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News 1 United States Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Technical information: Washington, D.C. 20212 (202) 691-5870 http://www.bls.gov/jlt/ Media contact: USDL 08-0044 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Thursday, January 10, 2008 691-5902 JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER: NOVEMBER 2007 On the last business day of November, there were 4.0 million job openings in the United States, and the job openings rate was 2.8 percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The job openings, hires, and total separations rates were all essentially unchanged in November. This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector by industry and geographic region. Chart 2. Hires and separations rates, seasonally adjusted, Percent December 2004 - November 2007 Chart 1. Job openings rate, seasonally adjusted, Percent December 2004 - November 2007 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.5 Hires 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.3 2.9 Separations 2.7 3.1 2.5 2.3 2.9 2.1 2.7 1.9 1.7 2.5 1.5 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 Although month-to-month changes in job openings, hires, and turnover data are often small, some overthe-year changes are significant. From November 2006 to November 2007, the job openings, hires, quits, and total separations rates all fell significantly for total nonfarm and total private employment. (See tables 5, 6, 7, and 8.) Job Openings In November, the job openings rate remained at 2.8 percent. Job openings include only those jobs open on the last business day of the month. Over the month, the job openings rate rose in retail trade and fell in accommodation and food services. The job openings rate did not change significantly in any region in November. As occurs nearly every month, the seasonally adjusted job openings rate was highest in November in the accommodation and food services industry (4.0 percent). (See table 1.) Over the year, the job openings rate rose significantly only in federal government (to 1.4 percent). The rate fell over the year in natural resources and mining (1.0 percent), durable goods manufacturing (1.7 percent), information (2.6 percent), arts, entertainment, and recreation (2.7 percent), and state and local 2 Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted Industry Job openings Hires Nov. Oct. Nov. Nov. Oct. Nov. p 2006 2007 2007 p 2006 2007 2007 Levels (in thousands) Total 1 ...................................................................... 4,200 Total private 1 ...................................................... 3,735 Construction ...................................................... 106 Manufacturing ................................................... 328 Trade, transportation, and utilities 2 .............. 671 Retail trade ...................................................... 417 Professional and business services ............... 705 Education and health services ........................ 713 Leisure and hospitality 3 ................................. 625 Accommodation and food services ........... 528 Government 4 ..................................................... 463 State and local government ............................ 427 4,059 3,597 155 304 598 298 730 701 653 590 465 414 4,021 3,571 142 305 639 357 724 715 560 488 453 407 4,994 4,870 4,665 4,507 395 334 363 407 1,012 1,034 737 709 1,010 840 492 514 903 916 748 796 348 377 303 313 4,650 4,277 351 367 913 628 894 523 836 702 359 290 Total separations Nov. Oct. Nov. p 2006 2007 2007 4,844 4,639 4,543 4,376 413 359 360 408 1,020 1,007 719 703 974 888 430 428 838 803 721 686 305 289 256 237 4,541 4,259 338 393 980 697 843 423 809 682 287 238 Rates (percent) Total 1 ........................................................................ Total private1 .................................................... Construction ...................................................... Manufacturing ................................................... Trade, transportation, and utilities 2 ............. Retail trade ...................................................... Professional and business services ............... Education and health services ........................ Leisure and hospitality 3 ................................ Accommodation and food services ........... Government 4 .................................................... State and local government ............................ 1 2 3 4 3.0 3.1 1.4 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.8 3.8 4.5 4.4 2.0 2.2 2.8 3.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 1.9 3.9 3.6 4.6 4.8 2.0 2.1 2.8 3.0 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.3 3.9 3.7 3.9 4.0 2.0 2.0 3.6 4.1 5.1 2.6 3.8 4.8 5.7 2.7 6.8 6.6 1.6 1.6 3.5 3.9 4.4 2.9 3.9 4.6 4.7 2.8 6.7 6.8 1.7 1.6 3.4 3.7 4.6 2.6 3.4 4.1 5.0 2.8 6.1 6.0 1.6 1.5 3.5 4.0 5.4 2.5 3.9 4.7 5.5 2.4 6.3 6.3 1.4 1.3 3.4 3.8 4.7 2.9 3.8 4.6 4.9 2.3 5.9 5.9 1.3 1.2 3.3 3.7 4.5 2.8 3.7 4.5 4.7 2.3 5.9 5.8 1.3 1.2 Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately. Includes arts, entertainment, and recreation, not shown separately. Includes federal government, not shown separately. p = preliminary. government (1.9 percent). Regionally, the job openings rate fell over the year in the Northeast (2.2 percent) and in the West (2.7 percent). (See table 5.) Hires The hires rate was little changed at 3.4 percent in November. Hires are any additions to the payroll during the month. In November, the hires rate decreased in retail trade, in accommodation and food services, and in the West region. The hires rate did not increase significantly in November in any industry or region. As occurs nearly every month, the seasonally adjusted hires rate was highest in November in accommodation and food services (6.0 percent). (See table 2.) From November 2006 to November 2007, the hires rate decreased over the year in retail trade (to 4.9 percent), information (1.5 percent), the South region (3.3 percent), and the West region (3.1 percent). The hires rate did not increase significantly in any industry or region over the year. (See table 6.) 