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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR JAMES J. DAVIS, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ETHELBERT STEWART, Commissioner BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES \ BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS/ * ‘ ‘ WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR {No. 407 SERIES LABOR COST OF PRODUCTION AND WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY OCTOBER, 1926 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1926 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The commissioner desires to acknowledge as especially contribut ing to the preparation of this report the services of John M. Foster and William A. Fuller, members of the bureau staff. CONTENTS Page Part I. Labor cost of production in a two-week period, 1924 and 1925: Introduction-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Effect of shortened hours on output______________________________ Time cost of labor in terms of one-man hours required to produce a ton of paper box board, 1924 and 1925_________________________ Money cost of labor required to produce a ton of paper box board, 1924 and 1925_______________________________________________ Labor cost per one-man hour____________________________________ Total hours worked and production in a two-week period, 1924 and 192 5 ______ ________ Production and labor cost per one-man hour______________________ Time and labor cost per ton----------------------------_-------------------------Full-time positions as affected by change from two tours to three tours------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Increase in wage rates due to change from two tours to three tours. > Full-time earnings per employee under both two-tour and three-tour operation____________________________________________________ Full-time earnings per occupation as a whole under both two-tour and three-tour operation__________________________________________ Total hours worked, total wages, output in pounds and labor cost per one-man hour, production, cost per ton under both two-tour and three-tour operation__________________________________________ Detailed tables for each establishment under both two-tour and threetour operation----------------------------- ------------------------------------- Part II. Wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry, 1925: Brief history of the paper box-board industry_____________________ Importance of the industry_____________________________________ Extent and summary of survey---------------------------------------------------Regular or customary hours of operation_________________________ Changes in wage rates since January 1, 1924______________________ Extra pay for overtime and for work on Sunday and holidays______ Bonus systems_________________________________________________ Days worked in one pay period__________________________________ Average and classified days of operation during the year 1924______ General tables--------------------------------------------------------------------------T able A.— Average hours and earnings and classified full-time hours per week, 1925, by occupation and State___ __________ T able B.— Average and classified earnings per hour of employees in seven typical occupations, 1925, by State________________ T able C.— Average and classified hours actually worked in two weeks by employees in seven typical occupations, 1925, by State, T able D.— Average and classified amounts actually earned in two weeks by employees in seven typical occupations, 1925, by State___________________________________________________ General processes of manufacture________________________________ Description of occupations— Beater room__________________ _____________________________ Machine room_____________________________________________ Finishing department_______________________________________ hi 1-3 3-5 5,6 9-11 11-13 13-16 16,17 18,19 20, 21 22-24 25,26 27-49 50, 51 51-53 54-57 58, 59 59, 60 60, 61 61, 62 62, 63 63,64 65-85 66-74 75-77 78-81 82-85 86,87 87, 88 88,89 89 BULLETIN OF THE U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS NO. 407 WASHINGTON OCTOBER, 1926 LABOR COST OF PRODUCTION AND WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY Part I.— LABOR COST OF PRODUCTION IN A TWO-WEEK PERIOD, 1924 AND 1925 INTRODUCTION On May 2, 1924, a conference of paper box-board manufacturers was held m Washington, D. C., for the purpose of bringing about a much-needed reform in this industry by means of shortening the hours of labor. At least 80 per cent of the paper box-board plants in the United States and probably 95 per cent of the paper boxboard products factories were represented at this conference. The two-tour system of the alternating week of 11 and 13 tours, with the cleaning up done on Sunday, had prevailed in many of the paper box-board mills, and the object of this conference was to devise ways and means of shortening tnese long hours of labor and doing away with the Sunday work. It was hoped that by mutual agree ment within the industry the 8-hour day that predominates in the majority of industries could be established in the paper box-beard mills. At this conference, during the discussion over the elimination of Sunday work there was a wide diversity of opinion as to the length of time required for the clean-up. (The “ clean-up” is a necessary operation that must be performed at the beginning or end of every operation period at the paper box-board mill and consists of chang ing the paper-machine felts, repairing the equipment, and making preparation for another week’s work.) It was particularly noticeable in the 70 establishments visited in the wage study that in the three-tour mills the time consumed in cleaning up rarely varied from 8 hours each week, while in the twotour mills the clean-up time was nearly constant at 11 hours per week. A very few mills seemed to make an effort to have the clean-up done in less time than the regular hours of one tour. In these few mills the clean-up time varied from 4 to 6 hours. It appears reason able to assume that if some mills can reduce this time to a minimum the majority could do the same. It would seem that it was not strictly necessary to close the mill all day Saturday in order to eliminate Sunday work. There does not appear to be any good reason why the clean-up could not be performed by the tour which starts work at 3 or 4 p. m. on Saturday m a three-tour mill, or at 6 p. m. in a two-tour mill. Another variation of the time for clean-up, which has been tried and 1 2 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY found satisfactory by several mills, is to have the clean-up work done by the first tour on Monday. Of the 70 establishments visited in this study, 5 have Monday a. m. clean-up and 7 have Saturday p. m. clean-up, while in 1 mill the beater-room clean-up was done on Saturday p. m. and the machine room on Sunday a. m. Of the 5 having Monday a. m. clean-up, 4 are three-tour mills and 1 is a twotour mill; while of the 8 having Saturday p. m. clean-up, 4 are threetour and 4 are two-tour mills. A few paper box-board mills had in recent years adopted the threetour or 8-hour day system, while a few others operated 5 days instead of 6 days a week, and clean up on the sixth day. By January 15, 1925, wnen a second conference of the paper box-board manufac turers was held, over 75 per cent of the mills had eliminated Sunday work. Since large quantities of water are required in this industry, in addition to that necessary for generating power (a modern mill uses from 35,000 to 80,000 gallons of water per ton of paper produced), paper mills are often located in remote places near rivers or streams yielding a good supplv of reasonably pure water. This fact may to some extent account for the long hours of labor of mill employees. The Bureau of Labor Statistics recently secured detailed informa tion from 11 paper box-board mills for a representative two-week pay period in 1924 and a similar period in 1925, presenting in detail the changes resulting from reduced working hours; however, no attempt was made to apply the principles of cost accounting to this study as in practically all these mills men were shifted for a short time as needed from one position to another. In some mills the time worked in different occupations was shown in detail on the pay roll, while in others the total time worked was shown under the regular occupation. This shifting in occupation occurred mainly in the un skilled or semiskilled occupations, such as laborers, cutter boys, broke boys, etc. Seven of these mills had changed from two tours to three tours; of these, 2 had reduced the working-davs from 6 to 5, 3 had been oper ating 5 days during both periods scheduled, while 2 continued pro duction through 6 days. Of the other 4 mills, 3 had been working three tours and 1 two tours prior to the conference, and had made no change in hours subsequent thereto, although all 4 had reduced the working-days from 6 to 5. Of the 11 mills, 3 had been doing the clean-up work on Saturday prior to the conference, 6 had changed the clean-up from Sunday to Saturday, while 2 continued the Sunday clean-up. The 7 plants that changed from two to three tours employed 1,458 persons in 1925 against 1,274 in 1924, and had a daily tonnage of 166 in 1925 against 150 in 1924. Of the 4 plants that reduced their days of operation from 6 to 5 per week, 3 were running on three tours and 1 on two tours during both periods, employed 620 in 1925 against 659 in 1924, and had a daily tonnage of 106 in 1925, as against 107 in 1924. Nine plants, employing 1,714 persons, reported no Sunday work in 1925, and the average output of these plants was 170 tons per day. The 11 plants selected for this productivity study had, with 2 ex ceptions, tne same equipment during both periods. One of these 2, in the group that changed from two tours to three tours, increased the PART I.— LABOR COST OF PRODUCTION 3 number of the drying rolls on one of its paper machines by about 20 per cent, while the other mill, which had made no change in the hours worked by the tour employees but had reduced the days of work from 6 to 5, had increased the arying rolls on one of its paper machines by approximately 24 per cent and in addition had added a Shartle beater to the equipment of its beater room. The periods used in this study vary for each establishment, as it was essential for comparison purposes to secure periods in each year in which the product was as nearly alike as possible and in which the mill was operated full time. In 9 of the mills the product in the two periods scheduled was practically the same. The other 2 establish ments had made several kinds of higher quality box board in 1925 than in 1924, in consequence of which their 1925 production was proportionately less and their cost per ton proportionately greater. In 1 of the mills that reduced its days of operation from 6 to 5 but made no change in the time of tour workers this decreased production, and the increased cost was especially pronounced. The daily output of tne 11 mills averaged 124 tons in the 1924 period and 134 tons in the 1925 period. It will be noted that in practically all of the tables in this study the 11 establishments have been divided into two groups, the first group consisting of 7 mills and the second group consisting of 4 mills. The first group comprises those mills which were operating two tours in the period covered in 1924, but had changed over to three-tour oper ation before the period covered in 1925. In addition to this change, 2 of these 7 mills had reduced their days of operation from 6 to 5. The second group consists of 4 mills, all of which had reduced their da^s of operation from 6 in the period covered in 1924 to 5 in the period covered in 1925, but none had made any change in the time worked by the tour employees. In the following tables the time cost expressed in hours and the labor cost expressed in money are given for the beater room and the machine room, the two principal departments concerned with the manufacture of paper box board, and for all departments combined. The productivity of labor is the return the workingman gives for the wages he receives. In order to make a productivity study, it is necessary, therefore, to secure records of time and output, i. e., of one-man hours and of pounds or tons produced. The number of oneman hours required to produce a given output is the time cost, and the quantity of output produced in a given time is the productivity of labor. The labor cost, also given in one of the following tables, represents an aggregate of the wages paid over a two-week productive period. EFFECT OF SHORTENED HOURS ON OUTPUT In the 7 establishments that changed from two tours to three tours the average days of operation decreased 5.1 per cent, or from 11.1 days in 1924 to 10.5 days in 1925. The average daily tonnage output of these 7 plants, however, increased 19.6 per cent, or from 150 tons in the two-week period in 1924 to 166 tons in the two-week period of 1925. In the 4 plants that reduced their working week from 6 days to 5 days, the average daily tonnage output decreased 0.7 per cent, or from 107 tons in the two-week period of 1924 to 106 tons m the two-week period of 1925. 4 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY For the 11 plants combined, the average days of operation decreased 9.5 per cent, or from 11.5 days in 1924 to 10.4 days in 1925. The average daily tonnage of these 11 mills increased 8.7 per cent, or from 124 tons in the two-week period of 1924 to 134 tons in the two-week period of 1925. Table 1, which follows, gives the output in pounds per one-man hour. This production is arrived at by dividing the total output (in pounds) for the two-week period by the total nours worked in the beater room, the machine room, and in all departments. In this table and in the following tables the establishments are indicated by numbers, and in order to prevent identification the arrangement and numbering is different in the various tables. T able 1 .— OUTPUT IN POUNDS PER ONE-MAN HOUR IN A TW O-W EEK PERIOD, 1924 AN D 1925, BY ESTABLISHM ENTS Output per one-man hour in— Beater room Machine room All departments Establishment 1924 Per cent of change 1925 1924 1925 Per cent of change 1924 1925 Per cent of change Changed from %tours to 3 tours1 No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 1............................. 2............................. 3............................. 4............................. 5........................... . 6............................. 7............................. Lbs. 421 649 588 663 548 938 684 Lbs. 424 787 719 680 704 1,064 907 +0.7 +21.3 +22.3 + 2.6 +28.5 +13.4 +32.6 Lbs. 333 565 814 643 636 682 854 Lbs. 360 713 1,001 706 857 871 1,054 + 8.1 +26.2 +23.0 +9.8 +34.7 +27.7 +23.4 Lbs. 113 135 175 162 145 216 188 Lbs. 119 147 209 173 179 246 236 +5.3 +8.9 +19.4 + 6.8 +23.4 +13.9 +25.5 Average.............. 642 723 + 12.6 612 729 +19.1 162 180 + 11.1 -2 0.9 -3 .1 -3 .0 + 8.6 Changed from 6 days to 5 days of production No. No. No. No. 636 551 663 646 410 536 516 762 - 12.0 +1.5 +5.7 +37.5 513 565 + 10.1 632 596 674 +13.1 618 8............................. 9............................. 10........................... 11........................... 466 528 488 554 Average.............. Grand average__ 531 585 651 617 -1 6.5 + 6.2 - 1.8 -4 .5 139 131 134 197 110 127 130 214 613 -3 .0 151 146 -3 .3 695 +12.5 158 170 +7.6 * Two of these mills also reduced their days of production from 6 to 5. Study of Table 1 reveals that for the 7 plants that changed from two tours to three tours the output in pounds per one-man hour in the beater room increased in every plant, the increases ranging from 0.7 per cent to 32.6 per cent. In the machine room the hourly output increased in all 7 plants, the increases ranging from 8.1 per cent to 34.7 per cent. For all departments the hourly output also in creased m all 7 plants, the increases ranging from 5.3 per cent to 25.5 per cent. For the 7 plants taken as a whole the output increased 12.6 per cent in the beater room, 19.1 per cent in the machine room, and 11.1 per cent in all departments. These 7 plants that changed from two tours to three tours show that a decrease in hours was followed by an increase in hourly output. PART I.—-LABOR COST OF PRODUCTION 5 In the 4 mills that reduced their days of production from 6 to 5, the output in the beater room increased in 3 plants, the increases ranging from 1.5 per cent to 37.5 per cent, while the output decreased 12 per cent in 1 plant. In the machine room the output decreased in 3 plants, ranging from 1.8 per cent to 16.5 per cent, while in 1 plant the output increased 6.2 per cent. For all departments the output de creased in 3 plants, the decreases ranging from 3 per cent to 20.9 per cent, and 1 plant increased its output 8.6 per cent. For these 4 plants taken as a whole, however, the output increased 10.1 per cent m the beater room, but decreased 3 per cent in the machine room and 3.3 er cent in all departments. The 1 plant that reported the largest ecreases in the beater room, machine room, and in all departments manufactured a better grade of board in 1925 than in 1924. In terms of the number of pounds of board produced in one hour by one man, these 11 plants averaged in the beater room 674 pounds per hour in 1925 as against 596 pounds in 1924, in the machine room 695 pounds in 1925 as against 618 pounds in 1924, and for all depart ments 170 pounds in 1925 as against 158 pounds in 1924. S TIME COST OF LABOR IN TERMS OF ONE-MAN HOURS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A TON OF PAPER BOX BOARD, 1924 AND 1925 Inasmuch as the beater room and the machine room are more con cerned with the production of board than the other departments, the time cost will be compared in these two departments first. The cost per ton of paper box board in terms of one-man hours decreased in the beater room of the 7 plants which changed from 2 tours to 3 tours. These decreases ranged from 0.8 of 1 per cent to 24.3 per cent. One plant reported an 0.8 percent decrease, 1 a 2.6 per cent decrease, 1 an 11.7 per cent decrease, 1 a 17.5 per cent decrease, 1 an 18.2 per cent, while the other 2 showed decreases of 22.2 and 24.3 per cent. The average cost in one-man hours for the 7 plants decreased 10.9 per cent. Taking the changes that occurred in the machine room as regards cost per ton of board in terms of one-man hours in these three-tour mills, 7 decreases are shown, ranging from 7.5 per cent to 25.8 per cent. These decreases were 7.5 per cent in 1 plant, 9 per cent in another, 18.7 percent in 1 and 18.8 per cent in another, ana 20.9,21.5, and 25.8 per cent in 3 others. For these 7 plants the time cost in the machine department decreased 15.9 per cent after the plants changed to three tours. Regarding all departments, which include not only the beater room and the machine room, but the receiving and shipping room, main tenance, power, and general work, the cost per ton of paper box board, in one-man hours, decreased in all 7 plants. The decreases ranged from 5 to 20.1 per cent, the average decrease for the 7 plants bemg 10.2 per cent. The daily tonnage production in the 7 plants increased 10.6 per cent. In the 4 plants that were operating two tours or three tours both eriods, the time cost decreased in the beater room in 3 plants, the ecrease ranging from 1.6 per cent to 27.4 per cent, and 1 plant reported an increase of 13.8 per cent. The average decrease for the 4 plants was 9.2 per cent, in the machine room the one-man hours decreased 5.8 per cent in 1 plant and increased in the other 3, the range being from 1.7 per cent to 19.7 per cent. The average one- S 6 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY man hours for the 4 plants increased 3.2 per cent. Considering ail departments in these 4 establishments, 3 plants reported increases ranging from 3 to 26 per cent, while 1 reported a decrease of 7.6 per cent, the average time cost for the 4 plants increasing 3.8 per cent. The largest increase reported in time cost in terms of one-man hours occurred in the establishment that began the manufacture of highergrade and consequently slower-running board in 1925. The time cost m terms of one-man hours required to produce a ton of paper box board in 1925 compared with 1924 in the 11 establish ments included in this study, decreased 11.3 per cent in the beater room, 11.1 per cent in the machine room, and 6.7 per cent for all departments. The daily tonnage production for the 11 plants increased 8.7 per cent in 1925 while the days of operation decreased 9.5 per cent. In terms of one-man hours, the average time required in these 11 plants to produce a ton of board was 2.97 hours in 1925, compared with 3.35 hours in 1924 in the beater department; 2.88 hours in 1925 compared with 3.24 hours in 1924 in the machine department, and 11.78 hours in 1925 compared with 12.62 hours in 1924 in all depart ments. It therefore took less time to produce a ton of paper box board in 1925 with decreased hours of labor than it did in 1924. It will be observed that, in the 11 establishments, the number of hours of one man’s time that would be required to produce a ton of paper box board, if he performed a part of all the processes from the raw to the finished state of the product, varied from 9.24 to 17.75 hours in 1924, and from 8.13 to 18.15 hours in 1925. This is a wide variation, but inasmuch as some of the grades of paper box board take much longer to produce than others this would account for a considerable amount of the difference in time. T a b l e 2 .— LABOR COST PER TON OF PRODUCT IN ONE-MAN HOURS IN A TW O-W EEK PERIOD, IN 1924 AN D 1925, B Y ESTABLISHMENTS Labor cost per ton of product in one-man hours in— Beater room Establishment 1924 1925 All departments Machine room Per cent of change 1924 1925 Per cent of change 1924 1925 Per cent of change Changed fro m %tours to 8 to u r s 1 Oneman hours 3.40 No. 1............................. 4.75 No. 2............................. 3.08 No. 3............................. 2.92 No. 4...................... . . . . 2.13 No. 5............................. 3.65 No. 6............................. 3.02 No. 7............................. 3.11 Average.............. Oneman hours 2.78 4.71 2.54 2.21 1.88 2.84 2.94 2.77 —18.2 -.8 -17.5 -24.3 -11.7 - 22.2 - 2.6 -1 0.9 Oneman hours 2.46 6.00 3.54 2.34 2.93 3.14 3.11 3.27 Oneman hours 2.00 5.55 2.80 1.90 2.30 2.33 2.83 2.75 -18.7 -7 .5 -20.9 —18.8 -21.5 -2 5.8 -9 .0 -1 5.9 Oneman hours 11.41 17.75 14.85 10.61 9.24 13.75 12.36 12.36 Oneman hours 9.59 16.87 13.63 8.48 $.13 11.16 11.56 11.10 -16.0 -5 .0 - 8.2 - 20.1 - 12.0 —18.8 -6 .5 - 1<X2 C hanged fro m 6 days t o 5 days o f p roduction No. No. No. No. 8............................. 9............................. 10........................... 11........................... Average.............. Grand average__ 3.61 4.10 3.79 4.29 3.90 3.35 2.62 3.88 3.73 4.88 3.54 a 97 -2 7.4 -5 .4 - 1.6 +13.8 -9 .2 -11.3 3.10 3.02 3.63 3.15 3.17 3.24 3.24 3.07 3.42 3.77 3.27 2.88 * Two of these mills also reduced their days of production from 6 to 5. +4.5 +1.7 -5 .8 +19.7 +3.2 - 11.1 10.13 14.90 15.27 14.41 13.23 12.62 9.36 15.34 15.74 18.15 13.73 11.78 —7.6 +a.o +3.1 +26.0 ... +SLJ -6 .7 PART I.---- LABOR COST OF PRODUCTION MONEY COST OF LABOR REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A TON PAPER BOX BOARD, 1924 AND 1925 7 OF For the purpose of comparing the money cost of labor required to produce a ton of board m 1925 and in 1924, the 7 plants which changed from two tours to three tours will be considered first. In the beater room of these plants this cost decreased in 3 plants and increased in the other 4. The increases ranged from 2.7 per cent to 23.1 per cent,while the decreases ranged from 6.8 to 9.3 percent, the average for the beater room showing an increase of 7.8 per cent. The average cost per ton was $1.66 in 1925, as compared with $1.54 in 1924. In the machine room of these 7 establishments five de creases and two increases were reported, the average increase in money cost per ton of product being 2.3 per cent more in 1925 than in 1924. For all departments the individual establishments show five decreases and two increases in the cost of labor, the average in crease for all 7 mills being 0.7 per cent, or from $6.69 per ton of product in 1924 to $6.74 in 1925. In the other 4 plants that operated two tours or three tours in both periods, the money cost of labor per ton of board in the beater room increased 32.2 per cent in the mill in which the 1925 product was of a higher grade of board than in 1924. The labor cost of the other 3 plants showed a decrease. The beater room of all 4 establishments combined showed an average decrease of 6.7 per cent in labor cost. The cost per ton of product was $1.81 in 1925, as compared with $1.94 in 1924. In the machine room the average increase in money cost of labor per ton of board was 3.6 per cent. Two mills reported increases, 1 reported a decrease, and 1 no change. The cost per ton in 1925 was $1.71, as compared with $1.65 in 1924. In all departments the money cost increased 6.3 per cent in 1925 as compared with 1924, so that the cost per ton in 1925 was $7.39, as against $6.95 in 1924. Taking the 11 plants together in connection with the money cost of labor required to produce a ton of board in 1925 as compared with 1924 when the plants operated longer hours, the beater room showed a 2.4 per cent increase in this cost, the machine room showed a 2.9 per cent increase, and all departments showed a 2.1 per cent increase. Thus, in the beater room it cost $1.70 for the labor re quired to produce a ton of board in 1925 as compared with $1.66 in 1924; in tne machide room, $1.75 in 1925 as compared with $1.70 in 1924; and in all departments, $6.91 in 1925 as compared with $6.77 in 1924. One mill, because of better beater-room or machine-room facilities or more modem equipment may be able to produce board at a less cost per ton than another mill, but in this study we are not concerned in the cost as between mills, but in the cost in the same mill before and after the change in working time. It should be noted that the grade of product would in some degree affect the labor cost as be tween mills. PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY 8. TABLE 3.—LABOR COST P E R TON OF PRODUCT IN A TW O-W EEK PERIOD, 1924 AND 1925, B Y ESTABLISHM ENTS Labor cost per ton of product in— Beater room Establishment 1924 1925 Machine room Per cent of change 1924 1925 All departments Per cent of change 1924 1925 Per cent of change Changed from % tours to 3 tours1 No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 1................... 2............................. 3............................. 4............................. 5............................. 6............................. 7............................. $1.50 1.12 1.76 1.43 1.77 1. 61 2.07 $1.36 1.15 2.06 1.76 1.65 1.47 2.14 -9 .3 +2.7 +17.0 +23.1 - 6.8 -8 .7 +3.4 $1.35 1.63 1. 67 1.51 1.34 1.99 2.82 $1.34 1.55 1.88 1.72 1.33 1.76 2.78 -0 .7 -4 .9 + 12.6 +13.9 -.7 - 11.6 - 1 .4 $5.94 5.35 7.13 6.36 6.40 8.65 8.61 $5.31 5.45 7.12 6.83 6.10 8.38 a 40 - 10.6 +1.9 -.1 +7.4 -4 .7 -3 .1 -2 .4 Average.............. 1.54 1.66 +7.8 1.73 1.77 +2.3 6.69 6.74 + .7 Changed from 6 days to 5 days of production No. 8............................. No. 9............................. No. 10........................... No. 1 1 - ................. — $2.26 1.69 2.05 1.98 Average.............. 1.94 Grand average. __ 1.66 $2.19 1.25 2.71 1.87 $1.97 1.67 2.23 1.48 -5 .3 +5.0 +32.0 (2) $9.27 5.51 7.53 7.43 1.65 1. 71 +3.6 6.95 7.39 + 6.3 1.70 1.75 +2.9 6.77 6.91 + 2.1 -3 .1 -26.0 +32.2 -5 .6 $2.08 1.59 1.69 1.48 1.81 -6 .7 1.70 +2.4 j 1Two of these mills also reduced their days of production from 6 to 5. $9.70 4.97 10.08 7.62 +4.6 -3 .5 +33.9 + 2.6 2 No change. LABOR COST PER ONE-MAN HOUR The labor cost covers the wages paid during the production period scheduled. The labor cost per one-man hour is found by dividing the aggregate pay roll for the particular production period by the aggregate hours worked during the same period. In the 7 plants which changed to three tours in 1925 the labor cost per man-hour increased in the beater rooms of all establishments, the increases ranging from 4.6 per cent to 50.8 per cent, the average increase for all the plants being 21.5 per cent or from 49.3 cents in 1924 to 59.9 cents in 1925. In the machine rooms of these establish ments the increases ranged from 6.4per cent to 51:4 per cent, the aver age increase being 22.0 per cent. The average labor cost for the ma chine room was 64.4 cents per one-man hour in 1925 as against 52.8 cents in 1924. For all departments the increase ranged from 2.7 per cent to 22.9 per cent, the average increase for all plants being 12.2 per cent. The labor cost per one-man hour was 60.7 cents in 1925 as against 54.1 cents in 1924. Of the 4 plants operating two tours or three tours in both periods, 2 reported slight decreases in the beater room, the average for the 4 lants being an increase of 3 per cent. The labor cost per one-man our increased from 49.7 cents m 1924 to 51.2 cents in 1925. Although 1 of these 4 establishments reported a decrease of 1.8 per cent and 1 reported no change in the labor cost in the machine room, the average for the 4 plants was an increase of 0.6 of 1 per cent or from 52.0 cents an hour in 1924 to 52.3 cents an hour in 1925. For all departments S 9 PART I.