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4 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR CHILDREN’S BUREAU - - - PUBLICATION No. 235 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS Year Ended December 31,1934 AND FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS Year Ended June 30, 1935 m •as.ax https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR FRANCES PERKINS, Secretary C H IL D R E N ’S BUREAU K ATH AR IN E F. LENROOT, Chief JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS Year Ended December 31, 1934 AND FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS Year Ended June 30, 1935 BASED ON INFORMATION SUPPLIED BY 334 JUVENILE COURTS AND BY THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE g E IG H T H A N N U A L REPORT £ Bureau Publication No. 235 A 4r <sr ^ gig °ir U N ITE D STATES GOVERN M EN T PR IN T IN G OFFICE W ASHINGTON : 1937 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D . C. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Price 15 cents https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CONTENTS Federal juvenile offenders placed on probation arid"those "received under sentence in jails and in Federal institutions.................... Summary and conclusion____________________ hi https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Page C5 OS O i bO tC In5 ► “> Source of information______________ ______ Part I Juvenile-court statistics for the year ended December 31 1934_ Development of statistical reporting_____ . The cooperating courts_______________ _~I State-wide reporting____________ _ III1 1 1 1 Reports from individual courts. H i l l Trends in juvenile-delinquency rates____ I " " "" Delinquency rates for boys and for girls ! .......... Delinquency rates for white and for Negro children Age under which juvenile court has original jurisdiction Delinquency rates by age of child Summary____________________________ __ Trends in delinquency cases______________ ~ ~ I I I " Number of cases and of children______ H 'l l I " ~ ” ~I ~ Ages of boys and girls____________ Hom e conditions____________________~_I ~ ~I Reasons for reference to court______I I I I I 1 1 Place of detention care_______________H I Disposition of cases_______________________ Previous court experience___________________ I I Trends in dependency and neglect cases_________ ~ ~ Summary tables— juvenile-court statistics, 1934 ~ ~ Delinquency cases____________ _______ Dependency and neglect c a s e s .I H I H H _ ~ ~ Special-proceedings cases_______________ 11 Cases of children discharged from supervision Source tables— juvenile-court statistics, 1934 Delinquency, dependency and neglect, anc^jHcYal 'proceedings cases, and cases of children discharged from supervision Delinquency cases_________________________ Dependency and neglect cases______ I I I I I . I I I I I I I H I I TT ^'a®es of children discharged from supervision___________ r a r tj.1 federal juvenile offenders for the vear ended June 30 1 9 3 5 Source of information__________________________ __ ’ Federal juvenile offenders brought to the attention of "United States probation officers_____________________ Federal juvenile offenders received"in jails "and held’ pending triall 111 ^deten^ion6111^6 ° ^ en<^ers pending trial who were discharged from 10 11 16 19 20 21 21 24 24 25 28 31 33 38 42 42 51 55 56 57 57 63 81 86 91 91 91 97 99 103 106 Geographic distribution of juvenile courts reporting to the Children's Bureau in 1934 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ft JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS For the Year Ended D ecem ber 31, 1934 AND FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS For th e Y ear Ended June 30, 1935 1 SOURCE OF INFORMATION This report includes the eighth annual report on juvenile-court statistics and the third report on Federal juvenile offenders. Part I, Juvenile-Court Statistics, is based on juvenile-court reports for the calendar year 1934 supplied by individual courts and by State depart ments dealing with juvenile-court and probation work that cooperate with the Children’s Bureau by supplying information on juvenile delinquency, dependency and neglect, and children’s cases of other types dealt with by juvenile courts. Part II, Federal Juvenile Offenders, presents information on juve niles under 19 years of age who violated Federal laws and came to the attention of Federal authorities during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1935. These statistics of Federal juvenile offenders have been com piled by the Bureau of Prisons of the United States Department of Justice. ) Material compiled under the general supervision of Dr. Elizabeth C. Tandy, Director of the Statistical Division of the Children’s Bureau, who has also written the report. 1 * https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis PART I— JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1934 DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICAL REPORTING THE COOPERATING COURTS The report on juvenile-court statistics for 1934 includes reports from the juvenile courts of 4 entire States (Connecticut, Massa chusetts, Rhode Island, and U tah); from areas of Indiana and New York comprising 76 and 93 percent, respectively, of the population of those States; from 39 courts in 19 other States; and from the District of Columbia. In all, reports from 334 courts are included. Seventy-four of the courts serve areas of 100,000 or more population and 260 serve less populous districts. The area served by the courts for which reports have been received includes roughly 37,000,000 inhabitants, or 29 percent of the popula tion of the United States. It includes 50 percent of the population of the United States living in cities of 10,000 or more population and 10 percent of the population living in districts containing no cities of this size. The reporting area is particularly representative of large cities. It includes 63 percent of the population of the United States living in cities of 100,000 or more population (table A). The geographic distribution of the courts included in the 1934 report is shown in the accompanying map (p. iv). Most of the courts are in States east of the Mississippi River; but the States immediately west of the Mississippi are represented by six courts, and courts in all States on the western coast are included. The courts for the entire State of Utah give representation to the Mountain Division. T a b l e A .— Population 1 in urban districts, classified according to size o f city, and in rural districts o f the United States and in areas served by courts reporting to the Children’s Bureau in 1934 Population 1 of areas served by courts reporting Population 1 of the United States District and size of city Total_________________ _____ ___ Urban districts (cities with 10,000 or more population)— Number Percent of population of United States 126,626,000 37,170,600 29.4 60,147,400 30,294,000 50.4 37,481,300 6,711,200 6,584,600 9,370,300 23,566,200 2.118.700 2,267,400 2.341.700 62.9 31.6 34.4 25.0 66,478,600 6,876,600 10.3 1 Estimated as of July 1,1934. The information for 1934 was drawn from the records of 107,790 cases of juveniles dealt with by these 334 courts. These cases include 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 66,651 delinquency cases, 22,499 dependency and neglect cases, and 1,150 cases of special proceedings.2 The statistics presented also include 17,490 cases of children discharged from probation or super vision during the year. These records of cases of juveniles are reported to the Children’s Bureau under two systems— directly by individual courts and under a State-wide system. A court cooperating individually sends to the Bureau a card for each case disposed of by the court during the year. These cards are tabulated in the Bureau, and tables showing all the essential facts for the cases are returned to the court. Under the State-wide system the courts furnish the State welfare depart ment or other State agency concerned with juvenile-court work or probation service with information regarding their cases, and the State office consolidates the material and supplies the Children’s Bureau with an annual report for each court in the State. Much more detailed information regarding cases is obtainable under the system of reporting by individual courts than under the State-wide plan. For each of the 8 years during which the plan for promoting and assembling uniform statistics has been in operation, the number of courts reporting, the number of States represented, and the popula tion included in the reporting areas are shown in tables B, C, and D. The number of cases of the various types reported by the courts each year appear in table E. T B .— Number o f courts reporting under a State-wide system, number reporting individually, and number o f States represented; courts that served areas with 100,000 or more population, and those that served areas with less than 100 000 population; 1 1927—34 able Courts reporting States represented 3 Under State-wide system Year Total Total 1927_____ 1928_____ 1929_____ 1930 1931_____ 1932_____ 1933_____ 1934.......... «43 65 96 92 169 267 284 334 Serving areas with 100,000 or more popula tion 7 7 8 97 »218 «239 ?294 1 1 1 4 35 48 44 Serving areas with less than 100,000 popula tion 6 6 7 93 183 191 250 Individually Serving areas with Total3 100,000 or more popula tion3 « 43 58 89 84 72 49 45 40 27 31 33 36 39 33 32 30 Serving areas with less than 100,000 popula tion 16 27 56 48 33 16 13 10 Total Under State wide system 17 21 24 24 25 27 26 1 1 1 2 »4 •6 »6 Indi vidu ally 2 16 20 23 22 21 21 20 1 According to the 1930 census. 3 Includes the District of Columbia. 3 Individual reports were also available for certain courts that served areas with 100,000 or more popula tion and that reported under a State-wide system: 1928, 1929, 1930, 1 court: 1931, 3 courts: 1932. 9 courts1933,11 courts; and 1934,14 courts. 4 Includes the District of Columbia, which was not included in the 1927 report because the cards were not received until after tabulations for that report were completed. « Includes New York State courts serving 90 percent of the total population of that State. 6 Includes New Jersey State courts and New York State courts serving 84 percent and 91 percent, respec tively, of the total population of these States. 71ncludes Indiana State courts and New York State courts serving 76 percent and 93 percent, respectively of the total population of these States. 2 Special-proceedings cases include those involving provision for the care of feeble-minded children, children held as material witnesses, adoption cases, proceedings concerning the custody or guardianship of children, and certain other types. (See table 28, p. 55.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T a b l e C .— Number o f courts reporting that served areas with 100,000 or more population1 and number that served areas with less than 100,000 ^ population1 in specified States; 1927-34 Courts reporting 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 43 65 96 92 169 267 284 334 27 32 34 37 43 68 80 74 16 33 62 55 126 199 204 2 2 1 96 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 35 26 15 3 1 1 1 96 93 104 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 86 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 43 1 1 17 2 1 19 2 1 2 1 19 2 58 1 54 1 54 1 California________ 1 Connecticut_____ Dist. of Columbia. 2 1 2 1 36 1 27 1 16 2 4 2 1 1 1 89 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 Indiana__________ 10 1 1 2 11 1 7 1 2 3 1 North Carolina... 2 10 2 3 1 2 13 2 Ohio........................ 3 9 Minnesota—.......... New Jersey............ Pennsylvania____ 4 1 U t a h .......... .......... Virginia.......... ....... Washington_____ Wisconsin_______ 1934 1927 1 1 1 3 2 12 1 L_ 2 3 3 3 2 10 1 2 9 2 11 1 2 >38 1 410 >40 1 2 * 46 8 1 6 8 1 4 12 1 7 1 4 12 1 8 3 2 8 1 1 5 2 2 1 5 9 1 4 4 8 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 7 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 8 3 2 2 1 7 3 1 1 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 73 3 2 1 707 99 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 73 3 2 1 1 1 1 s 48 2 2 1 1 73 3 2 1 1 2 2 5 2 1 " 1 1 3 1 2 6 g 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 7 2 6 2 7 2 14 10 14 2 15 1 3 4 1 4 4 1 5 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 ----- - 3 1 1 I 1 1 1 According to the 1930 census. aB o ld -fa c e ita lic figu res are used for courts reporting under a State-wide system. > Courts serving 76 percent of the total population of the State. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of * St. Louis 0 3 1 1 1 1 5 2 1 260 9 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 5 4 1 24 1 28 1 31 1 4 5 1 1 4 4 4 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 11 11 1 6 2 6 1 7 3 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 * Courts serving 84 percent of the total population of the State. * Courts serving 90 percent in 1932, 91 percent in 1933, and 93 percent in 1934 of the total population of the State. m JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 * Total............ Serving areas with less than 100,000 population Serving areas with 100,000 or more population Total State 5 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 T D .— Population 1 o f the United States and of areas served by courts that reported under a State-wide system and those that reported individually; classified according to areas with 100,000 or more population and areas with less than 100,000 population; 2 1927-34 able Population 1 of areas served by courts reporting Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 Under State-wide system Population of the United States 1 Total 118,196,785 119,861,607 121,526,429 123.091.000 124.113.000 124.974.000 125.770.000 126.626.000 17,439,000 20,685, 200 22,275,900 24.967.100 27,809, 700 34.392.100 38,015,800 37,170,600 Percent of popula tion of United States 14.8 17.3 18.3 20.3 22.4 27.5 30.2 29.4 Individually With less With With less With than 100,000 or than 100,000 or 100,000 more popu 100,000 more popu popula lation population lation tion 206,600 210,300 214,200 694,400 13,623,500 17,446,900 15, 349, 200 291.300 293.300 294.300 1,443,400 4,414, 700 4,953,500 6,508, 700 16, 737,000 19.025.100 19.591.600 22.510.100 24,068,200 15.360.600 14, 766,800 14,653,400 702,000 1,162, 200 2,180, 700 1,948,500 1,603, 700 993.300 848,600 659.300 1 Estimated as of July 1. 2 According to the 1930 census. T able E .— Number of cases o f each specified type reported by courts cooperating each year; 1927-34 Cases reported Year Number of courts reporting 1927................................... 1928............................... __ 1929____ ____ __________ 1930— ............— ............ 1931_________ __________ 1932................................... 1933................................. 1934................................... 43 65 96 92 169 267 284 334 Total 49,562 65| 600 75,610 82; 963 100, 669 108, 417 107,764 107,790 Delinquency Dependency and neglect 30,363 38; 882 46; 312 53,757 59,880 65,274 68,039 66,651 12,552 16, 289 18,805 20,711 22,317 23,235 21,605 22,499 Children discharged from super vision 6 647 10 429 If)’ 492 2 7,562 17,356 18,737 16,928 17,490 Special proceed ings 1 933 1,116 1,171 L 192 1,150 » Special-proceedings cases were not reported prior to 1930. They include cases of petitions for commit ment of feeble-minded children, adoption cases, controversies regarding custody of a child, children held as material witnesses, and certain other types. 2 Exclusive of New York City, for which a complete report was not available. ST ATE-W ID E REPORTING The early plan for the collection of juvenile-court statistics on a Nation-wide scale was based on reports from individual courts. Many of the States had provision by statute for reports from the courts to a State welfare department or other State agency concerned with juvenile-court or probation work. In the first years of the activity many State departments undertook to stimulate the interest of judges and probation officers in the plan for Nation-wide statistics and to urge the direct cooperation of the individual courts with the Children’s Bureau. The inclusion in the first year (1927) of the District of Columbia and 42 courts situated in 15 States and serving areas comprising 15 percent of the population of the United States is direct evidence of immediate enthusiasm and interest on the part of both the State departments and the courts. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6 JU VENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 All the reports for 1927 were received through direct cooperation with individual courts. Through the interest of the Juvenile Court Commission the entire State of Utah was included as early as 1928, the commission sending in a card for each case dealt with by the courts. Connecticut in 1931 was the first State to report to the Children’s Bureau on summary forms through a State agencyM assachusetts and New Y ork 3 began reporting under the State-wide plan in 1932, and New Jersey and Rhode Island were added in 1933. New Jersey, which compiled its delinquency records for 1933 as a Civil Works Administration project, was not able to continue its cooperation in 1934. Indiana was added to the reporting area in 1934. REPORTS PROM INDIVIDUAL COURTS In the early years of the activity individual courts were admitted to the reporting area without regard to the size of the community served. As the program developed, however, the expense of direct Federal contact with small courts handling only a few children’s cases during the year came to be disproportionately great, and the policy was adopted of gradually limiting direct reports to the Children’s Bureau to courts serving areas of 100,000 or more population. Only a few courts serving areas with less than 100,000 population are still included under the individual plan; these are courts which are expected to be included under State-wide reporting at an early date or in which other special circumstances exist. For 14 courts that served areas with 100,000 or more population in States that reported under a State-wide system, reports for 1934 were also available on an individual basis. On account of the desirability of having the detailed information that is obtainable only through cooperation with individual courts and the necessity of having records over a period of years for the study of trends in juvenile delinquency, effort has been directed toward the continuance of the cooperative relationship with all courts serving areas of 100,000 or more population that began reporting in the early years. Changing conditions within the courts have often made this difficult, but reports are available for 18 courts for the entire period 1927-34 and for 30 courts for 1929-34. This continuation of direct cooperation is evidence not only of the desire of the courts to maintain the Federal relationship but also of the realization by the communities of the necessity for a statistical basis for planning and carrying on activities for the protection of children. TRENDS IN JUVENILE-DELINQUENCY RATES * Juvenile-delinquency rates4 are essentially a direct expression of the amount of delinquency dealt with by the courts that was brought to their attention by individuals and organizations concerned with the welfare and protection of both the children and the community. The rates of the courts are determined not only by the amount of delin quency in the respective communities served but also by the policies of the police department and other agencies in referring cases to the courts, the intake procedure of the courts— particularly the extent to which they undertake to deal with minor cases— the relationship 8 Exclusive of New York City, which sends a card for each case directly to the Children’s Bureau. « Variations in juvenile-delinquency rates must be interpreted with caution especially during the de pression years because, in addition to the factors discussed in this paragraph, the population estimates which form the base of the rates are somewhat unreliable owing to the shifts in population since the United States census of April 1,1930. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ^ M 7 JU VENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 of the courts to other agencies in the community, and the extent to which the community provides services for children which tend to reduce the necessity for court action. The delinquency rate for boys and for girls— the number of children dealt with in delinquency cases per 10,000 children of the same sex and of juvenile-court age— is shown in table F for the group of 18 courts reporting from 1927 to 1934 and for the group of 30 courts reporting from 1929 to 1934. The delinquency rate is shown for 44 individual courts in table G for each year for which the courts have sent reports to the Children’s Bureau; 42 of these courts cooperated in both 1933 and 1934. Each of the courts discussed in this section on trends in delinquency rates served an area with 100,000 or more population. T a b l e F .— Juvenile-delinquency ra tes1 per 10,000 boys and girls o f juvenile-court age dealt with by courts that served areas with 100,000 or more population 2 and that reported throughout specified periods Juvenile-delin quency rate1 Year 1927_________________ 1928_______________ 1929______________ 1930______ ______ 1931__________ 1932___________ 1933_____________ 1934____ ________ 18 courts reporting, 1927-34 30 courts reporting, 1929-34 Boys Girls3 Boys Girls 162 174 183 184 172 162 156 151 31 33 34 34 30 25 24 25 177 177 166 154 151 148 38 37 32 28 26 28 avJtfnhia estlm?'ted “ of July 1 of each year except 1934; no estimate for 1934 is available, and the rates for this year are based on the estimate as of July 1,19 33 2 According to the 1930 census. 3 Only 17 courts reported girls’ cases. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T able G .— Juvenile-delinquency rates 1 per 10,000 boys and girls o f juvenile-court age dealt with by courts that served areas with 100,000 or more population 2 and that cooperated tn 1934, 1927—34 00 Juvenile-delinquency rate1 1928 1929 143 California: 484 1930 123 501 143 293 420 427 258 387 448 1931 95 86 1933 111 Louisiana: Michigan: Minnesota: New Jersey: New York: Westchester County............................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 100 146 72 82 113 168 165 59 327 325 252 202 217 271 (?) 168 7 21 42 75 22 71 23 68 309 173 143 352 183 155 348 220 178 348 155 183 152 176 138 181 121 152 114 132 110 181 1934 73 22 (*) 170 347 185 1933 14 59 92 192 125 136 325 57 186 42 1932 95 24 312 375 375 183 251 133 150 1931 82 216 409 363 237 262 417 1930 22 306 430 414 311 301 265 417 337 308 1929 35 371 67 276 1928 103 352 79 409 1927 142 392 75 Indiana: 141 181 1934 454 74 270 361 1932 13 50 65 72 60 49 79 52 47 50 79 63 64 73 58 47 41 49 75 52 41 42 50 75 49 70 67 82 40 48 50 46 52 76 37 86 52 71 77 11 41 54 38 43 22 44 20 55 26 47 33 87 100 81 57 56 56 63 31 30 (‘) 19 33 60 20 34 66 32 46 17 34 39 29 22 32 17 33 15 23 12 24 12 (3) 5r 21 33 164 96 178 109 167 108 163 138 188 106 148 126 148 114 178 129 42 27 50 30 42 33 41 28 41 36 32 23 32 19 35 20 206 106 218 143 219 219 232 210 206 198 121 131 103 192 99 224 29 11 39 12 40 10 36 13 26 26 20 16 19 15 18 17 139 146 58 124 177 157 40 122 209 16 10 19 43 100 143 43 89 145 127 66 12 12 20 48 154 69 37 115 72 102 66 13 16 18 164 85 41 114 115 125 59 14 203 166 53 110 162 146 69 11 83 148 52 115 35 3Ö 27 19 15 9 16 37 10 11 8 5 14 18 4 12 7 7 15 30 10 10 13 5 17 26 27 1.3 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 1927 San Francisco (city and county)----Connecticut: Girls Boys Area served by court w 80 244 489 182 221 70 61 51 467 72 40 23 280 60 252 398 20 320 78 258 533 36 342 56 261 470 27 320 55 320 422 61 76 58 80 342 254 50 324 370 19 18 289 «89 248 496 132 283 «82 294 444 121 310 66 »66 275 438 106 254 « 62 233 449 85 271 44 27 30 287 46 271 507 40 37 29 288 62 295 507 51 33 26 290 62 264 402 «49 333 368 «52 297 379 «80 345 356 » 304 497 107 218 65 64 97 76 59 116 113 88 52 « 58 105 115 85 46 « 50 «42 «34 117 75 43 90 63 33 84 48 34 10 7 i 42 8 60 113 8 1 1 38 9 67 89 « 21 «9 78 63 13 11 8 93 13 10 5 43 16 41 115 4 48 17 59 113 5 51 15" 88 98 4 47 12 65 96 16 20 22 17 57 68 25 59 68 5 6 42 31 95 79 53 38 8 7 4 38 9 43 86 10 53 67 2 A ^ r d K t t e ni 9 3 ( f 2 S ! estimated as of July 1 of each year except 1934^no estimate for 1934 is available, and the rates for this year are based on the estimate as of July 1,1933. « Rate not computed because number of colored delinquent children was not reported. 4 Rate not computed because the ages of the majority of boys and girls were not reported. «Based on official cases only, because unofficial cases were not reported in previous years. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis JUYENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 161 201 477 127 196 230 438 go o Ohio: Franklin County_________________ Hamilton County________________ Mahoning County........... ................. Montgomery County....................... Oregon: Multnomah County_________ Pennsylvania: Allegheny County.............................. Berks C ounty..___________________ Montgomery County...... .......... ........ Philadelphia (city and county)____ South Carolina: Greenville County___ Utah: Third district...................... ........... Virginia: Norfolk (city)........................... . Washington: Pierce County.................................. Spokane County__________________ Wisconsin: Milwaukee County________ CO 10 JU VEN ILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 DELINQUENCY RATES FOR BOYS AND FOR GIRLS The trend in the delinquency rate for boys has been downward since 1930 in the group of 18 courts reporting throughout the period from 1927 to 1934 and in the group of 30 courts reporting from 1929 to 1934. The decrease from 1933 to 1934 shown in the rate for boys in both these groups of courts, however, was due essentially to the marked reduction which occurred in the rate for boys in New York City.6 The exclusion of New York City from each of the groups of courts for both 1933 and 1934 brings for boys in each group of courts a significantly higher rate for 1934 than for 1933. In the group of 42 courts that served areas with 100,000 or more population, and that reported individually to the Bureau in both 1933 and 1934 (see table G, p. 8), the same downward tendency appears in the rates for boys in 1934 (162 in 1933 and 159 in 1934) as is shown in the reporting groups of 18 and 30 courts discussed above, and the exclusion of New York City from the group of 42 courts similarly brings higher rates for 1934 (184) than for 1933 (178). The area served by the group of 42 courts included approximately 2,154,000 boys of juvenile-court age, 555,000 or 26 percent of whom resided in New York City. About 1,599,000 boys lived in the area served by the remaining 41 courts. Although the general trend in the rates for this group of 41 courts is upward, only 15 courts showed significantly higher rates in 1934 than in 1933. The rates for 7 courts were significantly lower and the rates for 19 courts either were identical or showed differences sosmall that they are unimportant. The area served by courts with signifi cant increases in 1934 included only 29 percent of the total number of boys of juvenile-court age living within the area served by the 41 courts, whereas the courts with significantly lower rates included 17 percent, and those with no change included 54 percent of the boys of juvenile-court age. The 15 courts which had significantly higher juvenile-delinquency rates for boys in 1934 than in 1933 were Bridgeport, Conn.; Lake, Marion, and Vanderburgh Counties, Ind.; Polk County, Iowa; Caddo and Orleans Parishes, L a .; Hennepin County, M inn.; Mercer County, N. J.; Erie and Rensselaer Counties, and Syracuse, N. Y .; Allegheny County, Pa.; and Pierce and Spokane Counties, Wash. The 7 courts with significantly lower rates in 1934 than in 1933 were San Francisco, Calif.; Dade County, Fla; Hamilton and Montgomery Counties, Ohio; third district of Utah; Norfolk, Va.; and Milwaukee County, Wis. The juvenile-delinquency rates for girls for 1934 in courts serving areas of 100,000 or more population were slightly higher than in 1933, both in the group of 17 courts reporting from 1927 to 1934 and in the 30 courts reporting from 1929 to 1934. The slightly higher rates for 1934, however, cannot be considered important— they follow a drop in > In New York City the juvenile-delinquency rate for 1934 for all boys and for white boys showed a significant decrease when compared with the rate for 1933. The rate for Negro boys for 1934 was slightly bu t not significantly higher than in 1933. The juvenile-delinquency rate for all girls showed little change, but for colored girls there was a significant increase. Rates for white girls were not significantly different in the 2 years. The changes in New York City were due primarily to a lessened intake of cases referred on account of acts of carelessness or mischief in one borough. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis JU VENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 11 1933 as compared with 1932 and the increases only bring the 1934 figures back to the 1932 level. In the group of 42 courts reporting in both 1933 and 1934 the rate for girls was 28 for 1934 and 27 for 1933— a difference again too small to be considered important. The rates for these courts exclusive of New York City (which included approximately one-fourth of the girls of juvenile-court age in the area served by the courts) were likewise not significantly different for the 2 years. Among these 42 courts reporting in both 1933 and 1934 there are 8 in which the rates were significantly higher in 1934 than in 1933, 2 courts in which the rates for 1934 were significantly lower than in 1933, and 32 courts in which the rates for the 2 years were not significantly different. The 8 courts cooperating in both 1933 and 1934 which had significantly higher juvenile-delinquency rates for girls in 1934 were Mobile County, Ala.; Bridgeport, Conn.; Erie County, New York City, and Syracuse, N. Y .; Hamilton County, Ohio; and Berks and Montgomery Counties, Pa. The 2 courts with significantly lower rates for girls in 1934 than in 1933 were Dade County, Fla., and the third district of Utah. The delinquency rates for boys and for girls in 1934, as table G shows, varied widely from court to court for the 44 courts serving areas with 100,000 or more population and reporting individually for the year. The rates for 1934 for boys varied from 449 per 10,000 boys of juvenile-court age in Mahoning County, Ohio, to 26 in Mont gomery County, Pa. Erie and Rensselaer Counties, N. Y., occupied the middle positions with rates of 143 and 145, respectively. Rates for girls in these 44 courts varied within a narrower range. The maximum, 95 per 10,000 girls of juvenile-court age, occurred in Hamilton County, Ohio, the minimum, 4, in Montgomery County, Pa. Baltimore, Md., and Vanderburgh County, Ind., each with a rate of 33, and Hennepin County, Minn., with a rate of 35, occupied the middle positions. DELINQUENCY RATES FOR W H ITE AND FOR NEGRO CHILDREN In courts that serve areas having a large number of Negroes the racial constitution of the population of the area is of importance in connection with the work of the court. The delinquency rates for white and for Negro boys and girls— the number of children dealt with in delinquency cases per 10,000 children of juvenile-court age and of the same race and sex— are shown in table H for the group of 14 courts cooperating from 1927 to 1934 and for the group of 19 courts cooperating from 1929 to 1934. The delinquency rates are shown by individual courts in table I for each year of the period 1927-34 during which the courts have cooperated with the Children’s Bureau. The courts included in the tables are those that served areas of 100,000 or more total population and 10,000 or more Negro population and that reported individually. The tables show that the rates for both Negro boys and Negro girls dealt with in delinquency cases were in all instances markedly higher than those for white children of the same sex. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 12 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 T a b l e H .— Juvenile-delinquency rates 1 per 10,000 white and Negro hoys and girls o f juvenile-court age dealt with by courts that served areas with 100,000 or more total population and 10,000 or more Negro population 2 and that reported through out specified periods Juvenile-delinquency rate1 19 courts reporting, 1929-34 14 courts reporting, 1927-34 White 1929............................. 1930_____ __________ 1931...............- .......... 1932..........................— 1933______ _________ 1934........... — .........- 13Q 152 159 161 148 138 132 119 Negro 566 567 614 604 575 559 568 612 White 23 26 27 27 22 18 17 18 Girls Boys Girls8 Boys Negro 141 135 139 135 125 117 113 120 White 149 148 136 126 121 111 Negro 515 502 475 467 477 514 White 29 28 23 20 18 20 Negro 128 130 118 104 101 113 1 Rates are based on population estimated as of July 1 of each year except 1934; no estimate for 1934 is available, and the rates for this year are based on the estimate as of July 1, 1933. 8 According to the 1930 census. 8 Only 13 courts reported girls’ cases. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis P P T a b l e I. — Juvenile-delinquency rates 1 per 10,000 white and Negro boys and girls o f juvenile-court age dealt with by courts that served areas with 100,000 or more total population and 10,000 or more Negro population 2 and that cooperated in 1934", 1927-34 101461 Juvenile-delinquency rate 1 Area served by court White 1927 1928 1929 1930 Negro 1931 1932 1933 1934 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 District of Columbia_________________ . 234 275 112 265 Indiana: Lake County_____________________ Marion County____________________ Louisiana: 139 154 126 119 54 139 277 240 206 ■Florida: Dade County Georgia: Fulton Comity Maryland: Baltimore (city)________ Michigan: Wayne County_____________ New Jersey: Hudson County___________________ Mercer County____________________ New York: Erie County_______________________ New York (city)___________________ Westchester County_______________ Ohio: Franklin County__________________ Hamilton C o u n ty.._______________ Mahoning County_______________ 91 229 71 246 289 180 71 213 218 149 118 195 176 122 922 892 205 808 220 70 23*9 339 184 97 114 77 87 45 128 72 113 90 143 189 422 256 421 115 601 (S) 244 139 112 285 122 163 102 264 106 193 103 234 100 237 114 240 96 (<) 125 189 866 644 149 865 332 554 119 837 394 551 197 737 313 496 194 823 211 517 160 420 172 347 115 519 74 617 154 620 154 672 392 (3) 328 689 414 184 251 834 384 173 293 962 353 203 350 926 335 197 97 211 134 211 193 225 183 198 184 116 115 100 169 98 191 698 270 627 306 658 690 632 694 635 441 366 403 263 568 189 747 137 79 196 147 108 153 142 116 144 153 113 94 160 102 67 80 108 55 65 107 62 136 79 60 194 170 404 299 342 486 468 377 456 406 384 273 559 342 147 342 282 181 284 335 186 521 352 263 154 179 411 133 172 443 105 55 200 459 155 *59 204 463 117 »67 238 415 106 *46 244 474 97 *45 212 415 95 «44 182 417 71 589 776 935 435 509 1,105 464 332 695 1,011 601 *376 686 1,006 362 «225 834 888 343 »260 878 884 255 *252 854 822 257 *237 705 989 285 14 245 345 64 19 269 75 394 295 48 331 44 25 269 44 327 38 24 234 37 377 34 26 231 48 332 45 23 215 56 258 136 761 Virginia: Norfolk (city)_________ .’_____ 65 23 238 52 284 56 Montgomery County______________ Philadelphia (city and county)_____ 216 40 713 86 630 198 52 809 85 817 148 193 788 81 756 184 100 788 90 623 159 157 760 76 787 148 106 782 109 888 173 117 937 78 716 Pennsylvania: ao 712 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 Boys Alabama: Mobile County See footnotes at end of table. 00 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T able I.— Juvenile-delinquency rates 1 per 10,000 white and Negro hoys and girls o f juvenile-court age dealt with by courts that served areas with 100,000 or more total population and 10,000 or more Negro population 2 and that cooperated in 1934', 1927-34— Continued Juvenile-delinquency rate 1 Area served by court White 1927 Orleans Parish___ _________ _ Maryland: Baltimore (city)________ _ Michigan: Wayne County_________ . New Jersey: Hudson County_____ _ ____ Mercer County____ _ . . . .. New York: Erie County_______________ . . New York (city)____ ____ _ . . . . . . . . Westchester County_________ Ohio: Franklin County____ _ ______ Hamilton County______ . . . Mahoning County_________________ Montgomery County Philadelphia (city and county)_____ South Carolina: Greenville County____ Virginia: Norfolk- (city)________________ 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1927 1928 1929 1930 1 23 78 25 7 16 74 34 36 15 57 26 171 182 45 169 33 160 35 10 21 72 31 62 67 35 36 35 29 20 28 22 37 163 287 109 174 117 160 62 10 16 10 63 11 18 10 35 19 20 45 8 23 13 24 9 17 15 30 35 29 39 15 20 61 57 49 64 32 77 57 38 25 (3) (0 1931 1932 1933 1934 135 19 160 78 109 16 107 65 103 46 126 80 78 54 120 28 84 197 153 124 200 91 154 49 173 93 123 (3) 98 48 42 112 42 47 39 83 54 58 43 117 50 70 44 103 38 29 7 36 11 38 9 35 12 26 21 19 14 18 11 16 11 37 76 177 31 101 29 105 28 70 91 82 44 72 67 86 101 10 13 30 12 17 25 10 18 23 15 17 17 14 14 9 7 11 9 7 12 8 11 13 12 89 53 179 58 63 149 106 83 122 59 87 91 74 70 43 43 86 94 33 86 62 82 111 56 54 59 «46 75 101 73 «41 77 101 63 «29 62 83 60 «33 61 75 47 «28 77 72 44 109 87 60 50 94 100 80 164 94 344 259 298 134 324 316 188 «160 383 319 246 « 128 344 346 230 « 153 226 193 105 «46 189 204 60 «57 242 169 161 11 4 30 20 80 11 3 34 15 72 8 4 39 15 73 7 3 34 9 78 9 1 29 10 83 6 6 2 24 7 53 67 21 174 3 178 53 10 174 22 185 52 29 161 16 142 35 19 151 22 128 32 24 8 46 40 17 144 12 168 37 52 154 15 146 Pennsylvania: Allegheny County .. ... Montgomery Conntv......... ....... .... 1929 5 29 64 33 170 143 148 169 1 Rates are based on population estimated as of July 1 of each year except 1934; no estimate for 1934 is available, and the rates for this year are based on the estimate as of July 1, 1933. * According to the 1930 census. 3 Rate not computed because the ages of the majority of children were not reported. 4 Rate not computed because number of Negro delinquent children was not reported. * Based on official cases only, because unofficial cases were not reported in previous years. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org t Louis Federal Reserve Bank offSt. ft JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 Girls Alabama: Mobile County.. . . District of Columbia_________ Florida: Dade County_________________ Georgia: Fulton County_____ _____ Indiana: Lake County_____________ __ _ . Marion County______ _________ Louisiana: 1928 Negro JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 V 15 The juvenile-delinquency rates for white boys in both groups of courts have shown continuous decreases in recent years. The 1934 rate for white boys in each group of courts was significantly lower than that shown for 1933. It was also significantly lower in 1934 than in 1933 in the group of 24 courts that served areas with 100,000 or more population and 10,000 or more Negro population and that reported individually in both 1933 and 1934. (See table I.) The rate for white boys in this group of 24 courts was 115 in 1934 as com pared with 123 in 1933. In all three groups of courts, however, the marked decrease in 1934 in New York City was the dominating factor. The exclusion of New York City brings rates for each group for 1934 which are not significantly different from those which prevailed in 1933. Significant increases in juvenile-delinquency rates for white boys appeared in 5 of these 24 courts cooperating in both 1933 and 1934. These 5 courts were Mobile County, Ala.; Lake and Marion Counties, Ind.; Erie County, N. Y .; and Allegheny County, Pa. Significant decreases for white boys appeared in 7 courts— Dade County, Fla.; Fulton County, Ga.; New York City; Hamilton and Montgomery Counties, Ohio; Philadelphia, Pa.; and Norfolk, Va. Among Negro boys in both groups of courts that have cooperated over a period of years, the 1934 rates were significantly higher than those that prevailed in 1933. In New York City there was no signifi cant change in the juvenile-delinquency rates for Negro boys in 1934 as compared with 1933 and its inclusion, therefore, does not affect the upward tendency of the rates. This significant increase in the juvenile-delinquency rates for Negro boys in 1934 was preceded by a small increase in 1933 as compared with 1932 which was not sufficient to be statistically significant. The rates for Negro boys in both groups of courts decreased through 1932 from the maximum rate in 1929. In the group of 24 courts cooperating in both 1933 and 1934 the rate for Negro boys was 511 for 1934, as compared with 486 in 1933. Five of these twenty-four courts had significantly higher rates in 1934 than in 1933— the District of Columbia; Lake County, Ind.; Orleans Parish, La. ; Erie County, N . Y . ; and Philadelphia, Pa. Three courts— Dade County, Fla.; Hamilton County, Ohio; and Norfolk, Va.