3 Separations The total separations, or turnover, rate was essentially unchanged at 3.3 percent in November. Separations are terminations of employment that occur at any time during the month. Over the month, the separations rate did not change significantly in any industry or region. (See table 3 .) From November 2006 to November 2007, the total separations rate decreased in construction (to 4.6 percent), in federal government (0.8 percent), and in the South region (2.9 percent). The separations rate did not increase significantly in any industry or region over the year. (See table 7.) Total separations include quits (voluntary separations), layoffs and discharges (involuntary separations), and other separations (including retirements). The quits rate, which can serve as a barometer of workers’ ability to change jobs, fell slightly from 1.9 percent in October to 1.8 percent in November. The quits rate fell over the month in professional and business services, and in the South and West regions. As has occurred every month since the series began in December 2000, the seasonally adjusted quits rate was highest in November in the accommodation and food services industry (4.3 percent). (See table 4.) Over the year, the quits rate did not rise significantly in any industry but did fall in several industries, including wholesale trade (to 0.8 percent), retail trade (2.4 percent), professional and business services (2.0 percent), and federal government (0.3 percent). Geographically, the quits rate fell over the year in 3 of the 4 regions—Northeast (1.2 percent), South (1.6 percent), and West (1.6 percent). (See table 8.) The other two components of total separations—layoffs and discharges, and other separations—are not seasonally adjusted. For November, the layoffs and discharges rate (1.3 percent) and level (1.8 million) were little changed from a year earlier. The layoffs and discharges rate in November 2007 was highest in arts, entertainment, and recreation (6.0 percent). (See table 9.) The other separations rate (0.2 percent) and level (252,000) were essentially unchanged over the year. (See table10.) Flows in the Labor Market Several industries consistently have high rates of both hires and separations. These include construction; retail trade; professional and business services; arts, entertainment, and recreation; and accommodation and food services. In the 12 months ending in November 2007, these 5 industries produced 33.6 million hires and 32.1 million separations. Thus, these five industries accounted for 58 percent of total nonfarm hires and 59 percent of total nonfarm separations while comprising only 39 percent of total nonfarm employment. For More Information For additional information, please read the Technical Note or visit the JOLTS Web site at http://www. bls.gov/jlt/. Additional information about JOLTS also may be obtained by e-mailing Joltsinfo@bls.gov or by calling (202) 691-5870. _____________________________ The Job Openings and Labor Turnover release for December 2007 is scheduled to be issued on Tuesday, February 12. 4 . Upcoming Changes to Job Openings and Labor Turnover Data With the release of January 2008 data on March 12, 2008, the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) will revise the basis for industry classification from the 2002 North American Industry Classification system (NAICS) to the 2007 North American Industry Classification system. The new classification reflects minor definitional changes within manufacturing, telecommunications, financial activities, and professional, scientific, and technical services. None of the changes will impact published JOLTS data. For more information on 2007 NAICS, see http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/ naics.html. Technical Note The data for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) are collected and compiled monthly from a sample of business establishments by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Collection Each month, data are collected in a survey of business establishments for total employment, job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Data collection methods include computer-assisted telephone interviewing, touchtone data entry, fax, and mail. Coverage The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Concepts Industry classification. The industry classifications in this release are in accordance with the 2002 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, State Workforce Agencies verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry code, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment characteristics resulting from the verification process are always introduced into the JOLTS sampling frame with the data reported for the first month of the year. Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacations or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or persons on leave without pay or on strike for the entire pay period, are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by the establishment where they are working. Job openings. Establishments submit job openings information for the last business day of the reference month. A job opening requires that: 1) a specific position exists and there is work available for that position, 2) work could start within 30 days regardless of whether a suitable candidate is found, and 3) the employer is actively recruiting from outside the establishment to fill the position. Included are full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, and seasonal openings. Active recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position by advertising in newspapers or on the Internet, posting help-wanted signs, accepting applications, or using other similar methods. Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions, demotions, or recall from layoffs are excluded. Also excluded are jobs with start dates more than 30 days in the future, jobs for which employees have been hired but have not yet reported for work, and jobs to be filled by employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying that quotient by 100. Hires. Hires are the total number of additions to the payroll occurring at any time during the reference month, including both new and rehired employees, full-time and part-time, permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees, employees recalled to the location after a layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated, and transfers from other locations. The hires count does not include transfers or promotions within the reporting site, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies or employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. Separations. Separations are the total number of terminations of employment occurring at any time during the reference month, and are reported by type of separation— quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are voluntary separations by employees (except for retirements, which are reported as other separations). Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer and include layoffs with no intent to rehire, formal layoffs lasting or expected to last more than 7 days, discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or closings, firings or other discharges for cause, terminations of permanent or short-term employees, and terminations of seasonal employees. Other separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, deaths, and separations due to disability. Separations do not include transfers within the same location or employees on strike. The separations rate is computed by dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly, dividing the number by employment and multiplying by 100. Annual estimates. Annual estimates of rates and levels of hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are released with the January news release each year. The JOLTS annual level estimates for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. The annual rate estimates are computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This figure will be approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates. Note that both the JOLTS and CES annual levels are rounded to the nearest thousand before the annual estimates are calculated. Consistent with BLS practices, annual estimates will be published only for not seasonally adjusted data. Annual estimates are not calculated for job openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the last business day of each month. Only jobs still open on the last day of the month are counted. For the same reason job openings cannot be cumulated throughout each month, annual figures for job openings cannot be created by summing the monthly estimates. Hires and separations are flow measures and are cumulated over the month with a total reported for the month. Therefore, the annual figures can be created by summing the monthly estimates. Sample methodology The JOLTS sample design is a random sample of 16,000 nonfarm business establishments, including factories, offices, and stores, as well as federal, state, and local governments in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The establishments are drawn from a universe of over eight million establishments compiled as part of the operations of the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, or QCEW, program. This program includes all employers subject to state Unemployment Insurance (UI) laws and federal agencies subject to Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE). The sampling frame is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and size class. Large firms fall into the sample with virtual certainty. JOLTS total employment estimates are controlled to the employment estimates of the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the levels for all other JOLTS data elements. Rates are then computed from the adjusted levels. Using JOLTS data The JOLTS data series on job openings, hires, and separations are relatively new. The full sample is divided into panels, with one panel enrolled each month. A full complement of panels for the original data series based on the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system was not completely enrolled in the survey until January 2002. The supplemental panels of establishments needed to create NAICS estimates were not completely enrolled until May 2003. The data collected up until those points are from less than a full sample. Therefore, estimates from earlier months should be used with caution, as fewer sampled units were reporting data at that time. In March 2002, BLS procedures for collecting hires and separations data were revised to address possible underreporting. As a result, JOLTS hires and separations estimates for months prior to March 2002 may not be comparable with estimates for March 2002 and later. The federal government reorganization that involved