— LABOR COST OF PRODUCTION these 4 plants averaged an increase of 2.3 per cent, or a cost of 53.8 cents an hour in 1925 compared with 52.6 cents in 1924. Taking the 11 plants together, the beater room averaged an increase in labor cost per one-man hour of 16.0 per cent, the machine room 16.0 per cent, and all departments 9.3 per cent. In terms of cents this cost increased from 49.4 cents to 57.3 cents in the beater room, from 52.5 cents to 60.9 cents in the machine room, and from 53.6 cents to 58.6 cents in all departments. With decreased hours of labor and increased wages, the workingman with his longer hours of leisure and increased earnings is enabled to improve his living standards. T able 4.—LABOR COST PER ONE-MAN HOUR IN A TW O-W EEK PERIOD, 1924 AND 1925, B Y ESTABLISHM ENTS Labor cost per one-man hour in— Machine room Beater room Establishment 1924 Per cent of change 1925 1924 1925 All departments Per cent of change 1924 1925 Per cent of change Changed from %tours to 3 tours1 No. 1............................. $0,523 .521 No. 2............................. .435 No. 3............................. .524 No. 4_........................... .475 No. 5 .. . ........................ .482 No. 6............................. .513 No. 7....... ..................... Average.............. .493 $0,580 .593 .455 .609 .597 .727 .616 +10.9 +13.8 +4.6 +16.2 +25.7 +50.8 + 20.1 $0.561 .547 .470 .557 .486 .531 .576 .599 +21.5 .528 $0,627 + 11.8 .664 +21.4 .500 +6.4 .677 +21.5 .606 . +24.7 .804 +51.4 +22.4 .705 .644 $0,583 .561 .485 .579 .515 .519 .560 $0.615 .636 .498 .671 .591 .638 .627 +5.5 +13.4 +2.7 +15.9 +14.8 +22.9 + 12.0 .541 .607 + 12.2 $0,499 .523 .508 .607 $0.497 .555 .532 .616 -0 .4 + 6.1 +4.7 +1.5 + 22.0 Changed from 6 days to 5 days of production No. 8............................. $0,484 .478 No. 9............................. .468 No. 10........................... .596 No. 11........................... $0,482 .555 .478 .588 -0 .4 +16.1 + 2.1 -1 .3 $0,490 .537 .514 .574 $0,481 .593 .513 .576 - 1.8 +10.4 (*) + .3 Average.............. .497 .512 +3.0 .520 .523 + .6 .526 .538 +2.3 Grand average__ .494 .573 +16.0 .525 .609 +16.0 .536 .586 +9.3 1Two of these mills also reduced their days of production from 6 to 5. TOTAL HOURS WORKED AND PRODUCTION PERIOD, 1924 AND 1925 IN *No change. A TWO-WEEK Table 5 shows by establishments for each of the two periods, for the beater room, the machine room, and for all departments the total hours worked, the production in pounds, and the per cent of change in production per establishment and per man hour. In a study of this table it should be borne in mind that 2 mills of the first group and all of the second group reduced their days of opera tion from 6 to 5. In the beater room, although the total hours worked in the first group of mills was 5.5 per cent less in the two-week period of 1925 than in the two-week period of 1924, yet the production per estab lishment increased 6.3 per cent, and per man hour 12.6 per cent. 10 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY In the second group of mills, although both the total hours worked and the production per establishment show a decrease, yet the production per man hour shows an increase. This also applies to the 11 mills taken as a whole. However, it should be stated here that the large decrease shown in the hours worked and the large increase shown in the production per man hour for establishment No. 11 is due in some measure to the installation of new equipment and a consequent reduction in the number of men required m this department. In the machine room the total hours worked by the first group of mills decreased 10.7 per cent, while the production per establishment increased 6.3 per cent, and the production per man hour increased 19.1 per cent. In the second group of mills the total hours worked, the production per establishment and per man hour all show a decrease. The totals for the 11 mills show a decrease in total hours worked and production per establishment, but an increase in the production per man hour. The large increases in production both per establishment and per man hour in mill No. 7 is due in some degree to the installation of new equipment. in all departments combined, the total hours worked show a decrease in both groups of mills and for all mills, while the produc tion per establishment shows an increase in the first group of mills, a decrease in the second group, and a decrease for all mills com bined. However, the production per man hour shows an increase in the first group of mills, a. decrease in the second group of mills, and an increase for all 11 mills. T a bl e 5.— TO TAL HOURS W ORKED AND PRODUCTION IN A T W O -W E E K PERIOD- 1924 AND 1925, FOR B E A TE R ROOM, M ACHINE ROOM, AND A L L D E PA RTM E N TS, B Y ESTABLISHMENTS BEATER BOOM Total hours worked Production (pounds) Per cent <)f change Establishment 1924 1925 Per cent of change 1924 1925 Total Per man hour Changed from 2 tours to 3 tours i No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 4,075 3,394.3 6.366.0 4,057.8 5,588.5 5.106.0 7.364.0 3.534.8 2.659.8 4.800.0 3.479.0 6.635.0 5.334.8 7.518.0 —13.3 —21.6 —24.6 —14.3 +18.7 +4.5 + 2.1 2,645,620 2,323,225 5,970,180 2,384,095 2,352,263 3,384,604 4,032,000 2,781,950 2,412,460 5,106,520 2,501,695 2,816,132 3,628,980 5,296,000 +5.2 +3.8 —14.5 +4.9 +19.7 +7.2 +31.3 +21.3 +32.6 +13.4 +22.3 + .7 + 2.6 +28.5 Total........................... 35,951.6 33,961.4 —6.5 23,091,987 24,543,737 + 6.3 + 12.6 1..................................... 2..................................... 3..................................... 4.................................... 5..................................... 6..................................... 7..................................... Changed from 6 days to- 5 days of production No. No. No. No. 8..................................... 9..................................... 10................................... 11................................... 7.641.5 3.350.5 2.485.5 6.546.5 6,266.3 2,986.5 2,119.0 3,671.8 —18.0 —10.9 —14.7 -4 3 .9 Total....... .... ...... ........ 20,024.0 15,043.6 —24.9 Grand total................. 55,975.6 49,005.0 —12.5 3,729,205 1,767,650 1,157,422 3,625,530 3,232,329 1,602,000 868,555 2,798,650 —13.3 —9.4 —25.0 —22.8 +5.7 +1.5 —12.0 +37.5 10,279,807 8,501,534 —17.3 + 10.1 33,371,794 33,045,271 —1.0 +13.1 * Two of these mills also reduced their days of production from 6 to 5. 11 PART I.— LABOR COST OF PRODUCTION T able 5.—T 0 T A L HOURS W O R K E D AND PRODU CTION IN A TW O -W E E K PERIO D, 1924 A N D 1925, FOR B E A T E R ROOM , M ACH IN E ROOM, AND A LL D E P A R T M E N TS, BY ESTABLISHM ENTS—Continued MACHINE BOOM Production (pounds) Total hours worked Establishment 1924 Per cent of change 1925 Per cent <:>f change 1924 1925 Total Per man hour Changed from 2 tours to 3 tours1 No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 4.685.0 2.720.0 8.754.5 2.927.5 7.057.5 5.260.0 6,335.8 3.900.5 2,288.8 5.861.0 2.498.5 7.819.0 5,139.8 6.180.5 —16.7 —15.9 —33.1 —14.7 + 10.8 —2.3 —2.5 2,645,620 2,323,225 5,970,180 2,384,095 2,352,263 3,384,604 4,032,000 2,781,950 2,412,460 6,106,520 2,501,695 2,816,132 3,628,980 5,296,000 +5.2 +3.8 —14.5 +4.9 +19.7 +7.2 +31.3 +26.2 +23.4 +27.7 +23.0 + 8.1 +9.8 +34.7 Total........................... 37,740.3 33,688.1 —10.7 23,091,987 24,543,737 +6.3 +19.1 1..................................... 2..................................... 3..................................... 4..................................... 5..................................... 6..................................... 7..................................... Changed from flydays to S days of production No. No. No. No. 4,966.3 2.738.8 1.635.8 4,538.5 —11.8 —14.6 —10.2 —19.2 Total........................... 16,267.8 13,879.4 —14.7 Grand total_________ 54,008.1 47,567.5 —11.9 8..................................... 9..................................... 10................................... 11................................... 5.628.0 3,205.3 1.821.0 5,613.5 3,232,329 1,602,000 868,555 2,798,650 —13.3 —9.4 —25.0 —22.8 10,279,807 8,501,534 —17.3 —3.0 33,371,794 33,045,271 —1.0 +12.5 3,729,205 1,767,650 1,157,422 3,625,530 —1.8 + 6.2 —16.5 —4.5 ALL DEPARTMENTS Changed from 3 tours to 3 tours1 No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 1.......... 2.......... 3.......... 4.......... 5___ ... 6.......... 7......... . Total. 18.962.5 10,224.0 20.764.5 11.993.8 23,750.3 20.979.8 29,562.7 —3.5 —17.1 —24.7 —11.8 +13.8 + .3 +6.7 2,645,620 2,323,225 5,970,180 2,384,095 2,352,263 3,384,604 4,032,000 2,781,950 2,412,460 5,106,520 2,501,695 2,816,132 3,628,980 5,296,000 + 5.2 +3.8 —14.5 +4.9 +19.7 +7.2 +31.3 +8.9 +25.5 +13.9 +19.4 +5.3 + 6.8 +23.4 142,664.3 136,237.6 —4.5 23,091,987 24,543,737 +6.3 + 11.1 19.643.3 12.326.5 27.586.6 13.605.5 20.877.5 20.911.4 27.713.5 Changed from 6 days to 5 days of production No. 8.................... No. 9.................... No. 10.................. No. 11.................. Total.......... Grand total. 27.778.1 13,499.8 8,340.9 18.361.2 24.791.4 12.604.5 7,881.5 13,090.8 —10.8 —6.6 —5.5 —28.7 67,980.0 58,368.2 —14.1 210,644.3 194,605.8 —7.6 3,729,205 1,767,650 1,157,422 3,625,530 3,232,329 1,602,000 868,555 2,798,650 —13.3 —9.4 —25.0 —22.8 —3.0 —3.1 —20.9 + 8.6 10,279,807 8,501,534 —17.3 —3.3 33,371,794 33,045,271 —1.0 +7.6 * Two of these mills also reduced their days of production from 6 to 5. PRODUCTION AND LABOR COST PER ONE-MAN HOUR Table 6 shows by establishments for each of the two periods, for the beater room, the machine room, and for all departments, the number of employees, production rate or output per one-man hour, and labor cost per one-man hour. In the beater room in the mills that changed from 2 tours to 3 tours, both the production rate and the labor cost increased in all of the 7 mills, while in the second group of mills the production rate increased in 3 and the labor cost increased in 2. 12 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY In the machine room in the first group of mills, both the production rate and the labor cost increased in all 7 of the establishments, while in the second group only 1 mill increased in production rate and 2 increased in labor cost. In all departments in the first group of mills, all 7 increased in both production rate and labor cost, while in the second group only 1 in creased in production rate, while 3 increased in labor cost. It will be noted that for all 11 mills, the production rate increased in the beater room from 596 to 674, in the machine room from 618 to 695, and in all departments from 158 to 170. In mill No. 8 the de crease in production rate is attributable to a change in product, a higher grade of board being made in the 1925 period than in the 1924 period, while for mills Nos. 5 and 11 the increase in production rate is due in some slight measure to the introduction of new and im proved machinery. The labor cost per one-man hour increased in all of the mills that changed from 2 tours to 3 tours, this being due to an increase in wage rates on account of the reduction in working time. In the 4 mills that reduced their working-days from 6 to 5, the change in labor cost is due to the fluctuation in number of employees, with the exception of mill No. 8, in which the wage rates in the beater room and the machine room were increased from 10 to 16 per cent. The labor cost per one-man hour for the 11 mills increased from $0,494 to $0,573 m the beater room, from $0,525 to $0,609 in the machine room, and from $0,536 to $0,586 in all departments. T a b le 6 .—PRODUCTION AND LABOR COST PER ONE-MAN HOUR FOR B E ATER ROOM . M ACHINE ROOM, AND ALL D E PA RTM E N TS IN A TW O-W EEK PERIOD, 1924 AND 1925, B Y E S T A B L I S H M E N T S BEATER ROOM 1924 Establishment Number of employees Produc tion rate (pounds) per oneman hour 1925 Labor cost Number of per oneman hour employees Produc tion rate (pounds) per oneman hour Labor cost per oneman hour Changed from 2 tours t o 3 t o u r s 1 No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 1......................................... 2......................................... 3.........................- .............. 4......................................... 5......................................... 6......................................... 7......................................... 55 34 29 41 63 50 33 421 649 588 663 548 938 684 $0.435 .523 .521 .475 .482 .524 .513 75 42 37 60 86 58 40 424 787 719 680 704 1,064 907 $0,455 .580 .593 .597 .727 .609 .616 Average........................... 44 642 .493 57 723 .599 Changed from 6 days to 5 days o f production No. No. No. No. 8......................................... 9......................................... 10........................................ 11........................................ 25 34 85 46 466 528 488 554 $0,478 .596 .484 .468 25 33 86 33 410 536 516 762 $0.555 .588 .482 .478 Average............... ........... Grand average................ 48 513 .497 44 565 .512 45 596 .494 52 674 .573 i Two of these mills also reduced their days of production from 6 to 5. 13 PART I.— LABOR COST OF PRODUCTION T a b i e 6 . — PRODU CTION A N D LABO R COST PE R ONE-M AN HOUR FOR B E A TE R ROOM , M ACH INE ROOM, A N D A L L D E P A RT M E N TS IN A TW O-W EEK PERIO D, 1924 AN D 1926, BY ESTABLISHM ENTS—Continued MACHINE BOOM 1924 Establishment Number of employees Produc tion rate (pounds) per oneman hour 1925 Labor cost Number per oneof man hour employees Produc tion rate (pounds) per oneman hour Labor cost per oneman hour Changed from 2 tours to 3 tours1 No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 1......................................... 2......................................... 3......................................... 4......................................... 5......................................... 6......................................... 7......................................... 73 38 19 46 59 61 34 333 665 814 643 636 682 854 $0,470 .561 .547 .486 .531 .557 .576 93 43 25 59 68 73 30 360 713 1,001 706 857 871 1,054 $0,500 .627 .664 .606 .804 .677 .705 Average.......................... 47 612 .528 56 729 .644 Changed from 6 days to 5 days of production No. No. No. No. 8......................................... 9......................................... 10........................................ 11....................................... 18 33 68 38 636 551 663 646 $0,537 .574 .490 .514 18 32 59 37 531 585 651 617 $0,593 .576 .481 .513 Average............... .......... 39 632 .520 37 613 .523 Grand average................ 44 618 .525 49 695 .609 ALL DEPARTMENTS Changed from 3 tours to 3 tours1 No. 1......................................... No. 2_........................................ No. 3......................................... No. 4......................................... No. 5......................................... No. 6......................................... No. 7......................................... 200 176 107 181 279 207 124 113 135 175 162 145 216 188 $0,485 .583 .561 .515 .519 .579 .560 245 200 119 220 318 237 119 119 147 209 173 179 246 236 $0,498 .615 .636 .591 .638 .671 .627 Average........................... 182 162 .541 208 180 .607 Changed from 0 days to 5 days of production No. No. No. No. 8... 9... 10_. 11.. 100 130 294 135 139 131 134 197 $0,523 .607 .499 .508 102 129 279 110 110 127 130 214 $0,555 .616 .497 .532 Average............ 165 151 .526 155 146 .538 Grand average.. 176 158 .536 189 170 .586 1 Two of these mills also reduced their days of production from 6 to 5. TIME AND LABOR COST PER TON Table 7 shows by establishments for a comparative period, 1924 and 1925, for the beater room, the machine room, and for all depart ments, the number of employees, full-time positions, time cost per ton of product, and the labor cost per ton of product. In the beater 74391°—26------2 14 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY room it will be noted that, in the 7 establishments changing from two tours to three tours, while the number of full-time positions increased in every plant, the time cost decreased. The labor cost in these mills decreased in 3 and increased in 4. In the machine room of the 7 establishments that changed from two tours to three tours the time cost decreased in all 7, while the labor cost decreased in 5 and increased in 2. The figures for all departments show that of the mills changing from two tours to three tours the time cost decreased in all 7, and the labor cost decreased in 5, while in the 4 mills that decreased the number of working-days from 6 to 5 the time cost and the labor cost both increased in 3. The large increase in labor cost shown for establishment No. 8 is due to a change in product, a higher grade of board being made in the 1925 period than in the 1924 period, as well as an increase in wage rates in the beater room and the machine room of from 10 to 16 per cent. Also, the decrease in time cost for mill No. 5 and the decrease in both time and labor cost for mill No. 11 are due in some measure to a change in equipment. It seems especially worthy of note that in the 7 mills changing from two tours to three tours the time cost per ton of product in the beater room, the machine room, and in all departments is less in 1925 than in 1924, while the increase in the labor cost per ton of product in the beater room is only 12 cents, in the machine room only 4 cents, and in all departments only 5 cents. T able 7.—TIM E AN D LABOR COST PE R TON IN B E A TE R ROOM, M ACH INE ROOM , AND ALL D E P A RT M E N TS IN A TW O-W EEK PERIOD, 1924 AND 1925, B Y ESTABLISH M EN TS BEATER R OOM 1924 Establishment Num ber of em ployees 1925 Labor Labor Full Time cost Num FuU- Time cost cost cost time (man hours) (money) ber of time (man hours) (money) posi per ton of per ton of posi per ton of per ton of em tions product product tions product ployees product Changed from 2 tours to 3 tours1 No. 1................................. No. 2................................. No. 3................................. No. 4................................. No. 5................................. No. 6................................. No. 7................................. 55 34 29 41 63 50 33 41 32 26 40 52 46 24 4.75 3.08 3.40 3.02 3.65 2.13 2.92 $2.07 1.61 1.77 1.43 1.76 1.12 1.50 75 42 37 60 86 58 40 61 36 33 57 77 57 33 4.71 2.54 2.78 2.94 2.84 1.88 2.21 $2.14 1.47 1.65 1.76 2.06 1.15 1.36 Average................... 44 37 3.11 1.54 57 51 2.77 L 66 Changed from 6 days to 5 days of production 25 33 75 44 4.29 3.79 4.10 3.61 $2.05 2.26 1.98 1.69 25 33 86 33 25 33 75 30 4.88 3.73 3.88 2.62 48 44 3.90 1.94 44 41 3.54 1.81 45 40 3.35 1.66 52 47 2.97 1.70 No. 8................................. No. 9................................. No. 10............................... No. 11................................ 25 34 85 46 Average................... Grand average........ i Two of these mills also reduced their days of production from 6 to 5. $2.71 2.19 1.87 1.25 15 PAET I.— LABOR COST OF PRODUCTION T able 7 . — T IM E A N D LABO R COST PE R TON IN B E A TE R ROOM , M ACH INE ROOM , AND A L L D E P A R T M E N T S IN A TW O-W EEK PE RIO D , 1924 AND 1926, B Y ESTABLISH M EN TS—Continued MACHINE B O O M 1924 Establishment Num ber of em ployees 1925 Labor Full Time cost Num cost time (man hours) (money; ber of posi per ton of per ton of em ployees tions product product Labor Full Time cost cost time (manhours) (money) posi per ton of per ton of tions product product Changed fro m 2 tours to 3 t o u r s 1 No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 1................................. 2................................. 3................................. 4................................. 5................................. 6. ................................ 7................................. 73 38 19 46 59 61 34 55 36 18 36 45 57 18 6.00 3.54 2.46 3.11 3.14 2.93 2.34 $2.82 1.99 1.34 1.51 1.67 1.63 1.35 93 43 25 59 68 73 30 76 42 24 54 63 66 27 5.55 2.80 2.00 2.83 2.33 2.30 1.90 $2.78 1.76 L33 1.72 1.88 1.55 1.34 Average................... 47 38 3.27- 1.73 56 50 2.75 L77 Changed fro m 6 days to 5 days o f production No. 8. ................................ No. 9................................. No. 10............................... No. 11............................... 18 33 68 38 18 31 52 37 3.15 3.63 3.02 3.10 $1.69 2.08 1.48 1.59 Average................... 39 35 3.17 1.65 37 Grand average....... 44 37 3.24 1.70 49 18 32 59 37 3.77 3.42 3.07 3.24 $2.23 1.97 1.48 1.67 34 3.27 1.71 44 2.88 1.75 18 31 51 37 ALL DEPARTM EN TS 1924 Establishment Time cost Number of (man hours) employees per ton of product 1925 Labor cost Time cost (money) Number of (man hours) per ton of employees per ton of product product Labor cost (money) per ton of product Changed from %tours to 3 tours* No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 1................................. 2................................. 3................................. 4................................. 5................................. 6. .............................. 7................................. 200 176 107 181 279 207 124 • 17.75 14.85 11.41 12.36 13.75 9.24 10.61 $8.61 8.65 6.40 6.36 7.13 5.35 5.94 245 200 119 220 318 237 119 16.87 13.63 9.59 11.56 11.16 8.13 8.48 $8.40 8.38 6.10 6.83 7.12 5.45 5.31 Average.................. 182 12.36 6.69 208 11.10 6.74 Changed from 6 days to 5 days o f p roduction No. No. No. No. 100 130 294 135 14.41 15.27 14.90 10.13 $7.53 9.27 7.43 5.15 Average.................. 165 13.23 6.95 155 | 13.73 7.39 Grand average........ 176 12.62 6.77 189 11.78 6.91 8................................. 9................................. 10............................... 11............................... i Two of these mills also reduced their days of production from 6 to 5. 102 129 279 110 18.15 15.74 15.34 9.36 $10.08 9.70 7.62 4.97 16 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY The five tables following, numbers 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, apply only to the 7 mills that changed from two tours to three tours. As practically all of the employees affected by the change from two tours to three tours are in the beater room and the machine room, these tables will deal only with these two departments. FULL-TIME POSITIONS AS AFFECTED BY CHANGE FROM TWO TOURS TO THREE TOURS From a perusal of table 8 it would appear that in both the beater room and the machine room there is a possibility that with the decreased working time due to the change from two tours to three tours the number of employees per tour can be decreased. The practice in some of the mills is to carry one or more spare hands in a few of the more important occupations. Wherever this was the settled policy of the mill these spare hands have been in cluded in the respective occupations in this table. In the beater room, only 1 mill found it necessary to increase its force 50 per cent, the increase in the other mills ranging from 13 to 48 per cent, the average increase for all 7 mills being 35 per cent. In the machine room, omy 1 mill found it necessary to increase its force 50 per cent, the other increases in this department ranging from 16 to 39 per cent, the average for the 7 mills being 31 per cent. In the beater rpom and the machine room combined the increases in full-time positions ranged from 15 to 44 per cent, the average of all 7 establishments being 33 per cent. The figures in this table seem to be conclusive evidence of the cor rectness of the assertions of some members of the conference that in most of the mills it would not be necessary to increase the number of tour workers 50 per cent in order to change from two tours to three tours. TABLE 8.—N U M B E R OF FU LL-TIM E POSITIONS IN THE BEATER AND THE M ACH IN E ROOMS AS A FFE C T E D B Y CHANGE FROM 2 TOURS TO 3 TOURS Establishment No. 1 Establishment No. 2 Establishment No. 3 Establishment No. 4 Establishment No. 5 Establishment No. 6 Establishment No. 7 Total PART Department and occu pation Per Per Per Two Per Per Two Three Per Two Per Per Two Three cent Two Three cent Three cent Two Three cent Two Three cent cent tours, Three cent Two Three cent tours, tours, of tours, tours, of tours, tours, of tours, tours, tours, tours, of tours, tours, of tours, of in tours, tours, in in in in of in in of in 1924 1925 crease 1924 1925 crease 1924 1925 crease 1924 1925 crease 1924 1925 crease 1924 1925 crease 1924 1925 crease 1924 1925 crease BEATER BOOM 20 40 60 50 30 42 33 27 52 77 48 40 57 2 2 3 3 50 50 2 6 4 3 7 6 50 17 50 6 6 2 6 2 3 6 3 50 (») 50 5 18 4 7 24 6 40 33 50 4 20 50 2 3 50 2 3 50 2 4 4 2 2 6 6 3 W 50 2 3 50 2 3 50 4 4 6 6 50 50 2 3 50 2 3 -- 50 2 2 3 2 50 “ 16" 2 2 3 3 50 50 m 3 3 (i) 2 3 50 6 9 50 17 24 41 g 14 12 21 RA ou 50 18 40 2 2 32 3 8 48 50 50 50 26 27 4 18 24 33 36 42 17 12 4 2 202 267 KU A O ou 50 32 43 40 60 50 32 36 13 24 33 38 47 57 21 261 353 35 7 6 17 0) 6 6 9 9 50 50 4 4 6 6 50 50 2 2 3 3 50 50 7 6 9 9 29 50 2 33 30 3 44 42 50 33 40 6 30 50 50 12 18 6 15 24 9 25 33 50 4 18 6 15 50 U7 2 8 3 12 50 50 6 32 9 33 50 3 6 2 3 4 50 50 2 <*> 8100 2 3 50 49 144 18 3 g m 3 9 33 40 20 50 50 50 3 100 50 50 50 50 50 g MACHINE BOOM Tour bosses................ . Machine tenders........... Back tenders................. Finishers, third hands, and calender men___ Cutter boys................... Broke boys............... . Weighers............... ........ Stackers out__________ Slitter men________ _ Inspectors.................. Felt checkers................. Screen men.................... 2 2 3 3 50 50 2 2 4 3 3 6 50 50 50 4 6 50 6 9 50 2 3 50 4 6 50 35 120 12 2 4 2 2 6 22 Total.................... 18 24 33 47 65 38 40 55 38 54 75 39 36 42 17 18 27 50 57 66 16 270 354 31 Grand total......... 44 57 30 99 142 43 80 112 40 94 135 44 68 78 15 42 60 43 104 123 18 531 | 707 33 i No change. * Occupation abolished. * Decrease. OF PRODUCTION 24 26 3 COST 20 Total.................... 2 I.— LABOR Tour bosses................... Head beater men.......... Head beater men, assistants.................... Jordan men............ ...... Plug pullers and roll setters......................... Breaker beater men Liner beater men___ _ Beater men___________ 18 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY INCREASE IN WAGE RATES DUE TO CHANGE FROM TWO TOURS TO THREE TOURS Where such a drastic cut in earning capacity as a reduction of approximately one-third of the working time was inaugurated, it would seem only just and proper that the wage rates should be increased so as to compensate in some degree for the large decrease in the weekly earnings. Table 9 shows the increases in wage rates by establishments. In establishment No. 5 the increase for all tour occupations with two exceptions amounted to 50 per cent, which provided practically the same weekly earnings for 8 hours' work as had previously been paid for 12. In establishment No. 4 the increase was 25 per cent for all occupations except machine tenders, who received an increase of 33 per cent. The increases in the other 5 establishments varied greatly, the increase in establish ment No. 3, ranging from nothing to 10 per cent; establishment No. 2 from 5 to 13 per cent; establismnent No. 1 from 8 to 29 per cent; establishment No. 6 from 10 to 29 per cent; and in establishment No. 7, from 10 to 36 per cent. It will be noted that with few excep tions the largest increases occurred in the skilled occupations. In sharp contra-distinction to this (although it does not appear in this table) 1 of the group of 4 mills that reduced the number of days worked per week from 6 to 5 but did not change the hours worked per tour changed its wage rates, increasing the least skilled occupa tions to a greater extent than the others, thus, the head beater men were increased 12J^ per cent while the beater men received 16 per cent. The machine tenders were increased 10 per cent, back tenders and finishers 13 per cent, while cutter boys and screenmen were increased 16 per cent. This was the only mill in the group of 4 that increased the wage rates. T a b l e 9.