— had significantly lower rates for 1934 than for 1933. Increases in the rates for white girls in 1934 as compared with 1933 appeared in all three groups of courts. The increase in each of the groups of courts was, however, relatively small and cannot be con sidered of great importance in view of the fact that it was sufficient only to bring the 1934 rates to the 1932 level. In the group of 24 courts cooperating in both 1933 and 1934 the rate for white girls was 19 for 1934 as compared with 18 in 1933. The exclusion of New York City from each of the groups of courts has little effect upon the rates for the 2 years. No marked change in the frequency of court work with delinquent white girls was evident either in the New York City court or in the groups of courts outside of New York City. Of the 24 courts reporting in both 1933 and 1934, 19 courts showed no significant difference in the rates for these^ 2 years for white girls. Only 5 courts had significantly higher rates in 1934 than in 1933— Mobile County, Ala.; Marion County, Ind.; Erie County, N. Y .; Hamilton County, Ohio; and Montgomery.County, Pa. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 16 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 No marked change appeared in the juvenile-delinquency rates for Negro girls in 1934 as compared with 1933. In all 3 groups of courts the 1934 rates were somewhat higher than in 1933, but the difference in the rates for the 2 years was not sufficient to be statisti cally significant except in the group of 19 courts cooperating from 1929 to 1934. In the 3 groups of courts, exclusive of New York City, there was no significant difference in the rates for the 2 years. In the 24 courts cooperating in both 1933 and 1934 the rate for Negro girls was 97 in 1934, as compared with 92 in 1933. Only 3 of these 24 courts showed significantly different rates for 1933 and 1934. These 3 courts were New York City and Montgomery County, Ohio, in both of which the rates for Negro girls were significantly higher for 1934 than for 1933, and Dade County, Fla., in which the rate for 1934 was lower than that for 1933. The rates for both white and Negro boys and girls varied widely from court to court (table I). The maximum rate in 1934 for white boys (417) appeared in Mahoning County, Ohio, and the minimum (2?) in Montgomery County, Pa. The maximum for Negro boys (989) appeared in Mahoning County, Ohio, and the minimum (78) in Greenville County, S. C. The rates for white girls varied from 77 in Hamilton County, Ohio, to 2 in Montgomery County, Pa. Rates for Negro girls varied from 242 in Hamilton County, Ohio, to 15 in Greenville County, S. C. AGE UNDER W H IC H JUVENILE COURT HAS ORIGINAL JURISDICTION As has been pointed out earlier, the character of the community services available to children and the policies of the courts and other agencies markedly affect the rates. In juvenile-delinquency rates the age of original juvenile-court jurisdiction is an important factor. The age of original jurisdiction of a court is established by State law and is in most instances uniform throughout a State, although for a few courts the maximum age of jurisdiction has been set by special provision at a higher or lower age level than that of the State as a whole. Among the 44 courts that served areas of 100,000 or more population and that reported individually in 1934 (see table B, p. 3, and table G, p. 8), 23 had jurisdiction under 16 years,6 6 had juris diction under 17 years, 13 had jurisdiction under 18 years, and 2 had jurisdiction over all persons under 21 years of age. Table J shows the juvenile-delinquency rates for all boys and girls of juvenile-court age and for boys and girls 7 to 15 years of age dealt with by courts that reported individually and that had jurisdiction beyond the six teenth birthday and by race for the courts of this group that served areas with 10,000 or more Negroes in the total population. The rates in table J for children 7 to 15 years of age, inclusive, may be compared with the rates for courts haying jurisdiction under 16 years that appear in tables G and I. Wide variation is shown in the rates for children 7 to 15 years of age dealt with by courts that have jurisdiction beyond the sixteenth birthday and also in the total « Mobile County, Ala.; Bridgeport and Hartford, Conn.; Fulton County, Ga.; Allen, Lake, Marion, St. Joseph, and Vanderburgh Counties, Ind. (Indiana courts have jurisdiction over boys under 16, girls under 18); Baltimore, M d.; Hudson and Mercer Counties, N . J.; Erie, Monroe, Rensselaer, and West chester Counties, New York City, and Syracuse, N . Y .; Allegheny, Berks, and Montgomery Counties, and Philadelphia, Pa.; and Greenville, S. C. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 17 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 T J . — A ge under which juvenile court has original jurisdiction and juveniledelinquency rates 1 per 10,000 while and Negro boys and girls o f juvenile-court age and fo r those 7 to 15 years o f age, inclusive, dealt with by courts that had jurisdiction beyond the sixteenth birthday and that served areas with 100,000 or more population in 19342 able Juvenile-delinquency rate1 Area served by court Boys California: San Diego County......... ................. San Francisco (city and county).. District of Columbia__ _____________ Florida: Dade County______________ Iowa: Polk County................................ Louisiana: Caddo Parish..... ........... . .............. Orleans Parish................... . .......... . Michigan: Kent County_______ _____ ______ Wayne County............. .................. Minnesota: Hennepin County.......................... Ramsey County........................— Ohio: Franklin County *......................... Hamilton County................... — Mahoning County......................... Montgomery County.................... Oregon: Multnomah County-----------Utah: Third district............................. Virginia: Norfolk (city)....................... Washington: Pierce County *.............................. Spokane County.......... ... .............. Wisconsin: Milwaukee County......... Girls California: San Diego County......................... San Francisco (city and county). District of Columbia-----------------------Florida: Dade County......................... Indiana: Allen County.................................. Lake County-------------------- -------Marion County.............................. St. Joseph County......................... Vanderburgh County................... Iowa: Polk County.............................. Louisiana: Caddo Parish__ _______________ Orleans Parish.............. ................. Michigan: Kent County.................................. Wayne County________________ Minnesota: Hennepin County......................... Ramsey County...................... Ohio: Franklin County *------- ------------Hamilton County........ — ............ Mahoning County....................... Montgomery County.................. Oregon: Multnomah County---------Utah: Third district........................... Virginia: Norfolk (city)............... ---■ Washington: Pierce County *------------------------Spokane County----------------------Wisconsin: Milwaukee County------ Age under which juvenile court has original jurisdic tion All ages Negro * White » Total 7 to 15 years of age 7 to 15 years of age All ages 7 to 15 years of age All ages 371 67 375 183 325 270 61 335 169 305 195 176 163 158 823 211 761 210 220 198 166 237 114 215 106 203 350 180 325 110 113 96 96 83 335 314 178 129 127 96 62 233 449 85 271 264 402 38 182 345 72 228 197 327 44 182 417 71 26 142 312 58 237 705 989 285 151 549 864 258 258 203 716 586 80 345 356 59 276 271 15 57 13 43 120 28 108 24 22 37 18 27 93 123 100 112 63 11 45 . 8 70 44 61 42 10 8 38 37 28 77 72 44 21 54 53 37 57 242 169 161 52 188 164 134 53 38 146 120 178 132 i Rates are based on population estimated as of July 1, 1933; no estimate for 1934 is available. j Population according to the 1930 census; rates for white and for Negro boys and girls are shown for areas with 10,000 or more Negro population. > Based on official cases only. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 18 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 rates for courts that have original jurisdiction only up to the sixteenth birthday. In those courts with jurisdiction beyond the sixteenth birthday the juvenile-delinquency rates both for boys and girls 7 to 15 years old were invariably lower than the rates for boys and girls of all ages within the court’s jurisdiction. In courts having 10,000 or more Negroes in the population the same situation appeared among white and among Negro boys and girls. Chart I.— Juvenile-delinquency rate at each year of age per 10,000 white and Negro boys and girls 7 to 15 years of age dealt with by 41 courts that served areas with 100,000 or more population and that reported throughout the period 1932-34 7 8 3 10 II 12 Age of'child https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 13 14 15 19 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 DELINQUENCY RATES BY AGE OF CHILD Delinquency rates, by age, for white and Negro boys and girls from 7 to 15 years, inclusive, are shown in chart I and table K . These are average annual rates for the 3-year period 1932-34. They include all children 7 to 15 years of age dealt with by 41 courts that served areas with 100,000 or more population and that reported for each of these 3 years. The population of the area served by these 41 courts included 4,193,771 children 7 to 15 years of age (1,970,043 T K .— Juvenile-delinquency rate at each year of age per 10,000 white and Negro hoys and girls 7 to 15 years o f age dealt with by 41 courts that served areas with 100,000 or more population 1 and that reported in 1932—34 able Children 7 to 15 years of age Color, age, and sex of child Juveniledelinquency rate Number of children in area served 2 Average number of children dealt with by courts annually, 1932-34 82 4,193,771 34,397 118 1,970,043 23,311 7 years______ _____________________ _______ ___________ 8 years____ __________________________________ ____ ____ 9 years_______________________________ ________ _______ 10 years______ ____________________________ __________ 11 years...________________________________ . __________ 12 years.......................... ............. ............................................ 13 years_______________________________________________ 14 years---------------------------------- -------------------------------------15 years-------- -------- --------------------------- --------------------------- 9 20 37 64 93 129 178 254 300 218,394 227,625 225,187 222,402 209,789 228,845 213,479 213,714 210,608 189 449 826 1,414 1,957 2,943 3,793 5,423 6,317 Negro boys.......................................- ........................... 475 136,961 6,509 7 years........... — ............ . ............ ..................- .......... .......... 8 years................................... ..................................- ................ 9 years-------- ------------ ------------------------------- --------------------10 years............................... ....................................... .............. 11 years_______________________________________________ 12 years_____________ _________ _________________ ______ 13 years--------------------------------------------------------- ------- ------14 years_____________ __________ - ..................... .................. 15 years......................................................... ..........— .......... - 33 86 164 290 521 681 871 1,008 1,040 17,590 17,893 17,361 16,678 13,621 14,315 12,903 13,760 12,840 58 153 285 483 709 975 1,124 1,387 1,335 17 1,939,969 3,275 1 2 4 5 7 11 22 41 61 212,779 224,713 219,007 218,711 207,717 222,439 211,663 212,073 210,867 26 50 81 100 146 251 460 879 1,282 89 146,798 1,302 4 11 18 30 48 94 160 238 257 18,002 18,601 17,602 17,637 14,616 15,794 14,837 15,056 14,653 7 20 31 53 70 148 238 359 376 Total____________ ____ _______________________ - White boys................, ............ - .............................— White girls____ ______ __________________________ 7 years............... - ............................................................... — 8 years........................ ?............................................................. 9 years............. ..................................... ................ ................. 10 years----------- ---------------- . ------------------------ ------- ---------11 years__________________________ ___________________ 12 years________________ s. . . . ---------- ---------- -----------------13 years................. .............. ................................................. 14 years____________________ __________ _______________ 15 years.......................................... .......................................... Negro g irls............................................................... . 7 years____________ _______________________ ____ ______ 8 years........................................................ ..................- ......... 9 years............... .......... .................................................. .......... 10 years__________________ _____- ................... ................. ... 11 years..........- ............ ............ - ....................... ....................... 12 years....................................................................... .............. 13 years................................................................................ 14 years_____ _________________________________________ 15 years............... ....................................................................1 According to the 1930 census. 2 Estimated as of July 1, 1933. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 20 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 white boys, 1,939,969 white girls, 136,961 Negro boys, and 146,798 Negro girls). The total population of the area served was 24,382,900. As both the chart and the table show, delinquency rates for each of the four groups of children were lowest at the younger ages, and increased with each added year to age 15, the oldest age for which rates are presented. In every age period the rates for Negro boys were in excess of those for other children. High rates for Negro boys appeared even in the early ages. They were almost invariably four or five times as high as the rates for white boys. The rate at age 15 was 1,040 for Negro boys as compared with 300 for white boys. Among white boys, as among Negro boys, the tendency for the delinquency rate to increase obviously began with the early ages, and the increase with age was well marked. The rates for white boys, although lower at every age than those for Negro boys, were in excess of those for either white or Negro girls. The rates for Negro girls were invariably four or five times as high as those for white girls. B y age 12, the rates for Negro girls exceeded those for white girls of age 15. The rate for Negro girls at age 15 was 257 as com pared with 61 for white girls of this age. The rates for white girls were relatively low at all ages. Very few white girls under 13 or 14 years of age were dealt with by courts in delinquency cases. SU M M AR Y Juvenile-delinquency rates are a direct expression of the amount of delinquency dealt with by the courts among children of juvenile-court age. They are not an expression of the total amount of delinquency in the community because many agencies work with children who present problems of delinquency, and the number of children brought to court depends on the work of the organizations assisting with the problems and on the attitude of the community toward both the organizations and the court. The rates also depend unquestionably on the service the court gives to the children who are brought to its attention. The delinquency rates of the individual courts vary within a wide range. Part of the variation is due to the composition of the com munity with respect to race; part is due to the difference in maximum age of the children over whom the court has original jurisdiction. The downward trend in delinquency rates for boys shown from 1929 or 1930 onward continued in 1934 in the groups of 18, 30, and 42 courts reporting throughout varying periods, but the decrease in 1934 was due essentially to the marked reduction in the number of boys dealt with by courts in New York City. In these reporting areas, exclusive of New York City, delinquency rates for boys showed a definite increase in 1934 as compared with 1933. In the groups of 14, 19, and 24 courts (exclusive of New York City) in which the racial composition of the population was an important factor, the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 21 delinquency rates for white boys were approximately identical for the years 1933 and 1934, but the delinquency rates for Negro boys in 1934 were significantly higher than in 1933. The New York City rate for white boys showed a marked decrease in 1934, but there was little change in the number of Negro boys dealt with by the court. Delinquency rates for girls showed neither definite upward nor downward tendency. The slight increases that prevailed in 1934 as compared with 1933 were sufficient only to bring the figures to the 1932 level. vThey suggest primarily that the downward trend which has prevailed in the past few years has been checked. In the group of courts (exclusive of New York City) serving areas in which the racial composition of the population was an important factor, the increase in the rates for both white and Negro girls is shown by analysis to have been small and of no statistical significance. The variation in the rate for white girls in New York City was also unimportant, but the rate for Negro girls indicates a significant increase in the frequency with which Negro girls were brought into court in delin quency cases. TRENDS IN DELINQUENCY CASES In this section, which presents trends in delinquency cases, the main body of the material is for the 30 courts serving areas of 100,000 or more population which have cooperated each year of the period 1929-34. For this group of courts material is presented showing the number of cases disposed of each year, the age of the boys and girls dealt with, the place the child was living when referred to court, the place of care pending hearing or disposition of the case, and the dis position made by the court. Analysis by age, reason for reference, and previous court experience of children dealt with is presented for delinquency cases which were disposed of by 29 of the 30 courts during 1934. NUM BER OF CASES AND OF CHILDREN A smaller number of delinquency cases was disposed of in this group of 30 courts in 1934 than in any previous year of the period for which figures are available (table L). The total for the year 1934 was only a little smaller than that for either 1933 or 1932 but was markedly smaller than that for any earlier year. Fewer boys’ cases were disposed of than in any prior year. The number of girls’ cases was greater than in 1933 but considerably less than in 1929, 1930, or 1931. It was practically the same as in 1932. In these 30 courts, 23,9tf9 boys were dealt with in the 28,156 boys’ cases and 4,504 girls in the 4,969 girls’ cases disposed of in 1934. The case ratios for 1934— 85 boys per 100 boys’ cases and 91 girls per 100 girls’ cases— were approximately the same as those of earlier years. The smaller number of boys per 100 boys’ cases than of girls per 100 girls’ cases shows that boys were dealt with more frequently than https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 22 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 girls in two or more delinquency cases which were disposed of by the court during a year; in other words, that there was greater recidivism among the boys. The difference between the ratios for the two sexes arises from such basic factors as differences in the behavior problems of the two sexes, differences in the opportunity for delinquency in the community, and differences in the degree of protection which the family and the community afford to boys and girls. The attitude of the community and the court itself toward desirability of referral to court is unquestionably an important factor. The practice of the court with regard to the disposition of cases (a larger percentage of the girls referred to court were committed to institutions) also affects the relative frequency with which boys and girls are referred to court more than once during the period of a year. T able L .— Number o f boys and girls dealt with in delinquency cases disposed o f by SO courts that reported throughout the period 1929-84 Girls Boys Year Total cases Cases 1929________________ __________ 1930__________________________ 1931_____ _____________________ 1932........................................— 1933...... ................... — ............... 1934................................ ............... 37,731 38,536 37,073 33,707 33,563 33,125 31,348 32,342 31.365 28,767 28,885 28,156 Individ uals Individ uals per 100 cases 26,738 27,288 26, GÖ6 24,516 24,311 23,959 85 84 83 85 84 85 Cases 6,383 6,194 5,708 4,940 4,678 4,969 Individ uals 5,741 5,614 5,067 4,382 4,215 4,504 Individ uals per 100 cases 90 91 89 89 90 91 Many of the individual courts showed a marked change between 1934 and 1933 in the number of cases disposed of (table M ). Nine teen courts showed an increase in the total number of boys’ cases disposed of. Among the courts disposing of more than 250 cases in 1934 in which the increase in the number of boys’ cases amounted to 25 percent or more were Erie County, N. Y., 105 percent; Bridgeport, Conn., 51 percent; and Allegheny County, Pa., 25 percent. The maximum percentage of decrease in boys’ cases in 1934 as compared with 1933 appeared in New York City, and in Norfolk, Va., 22 per cent. Hamilton County, Ohio, showed a decrease of 19 percent; Kent County, Mich., 17 percent; Montgomery County, Ohio, 14 percent; and the third district of Utah, 11 percent. Twenty of the courts showed a larger nuipber and 10 courts a smaller number of girls’ cases disposed of in 1934 than in 1933. The number of girls’ cases disposed of by the great majority of the individual courts was so small that the annual change was of little significance. Of the courts disposing of 250 or more girls’ cases in 1934, two showed an increase of 10 percent or more (New York City, 10 percent, and Hamilton County, Ohio, 19 percent); whereas no court disposing of 250 or more girls’ cases showed a decrease of as much as 10 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis » T able M .— Number of boys' and girls' delinquency cases disposed o f by SO courts that served specified areas and that reported throughout the period 1929-34 Delinquency cases disposed of Area served by court Total 1929 Total cases______ ______ ______ Erie County........................ Monroe County____ ______ New York (city)_____ _______ Rensselaer County_______ Westchester County_________ Ohio: Franklin County i___________ Hamilton County________ Mahoning County___________ Montgomery County___________ Oregon: Multnomah County___ Pennsylvania: Allegheny County........................... . Montgomery County______________ Philadelphia (city and county)........ South Carolina: Greenville County____ Utah: Third district—_______ _________ Virginia: Norfolk (city)________________ Washington: Pierce County1__________ 1931 1932 1933 1934 37,731 38,536 37,073 33,707 33,563 33,125 1930 1931 Girls 1932 1934 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 31,348 32,342 31,365 28,767 28,885 28,156 1933 1934 6,383 6,194 5,708 4,940 4,678 4,969 219 1,656 461 1,947 177 1,640 470 1,893 160 1,617 445 1,927 140 1,385 511 1,799 165 1,327 378 1,646 222 1,415 589 1,705 170 1,417 391 1,623 152 1,449 402 1,642 142 1,384 376 1,668 126 1,196 444 1,604 139 1,132 323 1,451 175 1,230 489 1,514 49 239 70 324 25 191 68 251 18 233 69 259 14 189 67 195 26 195 55 195 47 185 100 191 242 985 747 275 431 477 818 610 291 520 350 617 457 338 507 266 785 502 304 549 290 835 605 343 470 343 951 714 415 403 134 653 569 236 346 262 517 463 251 450 221 404 360 277 431 139 598 398 234 466 209 653 495 258 412 252 734 594 321 341 108 332 178 39 85 215 301 147 40 70 129 213 97 61 76 127 187 104 70 83 81 182 110 85 58 91 217 120 94 62 1,097 396 1,053 517 1,203 409 940 461 940 406 1,089 467 897 309 853 437 990 310 770 398 775 352 908 411 200 87 200 80 213 99 170 63 165 54 181 56 1,846 433 1,974 449 1,696 443 1,025 291 876 434 868 479 1,584 414 1,736 425 1,520 391 885 263 745 406 741 449 262 19 238 24 176 52 140 28 131 28 127 30 1,135 233 7,956 318 888 1,306 170 7,867 414 597 1,399 224 7,299 243 397 715 167 7,366 190 382 591 171 7,727 134 397 1,181 189 6,292 195 408 1,058 194 6,868 258 749 1,196 138 6,857 329 493 1, 291 190 6,416 195 338 657 150 6,584 150 310 532 143 6,854 93 341 1,089 167 5,328 148 341 77 39 1,088 60 139 110 32 1,010 85 104 108 34 883 48 59 58 17 782 40 72 59 28 873 41 56 92 22 964 47 67 473 2,034 2,021 752 902 542 2,072 2,151 598 1,172 575 2,550 1,979 578 1,247 470 2,418 2,110 493 839 420 2,298 1,892 454 993 436 2,044 1,887 429 1,101 274 1,394 1,689 523 750 345 1,486 1,802 368 1,024 395 1,941 1,613 360 1,110 311 1,951 1,825 315 731 295 1,841 1,608 '322 882 318 1,500 1,623 276 979 199 640 332 229 152 197 586 349 230 148 180 609 366 218 137 159 467 285 178 108 125 457 284 132 111 118 544 264 153 122 1,290 55 6,955 126 871 852 135 1,128 96 7,517 106 972 774 165 853 74 7,390 91 1,149 728 128 794 76 6,711 80 943 869 126 738 80 6,787 107 1,093 861 105 881 77 6,461 104 917 696 167 1,090 47 6,089 103 710 709 100 955 85 6,629 85 732 644 135 721 65 6,524 75 978 595 84 639 73 5,898 69 776 721 86 604 78 6,119 93 899 743 88 756 67 5,785 91 802 580 147 200 8 866 23 161 143 35 173 11 888 21 240 130 30 132 9 866 16 171 133 44 155 3 813 11 167 148 40 134 2 668 14 194 118 17 125 10 676 13 115 116 20 1 Includes only official cases because court did not report unofficial cases every year. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1929 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 Alabama: Mobile County . . . . California: San Diego County___ Connecticut: Bridgeport (citv)__ District of Columbia____ _____ Indiana: Lake County............. Marion County___ Iowa: Polk County____ Louisiana: Caddo Parish.. Michigan: Kent County............. Minnesota: Hennepin County____ _______ Ramsey County______________ New Jersey: Hudson County______ Mercer County__________ 1930 Boys 24 JU VENILE-COUKT STATISTICS, 1934 AGES OF BOYS AND GIRLS The age distribution of the boys dealt with in the cases disposed of was very similar each year, although there was a slight tendency toward less frequent appearance of boys under 12 years in court and a more frequent appearance of boys of 16 and over (table N). Approximately two-thirds of the boys dealt with each year were from 12 to 15 years of age. In 1934, 17 percent of the cases were those of boys under 12 years, 68 percent were of boys 12 to 15 years of age, and 15 percent were of boys of older ages. The girls dealt with in delinquency cases in 1934, as in previous years, were generally older than the boys. Of the cases dealt with m 1934, 21 percent were of girls 16 years and over— a smaller pro portion than in any previous year. Cases of girls of these ages con stituted between 22 and 25 percent of the girls’ cases disposed of each year from 1929 to 1933. T able N .— Age o f boys and girls when referred to court in delinquency cases dis-posed o f by SO courts that reported throughout the period 1929-84 1 Delinquency cases disposed of Age of child when referred to court, and sex 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 Total cases.............................. ............ 37,731 38,536 37,073 33,707 33,563 33,125 Boys’ cases_____________ __________ 31,348 32,342 31,365 28,767 28,885 28,156 Under 10 years.................................... .......... 10 years, tinder 12..................... ..................... 12 years, under 14_______________________ 14 years, under 16_______________________ 16 years, under 18____________________ 18 years and over________________________ Not reported................. .............. .............. 2,129 3,969 8,174 12,939 3,831 79 227 2,096 4,084 8,094 13,281 4,289 149 349 1,702 3,856 7,451 13,053 4,372 133 798 1,631 3,545 6,920 11,687 4,282 150 552 1,639 3,481 7,208 11,786 4,288 128 355 1,408 3,255 6,869 12,266 142 115 101 Girls’ cases------------------------------------ 6,383 6,194 5,708 4,940 4,678 4,969 Under 10 years____ _____________________ 10 years, tinder 12......................................... 12 years, under 14.. _ ___________________ 14 years, under 16______________________ 16 years, under 18_______________________ 18 years and over____ ____________ _____ Not reported_______________________ 198 358 1,201 3,145 1,370 39 72 187 325 1,089 3,080 1,411 69 33 176 303 939 2,785 1/329 57 119 190 283 794 2,396 1,167 49 61 180 274 814 2,253 1,095 47 15 213 316 927 2,447 1,015 34 17 1Includes only official cases for Franklin County, Ohio, and Pierce County, Wash., because these courts did not report unofficial cases every year. H O M E CONDITIONS The number of cases in which the children were living in homes of normal composition and the number living in broken homes are shown in table O. Information as to the place the child was living when referred to court was more nearly complete in 1934 than in any previous year. In each year of the 6-year period from 1929 to 1934 the children were living in their own homes m 92 percent of the cases for which the information was obtained, and in 8 percent of the cases the children were living in other places. Somewhat fewer cases were referred to court in 1934 than in 1933 or 1929 in which the child was living with both his own parents and in homes with one parent and a stepparent. A slightly larger number in 1934 than in 1933 or 1929 were cases of children from homes in which there was only one parent, the increase being mainly in the number of cases of children coming from homes in which the parents https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 25 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 m were living apart rather than in the number of those from homes which were broken by the death of either the father or the mother. T a b l e O. — Marital status o f parents, and place child was living when referred to court in delinquency cases disposed o f by SO courts that reported throughout the period 1929—3% 1 Delinquency cases disposed of Marital status of parents, and place child was living when referred to court 1929 Total cases______________________ ____ _________ 37,731 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 38,536 37,073 33,707 33,563 Marital status and place reported___________ _______ 32,210 35,633 34,147 30,682 31,066 30,865 Child living in own home_______________________ 29,680 32,671 31,254 28,082 28,498 28,316 With both own parents______________________ 20,496 With one parent and a stepparent___________ 2,664 With one parent only........................................... 6,520 22,739 2,812 7,120 21,826 2,567 6,861 19,780 2,166 6,136 19,871 2,253 6,374 19,471 2,185 6,660 3,014 1,556 643 706 130 125 2,901 1,333 741 657 120 164 2,579 1, 293 613 574 80 124 2,676 1,163 564 614 97 178 2,670 1,151 616 650 70 173 33,125 Father dead..................................................... Mother dead................................................. Parents divorced________________ ____ Father deserting mother.............. ............. Mother deserting father_________________ Parents not married to each other_______ Parents living apart for other or not speci fied reasons....... ........................................... 2,596 1,400 600 713 125 93 993 946 945 873 1,082 1,330 Child living in other place................. ..................... - 2,530 2,962 2,893 2,600 2,568 2,549 Marital status and place not reported............................ 5,521 2,903 2,926 3,025 2,497 2,260 1 Includes only official cases for Franklin County, Ohio, and Pierce County, Wash., because these courts did not report unofficial cases every year. REASONS FOR REFERENCE TO COURT * The reasons for referring delinquency cases to court are shown in table P. The reasons for reference of boys’ cases and girls’ cases differed markedly. In all the years of the period for which the infor mation is presented boys’ cases were referred most frequently on account of stealing, acts of carelessness and mischief, and traffic vio lations, whereas girls’ cases were referred most frequently on account of being ungovernable, for sex offenses, and running away— offenses in girls’ cases which will be recognized as closely allied. The proportion of the boys’ cases referred on account of stealing in 1934 (46 percent) was larger than in any previous year of the period. The proportion referred for acts of carelessness and mischief and traffic violations (29 percent) was smaller than in either 1933 or 1932. The percentages referred on account of running away and being ungov ernable (7 percent for each offense) in 1934 were approximately the same as in previous years. The same proportion of girls’ cases were referred for the group of related offenses— being ungovernable, sex offenses, running away, and truancy— in 1934 as in 1933 (74 percent). But the reason for refer ence was stated to be running away in 20 percent of the cases in 1934, as compared with 16 percent in 1933, and the percentage referred on account of being ungovernable was 28 in 1934, as compared with 30 in the previous year. The percentage of girls’ cases referred on account of running away was larger than in any previous year, and the number referred on this account (983) was greater than any year since 1931. The proportion of girls’ cases referred on account of sex offenses was the same (16 percent) in 1934 as in 1933; prior to 1933 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 26 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 sex offenses had invariably represented 19 or 20 percent of the total girls’ cases for which reason for reference to court was reported. T able P .— Reason for reference to court in boys’ and in girls’ delinquency cases disposed o f by SO courts that reported throughout the period 1929-84 1 Delinquency cases disposed of Reason for reference to court, and sex of child 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Total cases____________________________________ 37,731 Boys’ cases........................ - ..................... - .......... 31,348 38,536 37,073 33,707 33,563 33,125 32,342 31,365 28,767 28,885 28,156 Stealing______________________ ______________________ 12,936 Act of carelessness or mischief, and traffic violation... 9,229 2,414 Truancy................................................................................. 2,016 Running away___________________________ ______ ___ 2,303 Ungovernable_______________________________________ Sex offense_____________________________ ___________ 475 835 Injury to person--------------------------------------------------------200 Use, possession, or sale of liquor or drugs____________ 820 Other reason________ ____ ______________________ ____ 120 Reason not reported................ ............................... ........... 13,536 9,726 2,340 2, en 2,104 545 794 147 1,122 17 13,759 9,302 1,721 2,217 2,007 442 779 203 847 88 11,826 9,883 1,385 1,993 1,724 420 732 143 595 66 11,481 9,864 1,455 1,802 1,767 436 722 131 1,030 197 12,793 8,236 1,380 1,992 1,943 427 654 131 433 167 6,383 6,194 5,708 4,940 4,678 4,969 698 491 678 1,100 1,815 1,198 156 55 119 73 755 542 703 1,049 1,654 1,254 129 48 49 11 722 563 510 990 1,572 1,098 97 63 56 37 522 499 458 885 1,365 920 119 53 68 51 498 465 516 752 1,395 757 150 35 63 47 541 514 511 983 1,372 756 104 30 58 100 Girls’ cases..___________ _____ _______________ Stealing-------------------- ------------------------------ ----------------Act of carelessness or mischief, and traffic violation... Truancy---------------------- ---------------------------------------------Running away....................................... ................. .......... Ungovernable_______________________________________ Sex offense----------------- ----------------------------------------------Injury to person-------------------------------------------------------Use, possession, or sale of liquor or drugs____________ Other reason______ ____________ ____________________ Reason not reported.......................... .......... ..................... 1934 1 Includes only official cases for Franklin County, Ohio, and Pierce County, Wash., because these courts did not report unofficial cases every year. Table PI shows the types of reasons for which boys were most fre quently referred to court during the period under review for each of the 30 cooperating courts. The number of girls’ cases is not shown because the number of cases referred for the different reasons was very small. Among the courts referring 100 or more boys’ cases for stealing in either 1933 or 1934 marked increases in the number in 1934 (10 percent or more) appeared in Bridgeport, Conn.; Lake County, In d .; Polk County, Iowa; Caddo Parish, La.; Hennepin and Ramsey Counties, Minn.; Mercer County, N. J.; Erie and Westchester Counties and New York City, N. Y .; Multnomah County, Oreg.; and Allegheny County, Pa. The drop in the boys’ cases referred on account of acts of carelessness or mischief and traffic violations from 9,864 in 1933 to 8,236 in 1934 was due mainly to the reduction in the number referred on this account in New York City and in Philadel phia. Cases of truancy, running away, and being ungovernable increased from 5,024 in 1933 to 5,315 in 1934. A somewhat larger number of such cases were referred on this account in 1934 than in 1933 in New York City (1,126 and 925) and in Philadelphia (1,111 and 1,019). Among the courts disposing of 100 or more cases referred for truancy, running away, and being ungovernable in either 1933 or 1934 increases of 10 percent or more in 1934 as compared with 1933 occurred in Bridgeport, Conn.; Marion County, Ind.; Erie County and New York City, N. Y .; Mahoning County, Ohio; and Multnomah County, Oreg. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T able P l.- -Number o f boys’ delinquency cases, referred fo r specified reasons, disposed o f by 80 courts that served specified areas and that reported throughout the period 1929-84 Reason for reference of boys’ delinquency cases Area served by court Act of carelessness or mischief, and traffic violation Stealing 1929 1930 1931 1932 1934 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Boys' cases_________ _____________ 12,936 12,936 13,536 13,759 11,826 11,481 12,793 9,229 9,726 9,302 9,883 9,864 8,236 6,733 6,455 5,945 5,102 5,024 69 412 222 691 75 507 181 811 78 467 188 841 65 340 227 910 54 328 119 859 70 340 209 856 21 404 68 630 15 430 138 533 14 484 112 492 23 483 133 416 36 462 125 303 22 540 146 371 83 338 225 78 196 126 308 166 108 237 110 270 160 116 243 68 373 145 106 254 112 364 151 133 204 148 398 243 168 185 8 89 214 94 89 36 46 198 80 146 31 35 102 85 121 15 99 132 37 122 31 108 190 72 124 49 60 208 95 96 564 207 561 300 500 193 412 237 484 240 561 277 133 57 162 69 333 59 246 84 184 66 243 80 535 277 628 272 655 237 350 139 343 244 333 274 320 84 349 83 306 82 197 72 134 107 159 120 674 132 2,485 71 250 746 94 2,353 65 196 771 130 2,573 69 205 439 98 2,242 51 177 372 96 1,836 31 191 653 104 2,054 66 211 232 30 2,548 36 191 303 22 2,611 28 90 374 24 2,137 11 44 116 20 2,983 5 27 61 20 3,036 9 33 221 $ 1,577 12 24 101 110 111 23 1,159 139 271 16 1,057 232 177 25 1,028 109 72 209 655 346 191 400 245 664 578 115 481 283 955 551 143 565 243 891 740 103 316 224 783 574 128 414 231 829 588 95 487 2 378 689 75 126 12 438 521 77 284 12 467 520 56 287 16 536 590 58 201 8 531 569 65 263 27 473 519 71 211 26 271 483 205 143 45 266 555 152 161 646 39 2,243 57 354 208 79 532 75 2,303 63 403 240 103 352 55 2,167 56 499 264 63 284 58 1,707 54 392 333 72 319 60 1,833 64 487 375 59 514 61 1,931 60 462 293 92 53 1 2,226 7 103 313 8 58 4 2,700 5 76 196 16 76 2 2,680 1 173 171 11 104 6 2,755 8 191 202 45 2 2,896 13 143 220 8 70 3 2,473 5 178 157 18 * Includes only official cases because court did not report unofficial cases every year. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis « 1934 5,315 253 114 230 67 120 22 296 39 89 23 356 389 139 151 275 233 39 23 303 373 116 146 JU VENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 Alabama: Mobile County_________ California: San Diego County........ . Connecticut: Bridgeport (city)........ District of Columbia______ _____ _ Indiana: Lake County____________ _____ Marion County_____ __________ Iowa: Polk County____ ___________ Louisiana: Caddo Parish............... I. Michigan: Kent County___________ Minnesota: Hennepin County_____________ Ramsey County_______________ New Jersey: Hudson County_______________ Mercer County________________ New York: Erie County___________________ Monroe County_______________ New York (city)_______ _______ Rensselaer County....... ............... Westchester County.................... Ohio: Franklin County 1_____________ Hamilton County______________ Mahoning County....................... Montgomery C o u n ty................ Oregon: Multnomah County............ Pennsylvania: Allegheny County................... . Montgomery County__________ Philadelphia (city and county).. South Carolina: Greenville County. Utah: Third district_______________ Virginia: Norfolk (city)..................... Washington: Pierce County i______ 1933 Truancy, running away, and being ungovernable 142 to 28 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 PLACE OF DETENTION CARE The proportion of cases in which the child was detained overnight or longer pending hearing or disposition of the case was somewhat greater in 1934 than in 1933 (40 percent of the boys’ cases and 50 percent of the girls’ cases in 1934 as compared with 37 percent and 48 percent, respectively, in 1933). The proportion of cases in which boys were detained overnight or longer was larger in 1934 than in any other year since 1930. Girls were detained in a larger proportion of cases in 1934 (50 percent) than in 1933 (48 percent), but 1933 was the year having the minimum percentage; the proportion of cases of girls detained in the preceding years either exceeded or was the same as that for 1934. In both boys’ and girls’ cases in 1934 the detention home was the most usual place of care— 60 percent for boys and 58 percent for girls who were detained and for whom place of care pending hearing was reported. Other institutions stood in second place (29 percent for boys and 37 percent for girls). Jails and police stations were used infrequently as places of detention but were used more frequently for boys (7 percent of the cases) than for girls (1 percent of the cases). Boarding or other family homes were used in only 4 percent of both boys’ and girls’ cases. The use of boarding or other family homes and the use of other institutions for detention of boys were more frequent in 1934 than in 1933. Girls were more often detained in detention homes And in other institutions in 1934 than in 1933. A few more boys were detained in jails in 1934 than in 1933 (734 in 1934; 708 in 1933). The increase in the number is obviously quite small, but it is in contrast to the drop in every year from 1930 to 1933 (table Q). T Q .— Place o f care vending hearing or disposition in hoys’ and girls’ delin quency cases disposed o f by SO courts that reported throughout the period 1 9 2 9 -3 4 1 able Place of detention care, and sex of child Delinquency cases disposed of 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Total cases....................................................... 37,731 38,536 37,073 33,707 33,563 33,125 Boys’ cases______________________________ No detention care..............................- ............ ......... Detention care overnight or longer....................... Boarding home or other family home........... Detention home2_____________________ Other institution........................... — ............ Jail or police station* ...................................... Other place of care *.......................................... Place of care not reported................................ Not reported whether detention care was given. 31,348 32,342 28,885 17,077 11,172 41 6,214 3,689 1,225 2 1 31,365 19,174 10,917 46 6,646 3,299 917 8 1 28,767 16,858 14,291 97 8,816 3,876 1,178 324 17,577 10,363 18,022 10,397 312 6,684 2,689 708 4 28,156 16, 750 11,071 444 6,672 3,221 734 199 6,383 2,961 3,369 72 1,842 1,156 104 195 4,093 6,194 1,274 827 4,940 2,340 2,438 Girls’ cases______________________________ No detention care_____________________________ Detention care overnight or longer------- -----------Boarding home or other family home........... Detention home2_________________________ Other institution__________________________ Jail or police station8. . ................. ................. Other place of care * ..____ ______- _________ Place of care not reported................................ Not reported whether detention care was given. 53 2,936 3,032 5,708 2,689 2,725 233 6,276 3,060 791 3 67 1,813 1,053 64 35 60 1,714 862 54 34 1 78 1,469 831 57 3 226 294 162 1934 466 4,678 2,397 2,223 93 1,226 868 35 335 4,969 2,462 2,441 1 2 66 58 99 1,405 910 25 1 Includes only official cases for Franklin County, Ohio, and Pierce County, Wash., because these courts did not report unofficial cases every year. 2 Includes cases of children cared for part of the time in detention homes and part of the time elsewhere, but excludes cases of children also held in jails or police stations. 3 Includes a few cases of children cared for part of the time in jails or police stations and part of the time elsewhere. * Includes a few cases of children held in more than 1 place of care but in places other than detention homes, jails, or police stations. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS^ 1934 29 In 1934 practically all the courts except those of Minnesota and New York State used detention homes for the majority of children detained (table Q l). The New York State courts, except the one in Erie County, mainly used other institutions, whereas Erie County detained all but two of its children in boarding or other family homes. In Mercer County, N. J., all the children detained, and in Hudson County, N. J., all but one were taken care of in detention homes. In Ohio, although the majority of the children were detained in detention homes, the use of jails and police stations was frequent except in Hamilton County, where only two children were detained in such places. Jails or police stations were also frequently used for children in Caddo Parish, La.; Hennepin and Ramsey Counties, Minn.; Multnomah County, Oreg.; Greenville County, S. C .; and the third district of Utah. In several of these courts, however, the number of cases of children cared for in jails or police stations in 1934 was smaller than in 1933. In connection with the study of place of detention care it must be kept in mind that the courts must use for detention care the places that have been provided for the purpose by the community. The figures, of course, also reflect the attitude of the courts, because the community’s appreciation of the desirability of providing the better types of places of care for children who require detention, is dependent, at least in part, upon the amount of emphasis that the court places on the need for adequate provision. 101461°— 37---- 3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T able Q l.— Number o f delinquency cases o f children detained in certain types o f places pending hearing or disposition; cases disposed o f by SO courts that served specified areas and that reported throughout the period 1929-34 00 O Place of detention care of child Area served by court Detention home1 Boarding or other family home 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 Total cases.______ ___________________ 311 405 1 1 1 4 2 1 3 3 1 2 2 1 4 6 3 71 2 51 1 51 2 1 2 3 7 3 3 237 4 2 1 2 108 29 4 2 7 4 5 5 3 6 1 3 1 38 2 31 1 1931 1932 1933 1934 1929 1930 2 1 53 173 250 35 187 191 407 217 80 175 145 384 197 41 198 111 622 171 29 200 43 734 181 101 205 60 866 152 91 165 Ohio: 10 1 1 New York: 2 1 1 5 9 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 7 4 221 32 7 376 6 4 580 21 792 25 691 59 328 377 396 437 380 51 355 98 3 2 1 3 7 Washington: Pierce County3----- ----------------- 1 1 2 26 1 9 2 3 3 2 1 4 3 98 121 1 5 3 4 2 4 1 1 2 27 4 16 711 7 68 5 91 1 55 3 48 1 56 172 70 4 2 3 4 1 24 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 265 324 318 215 164 186 1,209 1,325 1,143 1,664 1,655 1,239 630 792 886 841 764 882 193 140 145 120 125 106 113 140 187 120 118 159 21 36 10 10 14 8 3 4 5 31 771 661 393 410 467 546 75 30 63 59 70 63 4,441 1,302 1,526 1,308 1,512 1,475 3 4 9 13 1 282 276 81 131 272 109 154 285 78 1 3 5 5 1 1 3 18 1 1 1 35 60 58 104 105 133 85 34 47 4,039 3,807 3,593 3,388 3,169 3,689 104 96 54 47 84 76 93 100 118 155 119 149 8 3 1 8 3 7 6 1 Pennsylvania: 3 1 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 543 10,658 8,027 8,360 7,745 7,910 8,077 5,032 4,742 4,161 3,891 3,557 4,131 1,282 1,289 971 848 743 759 1 1 108 90 85 69 106 116 21 2 10 6 16 4 382 389 452 302 204 289 4 21 17 10 2 4 90 90 77 42 34 24 1 1 13 122 129 175 292 2 24 1 33 27 5 6 5 412 366 413 453 250 4 2 8 4 375 367 6 Minnesota: New Jersey: Jail or police station3 Other institution 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 123 374 75 113 283 46 142 258 84 5 1 1 7 2 1 20 17 2 2 1 35 4 3 44 27 4 3 1 47 1 8 5 6 7 7 11 2 1 21 3 32 8 2 19 19 Ï 9 2 17 9 6 1 16 16 49 193 129 165 164 70 98 78 75 20 65 6 10 21 13 8 2 30 10 1 1 1 1 144 10 284 77 88 143 147 126 127 141 1 1 8 2 276 75 67 98 148 58 45 35 '67 130 183 117 142 131 3 1 4 1 1 36 40 133 28 29 16 88 29 18 28 80 29 1 16 20 58 33 1 Includes cases of children cared for part of the time in detention homes and part of the time elsewhere, but excludes cases of children also held in jails or police stations. 8 Includes a few cases of children cared for part of the time in jails or police stations and part of the time elsewhere. * Includes only official cases because court did not report unofficial cases every year. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 1 » 18 39 31 23 8 52 23 23 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 District of Columbia. Indiana: 106 1 2 169 1929 31 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 DISPOSITION OF CASES A smaller proportion of both boys’ and girls’ cases was dismissed, adjusted, or held open without further action in 1934 than 1933 (table R ). The proportion of boys’ cases dismissed (49 percent) in 1934 was less than in either 1933 (54 percent) or 1932 (51 percent) but was greater than in 1929 (46 percent). In 31 percent of the boys’ cases both in 1934 and in 1929 the boy was placed on probation, a larger percentage than in any intervening year. In a slightly larger proportion of cases boys were committed or referred to institutions in 1934 (10 percent) than in either 1933 (8 percent) or 1932 (9 percent). For girls a small decrease in 1934 as compared with 1933 appeared in the percentage of cases disposed of by dismissal or adjustment and in cases disposed of by placement under the supervision of a probation officer. A somewhat larger percentage of the cases of girls were dis posed of by commitment or referral of the girl to an agency or individ ual in 1934 than in any previous year of the period. T able R .— Disposition o f case in boys’ and girls’ delinquency cases disposed o f by SO courts that reported throughout the period 1929-84 1 Delinquency cases disposed of Disposition of case, and sex of child 1929 1930 1931 1932 Total cases. 37,731 38,536 37,073 33, 707 33,563 33,125 Boys’ cases.. 31,348 32,342 31,365 28,767 28,885 28,156 14,333 9,758 3,119 1,128 1,825 1,182 3 15,830 9,370 3,197 1,213 1,601 1,128 3 15,305 9,349 2,992 1,119 1,087 1,502 11 14, 775 8,346 2,552 1,061 692 1,340 1 15,669 7,994 2,436 1,081 484 1,221 13,793 8,735 2,844 1,075 380 1,321 8 6,383 6,194 5,708 4,940 4,678 4,969 2,262 1,921 1,238 568 47 341 6 2,316 1,842 1,190 439 39 365 3 2,185 1,650 1,095 419 28 330 1 1,840 1,536 882 382 29 270 1 1,912 1,355 806 340 14 251 1,927 1,359 848 532 22 280 1 Dismissed, adjusted, or held open without further action_______________________________ ____ ____ Child supervised by probation officer. .” 111111” ! " I ! Child committed or referred to an institution_______ Child committed or referred to an agency or individual Restitution, fine, or costs ordered___________________ Other disposition of case______________ . . . I . ' I I I I I " Disposition not reported................................ ................. Girls’ cases.. Dismissed, adjusted, or held open without further action_____________________________________________ Child supervised by probation officer___ Child committed or referred to an institution________ Child committed or referred to an agency or individual. Restitution, fine, or costs ordered___________________ Other disposition of case................ ...................I I ..¿ .I l l Disposition not reported________________ ____III'IIIC.. 1933 1934 i includes only official cases for Franklin County, Ohio, and Pierce County, Wash., because these courts did not report unofficial cases every year. Study of the disposition of cases in the individual courts (table R l) shows that the smaller number of cases dismissed, adjusted, or held open without further action in 1934 as compared with 1933 was due primarily to the marked drop in the number so disposed of by the New York City court— 2,704 cases in 1934 as compared with 4,308 in 1933. Thirteen other courts, however, including Philadelphia, dis missed fewer cases during the year. On the other hand, 16 courts dis posed of more cases by these methods in 1934 than in 1933. Among the courts in which a markedly larger number of cases (150 or more) were dismissed, adjusted, or held open without further action in 1934 than in 1933 were Bridgeport, Conn,; Polk County, Iowa; and Erie County, N. Y. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis T able R I .— N u m b e r o f d elin q u en cy cases, classified b y t y p e o f d isp o sitio n , d isp o sed o f b y 3 0 courts that served sp ecified areas a n d that reported throughout the p erio d 1 9 2 9 - 3 4 00 to Type of disposition Area served by court Case dismissed, adjusted, or held open with out further action 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1 Includes dismissed cases not reported prior to 1933. 2 Includes only official cases because court did not report unofficial cases every year. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1929 1930 1931 11,679 11,212 10,999 3 13 29 312 443 237 182 45 126 625 705 691 1932 9,882 44 207 186 585 1933 1934 9,349 10,094 57 65 211 156 104 134 578 656 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 4,357 121 72 52 86 4,387 118 91 27 79 4,087 80 87 28 84 3,434 3,242 3,692 71 67 31 107 63 62 24 103 119 101 22 131 58 314 74 21 132 126 229 161 7 177 113 169 183 70 218 71 226 164 75 196 90 208 161 61 159 113 275 123 18 124 60 111 91 66 122 113 102 8i 98 137 84 41 59 84 121 68 97 53 61 137 24 88 35 101 135 38 113 31 115 124 586 256 510 305 490 217 335 295 444 253 522 323 279 93 280 128 270 92 271 94 284 103 279 83 313 345 391 388 319 359 206 249 198 251 205 318 249 76 473 53 523 77 372 34 320 42 315 46 299 181 3,091 9 397 288 128 3,118 15 314 285 157 3,116 13 272 250 100 2,916 32 244 217 76 2,612 22 246 254 86 2,826 62 261 165 50 810 39 46 157 40 734 39 26 156 44 733 39 24 64 26 536 19 27 71 29 508 18 27 91 40 619 23 27 220 352 240 239 104 231 297 255 109 314 261 403 283 128 400 251 340 314 81 309 238 329 286 89 336 253 329 320 69 424 182 166 111 87 99 238 127 139 113 117 225 171 109 75 121 154 125 113 83 72 125 144 67 69 103 130 146 89 60 102 940 6 1,859 30 173 288 20 951 68 936 49 271 308 70 751 47 793 47 512 285 25 638 54 805 40 304 356 9 570 54 762 46 359 326 6 643 58 791 52 331 288 15 219 23 576 18 177 47 64 167 26 505 13 67 34 65 100 27 438 11 44 66 74 154 21 422 7 36 67 45 167 23 381 18 30 46 32 232 17 443 14 33 64 45 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 Total cases______________________ 16,595 18,146 17,490 16,615 17,581 15,720 42 23 30 66 52 26 Alabama: Mobile County______________ 894 989 969 1,035 California: San Diego County__________ 917 1,112 182 237 371 315 217 197 Connecticut: Bridgeport (city)_________ 716 District of Columbia___________________ 881 657 585 499 679 Indiana: 60 46 128 146 Lake County_______ ____ _________ 56 106 444 401 384 481 Marion County_____ ______________ 456 516 321 537 473 186 269 385 Iowa: Polk County____________________ 100 212 111 100 113 128 Louisiana: Caddo Parish______________ 133 162 209 165 149 188 Michigan: Kent C o u n ty______________ Minnesota: 221 415 323 202 255 238 Hennepin County__________ :______ 42 83 67 36 Ramsey County..____ ____________ 38 49 New Jersey: 302 305 850 600 331 705 Hudson County___________________ i 122 i 115 10 7 8 8 Mercer County____________ _______ New York: 874 302 534 200 631 787 Erie County............. ............. ............. 46 16 38 57 New York (city)___________________ 3,294 3,468 3,048 3,620 4,308 2,704 103 253 334 169 130 85 Rensselaer County.............................. 63 388 69 69 78 207 Westchester County.................... ....... Ohio: 24 33 45 33 23 31 Franklin County 2_________________ 983 1,070 1,146 1,156 1,120 987 Hamilton County............ ................... Mahoning County_________________ 1,415 1,408 1,325 1,453 1,397 1,245 280 243 226 229 Montgomery County______________ 358 306 Oregon: Multnomah County................... 569 648 629 348 476 438 Pennsylvania: 1 6 3 1 1 2 25 Philadelphia (city and county)____ 3,663 4,974 5,172 4,580 4,752 4,222 23 35 27 40 33 49 South Carolina: Greenville County____ 446 681 337 567 518 497 Utah: Third district.. . _________ ____ _ 213 273 353 272 197 236 Virginia: Norfolk (c ity )................ .......... 62 2 16 46 77 38 Washington: Pierce County2______ __ Child committed or referred to an institution Child supervised by probation officer JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 33 The total number of cases in which the child was placed under the supervision of a probation officer was 8 percent greater in 1934 than in 1933. Twenty-two of the individual courts placed a larger number of children on probation in 1934 than in the preceding year. The use of institutional care was more frequent in 1934 than in 1933. In the group of courts as a whole the number of children committed or referred to institutions in 1934 was 14 percent greater than in 1933. Nineteen courts disposed of more cases by commitment or referral of the child to an institution, one court disposed of exactly the same number in both years, and 10 courts disposed of fewer cases bv this method. PREVIOUS COURT EXPERIENCE For the year 1934 tabulations have been prepared for 29 of the 30 courts 7 showing the age, race, and reason for reference to court of children who were dealt with for the first time in delinquency cases and for the children who had been dealt with previously in delinquency cases disposed of by the court. The analysis presented includes only cases of children 7 to 15 years of ago for whom information was obtained as to whether or not the child had ever been dealt with pre viously in a delinquency case. Cases of children 16 years of age and over were excluded from the analysis because not all the courts have original jurisdiction over children of these ages. The tabulations include 18,008 cases of boys (14,574 cases of white boys and 3,434 cases of Negro boys) and 3,196 cases of girls (2,370 cases of white girls and 826 cases of Negro girls). They include 12,601 cases of boys and 2,601 cases of girls which involved children who had had no previous court experience and 5,407 cases of boys and 595 cases of girls in which the children had been dealt with previously by the court in delinquency cases. The previous delinquency cases of the children who had had previous court experience occurred either in 1934 or in earlier years. No information is available with regard to the cases which would show either age at date of reference to court or the reason for reference of the previous delinquency case. Of the children dealt with in delinquency cases, boys more frequently than girls had had previous court experience. Among the boys’ cases 70 percent and among the girls’ cases 81 percent were cases in which the child had had no previous case disposed of (chart II). In other words, 30 percent of all boys’ cases and 19 percent of all girls’ cases were cases in which the child had had court experience previously in 1934 or in earlier years. A larger proportion of the cases of white boys (73 percent) than of Negro boys (58 percent) were first delinquency cases. The difference in the relative frequency of first court experience for both white and Negro girls was smaller than for either white or Negro boys; 83 percent of the cases of white girls and 78 percent of the cases of Negro girls were first delinquency cases. But Negro girls dealt with by the courts had been involved in previous delinquency cases more frequently than white girls. Table S shows the age distribution and previous court experience of white and of Negro boys and girls dealt with by the courts in delin quency cases. In every group the great majority of the cases (60 7 The courts included are all those that cooperated each year of the period 1929-34 except Philadelphia, which reports to the Children’s Bureau not through cards but through tables from which information in the same detail as for other courts consequently could not be brought together. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 34 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 percent or more) were those of children 13 to 15 years of age; a much larger proportion of the girls (79 percent) than of the boys (69 percent) were of these older ages. Among both white and Negro boys and girls the children of these older ages formed a larger proportion of the children who had had previous court experience than of the children who had had no previous court experience. The white boys were of these ages in 67 percent of the cases of those dealt with for the first time and in 79 percent of those who had been dealt with previously; the Negro boys, in 60 percent of the cases of those dealt Chart II.— Previous court experience of white and of Negro boys and girls 7 to 15 years of age dealt with in delinquency cases disposed of by 29 courts in 1934 P ercen t 0 --------------- — , 20 40 I 60 80 I--------------------------------1 tOO -------------- » WKifc« and Negro-boys (IS,0 08 c a s e s ) White boys (14,574. c a s e s ) Negro boys (3,434 c a s e s ) White and Negro girls (3,196 c a s e s ) White girls (2 ,3 7 0 c a s e s ) Negro girls (8 2 6 ca se s) Previous Court experience N o p r e v io u s c o u r t e x p e r ie n c e with for the first time and in 69 percent of those dealt with pre viously. The white girls were in this age group in 78 percent of the cases of those dealt with for the first time and in 88 percent of those dealt with previously; the Negro girls, in 77 percent of the cases of those dealt with for the first time and in 84 percent of those dealt with previously. In cases of boys with as well as those without previous court ex perience the reason for reference was generally stealing or acts of carelessness or mischief (table T ). For both white and Negro boys JP stealing was the reason for reference in a larger proportion of cases in which the boy had been dealt with previously than of those in which he was dealt with for the first time. Acts of carelessness or mischief, however, constituted the reason for reference in a larger proportion https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 35 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 of cases of both white and Negro boys dealt with for the first time than in cases of boys dealt with previously. The proportion of cases referred for other reasons was relatively small, and the differences between first and previous court experiences were too slight for sound conclusions. However, for both white and Negro boys there was a slightly larger percentage of cases of truancy and for white boys a slightly larger percentage referred for being ungovernable among those having previous court experience than among those dealt with for the first time. T S.— A ge when referred to court and previous court experience o f white and Negro hoys and girls; delinquency cases o f boys and girls 7 to 15 years o f age fo r whom a report was obtained as to previous court experience in cases disposed o f bv 29 courts 1 in 1934 able Delinquency cases disposed of Boys Age of child when referred to court White Girls Negro White Total No pre Previ No pre Previ vious ous vious ous court court court court experi experi experi experi ence ence ence ence Total_______ 18,008 10,608 3,966 1,993 7 years____________ 8 y e a rs.......... ........ 9 years. . . . _____ 10 years__________ 11 years. ________ 12 years _______ . 13 years__________ 14 years. ________ 15 years................... 134 271 592 1,036 1,336 2,204 3,071 4,313 5,051 101 200 403 674 802 1,324 1,755 2,436 2,913 13 17 55 138 224 385 665 1,108 1,361 20 48 89 150 204 277 357 414 434 Total Negro No pre Previ No pre Previ vious ous vious ous court court court court experi experi experi experi ence ence ence ence 1,441 3,196 1,960 410 641 185 6 45 74 106 218 294 355 343 22 51 76 110 139 258 510 877 1,153 17 38 52 77 82 167 286 527 714 2 3 7 9 11 17 64 123 174 10 15 20 37 60 130 170 196 2 4 9 14 30 57 69 Percent distribution Total_______ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7 years____________ 8 yea rs................... 9 years _________ 10 years ________ 11 years___________ 12 years___________ 13 years__________ 14 years. _____ . . 15 y ea rs............. .7 1.5 3.3 5.8 7.4 12.2 17.1 24.0 28.0 1.0 1.9 3.8 6.4 7.6 12.5 16.5 23.0 27.5 .3 .4 1.4 3.5 5.6 9.7 16.8 27.9 34.3 1.0 2.4 4.5 7.5 10.2 13.9 17.9 20.8 21.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .4 3.1 5.1 7.4 15.1 20.4 24.6 23.8 .7 1.6 2.4 3.4 4.3 8.1 16.0 27.4 36.1 ^9 1.9 2.7 3.9 4.2 8.5 14.6 26.9 36.4 .7 1.7 2.2 2.7 4.1 15.6 30.0 42.4 1.6 2.3 3.1 5.8 9.4 20.3 26.5 30.6 1.1 2.2 4.9 7.6 16.2 30.8 37.3 1 All the courts that served areas with 100,000 or more population and that cooperated throughout the period 1929-34 except Philadelphia, which did not furnish this information. Among girls the group of closely allied offenses— truancy, running away, being ungovernable, and sex offenses— accounted for almost three-fourths of the cases disposed of. (See table T .) Cases of these types formed a larger proportion of the cases both of white and of Negro girls who had been dealt with in previous delinquency cases (83 and 81 percent, respectively) than of those who had not been dealt with in previous delinquency cases (72 and 70 percent, respectively). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis JU VENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 36 In the group referred for truancy, running away, and being un governable, the boys who had had no previous court experience were 13 to 15 years of age in about the same proportion of cases as were those who had been dealt with previously (71 and 72 percent, re spectively). (See table U l.) However, among those referred for acts of carelessness or mischief and for stealing, the boys were of these older ages in a larger proportion of the cases involving previous court experience (acts of carelessness or mischief, 74 percent, and stealing, 78 percent) than in cases of boys dealt with for the first time (acts ol carelessness or mischief, 59 percent, and stealing, 67 percent). T T . — Reason for reference to court and previous court experience o f white and Nearo boys and girls; delinquency cases o f boys and girls 7 to 15 years o f a4 eJ ° r whom a report was obtained as to previous court experience m cases disposed of by 29 courts1 in 1934 able Delinquency cases disposed of Girls Boys Negro White Negro White Reason for reference to court No Total previ ous court expe rience Previ ous court expe rience No No No Previ Total previ Previ previ previ ous ous ous ous ous court court court expe court court expe expe rience expe expe rience rience rience rience Previ ous court expe rience Total cases..................... 18,008 10,608 3,966 1,993 1,441 3,196 1,960 410 641 185 4,825 3,014 109 456 689 757 182 269 206 101 2,196 635 26 330 239 376 43 39 61 21 1,026 376 4 45 128 214 34 109 24 33 904 151 4 69 100 151 12 36 7 7 394 284 8 308 619 920 437 83 46 97 279 179 8 227 409 489 258 27 37 47 31 28 67 66 17 11 46 87 147 58 5 4 4 26 81 213 99 45 5 39 9 42 71 22 6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7.6 6.9 11.1 11.0 9.6 6.2 11.3 21.4 36.2 14.3 1.2 1.0 4.3 13.5 35.4 16.4 7.5 .8 5.1 23.6 39.9 12.4 3.4 Stealing............................ - - - - Act of carelessness or mischieL Traffic violation------------------Truancy.................................... Running away......................— U ngovernable...........- .......... Sex offense................................ Injury to person-------- ---------Other reason.......... - ................ Reason not reported------------- 8,951 4,176 143 900 1,156 1,498 271 453 298 162 7 Percent distribution Total cases___________ Stealing.......................... Act of carelessness or mischief. Traffic violation------------------Truancy..----------- ---------------Running away--------------------Ungovernable______________ Sex offense................................ Injury to person----------- ------Other reason------ ------------------ 100.0 50.2 23.4 .8 5.0 6.5 8.4 1.5 2.5 1.7 100.0 45.9 28.7 1.0 4.3 6.6 7.2 1.7 2.6 2.0 100.0 55.7 16.1 .7 8.4 6.1 9.5 1.1 1.0 1.5 100.0 52.3 19.2 .2 2.3 6.5 10.9 1.7 5.6 1.2 100.0 63.0 10.5 .3 4.8 7.0 10.5 .8 2.5 .5 100.0 12.7 9.2 .3 9.9 20.0 29.7 14.1 2.7 1.5 14.6 9.4 .4 11.9 21.4 25.6 13.5 1.4 1.9 i All the courts that served areas with 100,000 or more population and that cooperated throughout the period 1929-34 except Philadelphia, which did not furnish this information. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 37 JU VEN ILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 Girls who had had previous court experience who were referred on account of such offenses as truancy, running away, being ungovern able, and sex offenses were on the whole a little older than girls dealt with for the first time on these charges (table U2). The differences in percentage, however, were small. Cases of girls 13 to 15 years of age comprised 90 percent of the cases in which the girls had had previous court experience and 85 percent of the cases in which the girls had had no previous court experience. The number of cases of girls with previous court experience referred for other reasons, such as stealing and acts of carelessness and mischief, were too few to warrant consideration by age. T U l .— A ge when referred to court, reason fo r reference, and previous court experience o f boys; delinquency cases o f boys 7 to 15 years o f age fo r whom a report was obtained as to previous court experience in cases disposed o f by 29 courts 1 in able Boys’ delinquency cases Reason for reference to court Stealing Age of boy when referred to court Act of care lessness or mischief Truancy, run ning away, being ungov ernable All other reasons Reason not reported Total No No No No No Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre pre pre pre pre pre vious vious vious vious vious vious vious vious vious vious court court court court court court court court court court expe expe expe expe expe expe expe expe expe expe rience rience rience rience rience rience rience rience rience rience Total............... . 18,008 7 years......................... 8 years_____ ________ 9 years............. .......... 10 years_____________ 11 years_____________ 12 years......... .............. 13 years_____________ 14 years.____ _______ 16 years_____________ 134 271 692 1,036 1,336 2,204 3,071 4, 313 6,051 5,851 3,100 3,390 786 2,289 1,265 937 228 134 28 36 82 205 365 462 774 1,054 1,373 1,500 5 13 41 118 186 330 548 845 1,014 45 97 170 264 327 497 537 711 742 3 3 20 34 48 94 160 204 220 21 43 85 135 161 212 365 555 712 5 7 37 58 86 160 209 345 358 17 23 28 1 4 1 136 191 331 37 58 101 20 20 62 5 11 11 100.0 100.0 .9 4.4 8.3 16.2 25.4 44.3 1.5 2.2 3.0 4.5 3.0 9.7 14.9 14.9 46.3 52 Percent distribution Total............. . 7 years.................. . 8 years....................... 9 years______________ 10 years_____________ 11 years_____________ 12 years_____________ 13 years_____________ 14 years___________ . 15 years................... . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .7 1.5 3.3 5.8 7.4 12.2 17.1 24.0 28.0 .6 1.4 3.5 6.2 7.9 13.2 18.0 23.5 25.6 .2 .4 1.3 3.8 6.0 10.6 17.7 27.3 32.7 1.3 2.9 5.0 7.8 9.6 14.7 15.8 21.0 21.9 .4 .4 2.5 4.3 6.1 12.0 20.4 26.0 28.0 .9 1.9 3.7 5.9 7.0 9.3 15.9 24.2 31.1 .4 .6 2.9 4.6 6.8 12.6 16.5 27.3 28.3 1.8 2.5 3.0 5.8 5.5 11.2 14.5 20.4 35.3 (») 1 All the courts that served areas with 100,000 or more population and that cooperated throughout the period 1929-34 except Philadelphia, which did not furnish this information. 8 Not shown because number of cases was less than 60. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 38 T JU VENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 U 2 . — Age when referred to court, reason fo r reference, and 'previous court experience o f girls; delinquency cases o f girls 7 to 15 years o f age fo r whom a report was obtained as to previous court experience in cases disposed of by 29 courts m 1934 able Girls’ delinquency cases Reason for reference to court Act of care lessness or mischief Stealing Age of girl when referred to court Truancy, run ning away, being ungov ernable, sex offense Reason not reported All other reasons Total No No No Pre Pre Pre pre pre pre vious vious vious vious court vious court vious court court court expe court expe expe expe rience expe rience expe rience rience rience rience No pre vious court expe rience Pre vious court expe rience No pre vious court expe rience Pre vious court expe rience 48 245 39 1,802 482 122 15 3 3 15 14 13 8 15 16 25 18 27 47 44 45 2 1 3 2 4 4 3 14 6 7 23 27 39 59 122 272 523 730 2 5 10 12 21 72 144 216 2 4 3 7 8 18 22 26 32 1 1 3 2 Total_________ 3,196 346 15 years.................. - - 51 76 110 139 258 510 877 1,153 3 5 17 25 27 53 64 82 70 ii 86 1 4 1 7 7 i n 2 3 5 22 33 5 3 Percent distribution Total............. . 100.0 100.0 J) 15 years..- - - - - - - - - - — 1 ft 2 4 3 4 4 3 8 1 1ft 0 27 4 36.1 1.4 4.9 7.2 7.8 15.3 18. 5 23. 7 20.2 00 100.0 3.3 6.1 6. 5 10.2 7.3 11.0 19.2 18.0 18.4 (0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .4 1.0 2.1 2.5 4.4 14.9 29.9 44.8 1.6 3.3 2.5 5.7 6.6 14.8 18.0 21.3 26.2 .4 1.3 1.5 2.2 3.3 6.8 15.1 29.0 40.5 (2) 100.0 (2) 1.2 4.7 1.2 8.1 8.1 12.8 25.6 38.4 » All the courts that served areas with 100,000 or more population and that cooperated throughout the period 1929-34 except Philadelphia, which did not furnish this information. * Not shown because number of cases was less than 60. T R E N D S IN D E PEN D E N CY AN D NEGLECT CASES Twenty-eight courts have reported dependency and neglect cases throughout the period 1929-34 (table V ). The number of dependency and neglect cases and the percentage change in each year as compared with the preceding year in cases disposed of by these 28 courts were as follows: Year Number 14,863 15,012 14,473 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Percent in crease (+ ) or decrease (—) as com pared with preceding year +1 -4 Year 1932— ........ - ................... . 1933_____________________ 1934............... ................... - Number 13,188 12,810 13,030 Percent in crease (+ ) or decrease (—) as com pared with preceding year -9 -3 +2 39 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 In 1934 more dependency and neglect cases were disposed of than in 1933, but the number of cases was less than in 1932 and every other prior year. The 1934 number was 13 percent less than in 1930, the year in which the maximum number of dependency and neglect cases was disposed of by the 28 courts, and 12 percent less than in 1929, the first year of the period under review. In 1934, 17 of these 28 courts disposed of more, and 11 courts of fewer cases of dependency and neglect than in 1933. The difference in the number of cases disposed of, however, by most courts was small. Of courts disposing of 100 or more cases in 1933, only 6 (Marion County, Ind.; Polk County, Iowa; Ramsey County, Minn.; Monroe County, N. Y .; Montgomery County, Ohio; and Multnomah County, Oreg.) showed increases of 10 percent or more, and only 8 (San Diego County, Calif.; District of Columbia; Erie, Rensselaer, and Westchester Counties, N. Y .; Franklin and Hamilton Counties, Ohio; and Allegheny County, Pa.) showed decreases of 10 percent or more in the number of cases disposed of in 1934 as compared with 1933. T able V .— Number o f dependency and neglect cases disposed o f by 28 specified courts that reported throughout the period 1929-84 Dependency and neglect cases disposed of Area served by court Total cases________ __________ Alabama: Mobile County_________ California: San Diego County_____ Connecticut: Bridgeport (city)____ District of Columbia_______ ______ Indiana: Lake C o u n ty ............... .............. Marion Comity_______________ Iowa: Polk County_______________ Louisiana: Caddo Parish__________ Michigan: Kent County................ Minnesota: Hennepin County_____________ Eamsey County______________ New York: Erie County................................. Monroe County.................... ....... New York (city)______________ Rensselaer County____________ Westchester County................. . Ohio: Franklin County1....................... Hamilton County_____________ Mahoning County____________ Montgomery County_________ Oregon: Multnomah County......... Pennsylvania: Allegheny County____________ Montgomery County_________ Philadelphia (city and county) _ South Carolina: Greenville County Utah: Third district______________ Virginia: Norfolk (city)___________ Washington: Pierce County1_____ 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 14,863 15,012 14,473 13,188 12,810 13,030 9 438 70 348 4 395 51 315 5 349 49 297 6 20 393 58 256 27 336 133 227 246 282 631 107 279 326 282 559 53 338 225 242 404 155 275 173 260 278 236 150 189 354 190 184 159 410 433 188 195 343 138 349 115 296 193 344 125 331 192 335 227 140 284 3,891 187 270 148 228 3,890 161 394 178 192 4,173 162 438 136 175 4,230 146 532 140 103 4,402 124 556 65 127 4,492 107 338 659 468 292 385 443 462 442 214 321 475 280 371 188 348 646 217 344 137 266 423 240 274 151 285 685 187 246 142 357 840 756 13 3,670 114 130 209 61 970 10 4,060 74 175 152 49 909 7 3,654 58 172 159 48 705 29 2,966 53 171 180 44 763 55 2,347 87 109 118 54 532 63 2,481 98 118 124 43 437 71 303 202 1934 1 Includes only official cases because court did not report unofficial cases every year. Si General economic and social conditions are reflected in the number of dependency and neglect cases reported by courts, but community conditions have varied widely, and the factors operating in the local communities obviously were the main determinants of the number of dependency and neglect cases referred to and disposed of by the individual courts during the period. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 40 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 During some years of the period under review factors associated with the depression, such as the ability of the family to secure employ ment, the availability of relief from public and private sources, and the funds that have come into the communities in the form of work programs, have unquestionably affected the number of dependency and neglect cases. In some communities there has been a tendency to provide social treatment for cases without recourse to the court. In many communities the pressure of emergency relief and welfare problems due to the depression has made it impossible to take cogni zance of situations which in more normal times would have been brought to the attention of the courts. Tables W , X , and Y show the age distribution of the children, the marital status of the parents and the place where the child was living when referred to court, and the disposition of the cases for the group of courts during the period 1929-34. Table Z shows the number of children committed or referred to institutions, agencies, or individuals by each of the 28 courts during the period under review. T able W .— A ge o f child when referred to court in dependency and neglect cases disposed o f by 28 courts that reported throughout the period 1929—84 1 Dependency and neglect cases disposed of Age of child when referred to court 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Total cases_____________ __________ 14,863 15,012 14,473 13,188 12,810 13,030 Under 2 years........................... .................. 2 years, under 4_____________________ .. 4 years, under 6-------------- -----------------------6 years, under 8_______________________ 8 years, under 10________________________ 10 years, under 12------- ---------------------------12 years, under 14_______________________ 14 years, under 16------- - ------------------------16 years and over________________________ Not reported_______ - . . . --------------------- 1,764 1,930 1,982 2,042 2,077 1,697 1,651 1,265 206 249 1,843 1,841 1,946 2,037 2,103 1,790 1,660 1,348 222 222 1,799 1,692 1,760 1,915 1,972 1,881 1,498 1,266 207 483 1,653 1, 636 1,716 1,742 1,738 1,641 1,458 1,140 257 207 1,516 1,549 1,547 1,774 1,771 1,607 1,474 1,211 303 58 1,611 1,407 1,567 1,690 1, 820 1,725 1,638 1,250 280 42 1934 1 Includes only official cases for Franklin County, Ohio, and Pierce County, Wash., because these courts did not report unofficial cases every year. T X .