transferring approximately 180,000 employees to the new Department of Homeland Security is not reflected in the JOLTS hires and separations estimates for the federal government. The Office of Personnel Management’s record shows these transfers were completed in March 2003. The inclusion of transfers in the JOLTS definitions of hires and separations is intended to cover ongoing movements of workers between establishments. The Department of Homeland Security reorganization was a massive one-time event, and the inclusion of these intergovernmental transfers would distort the federal government time series. Seasonal adjustment BLS seasonally adjusts several JOLTS series using the X-12-ARIMA seasonal adjustment program. Seasonal adjustment is the process of estimating and removing periodic fluctuations caused by events such as weather, holidays, and the beginning and ending of the school year. Seasonal adjustment makes it easier to observe fundamental changes in the level of the series, particularly those associated with general economic expansions and contractions. A concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each month, using all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. Prior to the January 2007 benchmark release in March 2007, seasonal adjustment of the JOLTS series was conducted using the stable seasonal filter option since there were not enough data observations available for the standard use of moving averages as seasonal filters. Although the seasonal adjustment of the JOLTS series is conducted with fewer data observations than is customary, the number of observations is now above the minimum required by X-12-ARIMA to use the normal seasonal filters. Therefore, the standard use of moving averages as seasonal filters is now in place for JOLTS seasonal adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment now includes both additive and multiplicative seasonal adjustment models and REGARIMA (regression with autocorrelated errors) modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. Due to the improved diagnostics, three additional industries are now seasonally adjusted: retail trade, accommodations and food services, and state and local government. It is expected that more series may be seasonally adjusted when more data are available. Reliability of the estimates JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the “true” population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value because of sampling error. Estimates of sampling errors are available upon request. The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to include a segment of the population, the inability to obtain data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors from the employment benchmark data used in estimation. JOLTS hires and separations estimates cannot be used to exactly explain net changes in nonfarm payroll employment. Some reasons why it is problematic to compare changes in payroll employment with JOLTS hires and separations, especially on a monthly basis, are: 1) the reference period for payroll employment is the pay period including the 12th of the month, while the reference period for hires and separations is the calendar month; and 2) payroll employment can vary from month to month simply because part-time and on-call workers may not always work during the pay period that includes the 12th of the month. Additionally, research has found that some reporters systematically underreport separations relative to hires due to a number of factors, including the nature of their payroll systems and practices. The shortfall appears to be about 2 percent or less over a 12-month period. Other information Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-877-8339. Table 1. Job openings levels 1 and rates 2 by industry and region, seasonally adjusted Levels 3 (in thousands) July Aug. Sept. 2007 2007 2007 Oct. 2007 Nov. 2007p Nov. 2006 June 2007 July 2007 Rates Aug. 2007 Sept. 2007 Oct. 2007 Nov. 2007p 4,200 4,280 4,186 4,168 4,119 4,059 Total 4…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4,021 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 3,571 142 305 639 357 724 715 560 488 453 407 3.1 1.4 2.3 2.5 2.7 3.8 3.8 4.5 4.4 2.0 2.2 3.2 1.8 2.4 2.5 2.6 4.1 3.7 4.0 4.1 2.0 2.1 3.1 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.5 3.7 3.7 3.9 4.1 2.1 2.2 3.1 1.9 2.3 2.6 2.4 3.6 3.6 4.1 4.3 2.0 2.1 3.1 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.3 3.5 3.7 4.6 4.8 2.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 1.9 3.9 3.6 4.6 4.8 2.0 2.1 3.0 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.3 3.9 3.7 3.9 4.0 2.0 2.0 619 1,639 792 950 2.9 3.1 2.4 3.3 2.8 3.2 2.5 3.5 2.8 3.2 2.3 3.5 2.6 3.3 2.4 3.2 2.3 3.2 2.5 3.3 2.5 3.2 2.3 3.2 2.3 3.2 2.4 3.0 Industry and region Nov. 2006 June 2007 INDUSTRY 4 Total private ……………………………………………………………………………….. 3,735 3,810 3,711 3,709 3,664 3,597 Construction……………………………………………………………… 106 139 167 149 138 155 Manufacturing………………………………………………………. 328 344 340 328 319 304 Trade, transportation, and utilities 5………………………… 671 676 684 703 691 598 Retail trade………………………………………………………..…..……….. 417 409 399 380 367 298 Professional and business services……………………. 705 763 693 676 661 730 Education and health services…………………………………………. 713 711 717 700 720 701 Leisure and hospitality 6………………...…………………………… 625 568 547 585 653 653 Accommodation and food services……………………. 528 497 497 518 587 590 Government 7…………………………………………………………………………….. 463 465 475 449 455 465 State and local government…………….………………………………………….………………. 427 424 430 410 408 414 REGION 8 Northeast………………………………………………………………. 772 732 741 682 611 South………………………………………………………………………………….. 