—IN CREASE IN H O U R LY W AGE RATES IN THE BEA TE R AND THE M ACH INE ROOMS DUE TO CHANGE FROM 2 TOTJRS TO 3 TOURS Establishment No. 1 Department and occupation Establishment No. 2 Two Three Per Two cent tours, tours, tours, of in 1924 1924 1925 crease Establishment No. 3 Per Three cent Two tours, of in tours, 1925 crease 1924 Establishment No. 4 Establishment No. 5 Per Two Per Three cent Three cent Two tours, of in tours, tours, of in tours, 1925 crease 1924 1924 1925 crease Establishment No. 6 Per Three cent Two tours, of in tours, 1925 1924 crease Establishment No. 7 Per Two Three Per Three cent cent tours, of in tours, tours, of in 1925 1924 1925 crease crease PART BEATEB BOOM 20 $0.75 17 10 .5375 $0,833 .5875 .65 .45 .475 .425 5 .45 .5625 .79 .568 10 10 .75 .55 1.00 .6875 9 10 .50 .55 10 .45 .475 .405 29 15 .80 .6375 .90 .70 13 10 .721 .5143 25 8 .55 .6875 25 .50 .625 25 $0.55 .50 8$0.60 .75 9 50 $0.70 $0.90 .65 .75 15 .55 .65 18 .55 .55 .70 .70 27 27 29 $0.77 $1.05 36 .39 .585 50 .46 .69 50 25 .32 .48 50 .50 .55 10 .50 .55 10 33 25 .833 .62 .42 1.25 .93 .63 50 50 50 .905 .70 1.15 .825 27 18 .85 .60 1.15 .80 35 33 .52 .53 .50 .65 (’ ) .55 25 .50 .55 10 MACHINE BOOM Tour bosses...................... Machine tenders_______ .85 Back tenders___________ .65 Finishers, third hands, and calender men____ .60 Slitter m e n .................. Cutter boys.................. .50 Broke boys....................... .50 Weighers—....................... Stackers out-................. Inspectors........................ Felt checkers___________ r .36 Screen men____________ .50 1.10 .75 .65 8 .55 .60 9 .475 .52 9 .45 .5625 25 .36 .54 50 .65 .77 18 .55 .55 10 10 .50 .55 10 .405 .405 .425 .425 5 5 .40 .50 25 .31 .32 .465 .48 50 50 .50 .55 10 .55 .62 13 .55 .65 18 .57 .55 * N o change. 14 10 .50 .525 5 .50 .525 5 .405 .425 5 1 Occupation abolished. .40 .50 25 .46 .34 .32 .625 .51 .48 36 50 50 * Did not change to three tours. 10 PRODUCTION .60 7 $0.65 $0.8125 OF $0.80 COST 11 $0.75 I.— LABOR Tour bosses...................... Head beater men_______ $0.75 $0.90 Head beater men, assist ant—.............................. H ug pullers and roll setters.......................... . .60 .70 Jordan men____________ .50 .55 Breaker beater men____ Liner beater men----------Beater men____________ .50 .55 20 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER EMPLOYEE UNDER BOTH TWO-TOUR AND THREE-TOUR OPERATION Table No. 10 shows the full time earnings of the individual in the various occupations. In this table and its companion Table No. 11 the earnings are based on full-time hours. Full-time hours in the two-week periods used in this study are the regular hours during which under normal conditions employees in an occupation are on duty. Clean-up time has been included in full-time hours, and as has previously been noted this time usually amounted to the time of one tour; therefore 11 hours per employee every other week in the twotour operation and 8 hours per employee every third week in the three-tour operation has been used. The first column for each establishment shows the amount earned in a two-week period under normal conditions under the two-tour system. The second column shows the amount earned under the same conditions under the three-tour system. The third column shows the per cent of decrease or, in other words, the per cent of earnings which the employee lost by the change from two tours to three tours. In both tne beater and the machine rooms the decrease varied all the way from 2 to 39 per cent. It will be noted that, with the exception of mill No. 2, the em ployees in the beater room and the machine room, although receiving a higher rate per hour as shown in Table No. 9, actually earned much less in a pay period under the three-tour system than under the previous two tours. As has been stated previously, 2 of the mills in the group of 7 had, in addition to changing from two tours to three tours, also reduced their days of production from six to five. In both Table 10 and Table 11 this will have to be given due consideration in studying the figures for establishments 6 and 7, as it is to be expected that the full time earnings would be materially reduced owing to this change in operation. One of these 7 establishments paid a bonus based on production. As the amount received varied from week to week and tour to tour it was impossible to show it in either Table 10 or Table 11. It is only fair to the establishment to state that the bonus was of such a sub stantial amount that the earnings of the employees in the beater room and the machine room of this mill were the nighest paid by any of the other mills covered in this study. 10.—FU LL-TIM E EARN ING S PER EM PLOYEE IN THE B E A TE R A N D TH E M ACH IN E ROOMS FOR A TW O -W E E K PERIOD,1924 AND 1925, T a -'.LE : U N D E R B OTH TW O-TOU R A N D THREE-TOUR OPERATION, A N D PER CEN T OF DECREASE DUE TO CHANGE FR O M TWO TOURS TO T H R E E TOURS Establishment No. 1 Establishment No. 2 Establishment No. 3 Establishment No. 4 Establishment No. 5 Establishment No. 6 Establishment No. 7 Department and occupation Per Per Per Per Two Three cent Two Three cent Two cent tours, cent Two Three tours, of de- tours, tours, of de- tours, tours, of de of de- tours, 1924 1924 1925 1925 1925 crease 1924 1924 Per Two Three cent tours, of de- tours, 1924 1925 Per Three cent tours, of de1925 $72.05 i $78.60 64.00 22 65.50 51.09 85.20 65.87 iifoo 63.90 67.45 57.51 45.60 48.13 43.07 72.05 58.67 65.50 53.33 58.95 24 $98. 25 $71.08 49.92 60.26 58.88 4L92 40796 70.41 50.13 25 29 85.25 85.25 59.73 59.73 30 30 65.” 56 46.93* 77.50 46.93 39 131.75 93.00 98.13 68.27 26 27 55.47 46.93 31 77.50 82.15 (?) 77.50 46.93 100.75 64.00 85.25 55.47 77.55 35 MACHINE BOOM Tour bosses................. . Machine tenders______ Back tenders................ . Finishers, third hands and calender men___ Cutter boys................ .. Broke boys......... .......... Weighers____ _____ . . . . Stackers out____ ______ Slitter men....... ............ Inspectors...................... Felt checkers_________ Screen men.................... 131.75 111. 47 100.75 76.00 93.00 77.50 77.50 77.50 77.50 65.87 55.73 55.73 57.76 55.73 109.12 81.22 55.02 106.67 79.36 53.76 98.25 72.05 85.33 58.67 102.38 73.03 80.05 57.56 47.16 40.61 41.92 46.08 39.68 40.96 58.95 52.40 48.00 42.67 67.45 57.51 57.51 52.69 43.07 43.07 60.26 44.54 41.92 53.33 43.52 40.96 52.40 1 Did not change to three tours. 42.67 19 57.51 43.07 21 25 104.80 83.51 76.80 59.73 140.28 108.50 98.13 70.40 70.05 65.50 51.20 46.93 100.75 77.50 65.71 46.93 32 52.91 44.80 85.25 65.50 44.80 32 65.50 85.25 55.47 35 35 OF PRODUCTION $119.35 $89.60 28 $108.50 $76.80 COST 28 $106.50 $81.07 $85.15 569.33 I.— LABOR BEATER BOOM Tour bosses................... Head beater men.......... $116.25 $91.20 Head beater men, assist ant.............................. Plug pullers and roll 93.00 70.93 setters......................... Jordan m en .............. . 77.50 55.73 Breaker beater men .... Liner beater men.......... Beater m en............ ...... 77.50 55.73 PART Per Two Three Two Three cent tours, tours, tours, of de tours, 1924 1925 1924 1925 crease 39 1Occupation abolished. to 22 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY FULL-TIME EARNINGS PER OCCUPATION AS A WHOLE UNDER BOTH TWO-TOUR AND THREE-TOUR OPERATION Table 11 continues the exposition of full-time earnings, but as applied to the occupation as a unit rather than to the individual in the occupation as did Table 10. This table is based on full-time hours and includes clean-up time, both of which have been explained for Table 10. In the first column for each establishment is shown by occupation the amount of full-time wages that would under normal conditions be paid to all employees in that occupation under the two-tour system, while in the second column is shown the amount that would be paid under similar conditions under the three-tour system. The third column shows the per cent of change. T able 1 1 .— FULL-TIM E EARNINGS PER OCCUPATION IN THE B E A TE R A N D THE THE PER CENT Establishment No. 1 Department and occupation Two tours, 1924 Establishment No. 2 Per Three Two tours, tours, cent of 1924 1925 change Establishment No. 3 Per Three Two tours, cent tours, of 1925 change 1924 Per Three tours, cent of 1925 change BEATER BOOM li +9 +47 $170.30| $208.00 288.20 352.00 +47 +14 204.36 299.52 -1-8____ 262.00 320.00 i 120.52 "176.64 '" + 4 7 ..........|............. -1 4 1,676.80 2,457.60 +47 1,768.50.2,015.92 Tour bosses_________________ Head beater men_____________ $232.50 $273.60 Head beater men, assistant____ Plug pullers and roll setters___ 186.00 212.80 Jordan men_________________ 155.00 167.20 Breaker beater men_________ Liner beater men___ . . . . . . . . . . Beater men____________ . . . . _ 1,550.00 1,337.60 $144.10 $157.20 •4-18 262.00 384.00 Total................................. 2,123.50 1,991.20 - 6 2,407.78 3,474.96 +44 2.489.002.895.92 +16 +1 -1 9 +22 +22 +22 +14 MACHINE ROOM Tour bosses_________________ Machine tenders_____________ Back tenders.............................. Finishers, third hands, and cal ender men_________________ Cutter boys_________________ Broke boys__ . . . . . ___________ Weighers_____ . . . . . . _________ Stackers out_________________ Slitter men__________________ Inspectors__________________ Felt checkers________________ Screen men_____ ________ ____ 263.50 201.50 334.40 228.00 ! 218.25 +27 i 479.46 +13 220.08 320.00 555.52 322.56 +47 +16 " 589."50 " 597."33 +47 432.30 352.00 186.00 465.00 155.00 197.60 334.40 167.20 +6 235.80 -2 8 s 730.98 + 8j 167.68 322.56 952.28 245.76 +37 235.80; 288.00 +30 1.048.001.280.00 +47 155.00 155.00 173.28 167.20 120.52 89.08 167.68 160.00 130.86 245.76 +33 +47 +47 ___! +12 +8 209.60 256.00 +22 +22 +22 Total................................. 1,581.00 1,602.08 +1:2,429.53 3,255.30 +34 2,515.202,773.33 +10 Grand t o t a l.__________ 3,704.50 3,593.28 —3j4,837.31 6,730.26 + 3 9 5,004.20,5,669.25 +13 * Less than one-half of 1 per cent. 23 PART I.— LABOR COST OF PRODUCTION As explained previously 2 of the establishments, Nos. 6 and 7 had, in addition to changing from two tours to three tours, also reduced their days of production from 6 to 5. In these 2 mills it is to be expected that the full-time earnings of the occupations would be materially reduced owing to the latter change in operation. It will be seen that in 4 establishments the full-time labor cost in the beater room was less under three tours than under two tours, the decreases being 6,14,18 and 22 per cent, while in 3 establishments the cost was greater, the increases being 12, 16, and 44 per cent. In the machine room 3 establishments show decreases of 4, 15, and 22 per cent, while the other 4 show increases of 1, 7,10, and 34 per cent. Taking the beater room and the machine room combined 4 estab lishments show decreases of 3, 9, 16, and 22 per cent, while 3 show increases of 9, 13, and 39 per cent. M ACHINE ROOMS UN DER BOTH TW O-TOUR AND THREE-TOUR OPERATION AND OF CHANGE Establishment No. 4 Establishment No.5 Establishment No.6 Establishment No.7 Per Two Three Per Two Three Per Two Three Per Two Two Three tours, cent tours, tours, cent tours, tours, cent tours, tours, cent of tours, of tours, of of 1924 1924 1924 1925 ch’ge 1925 ch’ge 1924 1925 ch’ge 1924 1925 ch’ge Total Three Per tours, cent of 1925 ch’ge 127.80 136.80 134.90 144.40 1840.32 2067.19 $144.10 $157.20 +6 $333.27 $268.80 -1 9 1624.57 1821.25 —5 660.10 741.60 "511.50 537.60 "‘ +5 901.86 1049.92 281.65 300.80 +7 170.50 166.40 - 2 170.50 179.20 +5 1039.65 1133.60 248.32 313.44 +7 ....... | 134.90 144.40 +7 +12 1703.00 1267.20 -2 6 1395.00 1126.40 -1 9 2790.00 1971.19 -2 9 12723.62 12243.10 +9 +12 +12 +16 +9 +26 +7 -4 2486.42 2789.19 +12 2181.15 1781.25 -1 8 1984.00 1715.20 -1 4 3805.27 2956.79 -2 2 17477.12 17604.51 +1 $213.00 $243.20 170.40 197.60 614.29 720.48 438.18 518.01 809.40 790.40 1035.18 1033.60 345.06 387.60 345.06 387.60 +14 $196.50 $213.25 +16 +9 $217.00 $230.40 201.50 192.00 +17 419.20 460.80 +10 280.55 294.44 +18 334.05 358.40 +7 217.00 211.20 218.25 320.00 +47 +5 922.25 883.20 - 4 3568.75 3846.17 + 8 - 3 558.00 614.40 +10 2401.11 2604.57 +8 - 2 288.20 307.20 +7 201.50 197.12 - 2 483.60 499.20 +3 2440.30 2602.08 +7 (0 1179.00 704.00 -4 0 620.00 563.20 -1 0 2480.00 1548.79 -3 8 7558.16 6416.27 -1 5 677.74 800.56 +20 +12 170.50 158.72 —7 170.50 158.72 —7 262.00 268.80 +3 262.00 268.80 +3 164.30 <*> -100 164.30 —100 (2) 120.52 160.00 +33 131.00 134.40 +3 375.08 438.54 +17 170.50 166.40 —2 310.00 281.60 —9 1357.84 1504.56 +11 +12 3587.17 3837.69 +7 2613.45 2233.60 -1 5 1660.05 1591.08 - 4 4918.15 3827.19 -2 2 19304.55 19120.27 6073.59 6626.88 +9 4794.60 4014.85 -1 6 3644.05 3306.28 - 9 8723.42 6783.98 -2 2 36781.67 36724.78 0) * Occupation abolished. -1 24 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY The preceding figures show full-time earnings according to actual operating conditions. However, it may be of some interest to show what would have been the result had none of the mills reduced their days of operation from six to five but continued the same produc tion time under three tours as formerly obtained under two tours. Based on this assumption computations for the 7 establishments have been made, ana in Table 11a the results of this theoretical treatment are presented, together with the actual operating condi tions, as shown in Table 11. Although the details for the theoretical figures are not shown, it can be stated that in the beater room 4 establishments show in creases and 3 decreases. In the machine room 5 show increases and 2 decreases, while for the beater room and the machine room com bined, 4 show increases ranging from 8 to 39 per cent, while the other 3 show decreases ranging from 3 to 16 per cent. A comparison of the two totals shows that under operating condi tions as actually existent the full-time earnings in the beater room and the machine room decreased less than one-half of 1 per cent, while had the days of production in all the establishments been the same under three tours as under two tours, the full-time earnings would have increased only 5 per cent. T able 1 1 a .— FULL-TIM E EARNINGS OF THE 7 ESTABLISHMENTS UN DER ACTUAL OPERATING CONDITIONS AND FULL-TIME EARNINGS W HICH WOULD HAVE BEEN SHOWN HAD A LL OF THE ESTABLISHMENTS CONTINUED THE SAME N U M BER OF DAYS OF PRODUCTION U N DER THREE TOURS AS UNDER TWO TOURS Full-time earnings un der actual operating conditions Department and occupation Two tours, Three tours, 1924 1925 Per cent of change Full-time earnings un der theoretical oper ating conditions Two tours, Three tours, 1924 1925 Per cent of change BEATER BOOM Tour bosses........................................... Head beater men................................... Head beater men, assistant.................. Plug pullers and roll setters................. Jordan men........................................... Breaker beater men.............................. Liner beater men................................... Beater men............................................ $144.10 1,624.57 660.10 901.86 1,039.65 248.32 134.90 12,723.62 $157.20 1,821.25 741.60 1,049.92 1,133.60 313.44 144.40 12,243.10 +9 +12 +12 +16 +9 +26 +7 -4 $144.10 1,624.57 660.10 901.86 1,039.65 248.32 134.90 12,723.62 $157.20 1,914.85 777.60 1,150.72 1,198.40 313.44 144.40 12,823.91 +9 +18 +18 +28 +15 +26 +7 +1 Total............................................ 17,477.12 17,604.51 +1 17,477.12 18,480.52 +6 Tour bosses........................................... Machine tenders................................... Back tenders.......................................... Finishers, third hands, and calender men..................................................... Cutter boys........................................... Broke boys............................................. Weighers................................................ Stackers out........................................... Slitter men............................................. Inspectors.............................................. Felt checkers......................................... Screen men............................................ 218.25 3,568.75 2,401.11 320.00 3,846.17 2,604.57 +47 + 88 + 218.25 3,568.75 2,401.11 320.00 4,066.93 2,759.37 +47 +14 +15 2,440.36 7,558.16 667.74 170.50 262.00 164.30 120.52 375.08 1,357.84 2,602.08 6,416.27 800.56 158.72 268.80 (*) 160.00 438.54 1,504.56 +7 —15 +20 -7 +3 -100 +33 +17 +11 2,440.30 7,558.16 667.74 170.50 262.00 164.30 120.52 375.08 1,357.84 2,732.64 6,813.08 800.56 188.48 268.80 <’) 160.00 438.54 1,588.56 +12 -1 0 +20 +11 +3 -100 +33 +17 +17 Total............................................ 19,304.55 19,120.27 19,304.55 20,136.16 +4 Grand total............... ................. 36,781.67 36,724.78 36,781.67 38,616.68 +5 MACHINE ROOM *Less than one-half of 1 per cent. -1 0) * Occupation abolished. PART I.— LABOR COST OF PRODUCTION 25 TOTAL HOURS WORKED, TOTAL WAGES, OUTPUT IN POUNDS AND LABOR COST PER MAN-HOUR, PRODUCTION, AND COST PER TON UNDER BOTH TWO-TOUR AND THREE-TOUR OPERATION In contemplating a change from two tours to three tours the thought uppermost in the mind of the mill official is the additional burden this will add to the cost of the product and whether this can be partially overcome by reducing the operating force or by increasing production. In Table 8 it has been shown that several of the mills found it possible to reduce the operating force per tour, while Table 5 shows that production may be increased, undoubtedly due in part to the reduced working time required of the tour workers. Table 12 brings the figures of both Table 5 and Table 8 into juxtaposition with the result that it appears that the change can be made with little additional ultimate cost per ton of product. A study of the data for the individual mills shows that the output in pounds per one-man hour increased in every instance, ranging from 5 to 32 per cent. The labor cost per one-man hour also increased in all 7 mills, ranging from 6 to 51 per cent. The production increased in all 7 of the mills. Even though 2 of the 7 mills reduced their days of production from 6 to 5, the cost per ton of product increased in 3 of the mills from 1 to 18 per cent and decreased in the other 4 mills from 2 to 10 per cent. Taking the 7 mills as a whole, the table shows that while the total hours worked decreased 8 per cent the wages increased 12 per cent. The output in pounds per one-man hour increased 50 pounds, or 16 per cent. The labor cost per one-man hour increased $0.11, or 22 per cent, while the production increased .6 per cent. The cost per ton increased $0.16, or 5 per cent. T a b l e 1 2 .- T 0 T A L HOURS W O R K E D , T O T A L WAGES, OUTPUT IN POUNDS AND LABOR COST PER M AN-HOUR, PRODUCTION, A N D ^ O S T PER TON IN TH E B E A T E R ROOM A N D THE M A CH IN E ROOM IN A TWO-WEEK PERIOD IN 1924 AN D 1925, U N DER BOTH TW O-TOUR A N D THREE-TOUR O PERATION Establish ment Total hours worked 1924 Per cent of change 1925 Total wages 1924 1925 Per cent of change Output in pounds per one-man hour 1924 Per cent of change 1925 Labor cost per one-man hour 1924 1925 Per cent of change Production in tons 1924 1925 Per cent of change Cost per ton of product 1924 1925 Per cent of change $4,758.35 4,984.21 6,918.36 5,747.10 8,212.77 3,307.13 3,713.26 $4,494.30 6,299.08 10,435. 35 6,931.31 6,893. 60 3,252. 53 3,723.81 -6 +26 +51 +21 -1 6 -2 0) 302 327 294 186 395 380 341 374 346 387 195 479 488 419 +24 +6 +32 +5 +21 +28 +23 $0,543 .481 .505 .454 .543 .541 .532 $0,604 .601 .762 .480 .647 .657 .623 +11 +25 +51 +6 +19 +21 +17 1,322.81 1,692.30 2,016.00 1,176.13 2,985.09 1,161.61 1,192.05 1,390.98 1,814.49 2,648.00 1,408.07 2,553.26 1,206.23 1,250.85 +5 +7 +31 +20 +14 +4 +5 $3.60 2.95 3.43 4.88 2.75 2.85 3.12 $3.23 3.47 3.94 4.92 2.70 2.70 2.98 -1 0 +18 73,691% 67,649% -8 37,641.18 42,029.98 +12 313 363 +16 .511 .621 +22 11,545.99 12,271.87 +6 3.26 3.42 +5 i Less than one-half of 1 per cent. INDUSTRY -2 -5 -4 BOX-BOARD -1 5 +1 0) +14 -2 9 -1 9 -1 4 PAPER 7,435% 8,760 No. 1— ....... 10,366 10, 474H No. 2______ No. 3........... 13,699% 13,698V2 14,454 No. 4______ 12,646 No. 5______ is, 120y2 10,661 No. 6............ 6,114% 4,948V2 No. 7............ 6,985% 5,977V2 Total. fcO C> PART I.— LABOR COST OF PRODUCTION 27 DETAILED TABLES FOR EACH ESTABLISHMENT UNDER BOTH TWO-TOUR AND THREE-TOUR OPERATION Table 13 is a detail table for individual establishments showing by occupations the number of employees, full-time positions, total hours worked, total wages, output in pounds and labor cost per one-man hour, and the cost per ton of production in one-man hours and in wages. The figures for departments other than the beater room and the machine room are not strictly comparable for any one period with some other period. In the receiving room the amount of raw material received varies from period to period, which may affect both the hours worked and the number o f employees in this department. In the shipping room the amount of finished material shipped would also affect the shipping force in the same manner, while the hours worked by the maintenance crew is very materially affected by the amount 01 repairs necessary. T jlblb 13.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y AND COST OF LABOR IN A TW O -W E E K PERIO D, 1024 AN D 1925 ESTABLISHM ENT NO. 1 Cost per ton of product Department and occupation Number of employees Full-time positions Total hours worked 1924 1925 1924 1925 ater room: Boss beater men........... ............ Jordan men................................ Liner beater men__________ __ Beater helpers............................ 3 3 6 22 3 3 6 21 3 3 6 21 3 3 6 21 326^ 326M 625 2,072M 34 33 33 33 3,350H 3 3 7 7 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 7 6 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 6 6 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 6 6 3 3 3 3 1 315^ 306 596 689 263% 299 306 314 116 Total........................................ 33 32 31 31 3,205H 1925 In one-man hours Wages 1924 1925 1924 1925 282 $248.95 $215.00 157.20 267H 191.80 320.00 550M 363.35 1,193.37 1,062.70 1, 886^ 5,414 5,414 2,828 853 5,681 5,989 2,910 849 $0,763 .687 .581 .576 $0.762 .588 .581 .563 0.369 .369 .707 2.345 0.352 .334 .687 2.355 $0,282 .217 .411 1.350 $0,268 .196 .400 1.327 2,986^ 1,997.47 1,764.90 528 536 .596 .588 3.791 3.729 2.260 2.191 233.35 184.10 231.10 319.05 159.60 136.30 129.00 125.80 59.90 5,598 5,777 2,966 2,566 6,708 5,912 5,777 5,629 15,238 5,836 6,091 3,120 3,013 6,023 6,023 6,209 6,209 14,833 .846 .700 .460 .595 .600 .512 .600 .488 .530 .850 .700 .450 .600 .600 .512 .500 .488 .555 .357 .346 .674 .780 .298 .338 .346 .355 .131 .343 .328 .641 .664 .332 .332 .322 .322 .135 .302 .242 .304 .464 .179 .173 .173 .173 .070 .291 .230 .289 .398 .199 .170 .161 .157 .075 2,738% 1,838.10 1,578.20 551 585 .574 .576 3.627 3.419 2.080 1.970 274M 263 513H 531^ 266 266 258 258 108 267.05 214.20 268.20 409.80 158.10 153.20 153.00 153.10 61.45 1924 1925 1924 1925 INDUSTRY Total........................................ ichine room: Machine tenders........................ Back tenders............................... Cutter boys................................ Finishers..................................... Carriers................. ..................... Broke boys................................. Screenmen......... ........................ Felt boys..................................... Felt washers............................... 1924 Labor cost per one-man hour BOX-BOARD 1925 Output in pounds per one-man hour PAPER 1924 jL irtrfu yt o g r o Cost per ton of product Total wages Department and occupation ' 74391 Number of em Total hours worked ployees Output in pounds per one-man hour Labor cost per one-man hour In one-man hours 1924 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 Wages 1924 1925 1 8 1 7 104 800 108 692 $64.50 378.70 $70.00 318.70 16,997 2,210 14,833 2,315 $0,620 .473 $0,648 .461 0.118 .905 0.135 .864 $0,073 .429 $0,087 .398 800 443.20 388.70 1,955 2,003 .490 .486 1.023 .999 .502 .485 8 904 9 1 10 1 1,057% 118^ 1,172 114 587.50 69.95 651.25 66.70 1,672 14,917 1,367 14,053 .556 .590 .556 .585 1.196 .134 1.463 .142 .665 .079 .813 .083 Total.... ....... 10 11 1,175% 1,286 657.45 717.95 1,503 1,246 .559 .558 1.330 1.606 .744 .896 Shipping room: Laborers........... Others.............. 4 2 4 2 437^ 222 450 222 243.10 136.70 250.10 136.70 4,040 7,962 3,560 7,216 .556 .616 .556 . .616 .495 .251 .562 .277 .275 .155 .312 .171 6 6 14 13 12~ 13 1,541% 1,425 General: Laborers........... Others.............. 4 7 4 10 421 817 659H Total............. 11 14 1,238 Grand total __ 130 129 13,499% 672 379.80 386.80 2,680 2,384 .576 .576 .746 .839 .430 .483 1,364% 1,378 997.90 988.50 954.75 980.15 1,147 1,240 1,174 1,163 . 647 .694 .700 .711 1.744 1.612 1.703 1.720 1.129 1.118 1.192 1.224 361 1,018 233.60 661.25 200.40 806.70 4,199 2,164 4,438 1,574 .555 .809 .555 .792 .476 .924 .451 1.271 .264 .748 .250 1.007 1,379 894.85 1,007.10 1,428 1,162 .723 .730 1.401 1.722 1.013 1.257 12,604^ 8,197.27 7,768.55 131 127 .607 .616 15.274 15.736 ft 275 9.699 OF PRODUCTION Total........... Maintenance....... . Power...................... COST 9 I.— LABOR Total............. Receiving room: Laborers........... Others.............. PART Finishing room: Head finishersFinishers.......... to CO T able 13.—P R O D U C T IV IT Y A N D COST OF LABOR IN A TW O-W EEK PERIO D, 1924 A N D 1925—Continued ESTABLISHMENT NO. 2 Cost per ton of product Number of employees Department and occupation Total hours worked Full-time positions 1925 3 21 1 288 2,063 134^ 256 1,783 80 $172.80 959.32 56.45 $172.80 962.82 39.60 25 25 2,485^ 2,119 3 3 3 6 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 3 3 6 3 301^ 329 333^ 540H S16H 18 18 18 1925 Beater room: Head beater m e n __________ Beater men_____ _____________ Spare hands.......... ........... .......... 3 21 1 3 21 1 3 21 1 Total........................................ 25 25 Machine room: Machine tenders_________ . Back tenders_______________ _ Finishers___________________ Cutter boys__________________ Screenmen___________________ 3 3 3 6 3 18 1,821 1,188.57 1,175.22 | In one-man hours 1924 1925 1924 1925 4,019 561 8,605 3,393 487 10,857 $0,600 .465 .420 $0,675 .540 .495 a 498 3.565 .232 0.590 4.106 .184 $0,299 1.658 .098 $0,398 2.217 .091 466 410 .478 .555 4.295 4.879 2.054 2.706 1924 1925 Wages 1924 1925 261H 280H 287X 542% 263^ 225.03 179.95 180.35 246.39 146.17 209.20 168.45 172.35 282.23 137.03 3,839 3,518 3,471 2,141 3,657 3,321 3,094 3,024 1,600 3,296 .746 .547 .541 .456 .462 .800 .600 .600 •.520 .520 .521 .569 .576 .934 .547 .602 .647 .661 1.250 .607 .389 .311 .312 .426 .253 .482 .388 .397 .650 .316 1,635% 977.89 969.26 636 531 .537 .593 3.147 3.767 1.690 2.232 INDUSTRY 1924 1924 Labor cost per one-man hour BOX-BOARD 1925 1925 Output in pounds per one-man hour PAPER 1924 1924 Total_____ . . . _____________ Total wages Cost per ton c>f product Department and occupation Number of em Total hours worked ployees 1924 12 4 14 4 1924 1925 684M 205 3$ Output in pounds per one-man hour 1924 1925 1924 $280.05 112.78 $323.90 119.29 1,691 5,646 1925 Labor cost per oneman hour 1924 1925 1,107 3,699 $0,409 .550 $0,413 .508 In one-man hours 1924 1925 1.183 .354 1.807 .541 Wages 1924 1925 $0,484 .195 $0,746 .275 16 18 889H 1,019H 392.83 443.19 1,301 852 .442 .435 1.537 2.348 .679 1.021 12 20 9 12 20 9 1,32434 1,248^ 572 1,277M 1,223% mH 804.04 757.08 239.60 785.95 745.54 257.19 874 927 2,023 680 710 1,432 .607 .606 .419 .615 .609 .424 2.288 2.158 .988 2.941 2.817 1.397 1.389 1.308 .414 1.810 1.717 .592 Grand total.—................................. 100 102 8,340& 7,881^ 4,360.01 4,376.35 139 110 .523 .555 14.413 18.148 7.534 10.077 OOSI OS PRODUCTION I.— LABOR Total................................................ Maintenance.............................................. Power......................................................... General...................................................... PART Receiving and shipping: Laborers.............................................. Others................... - ............................ 1925 Total wages T a b l e 13*— P R O D U C T IV IT Y AN D COST OF LABOR IN A TW O-W EEK PERIO D, 1924 A N D 1925—Continued ESTABLISHMENT NO. 3 Cost per ton of product Number of employees Full-time positions Total hours worked i oiai wages Output in pounds per one-man hour Labor cost per one-man hour Department and occupation 1925 1924 1925 11,810 5,924 644 11,859 6,151 1,024 11,308 $0,700 .512 .450 $0,700 .512 .447 .550 0.169 .338 3.104 a 169 .325 1.953 .177 $a ii9 .173 1.397 $0,118 .167 .873 .097 6,546*6 3,671^ 3,060.99 1,755.46 554 762 .468 .478 3.611 2.624 1.689 1.255 4 4 4 2 2 10 4 4 2 1 669 541K 602^ 417 313 1,433^ 587 610^ 299H 140 527 504M 472 240 244 1,230 484 481^ 227 128^ 395.25 292.61 248.57 115.20 117.12 555.45 217.80 216.68 113.50 57.83 5,419 6,695 6,017 8,694 11,583 2,529 6,176 5,939 12,105 25,897 5,311 5>547 8,929 11,661 11,470 2,275 5,782 5,812 12,329 21,779 .750 .580 .530 .480 .480 .450 .450 .450 .500 .450 .750 .580 .527 .480 .480 .452 .450 .450 .500 .450 .369 .299 .332 .230 .173 .791 .324 .33? .165 .077 .377 .361 .387 .172 .174 .879 .346 .344 .162 .092 .277 .173 .176 .110 .083 .356 .146 .152 .083 .035 .283 .209 .178 .082 .084 .397 .156 .155 .081 .041 37 5,613M 4,538M 2,882.36 2,330.01 646 617 .514 .513 3.097 3.243 1.590 1.665 1925 Beater room: Head beater men__________ __ Valve men______________ ____ Beater men__________________ Beater men (Shartle)_________ 2 4 40 2 4 25 2 2 4 38 2 4 22 2 307 612 5,627K Total........................................ 