— Marital status o f parents and place child was living when referred to court in dependency and neglect cases disposed o f by 28 courts that reported through out the period 1929-84 1 able Marital status of parents and place child was living when referred to court Dependency and neglect cases disposed of 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 14,863 15,012 14,473 13,188 12,810 13,030 12,220 13,376 12,386 10,956 10,521 10,906 Child living in own home----------- ------------------------ 9,540 10,404 9,544 8,412 7,929 8,166 With both own parents___________ __________ With one parent and a stepparent.. ____ . With one parent only..................................... . 3,022 447 6,071 3,295 493 6,616 3,141 401 6,002 3,121 320 4,971 2,840 351 4,738 2,970 367 4,829 Father dead_____________________________ Mother dead..__________ ________________ Parents divorced________________________ Father deserting mother________________ Mother deserting father_________________ Parents not married to each other----------Parents living apart for other or not specified reasons__________________ ____ 693 1,097 420 1,055 541 495 753 1,073 329 1,248 517 607 708 853 340 967 436 693 515 764 295 689 332 572 509 753 311 619 323 516 614 760 379 459 309 552 Total c a s e s .-------- ------------------------------------------Marital status and place reported..----------------------- - 1934 1,770 2,089 2,005 1,804 1,707 1,756 Child living in other place______________________ 2,680 2,972 2,842 2,544 2,592 2,740 Marital status and place not reported.. ____________ 2,643 1,636 2,087 2,232 2,289 2,124 1 Includes only official cases for Franklin County, Ohio, and Pierce County, Wash., because these courts did not report unofficial cases every year. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 41 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 T able Y .— Disposition o f case in dependency and neglect cases disposed of by 28 courts that reported throughout the period 1929—34 1 Dependency and neglect cases disposed of Disposition of case Total cases______ ________________________ ____ Dismissed, adjusted, or held open without further action__________________________________ ___________ Child supervised by probation officer________________ Child committed or referred to institution___________ Child committed or referred to agency or individual-. Other disposition of case____________________________ 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 14,863 15,012 14,473 13,188 12,810 13,030 4,181 3,036 3,283 4,192 162 9 4,537 3,057 3,252 3,930 232 4 4,111 2,918 3,197 4,032 214 1 4,535 2,572 2,636 3,232 213 4,330 2,540 2,849 2,846 245 4,251 2,425 2,878 3,261 197 18 1934 1 Includes only official cases for Franklin County, Ohio, and Pierce County, Wash., because these courts did not report unofficial cases every year. T Z .— Number o f dependency and neglect cases o f children committed or referred to institutions, agencies, or individuals disposed of by 28 specified courts that reported throughout the period 1929-34 able Area served by court Dependency and neglect cases of children com mitted or referred to institutions, agencies, or individuals 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Total cases------------------------- --------------------- --------- 7,475 7,182 7,229 5,868 5,695 6,139 Alabama: Mobile,County....... ......................................... California: San Diego County----------------- -----------------Connecticut: Bridgeport (city)................................. ....... District of Columbia.......................................................... Indiana: Lake County.............. .................................................. Marion County---------------------- ------- --------------------Iowa: Polk County............... ..................... ....................... Louisiana: Caddo Parish------------------------ ------- ------Michigan: Kent County........................ ........................... Minnesota: Hennepin County........ — ----------------------------------Ramsey County_________________________________ New York: Erie County------------------------------- -----------------------Monroe County-------------------------------- - ------- --------New York (city)-------------- ------------- --------------------Rensselaer County---------------------------- -----------------Westchester County.......... ..................... ................... Ohio: Franklin County1---------------------------------------------Hamilton County------------------------------------- ---------Mahoning County_____________ _________________ Montgomery County---------- ---------- ------------- ------Oregon: Multnomah County............ .............................. Pennsylvania: Allegheny County----------------------------------------------- 4 54 46 217 4 88 29 226 5 60 33 248 5 92 61 273 13 66 40 226 17 40 92 213 167 272 310 90 ' 81 197 277 292 51 121 147 201 130 117 109 129 208 141 96 65 79 140 151 113 31 71 309 121 123 53 162 59 253 90 235 181 288 107 292 186 301 206 104 261 1,161 159 176 136 187 1,198 140 207 147 175 1,590 147 234 94 130 1,027 109 381 92 74 1,393 89 407 46 112 1,688 , 68 228 564 204 205 215 189 393 357 143 199 216 216 269 141 232 217 196 265 81 185 165 222 202 118 192 267 183 204 90 218 294 441 13 2,052 55 107 83 24 58 4 2,082 33 89 73 39 38 2,159 26 62 73 37 67 23 1,441 21 85 92 41 117 16 1,008 19 46 50 46 43 2 1,242 21 61 51 42 Philadelphia (city and county)-------------- ------- -----South Carolina: Greenville C o u n t y .---------------------Utah: Third district--------------------------------- ------- --------Virginia: Norfolk (city)--------------------------------------------Washington: Pierce County1-------------- --------------------- i Includes only official cases because court did not report unofficial cases every year. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1934 SUMMARY TABLES— JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 DELINQUENCY CASES T a b l e 1.— Age under which juvenile court has original jurisdiction and age when referred to court o f boys and girls dealt with in delinquency cases disposed of by 291 courts in 1984 1 Delinquency cases Age under which juvenile court has original jurisdiction 3 Age of child when referred to court Total 16 years 17 years 18 years 21 years Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Total cases............. 57,417 9,234 28,562 3,543 11,851 1,205 15,311 4,161 1,693 325 Under 10 years_________ 3,088 3,144 10 years________________ 4,082 11 years________________ 12 years............ .............. . . 6,169 13 years_________________ 7,968 14 years__________ ______ 11,097 15 years________________ 12,039 16 years_________________ 6,481 2,954 17 years.............................. 214 18 years and over_______ 181 Not reported-................. . 370 264 348 621 1,066 1,899 2,421 1,399 732 83 31 1,874 1,883 2,413 3,637 4,568 6,492 6,786 707 91 19 92 182 118 166 304 518 926 1,146 134 31 5 13 402 543 802 1,186 1,574 2,199 2,460 2,601 58 15 11 31 30 41 70 146 262 321 295 6 3 759 683 826 1,255 1,713 2,191 2,528 2,769 2,390 119 78 147 110 137 234 381 669 895 896 638 36 18 53 35 41 91 113 215 265 404 415 61 10 6 4 13 21 42 59 74 57 39 Girls 1 Of the 291 courts reporting delinquency cases, 284 reported boys’ cases and 256 reported girls’ cases. 3 Some courts have jurisdiction under special circumstances beyond the age specified; also courts occa sionally deal informally with children who are just beyond the age of juvenile-court jurisdiction. T a b l e 2. — Age when referred to court o f white and colored boys and girls dealt with in delinquency cases disposed o f by 65 courts in 1984 1 Delinquency cases Boys Age of child when referred to court Girls Colored White White Colored Total Num Percent Num Percent Num Percent Num Percent distri distri distri distri ber ber ber ber bution bution bution bution Total cases...... .......... Age reported...... .............. . Under 10 y ears............. 10 years_____ _________ 11 years_______________ 12 years....................... 13 years_______________ 14 years_______________ 15 years.................. ........ 16 years_______________ 17 years....................... . 18 years and over______ 52,538 34,715 52,332 34, .580 100 10,194 10,153 100 5,673 100 1,926 100 2,609 2,624 3,291 5,214 7,072 10,358 11,408 5,842 3,617 297 1,749 1,733 2,154 3,352 4,545 6,694 7,620 3,927 2,625 181 5 5 6 10 13 19 22 11 8 1 571 685 876 1,358 1,648 2,097 1,799 776 310 33 6 7 9 13 16 21 18 8 3 (s) 220 148 174 326 657 1,122 1,513 949 589 75 4 3 3 6 10 20 27 17 10 1 69 58 87 178 322 445 476 190 93 8 4 3 5 9 17 23 25 10 5 206 135 41 5,695 22 1,934 (2) 8 1 Of the 291 courts reporting delinquency cases, only 65 (64 of which reported girls’ cases) furnished infor mation for correlating age and color. 3 Less than 1 percent. 42 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 43 SUMMARY TABLES T a b l e 3.— Color and nativity o f boys and girls dealt with in delinquency cases disposed o f by 65 courts and by 25 courts that served areas with 10,000 or more Negro population 1 in 1934 2 Delinquency cases Courts reporting nativity and color serving areas with 10,000 or more Negro population * All courts reporting nativity and colora Color and nativity of child Boys Total Num ber Girls Girls Boys Per Total Per cent Num cent distri ber distri bution bution Num ber Per Per cent Num cent distri ber distri bution bution Total cases............. 52,538 44,909 100 7,629 100 35,334 30,418 100 4,916 40,410 34,715 77 5,695 75 24,434 21,200 70 3,234 66 Native born________ 39,098 Foreign born________ 736 Nativity not reported. 676 33,553 624 538 75 1 1 5,545 112 38 73 1 (*) 23,417 514 503 20,289 440 471 67 1 2 3,128 74 32 64 2 1 10,194 23 1,934 25 10,900 9,218 30 1,682 34 10,133 61 23 (3) 1,913 21 25 (8) 10,889 11 9,210 8 30 (8) 1,679 3 34 White................................. Colored_________________ 12,128 Negro.......... ................ Other_______________ 12,046 82 100 (8) i According to the 1930 census. s Of:the 291 courts reporting delinquency cases, only 65 (64 of which reported girls’ cases) furnished in formation on nativity and color; of the courts reporting nativity and color, only 25 served areas with 10,000 or more Negro population. 8 Less than 1 percent. T a b l e 4. — Parent nativity o f native white boys and girls dealt with in delinquency cases disposed o f by 65 courts in 1934 1 Delinquency cases of native white children Boys Girls Parent nativity Total Number Percent distribu tion Number Percent distribu tion 5,545 39,098 33,553 Parent nativity reported................................................. 37,274 32,081 100 5,193 100 Native parentage_________ . . . . _______. . . . Foreign or mixed parentage________ _______ 21,451 15,823 18,083 13,998 56 44 3,368 1,825 65 35 1,824 1,472 Parent nativity not reported____ ____________ 352 > Of the 291 courts reporting delinquency cases, only 65 (64 of which reported girls’ cases) reported on parent nativity. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 44 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1 9 3 4 T a b l e 5.— Place where hoys and girls were living when referred to court in delinquency cases disposed o f by 65 courts in 1984 1 Delinquency cases Girls Boys Place child was living when referred to court Total Number Percent distribu tion Number Percent distribu tion 7,629 52,538 44,909 Place reported--------------------------------------------------------- 50,016 42,952 100 7,064 100 In own home__________________________________ 45,915 39,976 93 5,939 84 30,786 2,479 1,150 8,789 2,711 27,459 1,970 914 7,414 2,219 64 5 2 17 5 3,327 509 236 1,375 492 47 7 3 19 7 3,165 509 427 2,328 369 279 5 1 1 837 140 148 12 2 2 2,522 1,957 565 * Of the 291 courts reporting delinquency cases, only 65 (64 of which reported girls’ cases) furnished infor mation on the place where the child was living when referred to court. T a b l e 6. — Marital status of parents of hoys and girls dealt with in delinquency cases disposed o f hy 65 courts in 1984 1 Delinquency cases Girls Boys Marital status of parents Total Number 52,538 Status reported-------------------------------------------------------One or both parents dead______________________ Parents separated------ --------------------------------------- Percent distribu tion Number Percent distribu tion 7,629 44,909 42,425 100 6,914 100 31,277 10,805 27,798 8,858 66 21 3,479 1,947 50 28 983 6,195 3,627 785 5,234 2,839 2 12 7 198 961 788 3 14 11 6,451 5,190 12 1,261 18 2,572 1,315 184 2,380 1,995 1,096 139 1,960 5 3 577 219 45 420 8 3 1 6 •798 8 573 6 3,199 2,484 49,339 (2) 5 1 (2) 225 2 3 (2) 715 i Of the 291 courts reporting delinquency cases, only 65 (64 of which reported girls’ cases) furnished infor mation on marital status of parents. i Less than 1 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 45 SUMMARY TABLES T a b l e 7.— Marital status o f parents, classified according to place child was living when referred to court; hoys’ and girls’ delinquency cases disposed of by 65 courts in 1934 1 Delinquency cases Place child was living when referred to court In owi home Marital status of parents Total Total With both own par ents In With With other moth father With fam With er and moth father ily and er step only home step moth only father er In Not insti In other re tu port tion place ed Total cases_________ 52,538 45,915 30,786 2,479 i, 150 8,789 2,711 3,165 509 427 2,522 Boys’ cases___ _ . . 44,909 39,976 27,459 1,970 914 7,414 2,219 2,328 369 279 1,957 99 40 58 64 27 14 2 129 18 22 33 23 8 1 1 3 2 1 2 105 130 724 212 459 130 48 20 Parents married and living together Both parents dead Father dead___________ _ Mother dead.......... Parents divorced________ Father deserting mother.. Parents separated 27,798 27,439 27,439 '785 5,234 4,940 2^839 2^282 1 L995 1,813 1,096 1,026 ' 139 116 3,834 1,106 667 4 674 180 791 1,013 11 1,608 174 9 for Parents not married to each other___ _________ Other status__ ________ Girls’ cases________ 1,385 260 261 35 14 2 77 8 243 13 12 113 52 137 50 199 4 141 18 2 1 28 1 1,945 509 236 1,375 492 837 140 148 565 209 184 12 349 37 1 25 84 178 63 216 61 20 4 25 12 17 36 13 7 3 51 8 18 24 15 5 1 10 3 1,960 1,648 573 6 2,484 360 352 7,629 5,939 3,327 3,479 ' 198 961 788 577 219 45 3,318 3,318 420 326 225 2 715 118 19 Parents married and livFather dead________ Parents divorced_________ Parents separated 862 512 487 187 37 610 252 185 2 163 56 for Status not reported______ 92 263 61 73 11 25 9 72 3 10 6 43 8 25 16 91 2 45 6 10 2 Parents not married to 9 1 1 1 562 i Of the 291 courts reporting delinquency cases, only 65 (64 of which reported girls’ cases) furnished information on marital status of parents and place child was living when referred to court. T a b l e 8. — Source of reference to court o f delinquency cases disposed o f by 65 courts in 1934 1 Source of reference to court Total cases................... ................... Source reported........................................ Police.. _____________ ___________School department------- ---------------Probation officer. __________ ____ Other court......... ...................... ......... Social agency____ _________________ Parents or relatives_______________ Individual.._______ ______________ Other source______________________ Source not reported__________________ Delinquency cases Percent Total distribu tion 52,538 52, 522 100 64 33,356 3,441 7 1,652 3 2 948 2 1,203 4,405 8 14 7,336 181 « 16 i Of the 291 courts reporting delinquency cases, only 65 furnished information on source of reference to court. a Less than 1 percent. 101461°— 37---- 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 46 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 T a b l e 9.— Reason fo r reference to court o f boys and girls dealt with in delinquency cases disposed o f by 291 courts in 1934 1 Delinquency cases Boys Reason for reference to court Total Number Total cases___________________ Reason reported_________________________ Automobile stealing ______________ __________ Burglary or unlawful entry................... .......... Hold-up________________________________ Other stealing___________ _______ _____ Act of carelessness or mischief_______________ Traffic violation_____________ Truancy................. .................................. Running away____________________________ Ungovernable._______ ____________________ Sex offense________ ■______________ Injury to person_____________________________ Use, possession, or sale of liquor or drugs_______ Other reason_______ ____________________ Reason not reported...... ......................... .................... 66,651 57,417 66,230 57,100 1,549 7,974 388 17,478 14,875 1,809 2,834 3,184 3,573 928 1,336 319 853 317 1,556 8,052 396 18,459 15,756 1,883 3,835 4,658 6,165 2,525 1,550 434 961 421 Girls Percent distri bution Number Percent distri bution 9 234 100 3 14 1 31 26 3 5 6 6 2 2 1 1 9,130 7 78 8 981 881 74 1,001 1,474 ¿592 L597 214 115 108 104 100 (2) 1 (2) 11 10 1 11 16 28 17 2 1 1 1 Of the 291 courts reporting delinquency cases, 284 reported boys’ cases and 266 reported girls’ cases 2 Less than 1 percent. T a b l e 10.— R e a so n f o r referen ce to court o f b o y s a n d girls o f .each age p eriod dealt w ith i n d elin q u en cy cases d isp o sed o f b y 6 5 cou rts i n 1 9 3 4 1 Delinquency cases ■Reason for reference to court, and sex of child Total cases ................. Age of child when referred to court Total Under 10 10 years, 12 years, 14 years, 16 years, 18 years Age not years under 12 under 14 under 16 under 18 and over reported 52,538 2,609 5,915 12,286 21,766 9,459 297 206 Boys’ cases____ ______ 44,909 Automobile stealing 1______ 1,407 Burglary or unlawful entry. 5,641 Hold-up_________________ . 329 Other stealing_________ ____ 13,595 Act of carelessness or mischief_____________________ 11,953 Traffic violation............... . 1,294 Truancy.................................. 2,090 Running away...................... . 2,930 Ungovernable _____________ 2,998 Sex offense_____ ____________ 756 Injury to person___________ 1,013 Use, possession, or sale of liquor or drugs______ ____ 262 Other reason......... .............. . 473 Reason not reported_______ 168 2,320 7 260 11 597 5,448 34 1576 33 1,760 10,903 157 1,510 53 3,715 18,210 724 2,388 144 5,483 7,638 475 771 83 1,968 214 7 26 176 3 10 47 25 914 3,189 15 349 654 721 137 263 4,597 203 1,069 1,295 1,200 289 389 1,333 1,038 424 524 390 208 162 37 35 73 68 117 216 48 55 1,810 3 162 293 457 61 123 h 7 37 3 2 14 2 15 10 4 22 10 24 78 38 62 262 105 7,629 7 61 7 816 289 467 6 10 1,383 1 20 43 106 239 3,556 5 21 6 305 742 66 797 1,329 2,148 1,224 170 94 1 23 15 48 37 9 109 21 35 105 49 14 169 4 96 194 392 182 48 10 8 7 11 20 Girls’ cases__________ Automobile stealing. _____ Burglary or unlawful entry. Hold-up.._ _______________ Other stealing ____________ Act of carelessness or mischief.____ ________________ Traffic violation_______ _ Truancy___________________ Running away________ ____ Ungovernable. ............. . . . Sex offense____________ . Injury to person___________ Use, possession, or sale of liquor or drugs— ............. Other reason___________ ___ Reason not reported............ . 89 73 100 7 6 165 93 , 4 10 11 11 7 3 3 1 2 1,821 1 4 1 114 83 30 4 5 267 8 430 761 1,078 485 65 90 53 222 298 500 446 28 4 g 1 21 23 25 1 4 5 2 41 20 64 41 21 2 5 4 1 Of the 291 courts reporting delinquency cases, only 65 (64 of which reported girls’ cases) furnished infor mation for correlating reason for reference to court and age of child. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 47 SUMMARY TABLES T able 11.— R e a so n f o r referen ce to cou rt, a n d color o f b o y s a n d girls dealt w ith in d elin q u en c y cases d isp o se d o f b y 6 5 cou rts i n 1 9 3 4 1 Delinquency cases White children Total Colored children Reason for reference to court, and sex of child Num ber Reason reported_______ ______________ _____— Automobile stealing-----------------------------------Burglary or unlawful entry------------------------H o ld -u p ...................... ..................... ................ Other stealing-------------------------------------------Act of carelessness or mischief_____________ Traffic violation___________________________ Truancy................. ....................... ..................... Running away.-----------------------------------------Ungovernable-------- -----------------------------------Sex offense-------------- ----------------------------------Injury to person----------------------------------- --Use, possession, or sale of liquor or drugs.. . Other reason------------- --------------------------------- Percent distri bution Percent distri bution Num ber 52,538 40,410 44,909 34,715 Num ber Percent distri bution 12,128 10,194 44,741 100 34,588 100 10,153 100 1,407 5,641 329 13,595 11,953 1,294 2,090 2,930 2,998 756 1,013 262 473 3 13 1 30 27 3 5 7 7 2 2 1 1 1,114 4,379 174 9,981 9,386 1,244 1,831 2,308 2,273 599 675 224 400 3 13 1 29 27 4 5 7 7 2 2 1 1 293 1,262 155 3,614 2,567 50 259 622 725 157 338 38 73 3 12 2 36 25 127 168 7,629 Reason reported........................— ------- --------------- 7,529 Burglary or unlawful entry-----------------------Hold-up..-------- ------------- ---------- -----------------Other stealing_____________________________ Act of carelessness or mischief_______ __ — Traffic violation-------------------------- ------------Truancy----------- ------- --------------------------------Running away____________________________ Ungovernable----- --------------------------------------Sex offense------------------------------- -----------------Injury to person----------------------------------------Use, possession, or sale of liquor or drugs.. . Other reason------------- ---------------------- ---------- 7 61 7 816 742 66 797 1,329 2,148 1,224 170 89 73 5,695 (a) 11 10 1 11 18 29 16 2 1 1 1,887 100 (a) 1 (?) 10 9 1 12 19 28 16 1 1 1 53 100 1 1,934 100 7 49 2 585 501 63 690 1,061 1,554 930 62 72 66 1 (9 (2) 3 6 7 2 3 41 5,642 100 (2) 12 5 231 241 3 107 268 594 294 108 17 7 1 (2) (2) 12 13 6 14 31 16 6 1 (?) 47 1 Of the 291 courts reporting delinquency cases, only 65 (64 of which reported girls’ cases) furnished in formation for correlating reason for reference to court and color of child, s Less than 1 percent. T a b l e 12.— C ou rt ex p erien ce o f b o y s a n d girls dealt w ith i n d elin q u en cy ca ses d is p osed o f b y 6 5 cou rts i n 1 9 3 4 1 Delinquency cases Boys Girls Court experience Child having no court experience previous to 1934_________ Child having 1 or more court experiences previous to 1934Court experience previous to 1934 not reported...................... Number Percent distribu tion Number 44,909 100 7,629 100 39,104 87 7,141 94 29,028 10,066 10 65 22 6,093 1,036 12 5,805 (2) 13 488 Percent distribu tion 80 14 (2) 6 1 Of the 291 courts reporting delinquency cases, only 65 (64 of which reported girls’ cases) furnished information on previous court experience. » Less than 1 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 48 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 T a b l e 13.— P la ce o f care p en d in g hearing or d is p o sitio n , a n d a ge w hen referred to court o f h o ys a n d girls dealt w ith in d elin q u en cy cases d is p o se d o f b y 6 5 cou rts in 1934 1 Delinquency cases Age of child when referred to court Total Under 14 years Place of care, and sex of child 14 years, under 16 16 years, under 18 18 years, and over Age not Per Per Per Per Per re Num cent Num cent Num cent Num cent Num cent port distri distri distri distri distri ed ber ber ber ber ber bu bu bu bu bu tion tion tion tion tion Total cases____________ 52,538 20,810 21,766 9,459 297 Boys’ cases___________ 44,909 18,671 18,210 7,638 214 Report on detention care____ 44, 571 100 18,509 100 18,072 100 7,627 No detention care___________ Detention care overnight or longer__________ __________ 27,389 61 12, 275 66 10,558 17,182 39 6,234 34 7,514 461 11,791 3,442 1,173 315 1 26 8 3 1 163 4,501 1,392 116 62 1 24 8 1 («) 249 4,905 1,959 307 94 1 49 27 2,314 11 88 2 731 1 156 Boarding home or other family home_________ Detention home2_______ Other institution- _____ Jail or police station 3___ Other place of care4_____ No report on detention care— Girls’ cases.... ................ 100 214 58 4,289 56 42 3,338 44 1 30 1 10 2 338 162 138 11 7,629 2,139 3,556 1,821 206 176 100 149 135 63 132 79 37 17 62 2 15 29 1 7 9 1 4 3 27 83 30 Report on detention care____ 7,563 100 2,119 100 3,520 100 1,815 100 82 100 27 No detention care.— _______ Detention care overnight or longer_____________________ 4,013 53 1, 281 60 1,634 46 1,038 57 36 44 24 3,550 47 838 40 1,886 54 777 43 46 56 3 121 2,216 .1,086 76 49 2 2 29 14 1 1 («) 13 510 300 10 5 1 24 14 (») (5) 77 1,070 693 27 18 1 2 30 20 1 1 (5) 31 597 87 35 26 1 2 33 5 2 1 39 3 4 48 4 5 3 Boarding home or other family home__________ Detention home 2_______ Other institution________ Jail or police station3___ Other place of care4_____ Place of care not reportedNo report on detention care— 1 66 20 36 6 « 1 3 1 Of the 291 courts reporting delinquency cases, only 65 (64 of which reported girls’ cases) furnished infor mation for correlating place of detention care and age of child. 2 Includes cases of children cared for part of the time in detention homes and part of the time elsewhere, but excludes cases of children also held in jails or police stations. 3 Includes a few cases of children cared for part of the time in jails or police stations and part of the time elsewhere. 4 Includes a few cases of children held in more than 1 place of care but in places other than detention homes, jails, or police stations. * Less than 1 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 49 SUMMARY TAB LES T a b l e 14.— D is p o s itio n and m a n n er o f handling deliq u en cy cases d isp o sed o f b y 2 9 1 cou rts in 1 9 8 4 1 1Delinquency eases Unofficial Official Total Disposition of case Percent distri bution Num Percent distri ber bution Num- Percent distri ber bution Nubiber Total cases.......... .......... .......... ................... . 66,651 44,489 Disposition reported_________________. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,642 loO 44,480 100 22,162 Child kept under supervision of c o u r t . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,198 36 20,999 4? 8,199 14 Probation officer supervising—---------------------Agency or individual supervising___________ Under temporary care of an institution____ _ 22,861 890 94? 34 1 1 19,328 819 §52 43 2 2 3,033 ?1 95 14 Child not kept under supervision of c o u r t ........ 8?, 121 56 18,984 43 18,13? §2 Case dismissed or adjusted_________ . . . . . . . . . Committed to: 25,448 38 10,465 24 14,983 68 2,904 2,446 93 298 618 4 4 2,904 2,446 93 298 618 7 5 200 874 146 223 1,556 155 826 1 4 1 1 7 1 Referred without commitment to: Institution-------------- ------- -----------------------Agency or individual................ — .............. Referred to other court............... ............. ........... Restitution, fine, or costs ordered___________ Runaway returned........ ..................... .............. Other disposition of case...................................... Case held open without further action................ Disposition not reported____________________________ 402 1,201 477 944 1,979 311 5,323 9 - (2) (S ) 1 1 2 1 1 3 0) 8 22,162 (2) 202 327 331 721 423 156 4,497 9 100 (8) (2) 1 1 (2) 1 1 2 1 (2) 10 4 1 Of the 291 courts reporting delinquency cases, 287 reported official cases and 103 unofficial cases. 2 Less than 1 percent. T a b l e 15.— D is p o s itio n o f cases o f b o y s a n d o f girls o f each age period dealt w ith in d elin q u en cy cases d isp o se d o f b y 6 5 cou rts i n 1 9 3 4 1 Delinquency cases Age of child when referred to court Disposition of case, and sex of child 12 years, under 14 14 years, under 16 16 years, under 18 18 years and over Age not re ported Total Under 10 years 10 years, under 12 Total cases___________________ 52,538 2,609 6,915 12,286 21,766 9,459 297 206 Boys’ cases_______ ___________ 2,320 5,448 10,903 18,210 7,638 214 176 1,560 433 3,101 1,458 5,380 3,537 8,595 5,919 3,724 2,125 118 44 92 11 44,909 Dismissed, adjusted, or held open without further action.. ______ _ 22,570 Supervised by probation officer____ 13,527 Committed or "referred to an institution_____________________ _____ 4,488 Committed or referred to an agency 1,501 or individual_____________________ 747 Restitution, fine, or costs ordered.. . Other disposition__________________ 2,068 8 111 416 1,083 2,088 765 19 6 101 39 76 225 76 171 1 336 194 372 1 566 254 782 6 264 155 605 2 3 28 7 26 34 Girls’ cases...................... --------- 7,629 289 467 1,383 3,556 1,821 83 30 Dismissed, adjusted, or held open without further action___________ Supervised by probation officer____ Committed or referred to an insti- 3,010 2,171 192 48 259 110 513 436 1,277 1,089 718 471 32 16 19 1 Committed or referred to an agency Restitution, fine, or costs ordered— Other disposition.......... ....................... Disposition not reported.................. 1,306 20 44 236 676 313 17 659 47 435 1 20 3 6 38 5 11 125 9 64 293 11 209 1 177 14 128 12 6 5 5 « Of the 291 courts reporting delinquency cases, only 65 (64 of which reported girls’ cases) furnished in formation for correlating disposition of case and age of child. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 50 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 T a b l e 16.— D is p o s itio n a n d rea son f o r referen ce to court o f b o y s ’ a n d g irls’ d elin 1 q u en cy cases d is p o se d o f b y 6 5 cou rts i n 1 9 3 4 Delinquency cases Reason for reference to court Disposition of case, and sex of child Total cases. Boys’ cases________________ Dismissed, adjusted, or held open without further action__________ Supervised by probation officer__ Committed or referred to an insti tution__________________ _______ Committed or referred to an agency or individual___________ Restitution, fine, or costs ordered.. Other disposition. ________________ Disposition not reported_________ Girls’ cases________________ Dismissed, adjusted, or held open without further action_________ Supervised by probation officer. _. Committed or referred to an insti tution__________________________ Committed or referred to an agency or individual______ ____ Restitution, fine, or costs ordered.. Other disposition________________ Disposition not reported__________ ported XS 52,538 21,863 12,695 1,360 2,887 4,259 5,146 1,980 1,183 44,909 20,972 11,953 1,294 2,090 2,930 756 1,013 22,570 7,865 9,607 13,527 9,042 1,618 291 326 4,488 2,784 250 1, 501 747 2,068 163 277 38 661 340 274 8 7,629 3.01C 2,171 381 334 569 978 137 982 578 557 1,109 373 964 290 687 4 51 118 227 165 1 2 12 ,553 282 331 1,306 50 255 659 47 435 1 90 '" 2 473 142 363 78! 61 17 209 2 25 2 797 1,329 2,148 1,224 463 192 102 602 263 268 262 18 9 5 170 89 100 746 701 116 ’ 345 1 Of the 291 courts reporting delinquency cases, only 65 (64 of which reported girls’ cases) furnished in formation for correlating disposition of case and reason for reference to court. T a b l e 17.— -D is p o sitio n o f case classified according to color o f b o y s a n d girls dealt w ith i n d elin q u en c y ca ses d isp o se d o f b y 6 5 cou rts i n 1 9 3 4 1 Delinquency cases Disposition of case, and sex of child Total cases................................. Boys’ cases_____________ ____ Disposition reported............ ....... Dismissed, adjusted, or held open without further action_________ • Supervised by probation officer . Committed or referred to an institution___ Committed or referred to an agency or indi vidual __________ Restitution, fine, or costs ordered... Other disposition. . . . Disposition not reported_____ Girls’ c a se s_________ Disposition reported........... Dismissed, adjusted, or held open without further action________ Supervised by probation officer.. Committed or referred to an institution___ Committed or referred to an agency or indi vidual________________ Restitution, fine, or costs ordered Other disposition.................. Disposition not reported_______ Total Num Percent distri ber bution Num ber Num ber 12,128 White children Percent distri bution Colored children Percent distri bution 52,538 40,410 44,909 44,901 34,715 100 34,708 100 10,193 100 22,570 13, 527 4,488 50 30 10 17,665 10,709 3,119 61 31 9 4,905 2,818 1,369 48 28 13 1,501 747 2,068 3 2 5 1,008 545 1,662 3 2 5 493 202 406 5 2 4 8 7,629 7,628 100 7 5,695 5,694 100 1 1,934 1,934 100 3,010 2,171 1,306 39 28 17 2,214 1,584 1,006 39 28 18 796 587 300 41 30 16 659 47 435 1 9 1 6 486 30 374 1 9 1 7 173 17 61 9 1 3 10,194 * * Of the 291 courts reporting delinquency cases, only 65 (64 of which reported girls’ cases) furnished in formation for correlating disposition of case and color of child. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 51 SUMMARY TABLES D E P E N D E N C Y A N D N E G LE C T CASES T able 18.— A g e w hen referred to court o f children dealt w ith i n d ep e n d en c y and neglect cases d isp o sed o f b y 1 8 7 courts i n 1 9 8 4 Depenc ency and negle 3t cases Age of child when referred to court Number Percent distribu tion 22,499 Age reported--------------------------------------- 22,445 100 Under 2 years............ ............. .......... 2 years, under 4-------------------------- 4 years, under6----------------------- -6 years, under 8----------------------------8 years, under 10----------------------- 10 years, under 12—........... .......... — 12 years, under 14--------- ------- — 14 years, under 16-------------------------16 years and over—----------------------- 2,692 2,464 2,719 2,907 3,087 2,987 2,783 2,137 669 12 11 12 13 14 13 12 10 3 54 T able 19.— R ea so n f o r referen ce to court o f children dealt with i n d ep en d en cy a n d neglect cases d isp o sed o f b y 1 8 7 courts i n 1 9 8 4 Dependency and neglect cases Reason for reference to court Percent distribu tion Number Total cases____________________________________ ____ Without adequate care or support from parent or guardian— Living under condition injurious to morals-----------------------Physically handicapped and in need of public care— Abandonment or desertion__ ____________________________ Abuse or cruel treatment----- ---------------------------------------------- i T 22,499 100 16,816 2,159 2,190 824 489 21 75 10 10 4 2 « Less than 1 percent. able 20.— C olor and n a tiv ity o f children dealt w ith i n d ep e n d en c y and neglect cases d is p o se d o f b y 5 8 cou rts i n 1 9 8 4 1 Depenc ency and negle et cases Color and nativity of child Number Percent distribu tion 17,842 100 White— ................................. .................. 15,309 86 Native born-------------------- -----------Foreign bom _____________________ Nativity not reported....................... 15,007 202 100 84 1 1 Colored................................ - ------- ---------- 2,533 14 Negro—________ _______ __________ Other_____________________________ 2,417 116 14 1 Total cases_____________________ 1 Of the 187 courts reporting dependency and neglect cases, only 58 furnished information on color and nativity of child. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 52 T able JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 21.— Place child was living when referred to court in dependency and neglect cases disposed o f by 58 courts in 1984 1 Dependency and neglect cases Place child was living when referred to court Number Percent distribu tion 17,842 Place reported______ _________________________ 15,700 In own home...... .................................... .......... 11,568 74 both own parents_______________ mother and stepfather__________ father and stepmother__________ mother o n ly ..._________________ father only___ _________________ 4,126 296 247 4,471 2,428 26 2 2 28 15 In other family home_____________________ In institution__________________ ____ ______ In other place........ ........................................ . 3,259 633 240 With With With With With 100 t 21 4 2 2,142 1 Of the 187 courts reporting dependency and neglect cases, only 58 furnished information on place child was living when referred to court. T a b l e 22. — Marital status o f parents o f children referred to court in dependency and neglect cases disposed o f by 58 courts in 1984 1 Depenc ency and negle ct cases Marital status of parents Number l ■ Percent distribu tion Total cases____________________ ________ 17,842 Status reported_______________________________ 15,494 100 Parents married and living together______ One or both parents dead........... .............. . 4,208 3,975 27 26 Both dead ___________ _________ ______ Father dead_________ ________________ Mother dead_________ _________ ______ 526 1,350 2,099 3 9 14 Parents separated____ _________________ . . 5,578 36 D ivorced.______ _____________________ Father deserting mother______________ Mother deserting father______________ Other reason ________________________ 1,060 861 534 3,123 7 6 3 20 Parents not married to each other Other status__________ ___________________ 1,709 24 Status not reported______ ____ _______________ 2,348 11 (2) 1 Of the 187 courts reporting dependency and neglect cases, only 58 furnished information on marital status of parents. 2 Less than 1 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 53 SUMMARY TABLES T 23.— Marital status o f parents, classified according to place child was living when referred to court, in dependency and neglect cases disposed o f by 58 courts in 1984 1 able Dependency and neglect cases 17,842 11,568 4,126 4,208 526 1,350 2,099 1,060 861 534 3,123 1,709 24 2,348 928 139 1 62 Not reported In other place 247 4,471 2,428 3,259 633 240 2,142 296 4,063 4,063 1,067 1,299 739 723 454 2,249 882 1 91 In institution With father only With mother only With father and step mother With both own parents Total Total Total cases_____________ _____ _ Parents married and living together____ Both parents dead_____________________ Father dead___________________________ Mother dead___________________________ Parents divorced_______________________ Father deserting mother............................ Mother deserting father________________ Parents separated for other reasons_____ Parents not married to each other______ Other status_______ ______ ________ ___ Status not reported____________________ With mother and stepfather In own home Marital status of parents In other family home Place child was living when referred to court 182 43 411 711 57 1,563 3 749 123 1 1 22 19 10 52 1,117 161 11 397 685 46 1 10 95 33 475 32 196 53 679 88 250 45 107 13 61 15 715 114 574 223 20 3‘ 87 14 17 18 34 33 26 18 4 43 30 1 2 17 2,139 i Of the 187 courts reporting dependency and neglect cases, only 58 furnished information on marital status of parents and place child was living when referred to court. T able 24.— Source o f reference to court o f fam ilies represented in dependency and neglect cases disposed o f by 58 courts in 1984 1 Families represented indepe ndency and neglect cases Source of reference to court Percent Number distribution Total cases_____________________ 10,244 Source reported______ _______ ________ 10,239 100 3,982 3,854 919 668 425 330 61 39 38 9 7 4 3 1 Parents or relatives _____________ Social agency_____________________ Individual________________________ Police. ______________________ . . . Probation officer ............... .............. School department.......................... Other source ................................ ....... 5 1 Of the 187 courts reporting dependency and neglect cases, only 58 furnished information on number of families represented. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 54 T able JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 25.— Reason fo r reference to court and number o f fam ilies represented in dependency and neglect cases disposed o f by 58 courts in 1934 1 Dependency and neglect cases Families represented Reason for reference .to court Total cases Number Without adequate care or support from parent or guardian____________ Abandonment or desertion______ ____________________________________ Living under conditions injurious to morals. _________________________ Physically handicapped and in need of public care____________________ Percent distribu tion 17,842 10,244 100 13,937 614 431 1,850 1,000 10 7,658 372 275 960 977 2 75 4 3 9 10 (9) 1 Of the 187 courts reporting dependency and neglect cases, only 58 furnished information on number of families represented. 9 Less than 1 percent. T able 26.— Place o f care o f child pending hearing or disposition in dependency and neglect cases disposed o f by 58 courts in 1934 1 Dependency and neglect cases Place of detention care Percent Number distribution 17,842 Boarding home or other family home_________ Detention home9_____________ Other institution_____ Jail or police station__________________________ No report on detention care____ ________ ______ 17,379 100 11,961 5,418 69 31 430 1,143 3,814 3 28 2 7 22 (3) (?) 