Full text of June 2007 : Text File, USDL-07-1201
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Technical information: (202) 691-5870 USDL 07-1201
http://www.bls.gov/jlt/
For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Media contact: 691-5902 Wednesday, August 8, 2007
JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER: JUNE 2007
On the last business day of June, there were 4.3 million job openings in
the United States, and the job openings rate was 3.0 percent, the Bureau of
Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The job
openings rate increased slightly in June, while the hires rate and the to-
tal separations rate were essentially unchanged. This release includes es-
timates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for
the total nonfarm sector by industry and geographic region.
Job Openings
In June, the job openings rate increased slightly to 3.0 percent after
remaining steady at 2.9 percent for the prior 4 months. Job openings in-
clude only those jobs still open on the last business day of the month.
The job openings rate rose in June in retail trade and in professional and
business services but fell in construction. The job openings rate increas-
ed over the month in the West region. The seasonally adjusted job openings
rate was highest in June for the following industries: professional and
business services (4.3 percent) and accommodations and food services (4.0
percent). (See table 1.)
Over the year, the job openings rate increased in nondurable goods manu-
facturing; retail trade; and professional and business services. The rate
decreased in construction and in transportation, warehousing, and utilities.
The job openings rate increased over the year in the West region. (See
table 5.)
Hires
The hires rate was little changed at 3.4 percent in June. Hires are any
additions to the payroll during the month. In June, the hires rate did not
increase significantly in any industry but decreased in retail trade. The
hires rate decreased over the month in the South region. The seasonally
adjusted hires rate was highest in June in accommodations and food services
(6.3 percent). (See table 2.)
From June 2006 to June 2007, the hires rate rose in natural resources
and mining; finance and insurance; and federal government. The hires rate
fell in retail trade; transportation, warehousing, and utilities; and state
and local government. The hires rate decreased over the year in both the
Northeast and South regions. (See table 6.)
Separations
The total separations, or turnover, rate was unchanged at 3.3 percent in
June. Separations are terminations of employment that occur at any time dur-
ing the month. Over the month, none of the industries or regions experienced
a significant change in the separations rate. From June 2006 to June 2007,
the total separations rate increased in federal government. The total sepa-
rations rate decreased in retail trade; transportation, warehousing, and uti-
lities; real estate and rental and leasing; and state and local government.
Geographically, the total separations rate fell over the year in both the
Northeast and South regions. (See tables 3 and 7.)
- 2 -
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally
adjusted
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Job openings | Hires | Total separations
|--------------------------------------------------------------
Industry | June | May | June | June | May | June | June | May | June
| 2006 | 2007 | 2007p| 2006 | 2007 | 2007p| 2006 | 2007 | 2007p
---------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------
| Levels (in thousands)
|--------------------------------------------------------------
Total (1)............|3,995 |4,095 |4,305 |4,986 |4,982 |4,752 |4,654 |4,544 |4,513
| | | | | | | | |
Total private (1)..|3,538 |3,627 |3,830 |4,520 |4,503 |4,339 |4,326 |4,233 |4,203
Construction.....| 168 | 157 | 110 | 369 | 351 | 348 | 356 | 346 | 348
Manufacturing....| 308 | 345 | 348 | 375 | 356 | 360 | 378 | 396 | 376
Trade, trans- | | | | | | | | |
portation, and | | | | | | | | |
utilities (2)...| 663 | 609 | 673 |1,075 |1,044 | 900 |1,046 | 950 | 969
Retail trade....| 386 | 337 | 427 | 747 | 715 | 603 | 771 | 685 | 681
Professional | | | | | | | | |
and business | | | | | | | | |
services........| 595 | 654 | 801 | 934 | 935 | 899 | 778 | 775 | 732
Education and | | | | | | | | |
health ser- | | | | | | | | |
vices...........| 665 | 703 | 708 | 489 | 507 | 512 | 439 | 437 | 467
Leisure and | | | | | | | | |
hospitality (3) | 495 | 571 | 562 | 826 | 873 | 850 | 813 | 833 | 847
Accommodations | | | | | | | | |
and food | | | | | | | | |
services......| 434 | 500 | 486 | 717 | 755 | 727 | 689 | 715 | 718
Government (4).....| 455 | 468 | 469 | 392 | 409 | 398 | 316 | 315 | 309
State and local | | | | | | | | |
government......| 421 | 424 | 427 | 341 | 330 | 317 | 257 | 239 | 238
|--------------------------------------------------------------
| Rates (percent)
|--------------------------------------------------------------
Total (1)............| 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3
| | | | | | | | |
Total private (1)..| 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.6
Construction.....| 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5
Manufacturing....| 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.7
Trade, trans- | | | | | | | | |
portation, and | | | | | | | | |
utilities (2)...| 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 3.6 | 3.7
Retail trade....| 2.5 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 4.4
Professional | | | | | | | | |
and business | | | | | | | | |
services........| 3.3 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.1
Education and | | | | | | | | |
health ser- | | | | | | | | |
vices...........| 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.5
Leisure and | | | | | | | | |
hospitality (3) | 3.6 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2
Accommodations | | | | | | | | |
and food | | | | | | | | |
services......| 3.7 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2
Government (4).....| 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4
State and local | | | | | | | | |
government......| 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and
other services, not shown separately.