46 33 44 30 Machine room: Machine tenders......... .............. Back tenders________________ Finishers____________________ Finishers’ helpers____________ Third hands_________________ Cutter boys__________________ Broke boys______ ____________ Screenmen___ ____ ___________ Testers____________ __________ Felt washers_________________ 4 4 4 3 2 10 4 4 2 1 4 4 4 2 2 10 4 4 2 1 4 4 4 2 2 10 4 4 2 1 Total........................................ 38 37 37 501.76 314.07 319.34 200.16 150.24 645.12 264.16 274.76 149.75 63.00 INDUSTRY 236 $214.90 $165.20 455 313.60 232.95 2,733^ 2,532.49 1,221.18 136.13 247H 1924 BOX-BOARD 1925 1925 PAPER 1924 1924 1924 1925 1925 1925 Wages 1924 1924 1924 In one-man hours Department and occupation Number of em Total hours worked ployees Total wages Output in pounds per one-man hour Cost per ton <>f product Labor cost per oneman hour In one-man hours 1924 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 Wages 1924 1925 1 2 1 172 449M um 149 300 125 $103.20 230.77 52.58 256.00 $96.85 153.00 55.00 21,079 8,066 30,339 6,553 18,783 9,329 22,389 $0,600 .513 .440 .463 $0,650 .510 .440 0.095 .248 .066 .305 0.107 .214 .089 $0,057 .127 .029 .141 $0,069 .109 .039 Total................................................ 10 4 1,294^ 574 642.55 304.85 2,801 4,876 .497 .531 .714 .410 .355 .218 Receiving room: Laborers.............................................. Others............................................... 10 3 8 3 1,128H 415M 609% 386 464.11 207.01 249.24 216.34 3,213 8,726 4,590 7,250 .411 .498 .409 .561 .623 .229 .436 .276 .256 .114 .178 .155 995% 553M Total................................................ 13 11 1,544 671.12 465.58 2,348 2,811 .435 .468 .852 .712 .370 .333 Maintenance.............................................. Power......................................................... General....................................................... 7 18 3 5 17 3 813% 2, 100* 449 621% 481.13 2,318% 1,206.20 371 386.00 408.81 1,318.00 378.60 4,455 1,726 8,075 4,505 1,207 7,544 .591 .574 .860 .658 .568 1.021 .449 1.159 .248 .444 1.657 .265 .265 .665 .213 .292 .942 .271 COST Grand total...................................... 135 110 18,361% 13,090% 9,330.35 6,961.31 197 214 .508 .532 10.129 9.355 5.147 4.975 OF PRODUCTION I.— LABOR 1 3 1 5 PART Finishing room: Foremen and shipping clerks............ Rewinders........................................... Cutters......... ...................................... Pasters............................................... T a b l e 1 3 . — P R O D U C T IV IT Y AND COST OF LABOR IN A TW O -W E E K PERIOD, 1924 AND 1925—Continued ESTABLISHMENT NO. 4 Cost per ton of product Department and occupation Number of employees Full-time positions Total hours worked wages Output in pounds per one-man hour Labor cost per one-man hour In one-man hours 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 Beater room: Head beater men...................... . Jordan and valve men........... . Beater men__________________ 2 4 28 3 6 33 2 4 26 3 6 27 265 528 3,282 1924 1925 1925 1924 1925 279 $205. 75 $237.79 m y 2 283.90 338.17 2,680K 1,641.00 1,474.20 9,983 5,011 806 9,971 4,834 1,038 $0,776 .538 .500 $0,852 .588 .550 0.200 .399 2.481 0.201 .414 1.927 $0.156 .215 1.241 $0.171 .243 1.060 649 787 .523 .580 3.081 2.541 1.611 1.474 1924 1925 1924 34 42 32 36 4,075 3,534% 2,130.65 2,050.16 4 4 4 20 4 2 5 6 6 17 6 3 4 4 4 18 4 2 6 6 6 15 6 3 524U 521% 522 2,347^ 507% 262 525 433.60 553M 342.35 528 293.11 1,501M 1,173.76 530 253.88 262^ 131.00 482.50 395.46 321.33 825.86 281.18 137.81 5,044 5,076 5,068 1,127 5,210 10,098 5,299 5,026 5,269 1,853 5,249 10,598 .827 .657 .562 .500 .500 .500 .919 .715 .609 .550 .531 .525 .397 .394 .395 1.775 .384 .198 .377 .398 .380 1.080 .381 .189 .328 .259 .222 .887 .192 .099 .347 .284 .231 .594 .202 .099 Total________ ___ ___ ______ 38 43 36 42 4,685 3,900M 2,627.70 2,444.14 565 713 .561 .627 3.542 2.804 1.987 1.757 INDUSTRY Total.................. ..................... Machine room: Machine tenders........................ Back tenders............................... Third hands............................... Cutter boys_________ _____ _ Stackers out_________________ Felt boys......... ......... ................ BOX-BOABD 1924 1925 PAPER 1924 Wages Department and occupation Number of em Total hours worked ployees Cost per ton of product Total wages Output in pounds per one-man hour Labor cost per one-man hour In one-man hours 1924 Total................................................ 1925 1925 1924 $158.55 472.43 99.00 459.76 $361.32 158.06 147.18 416.84 178.50 10,636 2,629 13,998 3,792 1,261.90 1,139 1,307 1925 1924 1925 $0,637 .470 .524 .659 $0.590 .458 .519 .787 .500 a 188 .761 .143 .528 .549 .593 1.756 1.530 .964 .907 1924 1925 1924 1925 26 22 2,322% 2,128% 1,275.60 Receiving: Laborers......... .................................... Others................................................. 11 4 19 4 1,113M 4173^ 1,455% 485M 556.75 227.93 727.88 261.88 2,376 6,337 1,911 5,730 .500 .546 .500 .539 .842 .316 1.047 .349 .421 .172 .523 .188 Total................................................ 15 23 1,531 1,941% 784.68 989.76 1,728 1,433 .513 .510 1.157 1.396 .593 .712 Shipping: Laborers.............................................. Others.................................................. 9 2 15 2 i, my2 233 489.15 155.00 742.87 159.34 2,732 12,026 1,856 11,940 .505 .705 .496 .684 .732 .166 1.077 .168 .370 .117 .534 .115 181 968% 220 85.86* 14,617" 4,540 8,052 9,813 5,249 7,793 ....... ."474* .137 0.441 .248 .204 .381 .257 $0,120 .357 .075 .348 .065 $0.260 .114 .106 .300 .128 Total................................................. 11 17 1,188% 1.731H 644.15 902.21 2,226 1,607 .542 .521 .898 1.245 .487 .649 Maintenance.............................................. Power.............................. ......................... General...................................................... 21 26 5 19 29 5 2,401% 2,842^ 597^ 2,207% 1,654.68 2,936% 1,777.67 581% 550.13 1,566.00 1,902.54 542.26 1,102 931 4,428 1,260 947 4,782 .689 .625 .921 .709 .648 .932 L 815 2.149 .452 1.587 2.111 .418 1.250 1.344 .416 1.126 1.368 .390 Grand total...................................... 176 200 19,643% 18,962H 11,445.26 11,658.97 135 147 .583 .615 14.850 13.633 8.652 8.382 OF PRODUCTION 248% 1,006% 189 697% COST 6 4 3 6 3 2 612% 345^ 283M 530 357 1924 I.— LABOR 3 10 2 9 1924 PABT Finishing room: Pasters.......................... ..................... Liners........... ..................................... Cutters................................................ Finishers.......... .................................. Rewinders........................................... Grainers...... .................... ................. 1925 Wages CO Or 00 05 T able 13.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y AND COST OF LABOR IN A T W O-W EEK PERIO D, 1924 A N D 1925—Continued ESTABLISHM ENT NO. 5 Cost per ton of product Number of employees Full-time positions Department and occupation Total hours worked 1924 1925 1924 1925 Beater room: Head beater men........................ First helpers1............................. Jordan m en................................ Beater men................................. 2 4 4 31 3 6 6 45 2 4 4 30 3 6 6 42 260 517 503 3,826 1924 1925 Labor cost per one-man hour In one-man hours Wages 1924 1925 1924 1925 283H $169.00 $230.35 417.67 607M 284.35 371.57 594y2 251.50 3,849^ 1,721.71 2,165.24 13,018 6,547 6,729 885 12,801 5,974 6,104 943 $0,650 .550 .500 .450 $0,813 .688 .625 .563 a 154 .306 .297 2.261 0.156 .335 .328 2.121 $0,100 .168 .149 1.017 $0,127 .230 .205 1.193 BOX-BOARD 1925 Output in pounds per one-man hour PAPER 1924 Total wages 1924 1925 1924 1925 41 60 40 57 5,106 5,334%[ 2,426.56 3,184.83 663 680 .475 .597 3.017 2.940 1.434 1.755 6 6 4 4 26 7 6 6 6 34 4 4 4 4 20 6 6 6 6 30 874 789 525 524 2,548 803 803.00 655.50 402.54 585M 433.95 529 297.57 236.25 517 209.60 258.50 2,705& 1,022.35 1,352.64 3,873 4,290 6,447 6)459 1,328 4,519 6,198 6,860 7,019 1,341 .750 .550 .450 .400 .401 1.000 .688 .563 .500 .500 .517 .466 .310 .310 1.506 .443 .323 .292 .285 1.491 .387 .256 .140 .124 .604 .443 .222 .164 .143 .746 Total........................................ 46 59 36 54 5,260 5, 643 706 .486 .606 3.108 2.833 1.511 L716 2,557.65 3,114.25 INDUSTRY Total........................................ Machine room: Machine tenders...................... Back tenders............... .............. Third hands............................... Screenmen.................................. Cutter boys................................ Cost per ton of product Number of em Total hours worked ployees Total wages Department and occupation Output in pounds per one-man hour Labor cost per one-man hour In one-man hours 1924 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 Wages 1924 1925 9 6 948 723 936 748H $426.60 374.76 $421.27 377.64 3,570 4,681 3,877 4,847 $0,450 .518 $0,450 .504 0.560 .427 0.516 .413 $0,252 .222 $0,232 .208 Total................................................ 15 15 1,671 1,684$* 801.36 798.91 2,025 2,154 .480 .474 .987 .929 .474 .440 Shipping room: Laborers........................................... Others......... .................................... 12 3 16 3 MM 206* 283.44 93.09 363.78 99.62 4,869 17,573 3,990 17,608 .408 .483 .400 .483 .411 .114 .501 .114 .168 .055 .201 .055 1,115 H 695* 192H Total................................................ 15 19 887* 376.53 463.40 3,813 3,253 .424 .415 .525 .615 .223 .255 Maintenance....... ...................................... Power......................................................... 21 17 20 20 2,417 2,367* 2,540^ 1,641.42 2, 120* 1,369.84 1,746.76 1,409.46 1,400 1,429 1,428 1,711 .679 .579 .688 .665 1.428 1.399 1.400 1.169 .970 .810 .963 .777 General: Laborers.............................................. Others................................................. 17 9 15 12 1,945 1,257 i,m % 811.14 784.94 723.46 949.07 1,740 2,693 2,042 2,865 .417 .625 .407 .749 1.149 .743 .979 .698 .479 .464 .399 .523 3,043H 1,596.08 1,672.53 1,057 1,192 .499 .550 1.892 1.677 .943 .922 .515 .591 12.357 11. 562 6.364 6.828 Total................................................ 26 27 3,202 Grand total...................................... S T 220 20,911% * Called assistant head beater men in 1925 1,776^ 20, m n 10,769.44 12,390.14 162* 173~ I.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 6 PAET Receiving room: Laborers................... .......................... Others___________________________ CO «<r T a b l e 13 ^ -P R O D U C T IV IT Y AND COST OF LABOR IN A TW O-W EEK PERIO D, 1924 A N D 1925—Continued ESTABLISHMENT NO. 6 aBBsasss-TiJiaii..1.:-.......... ■ Cost per ton of product Department and occupation Number of employees Full-time positions Total hours worked 1925 3 3 3 66 310% 317M 404% 6,609 1925 1924 1925 Beater room: Beater engineers................... ..... Assistant boss beater men_____ Plug pullers................................ Beater men_______ _____ _____ 3 3 4 75 3 3 4 76 3 3 3 66 1924 1925 Labor cost per one-man hour In one-man hours Wages 1924 1925 1924 1925 259% $224.94 $187.96 339% 182.58 195.07 388^ 222.61 213.68 5,27934 3,069.08 2,425.02 12,020 11,746 9,214 564 12,468 9,528 8,320 612 $0,725 .575 .550 .464 $0,725 .575 .550 .459 0.166 .170 .217 3.545 0.160 .210 .240 3.267 $0.121 .098 .119 1*646 $0,116 .121 .132 1.501 488 516 .484 .482 4.098 3.877 1.984 1.870 31,077 5,936 ""6,039" 6,391 5,788 6,737 5,509 1,485 1,463 3,027 3,003 .750 .775 .575 .550 .411 .413 .769 .571 .550 .401 .414 .064 .337 .313 .297 1.347 .661 .331 .346 .363 1.367 .666 .048 .261 .180 .163 .553 .273 .255 .198 .200 .549 .276 .490 .481 3.018 3.073 L479 1.476 86 75 75 7,641^ 6,266% 3,699.21 3,021.73 1 6 6 5 38 12 6 6 6 29 12 1 6 6 6 21 12 6 6 6 21 12 120 628% 583H 553H 2,5102* 1,232 90.00 535% 486.90 " U lW 558^ 335.53 319.14 586% 304.43 322.72 2,209% 1,031.64 886.80 446.13 1,076H 508.61 Total--------------------------------- 68 59 52 51 5,628 4,966% 2,757.11 2,386.14 663 651 1925 1924 1925 INDUSTRY 85 1924 BOX-BOARD Total........................................ Machine room: Foremen............ ........................ Machine tenders........................ Back tenders............................... Second back tenders.................. Gutter boys............................... Screenmen___________________ Output in pounds per one-man hour PAPER 1924 1924 Total wages Cost per ton <>f product Department and occupation Number of em Total hours worked ployees Total wages Output in pounds per one-man hour Labor cost per one-man hour In one-man hours 1924 1925 1924 7 2 7 1 919H 190 747H 114^ 1924 1925 $434.77 76.00 1924 1925 1924 1925 $355.27 45.80 4,055 19,627 4,324 28,230 $0,473 .400 $0,475 .400 0.493 .102 0.463 .071 $0,233 .041 $0,220 .028 1924 1925 1924 1925 9 8 1,109^ 862 510.77 401.07 3,360 3,750 .460 .465 .595 .533 .274 .248 24 5 14 5 1,871& 553 1,237K 561M 788.81 249.83 520.33 250.10 1,993 6,744 2,613 5,757 .422 .452 .421 .445 1.004 .297 .766 .347 .423 .134 .322 .155 29 19 2,424M 1,798^ 1,038.64 770.43 1,538 1,797 .428 .428 1.300 1.113 .557 .477 50 37 16 45 35 27 4,946Vs 3,937V2 2,090M 4,3112/s 2,736.43 3,377H 2,224.28 3,209M 885.55 2,399.96 1,909.63 1,429.26 754 947 1,784 750 957 1,007 .553 .565 .424 .557 .565 .445 2.653 2.112 1.121 2.668 2.090 1.986 1.468 1.193 .475 L 485 1.182 .884 Grand total...................................... 294 279 27,778* .49*T .497 14.898 15.340 7.429 7.622 , 134 13(T OF PRODUCTION 24,791^ 13,851.99 12,318.22 COST Total................................................ Maintenance.............................................. P o w e r....................................................... General....................................................... I.— LABOR Total................................................ Receiving room: Laborers.............................................. Others.................................................. PART Finishing room: Finishers.............................................. Cutters................................................ 1925 Wages T a b l e 13.—P R O D U C T IV IT Y AND COST OF LABOR IN A TW O-W EEK PE RIO D , 1924 AN D 1925—Continued ESTABLISHMENT NO. 7 Cost per ton of product Department and occupation Number of employees Full-time positions Total hours worked Total wages 1924 2 6 4 6 68 2 4 2 4 40 1924 $0,759 .691 .639 .539 .439 $0,974 1.049 .960 .818 .666 0.131 .256 .131 .257 2.877 0.100 .209 .107 .209 2.216 $0,100 .177 .084 .139 1.263 $0,097 .219 .102 .171 1.476 3,551.46 5,466.69 548 704 .482 .727 3.653 2.839 1.762 2.065 63 86 52 77 7,364 2 3 6 4 5 2 5 4 28 3 3 7 6 7 3 6 6 27 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 18 3 8 6 6 6 3 6 6 24 246 795 462H 603% 265 569% 505 2,620% 268H 487.51 275 283.00 164.23 262% 113.36 863.91 682% 672.81 563% 284.10 489.26 643% 300.46 485.96 266% 124.53 191.71 251.29 362.03 538 367.80 546H 225.11 2,402% 1,112.24 1,556.25 15,017 16,390 5,072 8,718 6,678 15,215 7,077 7,984 1,539 19,258 20,156 7,763 9,394 8,233 19,891 9,844 9,691 2,204 1.054 .461 .846 .614 .498 .470 .441 .446 .425 1.773 .625 1.266 .868 .756 .720 .673 .673 .648 .133 .122 .394 .229 .300 .131 .283 .251 1.300 .104 .099 .258 .213 .243 .101 .203 .206 .907 .140 .056 .334 .141 .149 .062 .125 .112 .552 .184 .062 .326 .185 .184 .072 .137 .139 .588 Total........................................ 59 68 44 63 6,335% 6,180y2 3,366.90 4,968.66 636 857 .531 .804 3.143 2.334 1.670 1.876 INDUSTRY Total........................................ Machine room: Tour bosses................................. Inspectors.................................... Machine tenders........................ Back tenders............................... Third hands............................... Felt b o y s ................................... Screenmen.................................. Broke boys.................................. Cutter boys................................. BOX-BOARD 20,023 9,594 18,780 9,581 903 7,518 2 4 2 4 51 1925 PAPER 15,258 7,814 15,215 7,773 695 264K $200.59 $257.58 356.51 552 578.81 169.27 282 270.78 552% 279.47 452.12 5,866% 2,545. 62 3,907.40 Beater room: Tour bosses................................. Head beater men........................ Breaker beater men................... Valve men......... ......................... Beater men................................. 1925 1924 1925 1925 264% 516 265 518% 5,800 1925 Wages 1924 2 6 3 6 60 1924 In one-man hours 1925 1925 1925 Labor cost per one-man hour 1924 1924 1924 Output in pounds per one-man hour Cost per ton cif product Department and occupation Number of em Total hours worked ployees Total wages Output in pounds per one-man hour Labor cost per oneman hour In one-man hours 1924 1925 Finishing department: Rewinder men.................................... Ream cutters...................................... Finishers ___________ ____________ Others.................................................. 3 3 4 15 3 4 5 17 357H 342 387% 1,470% 383 482^ 512^ 1,649 1924 1925 $147.26 157.32 205.76 730.86 1924 1925 1924 1925 $171.27 221.29 302.18 739.09 11,278 11,789 10,412 2,741 13,828 10,976 10,334 3,419 $0,412 .460 .531 .497 $0,447 .459 .590 .477 0.177 .170 .192 .730 0.145 .182 .194 .585 $0,073 .078 .102 .363 $0,065 .084 .114 .279 1,241.20 .1,433.83 1,577 1,809 .485 .490 1.269 1.105 .616 .542 I.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1925 PART 1924 1924 Wages 1925 1924 1925 Total................................................ 26 29 2,557K 2,927 Receiving department: Laborers.............................................. Others.................................................. 16 4 27 4 1,651^ 462 2,553 416^ 666.92 243.64 1,038.52 223.48 2,441 8,727 2,074 12,715 .404 .527 .407 .537 .819 .229 .964 .157 .331 .121 .392 .084 Total................................................ 20 31 2,U3H 2,969M 910.56 1,262.00 1,908 1,783 .431 .425 1.048 1.121 .452 .477 Shipping department: Laborers.............................................. Others.................................................. 13 1 20 1 1,237^ 114 1,879^ 114 493.86 66.00 754.81 66.00 3,258 35,368 2,818 46,456 .399 .579 .402 .579 .614 .057 .710 .043 .245 .033 .285 .025 2,983 2,657 .414 .412 .670 .753 .278 .310 1,097 1,357 2,996 1,242 2,116 4,391 .649 .595 .445 .662 .614 .453 1.823 1.474 .668 1.611 .945 .455 1.184 .877 .297 1.066 .580 .206 145 179 .519 .638 13.747 11.164 7.135 7.122 Total................................................ 14 21 1,351H 1,993H 569.86 820.81 Maintenance.............................................. Power......................................................... General....................................................... 32 65 11 37 36 10 3 4,265% 2,386.18 2,602% 1,768.63 598.47 1,206 2,823.77 1,536.73 545.84 Grand total...................................... 279 318 , my2 2,971 1,345% y2 27,713 29,562/ji 14,383.26 18,858.33 . T a b l e 13.—P R O D U C TIV IT Y AND COST OF LABOR IN A TW O-W EEK PERIO D, 1924 AN D 1925—Continued ESTABLISHMENT NO. 8 Cost per ton of product Number of employees Full-time positions Total hours worked Total wages Output in pounds per one-man hour Labor cost per one-man hour Department and occupation 1924 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 In one-man hours 1924 1925 Wages 1924 1925 2 2 2 2 32 1 3 3 3 3 48 1 271H 266 131 243 4,557 120 301H $203.63 $241.20 159.60 226.78 386 165.85 62.23 344 87.30 109.35 194 5,289M 1,845.77 2,249.73 48.60 48.60 120 8,664 8,843 17,956 9,680 516 19,602 9,340 7,296 8,186 14,516 532 23,468 $0,750 .600 .475 .450 .405 .405 $0,800 .588 .482 .450 .425 .405 0.231 .226 .111 .207 3.875 .102 0.214 .274 .244 .138 3.757 .085 $0,173 .136 .053 .093 1.569 .041 $0,171 .161 .118 .062 1.598 .035 Total........................................ 55 75 41 61 5,588H 6,635 2,429.18 3,019.46 421 424 .435 .455 4.712 4.752 2.065 2.144 Machine room: Machine tenders_____ . . . . . . _Back tenders..___ ___________ Finishers___ __ ____________ _ Cutter b oy s..______. . . . . _____ Broke boys___ _____________ _ Screenmen______ ___ . . . ___ _ Felt washers............................... 7 7 13 20 18 7 1 10 10 16 30 16 10 1 6 6 12 18 6 6 1 9 9 15 24 9 9 1 870M 841H 1,297 2,026 1,067 846 109y2 626.60 930 993H 434.08 1,368H 613.88 824.25 2,305 432.19 1,187 930^ 342.57 4135 104^ 720.89 561.49 704.50 985.49 501.66 395.49 42.33 2,702 2,795 1,814 1,161 2,205 2,708 21,482 3,028 2,835 2,058 1,222 2,372 3,026 26,949 .720 .516 .473 .407 .405 .405 .405 .775 .565 .515 .428 .423 .425 .405 .740 .716 1.103 1.723 .907 .719 .093 .661 .706 .972 1.637 .843 .661 .074 .533 .369 .522 .701 .368 .291 .038 .512 .399 . 500 .700 .356 .281 .030 T o ta l--............................. ...... 73 93 55 76 7,057% 7,819 3,317.92 3,911.85 333 360 .470 .500 6.001 5.553 2.821 2.778 INDUSTRY 3 4 3 2 62 1 BOX-BOARD 2 2 1 2 47 1 PAPER Beater room: Head beater men____________ Assistant head beater men........ Liner beater men.. Breaker beater m en.__________ Beater m e n ..__________ __ __ Cleaners......... - ................ - ........ Cost per ton of product Department and occupation Number of em Total hours worked ployees 1924 1925 1924 1925 Total wages 1924 1925 Output in pounds per one-man hour 1924 1925 Labor cost per oneman hour In one-man hours 1924 1925 1924 1925 Wages 1924 120 105M 114 $60.00 47.48 51.30 19,602 22,296 20,634 $0.500 .450 .450 0.102 .090 .097 $0.051 .040 .044 339H 158.78 6,929 .468 .289 .135 3 14 1 13 1 1,291M 120 1,347H 120 579.19 70.00 $606.62 70.00 1,821 19,602 2,090 23,468 .449 .583 $0.450 .583 1.098 .102 0.957 .085 .493 .060 $0.431 .050 Total............... 15 14 1,411H 1,467M 649.19 676.62 1,666 1,919 .460 .461 1.200 1.042 .552 .481 Shipping room: Laborers............ Others................ 13 3 23 3 1,360^ 360 2,133^ 376 550.06 168.00 861.71 193.00 1,729 6,534 1,320 7,490 .404 .467 .404 .513 1.157 .306 1.515 .267 .468 .143 .612 .137 16 26 1,720K 2,509M 718.06 1,054.71 1,367 1,122 .417 .420 1.463 1.782 .611 .749 23 13 2 19 12 6 2,647M 1,850M 262 2,550% 1.675.69 933.23 1,837^ 240.00 931 1,648.66 919.78 596.80 888 1,271 8,978 1,104 1,533 3,025 .633 .504 .916 .646 .501 .641 2.251 i. 573 .223 1.812 1.305 .661 1.425 .794 .204 1.171 .653 .424 Grand total... 200 245 20,877M 23,750% 10,122.05 11,827.88 113 119 .485 .498 17.751 16.867 8.606 8.400 OF PRODUCTION T otal............. Maintenance............ Power.......... ............ General..................... COST Total............... Receiving room: Laborers............ Others................ I.— LABOR 1 1 1 PART Finishing room: Finishing bosses Cutters............... Re winders......... 1925 CO T a b l e 13.—P R O D U C T IV IT Y AN D COST OF LABOR IN A TW O-W EEK PERIO D, 1924 AND 1925—Continued ESTABLISHMENT NO. 9 Department and occupation Number of employees Full-time positions Cost per ton of product Total hours worked wo croc Output in pounds per one-man hour Labor cost per one-man hour In one-man hours 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 Beater room: Boss beater men......................... Valve men.................................. Jordan men__________________ Beater men........................ ........ 3 6 2 39 3 10 3 42 2 6 2 36 3 9 3 42 393 854 309 4,810 1924 1925 1924 1925 1924 1925 262 $286.61 $275.10 765 470.70 535.50 258 169.95 180.60 3,515 2,406.50 1,933.25 15,191 6,991 19,321 1,241 19,491 6 675 19*793 1,453 $0,729 .551 .550 .500 $1,050 .700 •7nn #uu era ♦oou U. X6Z OQA A » 1A l\r± 1.611 A Q AAA U. 1 1A \J 6 £A Uw AA W*.158 •Q Uw .101 .057 1 OT7 1. 04 4 .806 1924 1925 1924 1925 $0,108 .210 .071 .757 58 46 57 6,366 4,800 3,333.76 2,924.45 938 1,064 .524 AQ •A Ow 2.133 1.880 1.117 1.145 7 6 7 4 35 2 9 10 9 6 39 7 6 6 4 32 2 9 9 9 6 33 1,081 933 1,043 608M 4,780 309 779 918.83 895.85 794 559.80 635.* 20 747 542.36 485.65 304.25 526 289.30 3,015 2,390.00 1,663.15 163.77 5,523 6,399 5’ 724 9,811 1 249 19’ 321 6,555 6,431 6,836 9 708 1,’ 694 .850 .600 .520 .500 .500 .530 1.150 AA •Q Ow ka •A oou •OOU f\ KO •OO * .362 IO •O 616 OIQ •o/u 6\r* 1.601 .104 .305 .311 .293 .206 1.181 .308 .188 .182 .102 .801 .055 .351 . 249 .190 .113 .651 Total........................................ 61 73 57 66 8,754^ 5,861 4,879.01 3,969.15 682 871 .557 0*7 •0 4*47 O. O QQ A VO O 1.635 1.555 ... 2.296 INDUSTRY 50 BOX-BOARD Total_______________ ______ Machine room: Machine tenders_____________ Back tenders_________________ Calender men............................. Screenmen.................................. Cutter boys___ ______________ Slitter men................................. PAPER 1924 Wages ,168*2, Number of employees Total hours worked Total wages Department and occupation 1924 1925 1924 14 22 Receiving room: Laborers__ Others........ Total. 1925 1924 1925 3,774 53,193 10,244 $0,767 .164 a 530 .038 .195 $0,230 .726 $0,753 .549 .812 a 300 12,"234 .119 $0,399 .021 .159 1,475.70 4,317 2,622 .752 .758 .463 .763 .349 .578 .174 .052 .196 .053 $686.29 $1,018.22 52.68 354.24 404.80 1,947^ 1,040.53 1924 6,671 1924 1925 248 964 211 519.48 154.10 501.28 135.94 5,976 24,073 5,297 24,202 .520 .621 .520 .644 .335 .083 .378 .083 11 1,247 1,175 673.58 637.22 4,788 4,346 .540 .542 .418 .460 22 1924 1925 .250 1,251 1,435.17 J588.04 2,097 4,082 .504 .550 .954 .490 .481 .270 2,719^ 2,350H 1,931^ 2,010.73 2,244 1,449.11 1,479.09 1,642.80 2,195 2,540 2,644 2,276 .739 .617 .766 .732 .911 .787 .757 .879 .674 .485 .579 .643 General: Laborers. Others__ 1,029K 624.56 320.25 788.72 5,799 6,708 7,973 5,587 .509 .702 .500 .863 .345 .298 .251 .358 .176 .125 1,554H 1,148.56 1,108.97 3,110 .713 .643 20,764H 15,970.45 13,925.42 216 246 .579 ^671 9.242 Total.......... 13 14 1,919^ Grand total. 207 237 27,586K 640H 914 8.133 OF PRODUCTION 2,846M Maintenance.. Power........... COST Shipping _ roam: Laboi borers___ 1925 In one-man hours I.— LABOR Total. 1,353 96 498H 1924 Cost per ton of product PART Finishing room: Finishers__ Rewinders.. Others........ 1925 Output in pounds Labor cost per oneper one-man hour man hour Cn T able 13.—P R O D U C T IV IT Y AN D COST OF LABOR IN A TW O-W EEK P E RIO D , 1924 A N D 1925—Continued ESTABLISHMENT NO. 10 Cost per tan of product Number of employees Total hours worked Full-time positions JLUvcU WagCO Output in pounds per one-man hour Labor cost per one-man hour In one-man hours Department and occupation 1924 1925 Beater room: Boss beater men.... ............. ...... Assistant boss beater men_____ Jordan men__________________ Beater men__________________ 2 2 2 27 3 3 3 31 2 2 2 18 3 3 3 24 268^ 291% 292% 2,541% Total........................................ 33 40 24 33 3,394% 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 303H 289% 289% 3 2 23 4 3 2 15 Total______________________ 34 30 2 2 8 18 3 3 ' ” '424'" 276 3 12 1,137 27 2,720 1925 1924 1924 1925 9,208 9,498 8,042 1,308 $0,684 .645 .524 .478 $0,900 .750 .650 .552 0.231 .251 .252 2.188 0.217 .211 .249 1.529 $0.158 .162 .132 1.046 $0,196 .158 .162 .843 684 907 .513 .616 2.922 2.205 1.498 1.358 7,655 8,018 8,018 8,837 9,104 .905 .675 .621 1.150 .825 .261 .249 .249 .226 .220 .260 .181 .525 .524 .484 .770 .650 .620 .550 .365 .238 .979 .287 .238 .161 .765 .237 .168 .155 .192 .124 .474 .221 .155 .100 .421 .576 .705 2.342 1.897 1.349 1.338 1924 1925 262 $183.53 $235.80 254 188.20 190. 50 300 153. 53 195.01 1,843% 1,214.44 1,017.28 8,653 7,963 7,936 914 2,659% 1,739.70 1,638.59 273 265 274.67 195.49 180.00 1925 313.95 218.64 346 “ 266.42" 287 "222.46’ 186.55 ‘ “ 5,"479" 120.59 8,417 194H 144. 50 507. 79 2,043 923% 550.37 2,288% 1,567.43 1,613.94 854 6,972 8,406 12,403 2,613 1,054 1924 1925 1924 1925 INDUSTRY Machine room: Machine tenders_____________ Back tenders_________________ Third hands -. Second hands. _ Screenmen (wet end)_________ Weighers____________________ Cutter boys__________________ 1924 BOX-BOARD 1925 PAPER 1924 Wages Department and occupation Number of employees 1924 Total hours worked 1925 1924 1925 Total wages 1924 1925 Output in pounds Labor cost per oneman hour per one-man hour 1924 1925 1924 1925 Cost per ton of product In one-man hours 1924 1925 Wages 1924 1925 Finishing room..................................... 2 1 319% 110 $153.42 $51.70 7,266 21,931 $0,480 $0,470 0.275 Receiving room: Laborers........................................ Others........................................... 15 8 7 7 1,206^ 779 734 719 545.35 383.50 33a 32 359.08 1,926 2,982 3,287 3,355 .452 .492 .450 .499 1.039 .671 .609 .596 .470 .330 Total.......................................... 23 14 1,985H 1,453 928.85 689.40 1,170 1,660 .468 .475 1.709 1.205 .800 .572 •Maintenance........................................ Power.................................................. General................................................ 