463 1 Of the 187 courts reporting dependency and neglect cases, only 58 furnished information on place of detention care. 9 Includes cases of children cared for part of the time in detention homes and part of the time elsewhere, but excludes cases of children also held in jails or police stations. 3 Less than 1 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 55 SUMMARY TABLES T a b l e 27. — Disposition and manner o f handling dependency and neglect cases disposed o f by 187 courts in 1934 1 Dependency and neglect cases Total Unofficial Official Disposition of case Num Percent Num Percent Num Percent distri distri distri ber ber ber bution bution bution 22,499 19,063 3,436 _______________ 22,481 100 19,045 100 3,436 100 Child kept under supervision of court___________ 6,192 28 5,992 31 200 6 Probation officer supervising_________ _______ Agency or individual supervising____________ Under temporary care of an institution______ 3,152 2,103 937 14 9 4 3,001 2,066 925 16 11 5 151 37 12 Child not kept under supervision of court_______ 15,007 67 12,131 64 2,876 84 Case dismissed or adjusted__________________ Committed to: 5,738 26 3,495 18 2,243 65 179 2,412 1,344 1,203 521 1 11 6 5 2 179 2,412 1,344 1,203 521 1 13 7 6 3 Referred without commitment to: Institution_________ ______ _____________ Agency or individual____ _______________ Referred to other court_________________ ____ Other disposition of case_____________________ 1,538 818 128 1,126 7 4 1 5 1,488 357 68 1,064 6 50 461 60 62 1 13 2 2 Case held open without further action_________ . 1,282 6 922 5 360 10 Disposition reported_______________ Other institution.—_____ ________________ 18 8 2 (2) 4 1 (2) 18 1 Of the 187 courts reporting dependency and neglect cases, 187 reported official cases and 34 reported unofficial cases. 2 Less than 1 percent. SPECIAL-PROCEEDINGS CASES T a b l e 28. — Type o f special-proceedings cases disposed o f by 54 courts in 1934 Type of case Number Percent distribu tion Total______ _____________________________________ 1,150 100 Material witness1_____________ ____________________ Care of feeble-minded child_________ __________________ 407 2 374 110 91 87 14 3 67 35 33 10 8 8 1 6 Custody or guardianship proceedings___ __ ___________ Permission to marry.—_______ __________________ . . ._ Permission to enlist in Army or Navy________________ * Reported by the following courts only: Baltimore, M d.; New York City; Niagara and Westchester Counties, N . Y .; Hamilton County, Ohio; and Philadelphia, Pa. 2 In all but 16 of the cases, court action was brought for the purpose of committing the child to an institu tion for the feeble-minded. 3 Includes 15 cases of action in juvenile court to terminate parental rights or to declare child eligible for adoption, prior to adoption proceedings in another court. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 56 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 CASES OF CHILDREN DISCHARGED FROM SUPERVISION T a b l e 29. Reason for discharge in cases o f delinquent and o f dependent and neglected children discharged from supervision by 158 courts in 1934 1 Cases of children discharged from supervision Reason for discharge Percent distri bution Number 14,332 100 3,141 100 10,068 1,063 184 70 7 1 2,067 102 24 66 3 1 279 1,711 167 58 2 12 1 74 262 308 21 2 8 10 1 3 3 178 105 6 3 Number Total cases___________ _____ Reason reported________________ Conduct of child satisfactory or conditions improved Expiration of period specified by court___ Order of court fulfilled................... Conduct of child or conditions unsatisfactory but further supervision not advised_____ Child committed or referred to an institution Child committed or referred to an agency or individual___ Referred to another court. W hereabouts of child unknown or child moved from juris diction of court . Other reason_____ Reason not reported______ Dependent and neglected Delinquent 14,334 Percent distri bution 3,141 (*) 406 396 2 andM^eclfcases^ 8 repor^*ng supervision cases, 158 reported delinquency cases, and 39 reported dependency 3 Less than 1 percent. Length o f time child, was under supervision in cases o f delinquent and o f dependent and neglected children discharged from supervision by 158 courts in 1934 * Cases of children discharged from supervision Duration of supervision Percent distri bution Number 14,330 100 3,141 100 4,949 4,948 2,401 863 764 405 35 35 17 6 5 3 1,161 701 357 222 302 398 37 22 11 7 10 13 Number Total cases................. Duration reported______ Less than 6 months... 6 months, less than 1 year 1 year, less than 18 months 18 months, less than 2 years 2 years, less than 3 years_____ 3 years or more_______ Duration not reported___ Dependent and neglected Delinquent 14,334 Percent distri bution 3,141 4 a ‘ ° J the U® courts reporting supervision cases, 158 reported delinquency cases, and 39 reported dependency “Ru neglect cases. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis SOURCE TABLES— JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 DELINQUENCY, DEPENDENCY AND NEGLECT, AND SPECIAL-PROCEEDINGS CASES, AND CASES OF CHILDREN DISCHARGED FROM SUPERVISION T Ia. Number o f boys and girls’ delinquency, dependency and neglect, and special-proceedings cases disposed of, and number o f cases o f children discharged from supervision by courts in 6 States, by 74 courts that served specified areas with 100.000 or more population, and by 260 courts that served areas with less than 100.000 population in 19341 able Area served by court Delinquency cases Dependency and neglect cases Special-proceed ings cases Cases of children discharged from supervision Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Total cases2_________ 66,651 57,417 9,234 22,499 11, 555 10,944 31,150 State totals: 2 Connecticut________ 3,857 3,473 384 1,182 635 547 Indiana___________ 3,921 2,767 1,154 569 296 273 Massachusetts........ ....... 6,464 6,051 413 New York_________ 11,436 9,820 1,616 9,339 4,840 4,499 Rhode Island_________ 476 446 30 Utah_____ _______ 1,902 1,637 265 164 79 85 A r e a s w it h 100,000 o r M O R E P O P U L A T I O N ________ 1 512 47 27 5 490 * 17,490 13,725 3,765 1 3 1 1,172 1,071 900 L 217 101 317 167 345 4,781 3,871 910 21 55, 363 47,834 7,529 18,472 9,532 8,940 31,078 A la b a m a : M o b ile County (Mobile)....... ._ 222 175 California: San Diego County (San Diego)_________ 1,415 1,230 San Francisco (city and county)____________ 603 463 Connecticut: Bridgeport (city)....... . 589 489 Hartford (city)_____ . 575 640 New Haven (city).. 292 282 District of Columbia (Washington)______ 1,705 1,514 Florida: Dade Countv (Miami)_________ 355 276 Georgia: Fulton County (Atlanta)..................... 1,006 850 Indiana:« Allen County (Fort Wayne)__________ 166 78 Lake County (G ary)... 343 252 Marion County (Indianapolis)________ 951 734 S t. Joseph County (South Bend)____ 347 235 Vanderburgh County (Evansville)_________ 169 131 Iowa: Polk County (Des Moines)..................... 714 594 296 10 284 645 535 11 336 178 158 41 140 687 343 344 21 .100 65 10 133 188 93 70 94 53 63 94 40 4 27 i 110 430 14,701 11,498 3,203 22 185 Girls 11 14 233 153 80 7 425 321 104 3 117 141 133 106 118 131 11 23 191 227 107 120 872 721 151 79 238 12 1 117 223 135 88 156 223 107 116 136 25 88 91 159 83 76 217 410 213 197 433 218 215 149 1 161 50 112 38 120 39 35 ¿¿i 153 74 1 Population according to the 1930 census. 2 All figures for the States for which totals are given are also shown by courts for areas with 100,000 or more population and included in the group total for areas with less than 100,000 population. 2 Includes 364 cases for 1 court which did not report boys’ and girls’ cases separately. *i , 14>334 delinquency cases, 3,141 dependency and neglect cases, and 16 other cases. «Massachusetts, Indiana (except 2 courts reporting individually), New Jersey, and Rhode TsianH reported only delinquency cases. 57 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 58 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 T a b l e I a .— Number o f boys’ and girls’ delinquency, dependency and neglect, and special-proceedings cases disposed of, and number o f cases o f children discharged from supervision by courts in 6 States, by 74 courts that served specified areas with Z7&92P or more V°Pulation, and by 260 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1934— Continued Delinquency cases Area served by court Dependency and neglect cases Special-proceed ings cases Cases of children discharged from supervision Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys w it h 100,000 o r M O R E P O P U L A T I O N — Con. Louisiana: Caddo Parish (Shreveport)............................ Girls A r e a s Orleans)_______ M ary lan d : Baltim ore (city)................................ Massachusetts: 4 Boston: Boston (central section)_____________ Brighton...................... Charlestown_____ Dorchester____ East Boston____ Roxbury____ ______ South Boston_____ West Roxbury___ Second district of Bristol (Fall River)___ Third district' of Bris_ tol (New Bedford)__ L a w re n c e d is t r ic t (Lawrence)_______ Southern Essex district (Lynn)______________ Springfield d i s t r i c t (Springfield)________ First district of eastern Middlesex (Medford). Third district of eastern Middlesex (Cambridge)_________ Lowell district (Lowell). East -Norfolk district (Quincy)------------------Somerville district (Somerville)____ . Central district of Worcester (Worcester). ______ Michigan: Kent County (Grand Rapids)_______ Wayne County (Detroit)_____ Minnesota: H ennepin C ounty (Minneapolis)___ Ramsey County (St. Paul)_______ New Jersey: 4 Hudson County (Jersey City)-----------------Mercer County (Trenton)................. New York: Albany County (Albany).______ ________ Broome County (Bingham ton)........ ....... Chautauqua County (Jamestown)________ D u tc h e ss C o u n tv (Poughkeepsie)______| Erie County (Buffalo) . 1 ¿ “ 415 321 94 188 82 1,003 909 94 252 140 112 299 272 27 3,122 2,852 270 250 149 101 233 175 58 173 150 23 688 57 127 185 366 340 244 148 631 54 123 174 34S 309 239 142 217 106 44 19 25 57 3 4 11 18 31 202 15 238 224 14 128 125 159 149 > 3 10 210 195 15 277 265 12 291 170 246 156 45 14 204 193 11 105 104 1 357 323 34 403 341 62 195 91 104 524 279 245 181 335 162 173 897 677 229 56 227 105 122 342 275 67 V 2,491 2,269 222 1,089 908 467 411 1,526 1,293 868 741 127 176 479 449 30 147 138 404 328 76 297 163 134 16 122 115 175 152 23 183 89 94 3 160 152 8 79 35 44 1 113 87 1,181 1,089 26 92 325 65 167 35 158 30 8 16 6 10 _ 1 2 6 4 12 171* n & J Î S Æ 11* 2 C0UrtS rep0rting individually)- New Jersey- a° d https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7 160* 11 Rhode Island 59 SOURCE TABLES T a b l e I a .— Number of boys’ and girls’ delinquency, dependency and neglect, and special-proceedings cases disposed of, and number o f cases o f children discharged from supervision by courts in 6 States, by 74 courts that served specified areas with 100.000 or more population, and by 260 courts that served areas with less than 100.000 population in 1934— Continued Area served by court Delinquency cases Dependency and neglect cases Special-proceed ings cases Cases of children discharged from supervision Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys A r e a s w it h 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 o r M O R E P O P U L A T I O N — Con. New York— Continued. M onroe C o u n ty (Rochester)_________ New York (city)______ Niagara County (Ni agara Falls)_________ Oneida County (Utica). Orange County (New burgh)___ ____ ______ Rensselaer County (Troy)...... ................... Schenectady County (Schenectady)............ Suffolk County (Patchogue)_____________ Syracuse (city)............... Westchester County (Yonkers).................... Ohio: Franklin County (Co lumbus).................. . H a m ilto n C o u n ty (Cincinnati).............. M a h o n in g C o u n ty (Y oungstown).;_____ Montgomery County (D ayton).................... O r e g o n : M u ltn o m a h County (Portland)........ Pennsylvania: A lleg h e n y C o u n ty (Pittsburgh)................ Berks County (Read ing)................................ Montgomery County (Norristown)________ Philadelphia (city and county)........ ............... Rhode Island: Sixth dis trict (Providence)®........ South Carolina: Green ville County (Green ville )...____ ___________ Utah: Third district (Salt Lake C ity ...__________ Virginia: Norfolk (city).. Washington: Pierce County (Ta coma)............................ Spokane County (Spo kane) ________________ Wisconsin: Milwaukee County (Milwaukee).. A r e a s w it h l e s s 189 167 6,292 5,328 192 263 187 244 22 127 69 58 964 4,492 2,404 2,088 311 106 205 4 7 8 5 19 103 234 56 124 47 110 7 12 1 98 78 3,146 2,430 51 78 50 70 20 716 1 8 47 42 5 2 11 115 96 12 12 195 148 47 107 55 52 37 33 4 142 130 12 117 67 50 57 48 9 71 281 66 233 5 48 86 36 50 6 6 42 183 41 176 1 7 408 341 67 338 162 176 78 42 36 278 238 40 24 1 23 231 200 31 31 18 13 25 12 13 488 389 99 9 4 5 24 24 829 578 1,666 1,434 232 497 261 236 2,044 1,500 544 246 114 132 1,887 1,623 264 142 67 75 429 276 153 357 177 180 1,10 1 979 122 840 442 398 881 756 125 532 240 292 10 1 84 17 20 3 17 77 67 10 63 38 25 6,461 5,785 162 161 676 2,481 1,309 1,172 1 364 («) («) 251 1 104 91 13 98 42 56 15 4 11 76 52 24 917 696 802 580 115 116 118 124 58 63 60 61 14 1 9 5 1 255 312 226 278 29 34 1,503 923 580 239 199 40 126 67 58 21 12 9 638 555 83 164 86 78 26 12 14 3,482 2,967 515 776 388 388 3 3 t h a n 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 P O P U L A T I O N ............... less than 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 . . . Less than 5 0 , 0 0 0 _________________ 5 0 ,0 0 0 , Girls 11,288 9,583 1,705 4,027 2,023 2,004 5,136 4,341 6,152 5,242 795 1,390 691 699 910 2,637 1,332 1,305 72 12 60 2,789 2,227 562 43 29 11 1 32 28 1,336 1,040 1,453 1,187 296 266 8 Massachusetts, Indiana (except 2 courts reporting individually), New Jersey, and Rhode Island reported only delinquency cases. 8 Not separately reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 60 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 T a b l e I b .— Number o f delinquency, dependency and neglect, and special-proceed ings cases disposed of, and number o f cases o f children discharged from super vision by 260 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1984 1 Area served by court Total. Connecticut: Ansonia (city).................... Avon (town)_____________ Berlin (town)------------------Bethlehem (town)-----------Bloomfield (town)-----------Bolton (town) 2----------------Bozrah (town)----------------Branford (town)------------Bristol (city)_____________ Canaan (town)2..............— Canterbury (town)---------Canton (town)___________ Colchester (town)_______ Columbia (town)2----------Colebrook (town)2----------Cornwall (town)------------Coventry (town)------------Cromwell (town)2_______ Danbury (city)— ............ Darien (town)----------------Derby (c it y ) ..-..........— East Granby (town)------East Hampton (town) — East Hartford (town)-----East Haven (town)-------East Lyme (tow n)i......... East Windsor (town)2----Enfield (town)---------------Essex (town).......... ............ Fairfield (town).—............ Franklin (town)-------------Glastonbury (town)......... Granby (town).......... ....... Greenwich (town)............. Griswold (town)------------Groton (town)----------------Guilford (town)2--------— Haddam (town)................. Hamden (town)...... .......... Harwinton (town)---------Hebron (town)................. Killingly (town)................ Litchfield (town)2............. Madison (town)-------------Manchester (town)........... Meriden (city) - ................. Middletown (city)---------Milford (town).................. Montville (town)..... ........ Naugatuck (borough)----New Britain (city)---------New Canaan (town)------New Hartford (town)----Newington (town)---------New London (city)......... New Milford (town)------Newtown (town)— ......... North Stonington (town) Norwalk (city)........ .......... Norwich (city)..... ............. Old Saybrook (town)-----Orange (town)....... .......... . Plainfield (town)............. Plainville (town)________ Plymouth (town)_______ Pomfret (town)_________ Portland (town)________ Putnam (city)---------------Rockville (city)-------------- Depend ency and neglect cases Delin quency cases 11,288 4,027 17 1 25 2 5 1 2 12 62 1 1 1 Specialproceed ings cases Cases of children discharged from super vision 72 2,789 17 8 6 6 19 1 2 1 69 6 44 43 1 1 2 1 3 2 7 3 1 21 136 11 17 8 1 9 23 2 5 2 13 48 71 1 19 500 1 2 248 195 44 1 12 1 2 3 2 6 5 4 4 2 10 2 3 7 12 1 3 13 4 2 22 3 8 4 21 20 1 10 5 20 1 12 22 20 15 2 8 10 1 6 46 3 5 41 40 2 5 4 70 21 1 1 3 40 38 6 8 1 9 16 8 1 Population according to the 1930 census. 2 Cases are for the area specified although the probate court serving this area and dealing with dependency and neglect cases has jurisdiction over a wider territory. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 61 SOURCE TABLES T I b .— Number o f delinquency, dependency and neglect, and special-proceed ings cases disposed of, and number o f cases o f children discharged from super vision by 260 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1934— Continued able Area served by court C onnecticut—Continued. Rocky Hill (town)_______ Roxbury (town).................. Salem (town)........................ Seymour (town).................. Sharon (town)......... ........... Shelton (city)....................... Simsbury (town)____ ____ Southington (town)---------South Windsor (town)-----Sprague (town)----------------Stafford Springs (borough) Stamford (city)----------------Sterling (town).................... Stonington (town)............. Stratford (town)...............— Suffleld (town)..................... Thomas (town)----------------Thompson (town)________ Torrington (city)-------------Trumbull (town)............... Unionville (borough)-------Wallingford (town) 2.......... Washington (town)-..........Waterbury (city)................ Waterford (town)------------Watertown (town)............. Westbrook (town)-----------West Hartford (town)------West Haven (town)---------Westport (town)................. Wethersfield (town)—'------Willimantic (city).............. Winchester (town)...........— Windsor (town).—............ Windsor Locks (town)-----Illinois: Rock Island County.. Indiana: Adams County—........ ......... Bartholomew County------Blackford County------------Boone County-----------------Cass County................... Clay County-------- -----------Clinton C ounty.......... ....... DeKalb County--------------Delaware County------------Elkhart County------ --------Floyd County...................... Franklin County............ . . Grant County-----------------Greene County........... ......... Hamilton County------------Henry County........ ............ Howard County--------------Huntington County.......... Jasper County.................... Kosciusko County— .......... La Porte County-------------Lawrence County............. . Madison County-------------Marshall County........... . Monroe County__________ Montgomery County........ Owen County____________ Parke County------------------Porter County____________ Randolph County.............. Rush County....................... Steuben County--------------Tippecanoe County........... Tilton County----------------Union County..................... Depend ency and neglect cases Delin quency cases 14 1 2 11 2 11 36 7 91 9 103 2 1 19 2 1 65 98 187 29 10 18 29 17 10 1 25 38 29 14 7 36 25 25 26 100 27 13 29 67 28 22 18 30 21 2 72 73 16 92 49 8 Specialproceed ings cases Cases of children discharged from super vision 12 2 1 1 12 4 1 28 2 8 9 1 7 2 25 6 7 1 71 2 3 3 10 15 2 17 9 7 3 31 11 37 1 28 12 1 59 107 1 15 4 4 24 7 24 33 18 7 3 4 3 6 15 54 31 6 5 10 10 9 10 24 10 28 54 66 30 37 5 4 96 10 9 45 137 11 126 7 16 4 7 24 1 47 7 41 2 16 i Cases are for the area specified although the probate court serving this area and dealing with dependency and neglect cases has jurisdiction over a wider territory. 101461°— 37---- 5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 62 T JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 I b .— Number o f delinquency, dependency and neglect, and special-proceed ings cases disposed of, and number o f cases o f children discharged from supervision by 260 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1984— Continued able Area served by court Indi ana—Continued. Massachusetts: 54 courts (not separately reported)___ New York: Columbia County_________ ________ ______ _____ Oswego County----- ------- --------------------------------------- Ohio: Rhode Island: Utah: Virginia: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Delin quency cases 74 201 9 15 192 36 1 31 115 1,953 '2 1 1 33 66 131 9 21 91 25 8 37 31 16 16 Depend ency and neglect cases Specialproceed ings cases Cases of children discharged from super vision 1 246 8 1 1 33 90 17 22 127 4 141 139 5 23 47 3 98 29 33 45 2 4 8 30 34 35 139 24 248 132 125 114 93 19 153 78 70 186 103 29 36 10 164 108 7 137 42 12 • 75 124 66 86 44 3 28 38 144 59 220 70 87 509 308 111 8 4 2 1 1 2 4 6 2 6 50 2 10 2 1 38 54 1 11 1 5 1 3 5 3 50 1 68 10 2 8 2 i 2 10 2 3 1 7 12 5 205 72 35 69 1 1 1 16 29 19 119 246 258 84 113 127 38 6 26 5 5 2 610 132 163 45 5 77 44 6 4 66 26 17 10 4 25 13 99 3 6 32 127 79 41 45 37 29 31 8 47 63 SOURCE TABLES DELINQUENCY CASES T a b l e I I a .— A ge under which juvenile court has original jurisdiction and age when referred to court o f boys dealt with in delinquency cases disposed o f by the courts in 6 States, 7If. courts that served specified areas with 100,000 or more population, and 210 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population m 1934Boys’ delinquency cases Age under which Age of boy when referred to court juve nile court Age 18 14 12 10 has Total Un years not 17 der years, years, years, 16 original and re years years under under under 10 juris over ported 16 14 12 years diction Area served by court 57,417 3,088 7,226 14,137 23,136 6,481 2,954 Total cases J. State totals:a Connecticut___ Indiana_______ Massachusetts. New York____ Rhode IslandUtah__________ A r e a s w it h l a t io n 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 o r 16 16 17 16 s 16 18 m o r e p o p u __________________________________ ____________ Alabama: Mobile County-----------California: San Diego County_____________ San Francisco (city and county). Connecticut: Bridgeport (city)---------------- ------Hartford (city)-------- ----------------New Haven (city)______________ District of Columbia-------------------Florida: Dade County---------- -— Georgia: Fulton County-------------Indiana: Allen County...........- ------- --------Lake County_________ — Marion County________________ St. Joseph County_____________ Vanderburgh County---------------Iowa: Polk County--------------------Louisiana: Caddo Parish------------------------ — Orleans Parish-------------------------Maryland: Baltimore (city)-------Massachusetts: Boston: Boston (central section)--------Brighton-------------------------------Charlestown-------------------------Dorchester____ ______________ East Boston-------- ----------------Roxbury.------- ------- --------------South Boston____ ___________ West Roxbury----------------------Second district of Bristol______ Third district of Bristol___- ___ Lawrence district---------------------Southern Essex district________ Springfield district____ _______ First district of eastern Middle sex. Third district of eastern Middle sex___________________________ Lowell district_________________ Somerville district______________ East Norfolk district----------------Central district of Worcester____ 3,473 2,767 6,051 9,820 446 1,637 91 631 1,051 1,331 369 109 853- 1,136 431 219 670 1,285 2,362 1,521 208 206 508 1,237 2,701 5,157 54 168 139 68 17 338 540 301 127 56 16 •32 54 62 1,230 463 43 10 48 28 137 67 323 157 214 243 171 573 85 363 35 117 344 96 61 171 4 9 9 2 75 158 74 339 227 1,000 848 57 145 165 147 7 30 18 94 84 50 35 55 43 25 46 32 243 18 58 79 107 122 138 19 21 56 45 65 49 34 43 50 28 30 64 56 111 63 82 69 55 22 40 95 489 575 282 1,514 276 850 56 60 71 96 67 21 49 192 44 145 139 165 86 386 75 276 78 252 734 235 131 594 5 24 48 4 76 10 36 95 40 13 84 26 71 238 78 51 128 321 909 2,852 6 35 215 20 137 555 2 12 631 54 123 174 348 309 239 142 202 224 125 149 195 246 156 104 193 323 13 22 102 42 90 106 44 57 133 181 19 5 '257 47,834 2,386 5,819 11,778 19,720 5,263 2,566 175 214 191 303 101 11 1 281 43 17 2 i Population according to 1930 census. , . ... j All figures for the States for which totals are given are also shown by courts for areas with 100,000 or more population and included in the group total for areas with less than 100,000 population. > Courts have jurisdiction over juvenile delinquents under 16 years of age and over wayward children under 18 years of age. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 64 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 T a b l e I I a .— A ge under which juvenile court has original jurisdiction and age when referred to court o f boys dealt with in delinquency cases disposed o f by the courts in 6 States, 74 courts that served specified areas with 100,000 or more population, and 210 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1984— Continued Boys’ delinquency cases Age under which Age of boy when referred to court juve nile court 18 Age 12 14 10 has Total Un years not 17 der years, years, years, 1 6 original re under under under years years and 10 juris over ported 12 14 16 years diction Area served by court A B E A S W IT H 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 O B M O B E P O P U l a t i o n — Continued. Michigan: Kent County____ _____ ______ Wayne County_______________ Minnesota: Ramsey County------------------------New Jersey: 45 211 61 113 610 971 78 449 3 11 15 52 193 279 187 180 6 32 81 133 90 63 96 69 191 407 449 38 29 158 188 8 5 22 20 9 34 22 34 77 50 194 16 328 152 152 55 11 16 16 87 1 ,0 8 9 43 22 167 5 ,3 2 8 37 573 92 30 16 17 341 38 17 2 ,2 6 9 16 18 18 908 411 16 16 741 3 i 2 4 — 2 1 New York: 16 16 • New York (city)------------- ----- 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 187 244 42 148 130 66 233 341 12 15 28 2 145 229 6 18 586 26 14 31 2 3 14 18 3 21 3 3 ,0 3 5 93 1 3 89 77 19 44 120 5 2 15 62 3 10 43 11 60 3 57 2 1 2 4 64 36 115 1 46 113 136 24 1 166 359 440 222 171 136 32 289 320 428 528 275 339 17 1 260 242 85 28 123 11 3 1 6 8 1 16 34 19 19 313 50 1 ,3 8 2 1 60 2 Ohio: Hamilton County................. — Oregon: Multnomah County-----Pennsylvania: Allegheny County------ --------------Philadelphia (city and county). . 18 1 ,4 3 4 18 18 1, 500 71 55 54 18 1, 623 ' 276 33 18 979 55 97 45 183 327 50 182 16 16 756 84 82 212 380 33 16 67 34 3 5 15 9 29 18 37 34 1 16 3 16 5 ,7 8 5 161 345 7 881 32 1 ,5 7 7 2 ,8 9 6 49 16 91 802 11 10 34 28 21 62 170 36 243 71 126 163 73 7 1 167 102 128 93 5 21 4 1 78 South C a r o lin a : G r e e n v ille Utah: Third district____ _______ Washington: Pierce County------------ --------------Spokane County__________ Wisconsin: Milwaukee County___ 18 18 580 . 3 1 4 2 1 199 9 12 34 31 1 555 52 2 ,9 6 7 305 521 194 841 105 18 19 182 28 92 82 18 518 89 565 3 35 9 ,5 8 3 702 1 ,4 0 7 2 ,3 5 9 3 ,4 1 6 1 ,2 1 8 388 23 1 ,6 3 8 1 ,7 7 8 590 164 14 10 628 224 9 60 18 A b e a s w i t h l e s s t h a n 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 P O P U - L A T IO N __________________________________ Less than 5 0 , 0 0 0 __________________________________ 4 ,3 4 1 259 576 1 ,0 9 0 5 , 242 443 831 1 ,2 6 9 3 Courts have jurisdiction over juvenile delinquents under under 1 8 years of age. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 16 70 years of age and over wayward children 65 SOURCE TABLES T I I b .— A ge under which juvenile court has original jurisdiction and age when referred to court of girls dealt with in delinquency cases disposed o f by the courts in 6 States, 74 courts that served specified areas with 100,000 or more population, and 182 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 vovulation in 1984 1 able Area served by court Age under which juvenile court has original Total juris diction Total cases3...................... State totals: 3 Connecticut........................ Indiana_____________ _ Massachusetts_______________ New York............. ................ Rhode Island........... ................ Utah........................... A reas with 100,000 Girls’ delinquency cases Ag e of gir 1 when referr 3d to a jurt Un 14 10 12 18 Age der years, years, years, 16 17 years not 10 under under under years years and re years 14 12 16 over ported 9,234 370 384 16 18 1,154 17 '413 16 1, 616 3 16 30 265 18 41 38 9 72 8 612 1,687 4,320 1,399 47 87 26 107 2 16 84 195 500 175 81 186 338 1,030 4 13 40 85 17 234 in 63 10 74 732 83 31 117 3 1 40 or more popu- 7,529 281 16 47 4 21 21 185 140 10 16 16 16 17 17 16 100 65 10 191 79 156 14 5 20 4 4 8 2 12 18 18 18 18 18 18 88 91 217 112 38 120 17 17 16 94 94 270 5 3 7 6 21 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 57 3 4 11 18 31 5 6 15 14 2 L A T I O N ...................................................................... Alabama: Mobile County____ California: San Diego County__________ San Francisco (city and county) Connecticut: Bridgeport (city)_______________ Hartford (city)................... ............ New Haven (city).. _________ District of Columbia________ . Florida: Dade County___ _ Georgia: Fulton County________ Indiana: Allen County_______________ Lake County....... ......................... Marion County______________ St. Joseph County________ Vanderburgh County__________ Iowa: Polk County..................... Louisiana: Caddo Parish__________ Orleans Parish............ ....... Maryland: Baltimore (city)______ Massachusetts: Boston: Boston (central section)............ Brighton________ _______ Charlestown______ _____ _ . Dorchester.......... ........... East Boston..................... Roxbury_______ ______________ South Boston______________ West Roxbury_____________ Second district of Bristol_______ Third district of Bristol................ Lawrence district_________ Southern Essex district_________ Springfield district___________ First district of eastern Middlesex____________________ Third district of eastern Middlesex............................................. . Lowell district_________________ Somerville district........................ East Norfolk district.................... Central district of Worcester____1 463 1,361 3,613 1,123 5 14 24 7 22 12 57 44 39 35 27 11 1 44 2 46 36 42 9 98 48 89 3 3 37 23 3 9 17 29 14 3 27 37 42 99 47 26 39 30 14 45 25 • 8 5 13 22 80 45 42 117 28 19 27 2 12 1 25 1 4 4 16 1 3 2 9 2 2 1 2 3 2 5 3 3 5 17 1 6 7 6 1 22 3 3 4 1 3 1 10 15 1 2 17 12 1 1 17 17 17 17 17 45 14 1 11 34 1 1 2 10 3 5 2 12 2 9 12 3 2 7 9 2 6 10 40 17 29 1 11 9 32 15 17 1 1 1 2 6 i 2 17 i 3 2 3 2 1 2 3 7 3 14 5 1 4 11 76 7 3 7 18 5 595 5 4 i Population according to the 1930 census. 3 All figures for the States for which totals are given are also shown by courts for areas with 100,000 or more population and included in the group total for areas with less than 100,000 population. 3 Courts have jurisdiction over juvenile delinquents under 16 years of age and over wayward children under 18 years of age. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 66 JU V E N IL E -00U R T STATISTICS, 1Ô34 T a b l e I I b .— A ge under which juvenile court has original jurisdiction and age when referred to court of girls dealt with in delinquency cases disposed o f by the courts in 6 States, 74 courts that served specified areas with 100,000 or more population, and 182 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1984— Continued Girls’ delinquency cases Age under which juvenile court has original Total juris diction Area served by court Age of girl when referred to court Age 18 14 12 10 Un 17 years not der years, years, years, 16 years and re 10 under under under years over ported 16 14 years 12 A r e a s w i t h 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 o k m o r e p o p u l a t i o n — Continued. Michigan: Kent County................................... Wayne County............................... Minnesota: Hennepin County........................Ramsey County...............- ............ New Jersey: Hudson County----------- ------------Mercer County.............. - .............. New York: Albany County.............................. Broome County.. . ........................ Chautauqua County..................... Dutchess County........................— Erie County....... ............................ Monroe County...................... — New York (city)................. - ......... Niagara County-------- ---------------Oneida County............................... Orange County............................... Rensselaer County............- .......... Schenectady County..................... Suffolk County....... ...................... Syracuse (city)........ ................... . Westchester County...................... Ohio: Franklin County............................ Hamilton C ounty........................ Mahoning County------------- ------Montgomery County...........— Oregon: Multnomah County-------Pennsylvania: Allegheny County................. --Berks County------------------- -------Montgomery County----------------Philadelphia (city and county).. Rhode Island: Sixth district--------South Carolina: Greenville County Utah: Third district....................... Virginia: Norfolk (c ity )................. Washington: Pierce County--------------------------Spokane County.--------------------Wisconsin: Milwaukee County— 17 17 62 222 6 5 ID 9 33 21 129 18 48 1 2 2 18 18 181 56 2 6 3 18 5 67 17 48 18 39 13 1 16 16 127 30 3 9 7 34 9 76 10 4 1 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 76 23 4 1 15 4 3 6 12 6 209 1 53 17 3 9 65 9 646 4 14 4 17 9 51 28 38 1 8 26 92 22 964 5 19 5 10 32 57 1 4 47 12 5 48 67 10 1 1 2 4 17 2 3 20 3 4 1 18 18 18 18 18 232 544 264 153 122 3 6 10 21 3 11 25 13 6 3 35 91 42 12 19 89 200 104 69 37 56 118 68 21 31 35 94 26 23 27 3 9 1 16 16 16 16 » 16 16 18 18 125 17 10 676 1 13 115 116 5 i 3 28 8 10 3 39 65 4 154 10 4 16 68 7 6 407 1 6 35 45 37 25 11 17 18 18 18 40 83 515 1 14 6 23 10 60 22 26 169 5 21 120 3 17 123 2 6 ......................................................................................... 1,705 89 149 326 707 276 137 7 50,000, less than 100,000.............— Less than 50,000---------------------------- 795 910 30 59 54 95 163 163 348 359 131 145 62 75 7 A r e a s w it h l e s s t h a n l a t io n 100,000 p o p u 1 1 2 9 2 1 14 14 * Courts have jurisdiction over juvenile delinquents under 16 years of age and over wayward children under 18 years of age. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 67 SOUKCE TABLES T III a .— Color, nativity, and parent nativity o f boys dealt with in delinquency cases disposed o f by the courts in 1 State, 44 courts that served specified areas with 100,000 or more population, and 21 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 19341 able Boys’ delinquency cases White boys Area served by court Total Total Total cases 3_________________ Native, Native, foreign native or parent mixed age parent age Native, parent For Nativ age not eign ity not re born re ported ported Col ored boys . 4 4 ,9 0 9 3 4 ,7 1 5 1 8 ,0 8 3 1 3 ,9 9 8 1 ,4 7 2 624 538 1 0 ,1 9 4 State total: Utah 3____________________ 1 ,6 3 7 1 ,6 2 6 1 ,3 1 6 282 15 12 1 11 4 1 ,8 0 1 1 3 ,6 6 6 1 ,4 3 8 612 535 9 ,7 0 1 A r e a s w i t h 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 o r m o r e p o p u l a T I O N ........................................................................................................... 3 2 ,1 0 0 1 5 ,8 4 9 Alabama: Mobile County............ .............. California: San Diego County________________ San Francisco (city and county). . . Connecticut: 175 95 95 1 ,2 3 0 1 ,1 9 4 312 21 52 1 36 463 435 808 204 161 35 27 8 28 489 146 160 310 313 8 575 1 ,5 1 4 467 477 3 Hartford (city)'.................. ....... ........ District of Columbia..... ....................... 527 212 278 464 22 19 39 3 4 1 3 70 218 56 12 2 56 468 155 106 156 3 276 850 187 278 80 22 98 1 987 64 572 Indiana: 78 252 734 Vanderburgh County_____________ 235 131 594 471 211 110 546 516 40 2 24 4 5 5 2 8 34 11 263 24 2 1 21 48 Louisiana: 321 Orleans Parish____________________ Maryland: Baltimore (city)________ Michigan: Kent County......... v.............. ........... Wayne County___________________ Minnesota: 909 2 ,8 5 2 178 411 1 ,6 2 2 ' 1 143 177 276 94 3 1 852 518 243 7 38 3 102 341 321 153 2 ,2 6 9 1 ,8 5 5 595 116 1 ,1 5 4 908 411 884 523 354 1 395 211 118 63 741 196 494 449 717 361 88 271 1 ,0 8 9 1 ,0 0 4 167 5 ,3 2 8 148 233 341 163 4 ,5 3 3 326 45 650 116 3 ,0 3 4 1 37 2 498 1 ,2 3 0 13 1 20 414 6 3 24 27 2 24 16 New Jersey: New York: Erie County____ __________________ New York (city)------------ ------- ------Westchester County........................ . Ohio: Franklin County________ _________ Mahoning County....... ................... . Oregon: Multnomah County............. Pennsylvania: Berks County__ ................................ Philadelphia (city and county)___ Utah: Third district_____________ I . . 146 216 300 801 93 87 101 1 ,4 3 4 1 ,0 2 6 910 1, 5 0 0 1, 6 2 3 1 ,0 1 5 1 ,3 8 1 1 ,0 0 8 ' 244 276 979 217 964 756 84 626 84 67 5 ,7 8 5 91 802 56 3 ,6 5 8 65 580 801 252 88 3 1 24 1 1 85 4 514 179 5 53 122 795 2 1 169 12 6 13 a 17 41 95 7 4 14 3 408 485 50 1 3 377 242 59 717 707 10 183 15 23 26 191 432 3 206 15 130 39 14 45 41 1 ,6 7 5 65 559 1 ,8 8 0 7 59 37 225 13 6 10 1 2 1 3 4 1 7 172 493 239 1 11 2 ,1 2 7 26 1 328 Washington: 199 555 Wisconsin: Milwaukee County_____ 2 ,9 6 7 195 548 2 ,7 9 5 A r e a s w i t h l e s s t h a n 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 p o p u L A T I O N ..................................................: _______________________ 3 ,1 0 8 2 ,6 1 5 2 ,2 3 4 332 34 12 3 less than 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 _______ _______________ Less than 5 0 , 0 0 0 ----------------------- --------- ------- 1 ,7 6 1 1 ,3 4 7 1, 57 8 1 ,0 3 7 1 ,3 3 5 217 115 16 7 3 18 5 5 0 ,0 0 0 , 188 420 1 ,1 5 1 127 1 ,2 6 2 361 20 899 2 183 310 1 Population according to the 1930 census. 3 All figures for the State for which a total is given are also shown by courts lor areas with 100,000 or more population and included in the group total for areas with less than 100,000 population. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 68 T JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 I I I b .— Color, nativity, and parent nativity of girls dealt with in delinquency cases disposed o f hy the courts in 1 State, 44 courts that served specified areas with 100,000 or more population, and 20 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1934 1 able Girls’ delinquency cases W h i t e g irls A rea served b y cou rt T ota l T ota l N a t iv e , N a t iv e , N a t iv e , fo re ig n , p a ren t F o r n a t iv e or age e ig n p a r e n t m ix e d n o t re b o r n age p a ren t p o rte d a ge 7 ,6 2 9 5 ,6 9 5 3 ,3 6 8 1,8 2 5 352 112 S ta te t o t a l: U t a h 2_________„•______________ 265 262 213 40 5 4 A r e a s w i t h 100,000 o r m o r e p o p u LATION_____________________ ___________ 7 ,030 5 ,1 9 2 2 ,9 3 5 1 ,765 343 112 47 27 27 185 140 167 129 120 49 34 55 7 10 6 11 100 65 191 79 156 94 47 39 70 60 28 15 34 64 60 63 31 4 4 1 88 91 217 112 38 120 80 65 156 103 22 107 61 22 156 71 22 102 7 43 94 94 270 48 35 133 62 222 T o t a l c a s e s 2________________ _____ N a t iv ity n o t re p o rte d 38 C o l ored g irls 1,934 3 37 1,838 20 C a lifo r n ia : S a n F r a n c is c o ( c i t y a n d c o u n t y ) . - C o n n e cticu t: 4 18 11 6 18 152 9 96 3 1 2 I n d ia n a : 10 29 2 8 26 61 9 16 13 3 4 1 48 15 63 9 32 1 36 2 53 178 30 72 9 91 13 1 13 181 56 174 54 104 31 70 21 2 127 30 115 18 32 6 80 12 92 22 964 47 48 67 80 22 712 45 41 56 31 13 156 27 19 18 48 9 438 18 22 34 232 544 264 153 122 158 397 227 118 117 143 378 79 115 99 12 13 90 3 17 125 17 10 676 13 115 116 92 17 4 369 8 115 44 36 13 2 152 8 80 43 53 4 2 199 40 83 515 40 81 475 37 64 190 599 503 385 214 346 157 L o u is ia n a : 10 46 59 137 1 1 9 44 M ic h i g a n : W a y n e C o u n t y .................................. ........ M in n e s o t a : 7 2 N e w Jersey: 12 12 3 N ew Y ork: N e w Y o r k ( c i t y ) _____________________ 1 66 49 12 3 3 1 5 49 3 1 9 252 2 7 11 O h io : 1 74 . 147 37 35 5 P e n n s y lv a n ia : P h ila d e lp h ia ( c i t y a n d c o u n t y ) ------- 33 3 4 2 4 1 15 159 123 2 2 3 433 60 9 1 96 293 140 48 12 4 5 1 39 57 29 1 4 6 307 5 10 72 W a s h in g to n : A reas w it h less th a n 100,000 popu- L A T IO N ...................................... ............................ L e s s t h a n 50,000___ __ 2 40 __________ — 1 Population according to the 1930 census. 2 All figures for the State for which a total is given are also shown by courts for areas with 100,000 or more population and included in the group total for areas with less than 100,000 population. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 69 SOURCE TABLES T I V .