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Labor Force Characteristics by Race and Ethnicity, 2007 U.S. Department of Labor U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics September 2008 Report 1005 This report was prepared by the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Layout by Phyllis Lott and edited by Monica Gabor of the Office of Publications Labor Force Characteristics by Race and Ethnicity, 2007 U.S. Department of Labor U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics September 2008 Report 1005 Contents Page Overview........................................................................................................................................................................... Employment...................................................................................................................................................................... Education.......................................................................................................................................................................... Occupation and industry................................................................................................................................................... Families and mothers........................................................................................................................................................ Unemployment and not in the labor force........................................................................................................................ Earnings ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 Tables Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages............................................................................................ 4 Table 2. Employment-population ratios by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2007 annual averages.................................................................................................................. 5 Table 3. Employment status of persons 25 years and over by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages...................................................................... 6 Table 4. Employed persons by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages........................................................................................................................... 9 Table 5. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages........................................................................................................................... 12 Table 6. Employed persons by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages........................................................................................................................... 23 Table 7. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2006 annual averages............................................................................................ 25 Table 8. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1996-2006 annual averages.................................................................................. 26 Table 9. Unemployment rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2007 annual averages.................................................................................................................. 29 Table 10. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages............................................................................................ 30 Table 11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages............................................................................................ 31 Table 12. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2007 annual averages.................................................................................. 32 Table 13. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages...................................................... 36 Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages...................................................................... 37 Technical Note............................................................................................................................................................. 40 iii Labor Force Characteristics by Race and Ethnicity, 2007 L Overview contrast, among adult women, this ratio was slightly higher for Blacks (59.8 percent) than for Whites (57.9 percent); this relationship for Black and White women has held since 1996, as it did in the 1970s. abor market characteristics vary dramatically according to race and ethnicity. While workers in all groups experience labor market difficulties, Blacks and Hispanics disproportionately suffer from serious labor market problems. This occurs despite gains in average educational attainment and increased representation in higher-paying occupations among these groups. Blacks and Hispanics are more likely than Whites or Asians to be unemployed. When employed, Blacks and Hispanics are much more likely than Whites or Asians to be working in lower-paying occupations. The labor market problems of Blacks and Hispanics are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These include their lower average levels of schooling; their tendency to be employed in occupations that are subject to higher rates of unemployment; their greater concentration in the central cities of our urban areas, where job opportunities may be relatively limited; and the likelihood that they experience discrimination in the workplace. This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns for the major race and ethnicity groups and provides detailed data through a set of supporting tables. The data are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of 60,000 households that is a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the Technical Note. For further information about the CPS, see the explanatory note for the household survey online at: http://www.bls.gov/cps/ eetech_methods.pdf. Hispanic men have had higher employmentpopulation ratios than Black, White, or Asian men, while Hispanic women historically have had lower employment-population ratios than Black, White, or Asian women. The employmentpopulation ratios for adult Hispanic men and women were 80.7 and 55.6 percent, respectively, in 2007. The rates were 76.2 percent for adult Asian men and 58.8 percent for adult Asian women. • Minority teenagers (ages 16 to 19) tend to have relatively low employment-population ratios compared with Whites. In 2007, the ratios for Black and Asian teens (each 21.4 percent) and Hispanic teens (30.4 percent) were lower than that of White teens (38.3 percent). Education • Nine out of 10 Blacks and Asians in the labor force (25 years of age and over) had received at least a high school diploma―the same proportion as Whites―in 2007. In contrast, only two-thirds of Hispanics had completed high school. Asians were most likely to have graduated from college—58 percent had a bachelor’s degree or higher compared with 34 percent of Whites, 24 percent of Blacks, and 15 percent of Hispanics. (See table 3.) While Black and Hispanic workers remain less likely than Whites and Asians to have obtained a college degree, the proportion of college graduates for all groups has increased over time. Employment • Blacks are less likely to be employed than Whites, Asians, or Hispanics. In 2007, the employmentpopulation ratio (the proportion of the population that is employed) for Blacks was 58.4 percent, compared with 63.6 percent for Whites, 64.3 percent for Asians, and 64.9 percent for Hispanics. Since their most recent peaks in 2000, the employmentpopulation ratios for the major race and ethnicity groups have edged lower. (See tables 1 and 2.) • • • Among adult men (ages 20 and over), the employment-population ratio for Blacks, at 65.5 percent, was lower than the rate for Whites (73.5 percent) in 2007, continuing a long-term trend. In For all groups, higher levels of education are associated with a greater likelihood of being employed and a lower likelihood of being unemployed. Nonetheless, at nearly every level of education, Blacks and Hispanics are more likely to be unemployed than their Asian or White counterparts. Occupation and industry • As Blacks’ and Hispanics’ education levels have risen, both groups have continued to move into high-skilled, relatively high-paying occupations. However, the proportions of the two groups holding management, professional, and related occupations―the highest-paying job category― still are smaller than the proportions for Whites and Asians. In 2007, nearly half (49 percent) of Asian men worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared with 33 percent of White men, 22 percent of Black men, and 14 percent of Hispanic men. (See table 4.) • Families and mothers • Asian families were more likely to have at least one employed member (90 percent) than Hispanic (87 percent), White (83 percent), or Black (78 percent) families in 2006. (See table 7.) About 4 in 10 Black men were employed in service occupations and sales and office jobs in 2007, compared with about 3 in 10 of Hispanic, Asian, and White men. Black men also were more likely than other men to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. More than onehalf of Hispanic men were employed in two job groups in 2007―natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations; and production, transportation, and material-moving occupations. • Among women in 2007, Asians were more likely than other groups to be employed in managerial and professional occupations. Nearly half (47 percent) of Asian women were employed as managers and professionals, compared with about 40 percent of Whites, 31 percent of Blacks, and 23 percent of Hispanics. In contrast, nearly two-thirds (64 percent) of Hispanic women worked in service occupations and in sales and office jobs, compared with about 60 percent of Blacks, 54 percent of Whites, and 45 percent of Asians. • Blacks made up about 11 percent of all workers in 2007, but they accounted for about one-quarter or more of several specific occupations, including nursing aides (34 percent), security guards and bus drivers (about 30 percent each), and corrections officers (24 percent). Asians, who account for about 5 percent of all workers, made up a disproportionate share of computer software engineers (29 percent), computer programmers (20 percent), computer scientists and system analysts (16 percent), and sewing machine operators (14 percent). Hispanics, who account for 14 percent of all workers, were substantially overrepresented in several job categories, including ground maintenance workers (44 percent), maids and housekeeping cleaners (40 percent), cooks (31 percent), and construction and extraction workers (30 percent). (See table 5.) • construction. Hispanics were more likely than other groups to be employed in the leisure and hospitality sector. Asians were more heavily represented in professional and business services and in durable goods manufacturing. (See table 6.) • Families maintained by women (with no spouse present) are less likely to have an employed member than other families. Nearly one-half of Black families and almost one-quarter of Hispanic families were maintained by women in 2006. About 1 in every 7 Asian and White families was maintained by women. • Historically, Black mothers with children under 18 have been more likely than White mothers to be in the labor force. In 2006, about 77 percent of Black mothers, compared with 70 percent of White mothers, were labor force participants. In contrast, Hispanic women with children under 18 typically have lower levels of labor force participation than either Black or White mothers. Sixty-one percent of Hispanic mothers were in the labor force in 2006. Asian mothers (66 percent) were more likely than Hispanic mothers, but less likely than Black or White mothers, to be in the labor force. Since 1996, the participation rates of Black and Hispanic mothers have grown by 3.6 and 4.2 percentage points, respectively, while the rate for White mothers has remained about the same. (See table 8.) Unemployment and not in the labor force • Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Blacks had the highest unemployment rate, at 8.3 percent in 2007, compared with 5.6 percent for Hispanics, 4.1 percent for Whites, and 3.2 percent for Asians. Historically, the jobless rate for Blacks has been more than twice that for Whites, while the unemployment rate for Hispanics has hovered between the rates for Whites and Blacks. (See tables 1 and 9.) • In terms of industry composition, Blacks were more likely than other race and ethnic groups to be employed in education and health services, transportation and utilities, and public administration. Hispanic men were very heavily concentrated in The higher unemployment rates for Blacks and Hispanics occur across all major age and sex groups. In 2007, the rates for Black adult men and women were 7.9 and 6.7 percent, respectively, compared with 4.6 and 5.5 percent for Hispanic adult men and women, respectively. The unemployment rates were 3.7 percent for White adult men and 3.6 percent for White adult women. Among teenagers, a group especially vulnerable to joblessness, Blacks had the highest unemployment rate―29.4 percent in 2007, compared with 18.1 percent for Hispanics, 13.9 percent for Whites, and 12.7 percent for Asians. • Not only are Blacks more likely than other groups to be unemployed, those who are unemployed have spent more time looking for work. In 2007, the median duration of unemployment for Blacks was 11.1 weeks, compared to 8.7 weeks for Asians, 7.9 weeks for Whites, and 7.3 weeks for Hispanics. (See table 10.) • Blacks and Asians who were unemployed were more likely than Whites or Hispanics to be outside the labor force before their job search (a category of the unemployed called reentrants). Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics were more likely than Whites to be looking for their first job (new entrants). (See table 11.) • Black men are more likely than other men to be out of the labor force, that is, neither employed nor unemployed. Among men age 25 to 54, the proportion of Blacks who did not participate in the labor force was 16.3 percent in 2007—about double that of their White, Asian, and Hispanic counterparts. Among women of the same age, the percentage of Blacks not in the labor force was about the same as that for Whites and was slightly lower than that for Asians or Hispanics. • In 2007, Blacks made up 12 percent of the civilian noninstitutional population, but a much higher share (25 percent) of marginally attached workers. Hispanics and Asians were about proportionately represented among the marginally attached. Marginally attached workers are individuals who were not in the labor force, who wanted and were available for work, and who had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months (but not in the past month). Blacks also comprised a high proportion of discouraged workers―one-third in 2007. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them. Earnings • Earnings rise with education for all race and ethnicity groups. However, despite rising educational attainment and corresponding movement into higher-paying occupations, Blacks’ and Hispanics’ earnings remain considerably below those of Whites and Asians. In 2007, the median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers were $830 for Asians, compared with $716 for Whites, $569 for Blacks, and $503 for Hispanics. Earnings of Black men ($600) and Hispanic men ($520) were 76 and 66 percent, respectively, of the earnings of their White counterparts ($788). Earnings of Black women ($533) also were less than those of White women ($626), but the ratio (85 percent) was higher than that of their male counterparts. Median earnings for Hispanic women were $473, about 76 percent of White women’s earnings. (See tables 12 and 13.) • For men, the earnings disparity between Black or Hispanic workers and Asian or White workers occurs across all major occupational groups. For example, in 2007, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men ($1,342) and White men ($1,211) working full time in management, professional, and related occupations were well above the earnings of Hispanic men ($985) and Black men ($899) in those occupations. Toward the other end of the earnings spectrum, Hispanic and Black men employed in production, transportation, and material moving occupations had median earnings of $494 and $531 per week, respectively, which were less than the earnings of their White ($634) or Asian ($608) counterparts. (See table 14.) • Among women, the earnings gap is generally smaller than that for men, and, in some major occupational categories, earnings levels are fairly close. In managerial and professional occupations, for example, earnings of Black women ($740) and Hispanic women ($744) were around 85 percent of those of White women ($868). Asian women had the highest earnings in most occupational categories. Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Black or African Asian American Employment status, sex, and age Total White Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total, both sexes Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Percent of population................ Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. Not in labor force............................. 231,867 153,124 66.0 146,047 63.0 7,078 4.6 78,743 188,253 124,935 66.4 119,792 63.6 5,143 4.1 63,319 27,485 17,496 63.7 16,051 58.4 1,445 8.3 9,989 10,633 7,067 66.5 6,839 64.3 229 3.2 3,566 31,383 21,602 68.8 20,382 64.9 1,220 5.6 9,781 112,173 82,136 73.2 78,254 69.8 3,882 4.7 30,036 92,073 68,158 74.0 65,289 70.9 2,869 4.2 23,915 12,361 8,252 66.8 7,500 60.7 752 9.1 4,110 5,052 3,796 75.1 3,677 72.8 119 3.1 1,256 16,154 13,005 80.5 12,310 76.2 695 5.3 3,149 103,555 78,596 75.9 75,337 72.8 3,259 4.1 24,959 85,420 65,214 76.3 62,806 73.5 2,408 3.7 20,206 11,057 7,867 71.2 7,245 65.5 622 7.9 3,189 4,737 3,718 78.5 3,608 76.2 110 3.0 1,019 14,649 12,403 84.7 11,827 80.7 576 4.6 2,246 119,694 70,988 59.3 67,792 56.6 3,196 4.5 48,707 96,180 56,777 59.0 54,503 56.7 2,274 4.0 39,403 15,124 9,244 61.1 8,551 56.5 693 7.5 5,879 5,581 3,271 58.6 3,162 56.6 110 3.4 2,310 15,229 8,597 56.5 8,072 53.0 525 6.1 6,632 111,330 67,516 60.6 64,799 58.2 2,718 4.0 43,814 89,790 53,925 60.1 51,996 57.9 1,930 3.6 35,864 13,788 8,828 64.0 8,240 59.8 588 6.7 4,960 5,265 3,194 60.7 3,096 58.8 99 3.1 2,071 13,791 8,108 58.8 7,662 55.6 446 5.5 5,682 16,982 7,012 41.3 5,911 34.8 1,101 15.7 9,970 13,043 5,795 44.4 4,990 38.3 805 13.9 7,248 2,640 801 30.3 566 21.4 235 29.4 1,839 631 155 24.5 135 21.4 20 12.7 476 2,944 1,091 37.1 894 30.4 197 18.1 1,853 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Percent of population................ Unemployed................................. . Unemployment rate.................. Not in labor force............................. Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Percent of population................ Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. Not in labor force............................. Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Percent of population................ Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. Not in labor force............................. Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Percent of population................ Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. Not in labor force............................. Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Percent of population................ Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. Not in labor force............................. NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Table 2. Employment-population ratios by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2007 annual averages (Percent) Black or African Asian American Total White Year Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men 1972.............. 1973.............. 1974.............. 57.0 57.8 57.8 75.0 75.5 74.9 41.0 42.0 42.6 57.4 58.2 58.3 76.0 76.5 75.9 40.7 41.8 42.4 53.7 54.5 53.5 66.8 67.5 65.8 43.0 43.8 43.5 — — — — — — 1975.............. 1976.............. 1977.............. 1978.............. 1979.............. 56.1 56.8 57.9 59.3 59.9 71.7 72.0 72.8 73.8 73.8 42.0 43.2 44.5 46.4 47.5 56.7 57.5 58.6 60.0 60.6 73.0 73.4 74.1 75.0 75.1 42.0 43.2 44.5 46.3 47.5 50.1 50.8 51.4 53.6 53.8 60.6 60.6 61.4 63.3 63.4 41.6 42.8 43.3 45.8 46.0 — — — — — 1980.............. 