9 17 6 10 17 7 1,216 1, 886% 804% 1,227^ 831.76 1,743 1,268.85 742 415.70 839.50 1,172.12 405.28 1,911 1,231 2,889 1,965 1,384 3,251 .684 .673 .517 .684 .673 .546 .047 1.624 .692 .018 .716 1.445 1.092 .615 • .358 .696 .972 .386 124~ U9~ 12,326%; .560 ”627 10.612 8.476 6,905.71 6,410.53 188~ 236~ 5.945 .274 .298 5.315 I.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10,224 $0,043 PART Grandtotal................................. a 091 $0.132 T able 13.—P R O D U C T IV IT Y AND COST OF LABOR IN A TW O -W E E K PERIO D, 1924 A N D 1925-Continued ESTABLISHMENT NO. 11 Cost per ton of product Number of employees Total hours worked Full-time positions Total wages Output in pounds per one-man hour Labor cost per one-man hour Department and occupation $228.75 $270.00 181.20 211.40 145.16 165.01 1,558.35 1,417.38 7,817 7,894 7,810 758 8,339 8,284 8,339 971 $0,750 .600 .476 .495 $0,900 .700 .550 .550 a 256 .253 .256 2.639 0.240 .241 .240 2.060 $0,192 .152 .122 1.307 $0,216 .169 .132 1.133 PAPER 2,113.46 2,063.79 588 719 .521 .593 3.404 2.781 1.773 1.650 343.75 271.88 235.63 311.31 179.03 170.50 147.92 7,635 6,009 6,457 2,542 7,684 8,228 7,660 8,005 6,901 6,901 4,420 7,686 8,070 9,640 .850 .628 .528 .476 .488 .486 .488 1.100 .750 .650 .550 .550 .550 .570 .262 .333 .310 .787 .260 .243 .261 .250 .290 .290 .453 .260 .248 .208 .223 .209 .164 .374 .127 .118 .127 .275 .217 .188 .249 .143 .136 .118 BOX-BOARD 2,498*6 1,599.80 1, 66a 02 814 1,001 .547 .664 2.456 1.997 1.342 1.327 300 302 300 2,577 3,479 Beater room: Head beater men_...................... Roll setters and plug pullers... Stuff boxes.................................. Beater helpers............................. 2 2 2 23 3 3 3 28 2 2 2 20 Total........................................ 29 37 26 33 4,057M Machine room: Machine tenders........................ Back tenders.............................. Finishers _ .................................. Cutter boys................................ Broke b o y s ............................... Screenmen................................ Felt ch eck ers........................... 2 3 2 6 2 2 2 3 4 3 6 3 3 3 2 2 2 6 2 2 2 3 3 3 6 3 3 3 312** 396% 369*4 938 310** 289H 311** Total........................................ 19 25 18 24 2,927*6 1924 312*6 265.41 362*6 249.21 362*6 195.05 566 446.15 325*6 151.36 310 140.76 259*6 151.86 1925 1924 1925 1924 INDUSTRY 1925 305 302 305** 3,145*6 1925 1924 3 3 3 24 1924 1925 1925 1925 1925 Wages 1924 1924 1924 In one-man hours Number of employees Total hours worked Total wages Output in pounds per one-man hour Department and occupation 1924 10 3 8 3 1924 763y2 353% 13 11 1,116% 21 16 19 17 2,508}* 1,851% General: Laborers.............................................. Others................................................. 3 6 3 7 325 819 9 10 1,144 Grand total____________________ 107 119 13,605M 656% 271 $305.40 182.66 $270.25 163.78 3,123 6,749 3,812 9,231 927% 488.06 434.03 2,135 2,235% 1,677.98 1,751% 1,137.18 1,603.06 1,118.10 951 1,288 110.00 637.63 1924 1925 1924 1925 1924 a 641 .296 1925 1924 1925 $0,400 .517 * $0.412 .604 2,698 .437 .468 .937 .741 .409 .347 1,119 1,428 .669 .614 .717 .638 2.104 1.553 1.787 1.400 1.408 .954 1.282 .894 7,336 2,911 9,097 3,025 .417 .579 .400 .771 .273 .687 .220 .661 .114 .398 .088 .510 a 525 .216 $0,256 .153 $0,216 .131 275 827 135.50 474.25 1,102 609.75 747.63 2,084 2,270 .533 .678 .960 .881 .512 .598 11,993% 7,626.23 7,626.63 175 209 .561 .636 11.414 J 9.589 6.398 6.097 OF PRODUCTION 1925 COST Total................................................ 1924 Wages I.— LABOR Total _ ................... .......................... Maintenance.............................................. Power— ................................................... 1925 In one-man hours PART Receiving: Laborers.............................................. Others.................................................. 1925 Cost per ton <>f product Labor cost per one-man hour. Part n .— WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE PAPER BOXBOARD INDUSTRY, 1925 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY Before 1817 all paper in the United States was made by hand. In order to produce a thick board, handmade sheets of paper were coated with an adhesive substance and then pressed together. The first paper machine operated in this country (the cylinder machine) was invented by Gilpin, of Wilmington, Del., in 1816, and his ma chine, with many added improvements, forms the backbone of the paper-board industry of to-day. George A. Shryock, of Chambersburg, Pa., probably developed the first paper machine for producing thicker paper or boards. His mill operated between 1828 and 1831 and made the first heavy-weight strawboard. Both the Gilpin and the Shryock machines originally formed only the sheets, which then had to be pressed by hand and were loft or sun dried. Presses, driers, and calenders were added to Gilpin's machine shortly after its introduction. Between 1830 and the period of the Civil War the paper-board business experienced slow expansion, but shortly after the war there was a great demand and this industry enlarged considerably. From that period on the business increased rapidly to its present large and overexpanded condition. The chief centers of growth' were the regions west of the Alleghanies—Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana— where straw was both plentiful and cheap. From 1892 to 1893 new mills sprang up in or near cities and close to large centers of supply for raw material and to paper-board markets, as more and more board was made from waste paper. Improvements were effected in a number of ways, in cooking the straw, in beating, and in Jordaning facilities, as well as in the cylinder machines. Only three or four cylinders were used on the early machines because it was thought that only free stock, such as straw, could be used on multicylinder machines. It was soon found, however, that by increasing the num ber of cylinders, applying a thinner film of pulp to each and by care fully regulating the suction and speed of the machine, waste papers, wood pulp, etc., could be successfully made into boards. Machines with five, six, and seven cylinders began to be put into operation and the development of various grades of paper board was started. The two recent developments mat have tended to the further ex pansion of this industry are, first, the increasing demand for folded fiber-board boxes and the beginning of the fiber shipping container, due to the scarcity and the increasing cost of wood for the manu facture of wooden boxes and shipping containers; and, second, the fact that the Interstate Commerce Commission has indorsed the fiber shipping container and strengthened the position of the manu facturers of tnis article. 50 PART* II.— WAGES AND HOURS 03? LABOR 51 It becomes evident that the paper-board industry is an important one when it is considered that in the summer of 1923 the United States had 788 paper mills, of which 262, or 33.2 per cent, were board mills operating 320 cylinder machines and 180 wet machines Both in tonnage and in number of mills the manufacture of paper board comprises approximately one-third of the paper industry of this country.1 IMPORTANCE OF THE INDUSTRY The following table gives the production and value of the various grades of box board made in the United States, according to the United States Bureau of the Census. The varieties and grades of paper board and similar products are multitudinous. For instance white patent-coated news board is made in an enormous number of grades, considering the different finishes, colors, qualities of printing surface, relative compactness, etc., depending on the policy of the mills, the requirements of the customer, state of the raw-material market, and equipment at- the mill. In no two board mills is the equipment identical, and this difference is reflected in the product. * “ Paper/’ article by Arthur O. Bragg, Vol. X X X IV , No. 10, June 26, 1924. T a b l e 14.—PR O D U C TIO N A N D VALUE OP VARIOUS GRADES OF P A PE R BOARD M A D E IN TH E U N ITED STATES, B Y Y EA R [United States Census of Manufactures! Wood-pulp board Strawboard News board Binders, trunk, and press board Leather board Year Tons 60,863 $2,347,250 71,036 2,639,496 116,419 4,227,493 179,747 14,887,881 138,766 11,007,365 Tons Value Tons Value Tons Value Tons Value Tons Value Tons Value Tons Value *253,960 *$9,070,531 669,711 $19,724,001 39,060 $2,764,444 167,278 $4,367,560 38,660 $1,174,216 * 422,196 *13,720,697 791,076 25,678,664 61,449 3,352,151 171,789 3,750,851 74,606 2,215,469 8 8 8 8 8 *700,844 *23,652,095 1,291,805 44,869,608 175,424 4,270,519 127,966 3,602,134 61,453 $2,663,744 26,689 $1,177,189 83,010 5,376,434 1 (2) 228,248 12,229,837 88,839 4,604,082 43,091 3,787,860 28,167 2,263,288 84,987 11,104,105 695,963 $37,749,210 518,022 37,464,380 1,867,064 124,090,643 186,124 10,701,648 138,163 6,032,602 32,682 3,179,940 21,830 1,564,728 163,216 12,784,560 609,718 27,261,027 449,312 31,834,727 1,739,801 104,346,697 * Not reported separately. ^included in “ All other boards.** ^Including chip board. BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY Value Total All other boards Chip board PAPER 1904.... 1909----1914----1919----1921----- Tons Value Cardboard, bristol board, card middles, tickets, etc. PART n.— 53 WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR The following table shows by States the production of the different classes of paper board in the years 1921, 1919, and 1914, together with the value of production in 1921. These figures are taken from the United States Census of Manufactures. T a b l e 1 5 .— CLASS A N D VALUE O F PAPER BOARD PRODUCED, 1921, AND CLASS AN D QU AN TITY PRODU CED, 1921,1919, AN D 1914, B Y STATES [United States Census of Manufactures] Value of production, 1921 Kind and State Quantity produced (tons o f 2,000 pounds) 1921 1919 1914 Wood-pulp board: New York________________________________________ A11*nthar Statns $3,942,907 7,064,458 42,533 96,223 44,927 134,820 32,376 84,043 Total.............................................................................. 11,007,365 138,756 179,747 116,419 Strawboard: Indiana........................... .................................................. Illinois........... _ _________ _ _ ___________ Ohio..................................— ........................................... All other States............................................................... 4,301,236 2,411,630 1,486,323 2,502,459 80,273 34,241 27,222 44,388 42,246 48,618 137,384 <9 60,363 42,952 39,496 32,613 Total.............................................................................. 10.701.648 186.124 228,248 175,424 News board: New Jersey_______________________________________ All nthftr States 1,348,219 4,684,383 34,533 103,630 25,989 62,850 42,328 85,638 Total............................................................ ................. 6,032,602 138,163 88,839 127,966 Binders, trunk, and press board: Connecticut___________ ____________________ ___ New Jersey.............. ....................................................... . All other States....... .... ................................................... 1,196,071 599,598 1,384,271 9,901 6,924 15,857 8,814 34,277 12,895 0) 48,558 <9 Total.............. ............................................................... 3,179,940 32,682 43,091 61,453 Cardboard, bristol board, card middles, tickets, etc.: Massachusetts_____________________________________ All other States_____________________________ ______ 3,843,278 8,941,282 25,795 137,421 23,910 61,077 34,899 48,111 Total............................................................................... 12,784,560 163,216 84,987 83,010 Leather board: New Hampshire.._________________________________ All other States................. ......... ......................... ........... 264,962 1,289,766 3,932 17,898 6,250 21,917 •3,972 22,717 28,167 26,689 Total............................................................................... 1,554,728 21,830 Chip board: Michigan___________ ____ ___ _______ _____ _________ Ohio................................................................................... Illinois............................................................................... New Jersey,_______________________________________ Pennsylvania______________________________________ New York_______________________________ _________ Indiana....... ...................................................................... Connecticut____________ ___________________________ All other States................................................................. 6,049,730 4,899,477 3,042,779 2,314,618 2,139,943 1,644,232 1,581,314 564,169 5,014,765 135,614 95,216 74,608 56,375 54,693 41,966 24,648 13,749 112,849 22,047 467,491 SI 75,385 41,041 (9 0) 89,999 <*) Total.............................................................................. 27,251,027 609,718 695,963 All other boards: New York......................................................................... Ohio................................................................................... Michigan______________________ ___________________ New Jersey________________________________________ Connecticut___________________ ____________ Indiana.............................................................................. All other States................................................................. 5,549,821 4,741,870 4,714,801 4,001,568 2,211,278 1,882,281 8,733,108 65,049 70,658 61,937 61,221 36,814 28,958 124,675 82,316 47,959 0) 53,236 69,514 41,405 223,592 135,467 127,814 80,482 74,569 62,937 55,285 164,290 Total............................................................................... 31,834,727 449,312 518,022 700,844 1 Included in “ All other States." 1 Included in “ All other boards.” 54 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY EXTENT AND SUMMARY OF SURVEY In connection with the study a survey was made of wages and hours in the paper box-board industry in 1925. This survey covered 70 representative establishments employing 9,985 wage workers, dis tributed by States as follows: Number of Number establish of ments employees State Massachusetts_______________________________ Connecticut_____ _________________ _____ _____ Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont............. . New York__________ ______ ___________ ______ New Jersey and Pennsylvania ............................. Ohio......................................................................... Indiana_____________________ ________________ Illinois-.................................................................... Michigan____________________________________ Minnesota and Wisconsin.......... ........................... Virginia and West Virginia............. ................... Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee_____________________________ 4 5 3 9 8 7 5 6 8 5 3 7 772 Total.............................................................. 70 9,985 436 722 338 1,168 1,076 1,399 417 886 1,913 676 182 Of the 70 establishments covered in this survey there were two or three which had a department for the sorting of waste paper, also a number of the mills had box factories in which containers of various kinds were made. In order that the data for all mills should be as comparable as possible, none of the employees in the box factories or sorting rooms were included in this study. The figures were computed from data taken by the agents of the bureau directly from the pay rolls or other records of the establish ments fo'r a representative pay period. These pay rolls were not for any particular month, but were secured from the January records of 2 establishments, the February records of 21, the March records of 13, the April records of 11, the May records of 6, the June records of 8, the July records of 6, and the August records of 3. The spring of 1925, therefore, covers the majority o f the data. In Table 16 are shown the number of establishments, number of employees, and average hours and earnings, by States. T a bl e 16.—N U M BER OF ESTABLISHMENTS AND EM PLOYEES, AVERAGE FULL-TIM E HOURS PER TW O W EEKS, AVERAGE EARNINGS PER HOUR, AND FULL-TIM E EARN INGS PE R TW O WEEKS, 1925, B Y STATES State Massachusetts________ -________________ ____ ____ Connecticut______. ______________________________ Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont____________ New York______________________________________ New Jersey and Pennsylvania____________________ Ohio............................................................................... Indiana.. ___________________ - __________________ T llin n is______________________________________________________ "M ich iga n __ __ Minnesota and Wisconsin ________________________ Virginia and West Virginia_______________________ Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee..___________________________________ Total______- _______________ _______ . . . __ __ Average Average Number Number full-time Average full-time of estab of em hours per earnings earnings lishments ployees per hour per two two weeks weeks 4 5 3 9 8 7 5 6 8 5 3 436 722 338 1,168 1,076 1,399 417 886 1,913 676 182 98.8 105.4 102.0 109.8 110.2 106.1 130.4 101.6 98.9 106.9 128.2 $0,623 .529 .480 .545 .569 .558 .444 .553 .557 .504 .343 $61.55 55.76 48.96 59.84 62.70 59.20 57.90 56.18 55.09 53.88 43.97 7 772 137.8 .301 41.48 70 9,985 108.6 .517 56.15 PART II.— WAGES AND HOURS OP LABOR 55 It will be noted from Table 16 that the average full-time hours per two weeks for all occupations range from 98.8 in Massachusetts to 137.8 in the southern group of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee, the average for the 70 establishments being 108.6 hours. The average earnings per hour show the reverse of the full-time hours; that is, the lowest hourly earnings, 30.1 cents, occur in the southern group that has the longest full-time hours per two weeks, while the highest hourly rate, 62.3 cents, occurs in Massachusetts, the State having the shortest full-time hours, the average hourly earnings for the 70 establishments being 51.7 cents. In tms same southern group are found the lowest average full-time earnings for two weeks, namely, $41.48; the highest average full-time earnings of $62.70 per two weeks are found m New Jersey and Pennsylvania, the average for all the States being $56.15. In Table 17, which follows, are shown the average full-time hours per week, average earnings per hour, average full-time earnings per week, and per cent of employees working each classified full-time hours per week for each occupation and for all occupations combined, by sex. The group designated *‘Other employees” includes employees whose occupations are not peculiar to tne industry but rather are common to most industries, and employees in occupations too few in number or of too little significance to warrant a separate classification. Since the “ clean-up” time in the large majority of the mills equaled the hours of one tour, this time has been included in the computation of full-time hours. In a small number of the mills, this is not abso lutely accurate but as the “ clean-up” time in these mills varied from week to week, it was decided for the sake of comparability to use the time of one tour to represent “ clean-up” time. It will be noted in Table 17 that the average full-time hours per week for all occupations for males are 54.3 and for females 53.9. Only 9 of the establishments scheduled employed females, the total number being 53, or an average of less than 6 for each of these plants. Fifty-one of these females employees were found in the finishing and the receiving departments performing such work as cutter girls, markers, sorters, counters, and plater helpers. One woman was a cleaner and another a weigher in the shipping department. It will also be noted in the various occupations that the average earnings per hour range from 42.3 cents for laborers to 79.9 cents for machine tenders. 56 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY T a b l e 1 7 .— A VE R AG E HOURS A N D EARNINGS, AN D CLASSIFIED FULL-TIM E HOURS P E R W EEK, 1925, BY OCCUPATION A N D SEX Num- Num ber of of Occupation and sex es- em tablish- ploy ments ees Aver- Aver Aver age age full full- earn time time earn hours ings per ings per per week hour week Per cent of employees whose full-time hours per week were— Over Over Over Over 54 40 48 60 and 72 Over 40 and 48 and 54 and 60 un un un un 72 der der der der 54 48 60 72 MALES Head beater m en ... A s s is ta n t head beater men______ Plug pullers______ _ Jordan men_______ Beater helpers_____ Machine tenders__ _ Back tenders______ Third hands______ Finishers_________ Windermen_______ Finishers’ helpers— Weighers_________ Cutter boys___ - __ Broke boys_______ Screenmen________ Felt checkers........... Finishers, finishing room..................... Cutters, finishing room ..... ......... .... Re winders, finish ing room _______ Laborers__ _____ _ Other employees___ All occupations, males..— . . ___ 70 227 20 69 24 118 17 76 70 1,873 70 300 70 307 34 154 34 215 16 66 11 71 6 20 57 775 39 187 231 52 19 57 52.6 $0,669 $35.19 51 12 5 1 15 54.9 49.4 50.2 50.6 52.2 62.0 50.2 49.9 57.4 48.9 56.6 50.1 54.1 49.8 58.0 43 16 71 64 " T 58 9 51 12 51 12 66 8 52 10 14 32 41 50 61 8 48 3 61 8 42 4 5 8 8 7 9 2 9 18 27 6 3 6 15 2 13 12 "~2~ 14 4 13 4 1 13 11 4 9 3 ~30" 4 16 2 5 10 14 7 .520 .511 .530 .462 .799 .582 .519 .501 .449 .512 .458 .446 .438 .472 .435 28.55 25.24 26.61 23.38 41.71 30.26 26.05 25.00 " e " 25.77 25.04 ' l 8‘ 25.92 22.34 23.70 23.51 25.23 8 13 9 11 1 1 1 3 5 5 1 1 25 208 56.7 .531 30.11 4 16 27 7 39 4 18 38 55.2 .514 28.37 3 32 18 16 29 3 13 28 70 1,459 70 3,453 58.5 56.7 57.7 .493 .423 .564 28.84 2 23.98 32.54 11 2 3 8 14 7 6 9 32 26 20 21 25 9 37 14 21 70 9,932 54.3 .518 28.13 i 1 28 10 8 11 53 53.9 .283 15.25 9 26 26 70 9,985 64.3 .517 28.07 10 9 12 7 14 5 11 22 7 11 10 11 11 10 5 27 11 10 7 17 6 26 2 7 3 ” 2 5 6 7 3 7 8 4 8 8 4 8 FEMALES Other employees___ All occupations, m a le and female_______ 9 4 »1 28 34 7 14 i Including 2 employees whose full-time hours were 12,1 whose full-time hours were 24,1 whose full-time hours were 26, and 1 whose full-time hours were 28. Table 18 shows for each of 7 typical occupations the number of establishments, the number of employees, the average earnings per hour, and the per cent of employees earning each classified amount per hour. The total number of employees in these occupations rep resent 51.8 per cent of all the employees covered. A study of this table will show that the largest number of head beater men and machine tenders earned 80 and under 90 cents per hour, the largest number of back tenders earned 60 and under 65 cents an hour, the largest number of beater helpers, cutter boys, and screenmen earned 50 and under 55 cents an hour, and the largest number of laborers earned 40 and under 45 cents an hour. T a b l e 1 8 .— A V E R AG E AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR OF EM PLOYEES IN 7 T Y P IC A L OCCUPATIONS, 1925 Per cent of employees whose earnings per hour were— Occupation Average earn ings per hour 227 1,873 300 307 775 231 1,459 .462 .799 .582 .446 .472 .423 25 80 90 100 125 50 70 20 30 35 40 75 45 55 65 Un and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and der under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under 20 80 75 150 25 30 35 90 100 125 55 60 65 40 45 50 70 cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents 10 1 4 26 2 1 (0 13 7 13 0) 0) 20 5 0 22 II.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1Less than 1 per cent. Num ber of employ- PART Head beater men. Beater helpers Machine tenders Back tenders....... Cutter boys........ Screenmen_____ Laborers............. Num ber of estab lish ments <1 58 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY REGULAR OR CUSTOMARY HOURS OF OPERATION By regular or customary hours of operation is meant the regular or usual time between beginning work m the morning and closing in the afternoon minus the regular time off duty for midday lunch or dinner. The amount of employment as well as the amount of unem ployment within the pay period covered is indicated in the comparison of 'average full-time hours per pay period” with “ average hours actually worked in the pay period. This information is furnished in Table A (p. 66). The averages under “ full-time hours per pay period” show the possible hours of opportunity for work in one pay period under normal conditions, while the averages for hours actually worked in the pay period show what was actually done in one pay period. ‘ Some of the employees in an occupation or an establishment may have worked more than the full-time hours during the pay period scheduled because of overtime work, while others may have worked less than the full-time hours because of illness or of being laid off part time, or on account of termination of service before the end of the pay period covered or of having entered service after the beginning of the pay period. Table 17 shows the per cent of employees working each classified number of regular or customary hours a week while Table A shows the number of employees within each group. The full-time hours per week of 28 per cent of the 9,985 employees covered are over 40 and under 48; of 10 per cent are 48; of 12 per cent are 54; of 14 per cent are 60; and of 8 per cent are over 72. Twenty-four of the 70 establishments covered reported a reduction in their regular or customary full-time hours between January 1, 1924, and the period covered by this study. These reductions in hours affected the tour workers in all the establishments except one, in which the yard crew alone received a reduction of 1 hour a day. Although employees in the power department are tour workers, it is necessary for them to be employed longer hours than the other tour workers on account of the nature of their work. Only 3 of the establishments that reported a reduction in hours to tour workers included the power einployees, as will be noted in Table 19. In 18 of the establishments the days of operation were reduced from 6 days to 5 days a week. Three of the establishments had been operating 5 days a week prior to January 1, 1924, but their weekly hours were reduced from 60 to 40 hours. The following table covers the establishments reporting a reduction in their regular hours, the employees affected, and the hours of operation: 59 PABT II.---- WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 1 9 .— CHANGES IN REGU LAR OR CUSTOM ARY HOURS OP OPERATION BE TW E E N JAN U ARY 1, 1924, A N D THE PERIOD COVERED B Y THIS STUDY T a bl e Number of Employees whose hours were establish ments Tour workers, except power employees. .do. Tour workers, including pow er employees.^ Tour workers, except power employees. ----- do...................................... .— .do____ Yard crew. Hours of operation Prior to Jan. 1,1924 Since Jan. 1,1924 Alternating, 11 and 13 hours, Alternating, 11 and 13 hours, 6 days. 5 days. 8 hours, 6 days....................... 8 hours, 5 days. Alternating, 11 and 13 hours, Do. 6 days. Alternating, 11 and 13 hours, Do. 5 days. Alternating, 11 and 13 hours, 8 hours, 6 days. 6 days. Alternating, 11 and 13 hours, 8 hours, 5 days. 5 days, and 11 hours on Saturday. 10 hours, 6 days......... ............ 9 hours, 6 days. i In 1 of these establishments the hours of operation for power employees were decreased from alternating 11 and 13 hours for 7 days, with every other Sunday off, to 8 hours for 7 days with every other Sunday off; in another establishment the hours of operation of power employees were reduced froifi alternating 11 and 13 hours for 7 days to 8 hours for 6 days, while in the third establishment the hours of operation of power emifloyees were decreased from 8 hours for 7 days to 8 hours for 6 days. CHANGES IN WAGE RATES SINCE JANUARY 1, 1924 Of the 70 establishments covered, 12 made changes in their wage rates between January 1, 1924, and the period covered by this study. It will be noted in a study of Table 20 that in 8 of these establishments the increases in wage rates vary considerably according to the dif ferent occupations. In only 1 establishment a straight increase of 50 per cent applied to all tour workers. In 3 other plants all the employees that worked four or more nights received the same pay for five nights that was previously received for six nights. In only 2 establishments were reductions in wage rates reported and these affected only the tour bosses, 1 establishment reducing their weekly wage 17 per cent and the other 14 per cent. The various occupations affected by the wage increases and the per cents of increase applicable to each occupation are presented m the following table: T a bl e 2 0 .