— Source of reference to court o f delinquency cases disposed o f by the courts in 1 State, 44 courts that served specified areas with 100,000 or more population, and 21 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1984 1 able Delinquency cases Source of reference to court Area served by court Total Par Pro Other School ba Other Social ents indi Other Source de Police part tion court agen or vid source not re oflSrela cy ported ment tives ual cer Total cases 8__________ _______ 52,538 33,356 State total: Utah 8____ __________ 1,902 A R E A S W I T H 100,000 O R M O R E P O P U L A T I O N - ____ ___________________ _________ 48,831 31,563 222 44 California: San Diego County.................... 1,415 San Francisco (city and coun603 ty )............................................ Connecticut: 589 640 1,705 355 1,006 Indiana: 166 343 951 347 169 714 Louisiana: 415 1,003 3,122 Michigan: 403 Wayne County______________ 2,491 Minnesota: 1,089 467 New Jersey: 868 479 New York: 1,181 189 New York (city)...................... 6,292 195 281 408 Ohio: Franklin C o u n t y ...________ 1,666 2,044 1,887 429 Oregon: Multnomah County... 1,10 1 Pennsylvania: 881 101 77 Philadelphia (city and coun6,461 South Carolina: Greenville 104 917 696 Waihington: 239 638 3,482 A r e a s w it h l e s s P O P U L A T IO N . t h a n 884 3,441 1,652 321 308 2,941 1,225 24 13 948 1,203 4,405 7,336 181 16 236 16 2 920 1,092 4,211 6,707 62 12 3 64 158 14 18 29 484 95 39 507 16 134 134 5 1 358 12 79 32 12 101 f 3 1 435 537 1,264 118 483 41 52 16 68 8 3 21 127 9 13 2 1 3 20 6 4 57 20 201 39 78 50 77 111 420 86 184 386 121 111 227 21 60 43 19 28 52 5 2 17 15 2 1 1 1 11 6 9 6 1 3 27 33 141 60 11 47 15 57 355 105 16 381 80 563 2,705 16 60 57 20 21 33 7 1 7 104 8 189 143 283 163 79 310 1,996 28 99 5 9 3 3 74 38 190 18 105 1 15 948 401 24 1 17 •6 74 18 25 41 1 369 424 155 19 105 6 77 1 31 15 130 14 1 959 10 1 3,140 65 209 216 4 2 333 72 15 69 14 4 2 2 4 989 1,476 1,123 132 692 101 150 372 87 63 111 3 4 16 6 9 43 20 8 3 50 50 44 12 27 126 133 136 80 73 274 184 188 94 216 171 86 65 20 357 236 16 6 2 66 1 9 15 1 4,724 299 64 555 428 4 130 47 10 53 169 489 3,076 16 24 135 1,793 1,071 722 500 287 213 3 1 2 55 71 78 15 42 29 283 1,0 12 1,484 10 13 33 6 29 20 39 26 58 50,000, less than 100,000............. Less than 50,000_______________ 3,707 2,146 1,561 1 20 1 1 24 8 5 5 1 21 7 1 2 10 438 943 42 11 13 2 14 7 12 51 34 11 140 125 4 1 2 92 3 2 1 3 27 17 28 37 75 18 •57 86 1 427 217 210 28 26 2 111 21 90 194 125 69 629 382 247 23 15 8 3 100,000 ______ : ............................... 88 2 2 2 1 Population according to the 1930 census. 8 All figures for the State for which a total is given are also shown by courts for areas with 100,000 or more population and included in the group total for areas with less than 100,000 population. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 70 T JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 V a .— Reason for reference to court in boys’ delinquency cases disposed o f by the courts in 6 States, 74 courts that served specified areas with 100,000 or more population, and 210 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1934 1 able B o y s ’ d e l i n q u e n c y c a se s R e a s o n fo r r e fe r e n c e t o c o u r t Ut CD © A rea served b y c ou rt 0 d *_ A 2 0 O Ut CO Is o bfi •S 73 © £ ’s © © GO T o t a l c a se s 2______________________ S ta te to ta ls: 2 C o n n e c t i c u t _____________________ . . . A reas w it h 100,000 o r d o d o 03 03 'o V © e 03 & d 03 P U» Ut rd * 03 bfi d *d d 9 « £ 0 a Ut d o > ë o >> Ut J3 *d o3 d O bfl d X 0 m 5 7 ,4 1 7 2 7 ,3 8 9 1 4 ,8 7 5 1 ,8 0 9 2 ,8 3 4 3 ,1 8 4 3 ,5 7 3 3,473 1,459 1,420 Indiana__________ ____ ________ 2,7 6 7 1,420 474 Massachusetts____ ____________ 6,051 3 ,2 2 3 1,134 New York_________ _________ _ 9 ,820 4 ,5 5 0 2,411 Rhode Island___ __ __________ 446 295 38 Utah_____________ ; ____________ 1,637 211 979 *03 a) w bjo s e sT3 3 24 474 40 2 76 207 143 288 479 42 180 94 212 74 678 4 47 165 313 195 789 23 37 | S S" *■« SB O w d o o4 PC Î ® © 0 Ut © Ot 0 Ut d o 8 p © d d © 8 Ut 0 M 0 o U-f 92 8 1 ,3 3 6 46 73 69 125 1 33 'd « 319 853 59 82 164 307 g 19 1 13 42 8 19 13 272 266 33 22 779 1,0 7 5 226 757 27 41 31 7 116 167 33 m o r e P O P U L A T IO N ________________________ 47,834 22,778 12,387 1, 551 2 ,194 2,731 3,091 175 22 Alabama: Mobile County_______ 70 California: San Diego County____________ 1,230 340 93 San Francisco (city and county)_______ _____________ 463 295 8 Connecticut: Bridgeport (city)___ ____ _____ 489 209 146 575 Hartford (city)__________ 1 ' . ___ 181, 261 282 163 69 New Haven (city)................... 856 323 District of Columbia___________ 1,514 Florida: Dade County___ _______ 276 131 52 Georgia: Fulton County............. 850 573 137 Indiana: Allen County. _______________ 78 36 6 Lake County_____ _________ . 252 148 49 Marion County_______________ 734 398 58 St. Joseph County ....... ...................... 235 65 117 Vanderburgh County. ______ __ 131 11 109 594 Iowa: Polk County_____________ 243 206 Louisiana: Caddo Parish______________ . 321 168 89 Orleans Parish________________ 909 435 229 Maryland: Baltimore (city)_____ 2 ,8 5 2 1,027 1,438 Massachusetts: Boston: Boston (central section). . . . . 631 298 71 Brighton__________________ 54 30 9 Charlestown.___________ . . . 123 72 37 Dorchester__________________ 174 51 66 East Boston______ : _________ 348 177 119 Roxbury________ _______ 309 156 40 South Boston___________ . . . 239 120 75 West Roxbury______________ 142 80 36 , Second district of Bristol______ 202 129 10 Third district of Bristol ____ 224 151 41 Lawrence district_____________ 125 74 19 Southern Essex district. 72 149 36 Springfield district........ ............. 195 100 28 First district of eastern Middlesex__................... ........................ 265 107 56 Third district of eastern Middlesex_____________________ 141 40 246 Lowell district.......... .............. . 156 105 19 15 6 48 2 447 57 100 96 22 7 56 13 5 62 14 g 48 1 1 28 29 26 62 34 10 31 35 2 22 26 28 55 44 5 146 17 59 12 14 1 16 6 7 7 7 9 39 8 20 2 18 27 2 1 3 18 22 61 30 2 17 4 10 155 9 5 91 11 3 7 5 10 2 25 7 2 7 8 11 2 87 14 191 172 3 3 23 18 37 52 39 20 4 1 1 6 22 1 2 6 6 51 35 6 9 22 7 25 21 9 2 4 1 2 5 50 2 2 1 1 1 6 14 11 5 4 10 1 10 10 16 19 14 5 11 16 6 2 32 25 4 22 1 12 23 19 3 13 3 4 7 2 1 14 i 1 12 3 2 1 2 5 2 134 1 2 10 6 3 3 7 6 11 4 6 1 4 9 2 1 5 , 2 1 2 1 1 3 3 265 12 4 2 3 2 i 8 9 5 4 2 15 1 23 4 16 1 4 8 2 4 3 4 1 1 1 10 4 3 11 1 6 5 11 3 5 1 1 9 3 1 Population according to the 1930 census. * All figures for the States -for which totals are given are also shown by courts for areas with 100,000 or more population and included in the group total for areas with less than 100,000 population. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 71 SOURCE TABLES T a b l e V a .— Reason for reference to court in boys’ delinquency cases disposed o f by the courts in 6 States, 74 courts that served specified areas with 100,000 or more population, and 210 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1934 — Continued Boys’ delinquency cases A r e a s w it h p o p u l a t io n 100,000 o r m —Continued. Wayne County.......................... . Minnesota: Ramsey County........ .............. . . New Jersey: Mercer County..... ................... . . New York: Albany County................. .......... Chautauqua County---------------Monroe County--------- ------------- Syracuse (city)........................... Westchester County............ ....... Ohio: Franklin County............ ............ Hamilton County............. .......... Montgomery County.......... — Oregon: Multnomah County-----Pennsylvania: Montgomery County............ . . . Philadelphia (city and county) Rhode Island: Sixth district. S ou th C a r o lin a : Greenville C ounty........................................ Utah: Third district....................... Washington: Wisconsin: Milwaukee County.. r e a s w it h l e s s t h a n 100,000 P O P U L A T I O N ------------ --------- --------------- 50,000, less than 100,000.-------------Less than 50,000-------------------------- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis j Reason not reported j Other reason Use, possession, or sale of liquor or drugs Injury to person Sex offense Ungovernable Running away Truancy Traffic violation o r e Somerville district____________ East Norfolk district__________ Central district of Worcester— A Stealing Total Area served by court Act of carelessness or mischief Reason for reference to court 57 99 167 23 42 49 5 13 22 1 20 30 11 9 2 5 5 6 9 6 7 341 185 2,269 1,678 71 212 25 42 7 112 7 16 23 95 11 53 8 59 4 2 12 3 104 193 323 1 £ 4 18 908 411 561 277 152 48 91 32 13 3 13 30 25 25 14 6 4 741 449 333 274 159 119 1 121 13 21 4 79 17 6 6 14 15 8 40 12 2 2 2 32 6 179 7 8 2 4 4 1 30 1 32 2 1 16 40 13 4 8 25 6 6 10 57 26 466 18 14 3 10 9 3 10 29 2 8 1 13 69 8 5 8 3 4 200 59 58 170 21 67 59 33 60 10 86 49 28 18 11 31 9 13 24 4 16 46 1C 55 11 £ 1 51 17 328 147 25 152 117 3 152 102 34 87 30 32 1,089 653 217 104 ' 167 8 5,328 2,054 1,564 61 187 107 244 34 118 10 42 23 11 66 148 130 34 75 66 57 141 55 233 2 11 20 341 1 1 4 1 3 4 394 385 504 71 187 9 88 15 24 86 11 231 63 45 514 67 756 8 84 57 3 67 61 5,785 1,931 2,468 10 161 100 3 41 6C 462 293 4 116 133 199 108 555 265 2,967 1,163 1,434 1,500 1,623 276 979 752 829 588 95 487 10 11 46 1 3 3 2 5 13 10 3 11 1 3 10 2 123 3 2 5 177 167 1 36 3 1 2 2 1 9 13 7 9 __ __ __ __ 27 __ 5 8 42 6 1 9 87 214 30 661 2 236 6 1 62 24 69 33 2 29 7 10 21 32 4 15 12 35 12 8 27 125 953 5 35 185 6 1C 87 11 54 261 24 2S 141 6 104 1 14 51 2 IS 21 9,583 4,611 2,488 258 640 453 482 149 261 93 96 52 922 4,341 2,266 5.242 2,345 1,566 118 140 340 300 201 252 224 258 59 90 99 162 33 60 37 59 42 10 91 802 58C 5 109 8 460 4 3 ÌÒ 7 7 __ __ __ 10 __ 2 9 3 1 72 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 T a b l e V b .— Reason for reference to court in girls’ delinquency cases disposed o f by the courts in 6 States, 7% courts that served specified areas with 100,000 or more population, and 182 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1984 1 Girls’ delinquency cases Reason for reference to court Area served by court ® o P Total cases2. State totals: 2 Connecticut___ Indiana............. Massachusetts. New York____ Rhode Island.. Utah.................. A r e a s 100,000 o r m o r e p o p u l a . . ................................................................. ................. ................ 9,234 1,074 384 1,154 413 1,616 30 265 46 85 83 180 3 37 7,529 907 1,001 1,474 2,592 1,597 881 50 108 22 185 31 155 38 369 1 30 72, 353 126 501 61 40 115 108 104 304 93 141 16 39 100 4 w it h t io n Alabama: Mobile County___________ California: San Diego County________________ San Francisco (city and county)___ Connecticut: Bridgeport (city)......... .......... ............ Hartford (city)_______________ ____ New Haven (c ity )................. .......... District of Columbia............................. Florida: Dade C o u n t y .____ ______ Georgia: Fulton County...... ................ Indiana: Allen County....................................... Lake County_____________________ Marion County___ _____ _________ St. Joseph County.......... ................... Vanderburgh County_____________ Iowa: Polk County_______________ . . . Louisiana: Caddo Parish..................................... f Orleans Parish____________________ Maryland: Baltimore (city)................ Massachusetts: Boston: Boston (central section).......... ...J Brighton____________ ______ ____ Charlestown...... .............................. Dorchester-------------- ------------------East Boston..... ..................... .......... Roxbury.......................... ................. South Boston------------- ---------------West Roxbury................................. Second district of Bristol.............. . Third district of Bristol_____ ____ _ Lawrence district________ ____ ____ Southern Essex district- ___________ Springfield district_________ ______ First district of eastern Middlesex. . Third district of eastern Middlesex. Lowell district_______________ ____ Somerville district________________ East Norfolk district......................... Central district of Worcester______ 712 67 755 1,290 2,177 47 6 29 185 140 10 54 85 157 77 25 12 6 100 19 32 100 65 10 191 79 156 11 91 217 112 24 110 43 38 120 43 6 10 94 94 270 28 50 120 20 1 Population according to the 1930 census. 2 All figures for the States for which totals are given are also shown by courts for areas with 100,000 or more population and included in the group total for areas with less than 100,000 population. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 73 SOTJBCE TABLES T a b l e V b .— Reason fo r reference to court in girls’ delinquency cases disposed o f by the courts in 6 States, 74 courts that served specified areas with 100,000 or more population, and 182 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1984— Continued Girls' delinquency cases A r e a s w it h Other reason 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 o r m o r e p o p u l a t i o n — Continued. Michigan: Kent County............_......................... Wayne County................................ .. Minnesota: Hennepin County_____ _____ _____ Ramsey County................... . ............ New Jersey: Hudson County__________ ____ ___ Mercer County___________________ New York: Albany County................................. Broome County......... ......................... Chautauqua County______________ Dutchess County__________ ______ Erie County____________ _______ Monroe County___________________ New York (city)____ _____ _______ Niagara County___ _____ _________ Oneida C o u n ty ...______ _________ Orange County........................ .......... Rensselaer County________________ Schenectady County______________ Suffolk County___________ ________ Syracuse (city)...... ................... ......... Westchester County______________ Ohio: Franklin County__________________ Hamilton C ounty...____ _________ Mahoning County________________ Montgomery County______________ Oregon: Multnomah County________ Pennsylvania: Allegheny County................... .......... Berks County...................... ................ Montgomery County_____ _______ Philadelphia (city and county)____ Rhode Island: Sixth district_________ South Carolina: Greenville County.. Utah: Third district______ _________ Virginia: Norfolk (city)....................... Washington: Pierce County___________ _________ Spokane County............................... Wisconsin: Milwaukee............ ........... 62 222 13 20 2 16 1 2 5 41 11 11 10 91 19 39 181 56 27 5 8 4 6 2 22 29 17 73 32 127 30 8 10 2 2 53 2 4 25 4 33 6 76 23 8 26 92 22 964 5 19 5 47 12 5 48 67 8 4 1 2 23 1 88 1 3 32 9 1 9 2 5 1 1 7 5 54 40 1 5 4 1 13 8 44 4 37 27 4 1 7 18 7 311 4 4 5 1 8 20 10 3 4 10 8 13 19 9 12 2 5 232 544 264 153 122 20 45 23 11 29 17 70 44 50 11 18 61 86 14 5 32 161 21 24 19 68 122 52 26 26 75 62 34 27 30 1 9 1 1 5 1 1 125 17 10 676 1 13 115 116 19 2 2 74 2 13 35 1 24 21 14 10 1 103 59 3 16 15 1 1 8 2 37 17 40 83 515 3 8 76 6 80 5 3 43 l e s s t h a n 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 p o p u ..................................................................................................... 1,705 167 169 less than 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 __________________________ Less than 5 0 , 0 0 0 _______________________________________ 795 910 85 82 59 110 A r e a s Reason not reported Use, possession, or sale of liquor or drugs Injury to person Sex offense Ungovernable Running away Truancy Traffic violation Stealing Total Area served by court Act of carelessness or mischief Reason for reference to court 28 5 294 10 4 1 2 5 7 2 6 2 1 3 1 27 6 100 2 5 2 2 5 3 168 8 193 69 5 1 1 14 12 3 24 30 1 16 21 1 1 11 1 16 26 58 8 17 94 7 14 143 7 -246 184 415 386 57 40 31 3 2 5 103 81 178 237 168 218 28 29 25 15 7 24 2 1 3 1 10 1 4 3 1 1 — 1 8 6 w it h l a t io n 5 0 ,0 0 0 , https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 138 108 74 T JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 VI.— P la ce o f care o f child 'pending hearing or d is p o sitio n i n d elin q u en cy cases d isp o se d o f b y the courts i n 1 S ta te, 4 4 courts that served specified a reas vrith 100,000 or m ore p o p u la tio n , a n d 2 1 courts that served a reas vrith less than 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 p o p u la tio n i n 1 9 8 4 1 able Total cases 5______________________________ 52,538 31,402 1,902 AB E A S W IT H 100,000 OB M O EE P O P U L A T I O N _________ California: Connecticut: Indiana: Louisiana: Michigan: Minnesota: New Jersey: New York: Ohio: Montgomery County------- --------------------------Oregon: Multnomah County________________ 1,555 48,831 28,625 582 14,007 4,528 1,249 364 142 30 12 1 53 557 13,680 4,498 1,004 61 l 222 90 1,415 603 1,094 207 4 289 390 . 4 589 640 1,705 355 1,006 295 490 1,246 282 575 1 292 149 453 1 1 2 4 1 427 13 2 1 166 343 951 347 169 714 80 282 84 303 160 544 3 60 60 866 7 16 415 1,003 3,122 273 412 2,849 403 2,491 237 1,062 1 1,089 467 1,058 345 10 868 479 512 381 1,181 189 6,292 195 281 408 803 136 2,589 111 99 251 1,666 2,044 1,887 429 1,10 1 798 791 855 287 788 116 7 2 2 50 270 165 1,428 1 1 56 355 98 6 4 176 1 3 404 24 5 1 60 34 7 16 1 1 49 8 20 65 1 10 6 149 8 3 2 1 1 47 3,689 84 376 404 1 1 2 1 91 533 1 2 16 152 3 Place of care not re ported | Other place of care3 Jail or police sta tion 3 Other institution Detention home 3 Boarding home or other family home Total Area served by court No detention care Detention care overnight or longer in specified place No report as to detention care Delinquency cases 546 1,239 882 106 159 33 8 2 19 287 2 148 35 131 1 1 1 — 1 — 1 Population according to the 1930 census. _ .■ . 1 Includes cases of children cared for part of the time in detention homes and part of the time elsewhere, but excludes cases of children also held in jails or police stations. _ _ ■ . . . 3 Includes a few cases of children cared for part of the time in jails or police stations and part of the time elsewhere. . , . . . . . 3 Includes a few cases of children held in more than 1 place of care but in places other than detention homes, jails, or police stations. . « All figures for the State for which a total is given are also shown by courts for areas with 100,000 or more population and included in the group total for areas with less than 100,000 population. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis *75 SOURCE TABLES T VI.— P la ce o f care o f child 'pending h earin g or d is p o sitio n i n d elin q u en cy cases d isp o se d o f b y the cou rts i n 1 S tate, 4 4 cou rts that served sp ecified a reas with 100,000 o r m ore p o p u la tio n , a n d 2 1 courts that served areas w ith less than 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 p o p u la tio n i n 1 9 3 4 — Continued able 1 3,707 2,777 1, 171 Place of care not re ported 112 379 1,653 Other place of care 239 638 3, 482 Jail or police sta tion 12 86 14 4,906 96 704 294 Other institution 881 101 77 fi, 4fil 104 917 fiOfi Detention home No detention care 100,000 o r m o r e p o p u l a t i o n — Con. Pennsylvania: Allegheny County............................................... Berks County_________- ..................................... Montgomery County.......................................... Philadelphia (city and county)....... ................. South Carolina: Greenville County__________ Utah: Third district_____________________ ____ Virginia: Norfolk (city).......................................... Washington: Pierce County---------------------------------------------Spokane County................................................... Wisconsin: Milwaukee County----------------------- Total Area served by court Boarding home or other family home Detention care overnight or longer in specified place No report as to detention care Delinquency cases A r e a s w it h A r e a s w it h l e s s t h a n 100,000 p o p u l a t io n --------- 50,000, less than 100,000_______________________ Less than 50,000______________________________ T l’, 561 1 5 13 546 63 1,475 317 2 73 7 8 52 23 142 258 19 101 234 1,829 1 25 327 30 245 303 10 15 312 15 12 18 158 48 87 255 12 1 24 25 VII.— M a n n e r o f h a n d lin g d elin q u en cy cases d isp o se d o f b y the cou rts i n 6 S ta tes, 7 4 cou rts that served sp ecified areas with 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore p o p u la tio n , a n d 2 1 7 cou rts that served areas w ith less than 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 p o p u la tio n i n 1 9 3 4 1 able Delinquency cases Area served by court Total cases2 ______________________________________________ State totals: 2 Utah A r e a s w it h .........................................- .............................. . 100,000 o r m o r e p o p u l a t io n ............................................................. California: Connecticut: Indiana: Vanderburgh (County........................................................................... Total Official Unofficial 66,651 44,489 22,162 3,857 3,921 6,464 11,436 476 1,902 1,715 1, 619 6,464 11,430 476 1,016 2,142 2,302 55,363 222 37,669 222 17,694 1,415 603 859 603 556 589 640 292 1,705 355 1,006 140 277 292 1,267 249 780 449 363 109 130 764 63 52 57 213 187 284 117 166 343 951 347 169 1 6 886 438 106 226 i Population according to the 1930 census. ______ _ 3 All figures for the States for which totals are given are also shown by courts for areas with 100,000 or more population and included in the group total for areas with less than 100,000 population. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 76 T JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 V I I .— M anner o f handling delinquency cases disposed o f hy the courts in 6 States, 74 courts that served specified areas with 100,000 or more population, and 217 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1934— Con. able Delinquency cases Area served by court Total A reas with 100,000 or more population—Continued. Iowa: Polk C oun ty............._ ........... . . . ......... ............ Louisiana: Caddo Parish____________ _______ _______________ Orleans Parish___________ ____ _______ -IIIIIIIIIII Maryland: Baltimore (city)............. ................ IIIHHI Massachusetts: Boston: Boston (central section)________________________ Brighton.............................................. ..I .IIII.IIH Charlestown______________________________ I .I ll Dorchester.................................. ................... East Boston______________________________ IIII" Roxbury...........................................................„ .H I I South Boston______________________________ IH~ West R o x b u ry ..._________________ .IIIIIII Second district of Bristol................................. IIIII Third district of Bristol.................. ” 11 Lawrence district________________________ IIIIIIH I Southern Essex district________ ______ ---IIIIIIIIII Springfield district..........................................I.......... First district of eastern Middlesex................... 'I Third district of eastern Middlesex___*...................... Lowell district___________________________________" Somerville district__________________ IIIIIIH I East Norfolk district___ ;_________:____ IIIIII Central district of Worcester........................IIIIIIIIII Michigan: Kent County____________________________________ Wayne County______ ____ HUH" Minnesota: Hennepin County______________________________ Ramsey County......... ........................I.IIIIIIIII I New Jersey: Hudson County............................................................ Mercer County_______________________ IIIIII New York: Albany County.............................................................. IIIIII Broome County____ ________ Chautauqua County_____________________IIIIIIIIII Dutchess C ou n ty..___________________ IIIIIII Erie C o u n t y .......__________ . u. . ________II.IIIII* Monroe County_____ ;______ ____ ______ IIIIIIIIIII" New York (city)......................... .......... IIIIIIIIII Niagara County....................................... I.IIIIIIIII Oneida County___________________________ IIIIII.. Orange C ounty.. _________ ___________ IIIII.IIII Rensselaer County_________ HI Schenectady County_______ ____________I Suffolk County__________________________ HH " Syracuse (city)..................... .....................IIIIIIIIIII. Westchester County................... Ohio: .......................... Franklin County_____________________________ Hamilton County________________ I.IIIIIIIIIII IIII Mahoning County___________________IIIIIIHI I* Montgomery County_____ _____ II.IIIIIIIIIIIII Oregon: Multnomah County..................... „I II I I I I Pennsylvania: Allegheny County................................. .................... Berks County_______________ HH Montgomery County___________I I .„ I „.II„I„I._ IIH Philadelphia (city and county). ....................IIIIIIIH Rhode Island: Sixth district,________ HH South Carolina: Greenville County............ Utah: Third district________________ ____ I.IIIIII Virginia: Norfolk (city)_____ _____________I. " Washington: Pierce County______________________________ Spokane County......................... .......... H ill II.......... Wisconsin: Milwaukee County....................I.IIIIIIIIH Areas with less than 100,000 population....................... 50,000, less than 100,000_______________ . . . Less than 50,000...__________________ IIIIII'*!' ¿* https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Official Unofficial 714 154 560 415 1,003 3,122 383 1,003 3,122 32 688 57 127 185 366 340 244 148 217 238 128 159 210 277 291 170 105 204 357 688 57 127 185 366 340 244 148 217 238 128 159 210 277 291 170 105 204 357 403 2,491 403 2,491. 1,089 467 1,089 467 868 479 868 479 404 175 160 113 1,181 189 6,292 192 263 47 195 142 71 281 408 404 175 160 113 1,181 189 6,292 192 263 47 195 142 71 281 402 6 1,666 2,044 1,887 429 1,10 1 436 108 343 128 143 1,230 1,936 1,544 301 958 881 101 77 6,461 162 104 917 696 881 101 77 1,693 162 81 526 696 4,768 239 638 3,482 167 215 1,028 72 423 2,454 11,288 6,820 4,468 5,136 6,152 2,832 3,988 2,304 2,164 23 391 77 SOURCE TABLES T a b l e V I I I a .— D is p o s itio n o f b o y s ’ d elin q u en cy cases b y the cou rts o f 6 S ta tes, 7 4 courts that served sp ecified areas with 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore p o p u la tio n , a n d 2 1 0 courts that served areas w ith less than 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 p o p u la tio n i n 1 9 3 4 1 or Other disposition of case Institution Institution Agency or individual 1 Restitution, fine, costs ordered Referred without commit ment to- Com mitted to— 1 Agency or 1 individual 1 Case dismissed or ad justed Agency or individual supervising Under temporary care of an institution Total Area served by court Probation officer super vising Child kept un Child not kept under supervision der supervision of court of court Disposition not reported Case held open without further action Boys’ delinquency cases 57,417 19,608 707 655 22,508 4,519 413 314 811 894 2,308 4,672 Total cases *_ State totals:8 Connecticut___ Indiana_______ Massachusetts. New York....... Rhode Island 'lltah__________ 3,473 2,767 6,051 9,820 446 1,637 A r e a s w i t h 100,000 o r m o r e p o p u l a t i o n ........................................ ................ Alabama: Mobile County............. California: San Diego County____________ San Francisco (city and county) Connecticut: Bridgeport (city) —-----------------Hartford (city)________________ New Haven (city)..................... . District of Columbia____________ Florida: Dade County____ _____ Georgia: Fulton County. ............ Indiana: Allen County............................. . Lake County_________ _______ Marion County_____ _________ St. Joseph County.____ _______ Vanderburgh County_________ Iowa: Polk C o u n ty ..................... Louisiana: Caddo Parish_________________ Orleans Parish_______ _________ Maryland: Baltimore (city)------Massachusetts: Boston: Boston (central section)........ Brighton............................ ....... Charlestown— ........................ Dorchester......... .................... East Boston_________________ Roxbury..................................... South Boston_______________ West Roxbury______________ Second district of Bristol........ . Third district of Bristol_______ Lawrence district_____________ Southern Essex district_______ Springfield district............ ........ First district of eastern Middle sex............ .................... ........... Third district of eastern Middle sex........ ................................... . 1 ,2 1 1 9 1,10 2 31 3,521 3^924 122 283 690 108 2 1,641 818 19 611 1 3,330 48 617 1 188 4 242 10 343 44 796 184 115 77 6 57 31 63 15 119 13 198 27 14 61 4 12 63 89 61 143 330 98 1,371 214 1,048 25 34 47,834 15,799 529 573 19,341 3,858 351 275 590 521 1,937 4,052 175 52 7 70 25 21 1,230 463 142 380 2 21 57 9 692 30 23 17 489 575 282 1,514 276 850 134 144 2 165 6 599 245 83 175 252 353 67 413 103 53 19 33 27 93 30 246 1 97 60 106 35 443 10 26 92 4 18 19 144 71 2 2,081 96 27C 284 26 4 8 62 28 17 15 32 5 6 3 2 9 18 3 11 3 12 9 1 1 6 1 8 1 1 8 1 25 1 1 54 21 26 79 6 226 14 30 16 17 18 6 44 2 321 90S 2,852 17 237 276 631 54 123 174 348 309 239 142 202 224 125 149 195 256 23 65 73 228 180 126 62 155 194 104 82 103 265 193 21 8 4 1 2 36 246 158 44 7 2 1 7 27 9 3 T 1 3 16 1 27 3 2 82 7 3 55 13 9 1 1 8 11 4 3 16 7 11 22 11 4 2 1 2 1 2 13 IS 50 1 1 1 2 1 2 14 24 56 29 1 15 20 291 1 330 23 47 34 77 94 87 42 19 13 7 35 67 5 2 5 297 2 1 8 3 13 1 3 3 5 4 3 4 2 5 8 368 46 86 226 88 48 112 3 4 6 — 47 78 252 734 235 131 594 4 1 8 1 Population according to the 1930 census. 2 All figures for the States for which totals are given are also shown by courts for areas with 100,000 or more population and included in the group total for areas with less than 100,000 population. 101461°—37- -6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 78 T JUVENILE-COUBT STATISTICS, 1934 V I I I a .— D is p o s itio n o f b o y s ’ d elin q u en cy cases b y the courts o f 6 States, 7 4 courts that served sp ecified areas w ith 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore p o p u la tio n , a nd 2 1 0 courts that served areas with less t h a n 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 p o p u la tio n i n 1 9 3 4 — Continued able Boys’ delinquency cases S A r e a s w it h 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 o r m o r e p o p 323 69 160 341 99 008 411 448 297 440 303 308 152 152 105 91 1,089 5,328 187 244 10 8 9 14 80 88 418 20 213 2 170 6 46 26 36 14 265 103 255 38 95 90 15 150 44 2,029 106 135 21 58 65 1 10 62 29 6 13 15 61 31 419 19 21 2 17 11 8 19 18 1,029 772 3 1,047 115 13 404 36 75 30 55 32 25 10 53 249 81 2,312 44 77 33 13 148 59 53 233 341 167 233 3 3 1,434 1,600 1,623 276 979 229 300 296 58 392 9 1 1 84 672 51 5,785 161 628 88 91 802 580 49 301 242 1 28 20 555 2,967 14 32 732 9 — 14 7 19 427 171 11 28 56 in 18 15 37 304 1,882 20 P O P U L A T IO N ............. ................................. 9,583 3,809 178 less than 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ________________— Less than 5 0 , 0 0 0 --------- --------- --------------- 4,341 1,795 21 5,242 2,014 157 t h a n 6 0 ,0 0 0 , https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 28 — Disposition not reported Case held open withou action Other disposition of case or Agency or 1 individual | Restitution, nne, costs ordered 2 2 4 39 16 — - 1 1 3,881 l e s s Institution Agency or 1 individual 1 1 6 93 26 173 30 14 363 45 w it h p u l a t i o n — Continued . Massachusetts—Continued. Lowell district.............................. Somerville district_____________ East Norfolk district................... Central district of Worcester— Michigan: Kent County....... ......................... Wayne County........................... Minnesota: Hennepin County_____________ Ramsey County........................... New Jersey: Hudson County_______________ Mercer County.................... ......... New York: Albany County............................. Broome County............................ Chautauqua County................... Dutchess County......................... Erie County__________________ Monroe County.............. - ......... New York (city)............. - .......... Niagara County—........................ Oneida County_________ ______ Orange County________________ Rensselaer County....................... Schenectady County................... Suffolk County............................. Syracuse (city).............................. Westchester County— ............. Ohio: Franklin C ounty........................ Hamilton County........................ Mahoning County....................... Montgomery County--------------Oregon: Multnomah County........ Pennsylvania: Allegheny County....................... Berks County_________________ Montgomery County.................. Philadelphia (city and county) . Rhode Island: Sixth district-------South Carolina: G r e e n v i l l e County........................... - .......... — Utah: Third district........................ Virginia: Norfolk (city).................. Washington: Pierce County............................. Spokane County.......................... Wisconsin: Milwaukee County... A r e a s Referred without commit ment to- Com mitted to— Institution Case dismissed or ad justed Total Area served by court Agency or individual supervising Under temporary care of an institution Probation officer super vising Child kept un Child not kept under supervision der supervision of court of court 3 2 9 4 2 19 11 13 12 1 3 4 34 29 160 6 24 6 193 31 1 4 1 4 5 56 52 10 57 10 19 4 1 12 1 2 7 1 2 .... 8 1 50 6 1 5 20 96 5 53 12 2 3 4 390 12 11 2 6 1 9 2 32 9 1 1 4 28 8 32 171 14 10 9 43 3 21 3 443 ____ — ____ 42 13 6 49 49 150 148 12 36 93 __ __ __ 547 55 1 31 12 22 28 2 18 22 95 187 81 19 22 __ ____ 6 2 1 4 32 32 88 1 3 6 7 82 3,167 661 62 39 221 373 371 620 59 1,400 23 1,767 284 377 20 42 4 179 128 35 42 245 149 222 302 318 ____ 2 89 129 2 i ____ .... — 6 23 6 23 13 — 1 1 6 30 11 — 79 SO U RCE T A B L E S T V III b .— D is p o s itio n o f girls’ d elin q u en c y cases b y the courts o f 6 S ta tes, 7 4 courts that served sp ecified areas w ith 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore p o p u la tio n , a n d 1 8 2 courts that served areas w ith less th an 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 p o p u la tio n i n 1 9 8 4 1 able Girls’ delinquency cases Total cases1 State totals: 2 Connecticut___ Indiana............ Massachusetts. New York____ Rhode IslandUtah_________ 384 1,154 413 1,616 30 265 68 411 214 655 26 95 8 29 1 40 28 144 399 49 428 2 13 116 2,216 134 265 2,387 13 185 140 14 76 2 9 100 65 10 191 79 156 22 2 57 7 24 1 50 91 217 112 38 120 50 27 49 35 11 11 3 3 1 1 94 94 270 1 21 54 ... 35 2 2 1 7 18 3 7 13 2 5 6 1 24 8 74 106 66 295 2 13 5 4 16 22 102 24 5 2 58 14 2 19 g 30 5 37 21 32 1 5 2 A 2 1 44 54 50 11 94 3 11 19 5 6 1 1 4 2 3 2 6 1 1 5 3 5 3 31 of or Agency or individual 1 Restitution, fine, costs ordered Other disposition case 17 57 21 10 7 — - 2 66 331 50 459 651 2 2 9 49 1 29 6 4 25 406 525 1 4 1 23 1 6 6 4 2 2 3 17 IS 81 1 2 11 1 88 390 1 1 1 1 2 1 27 7 7 2 1 h 36 11 113 1 1 1 2 2 4 1 1 985 188 24 28 28 8 1 3 16 62 Institution Agency or individual Institution Referred without Commit ted to— commit ment to— 9,234 2,753 183 292 2,940 1,2 2 2 205 A r e a s W IT H 100,000 O R M U E E PO PU LA T IO N ....................................... .................. .................. Alabama: Mobile County_________ California: San Diego County..... ................ —San Francisco (city and county). . Connecticut: Bridgeport (city)___ ________________ Hartford (city)............—- ------- ---------New Haven (city)........................... —District of Columbia_____ . __________ Florida: Dade County___ ..................... Georgia: Fulton County______________ Indiana: Allen County........................................ Lake County______________ — Marion County...................................... St. Joseph County____________ .. Vanderburgh County........................... Iowa: Polk County_______________ _ Louisiana: Caddo Parish_______________________ Orleans Parish______________________ Maryland: Baltimore (city)............... Massachusetts: Boston: Boston (central section)__________ Brighton............................... — Charlestown_____________________ Dorchester_______________________ East Boston......................................... Roxbury............................. South Boston..... ............................. — West Roxbury-................................. Second district of Bristol..................... Third district of Bristol...................—. Lawrence district__________ _________ Southern Essex district....................... Springfield district..............—- ............ First district of eastern Middlesex... Third district of eastern Middlesex.. Lowell district______________________ Case dismissed or ad justed su Probation officer pervising Area served by court Agency or individual supervising Under temporary care of an institution Child kept Child not kept under supervision under super of court vision of court Ï 1 2 8 1 1 1 4 10 5 1 1 1 14 1 2 4 10 20 2 6 70 19 5 1 1 2 1 2 __ 1 1 1 Population according to the 1930 census. 2 All figures for the States for which totals are given are also shown by courts for areas with 100,000 or more population and included in the group total for areas with less than 100,000 population. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 80 JU V E N IL E -C O U R T S T A T IST IC S, 1934 Y p ïB' D isp o s itio n o f girls’ d elin q u en cy cases b y the courts o f 6 States 7 A courts that served sp ecified areas w ith 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 or m ore p o p u la tio n a n d 1 8 2 ennrt* _ l h a t served a rea s with, less than 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 ¿oblation i 7 l m - c Z n Z t t i further Girls’ delinquency cases AREAS "WITH 100,000 OB MOBE POPULA TION—Continued. Massachusetts—Continued. Somerville district.......... 1 East Norfolk district_______ 11 5 Central district of Worcester 34 27 Michigan: Kent County______ 62 25 14 Wayne County.......1111111 222 112 " i o 3 Minnesota: Hennepin County.......... 181 74 61 Ramsey County................................. 56 26 13 New Jersey: Hudson County___ ______ 127 21 Mercer County....... II................... 30 15 New York: Albany County____ ___________ 76 8 Broome County________ IIIIII 23 9 Chautauqua County.IIIIIIIIIIIIII" 1 ___ Dutchess County____________ 26 8 Erie County___________ I.......... 92 5 Monroe County............ ...I I I I I I 22 5 New York (city)_________ IIIIIIII 964 514 5— Niagara County..____ _____ IIIIII Oneida County_____ Orange County....... II Rensselaer County....................H H 47 Schenectady C o u n ty .___ 12 3 Suffolk County______ Syracuse (city)........ IIIIIIII.......... 48 30 2 ___ Westchester County 67 28 8 Ohio: Franklin County......... 232 56 2 2 Hamilton County....... ....... " 544 29 8 Mahoning County.......... 264 24 Montgomery County............. 153 11 1 Oregon: Multnomah County 122 .32 26 Pennsylvania: Allegheny County........................... 125 71 __ 8 Berks County_______________ III" 17 2 Montgomery County___IIIII.IIIH 10 6 Philadelphia (city and county)....... 676 163 Rhode Island: Sixth district________ 1 South Carolina: Greenville County. . 13 3 . __ 1 Utah: Third district___ 115 30 8 Virginia: Norfolk (city)___ 116 46 "Ì Washington: Pierce County___________ ________ 2 2 . ... Spokane County_________________ 1_ Wisconsin: Milwaukee County______ 209 7 3 A B E A S W IT H L E S S T H A N of 'O U O ‘S a a> a.S D cx ® OO ! fl a o I Case held fc> 3 o Restitution i uuaw iMuereu I Other disposition < o} |.| ©£ bcX <E I Agency or IbjQ !a" I Institution I ¡a jfr* 081 1-5 Q-tr ‘E ftl u og It S f ■** u Referre a ® withou t Commit ted to— " commi - fl ment cd to— Institution © cc © V* c*u lUOKltUblUH 13 3 s V 1 Probation officer per visine Area served by court Case dismissed or ad justed su- Child kepi under supei . Child not kept under supervisioi of court vision of court o ft 3 c 6 16 21 31 . . . . 12 f ___ 4 ___ 40 7 2 13 2 2 270 2 10 4 60 8 44 8 2 8 22 1 15 2 1 — 1 36 — 10 — 2 1 . .. . 15 1 1 — 7 5 12 100 190 190 57 21 47 25 13 15 6 2 1 44 13 3 80 1 3 70 33 — 10 8 8 274 6 140 5 9 1 1 2 7 3 5 2 — — — — — i . .. . 8 ---— 4 5 8 37 154 16 20 31 2 1 3 10 84 11 4 2 ___ 2 34 1 2 61 — 12 69 12 - - - 2 9 4 .. .. 1 3 3 1 8 .... 5 24 215 13 11 40 1 3 3. 1 8 2 10 . 1 .... 11 19 25 10 . 12 . 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 P O P U L A - T I ° N ............................................................................................. .....................1 , 7 0 5 less than 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 Less than 5 0 , 0 0 0 ........................... 5 0 ,0 0 0 , https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 79, 910 537 49 27 553 237 17 22 59 25 53 126 . 