1,572 1,635 1,612 1,690 1,651 Midwest…………………………………………………………………………….. 770 805 754 778 828 West………………………………………………………………………….. 1,034 1,106 1,120 1,024 1,048 1 Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. 2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. 3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. 4 Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. 5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately. 6 Includes arts, entertainment, and recreation, not shown separately. 7 Includes federal government, not shown separately. 664 1,641 742 1,019 8 The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. p = preliminary. Table 2. Hires levels 1 and rates 2 by industry and region, seasonally adjusted Levels 3 (in thousands) July Aug. Sept. 2007 2007 2007 Oct. 2007 Nov. 2007p Nov. 2006 June 2007 July 2007 Rates Aug. 2007 Sept. 2007 Oct. 2007 Nov. 2007p Total 4…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4,994 4,741 4,802 4,836 4,714 4,870 4,650 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4 4,277 351 367 913 628 894 523 836 702 359 290 4.1 5.1 2.6 3.8 4.8 5.7 2.7 6.8 6.6 1.6 1.6 3.7 4.7 2.5 3.4 3.9 4.8 2.7 6.3 6.4 1.8 1.6 3.8 5.3 2.6 3.5 4.0 4.9 2.7 6.4 6.5 1.7 1.5 3.8 4.9 2.5 3.5 4.3 4.4 2.7 6.6 6.5 1.8 1.6 3.8 4.4 2.6 3.7 4.6 4.5 2.4 6.6 6.4 1.7 1.5 3.9 4.4 2.9 3.9 4.6 4.7 2.8 6.7 6.8 1.7 1.6 3.7 4.6 2.6 3.4 4.1 5.0 2.8 6.1 6.0 1.6 1.5 721 1,824 1,067 1,008 2.8 4.0 3.4 4.1 2.6 3.7 3.4 3.6 2.9 3.8 3.3 3.7 2.9 3.7 3.4 3.7 2.7 3.7 3.5 3.5 2.6 3.9 3.4 3.9 2.8 3.7 3.3 3.3 Industry and region Nov. 2006 June 2007 INDUSTRY Total private 4……………………………………………………………………………….. 4,665 4,335 4,443 4,369 4,355 4,507 Construction……………………………………………………………… 395 358 408 371 336 334 Manufacturing………………………………………………………. 363 355 359 349 365 407 Trade, transportation, and utilities 5………………………… 1,012 910 924 922 994 1,034 Retail trade………………………………………………………..…..……….. 737 605 613 666 709 709 Professional and business services……………………. 1,010 865 879 797 800 840 Education and health services…………………………………………. 492 493 502 501 448 514 Leisure and hospitality 6………………...…………………………… 903 854 874 901 906 916 Accommodation and food services……………………. 748 736 748 758 749 796 Government 7…………………………………………………………………………….. 348 395 385 396 370 377 State and local government…………….………………………………………….………………. 303 312 293 314 296 313 REGION 8 Northeast………………………………………………………………. 713 684 750 761 689 South………………………………………………………………………………….. 1,979 1,842 1,898 1,841 1,848 Midwest…………………………………………………………………………….. 1,061 1,082 1,039 1,081 1,125 West………………………………………………………………………….. 1,249 1,117 1,135 1,148 1,068 1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. 3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. 4 Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. 2 672 1,925 1,084 1,211 5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately. 6 Includes arts, entertainment, and recreation, not shown separately. 7 Includes federal government, not shown separately. 8 See footnote 8, table 1. p = preliminary. Table 3. Total separations levels 1 and rates 2 by industry and region, seasonally adjusted Levels 3 (in thousands) July Aug. Sept. 2007 2007 2007 Oct. 2007 Nov. 2007p Nov. 2006 June 2007 July 2007 Rates Aug. 2007 Sept. 2007 Oct. 2007 Nov. 2007p Total 4…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4,844 4,543 4,507 4,446 4,430 4,639 4,541 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.3 4,259 338 393 980 697 843 423 809 682 287 238 4.0 5.4 2.5 3.9 4.7 5.5 2.4 6.3 6.3 1.4 1.3 3.7 4.7 2.7 3.7 4.5 4.1 2.6 6.3 6.3 1.4 1.2 3.6 5.0 2.7 3.7 4.5 4.1 2.2 6.2 6.3 1.5 1.3 3.6 4.9 2.7 3.5 4.2 4.1 2.3 6.0 6.1 1.4 1.3 3.6 4.8 2.7 3.6 4.4 4.6 2.2 5.3 5.4 1.3 1.1 3.8 4.7 2.9 3.8 4.6 4.9 2.3 5.9 5.9 1.3 1.2 3.7 4.5 2.8 3.7 4.5 4.7 2.3 5.9 5.8 1.3 1.2 749 1,710 1,017 1,065 2.8 4.1 3.1 3.5 2.5 3.4 3.2 3.9 2.4 3.5 3.2 3.7 2.6 3.5 3.3 3.4 2.4 3.6 3.1 3.3 2.6 3.6 3.1 3.8 2.9 3.4 3.2 3.4 Industry and region Nov. 2006 June 2007 INDUSTRY 4 Total private ……………………………………………………………………………….. 4,543 4,234 4,173 4,120 4,146 4,376 Construction……………………………………………………………… 413 363 384 371 364 359 Manufacturing………………………………………………………. 360 382 379 380 379 408 Trade, transportation, and utilities 5………………………… 1,020 974 987 926 954 1,007 Retail trade………………………………………………………..…..……….. 719 688 687 652 676 703 Professional and business services……………………. 974 728 733 742 832 888 Education and health services…………………………………………. 430 473 414 430 411 428 Leisure and hospitality 6………………...…………………………… 838 850 837 808 723 803 Accommodation and food services……………………. 721 730 735 703 627 686 7 Government …………………………………………………………………………….. 305 310 323 322 289 289 State and local government…………….………………………………………….………………. 256 239 254 255 213 237 REGION 8 Northeast………………………………………………………………. 707 634 622 667 631 South………………………………………………………………………………….. 2,011 1,699 1,744 1,710 1,760 Midwest…………………………………………………………………………….. 985 1,033 1,014 1,038 998 West………………………………………………………………………….. 1,079 1,191 1,149 1,053 1,018 1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. 2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. 3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. 4 Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, 680 1,802 992 1,160 and other services, not shown separately. 5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately. 6 Includes arts, entertainment, and recreation, not shown separately. 7 Includes federal government, not shown separately. 