2 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not
shown separately.
3 Includes arts, entertainment, and recreation, not shown separately.
4 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
p = preliminary.
- 3 -
Total separations include quits (voluntary separations), layoffs and dis-
charges (involuntary separations), and other separations (including retire-
ments). The quits rate, which can serve as a barometer of workers' ability
to change jobs, was unchanged at 1.9 percent in June. None of the indus-
tries experienced a significant change in the quits rate over the month.
The quits rate decreased in the South region. In June, the seasonally ad-
justed quits rate was highest in the accommodations and food services indus-
try (4.6 percent). (See table 4.)
Over the year, the quits rate rose in natural resources and mining. The
quits rate fell over the year in information and in real estate and rental
and leasing. Geographically, the quits rate fell over the year in the South
region. (See table 8.)
The other two components of total separations--layoffs and discharges,
and other separations--are not seasonally adjusted. For June, the layoffs
and discharges rate (1.1 percent) and level (1.5 million) were unchanged
from a year earlier. The layoffs and discharges rate in June was highest
in educational services (2.0 percent), followed closely by arts, entertain-
ment, and recreation (1.9 percent) and construction (1.9 percent). From
June 2006 to June 2007, the other separations rate was unchanged at 0.3 per-
cent and the level was essentially unchanged at 410,000. (See tables 9
and 10.)
The total separations rate is driven by the relative contribution of its
three components (quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations),
with quits contributing the largest portion. The percentage of total sepa-
rations attributable to quits has risen and fallen over time along with to-
tal nonfarm employment levels. The proportion of total separations due to
quits fell from 61 percent in February 2001 to 51 percent in August 2003
(seasonally adjusted), and has since risen. In June 2007, quits accounted
for 58 percent of total separations.
Flows in the Labor Market
Several industries consistently have high rates of both hires and sepa-
rations. These include construction; retail trade; professional and busi-
ness services; arts, entertainment, and recreation; and accommodations and
food services. In the 12 months ending in June 2007, these 5 industries
produced 34.4 million hires and 32.4 million separations. Thus, these five
industries accounted for 58 percent of total nonfarm hires and 59 percent
of total nonfarm separations while comprising only 39 percent of total non-
farm employment.
For More Information
For additional information, please read the Technical Note or visit the
JOLTS Web site at http://www.bls.gov/jlt/. Additional information about
JOLTS also may be obtained by e-mailing Joltsinfo@bls.gov or by calling
(202) 691-5870.
______________________________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover release for July 2007 is scheduled
to be issued on Tuesday, September 11.
- 4 -
Technical Note
The data for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) are
collected and compiled monthly from a sample of business establishments
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
Collection
Each month, data are collected in a survey of business establishments
for total employment, job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges,
and other separations. Data collection methods include computer-assisted
telephone interviewing, touchtone data entry, fax, and mail.
Coverage
The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments such as
factories, offices, and stores, as well as federal, state, and local
government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Concepts
Industry classification. The industry classifications in this release
are in accordance with the 2002 version of the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS). In order to ensure the highest possible
quality of data, State Workforce Agencies verify with employers and update,
if necessary, the industry code, location, and ownership classification of
all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment characteris-
tics resulting from the verification process are always introduced into the
JOLTS sampling frame with the data reported for the first month of the year.
Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or re-
ceived pay for the pay period that includes the 12th day of the reference
month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried,
and hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacations or
other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated businesses,
unpaid family workers, or persons on leave without pay or on strike for
the entire pay period, are not counted as employed. Employees of tempo-
rary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and
consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by the establish-
ment where they are working.