247 290 6 43 23 4 257 296 97 140 10 6 16 42 5 20 27 26 7 17 75 . . . . 51 . 81 SOURCE TABLES D E P E N D E N C Y A N D N E G LE C T CASES I X . Color, nativity, and parent nativity o f children dealt with in dependency and neglect cases disposed o f by the courts in 1 State, 39 courts that served specified areas with 100,000 or more population, and 19 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1934 1 T able Dependency and neglect cases White children Area served by court Total Total cases 1_____ 17,842 15,309 State total: Utah1........ 164 Native foreign or mixed parent age Native parent age not re ported For eign born 9,518 4,431 1,058 202 100 2,533 Native Total native parent age Col Nativ ored chil ity not re dren ported 160 109 38 11 1 1 4 16,830 14,360 8,747 4,288 1,028 198 99 2,470 Alabama: Mobile County. 21 27 California: San Diego County. 336 300 San Francisco (city and county) . 626 687 Connecticut: Bridgeport (city)............. 133 127 Hartford (city)________ 188 149 District of Columbia______ 133 227 Florida: Dade County____ 238 209 Georgia: Fulton County.. 195 223 Indiana: Lake County________ 159 112 Marion County 410 348 Iowa: Polk County.. . . 433 406 Louisiana: Caddo Parish_________ 188 178 Orleans Parish____ 252 188 Maryland: Baltimore (city)__ 250 160 Michigan: Kent County_________ 195 177 Wayne County________ 524 467 Minnesota: Hennepin County . 314 335 Ramsey County_____ 227 212 New York: Erie County___________ 65 58 Monroe County.. 127 126 New York (city)............ 4,492 3,748 Rensselaer County___ 107 106 Syracuse (city)__________ 86 85 Westchester County.. . 338 292 Ohio: ............. . Franklin County.. 497 417 Hamilton County___ 246 207 Mahoning County. 142 111 Montgomery County___ 357 293 Oregon: Multnomah County. 840 827 Pennsylvania: Allegheny County______ 532 486 Berks County________ 20 20 Montgomery Countv . . 63 62 Philadelphia (city and county) 2,481 1,849 South Carolina: Greenville Countv 98 86 Utah: Third district........... 118 114 Virginia: Norfolk (city)_____ 124 106 Washington: Pierce County________________ 125 120 Spokane County________ 164 163 Wisconsin: Milwaukee County 776 762 21 219 271 65 294 12 37 4 15 9 61 65 88 117 189 195 52 50 6 18 77 347 383 34 A r e a s w it h A reas w it h t io n 100,000 o r less than m o r e p o p u l a t io n 100,000 ................................................. 50,000, less than 100,000________ Less than 50,000__________ popu la . 1 11 ID 2 28 1 o 17 27 178 130 67 23 69 74 270 ll 176 88 14 1 248 135 51 43 14 29 1 31 87 1,390 100 46 104 26 34 1,850 5 36 148 389 175 49 283 723 9 18 35 10 88 254 14 51 1,088 86 67 102 1 90 3 18 57 15 1 1 24 19 143 8 8 4 3 12 5 1 15 10 22 6 10 703 34 34 2 11 2 46 13 46 1 3 21 1 632 12 18 119 144 371 19 196 192 2 i i 14 - 1,0 12 949 771 143 30 4 i 63 616 396 593 356 489 282 79 64 20 10 4 1 23 40 1 Population according to the 1930 census. 1 All figures for the State for which a total is given are also shown by courts for areas with 100,000 or more population and included in the group total for areas with less than. 100,000 population. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 82 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 X .— R ea so n f o r reference to court o f children i n f a m i li e s rep resen ted i n d e p e n d en c y a n d neglect cases d isp o sed o f b y the cou rts i n 1 S ta te, 8 9 cou rts that served sp ecified areas with 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 or m o r e p o p u la tio n , a n d 1 9 cou rts that served areas w ith less than 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 p o p u la tio n i n 1 9 8 4 1 T able Families represented in dependency and neglect cases Reason for reference of child to court Area served by court Total With out ad equate Aban care or Abuse don support or cruel ment from treat parent or de ment sertion or guard ian Living Physi cally under handi condi capped Other tions reason injuri and in need of ous to morals public care Total cases s. 10,244 7,658 372 275 960 977 State total: Utah J. 97 65 9 9 8 6 9,674 25 7,257 1 359 1 247 899 910 219 344 139 275 9 5 22 1 42 62 7 1 77 108 138 133 126 59 98 111 110 95 4 5 11 2 5 2 2 6 5 8 3 13 13 23 1 1 2 2 109 200 236 97 191 168 4 1 2 3 9 5 8 4 53 138 177 166 118 150 149 3 6 9 1 1 5 10 20 2 5 107 276 84 232 10 23 5 10 13 3 2 216 99 2 11 93 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 52 62 2,609 64 65 241 8 60 1,904 40 26 102 1 1 9 6 2 14 2 1 24 1 1 3 38 250 3 5 13 422 14 31 112 295 153 96 202 526 175 12 1 48 129 468 3 4 4 5 10 8 1 14 14 35 8 5 43 33 72 12 42 12 6 249 12 37 1,309 56 70 65 246 2 35 923 32 54 40 2 5 1 3 2 163 3 6 6 51 12 5 115 9 1 19 98 94 426 570 361 209 78 65 320 401 242 159 3 1 25 13 9 4 10 7 15 7 17 65 4 1 28 14 14 61 45 16 67 51 16 A r e a s w i t h 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 o r m o r e p o p u l a t i o n ................ Alabama: Mobile C ounty............................. California: San Diego County_______________________ San Francisco (city and county)................ . Connecticut: Bridgeport (c ity ).......................................... Hartford (city)___________________ _____ _ District of Columbia......................................... Florida: Dade County................................. . Georgia: Fulton C o u n ty ................................ Indiana: Lake County................................................... Marion County_________________ ____ _ Iowa: Polk County.......................................... Louisiana: Caddo Parish_____________ ____ _________ Orleans Parish................................................ Maryland: Baltimore (city)______________ _ Michigan: Kent County................................................. . Wayne County............................................... Minnesota: Hennepin County___________ ____________ Ramsey County.... ....................................... . New York: Erie County.................................................... Monroe County_________________________ New York ( c it y ) ..._____ ___________ ___ Rensselaer County......................................... Syracuse (city)................................. +............ Westchester County.... .......... ................... . Ohio: Franklin County............................................ Hamilton County_______________________ Mahoning County.............. .................. . Montgomery County____________________ Oregon: Multnomah........ .................... Pennsylvania: Allegheny County......................................... Berks County................................................. Montgomery County_____ ____ ___ _____ Philadelphia (city and county)____ ____ _ South Carolina: Greenville County.......... . Utah: Third district____________________ Virginia: Norfolk (city)................................. Washington: Pierce County__________________ ______ Spokane County................... .................... Wisconsin: Milwaukee County..................... A r e a s w it h l e s s t h a n 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 p o p u l a t i o n . . . less than 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 _____________________________________ Less than 6 0 , 0 0 0 ................................................................................................. 6 0 ,0 0 0 , 2 2 23 2 1 1 1 57 4 1 Population according to the 1030 census. * All figures for the State for which a total is given are also shown by courts for areas with 100,000 or more population and included in the group total for areas with less than 100,000 population. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 83 SO U RCE T A B L E S T X I . — Place of care o f child pending hearing or disposition in dependency and neglect cases disposed o f by the courts in 1 State, 89 courts that served specified areas with 100,000 or more population, and 19 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1934 1 able Dependency and neglect cases Deteiition car e overni ?ht or Ionger in specified p ace Area served by court Total cases 4____ __________________ No de Board Total tention ing care home Deten Other insti or other tion family home * tution home 17,842 11,961 430 1,143 164 120 6 5 A r e a s w i t h 100,000 o r m o r e p o p u l a t i o n . . _ 16,830 Alabama: Mobile County__________ 27 California: San Diego County________________ 336 San Francisco (city and county)_________ 687 Connecticut: Bridgeport (city)......... ..................... 133 Hartford (city)_______________ 188 District of Columbia__________ 227 Florida: Dade County_______ 238 Georgia: Fulton County_______ _________ 223 Indiana: Lake County______________ 159 Marion County______ __ 410 Iowa: Polk County_________ 433 Louisiana: Caddo Parish________________ 188 Orleans Parish_____________ 252 Maryland: Baltimore (city)___ 250 Michigan: Kent C o u n ty_________ . . . 195 Wayne County___________________ 524 Minnesota: Hennepin County____________ . . . 335 Ramsey County_________ _________ 227 New York: Erie County_____________________ 65 Monroe County_____________ 127 New York (city)____ _______ 4,492 Rensselaer County_______________ 107 Syracuse (city)____________________ 86 Westchester County.._____ ______ 338 Ohio: Franklin County________ . 497 Hamilton County__________ 246 Mahoning County......... ........ 142 Montgomery County________________ 357 Oregon: Multnomah County______ 840 Pennsylvania: Allegheny County............................... 532 Berks County_____________ 20 Montgomery County_________ 63 Philadelphia (city and county) . . 2,481 South Carolina: Greenville County. 98 Utah: Third district_______________ 118 Virginia: Norfolk (city).............. ........... 124 Washington: Pierce County_________ ___________ 125 Spokane County_______________ 164 Wisconsin: Milwaukee County_________ 776 11,092 23 364 284 643 83 1C2 174 208 158 State total: Utah 4________ 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n . . . 50,000, less than 100,000____ ______ Less than 50,000.......................... . A r e a s w it h l e s s t h a n 3,814 31 463 1,094 3 3,792 1 25 463 12 ii 43 29 i 18 15 13 51 53 17 20 4 3 62 21 134 403 292 3 14 14 107 138 163 235 4 19 2 43 48 2 22 13 148 488 7 34 38 2 2 330 213 5 14 14 6 3 76 1,379 92 53 289 44 386 222 84 303 731 4 11 22 6 61 90 12 30 46 30 1 1 86 28 7 7 20 17 29 228 6 1 66 42 24 49 31 18 22 6 16 531 338 19 1 442 103 135 545 616 396 1 17 1 6 2 17 1 6 1 28 869 1 45 3,090 15 5 5 9 48 2,109 89 83 86 1, 0 12 No re port as Other to de place tention of care3 care 10 3 5 2 368 3 28 g 15 1 2 6 1 6 . 1 1 Population according to the 1930 census. 3 Includes cases of children cared for part of the time in detention homes and part of the time elsewhere, but excludes cases of children also held in jails or police stations. s Includes 3 children cared for in jail or police station (1 in New York City, 1 in Multnomah County, Oreg., and 1 in the third district of Utah), and 28 children cared for in other places. 4 All figures for the State for which a total is given are also shown by courts for areas with 100,000 or more population and included in the group total for areas with less than 100,000 population. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 84 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 T a b l e X I I .— Disposition o f dependency and neglect cases disposed o f by the courts in 8 States, 48 courts that served specified areas with 100,000 or more population, and 189 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1984 1 Dependency and neglect cases Child kept un der supervi sion of court Area served by court * o Total cases 2...... ............ ....... State totals: 2 Connecticut...... ............ ......... New York....... .................. Utah........ .............. . © g3 1 üa Jj 60 >>£ © 2 fi 0 .S > f ! d ’> ® £ o ■** a r i 03 oS g rO r§ O a bu s Ph p <4 Ci © Pi d Child not kept under supervision of court 0 83 u O Referred without commit ment to— Committed to— 'S ti |ü a o © $ o 3 © a © bo Cfl S3 0 0 a M fl ° d *3 ©0 bod a © e0 © O a _o o Pi 0 Ut © ip O © «2 d © rP d >o do d d o 2 S © C 3 o & 5 22,499 3,152 2,103 937 5,738 2,591 2,547 521 1,538 818 1,254 1,282 1,182 22 9,339 1,301 164 3 285 150 387 2,572 1,270 A reas with 100,000 or more popuLATION....................... 18,472 2,885 1,906 Alabama: Mobile County 27 California: San Diego County......... ....... 336 98 San Francisco (city and county)........ ..................... 687 112 Connecticut: Bridgeport (city)........................ 133 Hartford (city)____________ 188 New Haven (city)__________ 93 District of Columbia________ 227 Florida: Dade County.. 238 31 Georgia: Fulton County_______ 223 28 Indiana: Lake County____ ______ 159 17 Marion County______ 410 101 Iowa: Polk County___ 433 131 Louisiana: Caddo Parish.._____ _____ 188 Orleans Parish__________ 252 26 Maryland: Baltimore foit.yl 250 38 Michigan: Kent County............................. 195 34 Wayne County.................. ........ 524 56 Minnesota: Hennepin County_____ ______ 335 Ramsey County_______ ______ 227 2 New York: Albany County______________ 297 Broome County....................... 183 Chautauqua County_________ 79 Dutchess County____________ 325 Erie County.............................. 65 Monroe County........................ 127 1 New York (city)____________ 4,492 1,129 Niagara County........................ 103 Oneida County___________ ___ 234 Orange County........................ . 2 11 18 Rensselaer County................... . 107 Schenectady County........ ........ 117 11 Syracuse (city)...... ................... 86 Westchester County................ . 3381 21 396 14 68 53 701 151 1,450 154 1,004 10 17 9 4,933 2,213 2,032 385 1,124 713 5 9 7 18 173 396 77 75 25 34 204 4 14 56 22 202 1 29 92 24 36 3 2 14 2 4 71 20 8 4 26 33 74 ” ÏÔ 44 g 3 12 23 46 . 4 66 Ï 46 68 28 29 20 61 307 25 3 44 1 218 127 15 33 14 13 20 70 41 134 7 4 114 i 14 1,629 56 1 39 26 2 35 16 68 71 9 52 4 17 31 — 32 26 28 5 29 18 — 904 18 14 19 — 24 1 12 — 9— 34 64 49 61 3 562 87 433 18 ------ 1 * 175 53 3 0 © £ o Pi © 1 1 5 i 43 965 6 4 1 53 6 4 i 18 1 10 — 3— 37 — 12 15 2 2 1 35 23 — 27 5 112 27 9 9 24 7 11 8 3 14 25 2 12 12 1 18 104 — 5 32 75 2 40 29 4 4 ~n 7] 19 127 il 499 150 55 107 52 11 47 23 2 66 1 22 39 11 26 9 1 3 i 5— 85 —— 24 14 36 96 10 — 3 103 — 9— 4 15 18 48 47 9 13 ___ 1 Population according to the 1930 census. * All figures for the States for which totals are given are also shown by courts for areas with 100,000 or more population ana included in the group total for areas with less than 100,000 population. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 85 SO U RCE T A B L E S T XII.— Disposition o f dependency and neglect cases disposed o f by the courts in 3 States, 48 courts that served specified areas with 100,000 or more population, and 139 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1934— Con. able 36 1 1 7 1,031 1 6 1 401 PO PU - Ohio: Hamilton County____________ Oregon “ Multnomah County— Pennsylvania: 1 11 2 9 2 6 127 10 23 8 2 69 3 12 2 12 17 66 4 118 738 102 1 17 3 14 9 5 40 2 ___ 8 59 146 ___ 3 23 9 4 10 1 21 54 24 3 2 7 6 3 3 4 6 1 3 8 14 26 40 3 79 324 17 55 132 17 14 11 4 1 41 1 24 5 1 15 1 A b e a s w i t h l e s s t h a n 100,000 P O P U L A T IO N ------- ---------- --------- 4,027 267 197 140 805 378 515 136 50,000, less than 100,000__________ Less than 50,000________________ 1,390 2,637 172 95 50 12 1 147 19 323 482 84 294 82 433 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Disposition not reported 5 Other disposition of case 56 180 36 26 16 Agency or individual Total 97 4 11 82 20 Institution 177 251 25 35 75 223 Individual Philadelphia (city and county). 2,481 South Carolina: Greenville 98 118 124 Virginia: Norfolk (city)................ Washington: 125 Pierce County....... ................... 164 776 Wisconsin: Milwaukee County.. 96 4 19 4 32 Agency 488 4 1 Eeferred without commit ment to— Committed to— Institution 137 532 20 100,000 O B M O K E Continued. Case dismissed or ad justed 2 1 A K E A S W IT H l a t io n — Under temporary care of an institution 497 246 142 357 840 Area served by court Child not kept under supervision of court Agency or individual supervising Probation officer super vising Child kept un der supervi sion of court Case held open without further action Dependency and neglect cases 52 84 31 — 45 1 2 38 — 9 32 8 4 « 27 — 11 ___ 48 — 414 105 692 378 — 194 220 140 552 135 . . . . 243 37 68 86 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 CASES OF CHILDREN DISCHARGED FRO M SUPERVISION T X I I I .— Reason fo r discharge in cases of delinquent children discharged from supervision by the courts in 4 States, 44 courts that served specified areas with 100.000 or more population, and 114 courts that served areas with less than 100.000 population in 1984 1 able Cases of delinquent children discharged from supervision Total cases *______________ _ 167 406 State totals:2 Connecticut________ ____ Indiana____________________ New York........ ............... Utah_____ ___ _________ _ 1,172 1,180 3,742 617 831 988 2,982 317 120 2 16 87 18 52 68 14 108 94 495 59 10 8 42 3 11 29 57 27 11,744 8,320 825 157 1,493 132 329 Alabama: Mobile County_______ . 11 California: San Diego County_____ ________ 144 San Francisco (city and county). . . 365 Connecticut: Bridgeport (city )_______ ____ ____ 117 Hartford (city)_____________ ____ 141 New Haven (city)____________. . . 133 District of Columbia________ 683 Florida: Dade C ounty____ 107 Indiana: Lake County____________ 113 Marion C o u n ty______________ 160 Vanderburgh County_______________ 39 Iowa: Polk County. . 143 Louisiana: Orleans Parish_________ 269 Maryland: Baltimore (city)......... .......... 208 Michigan: Kent County__ 173 Wayne County_____ _______________ 1,318 Minnesota: Hennepin County______ 732 Ramsey County.*________ _______ _ 277 New Jersey: Hudson County____ 176 Mercer County__ __ 147 New York: Albany County____ _______ _________ 122 Broome C ounty____________________ 87 Chautauqua County________________ 4 Dutchess County___________________ 62 Erie County_____ __________________ 171 Monroe County. . 79 New York (city)___________ . . . . 2,261 Niagara C ounty____________________ 51 Oneida County__ _ 78 Orange County______ ______________ 12 Rensselaer County. ___ _ ________ 37 9 1 3 A r e a s w it h 100,000 o r m o r e p o p u l a t io n . 638 486 38 14 3 i 1 2 2 16 2 87 5 i 8 23 15 82 11 2 9 2 38 10 122 8 2 3 15 23 1 1 21 30 75 1 61 2 1 4 9 5 51 1,128 65 10 25 180 2 644 243 g 1 72 23 3 3 26 18 2 7 18 24 1 3 4 27 18 276 13 11 1 9 92 133 38 107 150 116 34 128 97 60 4 55 130 59 1,857 32 62 11 18 91 16 2 1 20 14 85 115 106 343 69 2 74 7 82 110 . . . . 4 4 80 292 Reason not reported 1,711 Other reason 279 Child committed or re ferred to agency or indi vidual Whereabouts of child un known, or child moved from jurisdiction of court 1,063 *03 O Child committed or re ferred to institution Expiration of period speci fied by court 14, 334 10,068 Area served by court Conduct of child or condi tions unsatisfactory but further supervision not advised Conduct of child satisfac tory or conditions im proved Reason for discharge 23 4 5 2 2 6 12 5 3 10 1 10 9 2 7 2 8 2 4 2 Ï 13 1 2 3 40 45 10 1 Population according to the 1930 census. s All figures for the States for which totals are given are also shown by courts for areas with 100,000 or more population and included in the group total for areas with less than 100,000 population. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 87 SOURCE TABLES T XIII — Reason for discharge in cases o f delinquent children discharged from supervision by the courts in 4 States, 44 courts that served specified areas with 100.000 or more population, and 114 courts that served areas with less than 100.000 population in 1934— Continued _________________________________ __ able Cases of delinquent children discharged from supervision Reason for discharge ss 1SÎ & Area served by court S .-B «•o •S a a 0 O w i t h 100,000 o r m o r e p o p u l a t i o n —Continued. New York—Continued. Schenectady County............................ Suffolk County..................................... Syracuse (city)-------------------- -----------Westchester County............................ Ohio: Hamilton County. Montgomery C ounty.-................... Oregon: Multnomah County----------Pennsylvania: Berks County--------------- ------- ------Philadelphia (city and county)— South Carolina: Greenville County. Utah: Third district----------------------Virginia: Norfolk (city)------------------Wisconsin: Milwaukee County........ * li I•§2 §1 8 St &8 «jo S '0 O 2 33<0 os H ’ft K H a o Q»fl +3 ° üo s in iU f ®g ! O fl ' +* 0 \ “ In'S 0 ° .S 2 O -o g -S S Î* a 2 fc-P hO H SSI £ Is II! o A reas A r e a s w it h l e s s t h a n t io n 100,000 popu la . ........................................................... - ........... 60,000, less than 100,000. Less than 50,000----------- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 57 42 181 235 43 37 156 172 228 30 396 94 12 309 24 679 50 245 311 846 24 43 27 152 232 671 2,590 1,748 1,201 1,389 822 926 457 107 6 29 27 129 238 218 83 155 109 109 77 152 88 JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 Z :% Z % Z o ^ io T ^ FsV1 ^ and 15 ^ “ Jm P Cases of dependent and neglected children discharged from supervision Total cases 2„ State totals: 1 Indiana___ New York•Utah___. . . 36 1,039 28 12 811 12 1 11 1 29 1 105 3 1 26 A r e a s w it h 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 o r m o r e p o p u l a t io n 2,942 1,985 84 54 253 78 60 189 116 34 44 62 62 10 1 35 1 84 30 24 208 39 20 17 180 165 65 103 41 19 885 2 43 18 712 California: San Diego County______ ____ ___ San Francisco (city and county) District of Columbia._____ ________ Florida: Dade County________ Indiana: ........ Lake County________________ Marion County_______ 1111111111111......... Iowa: Polk County_______________ " Louisiana: Orleans Parish Maryland: Baltimore (city).'.” ” ” ! ” Michigan: Wayne County... Minnesota: Hennepin County............................. Ramsey County______ New York: Monroe County___________ New York (city)___________ V Syracuse (city)............ I l l ” ” ” ............. Westchester County........ ......... Ohio: Hamilton County__________ Montgomery County . . . ................. Oregon: Multnomah County Pennsylvania: P h ila d e lp h ia ( c i t y a n d county)................................ ' South Carolina: Greenville County Utah: Third district_____ Virginia: Norfolk (city)........ I Wisconsin: Milwaukee County A r e a s w it h l e s s t h a n 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 p o p u l a t i o n ______ 50,000, less than 100,000 Less than 50,000_______ 1 1 31 12 1 6 1 2 8 1 14 11 15 105 30 2 1 92 36 150 25 10 1 657 16 60 6 7 14 502 21 178 150 43 1 21 14 7 272 164 130 7 1 50 32 26 12 21 1 12 1 7 in r is H in t in n 308 fro m 262 Other reason 74 Child committed or re ferred to agency or indi vidual Whereabouts of child un known or child moved 102 Child committed or re ferred to institution 2,067 Conduct of child or condi tions unsatisfactory but further supervision not advised Conduct of child satisfac tory or conditions im proved 3,141 Area served by court Expiration of period speci fied by court Total Reason for discharge 1 2 8 15 16 21 12 15 1 14 40 16 2 13 7 1 1 30 12 1 1 13 9 15 3 24 29 13 9 1 64 46 10 14 1 1 199 82 18 20 9 36 14 20 135 64 43 39 18 17 3 9 18 18 11 3 19 1 1 1 \ Population according to the 1930 census, population'and includ^în^he^oup^total for areas with less thaï?W ,oœ popïïaUom https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 100,000 or more 89 SOURCE TABLES T a b l e X V .— Length o f time child was under supervision in cases of delinquent children discharged from supervision by the courts in 4 States, 44 courts that served specified areas with 100,000 or more population, and 114 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1934 1 Cases of delinquent children Duration of supervision Area served by court Total Total cases V State totals: * Connecticut. Indiana........ New York.. Utah............. A r e a s w i t h 100,000 o r m o r e p o p u l a t i o n ................................................................. Alabama: Mobile County................. California: San Diego County............. .............. San Francisco (city and county).. Connecticut: Bridgeport (city).............................. Hartford (city).................................. New Haven (city)............................ District of Columbia........................... Florida: Dade County........................ Indiana: Lake County..................................... Marion County................................. Vanderburgh County...................... Iowa: Polk County............................. Louisiana: Orleans Parish................ Maryland: Baltimore (city).............. Michigan: Kent County..................................... Wayne County..........- ..................... Minnesota: Hennepin County............................ Ramsey County............................... New Jersey: Hudson County................................ Mercer County................................. New York: Albany County................................. Broome County------ --------------------Chautauqua County........................ Dutchess County.............................. Erie County...................- .................. Monroe County--------- ----------------New York (city).____ ___________ Niagara County......................... ....... Oneida County................................. Orange County................................. Rensselaer County_______________ Schenectady County_____________ Suffolk County.................................. Syracuse (city)— .............................. Westchester County........................ Ohio: Hamilton County............................. Montgomery County........... .......... Oregon: Multnomah County............ Pennsylvania: Berks County.._______ __________ Philadelphia (city and county). . . South Carolina: Greenville County. Utah: Third district........................... Virginia: Norfolk (city).................... . Wisconsin: Milwaukee County........ A r e a s w i t h l e s s t h a n 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n ................................................................. 50,000, less than 100,000.............. ...... Less than 50,000................................. 6 1 year, 2 18 3 Less Not months, years, years than 6 months, less re than 18 less than less less or months than 12 months 2 years than 3 more ported 14, 334 4,949 4,948 1,172 1,180 3,742 617 449 516 1,386 317 546. 346 1,232 216 11,744 11 3,785 4,139 4 5 144 3Ç5 31 172 117 141 133 683 107 2,401 863 764 405 120 187 731 57 35 83 198 10 15 35 144 10 7 13 51 7 2,025 730 1 701 360 1 25 115 21 41 19 18 20 13 28 6 14 18 46 113 76 61 69 83 225 28 28 26 4 176 3 10 15 4 8 5 68 66 35 113 160 39 143 269 208 59 80 21 39 123 48 32 63 18 36 146 59 11 12 2 2 9 3 173 1,318 63 212 732 277 38 10 10 50 19 26 6 66 532 22 264 8 117 7 122 3 71 311 52 355 65 45 74 14 33 5 44 2 9 176 147 12 56 19 91 82 22 25 16 122 87 4 62 171 79 2,261 51 78 12 37 57 42 181 235 15 10 35 13 72 54 8 20 10 1,160 6 5 17 21 2 7 57 25 23 25 893 11 13 1 8 15 2 34 58 26 74 24 150 23 45 9 12 11 38 64 43 228 30 396 75 6 187 71 2 120 24 679 50 245 311 846 357 11 90 11 160 2,590 1,2 0 1 1,389 1,164 469 695 6 4 1 29 8 48 3 13 4 10 4 ........ 4 2 25 8 10 8 1 2 4 1 3 3 4 21 29 37 30 18 18 40 11 43 18 3 14 16 5 22 8 3 10 15 248 11 104 109 210 6 20 14 29 118 202 16 6 7 27 116 8 4 8 39 107 3 30 4 7 7 51 809 425 384 376 210 166 133 63 34 29 45 23 22 40 93 4 1 Population according to the 1930 census. JAll figures for the States for which totals are given are also shown by courts for areas with 100,000 or more population and included in the group total for areas with, less than 100,000 population- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 90 T JUVENILE-COURT STATISTICS, 1934 X V I .— Length o f time child was under supervision in cases o f dependent and neglected children discharged from supervision by the courts in 8 States, 24 courts that served specified areas with 100,000 or more population, and 15 courts that served areas with less than 100,000 population in 1984 1 able Cases of dependent and neglected children discharged from supervision Duration of supervision Area served by court 2 1 year, 18 3 6 months, years, years than 6 months, less less than 18 less than less or months than 12 months 2 years than 3 more Total cases 2. State totals: 2 Indiana.. . New York Utah_____ A r e a s w it h 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 o r m o r e p o p u l a t io n ______ California: San Diego County______________________ San Francisco (city and county)_________ District of Columbia........ ................................ Florida: Dade County...................................... Indiana: Lake County______ ______ _______ ______ Marion County.......................... . . ................ Iowa: Polk County________________________ Louisiana: Orleans Parish................................ Maryland: Baltimore (city)_______________ Michigan: Wayne County............................. . Minnesota: Hennepin C ou n ty........................................ Ramsey County___________ ______ ______ New York: Monroe County.......................... .................. New York (city)------------------------------ ------Syracuse (city ).............................................. Westchester County...................................... Ohio: Hamilton County................... ....................... Montgomery County....... ............................. Oregon: Multnomah County._____ _______ Pennsylvania: Philadelphia (city and county)............................................................ South Carolina: Greenville County............... Utah: Third district...................................... . Virginia: Norfolk (city)_____ ______________ Wisconsin: Milwaukee County____________ A r e a s w it h l e s s t h a n 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 p o p u l a t io n .. less than 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 _____________________________________ Less than 5 0 , 0 0 0 __________________________________________________ 5 0 ,0 0 0 , 3,141 1,161 701 357 222 302 1ë QO 1 Total 36 1,039 28 21 549 16 6 309 2 5 68 2 1 37 3 30 4 3 46 1 2,942 1,086 669 337 206 282 362 78 60 189 116 29 20 36 57 6 22 41 32 6 12 17 22 10 2 29 18 2 28 1 9 2 38 4 35 1 84 30 24 208 20 1 16 10 7 32 6 5 1 11 18 2 24 7 2 1 25 4 20 26 8 33 5 30 1 64 165 65 34 12 31 20 33 16 8 5 20 8 39 4 19 885 2 43 516 2 8 289 51 22 6 19 1 7 3 9 7 9 2 1 92 1 1 59 13 9 2 1 8 150 25 10 1 657 42 6 2 24 5 1 8 7 5 2 4 24 4 1 175 47 1 2 1 96 98 58 125 105 199 75 32 20 16 20 36 135 64 42 33 22 10 8 12 15 1 19 1 29 7 3 1 i Population according to the 1930 census. 1 All figures for the States for which totals are given are also shown by courts for areas with 100,000 or more population and included in the group total for areas with less than 100,000 population. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis PART IL— FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1935 SOURCE OF INFORMATION Information with regard to juveniles under 19 years of age who violated Federal laws and came to the attention of Federal authorities is presented for the year ended June 30, 1935. The statistics pre sented have been compiled by the Bureau of Prisons of the Depart ment of Justice from reports received from United States probation officers, from United States marshals, and from Federal institutions which received Federal juvenile offenders by court commitment. The publication of these statistics is a continuation of the cooperation of the Children’s Bureau with the Department of Justice in furthering that Department’s program for the treatment of Federal juvenile offenders according to juvenile-court principles. The information presented for the year, ended June 30, 1935, in cludes statistics for all Federal juvenile offenders under 19 years of age: (1) Offenders brought to the attention of the United States pro bation officers; (2) offenders received in jails and held pending trial; (3) offenders discharged from detention who had been held in jails and other institutions pending trial; and (4) offenders placed under supervision of United States probation officers and those received under sentence in jails and in Federal institutions. The statistics on Federal juvenile offenders presented in this report differ from those presented in Children’s Bureau Publication No. 226 and No. 232 in that they are for a fiscal year rather than for a calendar year, and in that the compilations by the Bureau of Prisons were made directly from original sources rather than from the juvenile index file, which was the basis for the statistics compiled by the Children’s Bureau.1 The statistics compiled by the Bureau of Prisons give some information not hitherto available on the movement of cases brought to the attention of the United States probation officers, on offenders received in jail pending trial, and on offenders discharged from detention who had been held in jails and other institutions pending trial. FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS BROUGHT TO THE ATTENTION OF UNITED STATES PROBATION OFFICERS P The reports from the United States probation officers compiled in the Bureau of Prisons by the office of the Supervisor of the Probation System, United States Courts, show that 2,501 cases of Federal juve nile offenders under 19 years of age were under the attention of the United States probation officers during the year ended June 30,1935. These cases include 2,219 new cases referred to them during the year 1 Statistics compiled by the Children’s Bureau from the Juvenile index file were published in Children’s Bureau Publication No. 226, Juvenile-Court Statistics and Federal Juvenile Offenders, 1932; and No. 232, Juvenile-Court Statistics and Federal Juvenile Offenders, 1933. 91 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 92 FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS, 19 3 5 and 282 cases carried over from the previous year. Of the total 2,501 cases, 2,071 were disposed of during the year and 430 were carried over to the next fiscal year. These statistics include all Federal juvenile offenders brought to the attention of United States probation officers in Puerto Rico and in the 72 Federal judicial districts in the 48 States in which United States probation officers were on duty during the year. (These 72 districts include 91 percent of the population of the 48 States.) The statistics also include a large proportion of the Federal juvenile offend ers in the 12 judicial districts in the United States in which no proba tion officer was on duty during the year, as Federal juvenile offend ers committed to jails in these districts are regularly referred to United States probation officers on duty in adjoining districts. They exclude offenders in these 12 districts who were not referred to United States probation officers in adjoining districts and also offenders in the Dis trict of Columbia, as the administrative relationship of the District of Columbia courts to the Department of Justice differs from that of other Federal courts. T a ble A.— Population in 1980, by geographic division, o f Federal judicial districts with and those without probation officers on duty during the year ended June 80, 1985 Population of the Federal judicial districts in 1930 Geographic division Total Districts with United States probation offi cers on d u ty 1 Number Percent Districts with no United States pro bation officers on duty Number Percent 123,832,090 112,560,727 91 11,271,363 9 Continental United States1______ _______ 122,288,177 111, 016,814 91 11,271,363 9 4 northern divisions.,________________ 73,021,191 66,474,349 91 6,546,842 9 New England_______ ____________ 8,166,341 26,260, 760 25,297,185 13,296,915 7,806, 730 26,260, 750 19; 790; 799 12,616,070 96 100 78 95 359,611 4 5, 506,386 680,845 22 5 37,370, 764 34,284,184 92 3,086,580 8 15,306,720 9, 887,214 12,176; 830 13,105,346 9,887, 214 Hi 29i; 624 86 100 93 2,201,374 14 885,206 7 11,896,222 10,258,281 86 1,637,941 14 3, 701, 789 8,194,433 2,523,345 7,734,936 68 94 1,178,444 459,497 32 6 1, 543,913 1,543,913 100 Total_____________________________ East North Central______________ West North Central........ ................ 3 southern divisions____ _____________ South Atlantic1 _________ : _______ West South Central....... ................. 2 western divisions_______________ _ Mountain____________ . _______ Pacific___________________________ 1 Excludes the District of Columbia because the administrative relation of the District of Columbia courts to the Department of Justice differs from that of other Federal courts. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 93 FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS, 1 9 3 5 T able B.— Total cases and movement o f cases of Federal juvenile offenders brought to the attention o f United States 'probation officers in each Federal judicial district during the year ended June 30, 1935 Cases brought to the attention of United States probation officers Federal judicial district1 Total Total_________________________ ____ ___ Alabama,: Northern_____________________________ . . Middle_______________________ ______ — . Southern____ ___________ ____ __________ Arizona_____ ___________________ ____________ Arkansas: Eastern________ _________________________ Western_____________ ______________. ____ California: Southern________________________________ Colorado_______________ . ___________ _______ Cases car ried over from pre vious year Cases dis Cases not disposed posed of during year of June 30, 1935 New cases 2,501. 282 2,219 2,071 430 96 27 27 58 15 3 4 1 81 24 23 57 78 22 24 49 18 5 3 9 54 73 13 4 41 69 53 26 1 47 18 24 31 10 1 4 18 23 27 10 16 22 29 9 2 2 2 1 Florida: Southern________________ _______________. Georgia: Northern_______________ ________________ Middle__________________ ____ __________ Southern___________________________ ____ Illinois: Northern_________________ ____ _________ Eastern_________________________ ________ Southern___________________________ ____ Indiana: ______ _______________ Northern____ _ Southern_______________________ _______ . Iowa: Northern__________________ _____________ Southern__ _____________________________ Kansas_____ _____________ __________________ Kentucky: Eastern______________ ___________________ Western_____________ ___________________ Louisiana: Eastern___________________________ _______ Western__________________ ____ _________ Maine_____ _________________________________ Maryland__________ ____________________ ___ Massachusetts...................... ............ ..................... Michigan: Eastern__________ ____ __________________ Western............................ .............................. Minnesota_______________ ___________________ Mississippi: Northern________________________________ Southern________________________________ Missouri: Eastern_______ ______________ ____________ Western_________________________________ Nevada.—........................ ................... ................... New Hampshire................. ................................... New Jersey__________________________________ New Mexico............................................................ New York: Northern________________________________ Eastern_________ ____________ ___________ Western_________________________ _______ North Carolina: Eastern__________________________________ Middle— _______ ________________ ____ _ Western...... ...................................................... 23 64 6 23 58 15 46 8 18 57 61 40 13 2 6 44 59 34 40 51 30 17 10 10 50 26 14 9 3 41 23 14 44 21 13 6 5 1 16 7 10 1 6 6 16 6 4 3 22 2 3 3 20 1 9 2 3 13 12 1 40 11 4 110 36 107 39 14 1 42 66 10 40 13 7 13 35 61 10 38 9 7 5 4 3 35 53 10 36 10 34 7 28 4 2 1 30 5 27 29 7 24 5 34 83 4 10 30 73 25 70 9 13 32 45 9 8 7 1 26 15 3 6 29 39 9 g 7 1 21 13 23 41 6 7 7 1 16 14 9 4 3 1 10 1 22 15 35 9 3 5 29 41 42 2 6 10 5 2 24 15 38 14 5 1 19 15 38 13 31 47 52 1 2 3 30 45 49 1 2 2 4 4 2 1 Exclusive of the following districts in which there was no United States probation officer on duty during the year ended June 30 1935: Delaware, Idaho, North Dakota, Ohio (northern), Oklahoma (eastern), Utah, Vermont, Virginia (western), Washington (eastern), West Virginia (northern), Wisconsin (eastern), and Wyoming; however, a large proportion of the Federal juvenile offenders in these districts are regularly referred to the United States probation officers in adjoining districts. 101461°—37-----7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 94 FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS, 19 3 5 T a b l e B .