— CHANGES IN WAGE RATES OP EM PLOYEES B E TW EEN JAN UARY 1, 1924, AN D THE PERIOD COVERED B Y THIS STUDY Number of estab lish ments Per cent of in Employees whose wage rates were increased or decreased between Jan. 1,1924, crease (+ ) or and the period covered by this study decrease (—) in wage rates Tour bosses............................................................. Head beater men and machine tenders...................... Back tenders................... ................ ...................... Finishers................................................................. Cutter boys, screenmen, broke haulers, beater helpers. Head beater men...................... ............................... Beater men.............................................................. Machine tenders...................................................... Back tenders... ........................................................ Broke boys.............................................................. Screenmen__________________________________ Boss beater men..... .................. ............................. Machine tenders...................................................... Back tenders............................................................ Checkers, Jordan men, and valve men....................... Calender men.......................................................... Screenmen, beater men, cutter boys, shipping laborers Boss beater men______________________________ Assistant boss beater men................... ................. ... -1 7 +7 +10 +9 +5 +20-27 +12-46 +17-19 +25 +19 +12-18 +36 +35 +33H +27 +25 +10 +38 +25 60 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY T a b l e 20.—CHANGES IN W AGE RATES OF EM PLOYEES BETW EEN JANUARY 1, 1924, AN D THE PERIOD COVERED B Y THIS STUDY—Continued Number of estab lish ments Per cent of in Employees whose wage rates were increased or decreased between Jan. 1,1924, crease (+ ) or and the period covered by this study decrease (—) in wage rates Jordan men and screenmen. ................................................... Beater men and cutter boys.................... ................................ Machine tenders and back tenders.......................................... Third hands.............................................................................. Weighers.................................................................................... Filter men................................................................................. Head beater men...................................................................... Jordan men and valve men..................................................... Beater men and cutter boys..................................................... Machine tenders....................................................................... Back tenders............................................................................. Third hands and ash men........................................................ Stackers out and felt boys........................................................ Head beater men...................................................................... Beater men.............................................................................. . Machine tenders....................................................................... Back tenders and finishers....................................................... Cutter boys and screenmen..................................................... Engineers in power department............................................. . All tour workers...................................................................... . ____ d o ..................................................................................... Tour bosses.............................................................................. . All tour workers, except machine tenders............................... Machine tenders....................................................................... Tour bosses.............................................................................. . Head beater men............................... ...................................... Roll setters and plug pullers. ................................................ . Jordan men, cutter boys, broke boys, screenmen, and oilers. Beater men.............................................................................. . Machine tenders................................................................... . Back tenders............................................................................ . Finishers and firemen............................................................... Felt boys.................................................................................. . +30 +22 +27 +28 +24 +5 +6-18 +9-10 +10 + 12^ +8 +9 +5 + 12M +16 +10 +13 +16 +8 (0 +50 -1 4 +25 +20 +16% +22 +10 +29 +15 +8H +26% i When these plants started a 5-day productive operation, employees working 4 or more nights received the same pay for 5 nights that was previously received for 6. EXTRA PAY FOR OVERTIME AND FOR WORK ON SUNDAY AND HOLIDAYS Between January 1, 1924, and the period for which 1925 data were obtained, 12 of the 70 establishments covered paid an extra rate for any time worked over the customary full-time hours per day or per week and for work on Sunday and holidays. In 6 of tnese establish ments all of the employees were affected, while in the remaining 6, certain specified classes of labor received the extra rate. One establish ment paid to all its employees time and one-quarter over the regular rate for overtime as well as for Sunday and holiday work—the highest rate reported. Two establishments did not pay extra for overtime but paid double the regular rate for Sunday and holiday work. Another establishment paying double the regular rate for Sunday and holiday work paid time and a half for overtime to employees after working lj^ shifts, while 2 establishments paid time and a half for overtime as well as for Sunday and holiday work. In 1 of these establishments, however, the extra rate was paid only for work done before 6 a. m. or after 6 p. m. Three establishments that did not pay for overtime paid one and one-half times the regular rate for Sunday and holiday work. Two other establishments that did not pay for overtime paid time and a quarter for Sunday and holiday work. In 1 establishment where no overtime was paid for, all employees were aid for 1 hour extra if they worked all day Sunday and for one-half our extra if they worked a half day on Sunday. E 61 PART II.---- WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR The following table presents in detail the 12 establishments report ing extra rate for overtime and for Sunday and holiday work and the employees affected: T a b l e 21.—N U M BER OF ESTABLISHM ENTS PAYIN G E X T R A RATE FOR OVERTIM E AND FOR SUNDAY AND HOLIDAY W ORK, PERIOD COVERED, AND EMPLOYEES AFFECTED Rate for— Number of estab lishments 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Employees affected /Maintenance employees*.________________ \Productive employees__________________ All employees_______ __________________ All employees, except 7-day and clean-up workers. Maintenance employees___________ _____ All employees__________________________ Shipping and receiving employees_______ Day workers, except power employees___ All employees__________________________ ____do_________________________________ All employees except yard______________ All employees__________________________ Period during which em ployees were entitled to extra pay Jan. 1,1924, to date of study. ____do____________________ ....... do.................................... ____ do____________________ Over time Regular rate, multipliecI by— 2 2 *1H IK 1M ....... do______________ _____ ....... do_____________ ______ ....... do__................................ IZZIIdoI IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ....... do____________________ . .... d o .................................... ....... do.................................... Sunday and holi days 1M 2 2H <2 IX 1After working l lA shifts. * Before 6 a. m. or after 6 p. m. 1 One hour extra pay if employees work all day Sunday and half-hour extra pay if they work half day Sunday. BONUS SYSTEMS Eleven of the 70 paper box-board establishments for which data are presented had in operation, during the period for which 1925 figures are shown, bonus systems which increased the earnings of employees over and above earnings at the regular rates. It will be noted from the following table that 8 of these bonus sys tems are based on production, on the excess above a certain set stand ard or minimum. This standard varies, of course, with each mill, according to size and equipment. In 1 mill, however, the bonus is paid on all board produced. In 4 of the establishments all of the employees receive the production bonus, while the remaining 7 mills make eligible only those employees engaged in specified occupations. One establishment paid a service bonus to all wage earners after 6 months' service witn the company. This bonus specifies a 2 per cent advance in wages every 6 months until the end of 3 years when the employees receive a life-insurance policy for $1,000. The bonus table presents detailed information relative to the “ service” bonus, which also includes a ‘ ‘ compensation-for-injury ” feature whereby 50 per cent of the weekly wages of an employee is paid after the second week of injury. Another establishment reported a bonus system based on a gradu ated scale of 15-minute intervals between 6.30 and 7.30 a. m., with specified amounts for each 15-minute period. The highest amount ($2) is paid at 6.30, and for every 15 minutes later than 6.30 the amount is $1. In order for the worker to be eligible for this bonus the paper must pass over the machine continuously for 30 minutes on Monday morning before 8 o'clock* 74391°—26------5 62 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY T a b l e 2 2 .—BONUS SYSTEMS OF ELEVEN ESTABLISHM ENTS Period covered Employees entitled Jan. 1, 1024, to date of study. Wage earners, after 6 months with com pany. Amount Conditions 2 per cent advance in wages every Permission to be absent 6 months until end of 3 years must be secured on the when they receive a life insur previous day and rea ance policy for $1,000, effective son for same must be as long as employee is with the approved by the super company in good standing, or intendent. Employ its equivalent if ineligible for ees absent from duty life insurance. Any employee more than 5 days in injured while in the employ of any one month without showing sickness as company will receive 50 per cent of his weekly wages effec cause and supported tive the second week of injury. by physician’s certifi This is in addition to insur cate, will not be enti ance payable under the work tled to benefits. men’s compensation law. Do............. All productive employ* Head beater men and machine On excess above a certain ees, including receiv tenders, 13 cents per ton; back set standard or mini ing and shipping de tenders, third hands, and mum partments. others, 10 cents per ton; laborers 5 cents per ton. All.. lH per cent for each 5 tons........... Do. D o. -do.. Do.. H of the per cent that excess pro Do. duction is of the standard. Machine tenders....... 33% cents per ton.......................... Do. Other machine hands. . . 18 cents per ton............................ . Do. Beater foremen.......... 26H cents per ton......................... . Do. D o .. Other beater-room hands 13M cents per ton......................... . Do. Millwrights................ 10 cents per ton............................ . Do. Master mechanics___ 15 cents per ton............................ . Do. Machine tenders....... Do.. 14 cents per ton............................ . On all board produced. All.............................. Do.. From 2 to 12 cents per ton............ On excess above a certain set standard or mini mum. Maintenance foremen, $2, and $1 additional for each 15 That the paper must pass bead beater men, ana minutes prior to 7.30 a. m., up over the machine con machine tenders. tinuously for 30 min to $6. utes on Monday morn ing before 8 o'clock. Back tenders.. Do. Do.. $1, and $1 additional for each 15 minutes prior to 7.30 a. m. up to $5. Third hands.. $1, and $1 additional for each 15 Do. minutes prior to 7.15 a. m. up to $4. Jan. 1, 1925, to All who have been with H of the per cent that excess pro On excess above a certain date of study. the company 3 months duction is above the standard. set standard or mini mum. or over, except straight piece work and sal aried employees. D o............. .do............................. .do.. Do. May 11,1925, to AIL. 2 per cent for 5 tons and 2H per Do. date of study. cent for each additional 5 tons. DAYS WORKED IN ONE PAY PERIOD Table 23 shows, for 7 typical occupations in the paper box-board industry, the average and specified number of days o f work in each occupation, the number 01 employees, and average and specified number of days worked by employees during the pay period for which data are presented. “ Days of work in the occupation” means the number of calendar days or parts of days on which there was work for the occupation as a whole in the two-week pay period. Any part of a day worked is counted a day for the purpose of this table. Of the 70 mills covered in this study, 43 were on a five-day produc tion week and 27 on a six-day production week. The average number of days of work in the occupation was ob tained by weighting the number of days on which there was work in the occupation in each establishment by the number of employees in the occupation in that establishment, without regard to the actual days worked by individual employees. PART II.---- WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR 63 The average number of days worked by employees in each occu pation is a simple average obtained by dividing the aggregate number of days on which some work was done by the total number of em ployees in the occupation. In 5 of the 7 typical occupations shown the average number of days actually worked by employees is less than the average number of days of work in the occupation. This is due to the fact that some of the employees did not work the entire time that there was work in the occupation. In the two occupations where the average days worked by employees equal the average number of days of work in the occupation all the employees in these occupations worked full time during the pay period covered. If there had been some over time worked in addition to the full time during the pay period, the average number of days actually worked would have exceeded the number of days of work in the occupation. T a b l e 33.—AVERAGE AN D CLASSIFIED DAYS OF W ORK IN SEVEN T Y P IC A L OCCU PATIONS IN ONE PAY PERIOD, 1925 Occupation Average Number of employees who in two weeks worked Average specified number of days Num number Num number of days of days ber of of work ber of worked estab in occu em by em lish ploy ployees ees 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ments pation in two in two weeks weeks Head beater men___ Beater helpers.......... Machine tenders----Back tenders............ Cutter boys.............. Screenmen............... Laborers................... 70 70 70 70 57 52 70 11.3 11.2 11.3 11.3 11.2 11.1 11.9 227 1,873 300 307 775 231 1,459 1 11.3 10.0 59 24 14 28 __ __ 11.3 3 11.0 2 1 2 __ 9.8 18 18 18 8 10.5 5 3 1 2 10.4 32 29 15 16 1 50 '27 2 3 2 5 21 20 1 5 34 51 2 31 1 4 16 1 35 3 2 29 91 62 48 103 439 567 363 3 3 35 101 101 1 9 44 98 105 15 42 167 283 115 7 8 39 90 48 47 64 157 183 649 30 94 42 32 30 17 96 6 26 6 2 4 4 51 AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED DAYS OF OPERATION DURING THE YEAR 1924 Table 24 shows for each State, and for all States combined, average and classified days of operation during the year ending December 31, 1924, in the industry. It will be noted that data are given for 68 establishments, infor mation for 2 plants not being available. The number of days of operation for these 68 establishments ranged from 62 to 311 days, the average being 270 days. The difference between the average days of operation and the possible full time of 366 days was due to the following conditions: Sixty-two establishments did not operate on any Sunday, 5 estab lishments were closed from 42 to 51 Sundays, and 1 was closed on 11 Sundays. Six establishments were closed on all Saturdays, 1 was closed on all except 2 Saturdays*, 14 establishments were closed from 35 to 48 Saturdays, and 15 were closed from 1 to 35 Saturdays. Sixty-seven establishments were closed for holidays from 2 to 13 days, 49 were closed on account of market conditions from 2 to 80 days, and 19 were closed for repairs from to 231 days. Seven establishments were closed from 1 to 7 days for such causes as no fuel oil, high or low water, electrical trouble, fire, and vacation. 64 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY T able 34.—AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED DAYS OF OPERATION DURING Y E A R ENDING D E OEM BER 31, 19!M Number of establishments in which days of operation in year were— Num Average number ber of days of 100 175 230 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 estab of opera and and and and and and and and and and and tion lish un un un un un un un un un un ments in year der der der der der un der der der der der der 125 200 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 315 State Massachusetts.................................. Connecticut____ ___________________ Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont New York..................................... . New Jersey and Pennsylvania___ _ O h io .............................................. Indiana........ .............. .................... Illinois.............. — .......................... Michigan.......................................... Minnesota and Wisconsin............ . Virginia and West Virginia............... Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee................. . 300 250 285 279 248 I I 270 294 266 265 273 233 278 Total.. 270 *2 * Less than 100 days. * Not including 1 for which data are not available. * Not including 2 for which data are not available. 4Including 1 in which the days of operation were less than 100. The average number of days that the 68 establishments were idle during the year and the cause of same are shown in Table 25. T able 3 5 .— AVERAGE N U M BE R OF DAYS OF OPERATION AND AVERAGE NUM BER OF DAYS IDLE DU RIN G Y E A R EN DIN G DEC E M B E R 31, 1924, B Y SPECIFIED CAUSES State Massachusetts_________ Connecticut___________ Maine, New Hamp shire, and Vermont.... New York____________ New Jersey and Penn sylvania_____ _____ Ohio............................. Indiana_______________ Illinois___ ____________ Michigan_____________ Minnesota and Wiscon sin___ ______________ Virginia and West Vir ginia...........................Alabama, G e o r g i a , Louisiana, South Car olina, and Tennessee.. Total..................... Average number of days idle during year on account of— Num Average ber number of of days estab of opera Market lish tion in Saturday Sunday Holiday con Repairs Other ments year ditions 4 5 300 250 3 9 285 279 8 26 5 6 8 248 270 294 266 265 17 25 5 3 52 52 6 7 7 19 18 52 52 5 4 22 10 23 28 52 51 44 52 51 4 3 4 4 4 15 15 22 8 16 273 29 52 4 8 233 28 52 4 14 36 2 (*) 2 2 (1) 30 1 2 13 2 *6 278 5 50 5 24 4 368 270 18 51 4 15 8 1Less than 1 day. l Not including 1 for which data are not available. 8Not including 2 for which data are not available. 1 35 1 <>) WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— GENERAL TABLES 65 GENERAL TABLES In addition to the text tables already shown, four general tables are presented as follows: Table A shows average hours and earnings and classified full-time hours per week, 1925, by occupation and State. In this table the average number of days of work and average full time hours of work in the two-week pay period are presented in parallel columns with the average days and hours actually worked in order that the regular full-time days and hours during which, under normal conditions, it is possible for employees in an occupation to work may be compared with the days and hours actually worked during the two-week pay period by ail the employees in the occupa tion, including those who worked less than the days of opportunity. Likewise, the average full-time earnings per two-week pay period and the average amount actually earned in the two-week pay period are presented m parallel columns, so that the regular earnings which, under normal conditions, it would be possible for employees in an occupation to receive may be compared with the earnings actually received during the two-week pay period by all the employees in the occupation. This table also presents a classification of the full-time weekly hours of the employees in the different occupations and the average full-time hours per week. Table B shows the average and classified earnings per hour of employees in 7 typical occupations during the two-week pay period, 1925, by State. Table C gives the average and classified hours actually worked in two weeks by employees in 7 typical occupations, 1925, by State. Table D presents average and classified amounts actually earned in two w e e k s by employees in 7 typical occupations, 1925, by State. T a b le A.— AVEBrAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1925, BY OCCUPA- TION AND STATE Average num ber of days— Occupation and State Aver- Aver age Aver Aver amount age age full earn time actu earn ally time ings earned hours ings per per in per two week hour two weeks weeks 97.1 101.4 96.8 102.3 99.7 100.9 48.5 $0,806 $78.26 .733 74.33 50.7 $78.04 74.97 11.8 11.8 11.4 11.4 10.7 11.4 11.7 11.9 10.4 11.5 11.3 104.8 104.6 117.4 95.5 130.3 88.9 99.0 105.0 105.5 10.9 11.0 9a 0 11.0 10.9 11.7 99.8 131.7 103.8 109.8 123.8 95.6 136.1 92.6 93.8 101.4 136.3 52.4 52.3 58.7 47.7 65.2 44.4 45.0 49.9 65.8 .563 .705 .690 .763 .492 .732 .767 .592 .354 58.48 77.36 85.41 72.91 66.91 67.78 71.93 60.06 48.29 71.6 .507 11.1 11.7 70 227 100.1 104.5 104.2 104.2 101.6 103.5 12.0 11.8 143.1 137.7 96.2 1L 3 11.3 ! 105.2 107.6 102.3 12.0 1L 8 11.3 13.0 11.4 94.7 102.7 140.5 12.0 11.4 98.6 113.2 90.6 97.5 118.8 93.2 103.5 117.7 125.2 111.3 115 28 12 34 12 24 52.6 59.00 73.74 81.01 72.87 64.11 65.07 69.03 59.08 46.62 72.55 69.77 70.38 71.97 66.24 54.42 75.02 79.24 58.69 55.06 5a 92 70.80 42.56 35.88 65.32 61.63 68.03 77.28 69.61 51.38 52.70 83.33 53.29 39.91 ASSISTANT HEAD BEATER MEN Massachusetts..................................... Connecticut......................................... New York................. .......................... New Jersey and Pennsylvania.......... Ohio...................................................... Indiana................................................ Illinois.-.............................................. Michigan.......................................... — Minnesota and Wisconsin......... ........ Virginia and West Virginia................ 10.7 11.7 10.7 11.8 12.0 1L 2 11.5 lft 7 12.3 10.7 lft9 12.0 12.3 96.0 90.7 155.0 113.2 85.3 148.0 85.3 120.2 85.3 m o li a4 101.3 138.0 88.3 141.5 106.8 133.5 48.0 45.3 77.5 56.6 42.7 74.0 42.7 60.1 42.7 60.0 .600 .484 .700 .688 .372 .597 .589 .499 .299 INDUSTRY 12.1 11.1 BOX-BOARD Total........................................... 11.1 12.1 PAPEB Number of employees whose full-time hours per Per week were— cent of full Over Over Over Over time 60 54 40 48 hours and 72 Over and and and actu 40 72 un un 48 un 54 un ally der der der der worked 72 60 54 48 HEAD BEATER MEN Massachusetts................................ -- Connecticut....... ............................... Maine, New Hampshire, and Ver mont................... ............................ New York....... ..................................... New Jersey and Pennsylvania........... Ohio...................................................... Indiana....................... ........................ Illinois-.............................................. . Michigan............... ............................. Minnesota and Wisconsin.................. Virginia and West Virginia................ Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee........ ........ 09 Earnings Hours Num Num Of ber ber Aver Aver work age of of age in Worked estab em full hours the lish ploy occu- by em time actu ally ments ees in two hours tion per worked in weeks in two two weeks weeks two g Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee................. Total. 20 13.0 11.4 155.6 137.3 88.2 11.6 11.4 109.7 114.7 104.6 10.8 10.7 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.9 10.8 12.0 11.0 11.3 10.3 11.0 9.5 10.0 12.0 96.8 85.3 99.4 103.6 85.3 87.6 108.2 144.0 103.1 98.9 96.9 111.5 76.5 86.4 105.4 144.0 106.5 115.9 97.5 107.6 89.7 98.6 97.4 100.0 12.1 11.2 144.9 133.6 92.2 11.0 10.5 98.8 98.4 99.6 11.0 11.0 131.0 133.5 12.0 10.7 11.4 10.7 10.7 11.6 12.0 10.9 11.0 10.3 10.8 10.6 96.0 85.3 108,4 91.9 85.3 105.2 96.0 101.4 105.4 98.1 93.0 98.5 77.8 30 15 11 .284 54.9 44.19 >9.06 57.04 59.70 plu g puller s 118 52.66 44.44 63.91 49.21 59.71 48.97 57.24 40.80 56.02 51.54 62.29 53.00 53.55 48.35 55.83 40.80 38.40 35.45 .511 50.49 50.30 101.9 65.5 .475 62.23 63.45 100.0 118.9 97.2 106.7 109.0 48.0 42.7 54.2 45.9 42.7 52.6 .480 .545 .673 .497 46.03 46.49 63.20 54.22 57.41 52.28 46.03 55.28 61.41 57.89 62.60 49.01 77.5 .175 27.13 21.77 50.2 .530 53.21 54.24 48.5 51.1 .545 .439 52.87 44.82 52.98 41.42 49.9 55.6 52.1 46.0 66.6 43.2 44.6 47.9 62.5 .419 .483 .517 .551 .375 .504 .480 .451 .277 41.82 53.66 53.87 50.75 49.95 43.50 42.82 43.21 34.63 40.27 50.06 51.08 48.66 48.78 38.59 37.55 38.90 32.97 72.0 .214 30.79 23.59 50.6 .462 46.71 42.62 JORDAN MEN Connecticut........................................ Maine, New Hampshire, and Ver mont................................................. New York............................................ New Jersey and Pennsylvania.......... Ohio..................................................... Illinois--.............................................. Michigan............................................. Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Sobth Carolina, and Tennessee................. Total.. 17 13.0 10.3 155.0 124.4 80.3 76 11.2 10.8 100.4 102.3 101.9 159 12.1 10.9 11.8 9.8 102.1 97.0 97.3 94.3 100.3 92.4 73 192 211 243 64 127 419 156 27 1L9 11.5 11.3 10.7 11.4 10.8 11.1 10.8 11.7 11.2 10.7 10.8 9.8 11.2 9.4 9.3 9.5 10.3 99.8 104.2 92.1 133.2 86.3 89.2 95.8 125.0 96.1 103.6 98.8 130.2 76.6 78.3 86.4 118.9 96.3 93.2 94.8 95.8 97.7 88.8 87.8 90.2 95.1 113 12.1 9.3 143.9 lias 76.7 1,873 11.2 10.0 101.1 92.3 91.3 49 10 BEATER HELPERS Massachusetts..................................... Connecticut....................................... Maine, New Hampshire, and Ver mont................................................. New York.......................................... . New Jersey and Pennsylvania......... . Ohio..................................................... Indiana................................................ Illinois................................................. Michigan............................................. Minnesota and Wisconsin................. Virginia and West Virginia............... Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee................. T o ta l- 70 111.1 88.2 17 102 110 207 12 115 334 123 1,089 65 12 30 80 17 168 159 17 228 12 TABLES .265 18 OF LABOR— GENERAL 72.4 49.4 84 HOURS 24 .544 .521 .643 .475 .700 .559 .529 AND Total.. 10.2 48.4 42.7 49.7 51.8 42.7 43.8 54.1 72.0 WAGES Connecticut......... ............................... New York....... .................................... Ohio.................................................... . Indiana. .............................................. Illinois................................................ . Michigan............................................ . Minnesota and Wisconsin................ . Virginia and West Virginia.............. . Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee................. T able A .— AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1925, BY OCCUPA- TION AND STATE— Continued Average num ber of days— Occupation and State Earnings Hours $97.78 84.13 .645 .779 .857 .897 .630 .895 .878 .790 .498 64.76 85.07 96.58 85.75 82.09 79.57 80.34 79.55 64.14 68.83 87.64 97.53 97.48 85.14 84.64 83.39 83.41 69.64 Tnriiaxift .. _ ___ _ _____ Illinois .... _ __ ___ . . . . __ _ Michigan. . . . __ _____ ______ ___ Minnesota and Wisconsin Virginia and West Virginia................ Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee Total............ ............................. 5 3 9 8 7 5 6 8 5 3 17 21 12.4 11.0 12.4 10.5 104.9 99.9 105.8 104.5 100.9 104.6 16 36 31 40 13 27 53 21 8 11.9 11.5 11.3 10.7 11.4 11.1 11.0 11.0 11.8 1L 6 11.3 11.6 11.2 1L5 11.4 11.0 11.2 12.1 100.4 109.2 112.7 95.6 130.3 88.9 91.5 100.7 128.8 106.7 112.6 113.9 108.7 135.0 94.5 94.9 105.6 139.9 106.3 103.1 101.1 113.7 103.6 106.3 103.7 104.9 108.6 12 9 3 6 2 6 2 4 6 14 20 3 9 9 31 9 2 3 18 46 15 9 3 4 4 2 4 41 9 5 ..... ..... 