8 See footnote 8, table 1. p = preliminary. Table 4. Quits levels 1 and rates 2 by industry and region, seasonally adjusted Levels 3 (in thousands) July Aug. Sept. 2007 2007 2007 Oct. 2007 Nov. 2007p Nov. 2006 June 2007 July 2007 Rates Aug. 2007 Sept. 2007 Oct. 2007 Nov. 2007p 2,774 2,627 2,640 2,539 2,450 2,682 Total 4…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2,457 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 2,317 113 189 547 407 412 265 553 508 145 129 2.3 1.9 1.5 2.5 3.1 2.7 1.5 4.2 4.6 .7 .6 2.1 1.7 1.4 2.3 2.9 2.3 1.5 4.4 4.7 .7 .6 2.2 2.3 1.3 2.2 2.8 2.3 1.5 4.4 4.8 .7 .6 2.1 1.9 1.4 2.1 2.6 2.2 1.5 4.1 4.4 .7 .6 2.0 1.8 1.4 2.1 2.7 2.3 1.4 3.0 3.1 .7 .6 2.2 1.8 1.5 2.3 2.9 2.7 1.4 4.1 4.4 .7 .7 2.0 1.5 1.4 2.1 2.6 2.3 1.4 4.0 4.3 .6 .7 340 974 542 576 1.6 2.4 1.7 2.1 1.5 2.1 1.7 2.1 1.2 2.2 1.7 2.2 1.2 2.2 1.8 1.9 1.2 2.0 1.7 1.9 1.3 2.3 1.7 2.3 1.3 2.0 1.7 1.9 Industry and region Nov. 2006 June 2007 INDUSTRY 4 Total private ……………………………………………………………………………….. 2,625 2,475 2,493 2,391 2,308 2,534 Construction……………………………………………………………… 144 129 176 145 135 137 Manufacturing………………………………………………………. 211 195 186 202 189 208 Trade, transportation, and utilities 5………………………… 661 618 572 545 559 607 Retail trade………………………………………………………..…..……….. 472 448 427 401 412 443 Professional and business services……………………. 486 411 418 395 420 482 Education and health services…………………………………………. 278 271 276 270 253 260 Leisure and hospitality 6………………...…………………………… 565 595 597 557 410 558 Accommodation and food services……………………. 520 540 552 505 363 514 Government 7…………………………………………………………………………….. 147 152 148 148 146 147 State and local government…………….………………………………………….………………. 125 123 125 126 123 129 REGION 8 Northeast………………………………………………………………. 409 380 314 313 306 South………………………………………………………………………………….. 1,167 1,049 1,097 1,070 1,012 Midwest…………………………………………………………………………….. 543 555 553 564 543 West………………………………………………………………………….. 645 648 669 598 582 1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. 3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. 4 Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately. 2 340 1,121 542 697 5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately. 6 Includes arts, entertainment, and recreation, not shown separately. 7 Includes federal government, not shown separately. 8 See footnote 8, table 1. p = preliminary. Table 5. Job openings levels 1 and rates 2 by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted Levels (in thousands) Industry and region Nov. 2006 Oct. 2007 Rates Nov. 2007p Nov. 2006 Oct. 2007 Nov. 2007p Total…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3,834 4,102 3,667 2.7 2.9 2.6 Total private……………………………………………………………………………….. 3,401 3,647 3,248 Natural resources and mining…………………………………………… 18 9 7 Construction………………………………………………………………………………………… 89 136 115 Manufacturing…………………………………………………………………………. 284 293 264 Durable goods...……………………………………………………………..…. 187 169 157 Nondurable goods...………………………………………………………..… 97 124 107 Trade, transportation, and utilities……………………………………………. 635 690 600 Wholesale trade………………………………………………………...……… 107 154 111 Retail trade………………………………………………………..…..……….. 393 392 344 Transportation, warehousing, and utilities……………….... 135 144 145 Information………………………………………………………………...……….. 153 86 82 Financial activities……..…………………………………………………….…… 224 229 212 Finance and insurance…………………………………………………………………………. 179 179 172 Real estate and rental and leasing…………………………….. 45 50 40 Professional and business services…………………………………. 653 741 685 Education and health services………………………………………….……………. 661 688 672 Educational services………………………………………………………. 55 65 63 Health care and social assistance……………………………. 605 623 610 Leisure and hospitality………………...……………………………...……… 543 616 485 Arts, entertainment, and recreation………………………………. 76 69 52 Accommodation and food services…………………………. 467 547 432 Other services……………………………………………………….…………….. 142 159 126 2.9 2.4 1.1 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.3 1.8 2.4 2.6 4.8 2.6 2.8 2.0 3.5 3.5 1.7 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 2.6 3.0 1.2 1.7 2.1 1.9 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.2 3.9 3.5 2.0 3.9 4.3 3.4 4.5 2.8 2.7 1.0 1.5 1.9 1.7 2.0 2.2 1.8 2.1 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.7 1.8 3.6 3.4 1.9 3.8 3.5 2.7 3.6 2.3 Government…………………………………………………………………………….. 433 455 419 Federal……………………………………………………………………...…………… 29 47 38 State and local…………….………………………………………….………………. 404 408 381 1.9 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.9 2.8 2.8 2.1 3.0 2.7 3.1 2.3 3.2 2.2 2.9 2.1 2.7 INDUSTRY REGION 3 Northeast…………………………………………………………………………….. 747 724 598 South………………………………………………………………………………….. 1,446 1,612 1,486 Midwest………………………………………………………………………………..….. 681 743 706 West…………………………………………………………………………………………. 960 1,022 877 1 Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. 3 See footnote 8, table 1. p = preliminary. 2 Table 6. Hires levels 1 and rates 2 by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted Levels (in thousands) Industry and region Nov. 2006 Oct. 2007 Rates Nov. 2007p Nov. 2006 Oct. 2007 Nov. 2007p Total…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4,569 4,931 4,203 3.3 3.5 3.0 Total private……………………………………………………………………………….. 4,294 4,584 3,941 Natural resources and mining…………………………………………… 16 18 22 Construction………………………………………………………………………………………… 307 295 271 Manufacturing…………………………………………………………………………. 295 375 299 Durable goods...……………………………………………………………..…. 172 211 175 Nondurable goods...………………………………………………………..… 123 164 125 Trade, transportation, and utilities……………………………………………. 1,179 1,165 1,024 Wholesale trade………………………………………………………...……… 100 174 131 Retail trade………………………………………………………..…..……….. 931 850 771 Transportation, warehousing, and utilities……………….... 149 142 122 Information………………………………………………………………...……….. 74 57 47 Financial activities……..…………………………………………………….…… 197 235 176 Finance and insurance…………………………………………………………………………. 