 100.(: 169 100.0 75 lOC .C' 265 100.c
..
- - -- -- ... -- - - --- ··--- - .
....
9
l.l
5.3 11
14.6 11
4.2
4,7
8
3
l. 7
3,0
5
8
6.7
1.7
5
3
3.0
5
6.7
8
3.0
12
7
9.5
6,(l I 16
9.3 24
9.0
21
23.l 21
28.0 19
7.2
11.9 I 39
19
10 . 7 17
10.l
5
6.7 30
11.3
~~--r
L,
10
15
43
17
28
4
5.6
8.5
24.3
9.6
15.8
2.3
10
10
.35
9
7
4
5.9
5.9
20.7
5.3
4.1
2.4
5
6.7
4
r,.3
9
l
2
0
12.0
l.3
2,7
-
19
l~
46
27
54
4
7.2
5,7
17.3
10.2
20.4
1.5
16-29
- - >-
:30-44
45 and
over
---
•
Per- Num- Per- Num- PerbP-r
cent ber
cent tier cent
. ..
- - . . - - - ·- - . -- - ~
-- ---- 211 100.~ :l 100.0
3
ii
-- ... ---------·· -- 1-·
5
11.8
2.4
6
0
l.4
5
9.8
3
0
3
7.8
l
l.4
4
I
19
4
7.8
1
9.0
II
13
6.2
6
11.e
0
(J
24
11.4
6
11.8
Num-
14
12
39
25
52
2
6.6
5.7
18.5
ll.8
24.7
0.9
5
2
7
2
2
2
9.8
3.9
13.8
3.9
3.9
3.9
0
l
0
0
0
0
►
,i:,
,i:,
t'0
:z:
0
I><
►
II
-
-
#Base too small for calculation.
a,
-J
fable 14.- IllDUSTRiil GROUP OJ' u.sr JOB PRECEDING BMPLOTllEICT Ill Tllil .RADIO IHDUsr.RY BY SiOC AllD AG&
CJ)
IX'
Women
lien
6.ge in :,eare
Industrial iroup
Total
!lumber Percent
Totala
0
co·
""
f:j"
(1)
0.
~
0
0
~
(v
Manufacturing
Food product•
Textile and clothing
Metal product•
Lumber and timber product•
Leather products
.Rubber products
Paper and printing
Chemicals
Tobacco product•
Stone, clay, and glass product•
!lachiner:, (including electrical machinery and apparatue)
llueical instMll!l~nts
Tranaportation equipment
Other manufacturing
Building and construction
'lrnoleeale and retail trade
Public utilities
Government agencies
Insurance, !inance, and business and professional o!fice ■
Inetitut1one
Service industries
lliecsllaneous induatrie ■
!lo previoue Job
"xxcludee 1 man who did not report industry o! last Job.
420
262
g
34
17
30
3
0
10
6
100.0
62.4
1.9
8,1
4,0
7,1
0.7
-
16-29
30-44
Number
Number
Number
177
168
70
4
13
5
6
2
0
5
32
2,4
1,4
0.2
0.5
12.9
12,2
8,6
2,4
5.5
6.o
3.3
1,2
0.2
0,2
1.0
7.6
0
1
16
4
6
5
6
14
9
3
0
0
2
20
53
12.6
53
l
2
54
51
36
10
23
:a
5
1
1
4
Age
45 and
over
l
!lumber
16-29
30-44
Percent
Number
NU!Dber
100.0
211
51
----124
4
13
g
16
1
0
3
5
1
75
265
68_
0
8
125
11
70
2
0
4
24
28
16
4
14
9
5.
2
1
1
2
10
8
0
0
2
0
0
0
14
19
12
1
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
l
'
in :,ear•
'fote.l
47.1
4. l
26.4
0,8
45
and
over
Number
9
3.8
3.4
1
2
1
0
26
1
1
6
2
6
5
2
0
2
1
0
0
0
1
3
81
30.6
so
l
0
l
o,4
0
7
2.0
5
1.9
1,1
3
0
1a
4
3
0
29
2
l
6
2
10
-
5,7
1,5
1.5
1,1
-
10,9
O,!!
o.4
2.2
O,!!
!!
tz;)
t""'
>
tx:I
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
l
1
82
9
47
2
0
0
0
7
4
1
0
t-3
::tl
43
2
23
0
0
l
0
0
1
2
0
7
'
2
I
I
0
:::0
'%j
0
:::0
(')
tz;)
0
'%j
t-3
::tl
tz;)
:::0
>
t::;I
1-1
0
1-1
z
t::;I
c::::
Cl)
t-3
:::0
>-<
Table 15.- recUPATICfiAL GROUP OF LAS1' JOB ~EDING FJ4PLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INOOSTRY BY SEX AND AGE
-·
Men
----
-- -- -
- · - -·
Women
-- -
Age in yeera
Age in years
Occupational group
Total
Number
-- -----Total
0
(Q
a.·
N
<l>
0.
~
C"')
0
a(v
Skilled end semiskilled occupations in
manufacturing end mechanical
industries
Building end construction
Metal products, machinery, end electrical goods
Printing and publishing
Textile end clothing
Other
Unskilled labor
Clerical work
Transportation end trade pursuits
Domestic end personal senice
Executive, proressionel, and semiprofessionel occupations
Public sen1ce
All other occupations
No previous job
Percent
·-
-
421
100.0
---·-
16-29
30-U
45 and
Number
Number
Number
oTer
Number
- -- -
---
16-29
30-44
45 and
Number
NUC1ber
---- --
Total
Percent
over
Number
. - - -- - -
--- -
177
-
169
71
138
39
75
265
100.0
· - -· -- - -----
211
51
--
- ----
3
►
"t:I
280
60
;
:
66.5
14.3
88
6
25
101
10
28
25
15
20.9
1.4
5.9
24,0
2.4
6.7
5.9
3.6
9
l
2.1
0.2
0
-
53
12.6
?
21
6
10
27
0
l
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
81
0
8
47
6
8
9
4
4
3
1
0
4
I
23
0
7
27
0
116
0
12
0
5b
49
1
29
18
20
44
19
16
10
53
71
14
I
I
l
43.8
-
4.5
-
20.8
H:.5
(' .4
10.9
6.8
7.5
-
30.6
74
0
42
0
0
(;
~
z
t:l
8
0
34
32
1
25
16
lb
4
0
21
17
0
C
4
('
l
3
0
C
0
►
()
I
l
2
0
0
0
0
0
80
1
0
0
0
X
0
0
C7>
(C
Table 16.• GRADE OF SIILL OF PRESEIIT OR LAST JOB COMPARED Wl:'111 GRADE OF SKILL OF LAST JOB PRECEDING EllPLOYllENT
Ill Tl!E RADIO INDUSTRY, BY SKY AND AGE.4
~
Same
Higher
Lower
Not oomparablec
Total
Total
Percent
45 and over
30-44
16-29
Number
Totalb
Age in years
Age in years
Relative grade of
ekill of present
or last job
0
Women
Men
Number Percent
Number Percont
30-44
46 fllld over
Number Percent
Number Percent
16-29
Nwnber Percent
NU11lber
Peroont
Number Percant
t,r;J
368
100.0
124
100,0
169
100.0
75
100.0
184
100,0
131
100.0
60
100,0
3
#
226
18
57
67
61,4
4,9
15,5
18,2
62
6
14
42
50,0
4,8
106
77,4
1,3
17,3
4,0
59,2
1,6
6,0
33,2
75
3
3
50
57,2
2,3
2,3
38.2
34
0
68,0
30
22
58
1
13
3
109
11,3
62,7
6,5
17,8
13,0
0
0
0
3
-
11
33,9
➔
::i:i
3
11
61
16,0
8
8
16,0
-
#
•A refinement of the Occupation Code, based on Alba M, Edwards' eocioecon01r.ic classification for Census occupational returns, was used in detel'l!lining
grade of •kill, "A Social-Economic Grouping of the Gainful Workers of the United Ste.tea," Journal oft.he American Statistical Aeoociation, XXVIII,
!lo, 184 (Dec, 1933), 377-87.
bExcludes 53 men and 81 women whose first fllld only job was in the radio industry,
Cincludes fonner nonproduction oocup~tions in the following socioeconomic groups: clerical and kindred; danestic and personal service; professional
and semiprofessional; and proprietors, managers, and offiolele,
#Base too small for calculation.
t'"'
>
t:ct
0
:;:t:I
~
0
:;:t:I
(")
I;,;!
0
~
➔
::>:I
I;,;!
:;:t:I
►
Table 17,- OCCUPATION OF PRF.SENT OR LAST JOR COMPARED WITH OCCU~ATION OF UST JOR PRECEDING EMPI.OYMEN'l'
IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY, DY SEX AND AGE
C,
.....
0
0
<D
N
""
.....
Women
Men
z
(1)
Q_
'<
Oooupation
CJ
(\)
Total
Total
30-44
16-29
0
~........
Age in years
Age in years
er
C,
16-29
45 and over
30-44
c:::
46 fllld over
Number Percent Number Percent Number Per cant Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Total a
368
100.0
124
100.0
169
100.0
75
100.0
12
172
Same aa preradio
122
33,2
16
12.9
69
40,8
37
49,3
Different from preradio
246
66,8
108
87,l
100
59,2
38
50,7
184
#
131
100.0
50
100.0
3
6.6
6
3.8
7
14,0
0
-
93,5
126
96,2
43
86,0
3
I
100.0
•Exoludea 53 men and 81 women whose fir•t job we.a in the radio industry,· 'il'saae too small for oaloulation,
en
➔
:;:t:I
o-<
Table 18.- GRADE OF SKILL OF .PRESJ!ffl' OR LAST JOB COMPARED WITH GRAD!! OF SKILL OF LAST J'OB FRECl!:DINO l!Ml".LODmNT IN
THE RADIO INDUSTRY BY SEX, AGE, AND TIME OF BEGINNING EMPLOYKml' IN THE RADIO INDUS"mY8
Men
Relative grade
of skill of
present or
last job
Women
Age in years
Age in years
Total
Total
16-29
30-44
45 and O'Yer
16-29
45 and over
30-44
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
Workers entering radio prior to or in 1930
Totalb
Same
Higher
Lower
Not compe.rablec
192
100.0
44
100.0
94
100.0
54
100.0
80
100.0
48
100.0
30
100.0
2
135
11
24
70.3
5.7
12.5
24
3
5
54.5
6.8
ll.4
68
7
9
72.4
7.4
9.6
43
1
79.6
1.9
18.!:-
56
1
5
70.0
1.3
6.2
33
1
3
68.7
2.1
6.3
23
0
2
76.6
0
0
0
22
11.5
12
27.3
10
lG.6
10
0
-
18
22.5
11
22.9
5
-
6.7
16.7
2
100.0
100.0
0
co·
""
f:j"
(1)
0.