Job openings. Establishments submit job openings information for the
last business day of the reference month. A job opening requires that:
1) a specific position exists and there is work available for that posi-
tion, 2) work could start within 30 days regardless of whether a suitable
candidate is found, and 3) the employer is actively recruiting from outside
the establishment to fill the position. Included are full-time, part-time,
permanent, short-term, and seasonal openings. Active recruiting means that
the establishment is taking steps to fill a position by advertising in news-
papers or on the Internet, posting help-wanted signs, accepting applications,
or using other similar methods.
Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions, demotions, or
recall from layoffs are excluded. Also excluded are jobs with start dates
more than 30 days in the future, jobs for which employees have been hired
but have not yet reported for work, and jobs to be filled by employees of
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors,
or consultants. The job openings rate is computed by dividing the number
of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying
that quotient by 100.
- 5 -
Hires. Hires are the total number of additions to the payroll occurring
at any time during the reference month, including both new and rehired em-
ployees, full-time and part-time, permanent, short-term and seasonal em-
ployees, employees recalled to the location after a layoff lasting more
than 7 days, on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after
having been formally separated, and transfers from other locations. The
hires count does not include transfers or promotions within the reporting
site, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies
or employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The
hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by employment and
multiplying that quotient by 100.
Separations. Separations are the total number of terminations of
employment occurring at any time during the reference month, and are
reported by type of separation--quits, layoffs and discharges, and
other separations. Quits are voluntary separations by employees (ex-
cept for retirements, which are reported as other separations). Lay-
offs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the em-
ployer and include layoffs with no intent to rehire, formal layoffs
lasting or expected to last more than 7 days, discharges resulting
from mergers, downsizing, or closings, firings or other discharges
for cause, terminations of permanent or short-term employees, and
terminations of seasonal employees. Other separations include re-
tirements, transfers to other locations, deaths, and separations
due to disability. Separations do not include transfers within the
same location or employees on strike.
The separations rate is computed by dividing the number of separations
by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, layoffs
and discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly, divid-
ing the number by employment and multiplying by 100.
Annual estimates. Annual estimates of rates and levels of hires, quits,
layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are released
with the January news release each year.
The JOLTS annual level estimates for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges,
other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 12 published
monthly levels. The annual rate estimates are computed by dividing the an-
nual level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) annual average employ-
ment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. This figure will be ap-
proximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly rates. Note that both the
JOLTS and CES annual levels are rounded to the nearest thousand before the
annual estimates are calculated. Consistent with BLS practices, annual es-
timates will be published only for not seasonally adjusted data.
Annual estimates are not calculated for job openings because job
openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the last business
day of each month. Only jobs still open on the last day of the month are
counted. For the same reason job openings cannot be cumulated throughout
each month, annual figures for job openings cannot be created by summing
the monthly estimates. Hires and separations are flow measures and are
cumulated over the month with a total reported for the month. Therefore,
the annual figures can be created by summing the monthly estimates.
- 6 -
Sample methodology
The JOLTS sample design is a random sample of 16,000 nonfarm business
establishments, including factories, offices, and stores, as well as
federal, state, and local governments in the 50 states and the District
of Columbia. The establishments are drawn from a universe of over eight
million establishments compiled as part of the operations of the Quarterly
Census of Employment and Wages, or QCEW, program. This program includes
all employers subject to state Unemployment Insurance (UI) laws and federal
agencies subject to Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE).
The sampling frame is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector,
and size class. Large firms fall into the sample with virtual certainty.
JOLTS total employment estimates are controlled to the employment estimates
of the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS
employment is used to adjust the levels for all other JOLTS data elements.
Rates are then computed from the adjusted levels.
Using JOLTS data
The JOLTS data series on job openings, hires, and separations are rel-
atively new. The full sample is divided into panels, with one panel
enrolled each month. A full complement of panels for the original data
series based on the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system
was not completely enrolled in the survey until January 2002. The supple-
mental panels of establishments needed to create NAICS estimates were not
completely enrolled until May 2003. The data collected up until those
points are from less than a full sample. Therefore, estimates from earlier
months should be used with caution, as fewer sampled units were reporting
data at that time.
In March 2002, BLS procedures for collecting hires and separations data
were revised to address possible underreporting. As a result, JOLTS hires
and separations estimates for months prior to March 2002 may not be compar-
able with estimates for March 2002 and later.
The federal government reorganization that involved transferring approx-
imately 180,000 employees to the new Department of Homeland Security is not
reflected in the JOLTS hires and separations estimates for the federal gov-
ernment. The Office of Personnel Management's record shows these transfers
were completed in March 2003. The inclusion of transfers in the JOLTS defi-
nitions of hires and separations is intended to cover ongoing movements of
workers between establishments. The Department of Homeland Security reorgan-
ization was a massive one-time event, and the inclusion of these intergovern-
mental transfers would distort the federal government time series.