123 173 108 Real estate and rental and leasing…………………………….. 74 62 68 Professional and business services…………………………………. 930 860 840 Education and health services………………………………………….……………. 411 534 447 Educational services………………………………………………………. 37 67 47 Health care and social assistance……………………………. 374 467 400 Leisure and hospitality………………...……………………………...……… 767 874 706 Arts, entertainment, and recreation………………………………. 120 97 107 Accommodation and food services…………………………. 647 777 599 Other services……………………………………………………….…………….. 120 172 108 3.7 2.3 4.0 2.1 1.9 2.4 4.4 1.7 5.9 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.0 3.4 5.2 2.3 1.2 2.5 5.9 6.6 5.7 2.2 3.9 2.4 3.8 2.7 2.4 3.2 4.4 2.9 5.5 2.8 1.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 4.7 2.8 2.1 3.0 6.4 5.0 6.7 3.2 3.4 3.0 3.6 2.1 2.0 2.4 3.8 2.2 4.9 2.4 1.5 2.1 1.7 3.1 4.6 2.4 1.4 2.6 5.3 5.8 5.2 2.0 Government…………………………………………………………………………….. 275 346 262 Federal……………………………………………………………………...…………… 40 40 46 State and local…………….………………………………………….………………. 235 307 216 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.7 1.1 2.5 3.6 3.0 3.8 2.6 3.9 3.3 4.0 2.5 3.3 2.9 3.1 INDUSTRY REGION 3 Northeast…………………………………………………………………………….. 636 672 649 South………………………………………………………………………………….. 1,793 1,956 1,649 Midwest………………………………………………………………………………..….. 951 1,059 946 West…………………………………………………………………………………………. 1,188 1,243 960 1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. 3 See footnote 8, table 1. p = preliminary. 2 Table 7. Total separations levels 1 and rates 2 by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted Levels (in thousands) Industry and region Nov. 2006 Oct. 2007 Rates Nov. 2007p Nov. 2006 Oct. 2007 Nov. 2007p Total…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4,411 4,673 4,150 3.2 3.4 3.0 Total private……………………………………………………………………………….. 4,198 4,449 3,956 Natural resources and mining…………………………………………… 16 18 24 Construction………………………………………………………………………………………… 447 378 352 Manufacturing…………………………………………………………………………. 322 417 348 Durable goods...……………………………………………………………..…. 196 240 204 Nondurable goods...………………………………………………………..… 127 177 144 Trade, transportation, and utilities……………………………………………. 954 962 928 Wholesale trade………………………………………………………...……… 137 164 112 Retail trade………………………………………………………..…..……….. 668 660 657 Transportation, warehousing, and utilities……………….... 148 138 160 Information………………………………………………………………...……….. 74 55 57 Financial activities……..…………………………………………………….…… 194 234 173 Finance and insurance…………………………………………………………………………. 106 159 90 Real estate and rental and leasing…………………………….. 88 75 83 Professional and business services…………………………………. 907 916 845 Education and health services………………………………………….……………. 348 384 342 Educational services………………………………………………………. 36 35 43 Health care and social assistance……………………………. 312 349 299 Leisure and hospitality………………...……………………………...……… 806 933 782 Arts, entertainment, and recreation………………………………. 130 148 148 Accommodation and food services…………………………. 675 785 633 Other services……………………………………………………….…………….. 131 153 105 3.6 2.3 5.7 2.3 2.2 2.4 3.6 2.3 4.2 2.9 2.4 2.3 1.7 4.0 5.1 1.9 1.2 2.1 6.2 7.2 6.0 2.4 3.8 2.4 4.9 3.0 2.7 3.4 3.6 2.7 4.3 2.7 1.8 2.8 2.6 3.4 5.0 2.0 1.1 2.2 6.9 7.6 6.7 2.8 3.4 3.2 4.6 2.5 2.3 2.8 3.4 1.9 4.2 3.1 1.8 2.1 1.4 3.8 4.7 1.8 1.3 1.9 5.8 8.0 5.5 1.9 Government…………………………………………………………………………….. 213 224 194 Federal……………………………………………………………………...…………… 31 26 23 State and local…………….………………………………………….………………. 182 198 172 .9 1.1 .9 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 .8 .9 2.5 3.6 3.1 3.3 2.7 3.7 3.0 3.8 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.1 INDUSTRY REGION 3 Northeast…………………………………………………………………………….. 635 702 688 South………………………………………………………………………………….. 1,778 1,837 1,454 Midwest………………………………………………………………………………..….. 992 951 1,030 West…………………………………………………………………………………………. 1,005 1,183 978 1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. 3 See footnote 8, table 1. p = preliminary. 2 Table 8. Quits levels 1 and rates 2 by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted Levels (in thousands) Industry and region Nov. 2006 Oct. 2007 Rates Nov. 2007p Nov. 2006 Oct. 2007 Nov. 2007p Total…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2,408 2,626 2,100 1.7 1.9 1.5 2.0 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.1 1.3 2.3 1.4 2.8 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.9 2.4 1.3 .6 1.4 3.9 2.1 4.2 1.3 2.1 1.2 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.9 2.2 1.4 2.8 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.4 2.5 1.3 .7 1.4 4.3 2.4 4.6 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.1 .9 1.3 1.8 .8 2.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.1 2.0 1.2 .7 1.3 3.6 1.8 3.9 1.2 .5 .5 .5 .5 .4 .6 .5 .3 .5 1.4 2.0 1.5 1.8 1.3 2.2 1.6 2.1 1.2 1.6 1.5 1.6 INDUSTRY Total private……………………………………………………………………………….. 2,302 2,506 1,997 Natural resources and mining…………………………………………… 9 9 12 Construction………………………………………………………………………………………… 122 147 91 Manufacturing…………………………………………………………………………. 164 211 148 Durable goods...……………………………………………………………..…. 95 115 80 Nondurable goods...………………………………………………………..… 69 95 68 Trade, transportation, and utilities……………………………………………. 604 581 488 Wholesale trade………………………………………………………...……… 86 87 51 Retail trade………………………………………………………..…..……….. 441 430 374 Transportation, warehousing, and utilities……………….... 77 64 63 Information………………………………………………………………...……….. 46 33 37 Financial activities……..…………………………………………………….…… 116 131 88 Finance and insurance…………………………………………………………………………. 74 99 64 Real estate and rental and leasing…………………………….. 42 32 24 Professional and business services…………………………………. 