1981.............. 1982.............. 1983.............. 1984.............. 59.2 59.0 57.8 57.9 59.5 72.0 71.3 69.0 68.8 70.7 47.7 48.0 47.7 48.0 49.5 60.0 60.0 58.8 58.9 60.5 73.4 72.8 70.6 70.4 72.1 47.8 48.3 48.1 48.5 49.8 52.3 51.3 49.4 49.5 52.3 60.4 59.1 56.0 56.3 59.2 45.7 45.1 44.2 44.1 46.7 1985.............. 1986.............. 1987.............. 1988.............. 1989.............. 60.1 60.7 61.5 62.3 63.0 70.9 71.0 71.5 72.0 72.5 50.4 51.4 52.5 53.4 54.3 61.0 61.5 62.3 63.1 63.8 72.3 72.3 72.7 73.2 73.7 50.7 51.7 52.8 53.8 54.6 53.4 54.1 55.6 56.3 56.9 60.0 60.6 62.0 62.7 62.8 1990.............. 1991.............. 1992.............. 1993.............. 1994.............. 62.8 61.7 61.5 61.7 62.5 72.0 70.4 69.8 70.0 70.4 54.3 53.7 53.8 54.1 55.3 63.7 62.6 62.4 62.7 63.5 73.3 71.6 71.1 71.4 71.8 54.7 54.2 54.2 54.6 55.8 56.7 55.4 54.9 55.0 56.1 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 1999.............. 62.9 63.2 63.8 64.1 64.3 70.8 70.9 71.3 71.6 71.6 55.6 56.0 56.8 57.1 57.4 63.8 64.1 64.6 64.7 64.8 72.0 72.3 72.7 72.7 72.8 56.1 56.3 57.0 57.1 57.3 2000.............. 2001.............. 2002.............. 2003.............. 2004.............. 64.4 63.7 62.7 62.3 62.3 71.9 70.9 69.7 68.9 69.2 57.5 57.0 56.3 56.1 56.0 64.9 64.2 63.4 63.0 63.1 73.0 72.0 70.8 70.1 70.4 2005.............. 2006.............. 2007.............. 62.7 63.1 63.0 69.6 70.1 69.8 56.2 56.6 56.6 63.4 63.8 63.6 70.8 71.3 70.9 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Women Total Men Women — — — — 55.6 56.2 — 76.0 75.7 — 37.3 38.4 — — — — — — — — — — 53.4 53.8 55.4 57.2 58.3 71.5 71.1 73.6 74.9 75.6 37.4 38.6 39.1 41.3 42.5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 57.6 57.4 54.9 55.1 57.9 73.5 72.4 68.9 69.4 72.1 42.4 43.0 41.3 41.1 44.2 48.1 48.8 50.3 51.2 52.0 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 57.8 58.5 60.5 61.9 62.2 72.1 72.5 74.0 75.3 75.8 43.8 44.7 47.4 48.8 48.8 62.6 61.3 59.9 60.0 60.8 51.9 50.6 50.8 50.9 52.3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 61.9 59.8 59.1 59.1 59.5 74.9 72.1 71.2 71.7 71.7 48.6 47.3 46.8 46.3 47.2 57.1 57.4 58.2 59.7 60.6 61.7 61.1 61.4 62.9 63.1 53.4 54.4 55.6 57.2 58.6 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 59.7 60.6 62.6 63.1 63.4 72.1 73.3 74.5 74.7 75.3 47.3 47.9 50.2 51.0 51.7 57.4 57.0 56.4 56.3 56.1 60.9 59.7 58.1 57.4 57.2 63.6 62.1 61.1 59.5 59.3 58.6 57.8 55.8 55.6 55.5 64.8 64.2 63.2 62.4 63.0 73.3 72.7 71.3 70.9 71.6 57.1 56.4 55.8 54.9 55.1 65.7 64.9 63.9 63.1 63.8 77.4 76.2 74.5 74.3 75.1 53.6 53.3 52.9 51.2 51.8 56.3 56.6 56.7 57.7 58.4 58.4 60.2 60.6 60.7 55.7 56.5 56.5 63.4 64.2 64.3 71.8 72.7 72.8 55.9 56.5 56.6 64.0 65.2 64.9 75.8 76.8 76.2 51.5 52.8 53.0 NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include persons who selected that race group only; previously, multi-racial persons were included in the group they identified as their main race. Asian estimates for 2000-02 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asians are a separate category. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Table 3. Employment status of persons 25 years and over by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, race, and Total, 25 years and over Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Less than a high school diploma High school Associate graduates, no Some college, no degree degree college Bachelor’s degree and higher Total Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Employment-population ratio.... Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. 194,458 130,907 67.3 126,172 64.9 4,735 3.6 26,633 12,408 46.6 11,521 43.3 886 7.1 61,373 38,539 62.8 36,857 60.1 1,682 4.4 32,853 22,958 69.9 22,076 67.2 882 3.8 16,978 12,928 76.1 12,535 73.8 393 3.0 56,620 44,074 77.8 43,182 76.3 892 2.0 Men Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Employment-population ratio.... Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. 93,264 70,501 75.6 .67,963 72.9 2,538 3.6 13,249 7,974 60.2 7,450 56.2 523 6.6 29,232 21,385 73.2 20,434 69.9 951 4.4 15,337 11,810 77.0 11,382 74.2 429 3.6 7,353 6,043 82.2 5,862 79.7 181 3.0 28,094 23,289 82.9 22,835 81.3 454 1.9 Women Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Employment-population ratio.... Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. 101,194 60,406 59.7 58,209 57.5 2,198 3.6 13,385 4,434 33.1 4,071 30.4 363 8.2 32,141 17,154 53.4 16,423 51.1 731 4.3 17,516 11,148 63.6 10,695 61.1 454 4.1 9,625 6,886 71.5 6,674 69.3 212 3.1 28,527 20,784 72.9 20,346 71.3 438 2.1 White Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Employment-population ratio.... Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. 159,265 106,963 67.2 103,477 65.0 3,487 3.3 21,102 10,106 47.9 9,446 44.8 660 6.5 50,340 31,354 62.3 30,140 59.9 1,214 3.9 26,927 18,578 69.0 17,936 66.6 642 3.5 14,080 10,709 76.1 10,419 74.0 290 2.7 46,815 36,215 77.4 35,535 75.9 681 1.9 Men Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Employment-population ratio.... Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. 77,307 58,647 75.9 56,740 73.4 1,907 3.3 10,815 6,775 62.6 6,364 58.8 411 6.1 24,169 17,740 73.4 17,039 70.5 701 4.0 12,695 9,722 76.6 9,409 74.1 313 3.2 6,172 5,097 82.6 4,964 80.4 134 2.6 23,456 19,312 82.3 18,964 80.8 348 1.8 Women Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Employment-population ratio.... Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. 81,957 48,316 59.0 46,737 57.0 1,579 3.3 10,287 3,331 32.4 3,082 30.0 249 7.5 26,171 13,614 52.0 13,102 50.1 512 3.8 14,233 8,856 62.2 8,527 59.9 329 3.7 7,908 5,612 71.0 5,455 69.0 157 2.8 23,359 16,903 72.4 16,571 70.9 332 2.0 See note at end of table. Table 3. Employment status of persons 25 years and over by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, race, and Total, 25 years and over Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Less than a high school diploma High school Associate graduates, no Some college, no degree degree college Bachelor’s degree and higher Black or African American Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Employment-population ratio.... Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. 21,954 14,721 67.1 13,811 62.9 910 6.2 3,761 1,470 39.1 1,293 34.4 177 12.0 7,884 5,158 65.4 4,783 60.7 375 7.3 4,160 3,093 74.4 2,912 70.0 181 5.9 1,881 1,459 77.6 1,389 73.8 70 4.8 4,268 3,540 83.0 3,435 80.5 106 3.0 Men Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Employment-population ratio.... Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. 9,677 6,886 71.2 6,429 66.4 457 6.6 1,666 739 44.3 653 39.2 86 11.7 3,596 2,546 70.8 2,340 65.1 206 8.1 1,802 1,404 77.9 1,320 73.3 84 6.0 758 600 79.2 570 75.1 31 5.1 1,855 1,597 86.1 1,547 83.4 50 3.2 Women Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Employment-population ratio.... Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. 12,277 7,835 63.8 7,382 60.1 453 5.8 2,094 731 34.9 641 30.6 91 12.4 4,288 2,613 60.9 2,443 57.0 170 6.5 2,358 1,689 71.6 1,592 67.5 97 5.8 1,123 859 76.5 819 72.9 40 4.6 2,413 1,943 80.5 1,888 78.2 55 2.8 Asian Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Employment-population ratio.... Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. 9,109 6,379 70.0 6,200 68.1 179 2.8 999 437 43.8 425 42.5 13 2.9 1,858 1,174 63.2 1,136 61.1 38 3.2 893 647 72.5 624 69.9 23 3.5 609 441 72.5 423 69.5 18 4.0 4,750 3,679 77.5 3,592 75.6 88 2.4 Men Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Employment-population ratio.... Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. 4,292 3,454 80.5 3,361 78.3 92 2.7 383 216 56.6 210 55.0 6 2.8 816 610 74.8 595 72.9 16 2.5 432 358 83.0 344 79.7 14 4.0 240 197 82.0 188 78.3 9 4.5 2,422 2,072 85.6 2,025 83.6 47 2.3 Women Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Employment-population ratio.... Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. 4,818 2,926 60.7 2,838 58.9 87 3.0 617 221 35.8 214 34.7 7 3.1 1,042 564 54.1 541 51.9 23 4.0 461 289 62.7 281 60.8 9 3.0 369 244 66.2 236 63.8 9 3.6 2,328 1,607 69.0 1,567 67.3 40 2.5 See note at end of table. Table 3. Employment status of persons 25 years and over by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) Employment status, sex, race, and Total, 25 years and over Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Less than a high school diploma High school Associate graduates, no Some college, no degree degree college Bachelor’s degree and higher Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Employment-population ratio.... Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. 24,791 17,783 71.7 16,973 68.5 810 4.6 9,643 6,040 62.6 5,677 58.9 363 6.0 7,191 5,344 74.3 5,110 71.1 234 4.4 3,176 2,490 78.4 2,382 75.0 108 4.4 1,489 1,201 80.7 1,160 77.9 41 3.5 3,292 2,707 82.2 2,644 80.3 63 2.3 Men Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Employment-population ratio.... Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. 12,721 10,758 84.6 10,303 81.0 455 4.2 5,144 4,168 81.0 3,947 76.7 221 5.3 3,742 3,233 86.4 3,100 82.8 133 4.1 1,556 1,341 86.2 1,285 82.6 56 4.2 671 585 87.1 567 84.5 18 3.0 1,607 1,430 89.0 1,403 87.3 27 1.9 Women Civilian noninstitutional population...... Civilian labor force........................... Percent of population................ Employed..................................... Employment-population ratio.... Unemployed................................. Unemployment rate.................. 12,070 7,025 58.2 6,670 55.3 355 5.1 4,499 1,872 41.6 1,730 38.5 141 7.6 3,449 2,111 61.2 2,010 58.3 101 4.8 1,620 1,149 70.9 1,097 67.7 52 4.6 818 617 75.4 593 72.5 24 3.9 1,685 1,277 75.8 1,241 73.6 36 2.8 not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are Table 4. Employed persons by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages Occupation Total White Black or African Asian American Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total, 16 years and over (thousands)....................................................... Percent.................................................................................................... 146,047 100.0 119,792 100.0 16,051 100.0 6,839 100.0 20,382 100.0 Management, professional, and related occupations.................................. Management, business, and financial operations.................................... Management occupations.................................................................... Business and financial operations occupations................................... 35.5 14.8 10.6 4.2 36.1 15.5 11.3 4.1 27.1 10.1 6.1 4.0 48.1 15.8 10.1 5.7 17.8 7.7 5.6 2.2 Professional and related occupations...................................................... Computer and mathematical occupations............................................ Architecture and engineering occupations........................................... Life, physical, and social science occupations..................................... Community and social services occupations....................................... Legal occupations................................................................................ Education, training, and library occupations........................................ Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations................ Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations............................... 20.7 2.4 2.0 0.9 1.6 1.1 5.8 1.9 5.0 20.6 2.1 2.0 0.9 1.4 1.2 6.0 2.0 4.8 16.9 1.5 1.0 0.5 2.6 0.7 5.1 1.0 4.6 32.4 9.0 4.2 2.6 1.1 0.7 4.6 1.6 8.7 10.0 0.9 0.9 0.3 1.1 0.5 3.2 1.2 2.0 Service occupations.................................................................................... Healthcare support occupations.............................................................. Protective service occupations................................................................ Food preparation and serving related occupations.................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations................ Personal care and service occupations................................................... 16.5 2.1 2.1 5.3 3.7 3.3 15.5 1.8 2.0 5.1 3.6 3.0 23.3 4.7 3.6 5.5 5.2 4.2 16.0 1.8 1.0 6.2 2.2 4.8 24.1 2.2 1.5 8.0 9.2 3.2 Sales and office occupations....................................................................... Sales and related occupations................................................................. Office and administrative support occupations........................................ 24.8 11.4 13.4 24.8 11.6 13.2 26.2 10.3 15.8 21.9 11.4 10.5 21.1 9.3 11.8 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations................. Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.............................................. Construction and extraction occupations................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................................... 10.8 0.7 6.5 3.6 11.6 0.7 7.1 3.8 7.0 0.3 4.0 2.7 4.4 0.2 1.7 2.4 19.4 1.9 14.0 3.6 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations..................... Production occupations........................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations.................................... 12.4 6.4 6.0 12.0 6.3 5.7 16.5 7.4 9.2 9.6 6.5 3.0 17.6 9.4 8.2 See note at end of table. Table 4. Employed persons by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages—Continued Black or Hispanic or Occupation Total White African Asian Latino American ethnicity Men, 16 years and over (thousands)....................................................... Percent.................................................................................................... 78,254 100.0 65,289 100.0 7,500 100.0 3,677 100.0 12,310 100.0 Management, professional, and related occupations.................................. Management, business, and financial operations.................................... Management occupations.................................................................... Business and financial operations occupations................................... 32.7 15.8 12.4 3.4 33.2 16.7 13.2 3.5 22.3 9.2 6.3 2.9 49.3 15.8 11.4 4.4 14.3 7.2 5.7 1.5 Professional and related occupations...................................................... Computer and mathematical occupations............................................ Architecture and engineering occupations........................................... Life, physical, and social science occupations..................................... Community and social services occupations....................................... Legal occupations................................................................................ Education, training, and library occupations........................................ Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations................ Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations............................... 16.9 3.3 3.2 1.0 1.1 1.0 2.9 1.9 2.4 16.5 2.9 3.3 1.0 1.1 1.1 2.9 2.0 2.3 13.1 2.1 1.6 0.5 2.0 0.5 2.8 1.2 2.3 33.5 12.5 6.2 2.9 0.8 0.4 3.6 1.6 5.6 7.1 1.1 1.3 0.3 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.2 1.0 Service occupations.................................................................................... Healthcare support occupations.............................................................. Protective service occupations................................................................ Food preparation and serving related occupations.................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations................ Personal care and service occupations................................................... 13.2 0.4 3.0 4.3 4.2 1.3 12.4 0.3 2.9 4.0 4.0 1.1 19.2 1.0 5.0 5.2 6.0 2.0 13.5 0.8 1.4 6.5 2.6 2.2 19.7 0.4 2.0 7.6 8.7 1.0 Sales and office occupations....................................................................... Sales and related occupations................................................................. Office and administrative support occupations........................................ 16.9 10.8 6.2 16.7 11.0 5.7 18.7 8.8 10.0 18.4 11.5 6.9 13.2 7.2 6.0 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations................. Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.............................................. Construction and extraction occupations................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................................... 19.3 1.0 11.9 6.4 20.4 1.1 12.7 6.7 14.0 0.4 8.1 5.5 7.4 0.2 3.1 4.1 31.0 2.5 22.8 5.7 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations..................... Production occupations........................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations.................................... 17.9 8.4 9.5 17.3 8.4 9.0 25.7 9.6 16.1 11.4 6.7 4.7 21.7 10.4 11.3 See note at end of table. 10 Table 4. Employed persons by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages—Continued Black or Hispanic or Occupation Total White African Asian Latino American ethnicity Women, 16 years and over (thousands).............................................. Percent................................................................................................. 67,792 100.0 54,503 100.0 8,551 100.0 3,162 100.0 8,072 100.0 Management, professional, and related occupations.................................. Management, business, and financial operations.................................... Management occupations.................................................................... Business and financial operations occupations................................... 38.6 13.6 8.6 5.0 39.5 13.9 9.0 4.9 31.2 11.0 6.0 5.0 46.8 15.7 8.5 7.2 23.1 8.6 5.4 3.2 Professional and related occupations...................................................... Computer and mathematical occupations............................................ Architecture and engineering occupations........................................... Life, physical, and social science occupations..................................... Community and social services occupations....................................... Legal occupations................................................................................ Education, training, and library occupations........................................ Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations................ Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations............................... 25.1 1.3 0.6 0.9 2.0 1.3 9.2 1.9 7.9 25.6 1.1 0.6 0.8 1.9 1.4 9.8 2.1 7.9 20.3 1.0 0.4 0.5 3.1 0.8 7.0 0.8 6.6 31.1 4.9 1.8 2.3 1.4 1.0 5.7 1.6 12.4 14.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 1.8 0.8 6.1 1.2 3.5 Service occupations.................................................................................... Healthcare support occupations.............................................................. Protective service occupations................................................................ Food preparation and serving related occupations.................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations................ Personal care and service occupations................................................... 20.4 4.1 1.0 6.4 3.2 5.6 19.3 3.6 0.8 6.5 3.1 5.3 26.8 7.9 2.4 5.8 4.5 6.2 18.9 2.9 0.5 5.9 1.9 7.8 30.7 4.8 0.8 8.6 10.0 6.5 Sales and office occupations....................................................................... Sales and related occupations................................................................. Office and administrative support occupations........................................ 33.8 12.2 21.6 34.4 12.3 22.1 32.7 11.7 21.0 26.0 11.4 14.7 33.1 12.4 20.7 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations................. Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.............................................. Construction and extraction occupations................................................. Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations................................... 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.5 1.8 1.0 0.6 0.2 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations..................... Production occupations........................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations.................................... 6.2 4.2 2.0 5.7 3.9 1.9 8.5 5.4 3.1 7.4 6.3 1.0 11.3 8.0 3.3 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 11 Table 5. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages Percent of total employed Total (In White thousands) Occupation Black or African Asian American Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total, 16 years and older............................................................................. 146,047 82.0 11.0 4.7 14.0 Management, professional, and related occupations.................................. 51,788 83.5 8.4 6.4 7.0 Management, business, and financial operations occupations................ Management occupations.................................................................... Chief executives............................................................................... General and operations managers................................................... Legislators........................................................................................ Advertising and promotions managers............................................. Marketing and sales managers........................................................ Public relations managers................................................................ Administrative services managers.................................................... Computer and information systems managers................................. Financial managers.......................................................................... Human resources managers............................................................ Industrial production managers........................................................ Purchasing managers....................................................................... Transportation, storage, and distribution managers......................... Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers................................. Farmers and ranchers...................................................................... Construction managers.................................................................... Education administrators.................................................................. Engineering managers..................................................................... Food service managers.................................................................... Funeral directors............................................................................... Gaming managers............................................................................ Lodging managers............................................................................ Medical and health services managers............................................ Natural sciences managers.............................................................. Postmasters and mail superintendents............................................ Property, real estate, and community association managers........... Social and community service managers......................................... Managers, all other........................................................................... 21,577 15,486 1,649 971 19 77 848 63 98 467 1,181 253 264 168 260 204 742 1,176 810 114 1,002 43 7 151 536 12 50 594 331 3,398 85.8 87.5 90.7 89.8 (1) 88.3 89.4 90.5 85.7 83.1 85.2 83.8 89.0 85.7 86.2 97.1 96.9 94.0 84.6 87.7 80.4 (1) (1) 78.1 81.7 (1) 84.0 86.2 80.4 86.8 7.5 6.3 3.5 4.6 (1) 5.6 5.1 3.7 8.6 7.7 7.1 11.6 4.7 8.5 10.0 0.6 1.1 2.6 12.6 2.8 7.2 (1) (1) 7.4 11.3 (1) 13.0 7.1 13.5 6.6 5.0 4.5 4.3 3.6 (1) 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.2 8.5 6.7 3.3 3.7 4.8 1.8 1.1 0.5 1.5 1.0 8.1 9.9 (1) (1) 13.4 5.1 (1) 3.1 4.7 4.0 4.8 7.3 7.4 5.0 7.9 (1) 3.1 5.8 4.2 2.9 3.4 8.0 7.1 9.8 6.4 13.6 5.3 2.3 9.2 7.4 1.5 14.3 (1) (1) 7.7 7.4 (1) 2.1 9.5 8.6 7.0 Business and financial operations occupations.................................... Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes.................................................................................... Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products................................. Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products.......................... Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products..... Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators............ Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation................................................................ Cost estimators................................................................................. Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists.............. Logisticians....................................................................................... Management analysts...................................................................... Meeting and convention planners..................................................... Other business operations specialists.............................................. Accountants and auditors................................................................. Appraisers and assessors of real estate.......................................... Budget analysts................................................................................ Credit analysts.................................................................................. Financial analysts............................................................................. Personal financial advisors............................................................... Insurance underwriters..................................................................... 6,091 81.5 10.5 6.4 7.2 41 7 200 280 289 (1) (1) 84.5 85.4 77.2 (1) (1) 7.2 8.2 17.3 (1) (1) 5.1 3.9 3.1 (1) (1) 7.9 6.9 7.8 139 115 793 55 627 44 218 1,806 118 62 30 109 373 94 84.9 94.8 80.2 80.0 87.4 (1) 78.9 78.8 89.0 77.4 (1) 79.8 85.8 79.8 8.9 0.2 14.2 11.7 5.4 (1) 13.3 10.5 4.9 11.7 (1) 4.0 7.6 14.3 4.5 4.6 3.6 7.6 6.5 (1) 6.4 9.1 5.1 9.8 (1) 14.7 6.0 6.1 8.0 5.1 7.5 2.7 6.4 (1) 9.2 5.9 5.4 2.4 (1) 5.8 6.5 2.5 See footnotes at end of table. 12 Table 5. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages—Continued Percent of total employed Total (In White thousands) Occupation Black or African Asian American Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Financial examiners.......................................................................... Loan counselors and officers............................................................ Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents............................... Tax preparers.................................................................................... Financial specialists, all other........................................................... 6 467 62 104 52 (1) 78.4 75.8 79.8 86.5 (1) 14.4 22.0 13.6 8.7 (1) 4.2 1.6 5.8 4.0 (1) 13.1 10.5 10.1 9.8 Professional and related occupations...................................................... Computer and mathematical occupations........................................... Computer scientists and systems analysts....................................... Computer programmers................................................................... Computer software engineers.......................................................... Computer support specialists........................................................... Database administrators................................................................... Network and computer systems administrators................................ Network systems and data communications analysts...................... Actuaries........................................................................................... Mathematicians................................................................................ Operations research analysts........................................................... Statisticians...................................................................................... Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations........................... 30,210 3,441 825 526 907 332 104 214 383 18 2 87 41 3 81.8 73.3 74.1 73.6 64.1 78.0 76.9 81.3 81.2 (1) (1) 79.3 (1) (1) 9.0 7.2 8.8 5.2 4.9 11.2 5.8 7.9 7.4 (1) (1) 13.1 (1) (1) 7.3 17.8 15.5 19.6 29.4 8.8 16.2 10.1 9.1 (1) (1) 5.3 (1) (1) 6.8 5.2 5.6 6.2 2.8 6.0 3.8 7.8 6.9 (1) (1) 7.8 (1) (1) Architecture and engineering occupations........................................... Architects, except naval.................................................................... Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists.......................... Aerospace engineers........................................................................ Agricultural engineers....................................................................... Biomedical engineers....................................................................... Chemical engineers.......................................................................... Civil engineers.................................................................................. Computer hardware engineers......................................................... Electrical and electronics engineers................................................. Environmental engineers.................................................................. Industrial engineers, including health and safety.............................. Marine engineers and naval architects............................................. Materials engineers.......................................................................... Mechanical engineers....................................................................... Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers............................................................................. Nuclear engineers............................................................................ Petroleum engineers........................................................................ Engineers, all other........................................................................... Drafters............................................................................................. Engineering technicians, except drafters.......................................... Surveying and mapping technicians................................................. 2,932 240 45 123 4 12 75 382 79 347 36 161 11 38 296 83.5 86.7 (1) 79.7 (1) (1) 78.7 86.6 69.6 78.1 (1) 86.3 (1) (1) 83.8 5.3 4.4 (1) 6.6 (1) (1) 10.3 2.9 5.6 6.9 (1) 4.4 (1) (1) 4.2 9.7 8.6 (1) 13.4 (1) (1) 11.6 8.8 22.8 13.5 (1) 8.0 (1) (1) 12.1 6.4 7.0 (1) 3.1 (1) (1) 4.3 6.1 4.9 4.1 (1) 3.0 (1) (1) 3.8 5 10 21 349 187 420 92 (1) (1) (1) 83.1 88.8 83.3 90.2 (1) (1) (1) 3.0 5.3 8.3 5.0 (1) (1) (1) 12.0 4.1 5.9 1.2 (1) (1) (1) 8.5 8.8 11.2 5.8 Life, physical, and social science occupations..................................... Agricultural and food scientists......................................................... Biological scientists.......................................................................... Conservation scientists and foresters............................................... Medical scientists............................................................................. Astronomers and physicists.............................................................. Atmospheric and space scientists.................................................... Chemists and materials scientists.................................................... Environmental scientists and geoscientists...................................... Physical scientists, all other.............................................................. Economists....................................................................................... Market and survey researchers........................................................ 1,382 32 92 30 152 17 7 118 98 119 23 159 79.2 (1) 81.5 (1) 59.2 (1) (1) 73.7 87.8 68.1 (1) 83.6 5.8 (1) 2.0 (1) 7.4 (1) (1) 6.8 5.4 6.4 (1) 5.2 12.9 (1) 13.5 (1) 31.9 (1) (1) 18.3 3.9 23.5 (1) 9.9 4.6 (1) 1.7 (1) 2.8 (1) (1) 5.1 0.3 2.8 (1) 5.1 See footnotes at end of table. 13 Table 5. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages—Continued Percent of total employed Total (In White thousands) Occupation Black or African Asian American Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Psychologists.................................................................................... Sociologists...................................................................................... Urban and regional planners............................................................ Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers........................ Agricultural and food science technicians........................................ Biological technicians....................................................................... Chemical technicians........................................................................ Geological and petroleum technicians.............................................. Nuclear technicians.......................................................................... Other life, physical, and social science technicians.......................... 185 7 30 36 23 23 62 15 2 151 88.1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 83.9 (1) (1) 81.5 7.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 7.4 (1) (1) 4.9 4.6 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 6.0 (1) (1) 11.1 3.5 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 14.5 (1) (1) 4.9 Community and social services occupations........................................ Counselors....................................................................................... Social workers.................................................................................. Miscellaneous community and social service specialists................. Clergy............................................................................................... Directors, religious activities and education..................................... Religious workers, all other.............................................................. 2,265 686 673 317 422 57 110 75.9 74.8 71.8 71.0 84.6 89.5 82.7 18.4 18.6 22.9 23.8 11.1 3.4 9.3 3.2 2.9 3.2 3.0 3.5 3.3 4.8 9.5 8.3 11.9 14.6 5.0 6.0 6.9 Legal occupations................................................................................ Lawyers............................................................................................ Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers............................... Paralegals and legal assistants........................................................ Miscellaneous legal support workers................................................ 1,668 1,001 68 347 253 88.8 90.8 86.8 84.7 86.2 6.7 4.9 9.1 9.7 8.7 2.8 2.6 0.1 3.4 3.6 6.0 4.3 8.1 9.0 8.1 Education, training, and library occupations......................................... Postsecondary teachers................................................................... Preschool and kindergarten teachers............................................... Elementary and middle school teachers........................................... Secondary school teachers.............................................................. Special education teachers.............................................................. Other teachers and instructors......................................................... Archivists, curators, and museum technicians................................. Librarians.......................................................................................... Library technicians............................................................................ Teacher assistants............................................................................ Other education, training, and library workers.................................. 8,485 1,261 667 2,943 1,158 363 732 42 215 52 974 78 85.0 81.2 80.7 86.6 90.4 88.4 81.4 (1) 90.7 82.7 82.1 83.3 9.6 5.6 14.3 10.3 7.1 8.7 10.4 (1) 6.0 11.9 12.8 11.2 3.7 11.7 3.0 1.6 1.4 1.4 5.6 (1) 2.0 4.1 2.2 5.3 7.6 4.2 10.4 6.9 7.0 4.5 6.7 (1) 4.1 9.9 15.8 6.0 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations................ Artists and related workers............................................................... Designers......................................................................................... Actors................................................................................................ Producers and directors................................................................... Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers............................. Dancers and choreographers........................................................... Musicians, singers, and related workers.......................................... Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other........................................................................................... Announcers...................................................................................... News analysts, reporters and correspondents................................. Public relations specialists................................................................ Editors.............................................................................................. Technical writers............................................................................... Writers and authors.......................................................................... Miscellaneous media and communication workers.......................... Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators................................................................................ 2,789 227 852 28 149 253 25 170 88.0 91.6 89.0 (1) 91.9 87.0 (1) 87.1 5.7 2.6 4.0 (1) 4.7 8.2 (1) 9.5 3.9 3.9 5.6 (1) 1.9 1.4 (1) 2.0 8.7 5.2 8.5 (1) 7.4 7.6 (1) 13.2 42 51 84 132 163 51 179 73 (1) 74.5 88.1 87.1 87.7 88.2 88.8 80.8 (1) 22.8 6.4 5.5 5.8 4.3 2.6 3.6 (1) 0.6 2.7 4.3 3.7 6.4 4.1 12.7 (1) 9.5 6.8 7.2 6.3 3.6 3.2 35.5 89 85.4 9.1 4.3 9.3 See footnotes at end of table. 14 Table 5. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages—Continued Percent of total employed Total (In White thousands) Occupation Black or African Asian American Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Photographers.................................................................................. Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors...................................................................... Media and communication equipment workers, all other................. 173 90.2 5.7 1.9 10.3 47 – (1) – (1) – (1) – (1) – Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations............................... Chiropractors.................................................................................... Dentists............................................................................................. Dietitians and nutritionists................................................................. Optometrists..................................................................................... Pharmacists...................................................................................... Physicians and surgeons.................................................................. Physician assistants......................................................................... Podiatrists......................................................................................... Registered nurses............................................................................ Audiologists...................................................................................... Occupational therapists.................................................................... Physical therapists............................................................................ Radiation therapists.......................................................................... Recreational therapists..................................................................... Respiratory therapists....................................................................... Speech-language pathologists......................................................... Therapists, all other.......................................................................... Veterinarians..................................................................................... Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other..................... Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians............................. Dental hygienists.............................................................................. Diagnostic related technologists and technicians............................. Emergency medical technicians and paramedics............................ Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians......................................................................... Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses........................... Medical records and health information technicians......................... Opticians, dispensing....................................................................... Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians........................ Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations................ 7,248 62 184 100 34 247 888 87 10 2,629 15 79 212 13 22 97 122 123 56 21 332 156 287 162 79.9 98.4 82.1 73.0 (1) 74.5 76.2 85.1 (1) 80.4 (1) 94.9 83.5 (1) (1) 84.5 91.0 81.3 98.2 (1) 69.9 94.2 87.1 87.7 10.2 0.8 5.4 15.8 (1) 5.9 5.6 7.2 (1) 9.9 (1) 1.4 3.5 (1) (1) 11.0 6.3 10.7 1.0 (1) 18.3 1.4 8.0 8.6 8.2 – 10.9 9.3 (1) 16.6 16.9 5.6 (1) 7.9 (1) 3.4 12.0 (1) (1) 3.2 1.8 4.4 0.6 (1) 10.4 3.8 3.3 0.7 5.6 3.0 3.4 5.3 (1) 2.5 5.2 8.2 (1) 4.6 (1) 6.7 5.3 (1) (1) 8.9 4.5 8.7 6.3 (1) 5.0 5.4 8.4 7.0 462 533 83 54 124 53 78.6 70.9 74.7 94.4 66.1 86.8 14.0 22.4 17.9 2.7 25.7 7.4 6.0 3.9 3.7 0.5 6.0 4.6 8.8 5.8 15.8 14.6 7.4 4.0 Service occupations................................................................................. 24,137 77.0 15.5 4.5 20.3 Healthcare support occupations........................................................... Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides.................................... Occupational therapist assistants and aides.................................... Physical therapist assistants and aides............................................ Massage therapists.......................................................................... Dental assistants.............................................................................. Medical assistants and other healthcare support occupations......... 3,138 1,879 9 61 134 275 781 69.5 59.7 (1) 85.2 88.8 90.5 81.0 24.0 33.6 (1) 9.1 2.7 6.8 11.8 3.9 4.2 (1) 3.0 5.1 1.2 3.9 14.0 13.8 (1) 9.2 6.9 16.7 15.6 Protective service occupations............................................................. First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers................... First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives................. First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers......................................................................... Supervisors, protective service workers, all other............................ Fire fighters....................................................................................... Fire inspectors.................................................................................. Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers............................................ Detectives and criminal investigators............................................... 3,071 47 116 76.4 (1) 87.1 18.9 (1) 11.2 2.1 (1) 0.8 10.0 (1) 10.6 56 97 288 16 444 135 91.1 78.4 85.8 (1) 73.2 82.2 4.2 18.2 10.0 (1) 23.9 14.9 2.2 1.7 0.9 (1) 0.4 3.0 10.6 11.9 6.2 (1) 7.3 11.2 See footnotes at end of table. 15 Table 5. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages—Continued Percent of total employed Total (In White thousands) Occupation Fish and game wardens................................................................... Parking enforcement workers........................................................... Police and sheriff’s patrol officers..................................................... Transit and railroad police................................................................ Animal control workers..................................................................... Private detectives and investigators................................................. Security guards and gaming surveillance officers............................ Crossing guards............................................................................... Lifeguards and other protective service workers.............................. (1) (1) 83.4 (1) (1) 88.4 64.6 (1) 84.0 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (1) (1) 12.7 (1) (1) 7.9 28.3 (1) 12.2 (1) (1) 2.6 (1) (1) 2.8 3.3 (1) 0.8 (1) (1) 9.1 (1) (1) 9.7 12.4 (1) 9.5 Food preparation and serving related occupations.............................. 7,699 79.5 11.5 Chefs and head cooks...................................................................... 345 71.0 12.2 First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers........................................................................ 610 79.7 13.9 Cooks............................................................................................... 1,939 74.5 15.4 Food preparation workers................................................................. 681 79.1 12.2 Bartenders........................................................................................ 375 90.9 3.3 Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food........................................................................... 302 79.8 12.4 Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop..................................................................................... 323 83.0 10.6 Waiters and waitresses..................................................................... 1,978 83.8 7.7 Food servers, nonrestaurant............................................................ 182 70.3 20.9 Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers............................................................................ 392 79.1 10.9 Dishwashers..................................................................................... 281 78.6 11.8 Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop.............. 284 82.4 9.8 Food preparation and serving related workers, all other.................. 7 (1) (1) 5.5 13.6 21.2 19.5 2.9 6.0 5.3 3.1 16.3 31.0 23.4 10.9 4.2 12.6 3.7 5.6 6.4 14.7 15.3 16.9 5.5 4.4 5.7 (1) 27.9 36.6 11.9 (1) Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations............ First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers...................................................................... First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and grounds keeping workers................................... Janitors and building cleaners.......................................................... Maids and housekeeping cleaners................................................... Pest control workers......................................................................... Grounds maintenance workers......................................................... 8 11 669 5 10 86 891 48 144 Black or African Asian American 5,469 79.1 15.2 2.8 34.3 319 76.5 19.2 2.6 21.2 234 2,080 1,427 77 1,332 91.9 74.2 76.2 76.6 88.3 4.3 19.2 17.6 12.9 7.5 2.0 3.2 3.3 5.3 1.7 19.3 28.0 40.4 14.2 44.4 Personal care and service occupations................................................ 4,760 75.9 14.3 First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers......................... 139 83.5 10.0 First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers........... 157 77.7 9.3 Animal trainers.................................................................................. 31 (1) (1) Nonfarm animal caretakers.............................................................. 140 94.3 1.7 Gaming services workers................................................................. 111 61.3 9.8 Motion picture projectionists............................................................. 6 (1) (1) Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers...................................... 51 82.4 13.4 Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers............................................................................... 160 85.6 8.0 Funeral service workers................................................................... 12 (1) (1) Barbers............................................................................................. 102 65.7 27.3 Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists.................................. 778 81.1 11.1 Miscellaneous personal appearance workers.................................. 223 42.2 5.9 Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges..................................... 60 60.0 20.3 Tour and travel guides...................................................................... 47 (1) (1) Transportation attendants................................................................. 148 72.3 18.5 Child care workers............................................................................ 1,341 78.9 16.0 Personal and home care aides......................................................... 766 67.4 22.5 6.9 3.9 11.7 (1) 1.0 23.8 (1) 2.5 13.6 6.2 5.5 (1) 13.4 7.8 (1) 9.0 2.1 (1) 2.4 5.5 49.1 10.0 (1) 7.7 2.7 6.2 13.1 (1) 22.6 12.5 6.8 26.7 (1) 9.8 16.8 18.8 See footnotes at end of table. 16 Table 5. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages—Continued Percent of total employed Total (In White thousands) Occupation Black or African Asian American Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Recreation and fitness workers........................................................ Residential advisors......................................................................... Personal care and service workers, all other.................................... 331 64 90 87.0 70.3 75.6 7.8 26.6 17.0 1.8 2.5 3.9 6.9 2.1 10.2 Sales and office occupations................................................................... 36,212 81.9 11.6 4.1 11.9 Sales and related occupations............................................................. 16,698 83.2 9.9 First-line supervisors/managers of retail salesworkers..................... 3,445 84.7 8.0 First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail salesworkers................................................................................... 1,333 85.1 7.2 Cashiers........................................................................................... 3,022 73.2 17.4 Counter and rental clerks................................................................. 158 77.2 15.9 Parts salespersons........................................................................... 132 89.4 7.9 Retail salespersons.......................................................................... 3,492 82.9 10.9 Advertising sales agents................................................................... 219 89.5 7.2 Insurance sales agents..................................................................... 538 87.7 7.7 Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents................................................................................... 398 84.2 7.4 Travel agents.................................................................................... 111 80.2 7.7 Sales representatives, services, all other......................................... 590 86.4 8.5 Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing...................... 1,442 91.4 4.2 Models, demonstrators, and product promoters............................... 75 92.0 2.1 Real estate brokers and sales agents.............................................. 1,050 88.5 5.3 Sales engineers................................................................................ 40 (1) (1) Telemarketers................................................................................... 160 73.8 19.5 Door-to-door salesworkers, news and street vendors, and related workers........................................................ 265 82.6 10.5 Sales and related workers, all other................................................. 227 85.9 9.2 4.7 5.3 11.3 9.6 5.8 5.8 3.1 0.3 4.1 1.4 3.1 8.8 17.0 11.0 11.9 12.2 7.7 8.2 7.3 9.6 3.3 3.4 3.7 5.0 (1) 1.2 8.3 9.1 8.4 8.4 8.1 10.1 (1) 13.4 3.9 1.1 17.5 6.9 Office and administrative support occupations..................................... 19,513 80.8 13.0 First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers....................................................... 1,629 84.6 9.5 Switchboard operators, including answering service........................ 50 82.0 14.6 Telephone operators......................................................................... 40 (1) (1) Communications equipment operators, all other.............................. 8 (1) (1) Bill and account collectors................................................................ 216 71.8 24.3 Billing and posting clerks and machine operators............................ 442 77.1 14.9 Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks................................. 1,490 86.6 7.3 Gaming cage workers....................................................................... 13 (1) (1) Payroll and timekeeping clerks......................................................... 181 84.0 8.8 Procurement clerks........................................................................... 28 (1) (1) Tellers............................................................................................... 472 82.4 10.5 Brokerage clerks............................................................................... 6 (1) (1) Correspondence clerks..................................................................... 7 (1) (1) Court, municipal, and license clerks................................................. 99 80.8 11.7 Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks.......................................... 48 (1) (1) Customer service representatives.................................................... 1,917 75.6 18.0 Eligibility interviewers, government programs.................................. 68 69.1 21.0 File clerks.......................................................................................... 403 75.9 17.9 Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks................................................. 118 77.1 13.7 Interviewers, except eligibility and loan............................................ 141 75.9 17.6 Library assistants, clerical................................................................ 113 79.6 8.7 Loan interviewers and clerks............................................................ 155 84.5 7.7 New accounts clerks......................................................................... 17 (1) (1) Order clerks...................................................................................... 102 79.4 14.9 Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping.................................................................................... 49 (1) (1) Receptionists and information clerks................................................ 1,441 83.3 11.3 3.7 12.4 3.9 0.5 (1) (1) 2.1 4.4 3.8 (1) 4.7 (1) 4.9 (1) (1) 5.3 (1) 3.6 6.8 3.8 3.6 3.6 10.4 4.1 (1) 4.1 11.3 6.5 (1) (1) 14.4 11.6 9.5 (1) 12.2 (1) 13.3 (1) (1) 11.1 (1) 14.1 11.0 13.1 16.2 13.3 12.6 14.6 (1) 12.5 (1) 2.7 (1) 14.3 See footnotes at end of table. 17 Table 5. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages—Continued Percent of total employed Total (In White thousands) Occupation Black or African Asian American Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks..................................................................................... 144 74.3 15.3 Information and record clerks, all other............................................ 101 85.1 11.2 Cargo and freight agents.................................................................. 21 (1) (1) Couriers and messengers................................................................ 254 77.2 15.9 Dispatchers....................................................................................... 286 83.6 11.6 Meter readers, utilities...................................................................... 42 (1) (1) Postal service clerks......................................................................... 172 63.4 24.8 Postal service mail carriers............................................................... 364 75.8 15.9 Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators....................................................... 84 46.4 37.0 Production, planning, and expediting clerks..................................... 258 88.8 6.5 Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks............................................... 539 82.7 11.6 Stock clerks and order fillers............................................................ 1,512 76.3 17.4 Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping................................................................................. 68 82.4 14.0 Secretaries and administrative assistants........................................ 3,401 87.0 9.0 Computer operators.......................................................................... 160 80.0 15.0 Data entry keyers............................................................................. 449 73.7 16.5 Word processors and typists............................................................ 214 76.2 19.6 Desktop publishers........................................................................... 4 (1) (1) Insurance claims and policy processing clerks................................. 283 80.2 15.4 Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service.................................................................................. 123 67.5 25.7 Office clerks, general........................................................................ 1,097 77.6 14.0 Office machine operators, except computer..................................... 48 (1) (1) Proofreaders and copy markers....................................................... 13 (1) (1) Statistical assistants......................................................................... 21 (1) (1) Office and administrative support workers, all other......................... 603 80.6 12.9 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations........................................................................................ 15,740 88.2 7.1 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations........................................... First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers.............................................................................. Agricultural inspectors...................................................................... Animal breeders............................................................................... Graders and sorters, agricultural products....................................... Miscellaneous agricultural workers................................................... Fishers and related fishing workers.................................................. Hunters and trappers........................................................................ Forest and conservation workers..................................................... Logging workers............................................................................... Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 3.3 1.8 (1) 4.7 1.0 (1) 9.1 6.1 15.3 12.5 (1) 11.1 12.0 (1) 10.4 7.5 12.2 2.6 2.8 3.6 6.5 10.2 23.0 17.3 0.9 2.2 4.8 7.3 3.0 (1) 1.7 19.9 9.3 11.3 10.7 11.8 (1) 13.8 5.2 5.5 (1) (1) (1) 4.1 11.6 13.8 (1) (1) (1) 9.7 1.9 25.2 960 89.5 4.9 1.7 40.4 42 14 8 81 683 34 1 9 88 (1) (1) (1) 72.8 90.9 (1) (1) (1) 89.8 (1) (1) (1) 15.9 3.4 (1) (1) (1) 7.7 (1) (1) (1) 4.3 1.5 (1) (1) (1) 0.2 (1) (1) (1) 50.2 45.9 (1) (1) (1) 15.1 Construction and extraction occupations............................................. 9,535 89.2 6.7 First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers........................................................ 918 93.0 3.8 Boilermakers..................................................................................... 24 (1) (1) Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons................................ 233 85.4 9.1 Carpenters........................................................................................ 1,824 89.8 5.6 Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers.................................... 258 92.6 5.1 Cement masons, concrete finishers and terrazzo workers........................................................................................... 