Seasonal adjustment
BLS seasonally adjusts several JOLTS series using the X-12-ARIMA
seasonal adjustment program. Seasonal adjustment is the process of
estimating and removing periodic fluctuations caused by events such
as weather, holidays, and the beginning and ending of the school year.
Seasonal adjustment makes it easier to observe fundamental changes in
the level of the series, particularly those associated with general
economic expansions and contractions. A concurrent seasonal adjust-
ment methodology is used in which new seasonal adjustment factors are
calculated each month, using all relevant data, up to and including
the data for the current month.
- 7 -
Prior to the January 2007 benchmark release in March 2007, sea-
sonal adjustment of the JOLTS series was conducted using the stable
seasonal filter option since there were not enough data observations
available for the standard use of moving averages as seasonal filters.
Although the seasonal adjustment of the JOLTS series is conducted with
fewer data observations than is customary, the number of observations
is now above the minimum required by X-12-ARIMA to use the normal sea-
sonal filters. Therefore, the standard use of moving averages as seasonal
filter is now in place for JOLTS seasonal adjustment. JOLTS seasonal ad-
justment now includes both additive and multiplicative seasonal adjustment
models and REGARIMA (regression with autocorrelated errors) modeling to
improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the
series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. Due to
the improved diagnostics, three additional industries are now season-
ally adjusted: retail trade, accommodations and food services, and
state and local government. It is expected that more series may be sea-
sonally adjusted when more data are available.
Reliability of the estimates
JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a
chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population
values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is
measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS analysis is generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that there is
a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a
sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true"
population value because of sampling error. Estimates of sampling errors
are available upon request.
The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling
error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to include a seg-
ment of the population, the inability to obtain data from all units in the
sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the collection
or processing of the data, and errors from the employment benchmark data
used in estimation.
JOLTS hires and separations estimates cannot be used to exactly ex-
plain net changes in nonfarm payroll employment. Some reasons why it is
problematic to compare changes in payroll employment with JOLTS hires and
separations, especially on a monthly basis, are: 1) the reference period
for payroll employment is the pay period including the 12th of the month,
while the reference period for hires and separations is the calendar month;
and 2) payroll employment can vary from month to month simply because part-
time and on-call workers may not always work during the pay period that in-
cludes the 12th of the month. Additionally, research has found that some
reporters systematically underreport separations relative to hires due to a
number of factors, including the nature of their payroll systems and prac-
tices. The shortfall appears to be about 2 percent or less over a 12-month
period.
Other information
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
phone: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Job openings levels (1) and rates (2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels (3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June June Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007p 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007p
Total (4).................................. 3,995 4,222 4,149 4,176 4,170 4,095 4,305 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0
INDUSTRY
Total private (4)......................... 3,538 3,746 3,666 3,702 3,683 3,627 3,830 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.2
Construction............................. 168 142 229 152 154 157 110 2.1 1.8 2.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.4
Manufacturing............................ 308 337 330 316 350 345 348 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities (5). 663 727 660 677 669 609 673 2.5 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.5
Retail trade............................ 386 413 378 375 389 337 427 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.7
Professional and business services....... 595 707 642 758 735 654 801 3.3 3.8 3.5 4.1 4.0 3.5 4.3
Education and health services............ 665 707 670 685 706 703 708 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7
Leisure and hospitality (6).............. 495 552 566 574 512 571 562 3.6 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.7 4.0 4.0
Accommodations and food services........ 434 495 511 506 453 500 486 3.7 4.1 4.3 4.2 3.8 4.1 4.0
Government (7)............................ 455 477 482 470 488 468 469 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
State and local government............... 421 439 438 430 439 424 427 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1
REGION (8)
Northeast................................ 702 733 717 703 675 674 696 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.6
South.................................... 1,583 1,653 1,631 1,658 1,670 1,648 1,646 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2
Midwest.................................. 786 822 783 797 779 799 843 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.6
West..................................... 913 1,005 1,011 1,027 1,038 970 1,109 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.5
1 Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus
job openings.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
4 Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes arts, entertainment, and recreation, not shown separately.
7 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
8 The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia,
Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and
West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota,
and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and
Wyoming.
p = preliminary.