422 455 355 Education and health services………………………………………….……………. 237 242 224 Educational services………………………………………………………. 18 21 24 Health care and social assistance……………………………. 218 221 200 Leisure and hospitality………………...……………………………...……… 511 588 490 Arts, entertainment, and recreation………………………………. 38 48 34 Accommodation and food services…………………………. 472 540 456 Other services……………………………………………………….…………….. 72 109 64 Government…………………………………………………………………………….. 106 120 103 Federal……………………………………………………………………...…………… 15 10 8 State and local…………….………………………………………….………………. 91 110 95 REGION 3 Northeast…………………………………………………………………………….. 355 340 309 South………………………………………………………………………………….. 999 1,119 818 Midwest………………………………………………………………………………..….. 486 513 484 West…………………………………………………………………………………………. 567 653 489 1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. 3 See footnote 8, table 1. p = preliminary. 2 Table 9. Layoffs and discharges levels 1 and rates 2 by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted Levels (in thousands) Industry and region Nov. 2006 Oct. 2007 Rates Nov. 2007p Nov. 2006 Oct. 2007 Nov. 2007p Total…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1,719 1,796 1,798 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 .8 3.8 1.0 1.0 .9 1.1 .7 1.2 1.2 .7 .8 .4 2.1 2.4 .4 .4 .4 2.1 4.9 1.7 .9 1.5 .9 2.8 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 .4 1.0 .8 1.7 2.3 .6 .4 .6 2.4 5.0 1.9 .6 1.5 1.4 3.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 .9 1.5 1.7 .5 .9 .3 2.4 2.5 .5 .5 .5 2.0 6.0 1.4 .6 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .8 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.4 INDUSTRY Total private……………………………………………………………………………….. 1,646 1,723 1,739 Natural resources and mining…………………………………………… 5 7 10 Construction………………………………………………………………………………………… 294 217 243 Manufacturing…………………………………………………………………………. 135 185 175 Durable goods...……………………………………………………………..…. 87 114 111 Nondurable goods...………………………………………………………..… 47 72 64 Trade, transportation, and utilities……………………………………………. 289 324 380 Wholesale trade………………………………………………………...……… 44 72 52 Retail trade………………………………………………………..…..……….. 184 196 241 Transportation, warehousing, and utilities……………….... 61 55 87 Information………………………………………………………………...……….. 22 13 15 Financial activities……..…………………………………………………….…… 69 88 73 Finance and insurance…………………………………………………………………………. 24 50 21 Real estate and rental and leasing…………………………….. 45 38 53 Professional and business services…………………………………. 422 424 448 Education and health services………………………………………….……………. 81 107 92 Educational services………………………………………………………. 13 12 16 Health care and social assistance……………………………. 68 95 76 Leisure and hospitality………………...……………………………...……… 281 324 270 Arts, entertainment, and recreation………………………………. 89 97 112 Accommodation and food services…………………………. 192 227 159 Other services……………………………………………………….…………….. 49 34 32 Government…………………………………………………………………………….. 72 73 59 Federal……………………………………………………………………...…………… 8 9 8 State and local…………….………………………………………….………………. 64 64 51 REGION 3 Northeast…………………………………………………………………………….. 214 307 327 South………………………………………………………………………………….. 688 621 553 Midwest………………………………………………………………………………..….. 445 387 494 West…………………………………………………………………………………………. 371 481 424 1 Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. 3 See footnote 8, table 1. p = preliminary. 2 Table 10. Other separations levels 1 and rates 2 by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted Levels (in thousands) Industry and region Nov. 2006 Oct. 2007 Rates Nov. 2007p Nov. 2006 Oct. 2007 Nov. 2007p Total…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 285 251 252 0.2 0.2 0.2 .2 .3 .4 .2 .1 .2 .2 .1 .3 .2 .2 .1 .1 (4 ) .4 .2 .1 .2 .1 .2 .1 .2 .2 .3 .2 .1 .1 .2 .2 .1 .2 .4 .3 .2 .2 .3 .2 .2 .1 .2 .2 .1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .3 .2 .2 .1 .1 .3 .2 .1 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .2 .2 .3 .1 .1 .3 .1 .1 .2 .1 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 INDUSTRY Total private……………………………………………………………………………….. 250 220 221 Natural resources and mining…………………………………………… 2 2 2 Construction………………………………………………………………………………………… 30 13 18 Manufacturing…………………………………………………………………………. 23 21 25 Durable goods...……………………………………………………………..…. 13 11 14 Nondurable goods...………………………………………………………..… 10 10 12 Trade, transportation, and utilities……………………………………………. 61 57 60 Wholesale trade………………………………………………………...……… 7 4 9 Retail trade………………………………………………………..…..……….. 44 33 41 Transportation, warehousing, and utilities……………….... 10 20 10 Information………………………………………………………………...……….. 6 9 5 Financial activities……..…………………………………………………….…… 9 16 12 Finance and insurance…………………………………………………………………………. 8 10 5 Real estate and rental and leasing…………………………….. 1 6 7 Professional and business services…………………………………. 64 36 42 Education and health services………………………………………….……………. 30 35 26 Educational services………………………………………………………. 5 2 3 Health care and social assistance……………………………. 26 32 23 Leisure and hospitality………………...……………………………...……… 14 21 21 Arts, entertainment, and recreation………………………………. 3 3 3 Accommodation and food services…………………………. 11 19 19 Other services……………………………………………………….…………….. 11 11 9 Government…………………………………………………………………………….. 35 31 32 Federal……………………………………………………………………...…………… 8 7 6 State and local…………….………………………………………….………………. 27 24 26 REGION 3 Northeast…………………………………………………………………………….. 66 55 52 South………………………………………………………………………………….. 91 96 83 Midwest………………………………………………………………………………..….. 61 51 53 West…………………………………………………………………………………………. 67 49 65 1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. 3 See footnote 8, table 1. 4 Data round to zero. p = preliminary. 2