~
0
0
~
(v
Same
Higher
Lower
Not compareblec
l:,;I
z
ti
.....
I><
Workers entering radio in 1931-36
rotald
►
"'Cl
"d
>
176
100.0
80
100.0
75
100.0
21
100.0
104
100.0
83
100.0
2C
100.0
l
91
7
33
51.7
4.0
18.7
38
47.5
3.8
11.2
38
15
0
14.3
53
2
6
51.0
l.9
5.8
42
2
0
50.6
2.4
3
-
-
11
0
6
55.0
4
21
50.7
5.3
28.0
71.4
3
9
30.0
0
0
0
45
25.6
30
37.5
12
16.0
3
14.3
43
41.3
39
47.0
3
15.0
1
-
100.0
-
-100.0
aA refinement; of the Occupation Code, bas-:,d on Alba M. F.dwards' socioeconomic classification for Census occupational returns, \HS
used in determining grade of skill. "A Social-Econoffiic Grouping of the Gainful Workers of the United States," Journal of the
American Statistical Association, XXVIII, No. 184 (Dec. 1933), 377-87.
bEJ:cludes 16 men and 20 women whose first job was in the radio industry.
Cincludes former nonproduction occupations in the following socioeconomic groups: clerical and kindred; dorne~tic and personal
service; professional and semiprofessional; and proprietors, managers, and officials.
dExcludes 37 men and 61 women whose first job was in the radio industry.
---1
~
Table 19.- INDUSTRIAL GROUP OF LONGEST
Joe•
Men
Age
Total b
Manufacturinf.
Food product•
Textlle and clothing
M<'tal products
Lumber and timber product•
Leather products
Rubber products
Pa.per end printing
0
""
f:j"
(1)
0.
~
0
0
~
(v
Age in years
in years
16-29
30-44
45 and
~
Total
over
16-29
30-44
45 and
::r:l
over
l:,;I
Number
Nur.iber
Percent
Number
Number
Number
Number
Percent
Number
Number
287
100.0
78
152
67
115
100.0
68
46
200
3
34
23
32
67.4
1.0
11.5
7.7
10.8
1.3
46
2
14
4
0
l
0
2
0
1.7
3
3
2
0
::,
3
l
2
17
13
12
6
0
0
7
12
8
l
0
6
0
l
6
14
3
0
5
6
3
11
8
3
3
l
0
0
8
2
2
0
0
l
7
34
26
23
8
23
19
16
9
4
l
l
24
6.4
3.0
1.4
0.3
0.3
8.1
l
0
l
0
23
2
0
-
6
l
0
0
6
0.1
1.0
11.5
8.8
7.7
2.7
7,7
6.4
0
3
45.3
2.6
2
3
0
0
62
3
28
2
2,7
0
0
0
()
44
4.3
0
Stone, clay, and glass products
0
2
69.6
6
0
8
0
1
10
1
l
0
9
4
aror definition of longest job, see appendix B, P• 99.
bExcludes 1 man whose industry of longeat job we.s unknown but which could not poaoibly have been radio.
6
5.2
l
l
G.9
0,9
-
5,2
-
2
4
0
0
0
l
l
2
20
17.4
3
2.6
0
16
l
0
0
6
2
l
0
2
0
3
l
3
3
0
l
2
4
5
0.9
2.6
-
0,9
1.7
3.5
4.3
~
',;I
0
80
0
7
7
-
►
t:d
0
2
0
2
0
49
3
2
t"""
34
2
22
l
0
0
106
l
13
15
l
0
2
4
ChemicBls
Tobncco products
Mocoinery (including electrical machinery end apparatus)
Musical instrument•
Transportation equipment
Other manufacturing
Building and conatruntion
Wholesale end retail trade
Public utilities
Govermnent agencies
Insurance, finance, and business and profeesional offices
Ina ti tutions
Service industries
Mio cell aneous indu strie•
~
Women
Total
Industrial group
co·
-.J
FOR WORKERS WHOSE LONGEST JOB WAS NOT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY, BY SEX AND AGE
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
~
0
t>=J
'-.:I
~
::r:l
l:,;I
~
►
C,
.....
0
.....
z
C,
c::::
CIJ
~
~
>-<
Table 20.- OCCUPATIONAL GROUP OF LONGEST JOBa FOR WORIERS WHOSE LO?«iEST JOB WAS NOT IN THI!: RADIO INDUSTRY, BY SEX AND AGE
Men
Women
Age in yea.rs
Age in yea.rs
Occupational group
Total b
0
co·
""
f:j"
(1)
0.
~
0
0
~
(v
Skilled and semiskilled occupations in
manufacturing and mechanical
industries
Building and construction
Metal products, machinery, and
electrical goods
Printing and publishing
Textile and clothing
other
Unskilled labor
Clerical 1fork
Transportation and trade pursuits
Domestic and personal service
Executive, professional, and semiprofessional occupations
Public service
All other occupations
Total
16-29
50-44
46 and
over
Total
.
16-29
:S0-44
45 and
over
Number
Number
Percent
Number
Number
Number
Number
Per-:-ent
Number
Number
297
100.0
78
162
67
116
100,0
68
46
2
220
47
74,l
15.8
49
6
116
30
66
11
7S
0
08,7
43
0
:14
0
2
63
1
26
83
16
26
16
7
21.2
0,3
8,8
28.0
6,4
8
36
0
7
43
20
0
6
19
5
3
2,6
0,9
40,9
24 .3
1
2
0
21
7
5
0
2,3
1.7
>
a.a
5,4
2,3
-
l
13
21
2
13
7
4
12
8
2
2
1
0
3
3
0
9
-
l
47
28
-
l
16
1
l
10
10
2
1
0
0
0
0
I
-
13,9
8.7
8,7
-
l
24
17
0
10
9
6
0
0
0
i
I
I
0
I!
0
0
l:
11
0
0
6
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
"ti
"'tS
t:<;
z
C'
......
~
>
aFor definition of longest job, see appendix B, P• 99.
bExcludes 1 man whose industry of longest job was unknown but which could not possibly have been radio.
...:,
~
Table 21.- LENGTH OF SERVICE ON LONGEST JOB
8
BY SEX ANL AGE
Men
Age in years
Length of
service in
years
Total
I Number
Totalb
Less than l
l-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20 and over
Median length
--;0-4_;_ -
16-29
I
I Percent
[
~
;;-:d over
Tote.l
-i--
Age in yeere
~
---~6-29-
30-44
- ~;-;;nd over
L
.
µ•re••'_
l~o~o l--~-
...,.. '""'"' ,_;;:;:~;;;re.;;, '='•· ~";"' ,~,.. r;;,;;;,; '~"C I;;,;;;;
Percent
Number
420
100.0
177
100.()
168
100.0
39
189
122
48
9
13
9.3
45.0
29.l
11.4
2.1
3.1
35
118
24
0
0
0
19.8
66.7
13.5
4
65
69
26
3
l
2.4
38.7
41.0
15.5
l.8
0.6
-~---j--~~~
255
0
i
63
6
I
8.0
169
29J
38.7
31
22
29.3
2
6
8.0
0
-~2
___}_6_:~ _ _ 0
2.8
4.6
..,.-.:,
W01D.en
__1_00:_o
23.8j
63.8
11.7
0.7
_
_
2.1 ____
8
;-21!__
61
136
13
1
0
0
j
100.0
___ :~
I
28.9
64.4
6.2
0.5
_
2
31
17
l
0
•
I
__2.3 ____ _J
#__
___
I
e
I
I
0
2
l
0
__ _()_ ---~ _
0
J'
_____ 4.1
3.9
60.8
33.3
2.0
_
I
1
#
#
t""'
:,,.
to
0
::0
'"%j
0
t::c:I
bExcludes l men who did not report length of service on longest job.
/IFor definition of longest job, fee ap~m1d.ix E, ?• 99.
· Bese too smell for cRlculetion.
:::0
0
::0
II
____
~
t::c:I
0
'"%j
~
:::0
Table 22 .- NUMBER 0F YEARS EMFLOYEIJ AT USUAL OCCUPATICN BY SEX AND AGE
-------- - - - - - - - - - -
0
co·
Number of years
""
f:j"
(1)
Q_
0
~
(v
Total 8
Less than 4 yr., 6 r.10.
4 yr., 6 mo. to 9 yr., ~ mo.
9 yr., 6, mo. to 14 yr., 5 mo.
14 yr., 6 mo. to 19 yr., 5 mo.
19 yr., 6 mo. to 24 yr., o mo.
24 yr., 6 mo. anrl over
Median number of years
1
421-, l')O.C
159
110
65
38
24
25
l
i
1
----
-
37.8
26.l
15.5
9.0
5.7
5.9
6.9
--------·--
• 177
100.,()
Total
125
?0.6
48
3
27.l
l.7
l
0.6
0
-~_l
3,3
29
50
48
25
14
3
[ _____
t
17.l
29.6
28.4
14.8
8.3
l.8
10.l
75
100.0
No. I Percent
No.
264 I 100.0
210
5 I
6.7
1971
74.6
12 u 6 . 0
61
23.l
14
18.7
4
l.5
12
16.0
l
0.4
10
13.3
0
22
29.3
l
0.4
-- - - --- ---17.4
3.1
eExcludes 1 wanen who did not report number of years employed et her uaual occupation.