2 6 7 17 12.3 11.5 146.6 139.2 95.0 70 300 1L3 11.3 104.4 108.9 104.3 154 35 21 4 5 18 21 12.3 11.0 12.3 11.1 98.7 99.9 98.5 103.4 99.8 103.5 12 9 3 9 3 9 8 7 19 38 33 36 13 28 11.8 11.4 11.4 10.7 11.4 11.1 11.0 10.9 10.8 11.0 10.9 11.6 10.7 10.8 103.4 106. 5 108.9 95.5 130.3 88.8 92.8 99.4 104.3 104.4 101.1 136.3 88.4 91.6 96.1 97.9 95.9 105.9 104.6 99.5 98.7 22 12 28 3 19 45 2 13 4 2 50.2 54.6 56.4 47.8 65.2 44.4 45.7 50.3 64.4 11 73.3 .582 85.32 81.00 32 52.2 .799 83.42 87.02 49.3 50.0 .666 .613 65.73 61.24 65.60 63.42 51.7 53.2 54.4 47.7 65.2 44.4 46.4 .496 .620 .613 .645 .473 .637 .625 51.29 66.03 66.76 61.60 61.63 56.57 58.00 49.24 64.69 64.02 65.21 64.50 56.24 57.19 BACK TENDERS Massachusetts Connecticut Maine, New Hampshire, and Ver mont New York ______ _______ New Jersey and Pennsylvania Ohio _____ __ _ _______ Indiana ^ . r Illinois - - __ . _____ __________ Michigan.............................................. 5 6 8 £3 15 4 .11 9 3 6 4 4 8 2 4 4 8 ..... ..... 2 5 INDUSTRY 52.5 $0,925 $97.03 .805 80.42 50.0 4 BOX-BOARD Aver age amount actu ally earned in two weeks PAPER Number of employees whose full-time hours per Num Num Of Aver Per week were— ber ber Aver Aver work Aver Aver age age cent of of age in full hours age of Worked estab em age full the full earn time full lish ploy occu by em time actu Over Over Over Over time earn ally ployees time ments ees 60 54 ings 48 40 pa ings hours in two hours Over hours per and and and and per worked tion per per in weeks actu 40 un 48 un 54 un 60 un 72 72 hour in two week two two ally der der der der weeks weeks two weeks worked 72 54 60 weeks 48 MACHINE TENDERS Massachusetts Connecticut Maine, New Hampshire, and Ver mont N e w York New Jersey ^ Pennsylvania - __ Ohio ________________________ _ © °° Minnesota and Wisconsin.......... ...... Virginia and West Virginia................ Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee................. Total.......................................... 70 21 8 11.0 11.8 10; 7 11.5 100.7 128.8 104.0 133.1 103.3 103.3 92.5 15 19 12.3 11.5 146.3 135.4 307 11.3 11.0 104.0 103.6 18 14 12 21 3 13 30 14 2 12.0 10.9 10.7 11.5 10.8 10.7 10.7 10.9 10.7 12.0 11.9 10.8 10.6 9.8 10.4 11.0 10.5 10.6 10.8 11.0 96.0 92.2 85.3 116.0 102.7 85.3 85.3 86.9 91.9 144.0 99.2 95.8 89.7 95.3 105.8 93.5 84.1 88.9 100.3 132.0 103.3 103.9 105.2 82.2 103.0 109.6 98.6 102.3 109.1 91.7 18 12.3 11.6 147.0 132.0 89.8 154 11.1 10.8 100.4 99.5 •9.1 101 12.7 10.7 12.7 10.4 101.3 94.7 100.0 96.6 98.7 102.0 31 12.0 11.6 10.7 10.7 11.3 10.7 11.1 10.9 11.8 12.0 10.8 10.7 10.6 10.1 10.7 10.2 10.1 11.5 96.0 108.6 88.7 85.3 125.9 85.3 89.0 111.4 131.8 96.5 104.7 92.5 88.4 112.5 97.4 84.2 103.3 134.7 100.5 96.4 104.3 103.6 89.4 114.2 94.6 92.7 102.2 12.0 10.5 143.0 129.9 90.8 215 11.2 10.7 99.7 99.3 12.7 11.6 101.3 97.8 96.5 12 8 5 9 9 12.0 13.0 10.8 12.0 11.3 12.0 96.0 10. 8’ 155.0 11.0 113.6 11.4 96.0 11.2 90.7 96.1 127.6 107.1 93.0 95.2 100.1 82.3 94.3 96.9 105.0 4 4 2 4 39 2 7 156 36 27 12 50.3 64.4 .554 .368 12 73.2 .430 62.91 58.18 33 52.0 .582 60.53 60.32 48.0 46.1 42.7 58.0 51.4 42.7 42.7 43.5 45.9 72.0 .600 .540 .604 .528 .571 .500 .688 .534 .504 .334 57.60 49.79 51.52 61.25 58.64 42.65 58.69 46.40 46.32 48.10 59.50 51.72 54.15 50.27 60.40 46.75 57.85 47.44 50.54 44.13 12 73.5 .313 46.01 41.35 16 50.2 .519 52.11 51.64 50.7 47.3 .615 .520 62.30 49.24 61.50 50.17 48.0 54.3 44.3 42.7 62.9 42.7 44.5 55.7 65.9 .463 .509 .581 .566 .442 .505 .550 .500 .354 44.45 55.28 51.53 48.28 55.65 43.08 48.95 55.70 46.66 44.71 53.25 53.75 50.04 49.80 49.15 46.34 51.65 47.64 2 55.79 47.40 57.60 48.94 THIRD HANDS 2 2 8 3 2 4 2 6 12 3 20 2 Total_______________________ 22 23 40 8 14 15 26 7* 10 34 12 13 18 8 3 15 20 3 3 22 3 8 8 7 2 6 4 6 5 4 2 4 4 71.5 .296 42.33 38.39 11 49.9 .501 49.95 49.69 9 50.7 .531 53.79 51.88 8 2 3 48.0 77.5 56.8 48.0 45.3 .506 .489 .431 .521 .529 48.58 75.80 48.96 50.02 47.98 48.69 62.44 46.18 48.43 5a 33 4 12 111 22 20 6 24 9 WINDER MEN Massachusetts..................................... Maine, New Hampshire, and Ver mont................................................. New York________________________ Indiana............................................... Illinois............................................. Michigan.............................................. 12 3 6 9 TABLES Massachusetts..................................... Connecticut......................................... Maine, New Hampshire, and Ver mont_________ ____ _____________ New York............................................ New Jersey and Pennsylvania........... Ohio..................................................... Indiana___________ _________ ______ Illinois. ............ .................................. Michigan.............................................. Minnesota and Wisconsin.................. Virginia and West Virginia................ Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee................. OF LABOR— GENERAL FINISHEBS HOURS 34 9 3 AND Total.......................................... 13 14 6 13 3 13 27 12 WAGES Massachusetts..................................... Connecticut......................................... New York________________ _______ New Jersey and Pennsylvania........... O h io .................................................. In d ia n a .............................................. Illinois................................................. Michigan............................................. Minnesota and Wisconsin......... ........ Virginia and West Virginia_________ Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee................. o> CO T a b l e A .— AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1925, BY OCCUPA TION AND STATE— Continued Average num-* ber of days— Occupation and State Earnings Hours Number of employees whose full-time hours per Per week were— cent of full Over Over Over Over time 40 48 54 60 hours and 54 and 60 and 72 Over actu 40 and 48 72 un un un un ally der der der der worked 54 72 60 48 Aver Aver age Aver Aver age age fufl- amount age actu full time ally time earn earn ings earned hours ings per per in per week hour two two weeks weeks M a s s a ch u s e tts ..............__ _____ New York__________________ . . . __ New Jersey and Pennsylvania____ _ Indiana____ _ . _ _ __________ Michigan____________ _______ __ Minnesota and Wisconsin.. . . . . . . ^ Total.......................................... 13.0 11.0 13.0 7.5 155.0 131.0 147.0 87.3 2 6 13.0 12.8 155.3 150.5 96.9 16 66 12.1 11.2 114.8 106.1 92.4 1 3 2 1 3 1 3 17 29 4 16 2 12.7 11.2 10.4 11.0 10.7 11.0 12.7 10.4 10.3 11.0 9.9 10.0 101.3 101.7 91.8 156.0 85.3 131.0 100.0 96.8 83.8 132.0 83.7 120.0 98.7 95.2 91.3 84.6 98.1 91.6 13 11 71 10.8 10.4 97.8 91.3 93.4 13 New York_____ ______________ . . . . . New Jersey and Pennsylvania...__ _ Illinois___________________ ________ Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and T e n n e s s e e ........... 2 1 2 9 6 3 10.8 12.0 11.1 10.7 11.7 11.0 88.7 144.0 96.9 92.0 142.5 101.5 103.7 99.0 104.7 1 2 13.0 11.5 155.0 146.0 94.2 Total_____________ __________ 6 20 11.4 11.1 113.2 114.0 100.7 94.8 66.6 6 9 21 i 12 6 2 77.5 $0,450 $69.75 65.5 .302 39.56 6 77.7 .203 31.53 30.62 18 57.4 .449 51.55 47.65 4 50.7 50.9 45.9 78.0 42.7 65.5 .551 .492 .554 .400 .501 .480 55.82 50.04 50.86 62.40 42.74 62.88 55.14 47.61 46.43 52.80 41.94 57.60 8 48.9 .512 50.07 46.74 44.4 72.0 48.4 .521 46.21 .432 62.21 .561 54.36 47.94 61.54 56.95 2 77.5 .249 38.60 36.38 2 56.6 .458 51.85 52.21 $66.15 26.40 FINISHERS' HELPERS 13 •| ! I 3 16 4 16 29 2 19 2 WEIGHERS 8 1 6 2 10 1 1 1 6 INDUSTRY Total.......................................... 2 6 1 1 BOX-BOABD winder men—continued Minnftsntft jypd Wis<»nnRln___ . . . . . . Virginia and West Virginia................. Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee . _______ PAPER Num Num Of ber ber work Aver Aver age of of in age Worked estab em the full hours lish ploy occu by em time actu ally ments ees pa ployees in two hours tion per worked in weeks in two two weeks weeks two weeks O CUTTER BOYS 1L 8 33 77 75 130 14 87 168 57 11 11.2 1L 2 10.8 12.0 10.9 11.2 10.7 12.0 11.8 55 775 95.8 9.6 10.2 9.8 9.8 9.0 8.9 10.2 9.9 9.3 101.3 101.9 103.2 96.9 144.0 87.5 89.4 93.3 130.9 80.7 95.8 91.9 90.6 110.3 73.0 85.4 87.9 105.2 79.7 94.0 89.1 93.5 76.6 83.4 95.5 94.2 80.4 12.3 9.6 147.1 111.1 75.5 11.2 9.8 100.1 12.3 10.9 12.0 11.2 10.8 10.9 12.4 10.6 98.1 109.1 126.5 102.5 99.0 118.6 88.9 90.0 111.4 131.0 100.4 107.5 115.6 98.3 92.4 121.8 84.4 71.2 108.3 106.5 99.8 92.6 19.3 41 .548 52.61 .444 42.49 52.51 50.7 51.0 51.6 48.5 72.0 43.8 44.7 46.7 65.5 .407 41.23 .502 31.15 .471 48.61 48.35 41.62 .508 44.45 .472 42.20 .423 39.47 .295 32.84 48.04 43.27 45.19 31.92 37.08 40.29 37.16 31.05 37 73.6 .217 31.92 24.12 57 50.1 .446 44.64 19.90 49.1 54.6 63.3 51.2 49.5 59.3 44.4 45.0 55.7 65.5 .524 .419 .455 .491 .522 .416 .470 .469 .450 52.58 44.99 52.55 48.29 48.25 50.71 39.63 33.41 48.73 32.20 74.3 .211 31.38 25.28 54.1 .438 47.35 42.71 48.8 50.0 53.7 55.1 44.6 64.4 44.7 43.5 49.4 72.0 .552 .458 .483 .485 .550 .346 .507 .500 .428 53.88 45.75 51.92 53.50 49.01 44.56 45.28 43.50 42.29 47.95 51.26 47.01 53.73 12 125 47 18 474 43 64 84 BROKE BOYS Massachusetts..................................... Connecticut...... .............................. . New York.......................................... New Jersey and Pennsylvania......... Ohio.................................................... Indiana............................................... . Illinois................................................ Michigan............................................. Minnesota and Wisconsin................ . Virginia and West Virginia.............. . Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee............... . 11.1 11.2 10.9 11.0 TotaL....................................... 187 11.0 11.2 9.9 11.3 10.4 8.2 10.7 9.0 102.3 98.5 91.4 95.9 93.3 102.7 94.9 79.1 97.2 81.3 12.5 9.8 148.7 120.0 80.7 11.3 10.1 108.1 97.6 90.3 12.2 11.0 11.1 11.0 11.4 11.2 10.5 9.0 11.4 9.0 92.8 102.7 111.3 89.5 100.7 93.4 74.3 99.4 114.0 95.1 102.8 103.5 102.3 100.4 78.2 104.6 85.4 100.6 79.2 U 14 25 90 30 51.40 45.71 57.56 50.33 51.68 49.34 41.78 42.21 50.13 39.56 SCREENMEN Massachusetts..................................... Connecticut....................................... . New York.......................................... . New Jersey and Pennsylvania_____ Ohio....................... ........................... Indiana........ ..................................... . Illinois................................................ . Michigan............................................. Minnesota and Wisconsin................ . Virginia and West Virginia.............. . Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee................. Total......................................... 9.5 97.6 99.9 107.5 110.3 89.1 128.8 89.3 87.0 98.8 144.0 12.0 11.3 143.0 141.2 98.7 11.1 10.5 99.5 96.2 96.7 11.4 11.3 10.7 11.4 11.2 10.9 10.9 12.0 52 231 11.1 112.8 71.5 142 19 23 19.8 54. 7? 49.26 34.86 47.32 37.16 42.57 38.00 40.90 .472 46.96 45.41 TABLES 48.0 47.9 12 OF LABOR— GENERAL 96.0 95.7 HOURS 57 12L0 10.9 AND Total.......................................... 9 59 WAGES Massachusetts..................................... Connecticut........................................ Maine, New Hampshire, and Ver mont............................................ . New York............................................ New Jersey and Pennsylvania......... . Ohio.................................................... . Indiana......._..................... ................. Illinois........................................ ......... Michigan............................................ . Minnesota and Wisconsin................ . Virginia and West Virginia.............. . Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee..... ........... T a b l e A .— AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1925, BY OCCUPATION AND STATE— Continued Average num ber of days— Occupation and State Earnings Hours O u 4 1 2 10 15 9 2 10 12.7 12.3 11.7 10.8 11.0 10.7 12.3 10.5 10.6 10.3 12.0 8.5 101.3 134.1 113.4 105.6 131.0 85.3 97.0 112.1 107.3 105.6 155.5 68.4 95.8 83.6 94.6 100.0 118.7 80.2 3 8 12.5 11.9 149.0 147.1 98.7 19 57 11.6 10.5 115.9 107.8 93.0 3 3 6 5 6 24 35.76 35.36 .435 50.42 .. ===== 50.0 50.0 60.1 57.5 58.4 60.0 60.0 53.4 58.7 .633 .530 .576 .472 .498 .513 .753 .558 .481 63.30 53.00 69.24 54.33 58.22 61.56 90.36 59.59 56.42 74.5 15 58.0 2 = .240 6 4 10 8 $53.50 52.16 48.75 54.91 71.54 34.18 7 2 4 2 ! 50.7 $0.552 $55.92 .465 62.36 67.1 .454 51.48 56.7 .520 54.91 52.8 .460 60.26 65.5 42.7 .500 42.65 4 3 ===S 46.93 ~ ........ FINISHERS, FINISHING ROOM Massachusetts..................................... Connecticut................ ........................ New York............................................ New Jersey and Pennsylvania......... Ohio..................................................... Indiana................................................ Illinois.................................................. Michigan............................................. Minnesota and Wisconsin................. Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee................. Total.......................................... 1 1 3 2 5 1 1 7 2 2 25 A 15 81 9 12.3 11.2 11.0 11.6 11.2 11.4 10.8 10.2 1L6 100.0 100.0 120.2 115.1 116.9 120.0 120.0 106.8 117.3 100.9 104.4 106.5 109.6 106.7 129.2 90.2 94.9 106.4 10 11.5 9.7 137.5 111.3 80.9 101.9 89.9 7 208 12.0 10.8 113.3 i i 4 10 CO. 9 •04.4 88.6 95.2 91.3 107.7 75.2 88.9 90.7 12.0 12.0 11.8 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 10 20 17 35 10 7 ..... 4 = = ,— 8 15 48 2 8 33 57 15 63.89 55.36 61.34 51.71 53.20 66.26 67.88 53.00 51.14 6 10 26 7 15 10 7 4 5 5 68.8 .212 29.15 23.63 81 9 5 56.7 .531 60.16 54.08 - ....... - ===== ---------- INDUSTRY Total.......................................... 1 Q O 0 BOX-BOARD FELT CHECKERS Massachusetts..................................... New York........................................... New Jersey and Pennsylvania........ Ohio— ................................................. Indiana................................................ Michigan............................................. Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee................. PAPER Number of employees whose full-time hours per Num Num Of Aver Aver Per week were— ber ber Aver- Aver work age Aver Aver age cent age of am mint. of in full aiiiuuuv age of age estab em full- hours the Worked time actu full full Over Over Over lish ploy occu by em time actu Over ally time earn time ally ployees hours ings earn 60 54 48 40 ments ees pa ings earned hours two per Over hours and and and and per worked tion in per in per 72 60 54 48 actu 40 in weeks hour 72 un un un un two in two two week ally two der der der der weeks weeks weeks weeks two worked 72 60 54 48 weeks CUTTERS, FINISHING ROOM 12.0 38 100.0 102.0 50.0 51.0 .702 .532 70.20 54.26 70.35 45.03 100.0 78.8 55.9 96.7 108.3 96.2 95.1 108.3 48.0 60.0 58.0 54.1 60.0 54.0 63.0 60.0 .550 52.80 .519 62.28 .600 69.60 .509 55.12 .450 54.00 .543 58.64 .421 53.05 .340 40.80 52.80 49.06 38.93 53.31 58.50 56.43 50.40 44.20 60.0 .450 54.00 54.00 56.69 52.62 74.20 54.00 60.03 85.02 51.40 63.36 44.77 67.32 81.60 54.00 61.26 98.10 55.02 37.19 46.24 76.50 57.68 57.93 12.0 9.7 5.5 10.4 12.0 11.7 12.0 13.0 120.0 96.0 94.5 64.9 104.7 130.0 103.9 119.8 130.0 12.0 12.0 120.0 120.0 100.0 12.0 10.7 110.3 102.3 92.7 13.0 12.0 12.0 12.7 12.0 11.3 12.0 12.0 13.0 12.0 11.0 12.7 11.8 8.0 9.8 12.0 100.0 108.0 118.4 141.7 115.5 107.1 132.0 110.0 108.0 120.9 155.2 123.5 70.5 110.6 150.0 110.0 100.0 102.1 109.5 106.9 58.8 103.3 113.6 50.0 54.0 59.2 70.8 57.8 60.6 53.6 10.8 117.0 117.5 100.4 58.5 11.1 97.9 108.6 95.2 100.7 97.2 92.7 10.6 104.0 108.6 94.5 104.6 106.8 96.0 120.0 116.0 108.3 120.0 108.0 126.0 55.2 12 REWINDERS, FINISHING ROOM Massachusetts........................... . Connecticut........................ ....... New York...................... . ........... New Jersey and Pennsylvania.. Ohio............................................. Illinois. ....................................... Michigan..................................... Minnesota and Wisconsin____ Total.. 13 28 12.0 120.0 66.0 .742 .500 .507 .600 .445 .528 .418 .510 LABORERS Total... 70 12.1 11.9 10.6 12.0 11.6 12.0 11.9 10.5 9.4 10.4 10.7 113.8 112.6 121.8 118.4 107.8 117.4 128.5 116.1 95.4 84.9 101.7 113.6 90.9 96.3 93.8 90.2 95.3 80.6 78.8 £6.6 88.4 12.3 10.4 127.3 109.4 85.9 1,459 I 11.9 10.4 113.4 101.0 27 225 145 230 80 97 226 67 31 11.9 12.0 12.0 12.3 165 12.0 10.8 10.7 11.1 10.0 101.6 46 20 14 36 31 121 87 384 14 51 11 48.9 54.3 .505 .463 49.44 50.28 48.11 46.64 52.0 54.3 56.9 56.3 60.9 59.2 53.9 58.7 64.3 .467 .493 .450 .415 .451 .459 .409 .273 38.06 50.72 56.10 50.67 50.55 53.40 49.48 48.02 35.08 34.58 48.85 52.66 45.75 48.21 43.08 38.95 41.61 31.05 63.7 .210 26.73 23.00 56.7 .423 47.97 42.71 TABLES Massachusetts...................... ............. Connecticut....................................... Maine, New Hampshire, and Ver m ont-.............................................. New York............................................ New Jersey and Pennsylvania......... . Ohio.................................................... . Indiana............................................... . Illinois................................................ . Michigan............................................. Minnesota and Wisconsin................. Virginia and West Virginia............ . Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee................. OF LABOR— GENERAL 100.3 83.0 HOtTBS 100.3 84.7 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 18 12.5 9.8 AND Total.. 12.0 WAGES Massachusetts............................... Connecticut......................................... Maine, New Hampshire, and Ver mont......................... ....................... New York............................................ New Jersey and Pennsylvania......... Ohio..................................................... Indiana..... ........................................... Michigan............................................. Minnesota and Wisconsin................. Virginia and West Virginia............... Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee................. <1 CO T a b l e A .— AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS AND CLASSIFIED FULL-TIME HOURS PER WEEK, 1925, BY OCCUPATION AND STATE— Continued ____ Average num ber of days— Occupation and State 165 219 12.3 12.1 12.4 11.9 99.9 114.3 104.0 114.9 104.1 100.5 3 0 8 7 5 6 8 5 3 120 378 358 511 141 375 602 240 61 12.2 12.1 12.2 12.0 12.6 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.0 11.5 11.9 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.4 11.5 11.8 11.7 105.1 112.4 116.4 115.9 136.6 110.7 io a 2 117.1 126.5 102.5 113.9 115.9 114.7 128.0 106.0 104.8 116.0 126.5 97.5 101.3 99.6 99.0 93.7 95.8 96.0 99.1 100.0 68.01 $69.63 68.30 4 69 70 130 24 127 39 34 43 2 7 21 65 17 13 12 17 7 2 23 28 4 20 2 10 17 9 6 36 27 35 44 10 14 4 2 52.5 56.2 58.2 58.0 68.3 55.3 54.6 58.5 63.2 .527 .599 .626 . 581 .497 .563 .620 .551 .391 55.39 67.33 72.87 67.34 67.89 62.32 67.70 64.52 49.44 54.02 68.30 72.61 66.62 63.58 59.66 64.91 63.90 49.44 .360 48.56 66 60 2 2 145 5 63 68 67.4 301 677 486 726 187 197 255 57.7 === = =: * 26 13 6 11 38 71 102 37 34 21 36 3 *3 6 25 74 38 22 <49 98 477 12.9 12.0 134.9 135.0 100.1 12.2 11.8 115.3 113.7 98.6 1 1 11.0 11.0 96.0 87.3 90.9 1 48.0 .520 49.92 45.41 1 12.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 7.5 10.0 10.5 10.3 10.8 11.5 9.2 96.0 80.0 120.0 120.0 100.0 108.0 60.9 100.0 78.8 83.5 89.9 84.3 74.4 4 14 ioao 58.5 80.0 94.6 100.2 89.9 91.0 80.3 4 2 4 2 4 14 14 4 10 48.0 40.0 60.0 60.0 50.0 54.0 54.0 .339 .307 .330 .285 .211 .340 .296 32.54 24.55 39.60 34.20 21.10 36.72 31.97 19.83 24.55 31.21 28.50 19.01 3a 94 23.74 9 53 11.9 10.1 107.8 88.5 82.1 18 53.9 .283 3ft 51 25.00 — -.... ... ... —■- ...... 11 1 1 1 2 14 4 10 2 5 14 14 i Including 1 whose full-time hours were 28 hours a week. * Including 1 whose full-time hours were 26 hours per week. 8 Including 2 whose full-time hours were 12, and 1 whose full-time hours were 24. 4 2 whose full-time hours were 12,1 whose full-time hours were 24,1 whose full-time hours were 26, and 1 whose full-time hours were 28. 4& 67 283 1 Total .595 3,453 1 ichi^ n 57.1 7 Ohio Minnesota and Wisconsin..................... 9 10 15 74 69 11 16 129 118 76 27 70 VTfttir V A|»lr TnH iono T llinnic 2 17 25 81 56 100 25 58 272 26 81 18 OTHER EMPLOYEES, FEMALE M aine, N ew Hampshire, and Ver- 5a 0 $a669 $66.83 2 19 3 39 12 Aver Aver age age aulOUuV full amAiinf actu time ally earn ings earned in per two two weeks weeks 41 1 33 14 1 Aver age earn ings per hour .564 65.03 M == ,1, ___ - ■ 1 64.10 ::.. ■■■■= INDUSTRY T o t a l ..................................... ............ 4 5 Aver age full time hours per week BOX-BOARD Indiana. Illinois _________ — __—______ Michigan Minriftsntft and Wisponsin Virginia and W est Virginia................... Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Tennessee..................... Num ber of employees whose full-time hours per N um N um Per Aver Of Aver week were— ber ber cent age work age of of hours of Worked full in Over Over Over em estab Over full actu b y em the 60 lish 54 48 ploy occu ployees time ally 40 time hours ments and 60 and 72 Over ees and and worked hours 40 pation in two 54 48 per 72 un un un un actu in weeks in two der der der der ally two two weeks 72 60 54 48 worked weeks weeks PAPER OTHER EMPLOYEES, MALE assaphlisp.t.ts Connecticut - ________ ________ ___ M aine, N ew Hampshire, and Ver mont ____________ N ew York _____________________ _____ N ew Jersey and Pennsylvania____— Earnings Hours T a b l e B .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR OF EMPLOYEES IN SEVEN TYPICAL OCCUPATIONS, 1925, BY STATE Number of employees whose earnings per hour were— 3 15 $0,806 14 .733 .563 8 .705 29 .690 23 .763 27 .492 13 .732 18 .767 40 .592 16 .354 6 18 .507 227 .669 4 5 3 89 159 73 192 211 243 64 127 419 156 27 .545 .439 .419 .483 .517 .551 .375 .504 .480 .451 .277 1 2 1 2 5 3 1 2 3 4 8 3 7 5 3 4 3 2 3 1 1 6 4 9 2 1 3 3 4 3 2 1 5 6 5 1 3 6 6 6 12 3 3 3 2 13 6 19 3 3 12 9 i 1 2 3 3 4 2 1 2 11 5 6 11 20 22 28 1 81 45 38 17 34 22 20 1 45 22 20 50 7 2 12 18 216 109 36 40 52 16 62 49 75 42 110 57 15 3 6 64 4 6 i96 73 6 303 456 19 70 4 1 29 23 46 BEATER HELPERS Massachusetts................................................ Connecticut................................................... Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont....... New York....................................................... New Jersey and Pennsylvania................ . Ohio................................................................. Indiana........................................................... Illinois............................................................. Michigan........................................................ Minnesota and Wisconsin............................. Virginia and West Virginia........................... Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Caro lina, and Tennessee__ ___________ 7 113 .214 Total............................................... 70 1,873 .462 t 7 5 6 8 5 3 1 7 1 4 13 10 6 17 1 20 25 40 48 25 41 92 .........1 | ! 2 6 13 44 464 342 TABLES 7 70 2 2 OF LABOR— GENERAL Total..................................................... 4 5 3 9 8 7 5 6 8 5' 3 HOURS HEAD BEATER MEN Massachusetts_____ . _____________ Onnnfifitieilt, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont____ New Y o r k ................... ............................. . New Jersey and Pennsylvania____________ Ohio................................................................. Indiana............................................................ Illinois............................................................. Michigan_________ ______ _______________ Minnesota and Wisconsin........................... . Virginia and West Virginia............. ............ Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Caro lina, and Tennessee................................... AND 125 90 100 and and and un un un der der der 1Z) 100 125 cents cents cents 75 70 80 65 55 45 60 50 25 35 20 30 40 Un and and and and and and and and and amd and and and un un un der un un un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der der der der 20 der der 90 75 80 70 65 60 55 50 40 45 cents 25 30 35 cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents WAGES Occupation and State d u m Num Aver ber age ber earn of of ings estab em lish per ments ployees hour T a b l e B .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOUR OF EMPLOYEES IN SEVEN TYPICAL OCCUPATIONS, 1925, BY STATE— Continued Number of employees whose earnings per hour were— Occupation and State Aver Num age ber earn of ings em lish- ployees per hour ments Num ber of 125 90 100 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 Un and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and der un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 20 125 150 100 80 90 75 65 70 60 55 45 35 40 50 30 cents 25 cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents PAPER MACHINE TENDERS 2 300 4 2 2 2 6 2 2 1 2 .799 14 2 5 1 1 6 3 3 4 4 3 1 4 5 3 8 3 2 1 9 12 5 17 5 15 2 22 Total______ _________________ _____ .613 .496 .620 .613 .645 .473 .637 .625 .554 .368 .430 70 307 4 9 3 7 11 15 21 29 3 10 6 3 1 2 8 5 1 10 3 10 14 15 9 4 9 4 4 6 5 3 2 3 2 3 4 2 6 2 14 9 2 2 4 1 3 3 3 3 15 44 5 4 1 1 26 31 51 81 6 6 4 6 5 14 31 3 6 5 9 5 12 2 1 34 6 2 3 17 78 BACK TENDERS Massachusetts............................................... Connecticut................................................... Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont----New Y ork............................... ..................... New Jersey and Pennsylvania........ - ........... Ohio.................................. ............................ . Indiana.....................- .............- ..................... Illinois....................................... - .................. Michigan........................................................ Minnesota and Wisconsin........................... . Virginia and West Virginia.......................... Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Caro lina, and Tennessee................................... 9 2 2 1 4 26 41 6 13 5 19 66 INDUSTRY 70 2 1 1 2 1 1 .582 9 BOX-BOARD Total................................................... . 2 1.925 .805 .645 .779 .857 .897 .630 .895 .878 .790 .498 Massachusetts.............................................. . Connecticut.................................................... Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont----New York............................. - ..................... . New Jersey and Pennsylvania-................... O h io .......... ................- ............................... Indiana.......................................................... Illinois........................................................... Michigan......... - ........................................... Minnesota and Wisconsin........................... . Virginia and West Virginia-------- ------------Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Caro lina, and Tennessee................................... £ 57 5 .508 .472 .423 .295 2 8 10 1 5 5 4 55 .217 12 24 19 775 .446 12 26 32 25 8 2 24 1 23 27 7 7 1 15 7 8 9 21 28 32 70 27 24 13 126 11 36 1 54 1 1 38 131 180 197 107 12 5 2 4 6 16 15 15 6 3 2 6 15 3 2 2 2 11 23 9 1 6 6 21 14 10 3 14 10 3 HOURS 3 20 5 41 AND T ota l--................................................. 77 75 130 14 87 168 57 11 .548 .444 .407 .502 .471 WAGES ,168*2, CUTTER BOYS Massachusetts................................................ Connecticut................................................... Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont...... New York..................................................... . New Jersey and Pennsylvania..................... Ohio................................................................ Indiana....... ................................................... Illinois........................................................... . Michigan..................... ................................ . Minnesota and Wisconsin................. ........... Virginia and West Virginia_____ ________ Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Caro lina, and Tennessee.................................. . SCREENMEN Total..................................................... 