Table 2. Hires levels (1) and rates (2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels (3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June June Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007p 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007p
Total (4).................................. 4,986 4,959 4,815 4,815 4,832 4,982 4,752 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.4
INDUSTRY
Total private (4)......................... 4,520 4,607 4,509 4,416 4,423 4,503 4,339 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.7
Construction............................. 369 299 298 356 330 351 348 4.8 3.9 3.9 4.6 4.3 4.6 4.5
Manufacturing............................ 375 369 371 318 350 356 360 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities (5). 1,075 1,020 1,018 1,006 1,028 1,044 900 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.4
Retail trade............................ 747 757 695 691 706 715 603 4.9 4.9 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 3.9
Professional and business services....... 934 954 953 881 828 935 899 5.3 5.4 5.3 4.9 4.6 5.2 5.0
Education and health services............ 489 508 518 497 507 507 512 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8
Leisure and hospitality (6).............. 826 956 934 867 903 873 850 6.3 7.1 7.0 6.4 6.7 6.5 6.3
Accommodations and food services........ 717 825 778 726 811 755 727 6.4 7.2 6.8 6.3 7.0 6.5 6.3
Government (7)............................ 392 384 379 404 421 409 398 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8
State and local government............... 341 321 317 313 333 330 317 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6
REGION (8)
Northeast................................ 705 833 709 740 759 705 668 2.8 3.2 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.6
South.................................... 1,934 1,899 1,837 1,835 1,894 1,960 1,791 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.8 4.0 3.6
Midwest.................................. 1,073 1,167 1,184 1,105 1,069 1,101 1,110 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.5
West..................................... 1,188 1,142 1,156 1,157 1,122 1,143 1,152 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.7
1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.
2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
4 Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes arts, entertainment, and recreation, not shown separately.
7 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
8 See footnote 8, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 3. Total separations levels (1) and rates (2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels (3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June June Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007p 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007p
Total (4).................................. 4,654 4,602 4,556 4,741 4,524 4,544 4,513 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3
INDUSTRY
Total private (4)......................... 4,326 4,296 4,263 4,417 4,227 4,233 4,203 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6
Construction............................. 356 400 322 344 360 346 348 4.6 5.2 4.2 4.5 4.7 4.5 4.5
Manufacturing.......................... .. 378 399 422 400 380 396 376 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities (5). 1,046 973 943 974 975 950 969 4.0 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.7
Retail trade............................ 771 680 656 682 678 685 681 5.0 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.4
Professional and business services....... 778 894 862 876 805 775 732 4.4 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.5 4.3 4.1
Education and health services............ 439 423 419 429 414 437 467 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.5
Leisure and hospitality (6).............. 813 768 835 846 861 833 847 6.2 5.7 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.2
Accommodations and food services........ 689 612 697 702 720 715 718 6.2 5.4 6.1 6.1 6.3 6.2 6.2
Government (7)............................ 316 309 294 315 311 315 309 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
State and local government............... 257 254 243 238 241 239 238 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
REGION (8)
Northeast................................ 717 740 675 667 640 642 633 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5
South.................................... 1,953 1,783 1,763 1,829 1,904 1,798 1,689 4.0 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.9 3.6 3.4
Midwest.................................. 937 1,034 1,054 1,006 981 1,024 1,019 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.2
West..................................... 1,100 1,037 1,041 1,165 1,040 1,062 1,189 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.4 3.4 3.9
1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.
2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
4 Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes arts, entertainment, and recreation, not shown separately.
7 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
8 See footnote 8, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 4. Quits levels (1) and rates (2) by industry and region, seasonally adjusted
Levels (3) (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June June Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June
2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007p 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007 2007p
Total (4).................................. 2,748 2,648 2,705 2,763 2,637 2,686 2,627 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9
INDUSTRY
Total private (4)......................... 2,601 2,505 2,571 2,591 2,486 2,530 2,473 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1
Construction............................. 170 141 120 131 126 124 127 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7
Manufacturing............................ 190 229 212 216 199 216 202 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities (5). 617 594 606 608 600 606 616 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3
Retail trade............................ 467 422 438 428 440 445 447 3.1 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9
Professional and business services....... 418 498 486 461 418 424 417 2.4 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.3
Education and health services............ 292 271 280 267 274 284 277 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5
Leisure and hospitality (6).............. 618 489 579 590 592 551 588 4.7 3.7 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.1 4.3
Accommodations and food services........ 561 448 531 539 542 503 532 5.0 3.9 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.6
Government (7)............................ 146 150 139 155 153 157 153 .7 .7 .6 .7 .7 .7 .7
State and local government............... 120 129 117 130 129 130 123 .6 .7 .6 .7 .7 .7 .6
REGION (8)
Northeast................................ 363 355 322 352 350 331 371 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4
South.................................... 1,219 1,099 1,152 1,150 1,163 1,162 1,036 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.1
Midwest.................................. 555 595 599 588 544 551 569 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8
West..................................... 615 602 629 665 590 643 643 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.1
1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.