172
36
2
0
0
0
No.
~-~~
81.9
23
17 .1
1,0
-
2.8
#aase too smell for ce.lculetion.
......
45 and over
30-44
I Percent I
:,,.
0
Age in years
16-29
100.0
:,t:,
Women
~••_s_____
3:;:e~~+-~:: ~ ; : : : :
~
0
.. f ~:~:~···.••:. '"
[i~.J-;e~~:t~~ ~:: :e~
r
t::c:I
24
2
1
0
l
I Percent I No. I
Percent
l?~
45.l
2
47.0
l
3.9
0
2.0
0
0
2.0
0
-
5.1
#
0
......
:z:
0
c:::
#
C/l
#
#
::0
~
>-<
Table 23.- EMPLOYMENT STATUS BY MONTHS, 1926-35, OF 118 MEN WHO IN MAY 1936 WERE ATTACR!:D TO 'Im: RADIO
INDUSTRY IN SKILLED OCCUPATIONs8
llcmth
A
B
C
D
A
1926
January
February
March
April
Mey
June
July
August
September
October
Novel!ber
December
4
5
5
5
5
5
9
9
9
9
9
9
81
77
78
78
78
82
81
81
84
83
84
84
0
co·
""
f:j"
(1)
Q_
~
0
0
~
(v
48
43
6
10
9
9
9
5
3
3
l
2
l
l
27
26
26
26
26
26
25
25
24
24
24
24
----- - -- -
March
43
April
Mey
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
8
A denotes
42
43
47
51
50
55
55
56
53
38
39
38
38
37
36
35
35
35
31
32
31
D
A
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
82
79
79
80
79
83
83
82
81
80
80
81
22
26
26
27
27
25
23
24
20
23
21
24
10
10
11
11
11
10
9
9
8
9
9
10
32
30
3C
29
26
29
24
24
21
19
18
18
A
D
3
24
11
6
6
6
7
3
3
3
23
23
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
11
11
12
12
12
18
19
80
81
79
79
80
81
76
74
76
76
75
72
D
C
B
1928
A
B
1929
5
22
4
6
5
4
22
22
22
22
21
20
20
21
21
21
20
4
4
5
3
3
4
27
27
27
28
29
28
36
40
41
41
44
43
61
62
60
61
60
62
53
5
~'
4
18
18
18
19
7
- -- - ~ - - - ~ - - ~ - - - 1 - - - - --
~4
55
~,4
49
48
10
11
13
10
---- -----
1933
31
33
33
34
35
34
33
30
28
30
31
32
9
8
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
54
56
56
55
63
6:'
69
78
85
89
89
85
16
15
15
16
16
19
19
16
14
15
16
16
41
41
42
42
34
29
~6
19
15
11
11
15
10
12
8
8
41
38
40
40
41
41
45
49
49
48
49
48
48
50
49
46
46
44
14
16
15
15
12
13
13
11
13
15
15
15
15
15
15
14
12
12
"ti
9
10
12
14
15
15
50
50
50
43
42
42
113
15
16
12
11
10
....
--
---------
1934
7
6
5
5
I
:'-
5
4
5
4
3
2
2
I
8~
75
79
?G
7P
81
67
89
95
97
9G
97 ___
1(
17
16
lP
15
16
15
15
13
12
12
12
I
!
1
D
20
18
18
19
19
18
17
16
14
lC
l
C
1930
l
----- - --- - -~--1·----- - - - r---t----n
4
1932
46
47
47
47
49
48
54
57
62
62
52
61
C
B
1927
1931
Jenuery
February
C
B
18
24
21
~2
23
18
14
2
92
2
87
2 I Re
2 I 90
I 2 1 90
3
93
I 2 I 99
2102
l
107
1
109
2
110
-~-- 110
lu
I 9
I 8
_j_
8
7
I
"employed in the radio industry"; B, "employed in other industries"; C, "unemployed"; D, "not seeking work,"
"'O
tz:I
z
0
I><
1935
12
12
12
11
11
10
7
7
G
4
4
4
>
>
13
17
18
16
17
15
12
9
l
2
2
l
-
4
3
3
1
1
ili~l
-.:,
01
Table 24.- :Dil'LOYl4ENT SI'ATUS BY MONTHS, 1926-35, 01 303 MEN WHO IN MAT 1936 WJ:RI ATl'ACHEil TO THE RADIO
INDUSI'RT IN SEMISKILLED AND UNSKILLED OCCUPATIONs8Month
...
C
B
D
...
1926
C
B
D
A
C
B
D
A
1928
1927
C
B
D
A
1929
"'1
0)
B
C
D
>-:3
1930
:::xi
tz:I
January
l'ebruary
March
April
Mey
June
July
A.uguet
September
October
November
December
12
12
13
15
16
19
22
22
22
25
25
21
177
170
169
165
I 110
177
176
179
180
176
176
175
18
25
23
26
22
15
18
17
15
16
17
22
96
96
98
97
95
92
87
85
86
86
85
85
20
21
22
26
28
30
29
28
30
30
29
28
1931
0
co·
""
f:j"
(1)
0.
~
0
0
~
(v
JanUB.ry
J'ebr=ry
March
lo4
92
88
April
94
Wq
94
June
102
July
119
August
121
September 127
October
121
November
121
December
116
8A
I'
27
33
33
26
28
18
15
13
173
166
166
170
166
176
182
185
186
190
190
192
9
6
8
9
83
83
82
81
81
79
77
77
78
77
76
74
27
27
27
32
34
ai
51
~a
54
52
1932
15
19
25
21
22
20
17
188
184
178
177
174
176
168
166
167
164
166
163
18
15
20
18
23
73
73
73
73
73
71
69
68
68
65
65
65
67
64
64
63
-~97
97
96
§G
94
132
137
130
131
128
129
125
128
126
121
119
116
4o
4o
46
46
44
43
29
27
30
36
a~
64
62
63
63
62
57
52
51
51
51
51
51
88
71
73
76
83
85
91
10a
11
114
111
108
47
68
66
70
67
70
6a
a9
49
56
61
51
a~50
a~47
46
44
43
43
43
t-'
>
tx:I
0
::0
'2j
0
::0
0
t,;J
0
',;:I
>-:3
:::xi
tr;!
19;5
1934
1933
117
114
115
107
103
100
100
98
96
97
93
91
::0
83
82
84
85
81
82
74
73
71
72
72
69
75
88
90
83
88
79
71
69
64
69
69
78
41
41
41
41
4o
4o
ag
41
41
41
4o
99
95
94
96
97
99
116
121
121
126
126
124
65
62
63
63
63
61
56
52
52
51
50
50
100
107
107
104
103
107
94
93
92
88
90
92
39
39
ag
4o
36
37
37
38
38
37
37
123
120
121
118
127
127
149
172
193
202
202
196
47
46
47
45
4o
36
31
32
28
24
24
23
97
103
103
108
104
110
97
75
62
59
6o
67
36
34
32
32
32
30
26
24
20
18
17
17
187
172
172
178
181
192
211
21?
22
226
225
219
22
21
19
17
16
16
ia
13
12
12
12
77
95
96
92
91
82
66
59
56
55
56
62
17
15
16
16
15
13
11
11
10
10
10
10
217
203
208
208
211
216
2a8
29
261
258
10
9
9
10
11
7
4
4
3
2
~~
l
2
denotes •employed in the radio industry•; B, •employed in other industries•; C, •unemployed•; D, •not seeking ~ork.•
66
82
77
76
72
73
aa
ar
4o
50
10
9
9
9
9
7
6
6
2
2
3
3
>
t:,
.....
0
.....
z
t:,
c::::
en
>-:3
::0
>-<
Table 25,- EHPLOYMEWT STATUS BY MOlft'HS, 1926-35, OF 266 WOMEN WHO IN IIAY 1936 WERE ATTACHED TO THE RADIO
INDUSTRY IN SEMISKILLED OCCUPATIONS•
ldonth
A
C
B
D
A
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
12
15
16
13
12
52
53
53
51
47
51
56
57
57
55
59
56
9
9
9
12
13
15
12
12
11
12
11
15
C
D
A
195
194
193
192
195
189
186
184
182
182
182
182
12
12
13
13
16
17
21
20
21
21
18
19
66
55
55
54
56
58
60
60
59
57
58
55
16
17
17
18
14
11
11
12
11
12
16
16
C
B
D
A
1928
1927
1926
January
Pebruary
March
l\pril
llay
June
July
l\ugust
SeptemboJr
::>ctober
~ovomber
December
B
182
181
180
180
179
179
173
173
174
175
174
176
19
19
22
20
23
28
35
38
38
36
34
31
67
66
58
62
62
63
58
57
60
59
60
61
16
16
13
14
13
15
19
19
18
21
21
21
B
C
D
A
B
1929
174
174
172
169
167
159
153
151
149
149
160
152
33
32
35
37
42
44
49
49
50
50
45
43
67
69
56
53
52
52
51
52
53
52
52
51
C
D
1930
23
23
23
23
23
20
25
24
22
22
26
28
162
161
151
152
148
149
140
140
140
141
142
143
40
38
40
38
42
47
52
56
66
67
63
57
50
49
52
54
60
60
51
47
43
40
39
36
33
36
32
34
33
;51
34
34
31
34
40
48
142
142
141
139
140
137
128
128
125
124
123
125
>
"'ti
"'ti
t::Q
z
....
t:,
><;
19.31
0
<D
N
""
(I)
0.
u
'<
CJ
0
~........