112 83.9 12.9 Construction laborers....................................................................... 1,771 86.0 8.6 Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators...................... 28 (1) (1) Pile-driver operators......................................................................... 5 (1) (1) 1.2 29.9 0.7 (1) 0.7 1.8 1.1 15.9 (1) 37.2 26.9 43.3 0.4 1.7 (1) (1) 52.1 44.6 (1) (1) See footnotes at end of table. 18 Table 5. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages—Continued Percent of total employed Total (In White thousands) Occupation Black or African Asian American Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators....................................................................... 411 89.8 7.4 Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers........................... 232 93.1 3.5 Electricians....................................................................................... 912 90.6 5.9 Glaziers............................................................................................. 52 90.4 4.9 Insulation workers............................................................................. 52 94.2 4.5 Painters, construction and maintenance.......................................... 714 88.5 5.6 Paperhangers................................................................................... 6 (1) (1) Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters........................... 697 88.5 8.3 Plasterers and stucco masons......................................................... 82 98.8 – Reinforcing iron and rebar workers.................................................. 12 (1) (1) Roofers............................................................................................. 269 92.9 4.9 Sheet metal workers......................................................................... 143 90.9 4.8 Structural iron and steel workers...................................................... 88 87.5 5.2 Helpers, construction trades............................................................. 117 82.1 14.0 Construction and building inspectors................................................ 107 87.9 7.8 Elevator installers and repairers....................................................... 31 (1) (1) Fence erectors.................................................................................. 35 (1) (1) Hazardous materials removal workers............................................. 17 (1) (1) Highway maintenance workers......................................................... 109 83.5 14.4 Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators................. 12 (1) (1) Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners................................ 5 (1) (1) Miscellaneous construction and related workers.............................. 48 (1) (1) Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining.............................................................................. 43 (1) (1) Earth drillers, except oil and gas...................................................... 40 (1) (1) Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters........................................................................................... 4 (1) (1) Mining machine operators................................................................ 58 94.8 4.1 Roof bolters, mining.......................................................................... 4 (1) (1) Roustabouts, oil and gas.................................................................. 5 (1) (1) Helpers--extraction workers.............................................................. 5 (1) (1) Other extraction workers.................................................................. 50 92.0 6.2 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations............................... 5,245 86.1 8.3 First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers.................................................................. 330 89.1 6.4 Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers............... 318 75.2 12.8 Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers................................................................... 203 80.8 12.2 Avionics technicians......................................................................... 14 (1) (1) Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers.............................. 27 (1) (1) Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment................................................ 5 (1) (1) Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility.................. 14 (1) (1) Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles................................................................................ 28 (1) (1) Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers.................................................................................. 62 83.9 8.6 Security and fire alarm systems installers........................................ 64 85.9 5.9 Aircraft mechanics and service technicians...................................... 126 84.9 7.8 Automotive body and related repairers............................................. 155 89.0 5.0 Automotive glass installers and repairers......................................... 16 (1) (1) Automotive service technicians and mechanics............................... 879 86.7 7.9 Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists................... 365 89.0 7.6 Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics............................................................ 226 91.2 5.6 See footnotes at end of table. 19 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 0.4 0.2 1.2 2.3 0.6 1.5 (1) 1.0 – (1) 0.1 2.2 2.2 0.4 4.1 (1) (1) (1) – (1) (1) (1) 15.1 53.6 14.3 17.4 36.0 41.0 (1) 23.0 65.3 (1) 45.1 15.9 9.6 39.2 8.0 (1) (1) (1) 19.5 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 0.4 (1) (1) (1) – (1) 12.0 (1) (1) (1) 32.9 3.1 13.8 1.5 9.8 11.4 10.2 3.9 (1) (1) 10.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 7.4 5.6 2.8 4.4 (1) 3.6 1.7 13.2 12.4 11.7 24.9 (1) 17.7 12.7 1.2 12.2 Table 5. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages—Continued Percent of total employed Total (In White thousands) Occupation Black or African Asian American Small engine mechanics................................................................... 68 94.1 4.4 Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment ` mechanics, installers, and repairers............................................... 88 83.0 8.9 Control and valve installers and repairers........................................ 20 (1) (1) Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers.................................................................................. 403 89.1 6.3 Home appliance repairers................................................................ 51 84.3 7.2 Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics................................ 426 86.4 8.3 Maintenance and repair workers, general........................................ 488 82.4 10.5 Maintenance workers, machinery..................................................... 55 87.3 6.0 Millwrights......................................................................................... 75 92.0 6.2 Electrical power-line installers and repairers.................................... 103 91.3 6.0 Telecommunications line installers and repairers............................. 227 83.7 13.5 Precision instrument and equipment repairers................................. 58 91.4 3.8 Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers.... 61 86.9 5.2 Commercial divers............................................................................ 7 (1) (1) Locksmiths and safe repairers.......................................................... 24 (1) (1) Manufactured building and mobile home installers.......................... 18 (1) (1) Riggers............................................................................................. 8 (1) (1) Signal and track switch repairers...................................................... 10 (1) (1) Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers................... 22 (1) (1) Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers........................ 198 86.4 8.0 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity – 8.8 2.3 (1) 16.5 (1) 2.2 5.4 2.6 3.6 3.5 0.3 0.3 1.1 3.3 2.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 2.6 13.7 11.3 11.4 14.6 8.8 4.5 6.3 14.9 12.5 12.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 19.7 14.6 3.6 19.7 Production occupations........................................................................ 9,395 80.5 12.6 First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers........................................................................... 941 82.6 11.6 Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers......... 10 (1) (1) Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers.............. 205 67.3 13.1 Engine and other machine assemblers............................................ 14 (1) (1) Structural metal fabricators and fitters.............................................. 33 (1) (1) Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators....................................... 1,071 77.6 15.3 Bakers.............................................................................................. 192 84.4 6.8 Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers......................................................................... 281 80.4 13.1 Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders...................................................... 16 (1) (1) Food batchmakers............................................................................ 92 80.4 12.5 Food cooking machine operators and tenders................................. 7 (1) (1) Computer control programmers and operators................................ 55 89.1 7.1 Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic........................................................ 18 (1) (1) Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic............................................................................. 9 (1) (1) Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic............................................................................. 12 (1) (1) Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic...................................... 118 89.0 9.4 Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and and tenders, metal and plastic........................................................ 2 (1) (1) Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic................... 55 72.7 23.9 Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic........................................................ 15 (1) (1) Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic............................................................... 4 (1) (1) Machinists......................................................................................... 422 88.2 5.0 4.8 20.4 4.8 (1) 16.7 (1) (1) 5.1 5.7 10.2 (1) 20.0 (1) (1) 18.6 24.5 4.0 41.1 (1) 2.2 (1) 0.4 (1) 32.4 (1) 4.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 0.8 22.0 (1) (1) 1.4 15.6 (1) (1) (1) 5.2 (1) 13.9 Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations................. See footnotes at end of table. 20 18,171 79.4 Table 5. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages—Continued Percent of total employed Total (In White thousands) Occupation Black or African Asian American Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders.................................. 24 (1) (1) Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic....................... 15 (1) (1) Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic............................................................... 75 90.7 6.5 Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic............................................................................. 5 (1) (1) Tool and die makers......................................................................... 80 97.5 – Welding, soldering, and brazing workers.......................................... 577 87.0 7.3 Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic............................................................... 13 (1) (1) Lay-out workers, metal and plastic................................................... 8 (1) (1) Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic............................................................... 18 (1) (1) Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners................................................ 7 (1) (1) Metalworkers and plastic workers, all other...................................... 435 81.6 12.4 Bookbinders and bindery workers.................................................... 47 (1) (1) Job printers....................................................................................... 42 (1) (1) Prepress technicians and workers.................................................... 52 92.3 4.8 Printing machine operators............................................................... 222 81.5 11.7 Laundry and dry-cleaning workers................................................... 229 69.4 21.0 Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials............................. 59 72.9 20.5 Sewing machine operators............................................................... 265 71.7 12.8 Shoe and leather workers and repairers.......................................... 12 (1) (1) Shoe machine operators and tenders.............................................. 9 (1) (1) Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers.................................................... 90 75.6 5.9 Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders.......... 5 (1) (1) Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders................... 6 (1) (1) Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders................................................................... 13 (1) (1) Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders....................................................... 25 (1) (1) Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers.......................................... 0 (1) (1) Fabric and apparel patternmakers.................................................... 5 (1) (1) Upholsterers..................................................................................... 53 83.0 13.1 Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other........................... 16 (1) (1) Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters.............................................. 91 85.7 4.4 Furniture finishers............................................................................. 20 (1) (1) Model makers and patternmakers, wood......................................... 1 (1) (1) Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood................... 52 88.5 9.5 Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing................................................................................. 30 (1) (1) Woodworkers, all other..................................................................... 35 (1) (1) Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers....................... 48 (1) (1) Stationary engineers and boiler operators........................................ 95 75.8 15.5 Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators........................................................................................ 72 81.9 16.4 Miscellaneous plant and system operators...................................... 44 (1) (1) Chemical-processing machine setters, operators, and tenders..................................................................................... 47 (1) (1) Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers........................................................................................... 118 77.1 15.7 Cutting workers................................................................................. 94 86.2 10.1 Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders....................................................... 32 (1) (1) Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders............................................................................................ 14 (1) (1) See footnotes at end of table. 21 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (1) (1) (1) (1) 2.1 10.9 (1) 1.3 2.8 (1) 5.7 20.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 4.8 (1) (1) 1.8 4.6 7.6 5.9 14.4 (1) (1) 18.5 (1) (1) (1) (1) 25.4 (1) (1) 11.4 16.2 30.9 52.3 35.5 (1) (1) 29.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 0.6 (1) 3.6 (1) (1) – (1) (1) 23.4 (1) 19.3 (1) (1) 24.9 (1) (1) (1) 1.8 (1) (1) (1) 9.2 – (1) 6.6 (1) (1) (1) 4.8 3.0 19.4 26.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) Table 5. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages—Continued Percent of total employed Total (In White thousands) Occupation Black or African Asian American Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers....................... 737 79.0 13.5 Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers.............................. 47 (1) (1) Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians................... 107 84.1 7.7 Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders...................... 279 72.8 22.2 Painting workers............................................................................... 193 87.6 9.3 Photographic process workers and processing machine operators.......................................................................... 64 79.7 10.0 Semiconductor processors............................................................... 3 (1) (1) Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders.................... 16 (1) (1) Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders................................................... 12 (1) (1) Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders................... 5 (1) (1) Etchers and engravers..................................................................... 8 (1) (1) Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic................. 39 (1) (1) Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders..................... 49 (1) (1) Tire builders...................................................................................... 15 (1) (1) Helpers--production workers............................................................ 44 (1) (1) Production workers, all other............................................................ 1,006 78.4 16.5 Transportation and material-moving occupations................................. Supervisors, transportation and material-moving workers............... Aircraft pilots and flight engineers.................................................... Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists.................... Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians..................................................... Bus drivers........................................................................................ Driver/salesworkers and truck drivers.............................................. Taxi drivers and chauffeurs............................................................... Motor vehicle operators, all other..................................................... Locomotive engineers and operators............................................... Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators.................................... Railroad conductors and yardmasters.............................................. Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers.................. Sailors and marine oilers.................................................................. Ship and boat captains and operators.............................................. Ship engineers.................................................................................. Bridge and lock tenders.................................................................... Parking lot attendants....................................................................... Service station attendants................................................................ Transportation inspectors................................................................. Other transportation workers............................................................ Conveyor operators and tenders...................................................... Crane and tower operators............................................................... Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators....................... Hoist and winch operators................................................................ Industrial truck and tractor operators................................................ Cleaners of vehicles and equipment................................................ Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand.................. Machine feeders and offbearers....................................................... Packers and packagers, hand.......................................................... Pumping station operators................................................................ Refuse and recyclable material collectors........................................ Shuttle car operators........................................................................ Tank car, truck, and ship loaders...................................................... Material moving workers, all other.................................................... Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 5.0 (1) 7.1 3.9 0.6 14.7 (1) 13.9 36.7 29.0 9.4 (1) (1) 11.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 3.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 23.3 8,776 225 123 33 78.2 78.7 95.1 (1) 16.8 15.1 0.5 (1) 2.3 2.7 3.0 (1) 19.0 10.3 2.0 (1) 17 578 3,460 333 74 52 6 53 18 15 41 2 3 90 90 43 19 6 61 61 9 571 326 1,877 29 406 23 79 4 7 39 (1) 69.7 82.7 61.6 73.0 82.7 (1) 86.8 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 66.7 81.1 (1) (1) (1) 86.9 91.8 (1) 72.0 75.8 76.9 (1) 75.4 (1) 72.2 (1) (1) (1) (1) 26.8 13.8 24.3 18.2 17.0 (1) 8.8 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 22.1 8.2 (1) (1) (1) 12.4 3.7 (1) 23.0 19.1 17.9 (1) 15.6 (1) 23.8 (1) (1) (1) (1) 1.1 1.4 12.8 5.7 – (1) 3.4 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 7.6 8.7 (1) (1) (1) – 0.3 (1) 1.5 1.3 1.9 (1) 4.7 (1) 0.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) 11.3 17.5 18.8 16.9 2.8 (1) 11.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 34.9 15.8 (1) (1) (1) 12.6 12.3 (1) 23.8 30.0 20.1 (1) 41.2 (1) 24.1 (1) (1) (1) African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Percents are not shown where base is less than 50,000. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or 1 22 Table 6. Employed persons by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages Black or Industry Total White African Asian American Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total, 16 years and over (thousands)................................................... Percent................................................................................................. 146,047 100.0 119,792 100.0 16,051 100.0 6,839 100.0 20,382 100.0 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.................................................................. Mining ......................................................................................................... Construction................................................................................................ Manufacturing.............................................................................................. Durable goods.......................................................................................... Nondurable goods.................................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade........................................................................... Wholesale trade....................................................................................... Retail trade............................................................................................... Transportation and utilities.......................................................................... Information.................................................................................................. Financial activities....................................................................................... Professional and business services............................................................ Education and health services.................................................................... Leisure and hospitality................................................................................. Other services............................................................................................. Other services, except private households.............................................. Private households................................................................................... Public administration................................................................................... 1.4 0.5 8.1 11.2 7.1 4.1 14.3 3.0 11.3 5.2 2.4 7.2 10.7 21.0 8.5 4.8 4.2 0.6 4.6 1.6 0.6 8.9 11.3 7.3 4.0 14.6 3.1 11.4 4.9 2.4 7.2 10.8 20.3 8.3 4.8 4.2 0.6 4.4 0.3 0.2 4.2 9.8 5.4 4.4 13.0 2.2 10.8 8.3 2.6 6.6 9.1 26.5 8.2 4.5 3.9 0.6 6.6 0.4 0.2 2.6 12.5 8.3 4.2 13.5 2.8 10.7 4.3 2.6 8.2 13.9 21.7 10.8 5.9 5.5 0.4 3.5 2.1 0.5 14.7 11.6 6.3 5.3 13.8 3.1 10.7 5.1 1.7 5.4 10.6 14.4 11.8 5.5 4.2 1.4 2.9 Men, 16 years and over (thousands).................................................... Percent................................................................................................. 78,254 100.0 65,289 100.0 7,500 100.0 3,677 100.0 12,310 100.0 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.................................................................. Mining.......................................................................................................... Construction................................................................................................ Manufacturing.............................................................................................. Durable goods.......................................................................................... Nondurable goods.................................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade........................................................................... Wholesale trade....................................................................................... Retail trade............................................................................................... Transportation and utilities.......................................................................... Information.................................................................................................. Financial activities………………………....................................................... Professional and business services............................................................ Education and health services.................................................................... Leisure and hospitality................................................................................. Other services............................................................................................. Other services, except private households.............................................. Private households................................................................................... Public administration................................................................................... 2.0 0.8 13.7 14.6 9.8 4.8 14.7 3.9 10.8 7.4 2.6 6.0 11.5 9.9 7.7 4.3 4.2 0.1 4.8 2.3 0.9 14.8 14.8 10.1 4.8 14.8 4.1 10.8 6.9 2.6 6.0 11.4 9.2 7.4 4.2 4.1 0.1 4.6 0.6 0.4 8.2 13.4 8.0 5.4 14.4 3.5 10.9 12.7 2.7 5.2 9.9 13.5 7.9 4.9 4.8 0.1 6.2 0.4 0.4 4.0 14.2 10.1 4.2 14.1 3.2 10.9 5.5 3.3 7.9 16.4 14.6 11.0 4.9 4.8 0.1 3.4 2.9 0.7 23.4 12.8 7.5 5.3 13.1 3.7 9.4 6.6 1.7 3.9 11.1 5.8 11.1 4.6 4.4 0.2 2.5 See footnotes at end of table. 23 Table 6. Employed persons by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages—Continued Black or Industry Total White African Asian American Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Women, 16 years and over (thousands).............................................. Percent................................................................................................. 67,792 100.0 54,503 100.0 8,551 100.0 3,162 100.0 8,072 100.0 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing.................................................................. Mining.......................................................................................................... Construction................................................................................................ Manufacturing.............................................................................................. Durable goods.......................................................................................... Nondurable goods.................................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade............................................................................ Wholesale trade....................................................................................... Retail trade............................................................................................... Transportation and utilities.......................................................................... Information.................................................................................................. Financial activities....................................................................................... Professional and business services............................................................ Education and health services.................................................................... Leisure and hospitality................................................................................. Other services............................................................................................. Other services, except private households.............................................. Private households................................................................................... Public administration................................................................................... 0.7 0.1 1.7 7.2 4.0 3.2 13.9 1.9 12.0 2.8 2.2 8.6 9.8 33.8 9.4 5.4 4.3 1.1 4.5 0.8 0.2 1.8 7.1 4.0 3.1 14.2 2.0 12.3 2.5 2.2 8.7 10.0 33.5 9.4 5.4 4.3 1.1 4.1 0.1 0.0 0.7 6.7 3.2 3.5 11.7 1.1 10.6 4.4 2.5 7.8 8.4 37.9 8.5 4.2 3.1 1.0 7.0 0.4 0.0 0.9 10.4 6.2 4.2 12.9 2.4 10.5 2.8 1.9 8.7 10.9 29.9 10.5 7.1 6.3 0.8 3.7 0.9 0.1 1.5 9.7 4.4 5.3 14.9 2.2 12.7 2.8 1.6 7.5 9.8 27.6 13.0 7.0 3.8 3.2 3.5 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 24 Table 7. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2006 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) Family type and employment status of family members Total White Black or African Asian American Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total families ........................................................................................... 77,017 62,997 9,058 3,251 9,905 With employed member(s) ......................................................................... As a percent of total families ................................................................... With unemployed member(s) ..................................................................... As a percent of total families ................................................................... Some member(s) employed ................................................................... As a percent of families with unemployed member(s).......................... Some usually work full time . ............................................................... As a percent of families with unemployed member(s) ..................... 63,492 82.4 4,913 6.4 3,419 69.6 3,049 62.1 52,054 82.6 3,556 5.6 2,582 72.6 2,306 64.8 7,078 78.1 1,036 11.4 596 57.5 526 50.8 2,924 89.9 171 5.3 137 80.1 123 71.9 8,641 87.2 793 8.0 544 68.6 491 61.9 Married-couple families . ......................................................................... 57,509 49,791 4,005 2,601 6,570 With employed member(s) ......................................................................... As a percent of total families ................................................................... With unemployed member(s) ..................................................................... As a percent of total families ................................................................... Some member(s) employed ................................................................... As a percent of families with unemployed member(s).......................... Some usually work full time . ............................................................... As a percent of families with unemployed member(s) ..................... 48,196 83.8 2,968 5.2 2,442 82.3 2,221 74.8 41,476 83.3 2,401 4.8 1,972 82.1 1,789 74.5 3,396 84.8 352 8.8 288 81.8 268 76.1 2,352 90.4 129 5.0 110 85.3 99 76.7 5,969 90.9 461 7.0 371 80.5 339 73.5 Families maintained by women............................................................... 14,208 9,246 4,100 411 2,299 With employed member(s).......................................................................... As a percent of total families ................................................................... With unemployed member(s)...................................................................... As a percent of total families.................................................................... Some member(s) employed ................................................................... As a percent of families with unemployed member(s).......................... Some usually work full time . ............................................................... As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)...................... 10,796 76.0 1,429 10.1 675 47.2 562 39.3 7,186 77.7 808 8.7 404 50.0 336 41.6 2,929 71.4 553 13.5 237 42.9 195 35.3 355 86.4 20 4.9 12 60.0 11 55.0 1,738 75.6 231 10.0 111 48.1 96 41.6 Families maintained by men ................................................................... 5,300 3,940 953 239 1,036 With employed member(s).......................................................................... As a percent of total families.................................................................... With unemployed member(s) ..................................................................... As a percent of total families ................................................................... Some member(s) employed ................................................................... As a percent of families with unemployed member(s) . ....................... Some usually work full time . ............................................................... As a percent of families with unemployed member(s) ..................... 4,500 84.9 516 9.7 301 58.3 267 51.7 3,392 86.1 347 8.8 206 59.4 182 52.4 753 79.0 131 13.7 71 54.2 64 48.9 217 90.8 22 9.2 15 68.2 14 63.6 934 90.2 100 9.7 63 63.0 57 57.0 not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are 25 Table 8. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1996-2006 annual averages (Percent) Year Total Total Men White Women Total Men Black or African American Women Total Men Women 56.9 57.3 58.0 58.3 58.4 57.9 56.8 56.5 56.4 57.3 57.1 61.5 61.2 62.0 62.1 62.5 61.7 61.0 60.0 59.5 60.8 60.5 52.3 53.5 54.2 54.6 54.5 54.4 52.7 53.2 53.5 53.9 53.9 78.5 79.6 81.0 82.0 82.2 81.8 81.9 81.5 80.5 80.4 80.5 89.7 89.6 90.4 89.3 90.3 89.7 90.3 89.7 88.4 88.7 88.1 73.3 75.0 76.7 78.5 78.2 77.9 77.7 77.5 76.5 76.3 76.9 81.3 81.8 83.1 83.2 83.3 83.3 84.3 84.0 82.7 82.4 82.4 87.9 88.1 88.2 86.7 87.8 87.5 89.2 88.0 86.3 86.9 85.7 78.1 78.7 80.6 81.4 81.0 81.1 81.8 82.1 80.9 80.2 80.8 75.4 77.1 78.5 80.6 80.9 80.0 78.9 78.2 77.6 77.8 78.0 91.9 91.3 93.0 92.5 93.3 92.5 91.8 92.1 91.1 91.2 91.1 68.2 70.8 72.0 74.9 74.9 73.9 72.5 71.8 70.8 71.4 71.8 72.1 73.6 75.8 78.7 77.6 77.3 76.9 74.7 74.7 74.7 75.0 92.2 92.1 93.2 92.4 93.6 92.6 93.2 91.4 91.0 90.6 90.6 63.1 65.1 67.5 72.0 69.8 69.7 68.6 67.0 66.4 67.0 67.2 With no children under 18 years 1996.................... 1997.................... 1998.................... 1999.................... 2000.................... 2001.................... 2002.................... 2003.................... 2004.................... 2005.................... 2006.................... 60.1 60.4 60.3 60.4 60.6 60.4 60.0 59.7 59.6 59.8 60.0 66.8 67.0 67.0 66.8 67.0 66.7 66.2 65.4 65.3 65.5 65.8 53.5 53.8 53.9 54.1 54.3 54.3 53.9 54.1 54.0 54.2 54.2 60.5 60.8 60.6 60.7 60.9 60.8 60.4 60.1 60.0 60.1 60.4 67.6 67.8 67.6 67.5 67.7 67.4 66.8 66.1 66.1 66.2 66.5 53.6 53.8 53.8 53.9 54.3 54.3 54.0 54.1 54.0 54.1 54.2 With children under 18 years 1996.................... 1997.................... 1998.................... 1999.................... 2000.................... 2001.................... 2002.................... 2003.................... 2004.................... 2005.................... 2006.................... 81.1 81.8 81.8 82.0 82.1 81.9 81.6 81.2 80.7 80.7 81.0 94.5 94.6 94.6 94.6 94.7 94.6 94.3 94.1 94.1 94.1 94.1 70.8 71.9 71.8 72.2 72.3 72.1 71.8 71.1 70.4 70.5 70.9 81.8 82.4 82.2 82.3 82.3 82.2 81.9 81.4 81.1 81.1 81.4 95.3 95.4 95.3 95.4 95.3 95.3 94.8 94.7 94.8 94.8 94.9 70.7 71.7 71.3 71.5 71.6 71.5 71.1 70.3 69.8 69.8 70.2 With children 6 to 17 years 1996.................... 1997.................... 1998.................... 1999.................... 2000.................... 2001.................... 2002.................... 2003.................... 2004.................... 2005.................... 2006.................... 84.5 84.7 84.5 84.8 85.1 85.0 84.8 84.5 84.1 83.7 83.8 93.5 93.6 93.5 93.4 93.5 93.6 93.3 93.1 93.1 93.0 93.1 77.5 77.9 77.6 78.2 78.7 78.3 78.2 77.8 77.3 76.5 76.7 85.3 85.4 84.9 85.4 85.7 85.5 85.1 84.7 84.5 84.1 84.3 94.4 94.4 94.2 94.4 94.3 94.5 94.0 93.7 93.9 93.8 94.0 77.7 78.0 77.3 78.1 78.6 78.1 77.8 77.3 76.9 76.3 76.3 With children under 6 years 1996.................... 1997.................... 1998.................... 1999.................... 2000.................... 2001.................... 2002.................... 2003.................... 2004.................... 2005.................... 2006.................... 77.2 78.3 78.6 78.5 78.4 78.1 77.7 77.2 76.5 77.0 77.5 95.6 95.8 96.1 96.1 96.1 95.8 95.5 95.4 95.4 95.4 95.4 63.2 64.8 64.9 64.8 64.6 64.3 63.7 62.8 61.8 62.8 63.5 77.9 78.8 78.9 78.5 78.2 78.1 77.9 77.3 76.8 77.2 77.7 96.3 96.5 96.6 96.7 96.5 96.2 95.9 96.0 96.0 96.1 95.9 62.7 64.1 64.1 63.4 63.0 63.0 62.7 61.5 60.7 61.6 62.5 With children under 3 years 1996.................... 1997.................... 1998.................... 1999.................... 2000.................... 2001.................... 2002.................... 2003.................... 2004.................... 2005.................... 2006.................... 75.4 76.6 77.2 77.0 76.3 76.0 76.1 75.2 74.4 74.8 75.8 95.8 95.9 96.2 96.4 96.4 95.9 95.8 95.7 95.7 95.5 95.5 59.4 61.4 61.9 61.5 60.4 60.2 60.2 58.9 57.5 58.4 60.2 76.2 77.5 77.7 77.0 76.3 76.1 76.3 75.6 74.9 75.1 76.2 96.5 96.5 96.7 97.0 96.7 96.4 96.2 96.2 96.3 96.4 96.2 See note at end of table. 26 59.2 61.4 61.5 60.1 59.0 58.9 59.2 57.8 56.8 57.2 59.3 Table 8. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1996-2006 annual averages—Continued (Percent) Year Asian Total Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Men Women Total Men Women 71.3 72.1 72.1 71.6 73.2 72.4 72.7 72.1 72.6 72.1 73.0 50.5 51.4 51.7 52.2 52.6 52.6 53.2 51.5 52.5 51.9 52.2 93.7 93.4 92.9 93.8 93.8 93.6 93.2 93.4 93.9 94.2 94.2 56.7 59.6 60.2 60.3 62.0 62.0 62.7 61.2 60.4 59.6 60.9 92.3 91.2 90.6 91.2 91.5 91.7 91.1 91.5 92.8 92.9 92.6 66.7 68.2 68.1 69.5 70.5 70.9 70.2 69.4 70.2 68.7 69.4 With no children under 18 years 1996...................................................... 1997...................................................... 1998...................................................... 1999...................................................... 2000...................................................... 2001...................................................... 2002...................................................... 2003...................................................... 2004...................................................... 2005...................................................... 