2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
4 Includes natural resources and mining, information, financial activities, and other services, not shown separately.
5 Includes wholesale trade and transportation, warehousing, and utilities, not shown separately.
6 Includes arts, entertainment, and recreation, not shown separately.
7 Includes federal government, not shown separately.
8 See footnote 8, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 5. Job openings levels (1) and rates (2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June May June June May June
2006 2007 2007p 2006 2007 2007p
Total........................................... 4,044 4,278 4,361 2.9 3.0 3.0
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 3,535 3,790 3,838 3.0 3.2 3.2
Natural resources and mining.................. 15 14 13 2.1 1.9 1.8
Construction.................................. 198 190 128 2.4 2.4 1.6
Manufacturing................................. 317 356 356 2.2 2.5 2.5
Durable goods................................ 210 216 224 2.3 2.4 2.4
Nondurable goods............................. 107 140 131 2.0 2.7 2.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 653 621 666 2.4 2.3 2.5
Wholesale trade.............................. 139 134 133 2.3 2.2 2.1
Retail trade................................. 367 345 409 2.3 2.2 2.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 147 142 124 2.8 2.7 2.4
Information................................... 137 141 158 4.3 4.3 4.8
Financial activities.......................... 279 247 259 3.2 2.8 3.0
Finance and insurance........................ 213 197 204 3.3 3.1 3.1
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 66 50 56 2.9 2.2 2.4
Professional and business services............ 610 665 823 3.3 3.6 4.4
Education and health services................. 673 725 713 3.7 3.8 3.8
Educational services......................... 69 71 78 2.5 2.3 2.7
Health care and social assistance............ 605 654 635 3.9 4.1 4.0
Leisure and hospitality....................... 493 656 560 3.5 4.6 3.8
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 55 82 77 2.5 3.9 3.4
Accommodations and food services............. 438 575 483 3.7 4.7 3.9
Other services................................ 159 175 161 2.8 3.1 2.8
Government..................................... 509 488 523 2.3 2.1 2.3
Federal....................................... 33 49 40 1.2 1.8 1.4
State and local............................... 476 438 484 2.4 2.2 2.4
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 712 692 699 2.7 2.6 2.6
South......................................... 1,587 1,756 1,636 3.1 3.4 3.2
Midwest....................................... 786 822 848 2.4 2.5 2.6
West.......................................... 959 1,008 1,178 3.0 3.1 3.6
1 Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.
2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a
percent of total employment plus job openings.
3 See footnote 8, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 6. Hires levels (1) and rates (2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June May June June May June
2006 2007 2007p 2006 2007 2007p
Total........................................... 5,980 5,689 5,708 4.4 4.1 4.1
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 5,461 5,261 5,184 4.7 4.5 4.4
Natural resources and mining.................. 23 36 33 3.3 5.0 4.6
Construction.................................. 477 464 452 6.0 6.0 5.7
Manufacturing................................. 439 416 421 3.1 3.0 3.0
Durable goods................................ 283 242 260 3.1 2.7 2.9
Nondurable goods............................. 156 174 161 3.0 3.4 3.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 1,210 1,165 994 4.6 4.4 3.8
Wholesale trade.............................. 175 187 179 2.9 3.1 3.0
Retail trade................................. 850 812 662 5.6 5.3 4.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 185 166 153 3.7 3.3 3.0
Information................................... 97 79 83 3.2 2.5 2.7
Financial activities.......................... 229 276 255 2.7 3.3 3.0
Finance and insurance........................ 140 177 187 2.3 2.8 3.0
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 89 100 67 4.0 4.5 3.0
Professional and business services............ 1,044 989 999 5.9 5.5 5.5
Education and health services................. 585 504 613 3.3 2.7 3.4
Educational services......................... 87 55 106 3.2 1.8 3.8
Health care and social assistance............ 498 449 508 3.3 2.9 3.3
Leisure and hospitality....................... 1,091 1,129 1,090 8.0 8.2 7.7
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 186 214 186 8.6 10.5 8.4
Accommodations and food services............. 905 914 904 7.9 7.8 7.6
Other services................................ 265 204 243 4.8 3.7 4.4
Government..................................... 518 428 524 2.4 1.9 2.4
Federal....................................... 67 92 114 2.4 3.4 4.2
State and local............................... 452 336 410 2.4 1.7 2.1
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 936 843 849 3.7 3.3 3.3
South......................................... 2,282 2,215 2,085 4.6 4.5 4.2
Midwest....................................... 1,307 1,386 1,363 4.1 4.3 4.3
West.......................................... 1,456 1,245 1,410 4.7 4.0 4.5
1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.
2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 See footnote 8, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 7. Total separations levels (1) and rates (2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June May June June May June
2006 2007 2007p 2006 2007 2007p
Total........................................... 4,940 4,544 4,776 3.6 3.3 3.4
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 4,462 4,201 4,311 3.9 3.6 3.7
Natural resources and mining.................. 16 25 19 2.4 3.5 2.7
Construction.................................. 327 328 313 4.1 4.2 4.0
Manufacturing................................. 380 403 372 2.7 2.9 2.6
Durable goods................................ 222 238 229 2.4 2.7 2.6
Nondurable goods............................. 158 165 142 3.0 3.2 2.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 1,045 974 974 4.0 3.7 3.7
Wholesale trade.............................. 146 118 178 2.5 2.0 2.9
Retail trade................................. 759 708 675 5.0 4.6 4.4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 140 148 121 2.8 2.9 2.4
Information................................... 92 77 74 3.0 2.5 2.4
Financial activities.......................... 224 245 202 2.7 2.9 2.4
Finance and insurance........................ 133 169 145 2.1 2.7 2.3
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 91 76 57 4.1 3.4 2.5
Professional and business services............ 835 722 743 4.7 4.0 4.1
Education and health services................. 515 488 554 2.9 2.7 3.0
Educational services......................... 86 69 103 3.2 2.3 3.7
Health care and social assistance............ 429 418 451 2.9 2.7 2.9
Leisure and hospitality....................... 826 800 855 6.0 5.8 6.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 99 93 98 4.6 4.6 4.4
Accommodations and food services............. 727 707 757 6.3 6.0 6.4
Other services................................ 202 140 205 3.7 2.5 3.7
Government..................................... 478 344 465 2.2 1.5 2.1
Federal....................................... 76 78 95 2.8 2.9 3.5
State and local............................... 402 266 369 2.1 1.3 1.9
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 788 567 684 3.1 2.2 2.6
South......................................... 2,053 1,931 1,780 4.2 3.9 3.6
Midwest....................................... 938 982 1,021 3.0 3.1 3.2
West.......................................... 1,161 1,064 1,290 3.8 3.4 4.1
1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.
2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent
of total employment.
3 See footnote 8, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 8. Quits levels (1) and rates (2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June May June June May June
2006 2007 2007p 2006 2007 2007p
Total........................................... 2,993 2,850 2,838 2.2 2.1 2.0
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 2,788 2,668 2,628 2.4 2.3 2.2
Natural resources and mining.................. 8 18 13 1.2 2.5 1.8
Construction.................................. 193 142 146 2.4 1.8 1.8
Manufacturing................................. 201 227 212 1.4 1.6 1.5
Durable goods................................ 120 133 128 1.3 1.5 1.4
Nondurable goods............................. 81 94 83 1.5 1.8 1.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 623 651 627 2.4 2.5 2.4
Wholesale trade.............................. 86 66 112 1.4 1.1 1.9
Retail trade................................. 464 495 449 3.0 3.2 2.9
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 74 90 66 1.5 1.8 1.3
Information................................... 70 43 43 2.3 1.4 1.4
Financial activities.......................... 150 173 130 1.8 2.0 1.5
Finance and insurance........................ 91 128 101 1.5 2.0 1.6
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 58 45 29 2.6 2.0 1.3
Professional and business services............ 452 439 433 2.5 2.5 2.4
Education and health services................. 328 305 314 1.9 1.7 1.7
Educational services......................... 43 29 44 1.6 .9 1.6
Health care and social assistance............ 285 276 270 1.9 1.8 1.8
Leisure and hospitality....................... 635 565 603 4.6 4.1 4.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 57 42 53 2.6 2.0 2.4
Accommodations and food services............. 577 523 550 5.0 4.5 4.6
Other services................................ 127 107 107 2.3 1.9 1.9
Government..................................... 204 182 209 .9 .8 .9
Federal....................................... 30 30 33 1.1 1.1 1.2
State and local............................... 174 152 177 .9 .8 .9
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 383 330 396 1.5 1.3 1.5
South......................................... 1,339 1,259 1,118 2.7 2.5 2.2
Midwest....................................... 578 585 591 1.8 1.8 1.8
West.......................................... 692 676 732 2.3 2.2 2.3
1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.