(\)
1932
1933
1934
1936
64
87
34
30
79
66
108
82
56
55
31
65
69
22
124
January
54
156
102
32
10
35
124
66
32
54
90
84
63
28
20
66
59
147
101
81
50
76
f'ebruary
107
31
11
57
85
39
83
28
69
15
70
124
147
100
82
31
53
55
30
75
13
114
14arch
65
69
36
88
69
27
101
81
32
53
61
76
18
73
69
120
l\prll
119
52
162
29
11
77
20
124
54
63
33
68
78
25
70
82
42
100
157
35
81
68
30
8
120
14ay
87
75
40
66
49
30
79
64
82
24
7
43
97
165
70
26
67
23
112
June
129
106
144
87
44
66
37
62
78
28
82
68
88
24
20
94
178
43
22
68
7
July
87
87
38
63
83
28
23
106
luguat
152
39
61
39
59
63
21
122
194
14
62
6
38
63
86
30
88
131
101
Soptember
84
40
611
36
66
60
159
213
10
20
38
20
4
36
80
35
85
101
~ctober
83
48
58
62
36
51
7
20
16
136
161
216
53
4 138
36
64
54
77
37
81
43
2
101
fovember
83
51
56
34
7
54
22
18
133
169
213
75
102
75
34
33
64
32
69
8
60
16
December
83
60
199 -~J51,
68
24
119
156
------ - - -- ----- ---3 women
aA dGnot"a "employed in the radio industry"; B, "employed in other industries"; C, "unemployed"; D, "not seelting work."
whoae occupations are classed RB skilled (aee table 6) are included.
>
-..J
-..J
Table 26.- NUIIBER OF MONTHS EMPLOYED IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY, 1926-36, BY SEI AND AGE
--
Men
Number of months
Women
Age in years
Total
Total
None
0
8
1-12
13-24
26-36
37-48
49-60
61-72
73-84
86-96
97-108
109-120
f:j"
(1)
0.
~
0
0
~
(v
Median number of
months
Total
Those reporting
1 and more
months
30-44
No. Percent
No. Percent
No. Percent
100.0
177
100.0
169
100.0
76
9
51
64
86
49
2.1
12.1
16.2
20.4
ll.7
8.1
10.5
9.7
6.9
1.7
2.6
4
36
30
45
19
2.3
19.e
17.0
26.4
10.7
6.2
8.6
5.6
3.4
1.1
5
11
28
31
17
18
22
18
3.0
6.5
16.6
18.3
10.1
10.6
13.0
10.6
6.6
1.2
0
6
6
10
13
6
7
13
8
3
3.6
6
34
44
41
26
7
11
1-3
11
16
10
6
2
0
-
11
2
6
::c:
46 and over
421
co·
""
Age in years
Total
16-29
No. Percent
-.J
Q)
--- --------
100.0
-
6.7
8.o
13.3
17.3
6.7
9.3
17.3
10.7
4.0
6.7
16-29
No. Percent
No. Percent
30-44
46 and over
No. Percent
No. Percent
266
100.0
211
100.0
61
100.0
3
#
4
71
1.5
26.8
16.1
21.1
12.1
7.6
6.3
6.0
2.3
1.1
1.1
2
63
34
48
23
14
O.!?
2
29.9
16.1
22.8
10.9
6.6
6.2
8
4
3.9
15.7
7.8
15.7
17.7
11.8
5.9
13.7
3.9
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
-
40
66
32
20
14
16
6
3
3
11
9
4
2
4.3
1.9
0.9
0.6
l
t:i;J
t""'
ll
9
6
3
7
2
0
2
3.9
*---
*
>
t:o
0
::cl
',;l
0
::cl
0
t:i;J
0
',;l
1-3
=
t:i;J
::cl
►
t:,
~
0
~
37.2
38.3
30.3
30.9
44.l
45.8
z
68.6
68.6
28 .9
29.3
26.8
27.0
42.3
43.7
*
*
&Includes 8 men who did not begin employment in the radio industry until 1936 (table 13) and l man who 1110rked in the industry
in 1926 and 1936 but not during the period 1926-36.
f'aase too small for calculation.
t:,
c::
Cl)
1-3
::cl
>-<
Table 27. - NUMBER OF MON'mS EMPLOYED IN INDUSTRIES OTHER 'mAN RADIO,
1926-35, BY SEX AND AGE
Men
women
t--------,----------------------------,f---------~~---------------------Af!.e in years
Humber or months
Total
16-29
- - - ---
Total
None
1-12
13-24
25-36
3?-48
49-60
61-72
7:3-84
85-96
97-108
109-120
0
co·
""
f:j"
(1)
0.
~
0
0
~
(v
Median number of
months
Total
Those reporting
1 and more
months
Af!.e in years
Total
30-44
45 and over
16-29
30-44
45 oncl over
No. IPercent I No. !Percent I No .1 Percent I No. I Percent I No .1 Percent I No. I Percent I No. I Percent I No .1 Percent
------+---+ ------+----+-----4211 100.0 I 17?1100.0 I 1691 100.0
751 100.0
2651 100.0 I 2111 100.0
511 100.0
3
fl
f-------t-----+-----+-------+--1--- -------+ . ~----14.7
47
62
26.6
6
9
3.6
12.0
40
41
71
50
49
3?
25
31
10
9.5
9.7
16.9
11.9
11.6
26
13
20
23
13
12
14.?
?.3
11.3
13.0
7.3
6.8
4.0
6.2
1.7
1.1
12
14
32
20
28
16
15
16
7.1
8.3
18.9
11.8
16.5
9.5
8.9
9.5
4.1
1.8
2
14
19
7
8
2.?
18.7
25.3
9.3
10.7
12.0
4.0
5.3
-+
----+------+-----
-- -•- -
91
57
44
23
19
14
34.3
21.5
16.6
8.?
?.2
5.3
2.7
1.1
1.5
1.1
?6
491
33
1
uil
36.0
15
23.2
15.6
0
7
11
2:'i..O
0
1
C
2
5.9
9.E
3.9
1
2.(J
4
3
3.8
2.4
1.J
5
0.5
1.4
3
0
0
5.9
fl
l
7.n
8.5
7.6
161
8'
-·-->-----+------
29.4
13.7
l
~~ilillulliliLL
-- ~1~
8.8
5.9
7.4
2.4
1.2
5
7
11
3
2
7
3
9
3
4
0
0
'1
3
4
3
0
5
2
1
3
0
I
>
"'C
fl
"'C
H
c::,
t2'l
z
.....
><:
>
I
36.5
26.8
49.4
33.2
9.8
8.3
17.4
I!
43.7
40.4
50.7
36.1
21.3
19.9
26.5
*
#Base too small for calculation.
-.1
co
Table 28.- BUIIBl!R OF MONTHS EKPLOYEll FULL TIME, 1926-35, BY SEX A.MD AGE
Men
Number of months
Women
Age in years
Age in years
>-:l
Total
Total
No. Percent
00
0
16-29
:S0-44
45 and over
No. Percent
No. Percent
No. Percent
No. Percent
16-29
:S0-44
4.6 and over
No. Poroent
No. Percent
No. Percent
::i:i
t>;I
t""'
►
t:o
Total a
0
co·
""
f:j"
(1)
0.
~
0
0
~
(v
None
1-12
l:S-24
26-36
57-48
49-50
61-72
7:S-84
86-96
97-108
109-120
Median number of
months
Total
Those reporting
1 and more
months
416
100.0
173
100.0
168
100.0
75
100.0
262
100.0
7
26
! 20
40
I 27
40
49
42
1,7
6.0
4.8
9.6
6.5
9.6
11.8
10.1
11.1
12.2
16.6
4
22
11
2:S
17
16
20
16
14
12
18
2.s
12.7
6,4
2
1
6
12
9
22
17
21
19
26
34
1.2
0.6
1
2
4
6
1
2
12
5
l:S
13
17
1.:s
4
56
49
56
27
20
22
20
l:S
9
7
1.5
21.0
18.7
l:S.8
10.3
7.6
8.4
7.6
5.0
3.4
2.7
46
51
69
13.3
9.8
9.2
11.6
9.2
8.1
7.0
10.4
:s.o
7.1
5.4
1:s.1
10.1
12.5
11.:s
15,6
20.2
2,7
6.:S
6.7
1.:s
2.7
16.0
6.7
17.3
17.3
22.7
210
2
48
42!
311
2:S
15'
16 1
l:S
100.0
49
100.0
:s
#
1.0
22,8
20.0
14.8
2
7
7
6
4.1
14.:S
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
-
ll.O
:s
7.1
7.6
6.2
5.2
1.9
2.4
6
6
6
2
4
2
11
4
5
u.:s
10.2
6.1
10.2
12.2
12.2
4,1
8.2
4.1
#
-*-
*-
0
::0
...,,
b
::0
(')
t>;I
0
...,,
>-:l
::i:i
t:z;J
:,,:I
►
C,
.....
0
.....
7:S.l
74.1
66.6
68.0
82.4
83.0
90.5
91.0
52.8
33.5
aExoludee 6 men and :S women who did not report number of month• -ployed full time.
lease too small for calculation.
30.2
:so.a
61.4
6:S.8
*
*
z
0
c::
Cl)
>-:l
::0
>-<
Table 29.- NUMBER OF MONTHS EMPLOYED PART TIME, a 1926-36, BY SEX AND AGE
Women
Men
Age in
Number of months
Totalb
None
1-12
13-24
26-36
37-48
49-60
61-72
73-84
85-96
97-108
109-120
0
co·
""
f:j"
(1)
0.
~
0
0
~
(v
Median number of
months
Total
Those reporting
1 e.nd more
month11
Age in yeare
year■
Total
Total
16-29
30-44
45 and over
No. Percent
No, Percent
No. Percent
16-29
30-44
45 end over
No, Percent
No. Percent
No. Percent
No. Percent
416
100.0
173
100,0
168
100.0
75
100.0
262
100.0
210
100.0
49
100.0
3
255
58
29
28
61.3
14.0
7,0
6.7
2.7
3.6
1.4
1.9
0.2
1.2
110
31
15
10
1
2
1
3
0
0
0
63.6
17.9
8.7
5,8
0.6
1:1
0.6
1.7
93
22
10
15
8
10
3
5
0
55.3
13,l
6.0
8.9
4.7
6.0
1,8
3.0
52
5
69.3
6.7
6.3
4,0
2.7
4.0
2.7
155
48
20
9
10
8
6
59.2
18,3
7.6
3,4
3.8
3.1
2.3
1.6
0,8
127
41
17
9
6
60.5
19,5
8.1
4,3
2.9
1,9
1,4
1.4
25
7
3
0
51.0
14.3
6.1
2
1.2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
15
6
8
1
5
0
-
-
-
0
4
3
2
3
2
0
1
3
0
1.3
4.0
-
No. Percent
4
2
0
0
-
4
3
3
0
0
0
-
8,2
4
4
8.2
6,1
2.0
4.1
3
1
2
0
0
-
*
*-
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.7
0.8
O.B
0.9
#
22.5
13.t!