2006...................................................... — — — — — — 61.2 59.7 59.1 59.9 60.0 — — — — — — 67.8 66.4 65.0 66.0 66.2 — — — — — — 55.0 53.7 53.5 54.3 54.1 61.6 62.6 62.8 62.5 63.7 63.0 63.9 62.8 63.5 63.0 63.7 With children under 18 years 1996...................................................... 1997...................................................... 1998...................................................... 1999...................................................... 2000...................................................... 2001...................................................... 2002...................................................... 2003...................................................... 2004...................................................... 2005...................................................... 2006...................................................... — — — — — — 78.3 78.9 77.9 77.9 78.3 — — — — — — 93.2 93.5 93.8 93.1 93.2 — — — — — — 66.6 67.0 64.9 65.6 66.3 72.3 74.0 74.2 74.6 75.7 75.7 75.8 75.1 74.9 74.5 75.3 With children 6 to 17 years 1996...................................................... 1997...................................................... 1998...................................................... 1999...................................................... 2000...................................................... 2001...................................................... 2002...................................................... 2003...................................................... 2004...................................................... 2005...................................................... 2006...................................................... — — — — — — 82.6 82.9 82.6 80.7 80.8 — — — — — — 91.6 93.5 93.8 92.3 91.8 — — — — — — 75.7 74.3 73.4 71.2 72.0 See note at end of table. 27 77.3 77.6 77.5 78.6 79.3 79.6 79.0 78.8 79.6 78.8 79.1 Table 8. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1996-2006 annual averages—Continued (Percent) Year Asian Total Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Men Women Total Men Women 94.8 95.1 94.9 95.9 95.7 95.2 94.8 94.9 94.8 95.4 95.6 48.7 52.3 53.0 52.1 54.5 53.8 56.1 53.4 51.2 50.9 52.7 94.6 94.6 95.0 96.2 96.2 95.3 95.1 95.2 95.2 96.0 95.9 44.7 48.0 48.9 47.4 50.0 48.7 50.3 47.9 46.0 45.0 48.6 With children under 6 years 1996....................................................... 1997....................................................... 1998....................................................... 1999....................................................... 2000....................................................... 2001....................................................... 2002....................................................... 2003....................................................... 2004....................................................... 2005....................................................... 2006....................................................... — — — — — — 73.5 74.2 73.1 74.9 75.6 — — — — — — 94.8 93.4 93.8 94.0 94.8 — — — — — — 56.3 58.5 56.0 59.3 59.9 68.5 70.9 71.3 71.2 72.5 72.2 73.1 71.9 70.6 70.6 71.7 With children under 3 years 1996....................................................... 1997....................................................... 1998....................................................... 1999....................................................... 2000....................................................... 2001....................................................... 2002....................................................... 2003....................................................... 2004....................................................... 2005....................................................... 2006....................................................... — — — — — — 72.1 73.0 70.2 72.4 73.4 — — — — — — 95.4 94.5 93.8 92.9 94.2 — — — — — — 53.5 55.1 50.4 55.8 56.8 NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include persons who selected that race group only; previously, multi-racial persons were included in the group they identified as their main race. Asian estimates for 2000-02 66.2 68.6 69.5 68.8 70.4 69.7 70.3 69.5 68.2 67.7 69.5 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asians are a separate category. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 28 Table 9. Unemployment rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972-2007 annual averages (Percent) Both sexes White Year Total Men Women Total Men Black or African Asian American Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women 1972.............. 1973.............. 1974.............. 5.6 4.9 5.6 5.0 4.2 4.9 6.6 6.0 6.7 5.1 4.3 5.0 4.5 3.8 4.4 5.9 5.3 6.1 10.4 9.4 10.5 9.3 8.0 9.8 11.8 11.1 11.3 — — — — — — — — — — 7.5 8.1 — 6.7 7.3 — 9.0 9.4 1975.............. 1976.............. 1977.............. 1978.............. 1979.............. 8.5 7.7 7.1 6.1 5.8 7.9 7.1 6.3 5.3 5.1 9.3 8.6 8.2 7.2 6.8 7.8 7.0 6.2 5.2 5.1 7.2 6.4 5.5 4.6 4.5 8.6 7.9 7.3 6.2 5.9 14.8 14.0 14.0 12.8 12.3 14.8 13.7 13.3 11.8 11.4 14.8 14.3 14.9 13.8 13.3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12.2 11.5 10.1 9.1 8.3 11.4 10.8 9.0 7.7 7.0 13.5 12.7 11.9 11.3 10.3 1980.............. 1981.............. 1982.............. 1983.............. 1984.............. 7.1 7.6 9.7 9.6 7.5 6.9 7.4 9.9 9.9 7.4 7.4 7.9 9.4 9.2 7.6 6.3 6.7 8.6 8.4 6.5 6.1 6.5 8.8 8.8 6.4 6.5 6.9 8.3 7.9 6.5 14.3 15.6 18.9 19.5 15.9 14.5 15.7 20.1 20.3 16.4 14.0 15.6 17.6 18.6 15.4 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10.1 10.4 13.8 13.7 10.7 9.7 10.2 13.6 13.6 10.5 10.7 10.8 14.1 13.8 11.1 1985.............. 1986.............. 1987.............. 1988.............. 1989.............. 7.2 7.0 6.2 5.5 5.3 7.0 6.9 6.2 5.5 5.2 7.4 7.1 6.2 5.6 5.4 6.2 6.0 5.3 4.7 4.5 6.1 6.0 5.4 4.7 4.5 6.4 6.1 5.2 4.7 4.5 15.1 14.5 13.0 11.7 11.4 15.3 14.8 12.7 11.7 11.5 14.9 14.2 13.2 11.7 11.4 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 10.5 10.6 8.8 8.2 8.0 10.2 10.5 8.7 8.1 7.6 11.0 10.8 8.9 8.3 8.8 1990.............. 1991.............. 1992.............. 1993.............. 1994.............. 5.6 6.8 7.5 6.9 6.1 5.7 7.2 7.9 7.2 6.2 5.5 6.4 7.0 6.6 6.0 4.8 6.1 6.6 6.1 5.3 4.9 6.5 7.0 6.3 5.4 4.7 5.6 6.1 5.7 5.2 11.4 12.5 14.2 13.0 11.5 11.9 13.0 15.2 13.8 12.0 10.9 12.0 13.2 12.1 11.0 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 8.2 10.0 11.6 10.8 9.9 8.0 10.3 11.7 10.6 9.4 8.4 9.6 11.4 11.0 10.7 1995.............. 1996.............. 1997.............. 1998.............. 1999.............. 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.5 4.2 5.6 5.4 4.9 4.4 4.1 5.6 5.4 5.0 4.6 4.3 4.9 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.7 4.9 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.6 4.8 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.8 10.4 10.5 10.0 8.9 8.0 10.6 11.1 10.2 8.9 8.2 10.2 10.0 9.9 9.0 7.8 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 9.3 8.9 7.7 7.2 6.4 8.8 7.9 7.0 6.4 5.6 10.0 10.2 8.9 8.2 7.6 2000.............. 2001.............. 2002.............. 2003.............. 2004.............. 4.0 4.7 5.8 6.0 5.5 3.9 4.8 5.9 6.3 5.6 4.1 4.7 5.6 5.7 5.4 3.5 4.2 5.1 5.2 4.8 3.4 4.2 5.3 5.6 5.0 3.6 4.1 4.9 4.8 4.7 7.6 8.6 10.2 10.8 10.4 8.0 9.3 10.7 11.6 11.1 7.1 8.1 9.8 10.2 9.8 3.6 4.5 5.9 6.0 4.4 3.6 4.5 6.1 6.2 4.5 3.6 4.4 5.7 5.7 4.3 5.7 6.6 7.5 7.7 7.0 5.0 5.9 7.2 7.2 6.5 6.8 7.5 8.0 8.4 7.6 2005.............. 2006.............. 2007.............. 5.1 4.6 4.6 5.1 4.6 4.7 5.1 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.0 4.1 4.4 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.0 4.0 10.0 8.9 8.3 10.5 9.5 9.1 9.5 8.4 7.5 4.0 3.0 3.2 4.0 3.0 3.1 3.9 3.1 3.4 6.0 5.2 5.6 5.4 4.8 5.3 6.9 5.9 6.1 NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include persons who selected that race group only; previously, multi-racial persons were included in the group they identified as their main race. Asian estimates for 2000-02 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asians are a separate category. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 29 Table 10. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages Black or Hispanic or Duration of unemployment Total White African Asian Latino American ethnicity Total, 16 years and over (thousands).................................................. 7,078 5,143 1,445 229 1,220 Percent………………………………………………………..................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 5 weeks....................................................................................... 5 to 14 weeks.............................................................................................. 15 to 26 weeks............................................................................................ 27 weeks and over...................................................................................... 35.9 31.5 15.0 17.6 37.9 31.8 14.5 15.8 28.6 30.6 17.5 23.3 35.2 31.3 12.5 20.9 40.6 31.2 13.9 14.3 Average (mean) duration, in weeks............................................................. Median duration, in weeks........................................................................... 16.8 8.5 15.7 7.9 20.7 11.1 17.5 8.7 14.9 7.3 Men, 16 years and over (thousands)................................................... 3,882 2,869 752 119 695 Percent................................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 5 weeks....................................................................................... 5 to 14 weeks.............................................................................................. 15 to 26 weeks............................................................................................ 27 weeks and over...................................................................................... 35.3 31.6 14.9 18.2 37.3 31.8 14.4 16.5 27.3 30.4 17.7 24.6 34.0 32.6 12.4 21.0 41.1 32.0 13.4 13.6 Average (mean) duration, in weeks............................................................. Median duration, in weeks........................................................................... 17.3 8.7 16.3 8.0 21.6 11.7 17.8 8.9 14.6 7.2 Women, 16 years and over (thousands)............................................. 3,196 2,274 693 110 525 Percent................................................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 5 weeks....................................................................................... 5 to 14 weeks.............................................................................................. 15 to 26 weeks............................................................................................ 27 weeks and over...................................................................................... 36.7 31.4 15.1 16.8 38.6 31.7 14.7 15.0 29.9 30.9 17.3 21.9 36.6 30.0 12.7 20.7 40.0 30.2 14.5 15.3 Average (mean) duration, in weeks............................................................. Median duration, in weeks........................................................................... 16.2 8.4 15.1 7.8 19.8 10.4 17.2 8.5 15.5 7.5 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 30 Table 11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages Black or Hispanic or Reason for unemployment Total White African Asian Latino American ethnicity Total, 16 years and over (thousands).................................................. Percent................................................................................................. 7,078 100.0 5,143 100.0 1,445 100.0 229 100.0 1,220 100.0 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs............................. On temporary layoff.............................................................................. Not on temporary layoff........................................................................ Permanent job losers........................................................................ Persons who completed temporary jobs.......................................... Job leavers.................................................................................................. Reentrants................................................................................................... New entrants............................................................................................... 49.7 13.8 35.9 25.2 10.7 11.2 30.3 8.9 51.8 15.7 36.2 25.8 10.4 11.6 28.7 7.9 44.1 8.4 35.6 23.3 12.3 9.6 34.6 11.7 41.6 7.1 34.6 24.6 10.0 10.9 34.7 12.7 52.1 15.1 37.0 22.6 14.4 9.1 28.4 10.4 Men, 16 years and over (thousands)................................................... Percent................................................................................................. 3,882 100.0 2,869 100.0 752 100.0 119 100.0 695 100.0 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs............................. On temporary layoff.............................................................................. Not on temporary layoff........................................................................ Permanent job losers........................................................................ Persons who completed temporary jobs.......................................... Job leavers.................................................................................................. Reentrants................................................................................................... New entrants............................................................................................... 56.0 15.9 40.2 27.3 12.8 10.5 24.6 8.8 58.2 18.0 40.2 27.9 12.3 10.8 23.4 7.7 50.0 9.2 40.8 25.5 15.2 8.8 28.1 13.3 47.1 6.7 41.2 27.7 12.6 11.8 31.1 9.2 60.9 18.4 42.4 25.5 17.0 8.5 21.3 9.4 Women, 16 years and over (thousands).............................................. Percent................................................................................................. 3,196 100.0 2,274 100.0 693 100.0 110 100.0 525 100.0 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs............................. On temporary layoff.............................................................................. Not on temporary layoff........................................................................ Permanent job losers........................................................................ Persons who completed temporary jobs.......................................... Job leavers.................................................................................................. Reentrants................................................................................................... New entrants............................................................................................... 41.9 11.3 30.7 22.5 8.2 12.0 37.1 8.9 43.9 12.7 31.2 23.2 8.0 12.5 35.4 8.3 37.7 7.6 30.2 20.9 9.2 10.7 41.8 10.0 35.5 7.3 27.3 20.9 6.4 10.0 38.2 17.3 40.4 10.7 29.7 18.9 11.0 10.1 37.7 11.8 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 31 Table 12. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2007 annual averages Year Total White Black or African Asian American Total, both sexes Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 1979......................................... $241 $248 $199 — $194 1980......................................... 1981......................................... 1982......................................... 1983......................................... 1984......................................... 262 284 302 313 326 269 291 310 320 336 212 235 245 261 269 — — — — — 209 223 240 250 259 1985......................................... 1986......................................... 1987......................................... 1988......................................... 1989......................................... 344 359 374 385 399 356 371 384 395 409 277 291 301 314 319 — — — — — 270 277 285 290 298 1990......................................... 1991......................................... 1992......................................... 1993......................................... 1994......................................... 412 426 440 459 467 424 442 458 475 484 329 348 357 369 371 — — — — — 304 312 321 331 324 1995......................................... 1996......................................... 1997......................................... 1998......................................... 1999......................................... 479 490 503 523 549 494 506 519 545 573 383 387 400 426 445 — — — — — 329 339 351 370 385 2000......................................... 2001......................................... 2002......................................... 2003......................................... 2004......................................... 576 596 608 620 638 590 610 623 636 657 474 491 498 514 525 $615 639 658 693 708 399 417 424 440 456 2005......................................... 2006......................................... 2007......................................... 651 671 695 672 690 716 520 554 569 753 784 830 471 486 503 See note at end of table. 32 Table 12. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2007 annual averages—Continued Black or African Asian American Year Total White Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Men 1979......................................... $292 $298 $227 — $219 1980......................................... 1981......................................... 1982......................................... 1983......................................... 1984......................................... 313 340 364 379 392 320 350 375 387 401 244 268 278 294 303 — — — — — 234 251 269 274 287 1985......................................... 1986......................................... 1987......................................... 1988......................................... 1989......................................... 407 419 434 449 468 418 433 450 465 482 305 319 327 348 348 — — — — — 296 299 306 308 315 1990......................................... 1991......................................... 1992......................................... 1993......................................... 1994......................................... 481 493 501 510 522 494 506 514 524 547 361 375 380 392 400 — — — — — 318 323 339 346 343 1995......................................... 1996......................................... 1997......................................... 1998......................................... 1999......................................... 538 557 579 598 618 566 580 595 615 638 411 412 432 468 488 — — — — — 350 356 371 390 406 2000......................................... 2001......................................... 2002......................................... 2003......................................... 2004......................................... 641 670 679 695 713 662 689 702 715 732 510 529 524 555 569 $685 732 756 772 802 417 440 451 464 480 2005......................................... 2006......................................... 2007......................................... 722 743 766 743 761 788 559 591 600 825 882 936 489 505 520 See note at end of table. 33 Table 12. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2007 annual averages—Continued Black or African Asian American Year Total White Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Women 1979......................................... $182 $184 $169 — $157 1980......................................... 1981......................................... 1982......................................... 1983......................................... 1984......................................... 201 219 239 252 265 203 221 242 254 268 185 206 217 232 241 — — — — — 172 190 203 215 223 1985......................................... 1986......................................... 1987......................................... 1988......................................... 1989......................................... 277 291 303 315 328 281 294 307 318 334 252 264 276 288 301 — — — — — 230 241 251 260 269 1990......................................... 1991......................................... 1992......................................... 1993......................................... 1994......................................... 346 366 380 393 399 353 373 387 401 408 308 323 335 348 346 — — — — — 278 292 302 313 305 1995......................................... 1996......................................... 1997......................................... 