2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.
3 See footnote 8, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 9. Layoffs and discharges levels (1) and rates (2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June May June June May June
2006 2007 2007p 2006 2007 2007p
Total........................................... 1,513 1,380 1,528 1.1 1.0 1.1
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 1,339 1,290 1,395 1.2 1.1 1.2
Natural resources and mining.................. 3 6 4 .4 .8 .5
Construction.................................. 114 164 154 1.4 2.1 1.9
Manufacturing................................. 147 140 136 1.0 1.0 1.0
Durable goods................................ 80 80 86 .9 .9 1.0
Nondurable goods............................. 67 60 50 1.3 1.2 1.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 312 265 249 1.2 1.0 .9
Wholesale trade.............................. 45 44 46 .8 .7 .8
Retail trade................................. 225 177 165 1.5 1.2 1.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 42 45 37 .8 .9 .7
Information................................... 14 24 22 .5 .8 .7
Financial activities.......................... 55 53 55 .7 .6 .6
Finance and insurance........................ 27 28 36 .4 .5 .6
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 28 24 19 1.3 1.1 .8
Professional and business services............ 310 247 265 1.7 1.4 1.5
Education and health services................. 154 147 203 .9 .8 1.1
Educational services......................... 37 37 55 1.4 1.2 2.0
Health care and social assistance............ 117 110 148 .8 .7 1.0
Leisure and hospitality....................... 170 217 228 1.2 1.6 1.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 40 49 43 1.8 2.4 1.9
Accommodations and food services............. 130 167 185 1.1 1.4 1.5
Other services................................ 60 27 80 1.1 .5 1.4
Government..................................... 175 91 133 .8 .4 .6
Federal....................................... 26 17 26 1.0 .6 1.0
State and local............................... 148 74 107 .8 .4 .5
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 312 188 221 1.2 .7 .9
South......................................... 541 562 529 1.1 1.1 1.1
Midwest....................................... 269 321 326 .9 1.0 1.0
West.......................................... 390 310 452 1.3 1.0 1.5
1 Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.
2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a
percent of total employment.
3 See footnote 8, table 1.
p = preliminary.
Table 10. Other separations levels (1) and rates (2) by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted
Levels (in thousands) Rates
Industry and region June May June June May June
2006 2007 2007p 2006 2007 2007p
Total........................................... 434 313 410 0.3 0.2 0.3
INDUSTRY
Total private.................................. 335 242 288 .3 .2 .2
Natural resources and mining.................. 6 2 2 .8 .2 .3
Construction.................................. 19 22 14 .2 .3 .2
Manufacturing................................. 32 36 24 .2 .3 .2
Durable goods................................ 22 25 15 .2 .3 .2
Nondurable goods............................. 10 10 9 .2 .2 .2
Trade, transportation, and utilities.......... 109 58 98 .4 .2 .4
Wholesale trade.............................. 15 8 19 .3 .1 .3
Retail trade................................. 70 36 60 .5 .2 .4
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities... 25 13 18 .5 .3 .4
Information................................... 8 10 9 .2 .3 .3
Financial activities.......................... 20 20 17 .2 .2 .2
Finance and insurance........................ 15 13 9 .2 .2 .1
Real estate and rental and leasing........... 5 7 8 .2 .3 .4
Professional and business services............ 73 36 44 .4 .2 .2
Education and health services................. 33 36 37 .2 .2 .2
Educational services......................... 6 4 5 .2 .1 .2
Health care and social assistance............ 27 32 33 .2 .2 .2
Leisure and hospitality....................... 21 19 24 .2 .1 .2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......... 2 2 2 .1 .1 .1
Accommodations and food services............. 20 16 23 .2 .1 .2
Other services................................ 14 6 17 .3 .1 .3
Government..................................... 99 71 122 .5 .3 .6
Federal....................................... 19 32 36 .7 1.2 1.3
State and local............................... 80 39 86 .4 .2 .4
REGION (3)
Northeast..................................... 93 50 67 .4 .2 .3
South......................................... 172 110 133 .4 .2 .3
Midwest....................................... 91 76 104 .3 .2 .3
West.......................................... 78 78 106 .3 .3 .3
1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.
2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of
total employment.
3 See footnote 8, table 1.
p = preliminary.