29.8
36.9
16.6
13.7
44.5
*
arncludes months employed both full and part time.
~xcludes 5 men and 3 women who did not report number of months employed part time.
ha1e too small for calculation.
>
',:1
',:1
t:z;J
z
0
H
?<
>
a,
'"'"
Table 30.- AVERAGE NUMBER OF MONTHS OF SPECIFIED TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT
EXPERIENCE. 1926-35. BY SEX AND AGEa
(X)
~
Men
Women
Age in years
Age in years
~
Type of
employment experience
Total n\lll'lber of months
Employed
Full time
Part time
0
""
0
0
~
(v
82.0
70.7
11.3
120.0
63.4
56.4
1.0
30-44
120.0
95.7
80.7
16.0
120.0
95.9
82.6
13.3
All ages120.0
50.0
39.8
10.2
16-29
120.0
45.3
37.1
8.2
30-44
120.0
68.6
49.3
19.3
45 and
ove't'
I
23.0
18.6
18.2
20.7
#
Not seeking work
Before entering the labor market
!-f'ter entering the labor market
17.3
16.4
o.9
38.9
38.4
0.6
1.3
1.1
61.4
40.8
10.6
56.5
50.9
5.6
30.7
I
I
I
&rhe average used is the arithmetic mean.
#aase too small for calculation.
I
1.1
I
30.7
0
~
"2j
0
~
(")
t:z;J
t:z;J
23.0
I
tJ:I
0
17.7
1.3
>
I
I
I
20.1
f:j"
~
120.0
16-29
45 and
over
Unemployed
(1)
0.
t:z;J
t""
All ages
co·
=
"2j
~
=
~
>
....
....z
0
0
0
c=
Cll
~
~
o-<
Table :31.- NUMBER OF MONTHS l.JNJ!MPLOYED, 1926-35, FOR WORKERS WHO ENTERED THE
LABOR MARKFl' BEFORE 1926, !IT SEX AND AGE
Men
Women
Age in years
Number of months
Total
16-29
Nurnber
Total
None
1-12
13-24
25-36
37-48
49-60
61 and over
Per- Numcent ber
293 100,0
58
81
48
36
25
23
22
19.8
27.7
16.4
12.3
8,5
7.8
7,5
Per- Numcent ber
51
100.0
8
19
7
15.7
37,2
13.7
5.9
ll.8
9.8
5.9
3
6
5
3
30-44
Age in years
45 and
over
Per- Numcent ber
167 100.0
Total
16-29
•
Per- Numcent ber
Per- Numcent ber
30-44
Per- Numcent ber
45 and
over
Per- Numcent ber
75
100.0
92
100.0
39
lCO.O
5C
100.0
3
24.0
24.0
12.0
17.3
6.7
9.3
6,7
26
23
18
5
9
,,
28.3
25,0
19.t.i
5.4
9.8
11
_9
v
3.2
8.7
14
13
10
1
6
2
4
28,0
26,0
20.0
2.0
12.0
4.0
8,0
l
1
1
0
0
0
8
28.2
23.l
17.9
10.3
7.7
t:!,5
10,3
32
19.2
l8
44
26.3
32
20
14
ll
14
19.2
11.9
8.4
6.6
8.4
18
9
13
5
7
5
7
4
3
1
4
Percent
100.0
ii
#
#
-
-
""
f:j"
(1)
0.
~
0
0
~
(v
Median number of
months
Total
Those reporting
1 and more
months
0
>
-
15.0
12.4
16.0
15.7
11.7
12.9
11.6
#
22,3
18,l
22.0
26.8
20.0
22.4
19.6
#
#Base toq small for calculation.
z
....
Ii<
-
0
0
co·
>
0-C,
0-C,
t;z;l
()',)
C.)
a,
Table 32.- NUMBER OF MONTHS UNEMPLOYED, 1926-30, FOR WORKERS WHO ENTERED
THE LABOR MARKET BEFORE 1926, BY SEX AND AGE
Men
Women
Age in years
NUIP.ber of months
~
1-3
:::i:::
Age in years
Total
t;,:l
Total
16-29
30-44
45 and over
16-29
30-44
45 and over
No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent
t""'
>
tx:t
0
::,;,
1-"rj
Total
293
100.0
51
100.0
167
100.0
75
100.0
92
100.0
39
100.0
50
100.0
3
#
144
60
28
22
14
14
7
3
1
49.l
20.5
9.6
7.5
4.8
4.8
2.4
1.0
0.3
21
13
7
6
3
2
0
0
0
41.2
25.5
13.7
9.8
5.9
3.9
82
33
16
14
10
5
5
2
l
49.1
19.7
9.0
8.4
s.o
3.0
3.0
1.2
o.6
41
14
6
3
1
7
2
l
0
54.7
18.7
8.0
4.0
1.3
9.3
2.7
1.3
48
15
8
6
2
6
2
3
2
52.2
16.3
8.7
6.5
2.2
6.5
2.2
3.2
2.2
15
8
4
3
2
4
l
2
0
38.5
20.5
10.3
7.7
6.1
10.3
2.5
6.1
31
7
3
3
0
2
1
l
2
62.0
14.0
6.0
6.0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
#
0
::,;,
C":l
0
co·
""
None
1-6
7-12
13-18
19-24
25-30
31-36
37-48
49-60
--
f:j"
-
-
4.0
2.0
2.0
4.0
-
#
--
-
(1)
0.
~
0
0
~
(v
Median number of
months
Total
Those reporting
l and more
months
t;,:l
0
1-"rj
1-3
:::i:::
t;,:l
::,;,
>
0
.....
0
.....
z
0
Cl
1.3
3.3
1.4
0.9
o.9
4.8
o.8
#
en
1-3
::,;,
><
10.3
ffaase too small for calculation.
9.1
11.0
10.5
12.6
14.0
12.9
#
Table 33.- JIUMBIR 07 MONTHS mn:MPI.OTm>, 1931-35, roa WOJlKUS WHO J:NTDII)
THE LAllOR MARKET llEFOU 1926, llY SIX AND AGI
-Women
-
Men
~e in years
Age in years
Total
Number of months
Total
16-29
30-44
45 and over
16-29
45 e..od over
30-44
-
Total
None
1-6
7-12
13-18
19-24
25-30
31-t
a1- 8
9-6o
0
(Q
;=,.·
N
<l>
0.
~
C")
0
a-
Median number of
months
Total
Those reporting
l and more
months
No. Percent No. Percent lfo. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent
-- - --
293 100.0
86
42
37
20
22
31
12
27
16
29.4
14.3
12.6
6.s
7.5
10.6
4.1
9.2
5.5
51 100.0 167 100.0
15
11
6
2
1
4
4
6
2
29.4
21. 6
11.8
3.9
2.0
7.8
7.8
11.8
3.9
46
~a
12
14
17
6
17
8
27.5
1,.8
l •3
7.2
s.4
10.2
3.6
10.2
4.8
75 100.0
25 33. 4
8 10. 7
7
9.3
6
8.0
7
9.3
10 13.3
2
2.7
4
5.3
6
s.o
92 100.0
.
34
9
15
39 100.0
la
a
7
1
l
a a·3
l
5:,
5.4
§j
10.1
6.99
10.s
11.3
8.4
20.4
17. 5
19.9
22.9
15.5
--
2
2
46.1
7.7
10-3
17.9
2.6
2.6
2.6
5.1
5.1
5.0
-
16.4
-
3
14
6
11
6
2
2
3
3
3
2
0
0
0
- -- -- -
-------- - -37.0 18
9.8
16. 3
14.2
4.3
-
50 100.0
- - ------
--
28.0
12.0
22.0
12.0
4.o
4.o
6.o
6.o
6.o
,
---
l
I
--
0
0
0
0
10.0
>
'"O
'"O
l"-'
z
0
.....
I><
>
I
14.5
------
I
-- - -
.
-- - -
fl
f:Base too small for calculation.
(i;)
C1)
CJ1
Table 34.- LENGTH OF LONGEST PERIOD OF UN]MPLO'YMENT, 1926-35, FOR WORKERS WHO ENTERED
THE LABOR MARKET BEFORE 1926, BY SEX AND AGE
00
0)
Wanen
Men
>-:l
Length ot
longest period
in monthsa
t;,;l
Total
Total
16-29
Number
=x::
Af!,e in years
Af!,e in years
Per- Num.cent ber
30-44
Per- Numcent ber
t--'
45 and
over
Per- Numcent ber
30-44
16-29
Per- Numcent ber
Per- Numoent ber
Per- Numcent ber
>
45 and
over
Per- Numcent ber
t:d
0
:::c,
Percent
'rj
0
:::c,
C":l
t;,;l
Tote.l
293
100.0
100.0 167
51
100.0
100.0
75
92
100.0
39
100.0
50
100.0
#
3
0
'rj
0
co·
""
f:j"
(1)
None
1-12
13-24
25-36
61
117
46
30
37-48
23
49-60
61 and over
9
7
20.8
39.9
15.7
10.2
7.9
3.1
2.4
10
22
6
5
7
l
0
19.6
43.1
11.8
9.8
13.7
2.0
-
33
69
28
17
10
5
5
19.7
41.3
16.8
10.2
6.0
3.0
3.0
18
26
12
8
6
3
2
24.0
34.6
16.0
10.7
8.0
4.0
2,7
27
29.4
37
13
40.2
5
6
2
2
14.1
5.4
6.5
2.2
2.2
12
13
7
3
3
l
0
30.8
33.3
17.9
7.7
7.7
2.6
-
14 · 28.0
23
5
2
3
1
2
46.0
10.0
4.0
6.0
2.0
4,0
#
#
#
l
l
l
0
0
0
0
-
0.