3 2 2 2 231 .472 68 98 27 225 145 .505 .463 .366 .467 .463 .450 .415 .451 .459 .409 .273 11 6 1 1 6 3 2 6 52 3 1 OF LABOR— GENERAL .552 .458 .483 .485 .550 .346 .507 .500 .428 .333 Massachusetts.............................................. Connecticut......................... .......................... New York..................................................... . New Jersey and Pennsylvania______ ____ _ Ohio....... ................................. ..................... . Indiana........................................................ . Illinois........................................................... Michigan........................................................ Minnesota and Wisconsin_____ ______ — Virginia and West Virginia______________ Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Caro lina, and Tennessee................................... 4 6 45 52 63 39 6 1 1 29 16 17 7 31 9 58 32 84 31 34 14 29 36 38 11 12 75 6 44 88 53 58 3 14 7 297 2 9 3 51 9 6 18 29 3 3 3 2 3 1 1 4 5 1 127 7 9 8 2 LABORERS T otal.................................................... 97 226 67 31 70 2 1 13 20 1 11 165 .210 52 62 47 4 1,459 .423 52 63 80 30 25 95 •1 477 14 18 12 212 TABLES Massachusetts....................................... .— Connecticut................................................... Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont...... New York.................................................... . New Jersey and Pennsylvania..................... Ohio....... .................. ..................................... Indiana...................... .......................... ......... Illinois............................................................ Michigan...................................................... . Minnesota and Wisconsin_______ ________ Virginia and West Virginia.......................... Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Caro lina, and Tennessee.................................... % 78 PAPER BOX-BOABD INDUSTRY T able C.— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS ACTUALLY OCCUPATIONS, Number of employees whose hours actually worked in two weeks were— I *3 Occupation and State 11 Un 40 S'S der 40 3 z I Over Over Over Over 54 48 40 60 and 48 and 54 and 60 and un un un un der der der der 54 48 60 66 Over 66 72 and un 72 and un der der 72 76 76 and un 80 der 80 HEAD BEATER MEN Massachusetts...................... Connecticut.......................... Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont..................... New York............................ New Jersey and Pennsyl vania................................ . Ohio...................................... Indiana................................. Illinois................................. . Michigan............................. . Minnesota and Wisconsin. Virginia and West Virginia.. Alabama, Georgia. Louisi ana, South Carolina, and Tennessee......................... . Total. 4 5 15 96.8 14 102.3 3 9 8 103.8 29 109.8 8 7 5 6 8 5 3 23 27 13 18 40 16 6 123.8 95.6 136.1 92.6 93.8 101.4 136.3 7 18 137.7 70 227 107.6 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 ] 2 10 1 2 2 1 T 4 1 1 1 8 2 2 1 BEATER HELPERS Massachusetts...................... Connecticut.......................... Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont.................... New York............................ New Jersey and Pennsyl vania................................. Ohio...................................... Indiana............ - ................... Illinois................................... Michigan.............................. Virginia and West Virginia.. Alabama, Georgia, Louisi ana, South Carolina, and Tennessee.......................... Total- 4 5 89 159 3 9 73 96.1 192 103.6 8 7 5 6 8 5 3 211 98.8 243 88.2 64 130.2 127 76.6 419 78.3 156 86.4 27 118.9 2 2 11 7 1 14 1 45 11 10 4 1 7 113 110.3 17 70 1,873 97.3 94.3 1 1 1 1..... 1..... 6 1 — — 3 2 3 I 4 7 1 1 2 6 1 l 4 4 4 4 1 8 1 2 1 13 3 1 2 6 23 5 24 3 34 3 16 9 13 1 1 1 4 1 1..... .... 2 2 ..... ----- 2 2— 24 2 4 "i 1 92.3 119 28 1— 2 1 4 1 1 25 6 13 1 1 3 20 11 ""’ 5 91 4 3 6 1 3 18 36 28 1 23 184 MACHINE TENDERS Massachusetts...................... Connecticut.......................... Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont..................... New York............................ New Jersey and Pennsyl vania.................................. Ohio...................................... Indiana................................ . Illinois................................... Michigan.............................. Minnesota and Wisconsin... Virginia and West Virginia. Alabama, Georgia, Louisi ana, South Carolina, and Tennessee......................... . Total. 4 5 17 105.8 21 104.5 3 9 16 106.7 36 112.6 8 7 5 6 8 5 3 31 40 13 27 53 21 8 7 70 1 1 1 1 113.9 108.7 135.0 94.5 94.9 105.fii 139.9 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 3 1 3 1 17 139.2 300 108.9 ----- 2:| 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 13 BACK TENDERS Massachusetts...................... Connecticut.......................... Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont..................... New York........................... . New Jersey and Pennsyl vania.............................. — Ohio...................................... 4 5 18 98.5 21 103.4 3 9 19 99.4 38 104.3 8 7 33 104.4 36 101.11 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 .... 2 1 WAGES AND HOUBS OF LABOB— GENERAL TABLES WORKED IN TWO WEEKS BY EMPLOYEES IN SEVEN TYPICAL 1925, BY STATE 79 80 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY T a b l e C .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED HOURS ACTUALLY OCCUPATIONS, 1925, Number of employees whose hours actually worked in two weeks were— I & 9 *3 I Occupation and State I ! ’S 2 ¥09 a . Un der* '10 ■ 40 | 1 § BACK is 1Over Over Over 54 48 40 and ( and 54 un- 48 under der der 54 48 60 Over 60 and under 66 , 66 ‘and un-72 ier72 Over 72 and un der 76 76 and un 80 der 80 t e n d e r s — c o n t in u e d 13 136.3 28 88.4 53 91.6 21 104.0 8 133.1 5 6 8 5 3 Minnesota and Wisconsin... Vlrgin'ft and West Virginia._ Alabama, Georgia, Louisi ana, South Carolina, and 1 1 1 1- ]L 1 7 19 135.4 70 307 103.6 5 1 1 5 9 95.8 50 88.6 4 1 3 8 33 80.7 77 95.8 3 1 ..... ]L ___ L........... 3 4 2 7 1 1 1 2 1.. 1-. 2 2 1 \2 1 iI 1 :2.......... 1. 1 :l 1 :L.......... 2 5 2 2 .. 2 .. 2 .. 2 2 4 17 3 1 CUTTER BOYS Massachusetts... M a in e , N ew ______ H a m p s h ir e , New York............................. New Jersey and PennsylOhio 7 6 2 5 8 4 3 . . . __ -___ —............. Illinois_. . . . . ____ _____ - _ Michigan............................... Minnesota and Wisconsin— Virginia and West Virginia.. Alabama, Georgia, Louisi ana, South Carolina, and Tennessee_____ _________ 75 130 14 87 168 57 11 5 57 Total............................ 91.9 90.6 110.3 73.0 85.4 87.9 105.2 5 1 9 3 14 4 10 1 4 2 55 111.1 775 89.4 1 1. 1 :2 i. 2 1. l. 2 1. 7 1 9 -. 1 6 63 8 1 1 2 5 1 :I 1 3 1 :2 3 3 1 ....... 3 2 2 '" ’ 3 " 2 -i 4 4 4 1 3 1 1 9 6 1. 7 7 12 18 1 1 15 616 1 1 2 1 1 3 5 18 20 53 SCREENMEN Massachusetts______ . . . . . . . Connecticut______________ New York............................. New Jersey and Pennsyl vania . . . _______________ Ohio. —______ __________ Indiana__ . . . . . . . . . . _______ p ljyiftis_. . . . . . . _________Michigan............................... Minnesota and Wisconsin— Virginia and West VirginiaAlabama, Georgia, Louisi ana, South Carolina, and Tennessee____ . . . . . _____ 3 4 6 10 92.8 21 102.7 23 111.3 8 5 4 6 7 5 1 29 24 10 24 56 24 2! Total........................... 52! a1 1 112.8 89.5 100.7 93.4 74.3 99.4 114.0 _ 1 1 1 1 1 1 .......... 7 1 1. % 2 2 1 3 2 1.... 1 8I 141.2 231 96.2 1C 1 2 2 1. 1. a 5 7 1 1 10 ]L 5I 1 2! 1 LABORERS Total.......................... . 1 3L . I 1 3 1. 1 1 ......... 2. 2. 5t i) ftr 94.1i ]L 221> 104. ei IS 1. 2 1 1. iI r I) <5 i5 J3 j Ul> 106.1\ 4[ 23<) 101. e> 1<) ;2 8() 116. ]L 4i 9'7 95.'I 1() iL 2213 84.1) % 6'7 101.1J (5.. 3:L 113. (5 22 2 3 1 1 1 1. 1 4 1 7 2 2 7 16.5 109.'t 2 1 1 3 3 I 16 5 18j16 1! 41 I> Massachusetts____________ Connecticut__ __ ___ ___ Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont___________ New Y ork ............................ New Jersey and Pennsyl vania__________________ Ohio...................................... Indiana_________ ____ . . . . . Illinois______________ _____ Michigan________________ Minnesota and Wisconsin. Virginia and West Virginia. Alabama, Georgia. Louisi ana, South Carolina, and Tennessee______________ 1 6i; 95.2! 9*; 100.7 Js.. 710 1,459| 101.1[) 9i :3 1 i 17 7 1L 1 ....... 1 ....... 1l “ 1 \ " l 1 Ji l l l l 6 <\___ 2 ]L 4. 2 4 15 ]L 7 52 4 3 4 ’l L— 2 ]L 2 2 7 i1 <1. . . 5 r 4 5 . 1 5 ... 8 9 -i 13 i:3 21 19 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR-— GENERAL TABLES WORKED IN TWO WEEKS BY EMPLOYEES IN SEVEN TYPICAL BY STATE— Continued 81 82 PAPER BOX-BOABD INDUSTRY T a b l e D .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED AMOUNTS ACTUALLY OCCUPATIONS, Occupation and State Number of employees whose actual Aver earnings in two weeks Were— age Num Num am't ber ber actu of of $15 $20 $25 $30 $35 $40 $45 $50 ally estab em earned Un and and and and and and and and lish ploy der un un un un un Un un un in ments ees two $15 der der der der der der der der weeks $20 $25 $30 $35 $40 $45 $50 $55 HEAD BEATER MEN ................ ... , . r _ _ Connecticut................................................. Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. __ New York____________________________ New Jersey and Pennsylvania,_ ___ Ohio............................................................. Indiana_______________________________ Illinois_________ ______________________ Michigan__________ ___________________ Minnesota and Wisconsin.......................... Virginia and West Virginia........................ Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Car olina, and TimnfiSSftft __ __ __ Total........................................... 4 5 3 9 8 7 5 6 8 5 3 7 70 15 14 8 29 23 27 13 18 40 16 6 $78.04 74.97 58.48 77.36 85.41 72.91 66.91 67.78 71.93 60.06 48.29 2 1 1 1 Total..................................................1 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 6 6 14 1 1 18 69.77 227 3 1 71.97 1 2 r= = BEATER HELPERS Massachusetts________ ________________ Connecticut., . _ __ _ _____ Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont— New Y o r k .___________________________ New Jersey and Pennsylvania__________ Ohio ..................................................... Indian a______________________________ Illinois ______________________________ Michigan_____________________________ Minnesota Wisconsin______________ Virginia and West Virginia........................ Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Car olina, and Tennesse_________________ 2 4 5 3 9 8 7 5 6 8 5 8 7 70 89 159 73 192 211 243 64 127 419 156 27 52.98 2 41.42 9 3 40.27 1 2 50.06 4 2 2 51.08 48.66 ‘ io’ 2 1 48.78 38.59 12 4 37.55 41 12 7 38.90 9 1 i 32.97 7 1 3 4 10 2 2 4 5 2 i 12 2 1 16 4 4 X 2 6 26 27 4 32 9 3 33 2 3 7 51 8 11 28 3 11 13 9 15 49 21 83 139 12 54 28 8 11 2 14 41 48 25 20 2 45 27 32 47 41 52 5 13 3 28 53 22 17 10 21 9 14 38 23 1.R73 ! 49 r 1______ 111 43 55 81 99 — iafti II— 303 1i949 113 ! 23.59 8 MACHINE TENDERS Massachusetts________________ ________ Connecticut............................ ........... ........ Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont— New York....... ............................................ New Jersey and Pennsylvania.............. .... Ohio............................................................. Indiana._____ _____ __________________ Illinois...... ................................ .................. Michigan.. T Minnesota and Wisconsin...... ................... Virginia and West Virginia........................ Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Car olina, and Tennessee............................... 4 5 3 9 8 7 5 6 $ 5 3 17 21 16 36 31 40 13 27 53 21 8 97.78 84.13 68.83 87.64 97.53 97.48 85.14 84.64 83.39 83.41 69.64 7 17 81.00 1 Total.................................................. 70 300 87.02 1 Massachusetts.._______________________ Connecticut__ _____ ___________________ Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont___ New York____________________ _______ _ New Jersey and Pennsylvania__________ Ohio............................................................. Indiana_______________________________ Illinois________________________________ Michigan . _ ______ Minnesota and Wisconsin___ ____ ______ Virginia and West Virginia....... ............... Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Car olina, and Tennessee_________________ 4 5 3 9 8 7 5 6 8 5 3 18 21 19 38 33 36 13 28 53 21 8 65.60 63.42 49.24 64.69 64.02 65.21 64.50 56.24 57.19 57.60 48.94 7 19 58.18 1 Total— . ........................................... 70 307 60.32 4 1 1 1 1 7 1 .... • 1 1 1 2 2 2 8 BACK TENDERS 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 3 2 6 .... 2 4 2 1 4 2 *’ 5" 3 6 16 5 3 1 2 1 1 1 4 3 5 11 38 40 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR---- GENERAL TABLES EARNED IN TWO WEEKS BY EMPLOYEES IN SEVEN TYPICAL 1925, BY STATE 83 84 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY T a b l e D .— AVERAGE AND CLASSIFIED AMOUNTS ACTUALLY OCCUPATIONS, 1925, Occupation and State Number of employees whose actual Aver earnings in two weeks were— age Num Num am’t ber ber actu of of ally $15 $20 $25 $30 $35 $40 $45 $50 estab em earned Un and and and and and and and and lish ploy in der un un un un un un un un ments ees two $15 der der der der der der der der weeks $20 $25 $30 $35 $40 $45 $50 $55 CUTTER BOYS Massachusetts____ ____________________ Connecticut Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. __ New York__________ __________________ "Nfaw Jersey and Pennsylvania __ Ohio........ ............... .......... ....................... __ ___ - Indiana___ Tllinnis __ _ Michigan.,,, _ . _ _ __ Minnesota and Wisconsin Virginia and West Virginia________ ____ Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Car olina, and Tennessee_________________ 1 5 3 8 7 6 2 5 8 4 3 9 $52.51 59 39.30 33 32.84 77 48.04 75 43.27 130 45.19 14 31.92 87 37.08 168 40.29 57 37.16 11 31.05 4 1 "T 2 1 1 4 2 8 3 12 " 3 9 3 1 4 2 3 2 1 5 3 1 5 4 2 1 5 2 6 12 6 13 10 6 8 8 1 3 5 15 17 16" 1 7 23 17 7 2 8 16 35 30 1 1 1 .... 7 13 24 17 8 1 7 53 45 24 9 2 17 12 5 3 4 1 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 1 2 5 55 24.12 8 5 18 8 57 775 39.90 57 21 45 24 Massachusetts________________________ Connecticut___________________________ New York____________________________ New Jersey and Pennsylvania__________ _________________________________ Ohio TnrHsvpfl._______________________________i Illinois......................................................... Michigan ___ - Minnesota and Wisconsin _____________ Virginia and West Virginia-------------------Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Car olina and Tennessee. - - _____________ 3 4 6 8 5 4 6 7 5 1 10 21 23 29 24 10 24 56 24 2 1 1 3 8 40.38 T o ta l________________ __________ 52 231 45.41 9 Massachusetts _ _ _________________ Connecticut _________________________ Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont... New Y o r k ___________________________ New Jersey and Pennsylvania__________ Ohio ........................................................ Indiana. __________________________ Illinois _____________________________ Michigan __________________________ Minnesota and Wisconsin ____________ Virginia and West Virginia....... ............... Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, South Car olina, and Tennessee_________________ 4 5 3 9 8 7 5 6 8 5 3 68 98 27 225 145 230 80 97 226 67 31 48.11 46.64 34.58 48.85 52.66 45.75 45.71 43.08 38.95 41.61 31.05 1 2 1 11 4 10 4 10 27 6 2 7 165 23.00 31 Total____. . . . . . . . ________________ 70 1,459 ................................. T otal... 6 10 50 137 144 133 84 SCREENMEN 51.26 47.01 53.73 1 54.73 49.26 . . . . 34.86 47.32 37.16 7 42.57 38.00 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 4 6 1 2 1 4 8 3 2 10 1 ” 7" 2 ’ T 7 6 2 2 2 2 1 6 11 2 ” 5" 10 12 15 2 1 2 3 13 2 1 1 2 1 11 32 3 1 61 17 7 17 7 27 11 2 1 12 7 8 17 29 39 6 5 11 11 4 7 37 63 2 8 29 11 5 5 17 25 15 42 40 20 1 13 21 7 1 8 13 18 17 1 40 18 41 6 14 9 5 38 LABORERS 1 3 4 1 4 3 1 1 3 2 2 4 1 2 5 3 8 11 1 .... 1 1 3 5 11 19 1 2 1 2 ” 4 18 42.71 109 42 27 61 64 111 23 5 75 134 226 204 169 85 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR— GENERAL TABLES EARNED IN TWO WEEKS BY EMPLOYEES IN SEVEN TYPICAL BY STATE— Continued Number of employees whose actual earnings in two weeks were— $55 and un der $60 $60 and un der $65 $65 and un der $70 $70 and un der $75 $75 and un der $80 $80 and un der $85 $85 and un der $90 $90 and un der $95 $95 and un der $100 $100 and un der $105 $105 and un der $110 $110 and un der $115 $115 and un der $120 $120 and un der $125 $125 and un der $130 2 2 7 12 3 12 11 2 1 T 1 3 1 9 .... 6 1 3 42 24 4 6 3 5 2 2 3 1 .... 1 3 3 5 2 3 3 3 1 2 7 1 2 7 3 3 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 -------1 17 14 | 8 8 6 5 15 4 3 32 42 23 1 5 7 4 19 23 17 3 11 6 7 8 6 8 2 3 2 ‘T 16 128 106 *4 1 3 1 1 1 7 i 13 1 17 10 4 2 1 $130 and un der $135 $135 and un der $140 $140 and un der $145 $145 and $150 un and der over $150 86 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY GENERAL PROCESSES OF MANUFACTURE The principal material used in the manufacture of paper box board is waste paper, of which there are several grades. In the manufacture of the better grades of board some wood pulp is used, but in only two or three of the mills covered in this study is wood pulp used exclusively or to a very large extent. The paper-stock warehouse supplies the raw material to the beaters m the beater room, while the beater room furnishes prepared pulp fibers ready for making into the separate layers constituting multicylinder-machine made paper board. The beaters, large oval tanklike machines, about 25 feet long by 11 feet wide, hold from about 1,200 to 1,800 pounds of completed stock. Into these beaters are fed the various other ingredients of the paper board, as coloring matter, size and alum for waterproofing and stiffening, and special material as fillers and stiffeners. The ma chines require intelligent and experienced supervision. After the stock leaves the beaters the next operation is treatment in the Jordan engine or some other type of refiner. The Jordan engine consists of a conical cast-iron shell, the inside of which is fitted with long, narrow steel bars, and rotating inside this conical shell is a conical cast ing called the “ plug” or runner, the outside surface of which is fitted with long, narrow steel bars or knives. These engines weigh several tons and the driving power required varies with the grade of paper board being made. Kraft and jute stock take considerably more power than any other kind on account of their long fiber and heavy consistency. The Jordan engine gives the paper “ stuff” the last refining touch before it goes to the cylinder machine, which is the standard machine for making paper box board. The design of this machine, however, is often greatly altered so that certain grades of board can be made on it. This machine is really a modification of the Fourdrinier machine, which is the standard machine in the papermaking industry. The leading characteristics of the cylinder machine are the cylinder vat and the cylinder molds. The number of vats varies, some ma chines having only one while the largest contain as many as eight. The cylinder molds, covered with wire mesh, are immersed in a vat of stock in which they rotate, and, while turning, the fiber is drawn from the water to the cylinder wire and thence carried on to the felt. Circulation of the stock is separate and self-contained for each cyl inder vat and mold without interfering in any way with the other cylinder vats and molds. The finished sheet of paper is made up of stock from all the vats and contains as many layers as there are vats in use. The outside layers, which are formed of stock from the first and last vats, are called liners. The intermediate layers are called fillers. The liners are composed of material best suited for the out side in color and finish, while the fillers may be composed of less expensive stock. The paper so made is called board and is named according to the fillers and liners, as white-lined, news board, box board, etc. The cylinder machine can make a board eight layers thick. Since the “ stuff” employed for making boards parts with its moisture slowly, thick board is made by forming a thin sheet on each of the cylinders of the cylinder machine and then pressing these together into a single sheet. DESCRIPTION OF OCCUPATIONS 87 The presses remove all water possible from the sheet by pressure and the driers complete the removal of water by evaporation from the paper-board web. The calender rolls of the board machine (usually three) give finish and quality to the paper board, after which the board is slit to size and cut into sheets or wound into a roll. In a number of mills the slitter, rewinder, or cutter is considered as much a part of the paper machine as the calender, the board, after leaving the drying cylinders, passing through these machines in a continuous operation. Other mills have a separate and distinct finishing depart ment. Slitters are used to trim the rough and usually dirty edges of the sheet and also to cut the large rolls into narrower widths. The rewinders wind the large roll into rolls of smaller diameter and more uniform hardness. Cutters are used to cut the roll into sheets suitable for further operations at the mill, or for shipment. In some mills the sheets are counted, wrapped, and tied into bundles imme diately after being removed from the cutter table and the men engaged in this work are considered a part of the machine-room crew. In mills maintaining a separate and distinct finishing department, this work is done in that department. In a few mills the wrapping and tying of sheets and the wrapping of rolls is performed in the shipping department. The pasting process is used for pasting together two or more sheets of paper. Coated papers have been developed within comparatively recent years. It costs considerably more to produce these coated grades than it does to make the plain box board. The object of the coating is to form an even, semiabsorbent surface for printing and to form a glazed or other specially prepared paper for box covering, folders, etc. Coating mixture ordinarily consists of from 6 to 12 ingredients. There are many kinds of coated papers constantly being introduced to fit some special requirement. Single-coated papers are coated on one side only, while double-coated papers are papers in which coat ing is appliea to both sides. A description of the typical occupations of the industry follows: DESCRIPTION OF OCCUPATIONS BEATER ROOM Tour loss.— This employee is a skilled head beater man employed in some mills to supervise the beater room, directing and assisting the individual head beater man and performing the usual duties of a room foreman. Head heater man (boss beater man, beater engineer).—Has charge of the beater room or of a group of machines in that room, directing the tour he works; directs the loading and dumping of the beaters, the mixing and addition of sizing, clay, alum, and color, and the refining process in the Jordan engine. He is responsible directly to the mill superintendent or in a few of the larger mills to a special supervisor known as a tour boss. Assistant head beater man.—Assists the head beater man, and, in mills not having plug pullers or Jordan men, usually performs the work done by them. Plug 'puller (valve man, dropper, dumper).—After the material has been beaten to the necessary consistency the plug puller dumps 88 PAPER BOX-BOARD INDUSTRY the stock into the storage chest by removing plug in bottom of the beater. Jordan man.— The duties of the Jordan man are to regulate the setting of the knives in the Jordan engines and the flow of stock to ana from the Jordan engines to the stuff boxes or cylinders. Beater helper (beater man, furnisher, broke beater, sJiartle beater) .— Loads stock into beater, usually by hand except in mills having shartle beaters, adjusts the beater roll, adds size, alum, color, etc., as directed by the head beater man, and in those mills having no separate and distinct plug pullers, dumps the beater upon comple tion of the beating process. MACHINE ROOM Tour boss.—Is a skilled machine tender employed in some mills to supervise the machine room, directing and assisting the individual machine tenders and performing the usual duties of a room foreman. Machine tender.—Has charge of one machine and its crew and directs the process from the time the stock leaves the Jordan engines until the board is ready to be sent to the shipping department or, in some instances, where a mill has a separate finishing department, to that department. However, he works principally at the wet end of the machine, watching the flow of stock, etc. The machine tender is responsible for the operation of his machine. He directs the work of the back tender, third hands, and other helpers, although the more detailed supervision of these men is largely in charge of his assistant, the back tender. The machine tender is responsible for starting the machine. Back tender.— This employee is the machine tender's principal helper and is in charge of the dry end of the machine, controlling the speed and heating of the drying rolls. When the board is started over the machine he leads the web from the felts to the drying rolls and from the drying rolls to the calender stack, watching to see that the dryers are hot enough to dry the sheet thoroughly before it is led through the calender stack. He is largely responsible for the third hands and other helpers. In case of breaks in the paper the chief responsibility devolves upon the back tender. He must see that the other help are in their proper places to take the paper after he has passed it over the dryers, etc. Third hand (calender man).— The assistant to the back tender is the third hand or calender man, who generally has direct charge of the calender stack, seeing that the rolls are kept clean and properly adjusted; also assists back tender in taking the web from the wet end to the drying rolls and from the drying rolls to the calender stack. Finisher.—Ties the sheets in bundles, usually of 50 pounds, and places same on truck or truck platform to be taken to shipping de partment or stock room. Where no weigher is employed the finisher usually weighs the sheets before tying them up. Winder man.—Has charge of the winder, starting the new rolls of board and taking them off when completed. He usually weighs the rolls and keeps a record of the weights. Finisher’s heifer (winder man’s heifer, filer down, stacker out, carrier).— The work of this employee varies according to the product of the mill. When sheets are being made he assists the finisher in DESCRIPTION OF OCCUPATIONS 89 tying the bundles and placing them on a truck. When rolls are being made he assists the winder man in starting new rolls and removing the completed ones. Weigher.—Weighs the sheets before they are tied into bundles by the finisher. Cutter boy.—Takes the sheets off the cutter table and, if the finish ing is done immediately behind the paper machine, places them on the stand of either the weigher or the finisher. If the finishing is done in a separate department, he places the sheets on a truck. Broke boy.—The broke boy gathers up trimmings and “ broke” (paper which accumulates when the web of paper breaks) and trucks them back to the beater room or to the broke beater. Felt checker— Watches the felts and when necessary guides them so that they will run true and even. Felt washer.—Washes the felts which have been taken from the machine during the previous clean-up period. Screenman (stuff boxes).— The work of the screenman is to keep the surfaces of the screens cleaned off so as to permit the free flow of the fibers into the stuff boxes; also regulates the pumping or flow by gravity from the stuff boxes to the machine vats. FINISHING DEPARTMENT Finisher.— The finisher performs practically the same work as the finisher in the machine room except that in some instances the bundles of better-grade board are wrapped before being tied. Reunnder.—Places the rolls of paper coming from the board ma chine onto a winding machine to be rewound evenly or cut to smaller rolls by slitters. He also rewinds rolls that have been doubled or tripled, according to the thickness required. Cutter {trimmer).— The piles of sheets are evened up bv the cutter, who jogs them against the walls of the trimmer table and releases the knife which cuts off the edges squarely. Paster.—Operates the machine which pastes together two or more thicknesses of board. Liner.—Operates the machine which lines one side or both sides of the ordinary board with board of better quality or with colored board.