1998......................................... 1999......................................... 406 418 431 456 473 415 428 444 468 483 355 362 375 400 409 — — — — — 305 316 318 337 348 2000......................................... 2001......................................... 2002......................................... 2003......................................... 2004......................................... 493 512 529 552 573 502 522 547 567 584 429 454 473 491 505 $547 563 566 598 613 366 388 397 410 419 2005......................................... 2006......................................... 2007......................................... 585 600 614 596 609 626 499 519 533 665 699 731 429 440 473 See note at end of table. 34 Table 12. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2007 annual averages—Continued Black or African Asian American Year Total White Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Women’s earnings as a percent of men’s 1979......................................... 62.3 61.7 74.4 — 71.7 1980......................................... 1981......................................... 1982......................................... 1983......................................... 1984......................................... 64.2 64.4 65.7 66.5 67.6 63.4 63.1 64.5 65.6 66.8 75.8 76.9 78.1 78.9 79.5 — — — — — 73.5 75.7 75.5 78.5 77.7 1985......................................... 1986......................................... 1987......................................... 1988......................................... 1989......................................... 68.1 69.5 69.8 70.2 70.1 67.2 67.9 68.2 68.4 69.3 82.6 82.8 84.4 82.8 86.5 — — — — — 77.7 80.6 82.0 84.4 85.4 1990......................................... 1991......................................... 1992......................................... 1993......................................... 1994......................................... 71.9 74.2 75.8 77.1 76.4 71.5 73.7 75.3 76.5 74.6 85.3 86.1 88.2 88.8 86.5 — — — — — 87.4 90.4 89.1 90.5 88.9 1995......................................... 1996......................................... 1997......................................... 1998......................................... 1999......................................... 75.5 75.0 74.4 76.3 76.5 73.3 73.8 74.6 76.1 75.7 86.4 87.9 86.8 85.5 83.8 — — — — — 87.1 88.8 85.7 86.4 85.7 2000......................................... 2001......................................... 2002......................................... 2003......................................... 2004......................................... 76.9 76.4 77.9 79.4 80.4 75.8 75.8 77.9 79.3 79.8 84.1 85.8 90.3 88.5 88.8 79.9 76.9 74.9 77.5 76.4 87.8 88.2 88.0 88.4 87.3 2005......................................... 2006......................................... 2007......................................... 81.0 80.8 80.2 80.2 80.0 79.4 89.3 87.8 88.8 80.6 79.3 78.1 87.7 87.1 91.0 NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include persons who selected that race group only; previously, multi-racial persons were included in the group they identified as their main race. Asian estimates for 2000-02 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asians are a separate category. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 35 Table 13. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages Educational attainment, race, and Total White Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Black or African Asian American Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total, 25 years and over................................................ Less than a high school diploma...................................... High school graduates, no college................................... Some college, no degree................................................. Associate degree.............................................................. Bachelor’s degree and higher.......................................... $738 428 604 683 740 1,072 $759 437 624 708 762 1,099 $596 400 504 584 614 877 $864 418 538 676 715 1,142 $525 406 524 616 681 923 Men, 25 years and over................................................ Less than a high school diploma...................................... High school graduates, no college................................... Some college, no degree................................................. Associate degree.............................................................. Bachelor’s degree and higher.......................................... 823 481 689 784 857 1,243 850 486 718 815 883 1,267 629 449 549 632 671 931 964 461 607 742 744 1,276 562 428 584 684 794 1,005 Women, 25 years and over........................................... Less than a high school diploma...................................... High school graduates, no college................................... Some college, no degree................................................. Associate degree.............................................................. Bachelor’s degree and higher.......................................... 646 369 512 592 640 932 663 368 523 603 659 942 566 374 470 543 576 837 751 384 486 595 655 958 493 343 469 543 592 848 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 36 Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages Occupation Total White Black or African Asian American Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Total, 16 years and over................................................. $695 $716 $569 $830 $503 Management, professional, and related occupations........ Management, business, and financial operations.......... Management occupations.......................................... Business and financial operations occupations.......... Professional and related occupations............................ Computer and mathematical occupations.................. Architecture and engineering occupations................. Life, physical, and social science occupations........... Community and social services occupations.............. Legal occupations...................................................... Education, training, and library occupations............... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.................................................... Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations.............................................................. 996 1,080 1,161 941 951 1,229 1,213 1,053 755 1,148 841 1,010 1,117 1,174 959 960 1,240 1,216 1,060 773 1,160 858 787 854 913 790 757 950 960 899 672 967 719 1,163 1,161 1,390 972 1,164 1,289 1,381 1,127 766 1,211 931 844 830 865 765 853 1,091 1,154 940 739 984 789 829 834 712 927 716 920 933 741 1,085 827 Service occupations.......................................................... Healthcare support occupations..................................... Protective service occupations....................................... Food preparation and serving related occupations.................................................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations.................................................................. Personal care and service occupations......................... 454 454 719 457 461 758 437 422 592 481 505 585 393 464 737 385 380 390 435 359 422 434 422 437 416 415 491 476 387 387 Sales and office occupations............................................. Sales and related occupations....................................... Office and administrative support occupations.............. 598 643 581 608 675 585 519 466 547 653 671 637 513 495 519 670 372 646 677 377 654 602 347 592 743 322 705 503 338 506 749 757 636 807 620 577 581 570 592 598 586 509 503 514 523 509 604 451 446 457 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations..................................................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... Construction and extraction occupations....................... Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.................................................................. Production, transportation, and material moving occupations..................................................................... Production occupations.................................................. Transportation and material moving occupations........... See note at end of table. 37 Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages—Continued Occupation Total White Black or African Asian American Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Men, 16 years and over................................................. $766 $788 $600 $936 $520 Management, professional, and related occupations........ Management, business, and financial operations.......... Management occupations.......................................... Business and financial operations occupations.......... 1,187 1,261 1,337 1,131 1,211 1,292 1,352 1,149 899 979 990 958 1,342 1,373 1,527 1,126 985 922 932 895 Professional and related occupations............................ Computer and mathematical occupations.................. Architecture and engineering occupations................. Life, physical, and social science occupations........... Community and social services occupations.............. Legal occupations...................................................... Education, training, and library occupations............... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations..................................................... Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations.............................................................. 1,148 1,294 1,258 1,151 807 1,579 1,007 1,152 1,328 1,258 1,144 847 1,625 1,021 843 967 962 877 729 1,255 790 1,327 1,336 1,464 1,356 700 1,591 1,242 1,024 1,210 1,163 1,126 868 1,356 957 920 912 817 1,026 803 1,156 1,206 834 1,196 959 Service occupations.......................................................... Healthcare support occupations..................................... Protective service occupations....................................... Food preparation and serving related occupations.................................................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations.................................................................. Personal care and service occupations......................... 515 522 754 526 517 791 490 533 619 505 473 580 414 505 773 403 401 396 461 381 472 578 472 603 471 489 504 561 410 492 Sales and office occupations............................................. Sales and related occupations....................................... Office and administrative support occupations.............. 714 791 619 742 824 637 552 562 547 699 746 647 578 617 514 674 382 648 681 386 655 603 325 591 767 451 712 507 344 506 750 758 630 827 620 616 641 596 634 659 611 531 556 519 608 602 619 494 501 487 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations..................................................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... Construction and extraction occupations....................... Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.................................................................. Production, transportation, and material moving occupations..................................................................... Production occupations.................................................. Transportation and material moving occupations........... See note at end of table. 38 Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages—Continued Occupation Total White Black or African Asian American Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Women, 16 years and over............................................ $614 $626 $533 $731 $473 Management, professional, and related occupations........ Management, business, and financial operations.......... . Management occupations.......................................... Business and financial operations occupations.......... 858 908 963 832 868 924 972 842 740 784 857 747 978 997 1,149 931 744 757 800 725 Professional and related occupations............................ Computer and mathematical occupations.................. Architecture and engineering occupations................. Life, physical, and social science occupations........... Community and social services occupations.............. Legal occupations...................................................... Education, training, and library occupations............... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.............................................................. Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations.............................................................. 835 1,047 981 939 720 930 784 844 1,048 985 952 735 932 801 707 881 953 924 651 935 700 969 1,142 958 928 866 1,103 840 729 879 1,012 881 694 807 728 732 741 659 755 614 875 886 704 1,020 731 Service occupations.......................................................... Healthcare support occupations..................................... Protective service occupations....................................... Food preparation and serving related occupations.................................................................. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations.................................................................. Personal care and service occupations......................... 406 447 588 403 456 616 412 415 522 442 513 728 362 459 629 363 358 380 415 324 376 402 367 402 393 404 477 406 343 365 Sales and office occupations............................................. Sales and related occupations....................................... Office and administrative support occupations.............. 550 493 570 558 508 574 512 411 547 605 520 629 494 401 521 539 348 573 545 348 568 567 369 696 431 308 553 377 320 487 726 746 684 508 623 437 443 424 438 449 417 429 418 473 440 435 475 370 378 351 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations..................................................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... Construction and extraction occupations....................... Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.................................................................. Production, transportation, and material moving occupations..................................................................... Production occupations.................................................. Transportation and material moving occupations........... NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 39 Technical Note T he estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 States and the District of Columbia. Material in this report is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. This information is available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1 (800) 877-8339. ployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment. Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major groups: (1) Job losers, comprising (a) persons on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (persons on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) persons who completed temporary jobs, who began looking for work after the jobs ended; (2) Job leavers, persons who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work; Concepts and definitions Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are persons 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 States and the District of Columbia who are not inmates of institutions (for example, penal and mental facilities, homes for the aged), and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces. (3) Reentrants, persons who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search; and (4) New entrants, persons who had never worked. Employed persons. All persons who, during the reference week, (a) did any work at all (at least 1 hour) as paid employees, worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm, or worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family, and (b) all those who were not working but who had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent because of vacation, illness, bad weather, childcare problems, maternity or paternity leave, labor-management dispute, job training, or other family or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs. Labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above. Unemployment rate. This represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. Participation rate. This represents the proportion of the population that is in the labor force. Employment-population ratio. This represents the proportion of the population that is employed. Unemployed persons. All persons who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work, except for temporary illness, and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed. Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all persons in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed. The marginally attached are persons not in the labor force who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers are a subset of the marginally attached who were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them. Duration of unemployment. This represents the length of time (through the current reference week) that persons classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For persons on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unem40 Occupation, industry, and class of worker. This information for the employed applies to the job held in the reference week. Persons with two or more jobs are classified in the job at which they worked the greatest number of hours. The unemployed are classified according to their last job. Beginning in 2003, the occupational and industrial classification of CPS data is based on the 2002 Census Bureau occupational and industrial classification systems, which are derived from the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) and the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). (Consistent data are available back to 2000. Earlier data use a different classification system.) Median earnings. These figures indicate the value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median falls. Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such persons are considered as members of one family. Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses. A family maintained by a woman or a man is one in which the householder is never married, widowed, divorced, or separated. White, Black or African American, and Asian. These are terms used to describe the race of persons. Beginning in 2003, persons in these categories are those who selected that race group only. (Previously, persons identified a group as their main race.) Persons in the remaining race categories— American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders, and persons who selected more than one race category—are included in the estimates of total employment and unemployment but are not shown separately because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent. More information on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available online at http://www.bls. gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the “true” population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the Household Data section of “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” in Employment and Earnings, on the BLS Web site at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf. Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. More information on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available online at http://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf. Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed persons regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated). 41 Get connected with the BLS Customer Service Guide Y ou know how quickly you can get things done when you’re connected with someone “on the inside”? With the BLS Customer Service Guide at your fingertips, you will have the inside track to the facts that you need about employment, unemployment, labor market dynamics, labor force and industry projections, consumer prices, producer prices, consumer expenditures, worker injuries statistics, and much more. Go to the source: The BLS Customer Service Guide To get your free copy: Call: (202) 691-5200 Fax: (202) 691-7890 E-mail: blsdata_staff@bls.gov