~
0
0
~
(v
Median number ot
months
Tote.l
Those reporting
land more
periods
>-:l
=x::
t;,;l
:::c,
>
0
.....
0
.....
z
0
9.8
9.7
9.9
10.2
7.3
8.4
7.0
#
12.9
12.5
12.7
16,0
11.7
14~7
10.7
#
aExcludes any period ot unemployment not preceded by ge.intul work.
#Base too small tor calculation.
c:::::
en
>-:l
:::c,
>-<
Table 35.- NlJMBm OF UNEMPLOYMENT PERIODS, 1926-35, lt'OR WORKERS WHO ENTERED
THE LABOR MARKET BEFORE 1926, BY SEX AND AGE
Men
Women
Age in years
Number of
unemployment
periodsa
Total
16-29
Number
Total
0
co·
None
1 and more
1
2
3 and 4
5 and overb
Per- Numcent ber
293 100.0
61
232
91
53
53
35
20.8
79.2
31.l
18.l
18.l
11.9
51
10
41
13
15
11
2
30-44
Per- Numcent ber
100.0 167
19.6 33
80.4 134
25.5 47
29.4 30
21.6 37
3.9 20
Age in years
45 and
over
Per- Numcent ber
100.0
19.8
80.2
28.1
18.0
22.1
12.0
75
18
57
31
8
5
13
Total
16-29
Percent
Number
100.0
92
24.0
76.0
41.3
10.7
6.7
17.3
27
65
25
19
12
9
Per- Numcent ber
100.0
29.3
70.7
27.2
20.7
13.0
9.8
""
39
12
27
10
7
7
3
30-44
Per- Numcent ber
100.0
30.8
69.2
25.7
17.9
17.9
7.7
50
14
36
13
12
5
6
45 and
over
Per- Num- Percent ber cent
100.0
28.0
72.0
26.0
24.0
10.0
12.0
3
1
2
2
0
0
0
(I
#
II
I
-
>
"O
"O
ta;!
z
......
ti
I><
►
-
-
f:j"
(1)
0.
~
0
0
0
00
-
aExcludes any period of unemployment not preceded by gainful work.
blncludes 4 men and 2 women who reported 10 and 9 periods, respectively.
i&se too small for calculation.
(v
Cl.)
~
88
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
Table 36.- MEDIAN NUMBER OF MONTHS OF UNUU'LOYMENT AND IIEDIAN
LENGTH OF LONGEST PERIOD OF UND4PLOYMENT,
1926-35, FOR WORKERS WHO ENTERED
THE LABOR MARKET BEFORE 1926,
BY THE NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYMENT PERIODS&
Number or Median number of months
of unemployment
unemployment
periodsb
Men
Women
Kedian length of longeet
period of unemployment in monthsb
Men
Women
22.3
20.0
12.9
11.7
1
12.9
12.1
12.5
11.4
2
17,0
24.9
11.8
19.0
3 and 4
29.8
#
19.0
#=
5 and over
50.3
#
11.8
#
All workers
&Derived from data for 293 men and 92 women.
bExcludee any period of unemployment not preceded by gainful
1'ork.
'fFBaee too small for calculation,
Digitized by
Google
APPENDIX A
89
Table 37 o• WORKERS REPORTING ONE OR MORE EMPLOYER, INDUSTRIAL,
AND OCCUPATIONAL SHIFTS AS A PERCENTAGE
OF WORKERS REPORTING ONE OR MORE JOB
SEPARATIONS, 1926-35, FOR WORKERS
WHO ENTERED THE LABOR MARKET
BEFORE 1926, BY SEX AND AGE
Type
of
shift
Men
Women
Age in years
Age in years
All
and
30-44 45
ages 16-29
over
ages
All
Employer
89.8
98.0
89.6
84.3
83.0
89.5
76.6
#
Industrial
96.l
98.0
96.9
92.9
79.5
84.2
74.5
#
Occupational
71.l
92.2
11.2
55.7
80.7
86.8
74.5
#
45 and
16-29 30-44
over
#=rJase too small for calculation.
Table 38.- MEN REPORTING ONE OR MORE EMPLOYER, INDUSTRIAL,
AND OCCUPATIONAL SHIFTS AS A PERCENTAGE
OF MEN REPORTING JOB SEPARATIONS,
1926-30 AND 1931-35, FOR MEN
WHO ENTERED THE LABOR
MARKET BEFORE 1926,
BY AGE
Type
of
shift
1926-30
1931-35
Age in years
Age in years
All
45 and All
45 and
16-29 30-44
16-29 30-44
ages
over ages
over
Employer
80.3
91.3
80.9
69.6
61.0
67.5
59.4
60.0
Industrial
86.6
87.0
86.0
87.5
50.9
60.0
50.0
46.0
Occupational
62.6
89.l
61.0
44.6
55.5
65.0
57.0
44.0
Digitized by
Google
co
Table 39.- m:DIBER OF JOB SEPARATIONS AND !XPLOYER, INDUSTRIAL, AID OCCUPATIONAL SHIFTS, 1926-30 AND 1931-36,
0
FOR MEN WHO ENTERED THE LABOR MARKET BEFORE 1926, BY AGE
-
Period and
number of
separations
or shifts
-
--
---
;..=.-. --
Age in years
Total
No. Percent
Age in years
Totala
I
16-29
30-44
45 and over
No. Percent
No. Percent
No. Percent
No. Percent
16-29
30-44
45 and over
No. Percent
No. Percent
No. Percent
>-:l
::,:;
t_:cj
t""'
>
t:d
0
Job separations
~
Fl:nployer shifts
',;I
1926-30
Total
None
0
l and more
1 and 2
3 and 4
5 and 6
7 and over
""
1931-35
co·
f:j"
(1)
0
293
100.0
51
100.0
167
100.0
75
100.0
291
100.0
50
100.0
166
100.0
75
100.0
55
18.8
5
9.8
31
18.6
19
25.3
100
34.4
8
16.0
56
33.7
36
48.0
238
149
61
20
8
81.2
50.9
20.8
6.8
2.7
46
26
15
2
3
90.2
51.o
29.4
3.9
5.9
1;rn
84
33
14
5
81.4
50.3
19.7
8.4
3.0
56
39
13
4
0
74.7
52.0
17.4
5.3
191
144
31
10
6
65.6
49.5
10.6
3.4
2.1
42
29
9
2
2
84.0
58.0
18.0
4.0
4.0
110
81
18
7
4
66.3
48.8
10.9
4.2
2.4
39
34
4
1
0
52.0
45.4
5.3
1.3
100.0
- --
-
-
0.
~
0
0
~
(v
Total
None
1 and more
1 and 2
3 and 4
5 and 6
7 and over
293
100.0
51
100.0
167
100.0
75
100.0
293
100.0
51
100.0
167
100.0
75
75
25.6
11
21.6
39
23.4
25
33.3
160
54.6
24
47.1
91
54.5
45
218
138
47
29
4
74.4
47.l
16.0
9.9
1.4
40
23
10
7
0
78.4
45.l
19.6
13.7
128
81
28
16
4
76.6
48.5
16.7
9.0
2.4
50
34
9
7
0
66.7
45.4
12.0
133
106
17
8
27
17
6
4
0
52.9
53.3
11.8
7.8
·75
9.3
45.4
36.2
5.8
2.7
0.1
45.6
38.3
3.6
2.4
1.2
30
25
6
0
0
-
-
2
-
64
6
4
2
I
60.0
40.0
33.3
6.7
--
~
(")
t_:cj
0
',;I
~
::,;i
!;,;I
~
►
....
0
....z
0
0
Cl
en
~
~
--<
Industrial shifts
Occupational shifts
1926-30
Total
100.0
51
100.0
167
100.0
75
100.0
293
100.0
51
100.0
87
29.7
11
21.6
50
29.9
26
34.7
144
49.1
10
19.6
84
206
165
29
8
70.3
56.3
9.9
2.7
1.4
40
30
7
1
2
78.4
58.8
13.7
2.0
3.9
117
91
18
6
2
70.1
54.5
10.8
3.6
1.2
49
44
4
1
0
65.3
58.7
5.3
1 .3
149
118
20
7
50.9
40.3
6.8
2.4
4
1.4
41
28
9
2
2
80.4
·54.9
17.7
3.9
3.9
83
66
10
5
2
None
1 and more
1 and 2
3 and 4
5 and 6
7 and over
167 100.0
293
4
-
75
100.0
50.3
50
66.7
49.7
39.5
6.0
25
24
1
0
0
33.3
32.0
1.3
3.0
1.2
--
►
1931-35
"'d
',:1
Total
293
100.0
51
100.0
52.9
47 .1
27.5
ll.8
7.8
167
100.0
75
100.0
293
100.0
51
52
69.3
172
58.7
25
23
21 ,
2
0
0
30.7
28.0
2.7
121
96
16
41.3
32.8
5.5
2.0
1.0
26
15
6
5
0
---- - - - - -
0
6
~
~
ro
rr
~
C"')
None
1182
62.1
27
1 and more
1 and 2
3 and 4
5 and 6
7 e.nd over
!in
37.9
31.1
4.1
2.0
0.7
24
14
6
4
0
I 91
1
·i
-
I
103
61.7
64
38.3
33.5
2.4
1.2
1.2
56
4
2
2
I
-
-
-·
6
3
167
100.0
75
100.0
94
56.3
63
70.7
73
51.0
29.4 i 60
43.7
35.9
22
I 21
1
0
0
29.3
28.0
1.3
100.0
-49.0
11.8
9.8
t:,r;I
z
C,
i
9
1
3
5.4
o.6
1.8
.....
><
►
-
&Excludes 2 men who did not report number of employer shifts.
#as.se too small for os.loulation.
0
~
~
...co
Table 4o.- NUM:BER OF JOB SEPARATIONS A.ND D«PlOYER, INDUSTRIAL, AND OCCUPATIONAl SHIFTS, 192(>.35, FOR woma:as
WBO ENTE.RED THE LABOR MARKET BEFORE 1926, BY SIX AND AGE
Age in years
of separations
or shifts
lt>-29
30-44
Age in years
Totala
Total
Sex and number
>--3
45 and over
16-29
30-44
45 and over
No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent
Job separations
Total, men
None
1 and more
1 and 2
3 and 4
5 lllld 6
7 and over
0
co·
""
f:j"
(1)
0.
~
0
0
~
(v
Total, women
None
1 and more
1 and 2
and 4
and 5
5 and 6
a
293
100.0
28t
1621
83!
47
52
3.1
96.9
34.8
28.3
16.0
17.8
4
0
51 100.0 163
16 31.4 50
10 19.6 58
12
27
23.5
28
13
25.5
92
100.0
100.0
4
88
41
27
9
11
4.3
9a· 1
4 .6
29.3
9.8
12.0
51
100.0 167
-
39
1
38
18
12
5
3
2.6
~7.4
6.1
30.8
12.8
7.7
50
3
47
2l
14
4
8
100.0
2.4
97.6
29.9
34.7
16.2
16.8
100.0
6.o
94.o
42.0
28.0
8.0
16.0
100.0
6.7
93.3
48.0
20.0
10.7
14.6
12.4
87.6
56.3
16.2
8.9
6.2
5
70
361
15
8
11
3
0
3
2
1
0
0
f
-
'
f
I
-
-
36
f~47
26
18
91
18
73
53
16
2
2
100.0
19.8
80.2
58.2
17.6
2.2
2.2
50
-
39
3a
21
11
2
0
100.0
12.8
87.2
53.9
28.2
5.1
-
49
13
36
30
4
0
2
I:""'
>
~
100.0 166 100.0
0
20
50 100.0 146
54.o 93
27
7 14.o 32
8 16.0 12
8 16.0
9
:::i:::
t:z;I
tt!
0
Employer shifts
75 100.0 291
CCI
~
',;l
75
100.0
0
~
0
12.0
88.0
56.1
19.3
7.2
5.4
100.0
26.5
73.5
61.2
8.2
4.l
16
~
8
6
l
3
0
3
2
1
0
0
21.3
78.7
58.7
10.7
8.0
1.3
,.
-I
,
t:,;i
0
"al
>--3
:::i:::
t:z;I
~
>
t::::J
.....
0
.....
z
t::::J
f
c:::
--
o-<
en
>--3
~
Industrial shifts
Total, men
293
100.0
51
100.0 167
100.0
Occupational. shifts
75
100.0 293
100.0
10
65
51
10
3
l
13.3 91
86.7 202
68.0 l~
1a.4
.o 17
1.3 14
31.1
68.9
44.7
13.6
a-8
,oo.o -~- J
92
100.0
51
100.0
167
100.0
7.8
92.2
41.2
19.6
15.7
15.7
51
116
79
23
30.5
69. 5
47.3
ll.8
75
100.0
36
39
31
7
.8
1
3. 6 : 0
48.0
52.0
41.4
9.3
1.3
I
None
1 and more
1 and 2
3 and 4
5 and 6
7 and over
6.8 ' 1,
20
2731 93.2 I 50
198
67. 6 30
43 ! 14.7
7
6.1 ' 6
18
14
4.8
7
'l'otal, women
None
land more
1 and 2
a and 4
and 5
5 and 6
92! 100.0
I
22
70
6o
8
1
l
2J·9
7t>. l
65.2
8.7
1.1
1.1
I
.
I
39
1
32
25
7
0
0
2.0
98.0
58.8
13.7
11.13
13. 1
5.4
9
94.6
1158
1117 1 70.0
I 26
15.6
9
5.4
: 6 I 3. 6 :
100'.0 '.
17.9
82.l
64. 1
H.O
-
-
1
m
15
30.0
35 , 70.0 ·
32 I 64. 0 ,
1
2.0
1
2.0
1
2.0
O
3
3
0
0
0
,.
-
*(I,
--
-
21
I 11
, 52
I 14
4
I
1
4
47
21
10
81
8:
.8
39
! 100.0
22.g
6
77.2
33
56.5 ! 22
1a.2 . 8
4 I 3
1:1
0
15.4
84.6
56.4
20.5
7.7
I
:1
50 100.0 I
3
f
0
3
3
0
0
0
-
I
J
-
15
35
27
6
1
1
30.0
70.0
54.o
12.0
2.0
2.0
j
I
I
-
*I
-
-
>
"tl
"ti
t-'J
z
t:,
,_.
><:
>
aExcludes 2 men and 1 woman who did not report frequency of employer shifts.
#Base too small for calculation.
0
<O
;:.
N
<l>
Q.
~
C")
0
a(v
cc
~
Table 41.- NUMBER OF SEPARATIONS FROM m.fi'LOYERS IN TH! RADIO INDUSTRY AND FROM Fla'LOYERS IN
OO'HER INDUSTRIES, 1926-35, FOR WORKFlIB WHO ENTERED THE LABOR
MARKET BEFORE 1926, BY SEX AND AGE
C0
~
Separations from employers in -
>-3
::0
The radio industry
Sex and
number or
separations
t:r,
Other industries
I:""'
to
0
Totala
Total
No, Percent
>
Age in years
Age in years
16-29
30-44
45 and over
No, Percent
No, Percent
No, Percent
No, Percent
16-29
30-44
45 and over
No, Percent
No. Percent
No. Percent
::0
....,
0
::0
C":l
Total, men
293
100.0
51
100.0
167
100.0
75
100.0
292
100.0
50
100,0
167
100.0
75
100.0
t:r,
....,
0
None
1 and more
1 and 2
3 and 4
5 and over
116
177
121
37
19
39.6
60.4
41,3
12.6
6.5
27
24
18
6
0
52,9
47.1
35,3
11.8
-
62
105
71
25
9
37,1
62,9
42.5
15.0
5.4
27
48
32
6
10 ·
36,0
64,0
42.7
8,0
13.3
36
256
159
61
36
12,3
87.7
54,5
20.9
12,3
1
49
25
8
16
2,0
98,0
50.0
16,0
32.0
18
149
91
40
18
10,8
89,2
54.5
23.9
10,8
17
58
43
13
2
22,7
77,3
57,3
17,3
2.7
N
Total, women
92
100.0
39
100.0
50
100.0
3
I
91
100.0
39
100.0
49
100.0
3
30
62
42
12
8
32.6
67,4
45,7
13,0
8,7
16
23
17
6
0
41,0
59,0
43.6
15.4
13
37
23
6
8
26.0
74.0
46.0
12.0
16.0
1
2
2
0
0
I
I
I
21
70
52
16
2
23.l
76,9
57,l
17,6
2.2
6
33
22
10
l
15.4
84.6
56.4
25,6
2.6
15
30.6
69.4
57,2
10.2
2.0
0
3
2
l
0
<D
Q_
None
1 and more
1 and 2
3 and 4
5 and over
CJ
'<
CJ
0
~........
(\)
8
-
-
34
28
5
l
Excludes 1 man and l woman who did not report number or separations from employers in other industries.
#Be.se too small tor calculation,
::0
>
t:,
0
co
;ac
>-3
::0
t:r,
I
#
I
#
-
.....
0
.....
z
t:,
c:::
Cl.)
>-3
::0
-<
APPENDIX B
SCHEDULE AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED
Digitized by
Google
,.., fQRI 120
....
1.
n•~ nlil I""'' ,...,.,,.,.,.,...,
,'
SCHEDULE NO.
I
AGE
RACE
S[l
I
_l__ _j ..... ,SCHCOL I •••
PLACE. a1,n
UL
GRADE
,uno
TUS
I
1
1----
YEARS IN U. S • .1.
---- ·
USUAL t'CCUPAf I ON
..
EIIIPL0Yll[lff
usuAL lt.-ouSTlft'
ICHOCL
STAtUI
~
IJEGAIII
IORk
JC
IUlAl lit£
U,!IE•P_LDTEO
l
TOTAL
S£Pl'Alt.lTICNS
;
TOTAL ENPLQTER
SHIFTS
TOTAL INDUSTRY
SH!nS
TOTAL \'CC UPAT I ONAL
SHlnl
I
[,
AVERAGE LEPCGTH Of
S_Ei!!~_PEAJOB_
A¥£1tACE lfNGTM Of
SERVICE PER EMPLOYEII
NING
IIG
-- - T -
-- - - -.
t%J
-
·o,}n.1111~.l,a_.+- - -~~~PATICII
I T
lflR!T JOB
NAIIE APt'.> LCCATION Of EIIIPLOT[lt
- - - - -------
CHARACTER
REASON Fat CHANG[
I
~lOY~NO_____!!flEIPLOTWENT
0
co·
""
f:j"
(1)
0.
I
"'·H_ -_j_l
.
I
~ U-
-+---
0
~
(v
i
le
I
4I,
',;I
1-3
::c:
t%J
::a:,
>
t::i
:z:
t::i
c:::
en
+------7
----+---
0
0
7I
0
-
HIST_Q.ll!_!,_2~!11'
------r-
~
"
EIPLOTIENT
.-
--r-LOkeeST J-ai
I
',;I
0
l
lll>USTRT
0
::a:,
0
JOIS (OR UNEIIPLCTIIENT} OF IIIORE THA~ O~E •ONTH 1 S OURAT ION
-
t%J
~
~IIPLOTME~T HISTCRY PRIOR TO I
PERI CO
BEG""i'i:1 TNo:i---
1-3
::c:
>
tJ:j
'
8
1
t""'
YEARS AT USUAL
I,
.,
PMSUT
LUWllfG
.... """ I
YEAltl ,~ c1n
I I.
Cl)
!
A0DM'SS
II.
C0
CLEAIA~E DATA
DAU:
EHUIIIUIATOI
i1
IOIQ PftOCMS& ADIINIUHTIOI NATIONAL lflEAll:H PltOJ£CT
Note.- The reverse of the schedule provides for continuing the 1926-36 work history.
1-3
::a:,
--<
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED
Aie: The person's age on his last birthday prior to the date
of the interview was recorded.
Place of Birth: The country of birth was recordedforforeignborn persons; the State of birth, for native-born persons; and
Philadelphia, for persons born in this city. The country of
birth was recorded according to the national boundary lines at
the time of the person's birth.
Years in City: The number of years in the city was defined as
the length in years of the most recent period of continuous residence in Philadelphia, disregarding absences of less than 1 year.
Years in the United States: The number of years in the Unit"d
States was defined as the number of years of residence in the
United States since the date of last entry into the country.
(This item was recorded for foreign-born persons only.)
School Grade Completed: The number of grades completed, which
led directly to a grammar-school certificate or a high-school
or college diploma, were counted as the school grade completed.
Returns for foreign-born workers were converted to the terms
in use in the present system in Philadelphia.
Afe Leavinf School: The age on leaving school was defined as
the person's age on his last birthday prior to the date of his first
leaving school for a consecutive period of more than
1
year.
Afe Befan Work: The age of beginning work was defined as the
person's age on his last birthday prior to the date of his beginning
his first full-time job 1 after leaving school.
Date of Enterinf the Labor Narket: No specific question regarding the date of entering the labor market was asked, but
when there was sufficient information on the schedule, calculations were made to determine this date. However, when there was
a difference in the person's age between the time he had left school
and the time he began work and when there was no record of the
intervening period, the year in which he had left school was considered to be the date he entered the labor market.
The usual occupation was defined as the occupation which the person considered his usual or customary ocUsual Occupation:
1 see p,99 ror the cterlnltlon or r1rst Job.
97
Digitized by
Google
98
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
cupation. In cases of doubt, the occupation at which the person
had worked longest was considered his usual occupation.
Of
two work experiences of equal length, the more recent was considered the usual.
Usual Industry: The usual industry was defined as the industry in which the person was normally employed. If he had been
employed at his usual occupation in two or more industries, the
industry at which he had worked longest was considered the usual
one.
Years at the Usual Occupation:
at
of
to
or
or
The number of years employed
the usual occupation was defined as the individual's estimate
the number of years he actually worked at what he considered
be his usual occupation. Years spent as a paid apprentice
helper were included, but years spent as an unpaid apprentice
as a foreman were not included.
As of May 1, 1936 the individual
was classified as "employed" or "unemployed."
Present Employment Status:
(a) Employed persons were defined as those who had a job 2 on
May 1, 1936. Employment was considered full-time or part-time,
according to the practice of the industry in May 1936.
(b)
Unemployed persons were defined as those who did not have
a job on May 1, 1936 but who were able and willing to work. Persons employed on Government emergency work and persons temporarily
out of the labor market were included in this group.
Emergency work was used as an all-inclusive term to cover employment on work relief, Public Works projects, or Works Program
projects whether financed by the city, the State, the Federal
Emergency Relief Administration, the National Recovery Act of
1933, or the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act Df 1935.
Persons who had been sick for less than 1 year but who were
not permanently disabled were classified as temporarily out of
the labor market. 3
job: A job was defined as continuous paid service at one
occupational assignment for one employer for 1 month or more. (Employment on emergency work did not constitute a job, since emergency work employment was classified as unemployment.)
2 see below ror toe de!ln1t1on or a Job.
3womenwho were occupied with household duties and not seeking work on May 1,
1936 but who had reentered the labor marketand were seeking work at the time
or the 1ntervlew were classHled as temporarily out or the labor market
and therefore have been included in the study.
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APPENDIX B
99
When persons were working on their own account for 1 or more
months, they were considered to have jobs. Persons who had casual work, such as longshoremen, truck drivers, and day workers,
were considered to have jobs if they worked at the occupation
for 1 month or more even though the work was for more than one
employer. When persons were on sick leave with pay or vacation
with pay, they were considered to have jobs.
(a) First
time paid job
tween school
out of school
as the first
job: The first job was defined as the first fullafter leaving school permanently. Summer jobs besessions and any jobs held while the individual was
for a period of only 1 year or less were not counted
job.
(b) Longest Job: The longest job was defined as the longest
job beginning prior to 1926 for persons who had entered the labor
market before that time. For persons who had entered the labor
market duringorafter 1926, it was the longest .iob theyhadever
held. Of two ,iobs of equally long duration, the more recent one
was considered the longest job.
(c) Last Job: The last job was defined as the last job beginning on or prior to May 1, 1936.
Time Elapsed Between jobs: Period~ of 1 month or more of unemployment or of time not seeking work between January 1926 and
the time of interview were recorded on the schedule.
Unemployment periods included any time during which the individual was employed on emergency work, as well as time during
which he did not have a job but was able and willing to work.
Time not seeking work included periods during which the individual was out of the labor market because he was sick (and not
receiving pay), on strike, attending school, retired and living
on income, or for personal reasons such as household duties.
Duration of Unemployment Since Last job: The duration of unemployment since the last job was defined as the time unemployed
(including time employed on emergency work) between the date of
leaving the last job and May 1, 1936. This of course has application only to those who were unemployed on May 1, 1936.
Occupation: In recording occupations, the kind of work done
on each job was stated as exactly as possible. The occupations
were coded according to an adaptation of Bulletin No. 3, Occupation Code, Works Progress Administration, National Research Pro,i-
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100
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
ect in cooperation with Industrial Research Department of the
University of Pennsylvania (mimeo., April 1936).
Persons who owned an establishment and also worked in it were
classified as owners. The term "factory laborer" was used only
for persons who fetch and carry materials to and from the production workers or clean up after them. The occupations of production workers or factory hands were classified in accordance
with the process or operation on which the workers were engaged.
Industry: In recording industries, the exact type of business
or product made was specified, and general terms were avoided
as much as possible. Industries were coded according to an adaptation of Bullet in No. 4, Industry Code, Works Progress Administration, National Research Project in cooperation with Industrial
Research Department of the University of Pennsylvania (mimeo.,
April 19361.
Reason for Chanre in job: In entering the reason for leaving
a ,iob, the exact statement of the respondent was recorded as
nearly as possible.
Character of Employment: Employment was classified either as
full-time or part-time according to the practice of the indus-
try during the time for which the information was obtained. In
instances when employment with a firm had been both full-time
and part-time but the respondent could not recall the exact
dates of change, the character of employment was designated as
-combined full-time and part-time employment. When persons were
working on their own account, the employment was classified as
"self-employment. 114
Both full- and part-time employment were further classified
as "regular", "casual", or "intermittent." Casual employment
was defined as work for one or more employers contracted for by
the hour or by the day, as in the case of day workers in domestic service or laborers at odd jobs or by the load handled,
as in the case of longshoremen and jobbing truck drivers. The
term "intermittent" was used to identify the employment of workers
who constitute a labor reserve in industries in which employment
is usually not of a casual nature. The work of spare hands and
contingent crews on call for a particular employer or of extra
crews hired to complete orders in the rush season was classified
4 The amount or selr-employment was very small; so it was ctistrilluted proportionately between rull-time and part-time employment in determining the average numller or months at each type or employment experience.
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APPENDIX B
101
as intermittent.
Regular employment included all work arising
from paid service with one employer except that of a casual or
intermittent nature.
The time employed at
the usual occupation from 1926 to 1935 included only the time
the person was employed at occupations which had been assigned
the same code number as that of the usual occupation.
Time Employed
at
the Usual Occupation:
Time Employed at Other Than the Usual Occupation: The time
employed at occupations other than the 11sual one included the
time the person was employed at all occupations which had been
assigned code numbers different from that of the usual occupation.
Time Employed in the Usual Industry: The time employed in the
usual industry from 1926 to 1935 included only the time the person was employed in industries which had been assigned the same
code number as that of the usual industry.
The time employed in industries other than the usual one included the time
the person was employed in all industries which had been assigned
code numbers different from that of the usual industry.
Time Employed in Other Than the Usual Industry:
Averaf!e Length of Service per Job at the Usual Occupation: In
computing the average length of service per job at the usual
occupation, only employment between January 1926 and December
1935 was included. Only ,iobs assigned the same occupational code
number as that uf the usual occupation were considered to be at
the usual occupation.
In computing the average length of unemployment periods, only unemployment between
January 1926 and December 1935 was included. Employment at emergency work was considered to be unemployment.
Average Lenfth of Unemployment Periods:
Separations From jobs: Leaving one job to go to another, to
become unemployed, or to experience a period of not seeking work
was counted as separation from a job. Because of the definition
of a job, a ch,rnge from one occupation to another during continuous employment with one firm was counted as a job separation.
On the other hand, a change in character of employment or in industry during continuous employment at one occupational assignment for one employer was not counted as a job separation.
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102
THE LABOR FORCE OF THE RADIO INDUSTRY
An employer shift was defined as a change
from one firm name to another, 0 whether or not a period without
work intervened. A change in location of the plant alon~ was
not considered to be an employer shift; neither was a shift by
the worker from one plant to another plant operated by the same
firm. For casual work, "odd jobs" or "various employers" was
sometimes recorded instead of an employer's name. These entries
were treated as one employer, and the number of employer shifts
determined accordingly.
Employer Shifts:
Occupational Shift: An occupational shift was defined as a
change from one occupation to another, -whether or not a period
without work intervened. These shifts were determined on the
basis of the occupational code numbers.
Industrial Shift: An industrial shift was defined as a change
from one industry to another, whether or not a period without
work intervened. These shifts were determined on the basis of
the industrial code numbers.
A separation from an employer
was defined as the act of leaving one employer to go to another,
to become unemployed, or to· experience a perio·d of not seeking
work.
Separations
From Employers:
5 The change rrom V1ctor Talk1ng Machine ComJ)any to R C A and the change rrom
PhlladelJ)h!a Storage Battery to Philco Radio was not counted as an emJ)loyer
shirt because the local management remained the same even though the firm
name and the J)roduct manufactured changed.
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@FedFRASER