— Total cases and movement o f cases o f Federal juvenile offenders brought to the attention o f United States probation officers in each Federal judicial district during the year ended June SO, 1935— Continued Cases brought to the attention of United States probation officers Federal judicial district1 Cases car ried over from pre vious year Total Pennsylvania: South Carolina: Tennessee: Middle__________________________________ Texas: Cases dis Cases not disposed posed of during year of June 30, 1935 5 39 39 5 13 1 28 62 15 20 70 16 8 5 3 16 5 23 3 17 10 22 3 2 4 1 63 21 7 10 53 21 4 35 17 7 28 4 3 26 30 22 2 5 2 24 25 20 20 14 18 6 16 4 57 25 50 154 19 11 99 7 6 51 18 46 151 19 11 88 7 53 15 36 148 19 10 79 4 4 10 14 6 44 Oklahoma: New cases 28 75 16 19 14 23 3 1 9 4 3 11 1 1 20 3 1 The procedure of the United States Bureau of Prisons insures that these statistics include practically all cases of Federal juvenile offenders in districts with United States probation officers and a large propor tion of cases of offenders in districts without United States probation officers. The Bureau of Prisons currently receives reports both from United States probation officers and from United States marshals with respect to juvenile offenders brought to their attention. These reports are checked against each other by the use of the juvenile index file and the names of juvenile offenders not already shown on the reports of the probation officers are immediately transmitted to them bv the Bureau of Prisons through the office of the Supervisor of the Probation System. During the year ended June 30,1935,20 percent of the cases of juvenile offenders brought to the attention of United States probation officers were referred by the office of the Supervisor of the Probation System, and 80 percent of the cases were referred directly by authorities in the Federal judicial districts. Table B shows for the year ended June 30, 1935, the number of cases carried over from the previous year, the number of new cases referred, the number of cases disposed of during the year, and the number of cases not disposed of at the end of the year in each Federal judicial district in which a probation officer was on duty. Cases of Federal juvenile offenders brought to the attention of United States probation officers came particularly from the South (table C). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 95 FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS, 19 35 Of the total of 2,501 cases, 70 percent were in Federal judicial districts in the three southern divisions; o f the 2,071 cases disposed of, 68 per cent were in these geographic divisions, which include only 34 percent of the population 15 to 18 years of age, inclusive, in the 48 States and Puerto Rico. The proportion of cases in the four northern divisions (23 percent) was relatively small as compared with the proportion of the population 15 to 18 years of age, inclusive (56 percent). In 16 States 50 or more cases of Federal juvenile offenders brought to the attention of United States probation officers were disposed of during the year. These States are: Cases dis posed of during year Texas_______________________________ K en tu cky_________________________ Alabam a___________________________ Georgia____________________________ N orth Carolina____________________ Louisiana__________________________ Mississippi________________________ Oklahoma_________________________ 252 146 124 121 112 96 95 90 New Y o rk _________________________ Arkansas___________ „ ______________ W est Virginia_____________________ Illinois_____________________________ M issouri___________________________ F lorida____________________________ South Carolina____________________ Tennessee_________________________ 81 79 79 78 ¿4 61 52 52 C .— Population 15 to 18 years o f age, inclusive,» in 1930, and total cases and movement o f cases o f Federal juvenile offenders brought to the attention o f United States probation officers in each geographic division during the year ended June 30, 1935 2 able Total3................. 9,443,360 4 northern divisions... 5, 260,065 New England.......... Middle Atlantic____ East North Central. West North Central. Cases brought to the attention of United States probation officers Percent dis tribution Cases not disposed of June 30, 1935 Number Number Percent dis tribution Percent dis tribution Cases dis posed of during year New cases Number Number Percent dis tribution Cases car ried over from pre vious year Total Number Number Geographic division Percent distribution Population 15 to 18 years of age1 in 1930 Percent dis tribution T Cases dis posed o f during year 100 2,501 100 282 100 430 100 56 564 23 84 30 480 22 485 23 79 18 577,560 1,890,268 1,792,015 1 , 000, 222 6 20 19 11 37 173 205 149 1 7 8 6 3 23 34 24 1 8 12 9 34 150 171 125 2 7 8 6 32 146 179 128 2 7 9 6 5 27 26 21 1 6 6 5 3 southern divisions.. . 3,225,781 34 1,747 70 188 South Atlantic3____ East South Central. West South Central. 1,335,684 856,673 1,033,424 14 9 11 617 506 624 25 20 25 58 60 70 21 21 25 2 western divisions___ 803,118 9 189 8 9 Mountain.................. Pacific....................... 284,802 518,3l6 3 5 120 69 5 3 7 2 Puerto Rico.................. 154,396 2 1 (9 1 100 2,219 67 1,559 (9 100 2,071 70 1,416 68 331 77 559 446 554 25 20 25 482 417 517 23 20 25 135 89 107 31 21 25 3 180 8 169 8 20 5 2 1 113 67 5 3 105 64 5 3 5 3 1 1 (9 1 Very few Federal juvenile offenders are under 15 years of age. 3 Excludes the District of Columbia because the administrative relation of the District of Columbia courts to the Department of Justice differs from that of other Federal courts. 3 Excludes the District of Columbia. 4 Less than 1 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 96 FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS, 1 9 3 5 Information with regard to the type of offense committed is not available for all the juveniles brought to the attention of United States probation officers. Many of these offenders, however, were unques tionably included among juveniles received in jails pending trial, juveniles received for supervision by probation officers, and juveniles received under sentence in jails or in Federal institutions. The offenses with which these groups of juveniles were charged are dis cussed in later sections (pp. 98 and 105). Cases of Federal juvenile offenders brought to the attention of United States probation officers are usually disposed of by Federal authorities. Of the 2,071 cases disposed of, only 180 (9 percent) were diverted to State^ authorities. Cases dismissed, no-billed, or nol-prossed, and cases in which the juvenile was found not guilty constituted 20 percent of the total cases disposed of. The juvenile was placed on probation in 27 percent of the cases; in most instances (25 percent of the cases) probation to a United States probation officer was the only disposition. The other 2 percent includes offenders who were to be placed on probation after serving terms in jails or Federal institutions, and offenders placed under the supervision of a probation officer prior to deportation. Juveniles were committed to jails and Federal institutions in 30 percent of the cases. In 14 percent the commitments were for a year or less; in 16 percent the period of commitment exceeded a year (table D ). As was stated in the previous paragraph, 9 percent of the 2,071 cases disposed of were diverted to State authorities. During the year ended June 30, 1933, only 5 percent of the 2,478 cases were so disposed of. This represents a small but statistically significant gain in the proportion of cases so disposed of in accordance with the policy of the Department of Justice. At the same time, these figures show clearly that the actual accomplishment with respect to the diversion of cases has not come up to original expectations. It is none the less true that the department’s policy has been carried out insofar as was feasible under existing conditions. The failure to divert a larger proportion of cases has been largely due to the following obstacles: (1) State facilities for the care of juveniles are lacking or inadequate in many localities; (2) where adequate facilities exist, they frequently are not available for the older juveniles, especially those 18 years of age, who make up a large percentage of the Federal juvenile offenders. Such older juveniles, therefore, in many cases can be more effectively handled by the Federal courts than by State courts; (3) Federal probation service is frequently preferable to the use of the available State facilities; (4) likewise, the facilities available to the Federal Government for institutional treatment are often superior to those available to the States. These obstacles^have made it necessary to keep the great majority of Federal juvenile cases under Federal control, in the interest both of the juvenile offenders and of the Government. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 97 FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS, 19 3 5 T able D . — Disposition o f cases o f Federal juvenile offenders brought to the attention of United States probation officers during the year ended June SO, 1935 Number Disposition of case Percent distribu tion Total cases.........— ------- ------- - ............ - ..................................— 2,071 100 Diverted to State authorities___________________________________ Disposed of by Federal authorities---------------------------------------------- 180 1,891 9 91 Dismissed, no-billed, nol-prossed, juvenile found not guilty.. 422 20 Dismissed by United States commissioner______________ No-billed by grand jury________________________________ Nol-prossed by United States attorney---- --------- ------------Juvenile found not guilty......... ............................................ 144 141 96 41 7 7 5 2 Juvenile placed on probation___________________,____________ 562 27 To United States probation officer—no other disposition. After serving term........ ............................................... ......... Plus deportation_______________________________________ ‘ 614 26 22 25 1 1 Juvenile fined........................... .......................... ...........................* 30 1 Juvenile committed------------- ------------------------------------------ - - - - 2 622 30 1 year or less............................. ------------------------- ------------- More than 1 year------------------------------------------------------------ 285 337 14 16 Other disposition of case— .................................................. ......... 255 12 1 Of these, 46 were under 16 years of age, 73 were 16,170 were 17,221 were 18, and 4 were 19 or over. 2 A total of 698 juvenile offenders under 19 years of age were committed under sentence, including 76 whose cases were not brought to the attention of the United States probation officers. Of the 698 offenders, 23 were under 15 years of age, 32 were 15,88 were 16,187 were 17, and 368 were 18. FEDERAL JUVENILE O FFEN D ER S RECEIVED PE N D IN G TRIA L IN JAILS AND HELD The information available for the year ended June 30, 1935, with regard to Federal juvenile offenders received in jails to be held pending trial includes the age and sex of the offender and the offense charged. Similar information is also presented for the year ended June 30,1934. The number of juvenile offenders received in jails pending trial during the year ended June 30, 1935, was 1,524. The number was considerably greater than during the year ended June 30,1934 (1,167). It was less than during the year ended June 30,1933 (2,147). Offend ers under 19 years of age constituted 5 percent of the total number of offenders received in jails and held pending trial during each of the years ended June 30,1935 and 1934, and they constituted 4 percent of the total number of offenders in the year ended June 30,1933. Of the 1,524 juveniles received in jails to be held pending trial in the year ended June 30, 1935, 1,413 (93 percent) were boys and 111 were girls. This is practically the same sex distribution as in 1934, when the total number of juveniles received (1,167) included 1,077 boys (92 percent) and 90 girls. The boys received in jails were as a rule older than the girls. Of the girls received, 33 percent in 1935 and 37 percent in 1934 were under 17 years of age, whereas only 27 percent and 25 percent of the boys were of these ages in 1935 and 1934, respectively. Juveniles of 18 years constituted the largest group of offenders of each sex in both years; in 1935, 44 percent of the boys and 48 percent of the girls were 18 years of age; in 1934, 47 percent of the boys and 44 percent of the girls were 18 years of age. The figures show a slightly larger proportion of younger offenders among https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 98 FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS, 193 5 the boys in 1935 than in 1934. The difference in the age distribution of the girls in the 2 years is of no importance in view of the small number of girls received in jails during both years (table E). T a b l e E . —A ge and sex o f Federal juvenile offenders received in jails and held pending trial during the years ended June SO, 1934 and 1935 Offenders received in jail and held pending trial Age of offender Total Boys Girls Number Percent distribu tion Number Percent distribu tion 1,524 100 1,413 100 111 100 76 99 249 422 678 5 6 16 28 44 69 93 225 401 625 5 7 16 28 44 7 6 24 21 53 6 5 22 19 48 1,167 100 1,077 100 90 100 56 61 181 318 551 5 5 16 27 47 46 54 165 301 511 4 5 15 28 47 10 7 16 17 40 U 8 18 19 44 Number Percent distribu tion Year ended June 30, 1935 Total_______________________ _____ Under 15 years.-____________ _ ________ 15years___ ____ _______. . . ______ _ 16 years_____ ____________________________ 17years______ __ ________ ______ 18 years________________________________ Year ended June 30, 1934 Total___ ______ _________■ _____ Under 15 years______________________ . . . 15 years________________ _-r_____________ 16 years_____________________ _____ 17 years______________ _________ _____ 18 years............... ............... ............. The offense with which juveniles received in jails to beheld pending trial were most frequently charged in both years was violation of the liquor laws— 42 percent in 1935 and 26 percent in 1934. Second in frequency was violation of the Immigration Act, which was charged in 14 percent of the juvenile cases in 1935 and 16 percent in 1934. The offense third in frequency was violation of the M otor Vehicle Theft Act— 13 percent in 1935 and 15 percent in 1934. Violation of the postal laws was charged in 8 percent of the cases in 1935 and 7 percent m 1934. Such statistical material as is available for early years indicates that violations of postal laws and of the M otor Vehicle Theft Act were the most frequent offenses.2 Violation of the laws against counterfeiting and forgery was charged in 7 percent and 6 percent of the juvenile cases, in 1935 and 1934, respectively. No other type of violation was charged in as many as 5 percent of the cases in either year (table F). The marked increase in the total number of juveniles received in jails pending trial in 1935 (1,524) as compared with 1934 (1,167) arises mainly from the increase in the number of offenders charged with violation of the liquor laws. This offense was charged in 631 juvenile cases in 1935 as compared with 306 in 1934. Slight increases also appear in the number of other offenses frequently charged. Violation of the Immigration Act was charged in 210 cases in 1935 as compared with 184 in 1934; charges of violation of the M otor Vehicle Theft Act also show an increase— 204 in 1935 as compared with 176 in 1934. 1 Juvenile-Court Statistics and Federal Juvenile Offenders, 1932, p. si. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 99 FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS, 1 9 3 5 Postal-law violations were charged in 114 juvenile cases in 1935 as compared with 82 in 1934. Counterfeiting or forgery was charged in 102 cases in 1935 and 72 cases in 1934. T a b l e F — Offense charged in cases o f Federal juvenile offenders of each sex received in jails and held pending trial during the years ended June SO. 198A and 1985 Offenders received in jails and held pending trial Year ended June 30 1935 Offense charged Total Total Per Boys Num cent ber distri bution Total___________________ 1,524 Offense reported________ _________ Violation of— , Liquor laws__________________ Immigration Act_______________ Motor Vehicle Theft Act Postal laws___________ Laws against counterfeiting and forgery— _________ _____________ Interstate Commerce Act (Car Seal Act) 1________ _____ _____ Narcotic Drug Act_________ White Slave Traffic A c t_______ Other laws_______________ Held as material witness- ______ Offense not reported or unclassifiable- Year ended June 30,1934 .. Girls Per Boys Num cent ber distri bution Girls 1,413 111 1,167 1,077 90 1, 513 100 1,403 110 1,166 100 1,076 90 631 210 204 114 42 14 13 8 611 198 197 105 20 12 7 9 306 184 176 82 26 16 15 7 299 170 172 75 7 14 4 7 102 7 92 10 72 6 65 7 41 17 15 148 31 3 1 1 10 2 39 13 5 134 9 2 4 10 14 22 50 9 9 236 42 1 1 20 4 g 1 224 12 12 30 10 1 1 11 1 1 M ay include a few cases that were not violations of the Car Seal Act. FEDERAL JUVENILE O FFE N D E R S H ELD PE N D IN G TR IA L W H O W ER E D ISC H A R G E D F R O M D E T E N T IO N The information for the year ended June 30, 1935, regarding Federal juvenile offenders detained pending trial who were dis charged from detention includes offenders under 19 years of age in the 48 States, Alaska, and Puerto Rico. The total number of Federal juvenile offenders discharged from detention was 1,800 (1,688 boys and 112 girls). Of these, 1,751 were in the 48 States, 42 were in Alaska, and 7 were in Puerto Rico. These 1,800 Federal juvenile offenders include all those discharged during the year— both those received for detention prior to the beginning of the year and those received during the year. They do not include offenders received for detention who were not dis charged during the year. The information available with respect to Federal juvenile offenders detained pending trial who were discharged during the year includes the Federal judicial district in which the juvenile was detained, place and length of detention prior to trial, and type of discharge from detention. Federal juvenile offenders detained pending trial were discharged from detention in all the Federal judicial districts except Hawaii. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 100 FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS, 19 3 5 In Federal judicial districts having no probation officers on duty during the year 90 offenders detained pending trial were discharged. The geographic distribution according to the district in which these offenders were discharged from detention is quite similar to that shown for Federal juvenile offenders brought to the attention of United States probation officers (see tables B and C) and is not included in the tables presented. Most of the Federal juvenile offenders discharged from detention had been held in local jails (88 percent of the boys, 87 percent of the girls). Federal jails had been used for detention of 11 percent of the boys. No girls were held in Federal jails. 'The small pro portion of juveniles held in Federal jails is accounted for by the fact that there are such jails only in Alaska, Puerto Rico, Louisiana, Michigan, New York, and Texas. Although it is the policy of the Bureau of Prisons to avoid the use of jails for the detention of juve niles whenever possible, and an effort has been made to have them placed in the custody of local juvenile detention homes or in such other places of detention as are provided by local authorities, juveniledetention homes were used for only 2 percent of the boys and 8 per cent of the girls. Other institutions were not used for any of the boys, but 5 percent of the girls were held in them (table G). T able G .— Place of detention pending trial o f Federal juvenile offenders o f each sex discharged from detention during the year ended June 80, 1985 Offenders held pending trial who were discharged from detention Place of detention pending trial Total Boys Girls Num Percent Num Percent Num Percent distri distri distri ber ber ber bution bution bution Total cases___________________________ ______ Local jail____________ ____ - ________________________ Federal jail_________________________________________ Juvenile-detention home_______ ____ _______________ Other institution,. ________ ___________________ _ 1,800 100 1,688 100 112 100 1,576 181 37 6 88 10 2 (1) 1,479 181 28 88 11 2 97 87 9 6 8 5 i Less than 1 percent. Information as to the periods of detention in jails and other places prior to trial shows that almost a third (581 of the 1,800 juveniles) were held a month or more; 116 were held 3 months or more, and 12 for 6 months or longer. For only 6 percent of the juveniles were arrangements effected for discharge on the day on which they were detained. Girls as well as boys were detained for long periods, (table H). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 101 FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS, 19 3 5 T a b l e H .— Length o f detention pending trial o f Federal juvenile offenders o f each sex discharged from detention during the year ended June 30, 1985 Offenders held pending trial who were discharged from detention Total Length of detention pending trial Number Percent distribution Boys Girls 1,800 100 1,688 112 Less than 1 day_______________________________________ ______1 day or more.............. ................................................. ....................... 115 1,685 6 94 112 1,576 3 109 1 day, less than 3............................................................................ 3 days, less than 1 week............ ............................................. . 1 week, less than 2 ................................- _______________ ______ 2 weeks, less than 1 month.......................................................... 1 month, less than 2 .........................................................._.......... 2 months, less than 3_____________________________________ 3 months, less than 6 _____________________________________ 6 months to 1 year___________________________ ________ 352 236 231 285 322 143 104 12 20 13 13 16 18 8 6 1 327 227 215 268 301 133 94 11 25 9 16 17 21 10 10 1 Total cases___________________________ _____ ___________ Long periods of detention were frequent among juvenile offenders released on bail or recognizance as well as among offenders who were not released by these methods. Of the offenders released on bail or recognizance 8 percent were held a month or more prior to release, and 18 percent 2 weeks or more. Although these are long periods of detention in view of the fact that release was effected on bail or recognizance, such long periods were much less frequent among these offenders than among other offenders who were detained. Of the offenders not released on bail or recognizance 46 percent were held a month or longer (table I). T a b l e I . — Length o f detention pending trial and release on bail or recognizance in cases o f Federal juvenile offenders discharged from detention during the year ended June SO, 1935 Offenders leld pending tria who were discilarged from deten tion Length of detention pending trial Released on bail or recognizance 1 Total Not released on bail or recognizance Num Percent Num Percent Num Percent distri distri distri ber ber ber bution bution bution Total........ ............................ - .................................... 1,800 100 654 100 1,146 100 Less than 1 day_____________________________________ 1 day or more......................................................................- 115 1,685 6 94 81 573 12 88 34 1 ,1 1 2 3 97 1 day, less than 3.... .............................. —................... 3 days, less than 1 week____________________ ____ 1 week, less than 2 ............ ........................................... 2 weeks, less than 1 month......................................... 1 month, less than 2 . .............................................. 2 months, less than 3 . . . .............................................. 3 months, less than 6____________________________ 352 236 231 285 322 143 104 12 20 13 13 16 18 8 6 1 255 126 77 62 32 12 9 39 19 12 9 5 2 1 97 110 154 223 290 131 95 12 8 10 13 19 25 11 8 1 11 Includes 628 juveniles released on bail and 26 released on recognizance- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 102 FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS, 193 5 The average period of detention has been computed by the Depart ment of Justice for boys and for girls detained 1 day or longer for all the Federal districts of the 48 States combined and for each district individually. The computations show that the average period of detention for boys who were detained 1 day or longer in the districts of the 48 States was 28.5 days; for girlsit was 32.9 days. The periods of detention pending trial varied greatly among the districts. Of the districts in which 25 or more boys were discharged from jails and other places of detention, the western district of Missouri shows the longest average period for boys (64.7 days). The southern district of Florida shows the next to the longest period (41.3 days). For the eastern district of Oklahoma the average was 39.5 days. In contrast to these long periods of detention the average number of days of detention for boys in the northern district of Georgia, the southern district of New York, and the eastern district of Louisiana was 8.6, 14.0, and 19.4, respectively. In Federal districts in which 25 or more boys were discharged from detention who had been held 1 day or longer, the average number of days of detention pending trial for the boys held 1 day or longer was as follows: Federal district Missouri: Western _ Florida: Southern __ Oklahoma: Eastern____ Mississippi: Southern__ Illinois: Northern Louisiana: W estern____ Alabama: N orthern____ Oklahoma: N orthern___ Mississippi : Northern _ _ Texas: Southern. West Virginia: Southern Texas: Western _ _ Average Number number of days of boys of de tention 27 39 41 65 34 32 40 25 26 39 64 129 64. 41. 39. 39. 33. 32. 31. 30. 30. 27. 27. 26. 7 3 5 0 6 9 1 6 4 8 1 5 * Federal district M aryland __ Arizona___ South Carolina: Eastern K entucky: Eastern Texas: Northern Oklahoma: W estern____ Georgia: M iddle _ Arkansas: E astern . _ Louisiana: Eastern__ New Y ork: Southern___ Georgia: N orthern_____ Average Number number of boys of days of de tention 28 41 44 69 29 25 29 31 44 29 30 25. 24. 24. 22. 21. 21. 20. 20. 19. 14. 8. 6 4 4 0 9 1 7 3 4 0 6 The most frequent type of discharge from detention was release on bail or recognizance. Thirty-six percent of the juveniles (626 boys and 28 girls) were released in this manner, which was not, of course, a final disposition of the case. Two hundred and seventy-six offenders (15 percent) were transferred under sentence to Federal penitentiaries, reformatories, or State institutions; 253 (14 percent) were sentenced to jails; 215 (12 percent) were placed on probation; the cases of 194 (11 percent) were dismissed; and 60 (3 percent) were transferred to immigration authorities. Other types of discharge used for smaller numbers of juveniles were transfers to another Federal district (36), sentence suspended (18), fine paid (10), juvenile escaped (9), juvenile died (2),3 and other type or type not reported (73). (Table J.) 3 Both boys died in hospital while technically in custody awaiting trial. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 103 FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS, 193 5 T able J.— T y p e o f discharge o f F ed eral ju v e n ile o ffenders o f each sex discharged f r o m detention d u rin g the ye a r en ded J u n e SO, 1 9 S 5 Offenders held pending trial who were discharged from detention Type of discharge Total Boys Number Girls Percent distribution Total___________________________________________ 1,800 100 1,688 112 Released__________________________________________ —- 654 36 626 28 On bail—-------- ---------------------- -------------------------------On recognizance________________ _________________ Transferred under sentence to Federal penitentiary, reformatory, or State institution------------------------------Sentenced to jail-------------- ---------------- ----------------------Placed on probation_______ — - ------------------------Case dismissed_______________________________________ Transferred to immigration authorities_______________ Transferred to another Federal district_________ ______ Sentence suspended.----------------- - — ------------------------ 628 26 35 1 604 22 24 4 276 253 215 194 60 36 18 10 9 2 73 15 14 12 11 3 2 271 245 197 172 57 33 16 10 9 2 50 5 8 18 22 3 3 2 Other type or type not reported---------------------------------- 0) 1 1 1 4 23 1 Less than 1 percent. FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS PLACED ON PROBATION AND THOSE RECEIVED UNDER SENTENCE IN JAILS AND IN FEDERAL INSTI TUTIONS Federal juvenile offenders placed on probation and those received in jails and Federal institutions under sentence comprise the great majority of offenders for whom Federal authorities continue respon sibility and supervision after disposition of the case. They include all offenders under 19 years of age received from courts by United States probation officers for supervision during the year, and all Federal offenders of these ages received under sentence in county and city jails, Federal jails, prisons, reformatories, and prison camps.4 During the year ended June 30, 1935, the courts placed 510 Federal offenders under 19 years of age under the supervision of United States probation officers, committed 338 to jails, and committed 269 to Federal institutions. The figures include all Federal juvenile offenders whose cases were disposed of by these three methods in the Federal judicial districts of the 48 States, of Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The jail commitments include all juveniles who were sentenced to jail, both those previously held pending trial and those not held pend ing trial. The number of juveniles whose cases were disposed of by each of these three methods was larger during the year ended June 30, 1935, than during the preceding year (table K ). Relatively few girls’ cases were disposed of by these methods in either year. The increase is general throughout all the age periods (table L). 4 During the year ended June 30, 1935, 63 Federal juvenile offenders were committed to the National Training School for Boys, 1 to the National Training School for Girls, and 28 to State institutions. During the calendar year 1933, 89 Federal juvenile offenders were committed to these places. During the year ended June 30, 1934, the number of persons of all ages committed to these places was 82 (National Training School for Boys, 41; State institutions, 41). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 104 T FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS, 193 5 K.<— S e x o f F ed eral ju v e n ile o ffenders placed u n d er the s u p er v isio n o f U n ited States p rob a tio n officers a n d o f offen d ers received u n d er sen ten ce i n ja il s a n d in F ed eral in stitu tio n s d u rin g the y e a r s en d ed J u n e SO, 1934- a n d 1 9 3 5 able Federal juvenile offenders— Placed under supervision of United States probation officers Year, and sex of juvenile Received under sen tence in— Federal in stitutions 2 Jails1 Year ended June 30, 1935 Total______ ___________________________ 510 338 269 Boys........................... ................... .......................... Girls...... ................................................................... 482 28 328 10 265 4 297 176 279 18 167 9 Year ended June 30, 1934 Total---------------- -----------------------------------Boys________________________________ ________ Girls................................... ........... — ___________ 344 28 1 Includes Federal, county, and city jails. 2 Includes penitentiaries, reformatories, and prison, reformatory, and correctional camps. T L.'— A g e o f F ed era l ju v e n ile o ffen d ers placed u n d er the s u p er v isio n o f U n ited States prob a tio n officers a n d o f offen d ers received u n d er sen ten ce i n ja ils a n d in F ed era l in stitu tio n s d u rin g the yea rs en ded J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 3 4 a n d 1 9 3 5 able Federal juvenile offenders— Year, and age of juvenile P la c e d u n d e r supervision of United States probation offi cers. Received under sentence in— Federal institu tions 2 Jails1 Number Percent distribu tion Number Percent distribu tion Number Percent distribu tion Total........................ ............................. 510 100 338 100 269 100 Under 16 years__________________________ 16 years_________________________________ 17 years___________ _ __________________ 18 years_________________________________ 46 73 170 221 9 14 33 43 19 35 94 190 6 10 28 56 3 17 76 173 1 6 28 64 372 100 297 100 176 100 19 56 12 1 176 5 15 33 47 13 32 90 162 4 11 30 55 1 5 49 12 1 1 3 28 69 Year ended June 30,1935 Year ended June 30, 1934 Total_______________________ _____ Under 16 years____ _____________________ 16 years_________________________________ 17 years........................ ................................... 18 years___________ ____ __________ ______ 1 Includes Federal, county, and city jails. 2 Includes penitentiaries, reformatories, and prison, reformatory, and correctional camps. The information with respect to age of juvenile offenders shows that those placed under the supervision of United States probation officers in the year ended June 30, 1935, were generally younger than those committed to jails, and that a larger proportion of the juveniles com mitted to jails were of the younger ages than of those committed to Federal institutions other than jails. In each of these groups there were more juveniles 18 years of age than of any other age, but in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 105 FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS, 19 3 5 1935 they constituted only 43 percent of the juvenile offenders placed under the supervision of United States probation officers as compared with 56 percent of those sentenced to jails and 64 percent of those committed to Federal institutions. In general the age distribution of offenders whose cases were disposed of by each of these three types of disposition in 1934 and in 1935 is similar. Jail sentences are prac tically always for a year or less, whereas Federal institutions are used for individuals committed for a year or longer. Information with regard to type of offense is available for these three groups of juvenile offenders for the year ended June 30, 1935, and also for the preceding year. Comparison of the number of juveniles charged with the various offenses each year shows that the larger number of offenders placed on probation, of those received in jails, and of those received in Federal institutions in 1935 than in 1934 arose mainly from the greater frequency of cases involving violation of the liquor laws in 1935. Some of the increase in the number of each group of offenders, however^ was due to the larger number of cases involving other types of violations such as violation of the M otor Vehicle Theft Act, postal laws, and laws against counterfeiting and forgery (table M ). T M.— O ffen se charged i n cases o f F ed era l ju v e n ile offen d ers p la ced u n d er the s u p er v isio n o f U n ited S ta tes p rob atio n officers a n d offen d ers received und er senten ce i n ja il s a n d in F ed era l in stitu tio n s d u rin g the ye a rs en ded J u n e 8 0 , 1 9 3 4 and 1 9 3 5 able Federal juvenile offenders— Year, and offense charged Placed under supervision of United States probation officers Num ber Year ended June 30, 1936 T o t a l................. ■............. ..................... .......... Violation of— Liquor laws_________ _____ ______________ Immigration Act_____ ___________________________ Motor Vehicle Theft Act____________ ______ Postal laws___________________________ . Laws against counterfeiting and forgery____ Interstate Commerce Act^Car Seal Act) 4 . . . . Narcotic Drug Act________ ______ . White Slave Traffic A c t..____ _______ Other laws__________ ____________ Offense not reported-....................... Year ended June 30,1934 Total___________ ___________________________ Violation of— Liquor laws........................................................... Immigration Act........ ........................... Motor Vehicle Theft Act.................. Postal laws___________________________ Laws against counterfeiting and forgery................. Interstate Commerce Act (Car Seal Act)4___ Narcotic Drug Act........................................... Other laws 7....................................................... Offense not reported. ......................................... 510 Received under sentence in— Federal insti tutions 3 Jails1 Percent Num distri ber bution Percent Num distri ber bution 100 338» 3 100 269 243 48 78 55 50 24 1 5 54 15 11 10 6 (5) 1 11 10 1 133 22 19 14 6 5 1 35 30 40 7 6 4 2 1 («) 10 88 3 94 35 18 13 7 9 3 372 « 100 297 100 176 100 164 44 53 62 39 15 1 35 14 17 11 4 («) 9 73 139 18 16 25 47 6 5 1 3 1 12 41 4 62 26 9 23 5 6 35 15 5 13 2 3 8 4 36 3 1 Includes Federal, county, and city jails. 3 Includes penitentiaries, reformatories, and prison, reformatory, and correctional camps. 3 Based on 336 juveniles for whom offense was reported. 4 May include a few cases that were not violations of the Car Seal Act. 3 Less than 1 percent. 3 Based on 369 juveniles for whom offense was reported. 7 Does not include any cases of violation of the White Slave Traffic Act. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Percent distri bution 2 100 33 35 13 7 5 3 1 23 3 3 106 FEDERAL JUVENILE OFFENDERS, 19 3 5 Violations of the liquor laws were of considerable importance among all three groups of offenders, but they formed the largest proportion of the offenses only among the group of juveniles placed on probation. Among juveniles received in jails under sentence, violations of the Immigration Act stood first. None of the juveniles violating the Immigration Act were placed on probation ; nearly all of them were deported. Among juveniles sentenced to Federal institutions, the most frequent offense in both 1935 and 1934 was violation of the Motor Vehicle Theft Act. ^ ■ SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The statistics compiled for Federal juvenile offenders by the United States Bureau of Prisons for the year ended June 30, 1935, include all Federal juvenile offenders under 19 years of age— offenders brought to the attention of the United States probation officers, offenders received in jails and held pending trial, offenders discharged from detention who had been held in jails and other institutions pending trial, and offenders placed under supervision of United States probation officers and those received under sentence in jails and in Federal institutions. The statistics available have been presented for all these groups for the year ended June 30, 1935, and also certain comparable statistics for the year ended June 30, 1934. It has been shown in the several sections of this report that no group includes all the offenders who violated Federal laws and were dealt with by Federal authorities during the year. The statistics, however, include a sufficiently large proportion of the offenders to warrant general conclusions as to the trend in the total number of juveniles brought to the attention of Federal authorities, the types of offenses, and the disposition of the cases by the Federal authorities. It would appear from these statistics that a larger number of juveniles violated Federal laws and were brought to the attention of Federal authorities in the year ended June 30, 1935, than in the year ended June 30, 1934; a larger number of offenders were received in jails to be held pending trial in 1935 than in 1934; a larger number were placed on probation; and a larger number were received under sentence in jails and in Federal institutions. The increase in the number of offenses appeared among juveniles of each age. The figures suggest, however, that the increases were some what larger among juveniles under 17 years than among juveniles of 17 and 18 years. Juveniles 17 and 18 years of age, however, comprised, as in previous years, the great majority of Federal juvenile offenders. The increase in the number of^ offenders apparently arose mainly from the greater frequency of cases involving violation of the liquor laws, but increases also appeared in other important types of offenses, such as violations of the Motor Vehicle Theft Act and of the postal laws. A slightly larger proportion of juveniles were transferred to State authorities in the year ended June 30, 1935, than in the year ended June 30, 1933. The possibility of transfer is definitely limited by the lack of facilities for care in many localities. The policy of the ^ Department of Justice with respect to the transfer of juvenile offenders w to State authorities, when such transfer is to the best^ interest of the juvenile and the Federal Government, has been carried out insofar as was feasible under existing conditions. o https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis