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Internet address: http://www.bls.gov Technical information: (202) 691-5654 Media contact: (202) 691-5902 USDL 03-89 For Release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Wednesday, February 26, 2003 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY AND UNIT LABOR COST TRENDS, REVISED DATA FOR 2001 In 2001, output per hour in manufacturing declined in Canada, Japan, and the United States, according to revised data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Labor productivity was unchanged in Sweden, and it grew in the remaining nine economies for which comparable data are available. Korea and Taiwan recorded the largest productivity gains, while Canada and Japan recorded the largest declines. In all, the manufacturing productivity estimates were revised upward for five nations and downward for three and were unchanged for four. Data for the Netherlands for 2001 were reported for the first time. PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT Chart 1. Percent change in manufacturing output per hour, 2001 -2Unit labor costs in manufacturing, expressed in national currency units, increased in 12 of the 14 economies for which comparable data on unit labor costs are available for 2001. The largest increases occurred in Canada (5.5 percent) and Korea (5.2 percent). Unit labor costs increased 2.0 percent in U.S. manufacturing. Taiwan and Denmark were the only two economies where unit labor costs expressed in national currency units declined in 2001. (See table A and chart 2.) Changes in exchange rates must be taken into account in order to assess international competitiveness in manufacturing. Unlike unit labor costs in national currency units, unit labor costs expressed in U.S. dollars declined in 9 of the 14 countries due to the relative strength of the U.S. dollar in 2001 against all the other currencies. The largest declines occurred in Taiwan (11.2 percent) and Japan (9.2 percent). (See table A and chart 2.) PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT Chart 2. Percent change in manufacturing unit labor costs, 2000-2001 -3Table A. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 2000-2001 Output per hour Output Country or area Hours Total Hourly Employ- Average compen- compenment hours sation sation Unit labor costs National U.S. Exchange currency dollars rate (1) United States - 0.4 - 6.0 - 5.6 - 4.1 - 1.6 - 4.2 1.5 2.0 2.0 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France - 2.0 - 1.6 3.2 6.3 1.2 NA 2.8 - 3.3 - 4.9 1.7 - 5.7 0.3 4.7 1.7 - 1.4 - 3.4 - 1.5 -11.3 - 1.0 NA - 1.0 - 0.4 - 2.6 0.8 - 4.5 0.1 - 0.7 1.2 - 1.0 0.8 2.3 7.1 1.1 NA - 2.2 2.1 - 2.6 7.0 - 9.4 4.1 3.2 4.0 3.5 0.7 8.7 2.2 5.2 NA 5.0 5.5 2.4 5.2 - 3.9 3.9 - 1.4 2.2 1.2 - 9.2 - 7.9 -11.2 0.7 - 4.2 - 0.9 - 4.1 -11.3 -12.5 - 7.6 - 3.0 - 2.8 - 3.0 1.4 1.7 0.4 0.8 0.0 1.3 0.6 0.7 0.2 - 1.2 - 2.4 - 2.4 - 0.4 0.3 0.1 1.6 1.0 4.2 - 2.3 2.7 4.7 3.3 0.9 - 0.3 3.1 3.8 4.9 5.4 3.4 3.4 1.7 2.0 4.4 4.6 3.4 2.1 - 1.4 - 1.1 1.3 2.4 - 8.3 - 3.0 - 3.0 - 3.0 - 3.0 - 2.0 -11.3 - 5.0 Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom (1) 0.8 1.0 0.2 2.0 2.4 3.6 - 1.2 1.3 0.1 0.4 1.4 0.6 Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. NA=Not Available Table A summarizes changes in manufacturing productivity, unit labor costs, and related variables between 2000 and 2001. Output and unit labor cost data are presented for 14 economies. Comparable productivity data are not shown for Denmark. (See technical notes.) This release is a revision of news release USDL 02-543, issued in September 2002. It examines comparative trends in manufacturing output per hour, unit labor costs, and related measures in 2001, the most recent year for which comparative data are available and for certain selected time periods. Annual indexes of these variables also are estimated for the time period 1950-2001. Table B (pages 8-12) shows average annual percent changes for selected periods, beginning in 1979. Annual indexes of the data are in tables 1-15 (pages 19-33). The historical series of the variables are available also at the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Foreign Labor Statistics, web-site at address http://www.bls.gov/fls/home.htm. -4BOX: Notes about the measures --- The measures in this release are based on data available to BLS as of December 2002. Revisions for 2000 and earlier years were made to the measures for several countries to incorporate data not available at the time of the September 2002 report. U.S. manufacturing output measure The output measure for manufacturing in the United States is the chain-weighted index of real gross domestic product by industry (deflated value added), published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), U.S. Department of Commerce. This series is based on annually changing price weights. Because this measure is not available for years prior to 1977, U.S. measures of output, output per hour, and unit labor costs begin with 1977. The United States real output data through 2001 used in this report were released by the BEA in November 2002. The estimates are described in the Survey of Current Business, November 2002. The U.S. output series used for international comparisons differs from the manufacturing series that BLS publishes as part of its major sector productivity and costs measures for the U.S. While both series are based on annuallychanging price weights, the international comparisons program uses a value added output concept, while the U.S. manufacturing series is on a sectoral output basis. For information on the differences between the value added and the sectoral output measures, see technical notes. Germany From 1991 forward, the estimated growth rates pertain to unified Germany; prior to 1991 the rates pertained to the former West Germany. The two data series have been linked in 1991. See technical notes for additional information. Netherlands 2001 data for the Netherlands were not included in the preliminary estimates issued in September 2002 because data for that year were not available. The revised 2001 estimates include data for the Netherlands. New measures of National Accounts Member states of the European Union are in the process of implementing the European System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95). Some other countries are adopting the System of National Accounts recommended by the United Nations (SNA 93), on which ESA 95 is based. Revisions due to these conversions to new systems are being incorporated into the BLS estimates. END OF BOX: Notes about the measures -5- Manufacturing productivity, output, and labor input In 2001, revised labor productivity in U.S. manufacturing declined by 0.4 percent. This resulted from the combination of a 6.0 percent decline in manufacturing output that was only partially offset by a 5.6 percent decline in hours worked. Of the 13 economies for which comparable data are available, labor productivity in 2001 increased in nine, declined in three, and remained unchanged in one. While Taiwan and Korea achieved the largest productivity increases (6.3 and 3.2 percent, respectively), Canada and Japan recorded the steepest declines (2.0 and 1.6 percent, respectively). (See table A and chart 1.) The 0.4 percent decline in U.S. manufacturing productivity in 2001 was the first annual decline since 1989 and followed accelerating annual productivity increases throughout the 1990s. (See table 1.) All the other economies except Taiwan, Italy, and Norway, also recorded slower productivity increases or declines in 2001 than their preceding 5-year and 10-year average growth rates. (See tables B and 1.) In 2001, manufacturing output grew in half of the economies compared and declined in the other half. The United States recorded the largest output decline among the economies compared (6.0 percent), followed by Taiwan (5.7 percent). The preliminary estimate of U.S. manufacturing output for 2001 (released in September 2002) showed a 3.8 percent drop. This estimate was derived by extrapolating the 2000 number forward, using the annual growth rate of the Federal Reserve Board's Industrial Production Index for Total Manufacturing. The revised U.S. output number is based on manufacturing Real Gross Domestic Product, released by the Bureau of Economic Analysis in November 2002. For the United States, this was the first year-over-year decline in manufacturing output since 1991. In all the economies except Denmark, manufacturing output grew less or declined in 2001 than its average annual growth rate during the preceding five years. In 2001, total hours worked in manufacturing declined in all 13 economies for which this statistic is available. In the United States, hours worked fell by 5.6 percent, the second largest decline after Taiwan's 11.3 percent drop. Elsewhere, the declines ranged between 0.2 and 3.6 percent. In the three countries where labor productivity fell in 2001 (United States, Canada, and Japan), manufacturing output declined more than hours worked. The reductions in hours worked continued a general trend during the last decades in the manufacturing sectors of these economies. In most of the countries, hours worked in manufacturing reached their maximum levels in the 1960s and 1970s (the United States in 1979) and have trended downward since then. In Taiwan and Korea, manufacturing hours have been declining since the late 1980s. The only exception to this general trend was Canada. In Canada, total hours worked in manufacturing, though down from 2000, was greater in 2001 than in any other previous year. (See table 4.) For most countries, the decline in manufacturing hours through the years was the result of declines in both manufacturing employment and average hours worked. The reduction in average hours began earlier, but the decline in employment has been steeper and steadier. -6In some countries, average hours have risen slightly since 1979. (See tables 5, 6, and B.) In 2001, manufacturing employment grew in five of the economies and declined in nine. The largest declines in employment were recorded in Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States (down 4.5, 4.2, and 4.1 percent, respectively). Employment increased most in France (1.2 percent). In the five countries that experienced employment growth in 2001 (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and Korea), total hours worked still dropped due to relatively greater declines in average hours. Average hours fell in 12 of the 13 economies for which manufacturing hours are available for 2001. The declines ranged from 0.1 percent in the Netherlands to 7.1 percent in Taiwan. In the United States, manufacturing average hours fell by 1.6 percent. The United Kingdom, the only country where average hours increased, nonetheless experienced a drop in total hours as a result of a sharp decline in employment. Manufacturing hourly compensation and unit labor costs Hourly compensation in manufacturing increased in all 13 economies in 2001. For most economies, the increases ranged between 3.1 and 5.4 percent. The U.S. hourly compensation growth rate was the second lowest (1.5 percent), after Japan's 0.7 percent. This increase in U.S. hourly compensation is below the average annual increases of the last 15 years. (See table B.) Manufacturing unit labor costs, in national currency units, increased everywhere in 2001, except in Taiwan (down 3.9 percent) and Denmark (down 1.4 percent). The U.S. increase of 2.0 percent was the second lowest after Germany's 1.7 percent. The largest increases in unit labor costs occurred in Canada (5.5 percent) and Korea (5.2 percent). While in most countries the higher unit labor costs were the result of hourly compensation rising more than labor productivity, in the United States, Canada, and Japan, declining labor productivity was the cause. While the 2001 increase in unit labor costs in the United States was low by comparison with the other countries, it was above the average U.S. annual increases for the post-1985 period. Since 1985, the average annual growth rate in U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs was 0.5 percent per year. (See tables 9 and B.) To compare changes in competitiveness across economies in terms of U.S. dollars, unit labor costs in national currency units must be adjusted for changes in the currency's exchange rate against the dollar. When a foreign currency depreciates against the U.S. dollar, fewer dollars must be paid in exchange for each national currency unit. This will lead to a smaller increase or a larger decline in unit labor costs converted from the foreign currency into U.S. dollars. In 2001, the U.S. dollar strengthened against the currencies of all the countries compared. The change in value was greatest against the currencies of Korea (12.5 percent), and Japan and Sweden (both 11.3 percent). The Norwegian krone declined least (2.0 percent), while the euro weakened by 3.0 percent. This continued a trend of a stronger U.S. dollar that had persisted for the previous five years. (See table B.) -7As a result of the dollar's revaluation, only four countries besides the United States showed increases in manufacturing unit labor costs in 2001, denominated in U.S. dollars: Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Norway. In these four countries, the decline in the values of their currencies was less than the increase in unit labor costs denominated in their national currency units. Because of these exchange rate movements, the 2.0 percent increase in U.S. unit labor costs went from being the second lowest in terms of national currencies to being the second highest in U.S. dollar terms. -8Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country 1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001 or area Output per hour United States 3.2 3.5 2.4 3.3 4.5 -0.4 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark 2.1 3.5 NA 5.9 3.6 NA 3.6 3.5 NA 5.1 6.0 2.4 0.5 4.3 8.2 7.9 2.2 0.7 3.8 3.3 9.7 5.3 3.2 NA 1.1 4.1 11.1 5.5 3.3 NA -2.0 -1.6 3.2 6.3 1.2 NA France 4.2 5.1 3.2 4.0 4.6 2.8 Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 2.4 2.2 3.2 1.3 4.3 3.6 2.1 3.5 4.4 2.4 3.1 4.4 2.1 1.9 2.3 1.4 1.9 4.6 3.3 2.4 3.7 0.6 5.7 3.3 2.4 0.9 2.6 0.7 7.8 2.3 1.4 1.7 0.4 0.8 0.0 1.3 United States 2.5 2.2 2.5 3.1 4.3 -6.0 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 2.4 2.7 8.9 6.0 2.2 1.4 2.1 2.0 4.7 8.3 8.2 2.6 2.3 1.6 1.8 4.8 12.2 7.0 2.5 -0.6 2.5 2.4 0.4 8.4 5.0 0.6 1.7 1.1 4.5 2.0 8.1 5.7 3.2 1.7 3.4 -3.3 -4.9 1.7 -5.7 0.3 4.7 1.7 Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 0.7 1.6 2.3 0.1 3.4 0.7 0.2 0.9 1.8 0.6 2.2 -1.2 2.3 3.2 3.2 -1.6 1.4 3.4 -0.7 1.5 1.9 1.2 3.7 0.4 0.9 1.2 2.7 0.5 7.7 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.2 -1.2 -2.4 -2.4 Output Continued on next page -9Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001 Total hours United States -0.7 -1.2 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -5.6 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.3 -0.9 NA 0.0 -1.4 NA -2.0 -1.5 1.1 NA 2.9 -3.2 -0.1 -3.3 1.3 0.5 3.7 -0.8 0.4 -1.3 -0.7 -1.3 -2.8 -1.2 -0.3 -2.5 NA -2.7 3.4 -2.0 -2.7 0.2 -0.1 NA -1.1 -1.4 -3.4 -1.5 -11.3 -1.0 NA -1.0 Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom -1.7 -0.6 -0.9 -1.2 -0.9 -2.8 -1.9 -2.5 -2.5 -1.8 -0.8 -5.3 0.2 1.3 0.9 -2.9 -0.5 -1.2 -3.9 -0.9 -1.7 0.6 -1.9 -2.8 -1.5 0.3 0.0 -0.2 -0.1 -1.3 -0.8 -1.0 -0.2 -2.0 -2.4 -3.6 United States -0.8 -1.4 -0.1 -0.6 -0.1 -4.1 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.2 -0.4 NA 0.8 -1.4 -0.5 -1.4 -1.3 1.2 NA 4.1 -2.6 0.2 -2.3 1.2 0.8 5.4 -0.5 -0.3 -0.8 -0.8 -1.5 -1.6 -0.9 -0.3 -2.2 -1.2 -2.5 3.0 -1.9 -2.5 0.5 -0.7 -0.3 -0.2 -0.4 -2.6 0.8 -4.5 0.1 -0.7 1.2 Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom -1.2 -1.0 -0.7 -1.1 -1.4 -2.6 -1.1 -2.3 -2.2 -1.8 -1.2 -4.6 1.1 -0.2 1.0 -2.7 -0.8 -0.9 -4.2 -1.8 -1.6 0.3 -3.5 -3.1 -0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 -1.0 0.4 0.3 -0.1 -1.6 -1.0 -4.2 Employment Continued on next page -10Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001 Average hours United States 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 -0.1 -1.6 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.1 -0.4 NA -0.8 0.0 NA -0.6 -0.2 0.0 NA -1.1 -0.6 -0.3 -1.1 0.1 -0.3 -1.6 -0.4 0.7 -0.5 0.1 0.3 -1.3 -0.2 0.0 -0.3 NA -0.2 0.4 -0.1 -0.1 -0.3 0.7 NA -0.9 -1.0 -0.8 -2.3 -7.1 -1.1 NA -2.2 Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom -0.6 0.5 -0.2 -0.1 0.5 -0.2 -0.8 -0.1 -0.3 0.0 0.4 -0.8 -0.9 1.6 -0.2 -0.2 0.3 -0.3 0.3 0.9 0.0 0.3 1.7 0.3 -0.6 0.0 -0.2 -0.3 -0.1 -0.3 -1.2 -1.3 -0.1 -0.4 -1.4 0.6 Total labor compensation in manufacturing 3/: National currency basis United States 3.9 5.8 3.9 3.4 3.7 -4.2 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 5.0 2.5 NA 8.6 3.1 4.9 3.8 7.5 5.9 NA 15.9 4.7 9.1 9.0 5.6 5.1 19.9 10.6 4.0 4.8 3.6 2.4 0.7 16.8 6.8 1.3 2.3 1.1 4.9 -1.1 4.1 4.2 1.9 3.1 0.8 2.1 -2.6 7.0 -9.4 4.1 3.2 4.0 Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 3.3 7.1 3.1 5.4 5.8 4.8 4.0 13.0 2.3 8.0 8.9 6.2 5.2 8.2 3.5 4.7 7.9 8.1 2.3 4.0 2.8 4.0 2.0 2.5 1.6 3.1 3.4 4.9 4.8 3.2 2.3 2.7 4.7 3.3 0.9 -0.3 Continued on next page -11- Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001 Hourly compensation 3/: National currency basis United States 4.6 7.2 3.9 3.5 4.0 1.5 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 4.7 3.4 NA 8.6 4.6 NA 5.9 9.1 4.7 NA 12.6 8.1 9.3 12.7 4.2 4.6 15.6 11.5 3.7 6.2 4.3 3.7 3.6 18.2 7.1 3.9 NA 3.9 1.4 1.0 6.9 4.0 2.0 NA 1.9 3.5 0.7 8.7 2.2 5.2 NA 5.0 Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 5.1 7.7 4.0 6.7 6.7 7.8 6.0 15.9 5.0 10.0 9.8 12.2 5.0 6.8 2.6 7.8 8.4 9.4 6.4 4.9 4.5 3.4 4.0 5.4 3.1 2.8 3.3 5.1 4.8 4.6 3.1 3.8 4.9 5.4 3.4 3.4 Unit labor costs: United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands National currency basis 1.3 3.6 1.4 0.2 -0.5 2.0 2.6 -0.1 NA 2.5 0.9 3.4 1.7 5.3 1.1 NA 7.1 2.0 6.7 7.3 3.7 0.3 6.9 3.4 1.5 5.4 1.1 -0.1 0.3 7.8 1.7 0.7 0.6 -0.1 0.4 -3.0 -3.7 -1.5 -1.3 1.4 -2.6 5.5 2.4 5.2 -3.9 3.9 -1.4 2.2 2.6 5.4 0.7 3.8 12.0 0.5 2.8 4.8 0.3 3.1 2.4 0.8 0.7 1.9 0.7 1.7 2.0 4.4 Norway Sweden United Kingdom 5.3 2.3 4.1 7.4 6.5 7.5 6.4 6.4 4.5 2.8 -1.6 2.1 4.3 -2.7 2.2 4.6 3.4 2.1 Continued on next page -12Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area Unit labor costs: United States 1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001 U.S. dollar basis 1.3 3.6 1.4 0.2 -0.5 2.0 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 1.3 2.5 NA 2.8 -1.0 1.3 -0.8 2.7 -0.3 NA 5.3 -9.3 -5.0 -5.3 7.0 10.8 11.1 11.8 13.8 17.4 11.7 -3.3 9.4 6.0 2.0 3.3 2.7 1.7 -1.2 -5.7 -10.8 -4.7 -8.8 -5.8 -9.2 1.2 -9.2 -7.9 -11.2 0.7 -4.2 -0.9 Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1.8 0.9 -0.2 2.5 -1.7 2.3 -4.1 -2.5 -7.6 -1.7 -5.2 -1.0 15.9 15.1 13.1 13.3 14.7 11.4 5.6 -3.7 3.4 2.5 -5.2 -0.4 -6.9 -3.1 -7.0 -2.3 -7.5 1.3 -1.4 -1.1 1.3 2.4 -8.3 -3.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -1.3 2.7 -4.4 0.3 -2.5 -1.5 -9.2 -1.7 3.2 10.5 3.9 8.2 -3.2 9.1 -1.7 0.3 -1.6 -2.7 -7.3 -3.3 -4.1 -11.3 -12.5 -7.6 Exchange rates 4/ United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France -1.9 -2.1 -2.4 -11.1 -11.0 -11.7 12.2 11.4 10.5 2.5 2.0 1.8 -7.6 -7.1 -6.8 -3.0 -2.8 -3.0 Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom -0.8 -4.3 -0.9 -2.6 -3.9 -1.7 -7.6 -12.9 -8.0 -8.4 -11.0 -7.9 12.7 9.8 12.7 6.6 7.8 6.6 2.5 -6.0 2.6 -0.3 -3.7 -2.4 -7.5 -4.9 -7.6 -6.4 -4.9 -0.8 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -2.0 -11.3 -5.0 r = revised NA = Not Available 1/Rates of change based on the compound rate method. 3/Adjusted to include taxes that are not compensation to employees but are labor costs to employers. 2/Data for years before 1991 pertain to the former West Germany. 4/Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. -13Trade-weighted unit labor costs BLS constructs indexes of U.S. unit labor cost trends relative to a tradeweighted average of unit labor cost trends in the other economies to take account of differences in the relative importance of foreign economies to U.S. trade in manufactured goods. Chart 3 begins in 1979, a year in which U.S. manufacturing output reached a business cycle peak. PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT Chart 3. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 12 competitors, 19792001 The construction of the trade-weighted indexes is a three-step process. First, the indexes of unit labor costs for all economies are rebased to a common year (in this case, 1979=100). Second, for each year, a "competitors" index is calculated as the weighted geometric mean of the indexes for all competitor economies; the weights reflect each country's importance in terms of U.S. trade in manufactured goods. Finally, the U.S. index number for each year is divided by the "competitors" index number (and multiplied by 100) to obtain a relative ratio of the U.S. to the competitors. This process is used to calculate the relative trade-weighted unit labor cost indexes on both a national currency and a U.S. dollar basis. In this release, the relative U.S. trade-weighted indexes are estimated against 12 economies for which comparable data are available over this period; the indexes underlying this chart are shown in table C. In chart 3, the solid line indicates that U.S. unit labor costs rose faster than "competitors" costs from 1979 to 1986 on a U.S. dollar basis. In most years from 1986 to 1995, U.S. costs either rose at a slower rate than the "competitors" costs or fell at a faster rate. From 1996 to 1998, however, the strength of the U.S. dollar caused relative U.S. unit labor costs to rise. After a dip in 1999, the index of relative U.S. unit labor costs rose again in 2000 and 2001. -14Table C. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 12 competitors, 1979-2001 Year 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Unit Labor Costs National Currency Basis Own Competitors' Index Index Ratio 100.0 111.4 116.5 124.2 121.6 121.0 123.4 128.9 122.8 122.5 128.0 132.4 138.0 141.3 142.3 139.2 134.0 132.1 129.9 131.2 129.1 100.0 110.4 118.4 126.0 127.6 128.2 129.6 135.5 137.4 137.3 140.2 146.1 151.7 155.0 155.6 153.0 152.4 153.4 151.5 153.5 151.3 100.0 100.9 98.4 98.6 95.3 94.4 95.2 95.1 89.4 89.3 91.3 90.6 91.0 91.2 91.4 91.0 87.9 86.1 85.8 85.5 85.3 Unit Labor Costs U.S. Dollar Basis Own Competitors' Index Index Ratio 100.0 111.4 116.5 124.2 121.6 121.0 123.4 128.9 122.8 122.5 128.0 132.4 138.0 141.3 142.3 139.2 134.0 132.1 129.9 131.2 129.1 100.0 110.1 108.9 104.9 103.3 97.9 96.1 122.3 140.8 151.4 149.3 161.8 171.0 179.0 175.2 175.2 184.4 176.2 161.6 155.1 157.6 100.0 101.2 107.0 118.5 117.7 123.5 128.4 105.4 87.2 80.9 85.7 81.8 80.7 79.0 81.2 79.4 72.6 75.0 80.4 84.6 81.9 2000 2001 130.4 133.0 146.7 150.7 88.9 88.2 130.4 133.0 148.5 142.6 87.8 93.2 -15Technical Notes Labor productivity is defined as real output per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measure presented in this release relates output to the hours worked of persons employed in manufacturing, it does not measure the specific contributions of labor as a single factor of production. Rather, it reflects the joint effects of many influences, including new technology, capital investment, capacity utilization, energy use, and managerial skills, as well as the skills and efforts of the workforce. Unit labor costs are defined as the cost of labor input required to produce one unit of output. They are computed as labor compensation in nominal terms divided by real output. The Bureau of Labor Statistics constructs trend indexes of manufacturing labor productivity, hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs from three basic aggregate measures -- output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures refer to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and Taiwan. For all other countries, the measures refer to all employed persons, including employees, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers. For all of the countries, the term "hours" refers to hours worked. In general, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). However, the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966 and the measures for France include parts of mining. The comparisons in this release make use of data made available to BLS as of December 2002 by the statistical agencies of the individual countries. For some countries, the data for the most recent years are based on the European System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95) or on the United Nations System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA 93). For other countries, data were compiled according to previously used systems. To obtain historical time series, BLS may link together data series which were compiled according to different accounting systems by the countries' statistical agencies. Output. For most countries, the output measures are value added in manufacturing from the national accounts. However, output for Japan prior to 1970 and for the Netherlands prior to 1960 are indexes of industrial production. The manufacturing value added measures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical to their indexes of industrial production. The output measure for manufacturing in the United States is the chain- weighted index of real gross product originating (deflated value added), introduced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce in August 1996. U.S. gross product originating is a chain-type annualweighted series. Because these value added output data for U.S. manufacturing industries are not available for years prior to 1977, the comparative U.S. measures of output, output per hour, and unit labor costs begin with 1977. For more information on the U.S. measure, see Sherlene K.S. Lum, Brian C. Moyer, and Robert E. Yuskavage, "Improved Estimates of Gross Product by Industry for 194798," Survey of Current Business, June 2000, pp. 24-38. -16The gross product originating series differs from the manufacturing output series that BLS publishes as part of its major sector productivity and costs program. While both series are based on annually-changing price weights, the gross product originating series is on a value added basis rather than the sectoral output basis used in the official U.S. manufacturing productivity series. Sectoral output is gross output less intrasector sales and transfers. For information on sectoral output, see William Gullickson, "Measurement of productivity growth in U.S. manufacturing," Monthly Labor Review, July 1995, pp. 13-28. A value added concept has been used for the international comparisons series because the data are more readily available from the countries' national accounts, whereas sectoral output would require a complex estimation procedure. Also, although BLS has determined that sectoral output is the correct concept for U.S. measures of productivity, there are other considerations that may make value added a better concept for international comparisons of labor productivity, such as differences among countries in the extent of vertical integration of industries. Estimation of manufacturing real output using moving price weights is becoming prevalent. For example, the output measure for manufacturing in the United States is the chain-weighted index of real gross product originating, based on annually changing price weights. However, many earlier time periods within the historical real output series have been estimated using fixed price weights, with the weights updated periodically (for example, every 5 or 10 years). Measures of real output also may differ among countries because of different approaches to estimating the prices of high-technology products like computers and, in general, of products that undergo rapid quality change. Labor Input. The aggregate hours worked series used for France (from 1970 forward), Norway, Sweden, and Canada are series published with the national accounts. For the former West Germany after 1959 and Germany from 1991, BLS uses aggregate hours worked, which were developed by a research institute of the German Ministry of Labor for use with the national accounts employment figures. For the United Kingdom from 1992, an index of total manufacturing hours is used, derived from published quarterly indices of manufacturing hours. For all other countries, the U.K. before 1992, and the former West Germany before 1959, BLS constructs its own estimates of aggregate hours, using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive employment series, and estimates of average annual hours worked. Hours measures for Denmark are not available after 1993 due to a lack of comparable data. Compensation (Labor Cost). The compensation measures are from national accounts data. Compensation includes employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans, in addition to all payments made in cash or in kind directly to employees. For Canada, France, and Sweden, compensation is increased to account for important taxes on payroll or employment. For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991 to account for subsidies. When data for the self-employed are not available, total compensation is estimated by assuming the same hourly compensation for self-employed and employees. Real compensation for the U.S. is derived using the Consumer Price Index research series (CPI-U-RS). -17Data for Germany. The average annual growth rates for Germany pertain to unified Germany from 1991 forward and to the former West Germany for prior years. The data series are linked in 1991. In the historic data tables, separate index series are shown for unified Germany and for former West Germany. The West German estimates end with 1998, the last year for which the German Statistical Office has published the necessary underlying data. These estimates have not been updated or revised by BLS since they were published in the news release USDL 99-235, on Aug. 27, 1999. Current Indicators. The measures for recent years may be based on current indicators of output (such as industrial production indexes), employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics, normally used for the long-term measures, become available. Trade-Weighted Measures. The trade weights for Canada, Japan, and the European countries were obtained by re-scaling a series of weights, developed by the International Monetary Fund, based on average trade flows over the 1989-91 period. These weights are based on aggregate trade data for total manufacturing and take account of both bilateral trade and the relative importance of "third country" markets. The 1989-91 weights do not include Taiwan. BLS developed weights for Taiwan by using data from an earlier study from the International Monetary Fund and other sources. The weight used for Germany is based on the trade weight of the former West Germany. The following weights were used for the entire period for which trade-weighted unit labor cost measures are produced: Country Weight Country Weight Canada Japan Taiwan 25.31 30.57 5.79 Germany Italy Netherlands 11.61 4.60 2.25 Belgium Denmark France 2.14 0.48 5.90 Norway 0.48 Sweden 1.89 United Kingdom 8.99 Level Comparisons. The BLS measures are limited to trend comparisons. BLS does not prepare level comparisons of manufacturing productivity and unit labor costs because of data limitations and technical problems in comparing the levels of manufacturing output among countries. Each country measures manufacturing output in its own currency units. To compare outputs among countries, a common unit of measure is needed. Market exchange rates are not suitable as a basis for comparing output levels. What is needed are purchasing power parities, which are the number of foreign currency units required to buy goods and services equivalent to what can be bought with one unit of U.S. currency. Purchasing power parities are available for total gross domestic product (GDP) from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). However, these parities are derived for expenditures made by consumers, business, and government for goods and -18services -- not for value added by industry. Therefore, they do not provide purchasing power parities by industry. The parities developed for total GDP are not suitable for each component industry, such as manufacturing. European exchange rates. On Jan. 1, 1999, 11 European countries joined the European Monetary Union (EMU). Greece joined on Jan. 1, 2001. Currencies of EMU members are established at fixed conversion rates to the euro, the official currency of the EMU. Exchange rates between the national currencies of EMU countries and the U.S. dollar are no longer reported; only the exchange rate between the euro and the U.S. dollar is available. Beginning with 1999, exchange rates in national currencies for Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands are calculated by taking the number of euros per U.S. dollar and then converting euros into national currencies at fixed conversion rates. 1 euro equals: 40.3399 Belgian francs 6.55957 French francs 1.95583 German marks 1936.27 Italian lire 2.20371 Netherlands guilders The currency exchange rates cited in this publication are annual averages of daily buying rates in New York City. - 19 Table 1. Output per hour in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year Kingdom Former West States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany**Germany**Italy 1950 24.5 NA 26.0 NA NA NA NA 21.2 12.2 NA 13.2 1955 26.5 NA 31.9 8.6 NA NA NA 23.1 15.3 NA 1960 30.0 1961 30.1 1962 30.7 1963 32.4 1964 34.5 1965 35.5 1966 36.7 1967 38.4 1968 41.3 1969 42.3 NA 37.8 13.8 NA NA 18.0 28.1 19.9 NA 39.8 15.6 NA NA 18.2 29.7 NA 42.7 16.4 NA NA 19.2 NA 44.5 17.7 NA NA NA 46.3 20.1 NA NA 48.6 21.0 NA 49.5 NA 1970 43.2 1971 45.4 1972 47.9 1973 51.4 1974 52.2 1975 51.1 1976 Netherlands Norway Sweden 13.5 11.1 24.9 19.5 19.7 18.8 14.2 29.0 21.3 NA 29.2 23.6 18.3 37.4 27.3 21.1 NA 30.6 25.5 19.3 38.7 28.7 31.2 22.5 NA 32.8 28.2 20.0 38.7 30.9 19.9 32.2 23.7 NA 34.1 29.0 20.8 40.7 32.7 NA 21.2 34.9 25.6 NA 37.1 29.3 22.8 43.0 35.5 NA NA 22.3 36.6 27.3 NA 39.3 32.6 24.3 45.6 38.2 23.0 NA NA 23.8 38.4 29.6 NA 40.9 35.4 25.9 47.5 39.8 50.0 26.0 NA NA 25.1 41.4 31.4 NA 43.4 37.2 27.8 49.2 43.2 NA 52.7 29.1 NA NA 27.3 44.4 34.7 NA 47.0 40.1 31.2 52.2 47.2 NA 55.4 33.4 NA NA 29.9 46.7 36.9 NA 50.4 41.6 34.3 57.1 50.9 NA 54.9 37.5 NA NA 32.9 49.4 39.1 NA 52.0 44.3 37.5 58.8 52.2 NA 58.2 39.8 NA NA 35.1 52.8 41.4 NA 54.0 45.0 39.7 60.6 54.5 NA 61.3 43.6 NA NA 39.2 57.6 43.2 NA 57.4 47.8 42.9 63.7 57.2 NA 65.2 47.6 NA 33.1 43.5 63.5 46.3 NA 61.1 52.1 47.5 67.6 61.4 NA 66.2 48.8 NA 32.0 45.8 65.2 47.3 NA 63.2 55.3 51.0 70.2 64.0 NA 63.4 50.2 NA 33.7 47.6 70.6 49.0 NA 65.9 52.3 50.3 69.5 65.0 NA 68.8 53.2 NA 36.7 52.4 74.4 52.0 NA 70.6 59.8 55.8 71.1 66.0 53.3 1977 53.8 1978 54.6 1979 55.0 68.3 72.4 55.3 NA 38.5 55.0 77.3 55.0 NA 72.7 61.7 60.3 72.2 65.0 69.2 73.8 57.5 NA 43.4 58.3 79.6 57.5 NA 75.2 64.9 64.3 73.5 66.8 70.1 73.9 62.2 NA 45.1 61.4 83.3 59.5 NA 78.4 71.1 67.4 78.9 72.0 1980 54.3 1981 57.1 1982 60.2 1983 65.0 1984 68.4 1985 71.1 1986 73.9 1987 78.1 1988 82.6 1989 86.2 70.5 72.9 63.2 NA 47.7 65.4 86.2 61.7 NA 77.2 74.2 68.1 77.5 73.1 74.1 76.5 65.2 NA 52.8 70.1 87.3 65.2 NA 78.7 73.8 69.7 77.2 72.7 76.2 77.1 67.9 NA 54.1 73.5 88.4 69.9 NA 78.8 74.0 70.9 80.5 75.4 80.0 81.9 68.8 NA 57.5 81.0 93.5 73.5 NA 82.6 75.7 76.5 83.2 80.9 83.2 88.8 71.2 NA 59.1 85.0 94.3 76.0 NA 85.4 81.9 84.0 88.3 85.2 86.0 91.1 76.5 54.9 60.9 87.0 95.8 80.0 NA 89.1 87.4 87.6 91.1 86.2 86.0 87.6 76.1 58.9 66.6 87.8 91.8 82.6 NA 89.6 87.9 89.3 89.8 87.5 92.9 87.8 80.2 63.2 72.8 88.9 91.5 84.2 NA 88.1 89.3 90.1 94.2 89.2 96.9 89.6 83.9 68.7 76.4 92.0 94.1 88.6 NA 91.5 93.9 92.0 93.1 90.5 95.7 92.5 88.6 73.2 83.1 96.9 100.2 92.3 NA 94.6 95.5 95.9 95.5 93.2 1990 89.2 1991 93.8 1992 100.0 1993 103.9 1994 107.2 1995 104.9 1996 103.8 1997 105.0 1998 96.9 93.4 94.4 81.3 88.9 96.8 99.1 93.8 NA 99.0 95.8 98.3 97.6 94.6 97.9 95.3 99.0 91.4 96.6 99.1 99.5 97.0 98.3 101.9 95.9 99.0 98.2 95.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.1 105.8 101.7 108.1 102.9 102.5 99.3 100.6 101.8 100.6 101.4 102.5 99.6 107.3 107.3 110.8 103.3 118.0 106.7 108.4 NA 108.2 109.6 107.9 104.9 113.5 99.6 117.8 113.8 112.4 111.0 129.2 115.1 113.2 NA 113.9 112.3 111.2 108.0 117.6 100.7 124.5 117.0 109.7 116.1 142.5 123.1 117.3 NA 114.6 114.7 115.1 108.1 119.7 102.5 129.5 121.3 113.5 121.0 163.3 129.2 127.0 NA 121.9 120.4 121.8 109.9 121.7 102.0 141.0 126.5 113.1 121.2 182.9 135.8 129.4 NA 127.7 122.0 127.1 110.0 124.5 99.9 149.5 106.9 1999 111.3 2000 117.8 2001 119.3 NA: 133.7 116.0 126.7 202.3 143.1 128.8 NA 132.7 121.3 NA 109.9 127.4 103.6 162.7 142.1 118.4 135.9 218.4 150.6 133.2 NA 142.5 126.7 NA 113.0 134.0 104.5 181.0 141.5 116.1 133.8 225.5 160.1 134.9 NA 146.4 128.4 NA 115.0 134.5 105.3 181.0 lands Norway Sweden Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. ** See note on Germany in box on page 4. Source: - 20 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003. Table 2. Output per employed person in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year Kingdom Former West Germany**Germany**Italy Nether- States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 1950 30.1 NA 28.3 NA NA NA NA 29.9 14.7 NA 19.2 14.2 14.5 32.6 25.3 1955 32.9 NA 33.4 10.3 NA NA NA 31.9 18.3 NA 28.8 20.3 18.5 38.0 27.5 1960 36.5 1961 36.2 1962 36.6 1963 38.5 1964 41.4 1965 42.0 1966 NA 39.3 17.1 NA NA 22.6 36.9 24.0 NA 38.4 25.7 24.1 47.1 33.3 NA 41.3 19.1 NA NA 22.9 37.8 25.6 NA 39.6 27.5 24.4 48.0 34.7 NA 44.6 19.6 NA NA 24.1 40.1 27.2 NA 41.3 29.5 25.1 47.9 37.1 NA 46.6 21.0 NA NA 25.0 40.7 28.7 NA 42.4 30.4 26.1 50.1 38.9 NA 48.7 23.7 NA NA 26.5 44.4 30.8 NA 46.1 30.7 28.2 53.3 41.8 NA 51.1 24.3 NA NA 27.4 46.5 32.6 NA 48.7 33.1 30.0 55.2 44.5 NA 51.6 26.8 NA NA 29.1 48.0 35.4 NA 50.0 36.4 31.8 57.6 46.4 42.6 1967 44.3 1968 48.0 1969 49.1 1970 49.4 1971 50.7 1972 52.9 1973 57.5 1974 56.6 1975 55.2 1976 58.1 1977 59.0 1978 59.6 1979 59.8 1980 57.4 1981 59.2 1982 62.9 1983 67.8 1984 71.4 1985 73.8 1986 76.4 1987 80.9 1988 NA 52.2 30.4 NA NA 30.3 51.1 37.3 NA 51.7 38.7 34.0 59.2 49.5 NA 55.0 33.9 NA NA 33.0 53.5 40.0 NA 56.6 41.8 37.5 61.3 52.9 NA 57.5 38.3 NA NA 35.7 55.7 43.6 NA 60.7 43.0 40.6 65.5 56.1 NA 56.7 42.6 NA NA 38.3 57.0 45.6 NA 62.4 44.9 43.6 67.0 57.4 NA 59.9 44.5 NA NA 40.2 60.7 47.9 NA 63.4 44.3 45.7 68.3 59.8 NA 63.1 48.5 NA NA 43.9 64.7 49.6 NA 66.6 46.8 48.7 70.7 61.1 NA 66.6 52.4 NA 36.9 47.6 67.5 52.2 NA 70.4 51.7 52.9 74.6 64.4 NA 67.1 51.5 NA 34.4 48.7 70.8 52.7 NA 71.4 52.9 55.0 76.4 66.5 NA 63.5 51.8 NA 37.1 48.0 74.2 52.9 NA 72.5 49.1 53.3 75.2 66.2 NA 69.0 56.5 NA 40.5 53.8 78.6 56.3 NA 79.9 56.2 59.0 74.9 66.4 67.1 72.6 58.9 NA 42.6 56.1 80.9 59.1 NA 81.1 57.7 63.5 74.8 64.9 67.9 74.5 61.5 NA 47.5 59.4 82.3 61.3 NA 82.8 60.6 67.0 74.6 64.9 68.4 74.2 67.0 NA 49.2 62.6 86.1 63.4 NA 86.0 65.8 69.4 78.7 69.0 67.9 72.6 68.0 NA 52.1 65.6 89.6 65.6 NA 83.5 68.9 70.5 77.8 69.3 71.4 75.4 69.7 NA 54.9 68.7 89.6 68.4 NA 84.1 68.4 72.5 77.6 69.3 72.1 75.4 72.3 NA 56.2 73.7 92.1 70.5 NA 83.7 68.5 74.6 80.2 72.1 77.8 81.2 73.4 NA 59.8 79.2 98.7 73.8 NA 87.9 70.0 80.6 83.3 78.3 82.0 87.9 76.6 NA 61.9 82.5 99.3 76.2 NA 90.9 75.9 87.2 88.2 84.0 84.9 90.7 82.1 60.7 62.0 85.7 97.5 79.9 NA 93.1 80.2 88.6 90.7 84.4 84.8 87.7 81.2 66.3 69.0 86.5 95.6 82.7 NA 93.0 83.1 89.9 89.5 85.3 92.1 88.6 86.0 70.0 75.4 88.4 93.2 84.7 NA 91.3 86.9 90.2 91.6 88.0 96.9 92.3 90.9 74.2 78.2 93.0 95.9 89.6 NA 94.4 92.0 92.9 91.2 89.1 85.7 1989 89.0 1990 91.3 1991 93.9 1992 100.0 1993 104.9 1994 109.6 1995 109.1 1996 108.4 1997 109.3 1998 110.3 1999 114.5 2000 120.9 2001 123.2 NA: 95.7 93.2 94.8 76.0 83.8 97.5 100.8 93.3 NA 96.2 94.7 96.3 94.1 91.5 96.3 93.6 99.7 83.2 88.8 98.5 98.5 94.3 NA 98.8 95.0 98.6 96.0 93.9 96.6 95.1 102.2 92.7 96.6 99.2 99.1 96.5 94.7 101.0 96.0 99.1 97.2 94.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.4 106.9 99.6 108.3 102.9 100.9 98.5 100.5 99.4 97.6 99.8 102.4 99.9 110.0 109.7 113.0 101.4 119.0 107.0 109.7 110.2 108.2 107.8 104.7 106.9 113.5 100.1 126.4 115.6 114.1 109.7 130.5 114.9 113.3 113.7 113.1 110.5 107.3 112.2 117.8 100.3 134.5 118.7 112.2 115.4 141.7 122.7 117.9 108.5 113.9 110.3 109.3 110.9 119.8 101.5 139.6 123.9 116.0 119.6 160.1 129.2 127.8 118.1 120.8 115.9 116.0 114.2 121.4 100.8 151.6 128.1 116.2 117.3 172.2 133.2 130.4 117.5 126.3 117.9 122.3 113.5 123.8 99.1 160.8 136.3 120.4 122.5 205.7 141.2 133.1 120.7 130.5 116.7 NA 113.8 126.8 103.1 176.0 143.6 122.7 133.6 219.2 148.4 137.7 125.4 135.4 120.7 NA 117.6 133.2 102.5 194.9 140.7 119.1 130.5 221.1 146.5 137.9 132.2 136.1 120.9 NA 118.1 133.6 102.9 192.2 Norway Sweden Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. ** See note on Germany in box on page 4. Source: - 21 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003. Table 3. Output in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year States Former West Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany**Germany**Italy Netherlands Kingdom 1950 49.6 NA 22.0 2.2 NA NA NA 29.1 16.6 NA 14.5 10.1 16.4 38.8 30.9 1955 58.3 NA 28.5 4.9 NA NA NA 32.0 20.6 NA 27.5 15.6 22.5 47.5 35.7 1960 67.3 1961 67.6 1962 67.7 1963 70.2 1964 76.5 1965 78.7 1966 80.1 1967 80.6 1968 86.6 1969 89.9 NA 33.4 10.7 NA NA 30.7 44.4 27.9 NA 41.5 23.0 31.0 57.4 45.9 NA 34.7 12.9 NA NA 32.1 46.8 30.0 NA 44.0 25.4 32.1 59.8 49.0 NA 38.6 14.0 NA NA 34.6 50.8 32.1 NA 46.2 28.1 33.7 60.3 52.8 NA 41.2 15.6 NA NA 36.2 51.4 34.6 NA 47.1 29.9 35.1 63.9 55.4 NA 45.1 18.1 NA NA 39.5 57.5 37.8 NA 51.2 30.3 38.5 68.4 60.3 NA 49.5 18.8 NA NA 40.8 61.3 39.7 NA 55.0 31.9 41.1 72.0 64.5 NA 52.9 21.3 NA NA 43.2 62.6 43.3 NA 55.9 34.8 43.4 76.3 66.3 NA 53.9 25.6 NA NA 43.7 63.7 45.4 NA 54.7 38.3 45.1 78.8 68.5 NA 57.0 29.5 NA NA 46.7 67.3 47.9 NA 60.3 41.8 49.3 80.7 72.0 NA 60.7 34.4 NA NA 52.2 71.8 53.7 NA 67.4 44.5 54.1 86.6 77.7 1970 90.2 1971 89.3 1972 91.2 1973 99.7 1974 98.4 1975 91.6 1976 93.3 1977 95.2 1978 NA 58.9 39.2 7.0 12.7 57.6 73.9 57.7 NA 70.9 48.1 58.2 90.6 80.7 NA 62.5 41.0 8.3 15.5 60.1 75.1 61.3 NA 71.6 48.8 60.2 92.9 81.2 NA 67.9 44.7 9.5 18.9 64.7 81.5 64.2 NA 73.8 51.5 61.8 97.2 81.7 NA 74.9 50.4 12.3 22.3 70.6 85.5 69.1 NA 78.5 58.1 66.2 102.8 87.5 NA 76.5 49.1 14.3 21.0 73.4 85.9 70.4 NA 77.7 61.8 68.7 106.3 92.2 NA 70.4 46.6 16.2 22.0 67.9 82.1 69.0 NA 74.1 58.3 64.2 104.0 92.5 NA 76.4 50.6 19.9 27.0 73.0 86.8 73.0 NA 79.8 66.9 68.1 103.5 92.5 72.5 78.8 52.2 22.8 30.6 73.3 88.2 76.4 NA 81.3 69.3 71.5 103.5 87.2 76.5 83.2 53.7 27.5 37.1 74.3 88.8 78.1 NA 82.8 72.7 73.7 101.4 84.9 95.7 1979 95.5 1980 87.2 1981 81.8 1982 81.7 1983 83.5 1984 86.5 1985 89.0 1986 90.2 1987 94.5 1988 101.4 1989 105.5 1990 105.4 1991 100.0 1992 100.0 1993 101.4 1994 106.1 1995 107.8 1996 108.5 1997 109.9 1998 110.8 1999 111.1 79.0 85.9 58.4 30.1 40.0 76.2 92.8 79.6 NA 87.1 80.3 75.6 105.5 90.3 75.8 83.6 60.4 29.9 44.0 78.2 94.4 81.6 NA 85.3 84.4 75.7 104.4 90.7 79.2 86.6 62.6 32.7 47.3 77.2 90.4 82.2 NA 84.4 81.8 75.8 102.5 88.0 74.6 78.7 64.6 34.6 48.5 80.4 92.1 83.4 NA 81.5 80.2 75.0 102.0 88.3 79.2 82.5 66.6 39.5 54.1 84.6 98.0 85.5 NA 82.7 79.6 77.3 100.6 93.9 87.6 91.8 71.0 46.0 62.2 87.2 103.0 85.7 NA 85.2 82.2 81.8 105.5 101.3 90.0 96.9 76.7 48.8 64.3 89.1 106.1 87.5 NA 88.3 84.9 84.2 109.2 102.9 88.6 96.8 75.5 57.9 74.7 89.1 106.9 89.0 NA 89.7 86.4 86.4 108.9 104.0 96.4 100.7 79.0 68.5 84.3 88.8 101.8 89.1 NA 88.0 89.0 87.5 111.5 106.6 103.2 108.5 85.3 76.7 87.7 93.3 100.9 93.2 NA 90.9 95.0 89.9 106.1 109.8 102.4 111.3 90.9 79.4 90.8 99.1 105.0 97.7 NA 94.0 98.3 93.9 102.1 110.9 101.6 106.0 97.1 86.7 90.0 101.0 102.8 99.1 NA 99.1 99.4 98.6 100.9 110.1 98.3 99.0 102.0 95.0 96.1 100.7 101.5 99.8 102.3 102.8 99.3 99.8 99.0 104.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.5 105.9 96.3 105.4 102.4 97.0 95.6 95.7 92.4 91.8 96.5 98.2 101.7 101.9 111.1 114.1 94.9 116.8 108.5 101.4 105.6 100.3 95.1 93.5 102.4 104.8 104.6 117.0 118.4 119.6 98.9 129.9 114.9 104.2 111.6 104.9 95.2 93.7 107.2 108.6 107.3 131.9 121.3 119.6 103.0 138.7 120.3 106.7 106.7 104.6 92.5 92.5 105.4 109.2 110.3 136.4 127.9 127.7 106.5 147.8 128.3 114.0 115.2 109.7 95.7 95.8 108.8 111.9 114.2 146.5 133.1 132.8 100.2 136.8 132.6 116.5 115.7 115.0 97.7 100.7 110.7 115.2 113.7 158.3 139.5 141.0 101.9 165.6 141.5 117.3 117.7 118.7 95.7 NA 110.5 118.0 113.6 172.5 2000 113.4 2001 110.7 NA: 146.1 148.8 109.2 191.9 151.8 122.0 121.4 124.1 99.8 NA 113.9 123.9 110.2 191.1 137.3 143.9 103.9 195.2 143.1 122.3 127.1 126.3 100.4 NA 114.7 124.2 108.9 186.6 lands Norway Sweden Not Available ** See note on Germany in box on page 4. Source: - 22 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003. Table 4. Total hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year Kingdom Former West States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium 1950 202.2 85.5 84.8 NA NA NA 1955 220.2 94.6 89.4 57.0 NA 1960 224.6 1961 224.7 1962 220.3 1963 216.6 1964 221.7 1965 221.5 1966 218.2 1967 209.8 1968 209.6 1969 212.4 92.1 88.3 77.8 89.7 87.2 93.4 Germany**Germany**Italy Nether- Denmark France NA 137.3 136.3 NA 109.8 75.0 147.8 155.6 158.5 NA NA 138.5 135.1 NA 139.6 83.1 158.2 163.7 167.3 NA NA 170.7 157.8 140.0 NA 142.3 97.6 169.7 153.6 168.3 82.4 NA NA 175.9 157.5 141.6 NA 143.9 99.6 166.2 154.5 171.0 90.3 85.1 NA NA 180.3 162.7 142.7 NA 140.8 99.5 168.3 155.8 170.8 94.4 92.6 87.9 NA NA 181.8 159.6 146.0 NA 138.1 103.2 168.6 156.9 169.1 96.4 97.2 90.0 NA NA 186.5 164.9 147.8 NA 138.0 103.5 169.0 159.2 169.6 102.0 101.9 89.8 NA NA 183.2 167.5 145.1 NA 140.0 97.7 169.4 158.1 168.8 108.6 106.8 92.8 NA NA 181.5 162.8 146.5 NA 136.7 98.2 167.4 160.8 166.5 108.0 107.9 98.3 NA NA 173.6 153.8 144.5 NA 125.9 102.8 161.8 160.1 158.4 109.6 108.2 101.4 NA NA 170.9 151.7 138.1 NA 128.3 104.2 157.9 154.6 152.6 110.9 109.7 103.0 NA NA 174.9 153.6 145.5 NA 133.8 107.0 157.6 151.7 152.5 1970 208.8 1971 196.9 1972 190.5 1973 194.1 1974 188.5 1975 179.3 1976 175.1 1977 176.9 1978 175.4 1979 173.7 104.4 107.1 104.4 NA NA 174.7 149.5 147.5 NA 136.3 108.5 155.4 153.9 154.7 100.5 107.4 103.1 NA NA 171.4 142.1 148.2 NA 132.5 108.4 151.6 153.4 149.1 105.1 110.8 102.6 NA NA 165.2 141.4 148.4 NA 128.7 107.7 144.1 152.6 142.9 110.4 114.9 106.0 NA 67.4 162.1 134.8 149.2 NA 128.4 111.4 139.4 152.1 142.5 107.9 115.5 100.6 NA 65.6 160.4 131.7 148.8 NA 122.9 111.8 134.6 151.5 144.0 97.2 111.1 92.8 NA 65.1 142.6 116.3 140.8 NA 112.5 111.4 127.5 149.6 142.3 101.9 111.1 95.0 NA 73.7 139.4 116.7 140.5 NA 113.1 111.9 122.0 145.5 140.2 106.1 108.8 94.4 NA 79.3 133.3 114.1 138.7 NA 111.8 112.3 118.4 143.2 134.2 110.6 112.8 93.3 NA 85.5 127.4 111.5 135.9 NA 110.1 112.0 114.6 137.9 127.1 112.7 116.2 93.8 NA 88.7 124.2 111.3 133.7 NA 111.0 112.9 112.0 133.7 125.5 1980 160.5 1981 143.3 1982 135.6 1983 128.4 1984 126.4 1985 125.2 1986 122.0 1987 121.0 1988 122.8 1989 122.4 107.5 114.6 95.6 NA 92.3 119.7 109.6 132.3 NA 110.5 113.8 111.2 134.7 124.0 107.0 113.2 95.9 NA 89.7 110.2 103.6 126.0 NA 107.1 111.0 108.8 132.7 121.0 97.9 102.0 95.1 NA 89.6 109.4 104.1 119.3 NA 103.4 108.4 105.7 126.8 117.2 98.9 100.7 96.8 NA 94.0 104.3 104.9 116.2 NA 100.1 105.3 101.0 120.9 116.1 105.3 103.4 99.8 NA 105.2 102.6 109.2 112.9 NA 99.7 100.3 97.4 119.4 118.9 104.6 106.4 100.3 88.8 105.5 102.4 110.7 109.4 NA 99.1 97.1 96.1 119.9 119.4 103.0 110.5 99.2 98.3 112.2 101.5 116.4 107.7 NA 100.1 98.3 96.7 121.2 118.9 103.8 114.7 98.5 108.3 115.8 100.0 111.2 105.8 NA 99.9 99.7 97.2 118.3 119.5 106.6 121.2 101.7 111.6 114.8 101.5 107.2 105.2 NA 99.3 101.2 97.7 114.0 121.4 107.1 120.2 102.7 108.5 109.2 102.3 104.7 105.7 NA 99.3 103.0 97.9 106.8 119.0 1990 118.1 1991 104.8 113.5 102.9 106.6 101.3 104.3 103.7 105.6 NA 100.1 103.7 100.3 103.4 116.4 100.4 103.9 103.1 103.9 99.5 101.5 102.1 102.9 104.1 100.9 103.6 100.8 100.8 109.0 106.6 1992 100.0 1993 97.6 1994 99.0 1995 102.7 1996 104.6 1997 104.7 1998 103.7 1999 99.9 2000 96.3 2001 92.8 NA: 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.4 100.1 94.7 97.5 99.6 94.7 96.2 95.1 90.8 91.3 95.2 95.8 102.1 94.9 103.6 103.0 91.9 98.9 101.6 93.6 NA 92.7 86.8 86.7 97.6 92.4 105.0 99.4 104.0 106.4 89.1 100.6 99.8 92.0 NA 92.1 84.8 84.3 99.3 92.3 106.6 105.9 103.6 109.0 88.7 97.3 97.7 91.0 NA 91.3 80.6 80.4 97.5 91.2 107.6 105.3 105.4 112.4 88.0 90.5 99.3 89.7 NA 90.0 79.5 78.6 99.0 91.9 112.0 103.9 105.2 117.5 82.7 74.8 97.7 90.0 NA 90.0 80.1 79.3 100.6 92.6 113.7 105.9 104.4 121.5 80.4 81.9 98.9 91.0 NA 89.4 78.9 NA 100.5 92.6 109.6 106.0 102.8 125.6 80.3 87.9 100.8 91.6 NA 87.1 78.8 NA 100.7 92.5 105.4 105.6 97.1 123.9 77.7 86.5 89.4 90.7 NA 86.2 78.2 NA 99.7 92.3 103.4 103.1 lands Norway Sweden Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. ** See note on Germany in box on page 4. Source: - 23 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003. Table 5. Employment in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year Kingdom Former West Germany**Germany**Italy Nether- States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 1950 164.6 84.3 77.9 NA NA NA NA 97.5 112.9 NA 75.2 71.4 113.5 119.0 122.0 1955 177.1 93.1 85.3 47.8 NA NA NA 100.2 112.5 NA 95.5 77.1 121.2 124.9 129.7 1960 184.3 1961 186.9 1962 185.1 1963 182.2 1964 185.0 1965 187.4 1966 187.9 1967 182.1 1968 180.4 1969 182.9 92.6 84.8 62.8 NA NA 135.7 120.3 116.1 NA 108.1 89.5 128.8 121.9 137.8 90.0 84.1 67.5 NA NA 140.1 123.7 116.9 NA 111.3 92.4 131.6 124.5 141.3 92.8 86.5 71.3 NA NA 143.3 126.8 118.1 NA 111.8 95.3 134.1 126.0 142.2 93.5 88.5 74.1 NA NA 144.7 126.4 120.6 NA 111.0 98.3 134.8 127.4 142.4 94.9 92.5 76.4 NA NA 148.8 129.5 122.9 NA 111.0 98.6 136.5 128.5 144.3 99.3 96.9 77.4 NA NA 148.7 131.7 121.7 NA 113.0 96.3 137.2 130.6 144.8 105.4 102.4 79.7 NA NA 148.5 130.4 122.3 NA 111.8 95.7 136.3 132.4 143.0 106.7 103.3 84.3 NA NA 143.9 124.6 121.8 NA 105.8 98.8 132.3 133.2 138.3 108.5 103.8 87.2 NA NA 141.5 125.7 119.7 NA 106.6 100.2 131.5 131.7 136.0 110.6 105.7 89.7 NA NA 146.3 129.0 123.2 NA 111.0 103.6 133.1 132.3 138.4 1970 182.6 1971 176.4 1972 172.2 1973 173.2 1974 173.9 1975 165.9 1976 160.6 1977 161.2 1978 160.5 1979 159.6 106.3 103.9 91.9 NA NA 150.2 129.7 126.4 NA 113.6 107.0 133.7 135.3 140.6 102.2 104.4 92.3 NA NA 149.6 123.6 128.0 NA 112.9 109.9 131.6 136.1 135.9 105.0 107.7 92.3 NA NA 147.4 125.8 129.5 NA 110.8 110.0 126.9 137.5 133.8 110.5 112.5 96.2 NA 60.3 148.4 126.6 132.2 NA 111.5 112.4 125.2 137.8 135.8 110.1 113.9 95.3 NA 61.2 150.7 121.4 133.7 NA 108.9 116.9 124.8 139.3 138.7 100.6 110.9 90.0 NA 59.3 141.5 110.6 130.3 NA 102.2 118.5 120.4 138.3 139.8 104.2 110.7 89.5 NA 66.7 135.8 110.5 129.6 NA 99.9 119.1 115.4 138.1 139.4 108.2 108.5 88.6 NA 71.9 130.5 109.1 129.1 NA 100.3 120.1 112.6 138.3 134.5 112.7 111.7 87.4 NA 78.1 125.0 107.8 127.6 NA 100.0 120.0 110.0 135.8 130.7 115.6 115.7 87.2 NA 81.4 121.8 107.8 125.6 NA 101.2 121.9 108.8 134.0 131.0 1980 151.8 1981 111.6 115.1 88.9 NA 84.4 119.3 105.4 124.3 NA 102.2 122.6 107.3 134.2 130.9 111.0 114.8 89.8 NA 86.2 112.4 100.9 120.1 NA 100.3 119.6 104.6 132.0 127.0 138.0 1982 129.9 1983 123.2 1984 121.1 1985 120.6 1986 118.0 1987 116.8 1988 118.3 1989 118.6 103.5 104.3 89.3 NA 86.3 109.2 99.9 118.3 NA 97.4 117.1 100.5 127.3 122.4 101.8 101.6 90.8 NA 90.5 106.8 99.3 115.8 NA 94.1 113.7 95.9 120.8 119.9 106.8 104.4 92.7 NA 100.4 105.7 103.7 112.5 NA 93.7 108.4 93.8 119.6 120.5 106.0 106.8 93.5 80.3 103.7 104.0 108.8 109.6 NA 94.9 105.8 95.0 120.5 122.0 104.5 110.4 93.0 87.3 108.4 103.0 111.8 107.6 NA 96.4 103.9 96.0 121.7 121.9 104.7 113.7 91.9 97.9 111.8 100.5 109.3 105.1 NA 96.4 102.5 97.0 121.8 121.1 106.6 117.6 93.9 103.4 112.2 100.4 105.3 104.0 NA 96.3 103.3 96.8 116.3 123.3 107.0 119.4 95.9 104.4 108.3 101.7 104.1 104.6 NA 97.6 103.8 97.5 108.4 121.2 1990 115.4 1991 106.5 1992 100.0 1993 96.6 1994 96.8 1995 98.8 1996 100.1 1997 100.6 1998 100.4 1999 97.0 105.4 113.2 97.5 104.3 101.4 102.5 104.3 105.1 NA 100.3 104.6 100.0 105.2 117.2 101.8 104.1 99.8 102.5 99.5 101.5 102.4 103.5 108.0 101.8 103.5 100.7 101.9 109.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1 99.1 96.8 97.3 99.6 96.1 97.0 95.2 93.0 94.0 96.8 95.9 101.8 92.6 101.3 100.9 93.6 98.1 101.4 92.5 95.8 92.7 88.2 89.3 95.8 92.4 104.5 92.6 102.5 104.8 90.1 99.6 99.9 91.9 98.1 92.7 86.2 87.3 95.6 92.1 107.0 98.0 102.2 106.6 89.3 97.9 98.1 90.5 98.3 91.8 83.8 84.6 95.1 91.1 108.7 97.7 103.2 110.0 89.1 92.3 99.3 89.2 97.5 90.9 82.6 82.6 95.3 92.2 113.3 96.6 104.0 114.3 85.5 79.5 99.6 89.3 98.4 91.0 82.9 82.4 97.5 93.1 114.7 98.4 102.4 117.1 83.2 80.5 100.2 88.1 97.6 90.9 82.0 NA 97.1 93.1 110.2 98.0 2000 93.8 2001 89.8 101.8 121.2 81.7 87.6 102.3 88.6 96.8 91.7 82.7 NA 96.9 93.1 107.5 98.0 97.6 120.7 79.6 88.3 97.7 88.7 96.2 92.8 83.0 NA 97.1 93.0 105.8 97.0 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. ** See note on Germany in box on page 4. Source: - 24 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003. Table 6. Average annual hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year Kingdom Former West States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium 1950 122.8 101.4 108.8 NA NA NA 1955 124.4 101.5 104.8 119.3 NA 1960 121.8 1961 120.2 1962 119.0 1963 118.9 1964 119.8 1965 118.1 1966 116.1 1967 115.2 1968 116.2 1969 116.2 99.5 104.1 123.9 99.6 103.6 100.6 1970 114.4 1971 Denmark France Germany**Germany**Italy NA 140.7 120.7 NA 146.0 NA NA 138.2 120.0 NA NA NA 125.8 131.2 120.6 122.0 NA NA 125.5 127.3 104.4 119.5 NA NA 125.8 100.9 104.7 118.6 NA NA 101.6 105.1 117.9 NA 102.7 105.2 115.9 103.0 104.4 101.2 Netherlands Norway Sweden 105.1 130.2 130.8 129.9 146.1 107.8 130.5 131.1 129.0 NA 131.7 109.0 131.8 126.0 122.1 121.1 NA 129.4 107.8 126.3 124.1 121.1 128.3 120.9 NA 126.0 104.4 125.4 123.7 120.1 125.7 126.3 121.0 NA 124.4 104.9 125.0 123.1 118.8 NA 125.3 127.4 120.3 NA 124.3 104.9 123.9 123.9 117.5 NA NA 123.2 127.2 119.2 NA 123.9 101.4 123.5 121.1 116.6 116.5 NA NA 122.2 124.8 119.8 NA 122.3 102.6 122.8 121.4 116.4 104.5 116.7 NA NA 120.7 123.4 118.6 NA 119.0 104.0 122.3 120.2 114.5 101.0 104.2 116.4 NA NA 120.7 120.6 115.3 NA 120.4 104.0 120.1 117.4 112.2 100.2 103.9 114.8 NA NA 119.5 119.1 118.1 NA 120.6 103.3 118.4 114.7 110.2 98.2 103.2 113.6 NA NA 116.3 115.3 116.7 NA 119.9 101.4 116.2 113.8 110.0 98.4 102.8 111.8 NA NA 114.6 114.9 115.8 NA 117.3 98.6 115.1 112.7 109.7 111.7 1972 110.6 1973 112.1 1974 108.4 1975 108.1 1976 109.0 1977 109.8 1978 109.3 1979 108.9 1980 105.7 1981 103.8 1982 104.4 1983 104.2 1984 104.4 1985 103.8 1986 103.4 1987 103.6 1988 103.8 1989 103.2 1990 102.3 1991 100.1 1992 100.0 1993 100.0 102.9 111.1 NA NA 112.0 112.4 114.6 NA 116.2 97.9 113.5 111.0 106.8 99.9 102.1 110.1 NA 111.7 109.3 106.4 112.8 NA 115.2 99.1 111.3 110.3 104.9 98.0 101.5 105.6 NA 107.3 106.4 108.5 111.3 NA 112.9 95.6 107.9 108.8 103.8 96.6 100.2 103.2 NA 109.9 100.7 105.1 108.1 NA 110.1 94.0 105.9 108.1 101.8 97.7 100.3 106.2 NA 110.5 102.6 105.6 108.4 NA 113.2 94.0 105.7 105.3 100.6 98.1 100.3 106.5 NA 110.4 102.1 104.6 107.5 NA 111.5 93.5 105.2 103.5 99.8 98.1 101.0 106.9 NA 109.6 101.9 103.4 106.5 NA 110.1 93.3 104.2 101.6 97.2 97.5 100.5 107.6 NA 109.0 102.0 103.3 106.5 NA 109.7 92.6 103.0 99.8 95.8 96.3 99.6 107.6 NA 109.3 100.4 104.0 106.4 NA 108.1 92.8 103.6 100.4 94.8 96.4 98.7 106.8 NA 104.1 98.1 102.7 104.9 NA 106.8 92.8 104.1 100.5 95.3 94.6 97.8 106.5 NA 103.9 100.2 104.2 100.8 NA 106.2 92.6 105.2 99.6 95.7 97.2 99.1 106.6 NA 103.9 97.7 105.6 100.3 NA 106.4 92.6 105.3 100.1 96.9 98.6 99.0 107.7 NA 104.8 97.1 105.3 100.4 NA 106.4 92.6 103.8 99.9 98.6 98.7 99.6 107.3 110.6 101.7 98.5 101.8 99.8 NA 104.5 91.8 101.2 99.5 97.9 98.6 100.1 106.7 112.6 103.5 98.6 104.2 100.0 NA 103.9 94.5 100.7 99.6 97.5 99.1 100.9 107.2 110.7 103.6 99.4 101.8 100.7 NA 103.6 97.3 100.2 97.2 98.7 100.0 103.0 108.3 108.0 102.3 101.1 101.8 101.2 NA 103.2 98.0 101.0 98.0 98.5 100.0 100.7 107.1 103.9 100.8 100.6 100.6 101.0 NA 101.7 99.2 100.4 98.5 98.2 99.4 100.2 105.6 102.3 99.9 101.8 99.4 100.5 NA 99.8 99.2 100.4 98.3 99.3 98.7 99.8 103.2 101.4 100.0 100.0 99.7 99.5 96.3 99.1 100.1 100.1 98.9 99.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.3 101.0 97.9 100.2 100.0 98.5 99.2 99.9 97.6 97.0 98.4 99.9 100.3 102.6 101.0 1994 102.3 1995 104.0 1996 104.5 1997 104.1 1998 103.3 1999 102.9 2000 102.7 2001 103.3 NA: 102.2 102.0 98.1 100.8 100.2 101.2 NA 99.9 98.4 97.1 101.9 100.0 100.5 107.3 101.5 101.6 98.9 101.0 99.9 100.1 NA 99.3 98.4 96.5 103.8 100.2 99.6 108.0 101.5 102.3 99.4 99.4 99.7 100.5 NA 99.4 96.2 95.0 102.5 100.1 99.0 107.8 102.2 102.2 98.8 98.0 100.0 100.6 NA 99.1 96.3 95.2 103.9 99.7 98.9 107.5 101.2 102.7 96.8 94.1 98.1 100.8 NA 98.9 96.6 96.2 103.2 99.5 99.2 107.6 102.0 103.8 96.7 101.7 98.7 103.3 NA 98.4 96.2 NA 103.6 99.5 99.5 108.2 101.0 103.6 98.3 100.3 98.5 103.4 NA 95.0 95.3 NA 104.0 99.4 98.1 107.7 99.4 102.6 97.6 98.0 91.5 102.2 NA 92.9 94.2 NA 102.7 99.3 97.7 106.2 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. ** See note on Germany in box on page 4. Source: - 25 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003. Table 7. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year States Kingdom* Former West Canada* Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Nether- Germany**Germany**Italy lands Norway Sweden* 1950 1.5 8.7 5.4 NA NA NA NA 2.1 1.6 NA 3.4 0.9 3.0 2.2 1.9 1955 2.2 11.7 7.7 3.1 NA NA NA 2.8 2.9 NA 5.0 1.4 4.4 3.4 2.9 1960 3.0 1961 14.9 10.0 4.3 NA NA 5.4 3.8 4.3 NA 8.1 1.8 6.2 4.7 4.1 15.3 10.2 5.0 NA NA 5.7 4.3 4.8 NA 9.1 2.0 7.0 5.2 4.5 3.2 1962 3.3 1963 3.5 1964 3.7 1965 4.0 1966 4.4 1967 4.5 1968 4.8 1969 5.3 15.9 10.6 5.7 NA NA 6.2 4.7 5.3 NA 10.3 2.3 7.5 5.7 5.0 16.4 11.1 6.4 NA NA 6.8 5.1 5.8 NA 11.0 2.8 8.3 6.1 5.5 17.0 11.5 7.2 NA NA 7.7 5.5 6.3 NA 11.9 2.9 9.6 6.5 6.0 17.4 12.2 8.1 NA NA 8.5 6.2 6.8 NA 13.1 3.1 10.7 7.2 6.6 18.2 13.1 8.9 NA NA 9.4 7.0 7.2 NA 14.2 3.3 12.0 7.8 7.3 19.2 13.8 10.0 NA NA 10.3 7.8 7.7 NA 15.0 3.7 13.3 8.7 8.1 20.7 14.7 11.7 NA NA 11.0 8.6 8.8 NA 16.1 3.9 14.8 9.6 8.7 22.2 15.9 13.8 NA NA 12.1 9.7 9.3 NA 17.6 4.3 16.8 10.6 9.6 1970 6.1 1971 6.9 1972 8.0 1973 9.1 1974 11.0 1975 14.6 1976 16.9 1977 19.1 1978 22.3 1979 26.5 23.7 17.1 16.4 NA NA 13.7 11.1 10.5 NA 20.7 5.3 19.5 11.8 10.7 25.2 18.2 19.0 NA NA 15.9 12.8 11.8 NA 23.2 6.1 22.3 13.5 12.1 26.5 19.5 21.9 NA NA 18.8 14.3 13.0 NA 25.6 6.7 25.6 15.2 13.5 28.5 21.2 26.7 NA 9.5 22.3 17.5 14.9 NA 29.0 7.9 30.5 17.1 15.2 31.6 24.6 35.1 NA 13.9 27.4 21.4 17.7 NA 33.0 10.3 36.4 20.1 17.9 35.5 28.3 40.8 NA 14.9 33.1 25.7 21.6 NA 36.4 12.7 41.6 24.0 21.9 38.4 32.5 44.0 NA 16.7 38.3 28.9 24.8 NA 39.1 15.8 46.5 27.7 25.7 41.8 36.1 48.5 NA 18.2 41.4 32.2 28.1 NA 42.8 18.9 50.6 31.1 28.1 45.2 38.8 51.7 NA 20.5 44.4 35.8 31.7 NA 45.9 21.5 54.8 34.1 31.1 49.6 42.7 55.0 NA 24.3 47.2 40.4 35.9 NA 49.3 26.0 58.9 35.8 33.5 1980 32.1 1981 37.4 1982 41.2 1983 55.6 47.6 58.5 NA 29.6 52.5 45.0 41.3 NA 53.6 30.4 62.1 39.0 37.3 61.1 53.8 62.7 NA 38.0 57.3 50.0 48.0 NA 57.0 36.2 65.0 43.3 41.2 67.0 61.0 65.8 NA 41.5 59.9 54.9 56.7 NA 60.4 42.2 69.0 48.2 44.2 68.8 65.3 67.5 NA 43.3 65.7 59.4 62.6 NA 63.1 48.6 72.2 52.9 49.1 44.4 1984 48.1 1985 52.9 1986 57.6 1987 64.3 1988 68.7 1989 73.8 1990 82.9 1991 93.8 1992 100.0 1993 104.6 1994 106.8 1995 107.9 1996 109.5 1997 113.6 1998 120.6 1999 127.3 2000 134.9 2001 139.5 NA: 71.2 69.0 69.6 NA 46.2 71.4 63.6 68.0 NA 66.0 55.7 74.9 57.9 53.2 75.1 71.9 72.4 33.1 49.5 75.3 68.8 73.6 NA 70.0 63.1 78.9 63.4 58.6 78.5 73.0 76.1 35.2 55.7 77.3 71.1 76.6 NA 72.8 65.9 82.0 69.1 63.4 80.7 74.7 77.8 40.3 60.9 79.7 78.4 79.3 NA 76.0 69.4 84.7 78.4 67.7 84.0 77.5 79.2 50.0 65.6 81.1 82.9 81.9 NA 79.1 74.6 85.3 83.3 71.8 86.6 82.6 84.1 57.6 74.3 85.9 87.7 86.1 NA 83.2 80.9 86.8 87.2 79.4 90.8 88.3 90.6 68.5 85.3 90.1 92.7 90.9 NA 89.4 87.6 89.8 92.3 87.8 95.6 95.0 96.5 86.1 93.5 97.3 96.0 96.4 91.5 95.1 94.2 94.8 97.5 95.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.7 102.0 102.7 114.0 106.0 104.8 103.0 102.6 106.4 105.9 105.7 104.5 101.5 97.4 105.6 103.7 104.7 129.5 111.1 106.1 NA 106.0 111.8 111.7 106.8 109.0 104.4 99.8 107.9 106.0 108.3 158.1 120.3 109.2 NA 110.0 117.6 117.7 111.3 112.1 109.2 106.8 109.4 107.0 109.1 184.1 128.2 111.0 NA 112.1 123.3 123.7 119.0 114.4 113.6 115.2 111.5 109.3 112.6 197.7 132.3 115.2 NA 112.0 125.7 126.6 123.0 117.2 118.7 121.0 117.4 110.5 115.4 214.8 140.2 116.9 NA 112.6 127.6 127.6 122.2 122.0 125.7 125.6 122.1 112.3 114.8 211.1 144.0 118.4 NA 116.3 130.6 NA 124.6 126.0 133.0 130.3 131.1 113.9 113.7 221.1 146.2 120.5 NA 120.8 137.2 NA 127.8 132.1 140.0 135.3 133.1 117.8 114.5 240.2 149.4 126.7 NA 126.9 141.4 NA 132.6 138.5 147.6 139.8 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. ** See note on Germany in box on page 4. Source: - 26 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003. Table 8. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year States Kingdom* Former West Canada* Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Nether- Germany**Germany**Italy lands Norway Sweden* 1950 2.5 8.7 6.0 NA NA NA NA 1.8 2.5 NA 1.3 1.9 1.4 1.9 2.1 1955 3.5 11.7 9.5 1.1 NA NA NA 2.5 4.3 NA 1.9 2.7 2.0 2.9 3.3 1960 4.7 1961 5.0 1962 5.3 1963 5.5 1964 5.8 1965 6.4 1966 6.9 1967 7.0 1968 6.6 1969 7.1 14.9 12.4 1.5 NA NA 3.5 3.4 4.7 NA 3.0 3.5 2.9 4.1 4.6 15.3 12.2 1.8 NA NA 3.7 3.8 5.1 NA 3.5 3.9 3.4 4.5 5.0 15.9 12.0 2.0 NA NA 4.0 4.1 5.7 NA 4.0 4.6 3.7 5.0 5.6 16.4 12.4 2.2 NA NA 4.4 4.5 6.2 NA 4.3 5.5 4.0 5.3 6.2 17.0 12.9 2.5 NA NA 5.0 4.8 6.8 NA 4.7 5.8 4.7 5.6 6.8 17.4 13.7 2.8 NA NA 5.5 5.4 7.3 NA 5.1 6.2 5.2 6.2 7.5 18.2 14.7 3.1 NA NA 6.1 6.1 7.7 NA 5.5 6.6 5.8 6.8 8.2 19.2 15.4 3.5 NA NA 6.7 6.8 8.3 NA 5.9 7.3 6.5 7.6 9.1 20.7 16.5 4.1 NA NA 7.1 7.0 9.4 NA 6.3 7.8 7.2 8.4 9.9 22.2 17.9 4.9 NA NA 7.7 7.8 9.5 NA 7.0 8.5 8.2 9.3 10.8 1970 8.3 1971 9.6 23.7 19.8 5.8 NA NA 8.9 8.9 10.0 NA 8.9 10.3 9.5 10.3 12.0 25.2 21.7 6.9 NA NA 10.5 10.4 11.3 NA 10.4 12.1 11.2 11.9 13.8 1972 11.4 1973 12.7 1974 14.6 1975 18.4 1976 17.3 1977 18.9 1978 24.2 1979 31.9 26.5 23.8 9.2 NA NA 13.7 12.4 13.6 NA 12.6 14.1 14.0 14.3 16.5 28.5 25.6 12.5 NA 6.3 18.5 17.6 17.8 NA 17.1 16.7 19.3 18.5 20.3 31.6 30.5 15.2 NA 9.2 22.6 21.2 19.5 NA 19.9 19.4 23.9 22.6 23.5 35.5 33.7 17.5 NA 9.9 29.0 27.0 26.7 NA 23.1 23.9 29.0 28.6 30.8 38.4 39.9 18.8 NA 11.0 31.9 28.9 27.4 NA 24.3 23.5 30.9 31.6 34.3 41.8 41.1 23.0 NA 12.1 37.1 32.4 30.3 NA 28.8 26.4 36.3 36.3 36.7 45.2 41.2 31.5 NA 13.9 45.4 39.3 37.3 NA 35.8 31.2 44.6 40.4 40.2 49.6 44.0 32.0 NA 16.9 51.7 46.4 44.6 NA 42.0 38.6 51.6 43.9 45.5 1980 42.2 1981 42.8 1982 40.8 1983 38.1 1984 36.4 1985 38.9 1986 47.9 1987 59.7 1988 69.3 1989 68.4 55.6 49.1 32.8 NA 20.7 57.7 48.2 51.7 NA 46.1 43.8 55.0 49.0 51.4 61.1 54.2 36.0 NA 26.0 49.5 42.3 46.7 NA 39.3 39.1 45.8 46.9 47.3 67.0 59.7 33.5 NA 26.7 42.1 39.7 45.6 NA 38.8 38.4 45.4 46.4 41.0 68.8 64.0 36.0 NA 27.2 41.3 39.2 43.5 NA 38.6 39.4 44.5 45.0 37.2 71.2 64.4 37.1 NA 29.3 39.7 37.1 41.2 NA 36.3 39.1 41.1 44.1 37.5 75.1 63.6 38.5 30.2 31.2 40.8 39.2 43.4 NA 37.2 40.7 41.8 45.8 39.7 78.5 63.5 57.3 31.2 37.0 55.6 53.0 58.5 NA 52.4 54.4 58.9 58.0 51.8 80.7 68.1 68.2 38.3 48.3 68.6 69.2 69.8 NA 66.0 66.0 73.6 72.3 62.1 84.0 76.2 78.3 53.5 57.7 70.9 74.3 72.8 NA 70.4 70.6 75.9 79.3 68.2 86.6 84.3 77.2 67.0 70.8 70.1 72.3 71.4 NA 69.1 72.7 71.9 78.4 71.6 1990 83.7 1991 93.9 1992 100.0 1993 89.0 90.8 91.5 79.2 75.6 79.7 86.6 90.4 88.3 NA 86.4 90.1 86.7 91.7 86.4 95.6 100.1 90.9 91.7 87.9 91.5 90.5 90.4 86.1 89.4 93.5 89.1 93.3 91.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.7 95.5 117.2 111.0 100.9 97.4 95.9 95.8 100.4 100.0 82.8 98.9 88.8 72.8 1994 92.6 1995 96.4 1996 96.7 1997 105.4 1998 113.1 1999 116.6 105.6 91.7 129.9 126.0 105.6 102.1 NA 101.1 107.6 107.6 81.7 105.4 91.9 75.3 107.9 93.3 146.1 160.5 114.2 119.1 NA 116.8 128.3 128.3 84.2 122.8 107.1 87.1 109.4 94.8 127.2 179.4 117.4 115.3 NA 116.0 128.0 128.4 95.0 119.3 109.3 100.1 111.5 95.3 117.9 163.7 115.6 103.4 NA 101.5 113.2 114.0 88.9 105.6 104.1 92.2 117.4 90.0 111.7 120.4 105.1 103.5 NA 101.0 113.3 113.3 86.7 108.2 103.4 92.0 122.1 91.4 128.0 139.2 112.1 100.5 NA 100.0 111.1 NA 84.5 107.1 105.9 91.7 2000 115.7 2001 113.7 131.1 92.6 133.7 153.4 117.7 88.6 NA 90.0 101.1 NA 75.1 97.3 98.7 85.9 133.1 91.9 119.4 145.9 111.1 90.4 NA 91.6 101.1 NA 75.6 98.9 102.0 78.8 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. ** See note on Germany in box on page 4. Source: - 27 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003. Table 9. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year States Kingdom* Former West Canada* Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Nether- Germany**Germany**Italy lands Norway Sweden* 1950 6.3 NA 20.9 NA NA NA NA 9.8 13.4 NA 25.5 7.0 27.0 8.9 9.5 1955 8.3 NA 24.2 36.5 NA NA NA 12.2 18.8 NA 25.4 7.2 30.8 11.6 13.8 1960 NA 26.4 31.3 NA NA 30.1 13.6 21.7 NA 27.8 7.5 33.7 12.7 15.0 9.8 1961 10.5 1962 10.8 1963 10.7 1964 10.7 1965 11.4 1966 11.9 1967 11.8 1968 11.7 1969 12.5 1970 14.1 1971 15.3 1972 16.8 1973 17.8 1974 21.0 1975 28.6 1976 31.8 1977 35.6 1978 40.9 1979 48.3 1980 59.0 1981 65.5 1982 NA 25.7 32.1 NA NA 31.5 14.5 22.6 NA 29.7 7.7 36.4 13.4 15.6 NA 24.8 35.0 NA NA 32.1 15.1 23.4 NA 31.5 8.2 37.5 14.7 16.2 NA 24.9 36.1 NA NA 34.2 15.9 24.2 NA 32.2 9.5 39.7 14.9 16.9 NA 24.9 35.8 NA NA 36.3 15.9 24.5 NA 32.1 10.0 42.1 15.1 16.9 NA 25.1 38.7 NA NA 38.3 16.8 24.8 NA 33.3 9.6 44.3 15.7 17.4 NA 26.5 38.9 NA NA 39.6 18.2 24.3 NA 34.7 9.4 46.5 16.5 18.2 NA 27.6 38.5 NA NA 40.9 18.9 24.6 NA 34.5 9.9 47.9 17.8 18.6 NA 27.9 40.0 NA NA 40.3 19.4 25.2 NA 34.3 9.8 47.5 18.5 18.5 NA 28.8 41.4 NA NA 40.4 20.8 25.3 NA 35.0 10.4 49.1 18.6 18.8 NA 31.1 43.8 NA 23.8 41.7 22.4 26.8 NA 39.8 11.9 51.9 20.1 20.6 NA 31.2 47.8 NA 24.8 45.2 24.2 28.5 NA 42.9 13.5 56.1 22.3 22.2 NA 31.8 50.2 NA 24.9 47.9 24.9 30.0 NA 44.7 13.9 59.6 23.8 23.6 NA 32.6 56.2 NA 28.8 51.2 27.6 32.2 NA 47.5 15.1 64.1 25.3 24.8 NA 37.2 71.9 NA 43.5 59.9 32.8 37.4 NA 52.1 18.6 71.3 28.6 27.9 NA 44.7 81.4 NA 44.2 69.5 36.3 44.1 NA 55.2 24.2 82.7 34.5 33.7 NA 47.3 82.7 NA 45.5 73.1 38.8 47.6 NA 55.4 26.4 83.2 39.0 38.9 61.2 49.9 87.7 NA 47.3 75.3 41.7 51.1 NA 58.8 30.7 83.9 43.1 43.3 65.3 52.6 89.9 NA 47.4 76.1 45.0 55.1 NA 61.1 33.1 85.2 46.4 46.6 70.7 57.8 88.4 NA 53.8 76.8 48.5 60.2 NA 62.9 36.6 87.4 45.4 46.6 78.8 65.2 92.6 NA 62.2 80.3 52.2 67.0 NA 69.4 41.0 91.2 50.3 51.0 82.4 70.4 96.0 NA 72.1 81.7 57.3 73.5 NA 72.4 49.0 93.4 56.1 56.6 87.9 79.1 96.8 NA 76.8 81.5 62.1 81.2 NA 76.7 57.0 97.4 59.9 58.7 68.5 1983 68.2 1984 70.3 1985 74.4 1986 77.9 1987 82.4 1988 83.2 1989 85.6 1990 92.9 1991 100.1 1992 100.0 1993 100.7 1994 99.7 1995 102.9 1996 105.5 1997 108.2 1998 112.8 1999 114.4 2000 114.5 2001 117.0 NA: 86.0 79.7 98.1 NA 75.2 81.1 63.5 85.1 NA 76.4 64.2 94.4 63.6 60.7 85.6 77.8 97.8 NA 78.1 84.0 67.4 89.6 NA 77.3 67.9 89.2 65.6 62.5 87.3 78.9 94.7 60.4 81.3 86.5 71.7 91.9 NA 78.6 72.2 90.1 69.6 68.0 91.2 83.3 99.9 59.8 83.5 88.0 77.4 92.6 NA 81.2 74.9 91.9 76.9 72.5 86.9 85.1 97.0 63.8 83.7 89.7 85.7 94.2 NA 86.3 77.8 94.1 83.2 75.8 86.7 86.6 94.3 72.8 85.9 88.1 88.1 92.5 NA 86.5 79.4 92.7 89.5 79.4 90.5 89.3 94.9 78.7 89.5 88.7 87.5 93.2 NA 87.9 84.8 90.5 91.3 85.1 93.7 94.6 95.9 84.2 95.9 93.0 93.5 96.9 NA 90.3 91.5 91.4 94.6 92.9 97.6 99.6 97.4 94.1 96.8 98.1 96.5 99.3 93.1 93.3 98.2 95.8 99.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 96.4 101.0 105.4 103.0 102.3 103.7 101.9 104.5 105.3 104.3 102.0 101.9 90.8 98.5 93.6 101.4 109.8 104.1 97.9 96.2 97.9 102.0 103.6 101.9 96.1 104.8 84.7 94.8 94.3 97.6 122.4 104.5 96.4 96.4 96.6 104.7 105.9 103.0 95.3 108.4 85.8 93.5 97.5 94.0 129.1 104.1 94.7 103.2 97.8 107.5 107.5 110.0 95.6 110.8 89.0 91.9 96.2 93.0 121.0 102.3 90.7 99.4 91.9 104.5 103.9 111.9 96.3 116.4 85.8 92.8 97.7 95.2 117.4 103.2 90.4 102.8 88.2 104.6 100.4 111.1 98.1 125.7 84.0 91.3 96.8 90.6 104.4 100.7 91.9 103.7 87.7 107.6 NA 113.4 98.9 128.4 80.1 92.3 96.1 83.6 101.2 97.1 90.4 103.2 84.8 108.3 NA 113.1 98.6 134.0 74.7 94.1 101.5 85.6 106.5 93.3 93.9 101.7 86.6 110.1 NA 115.3 103.0 140.1 77.2 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. ** See note on Germany in box on page 4. Source: - 28 Table 10. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 1992=100) United United Year States Kingdom* Former West Canada* Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Germany**Germany**Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden* 1950 10.0 NA 23.1 NA NA NA NA 8.5 20.3 NA 9.5 13.8 12.5 7.7 10.7 1955 13.2 NA 29.7 12.8 NA NA NA 10.7 28.4 NA 9.4 14.1 14.2 10.1 15.5 1960 15.6 1961 16.7 1962 17.2 1963 17.0 1964 16.9 1965 18.0 1966 18.9 1967 18.3 1968 15.9 1969 16.9 NA 32.9 11.0 NA NA 19.4 12.0 23.4 NA 10.4 15.0 15.7 11.1 16.9 NA 30.6 11.3 NA NA 20.3 12.7 24.3 NA 11.6 15.3 17.6 11.7 17.6 NA 28.1 12.3 NA NA 20.7 13.2 25.3 NA 12.3 16.3 18.3 12.8 18.3 NA 27.8 12.7 NA NA 22.0 13.9 26.2 NA 12.6 18.8 19.4 13.0 18.9 NA 27.9 12.5 NA NA 23.5 13.9 26.4 NA 12.6 19.8 20.5 13.1 19.1 NA 28.2 13.6 NA NA 24.8 14.7 26.8 NA 13.0 19.0 21.6 13.7 19.6 NA 29.7 13.6 NA NA 25.6 15.9 26.2 NA 13.6 18.6 22.6 14.3 20.6 NA 30.9 13.5 NA NA 26.5 16.3 26.5 NA 13.5 19.6 23.4 15.5 21.0 NA 31.3 14.1 NA NA 25.9 15.7 27.0 NA 13.4 19.4 23.1 16.1 20.9 NA 32.3 14.6 NA NA 25.9 16.7 25.8 NA 13.9 20.4 23.8 16.2 21.1 1970 19.1 NA 36.0 15.5 NA 14.9 27.0 18.0 25.7 NA 17.1 23.3 25.3 17.5 23.1 1971 21.2 1972 23.7 1973 24.7 1974 27.9 1975 36.0 1976 32.5 1977 35.1 1978 44.4 1979 58.0 NA 37.3 17.4 NA 15.6 29.9 19.8 27.3 NA 19.3 26.9 28.3 19.7 25.3 NA 38.8 21.0 NA 15.7 35.0 21.6 31.5 NA 21.9 29.4 32.7 22.5 28.9 NA 39.3 26.3 NA 18.9 42.4 27.7 38.4 NA 28.0 32.0 40.6 27.4 33.1 NA 46.0 31.3 NA 28.8 49.5 32.5 41.2 NA 31.5 35.2 46.8 32.2 36.7 NA 53.1 34.8 NA 29.3 60.9 38.2 54.5 NA 35.1 45.7 57.6 41.1 47.4 NA 58.0 35.4 NA 30.1 60.9 38.8 52.8 NA 34.4 39.2 55.4 44.4 52.0 61.2 56.7 41.5 NA 31.3 67.6 42.0 55.0 NA 39.6 42.8 60.2 50.3 56.4 65.3 55.8 54.7 NA 32.2 77.8 49.3 64.9 NA 47.6 48.1 69.4 55.0 60.1 70.7 59.6 51.4 NA 37.5 84.2 55.7 74.9 NA 53.6 54.3 76.6 55.7 63.3 1980 77.7 1981 75.0 1982 67.8 1983 58.6 1984 53.2 1985 54.7 1986 64.8 1987 76.5 1988 83.9 1989 79.4 78.8 67.4 51.8 NA 43.4 88.3 55.9 83.9 NA 59.6 59.0 80.7 63.3 70.2 82.4 70.9 55.2 NA 49.2 70.6 48.4 71.6 NA 49.9 53.1 65.7 60.7 65.1 87.9 77.5 49.3 NA 49.4 57.2 44.9 65.3 NA 49.3 51.9 64.1 57.7 54.4 86.0 78.1 52.4 NA 47.2 51.0 41.9 59.1 NA 46.7 52.1 58.2 54.1 46.1 85.6 72.5 52.2 NA 49.6 46.8 39.3 54.3 NA 42.4 47.7 48.9 50.0 44.0 87.3 69.8 50.3 55.0 51.3 46.9 40.9 54.2 NA 41.7 46.6 47.8 50.3 46.1 91.2 72.4 75.3 53.0 55.6 63.4 57.7 70.8 NA 58.5 61.9 66.0 64.6 59.2 86.9 77.6 85.1 60.6 66.3 77.2 75.5 82.9 NA 74.9 73.9 81.7 76.7 69.6 86.7 85.0 93.3 77.8 75.5 77.0 78.9 82.2 NA 76.9 75.2 82.4 85.2 75.4 90.5 91.1 87.2 91.6 85.2 72.3 72.1 77.3 NA 73.0 76.1 75.0 82.1 76.8 1990 93.9 1991 100.1 1992 100.0 93.7 98.0 83.9 93.0 89.7 89.5 91.2 94.1 NA 87.3 94.1 88.3 94.0 91.3 97.6 105.1 91.8 100.3 91.1 92.3 91.0 93.1 87.5 87.8 97.5 90.0 95.0 96.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1993 85.6 1994 86.4 1995 91.9 1996 93.2 1997 100.4 1998 105.9 1999 104.8 100.6 90.3 115.3 102.7 98.1 95.1 96.5 95.2 98.7 99.4 81.6 96.5 89.2 67.8 98.5 82.8 125.8 106.8 99.0 94.2 91.4 93.4 98.2 99.8 77.9 92.9 92.3 64.0 94.8 83.0 131.6 124.3 99.2 105.2 104.0 102.5 114.2 115.5 77.9 104.4 106.4 70.0 93.5 86.4 109.5 125.9 95.4 98.3 107.5 101.2 111.6 111.6 87.9 99.7 106.6 77.3 91.9 84.0 97.4 100.2 89.5 81.4 90.8 83.3 94.0 93.5 80.9 86.7 102.1 65.4 92.8 79.6 92.2 65.8 77.4 80.0 92.6 79.1 92.9 89.1 78.8 86.9 103.5 61.5 91.3 78.8 101.0 68.8 78.3 78.0 89.5 75.4 91.6 NA 76.9 84.0 102.2 56.4 2000 98.3 2001 95.3 92.3 78.2 98.4 70.2 78.1 66.5 76.9 63.2 79.8 NA 66.4 72.6 94.5 47.5 94.1 79.2 89.3 64.7 69.4 67.0 73.7 62.6 78.7 NA 65.7 73.6 96.8 43.5 lands Norway Sweden NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. ** See note on Germany in box on page 4. Source: - 29 Table 11. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003. Exchange rates, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar) 1992=100) United United Year Kingdom Former West Germany**Germany**Italy Nether- States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 1950 158.6 100.0 110.5 35.2 NA NA NA 87.5 151.3 NA 37.2 197.3 46.2 87.1 112.6 1955 158.0 100.0 122.5 35.2 NA NA NA 87.4 151.2 NA 37.1 197.1 46.1 87.0 112.6 1960 159.0 1961 158.6 1962 159.0 1963 158.5 1964 158.1 1965 158.3 1966 158.1 1967 155.7 1968 135.5 1969 135.3 100.0 124.6 35.2 NA NA 64.5 87.6 107.9 NA 37.4 198.4 46.6 87.1 112.7 100.0 119.4 35.1 NA NA 64.5 87.4 107.9 NA 38.9 198.4 48.5 87.0 112.7 100.0 113.1 35.1 NA NA 64.6 87.5 108.0 NA 39.1 198.5 48.8 87.1 113.0 100.0 112.0 35.1 NA NA 64.5 87.4 108.0 NA 39.2 198.2 48.8 86.9 112.3 100.0 112.0 35.0 NA NA 64.6 87.3 108.0 NA 39.3 197.3 48.8 86.8 113.1 100.0 112.1 35.1 NA NA 64.8 87.3 108.0 NA 39.1 197.2 48.8 86.9 112.9 100.0 112.2 35.0 NA NA 64.5 87.4 107.7 NA 39.1 197.3 48.6 86.9 112.8 100.0 112.0 35.0 NA NA 64.7 86.5 107.6 NA 39.2 197.4 48.8 86.9 112.9 100.0 112.2 35.2 NA NA 64.4 80.7 106.9 NA 39.1 197.7 48.6 87.0 112.7 100.0 112.2 35.4 NA NA 64.1 80.3 102.2 NA 39.8 196.4 48.5 87.0 112.7 1970 135.6 1971 138.4 1972 141.6 1973 138.8 1974 132.5 1975 125.8 1976 102.2 1977 98.8 1978 108.6 1979 120.2 100.0 115.8 35.4 252.7 62.9 64.7 80.5 95.7 NA 42.8 196.5 48.6 86.9 112.3 100.0 119.7 36.5 226.0 62.9 66.2 81.6 96.1 NA 44.9 199.3 50.4 88.3 114.1 100.0 122.0 41.8 199.7 62.9 73.0 86.8 104.9 NA 49.0 211.1 54.8 94.3 122.5 100.0 120.8 46.8 197.0 65.8 82.8 100.2 119.3 NA 59.0 211.8 63.3 108.2 133.8 100.0 123.6 43.5 194.0 66.2 82.7 99.3 110.1 NA 60.5 189.4 65.5 112.6 131.4 100.0 118.8 42.7 162.1 66.2 87.6 105.3 123.6 NA 63.6 188.9 69.7 119.2 140.6 100.0 122.6 42.8 162.1 66.2 83.3 99.9 110.9 NA 62.1 148.4 66.6 113.9 133.7 100.0 113.7 47.3 162.1 66.2 89.7 100.6 107.7 NA 67.3 139.6 71.7 116.8 130.4 100.0 106.0 60.8 162.1 67.9 102.3 109.6 117.6 NA 77.9 145.2 81.4 118.6 129.0 100.0 103.2 58.1 162.1 69.8 109.6 114.8 124.4 NA 85.2 148.3 87.7 122.7 135.9 1980 131.7 1981 100.0 103.4 55.9 129.2 69.8 110.0 107.1 125.3 NA 85.9 143.9 88.5 125.8 137.7 100.0 100.8 57.5 115.2 68.3 86.4 84.6 97.3 NA 69.0 108.2 70.4 108.2 115.0 114.6 1982 99.0 1983 85.8 1984 75.7 1985 73.5 1986 83.1 1987 92.8 1988 100.8 1989 92.7 100.0 97.9 50.9 107.2 64.3 70.2 72.4 80.5 NA 64.3 91.0 65.8 96.2 92.7 100.0 98.1 53.4 101.1 62.8 62.9 66.0 69.5 NA 61.2 81.1 61.6 85.1 75.9 100.0 93.3 53.4 97.1 63.5 55.7 58.3 60.6 NA 54.9 70.2 54.8 76.2 70.4 100.0 88.5 53.2 91.0 63.1 54.2 57.0 58.9 NA 53.1 64.5 53.0 72.3 67.7 100.0 87.0 75.3 88.7 66.5 72.0 74.6 76.4 NA 72.0 82.6 71.8 84.0 81.7 100.0 91.1 87.7 95.0 79.2 86.1 88.2 88.0 NA 86.9 95.0 86.8 92.2 91.8 100.0 98.2 98.9 106.8 87.9 87.4 89.6 88.8 NA 88.9 94.6 88.9 95.2 94.9 100.0 102.1 91.8 116.4 95.3 81.6 82.5 83.0 NA 83.0 89.8 82.9 89.9 90.2 1990 101.0 1991 100.1 1992 100.0 1993 85.0 1994 86.7 1995 89.4 1996 88.4 1997 92.7 1998 93.8 1999 91.6 100.0 103.6 87.4 110.4 93.5 96.2 97.5 97.2 NA 96.6 102.8 96.6 99.4 98.4 100.0 105.5 94.2 106.5 94.0 94.0 94.3 93.7 94.0 94.0 99.3 93.9 95.7 96.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 93.7 114.1 97.4 95.2 93.0 93.1 93.4 94.4 94.4 78.3 94.6 87.5 74.7 100.0 88.4 124.1 97.2 95.1 96.2 95.0 95.4 96.3 96.3 76.5 96.7 88.1 75.5 100.0 88.1 134.9 101.5 95.0 109.1 107.8 106.2 109.1 109.1 75.6 109.6 98.1 81.6 100.0 88.6 116.5 97.5 91.6 103.8 104.1 103.5 103.8 103.8 79.9 104.3 96.2 86.8 100.0 87.3 104.7 82.8 87.4 89.8 91.3 90.7 90.0 90.0 72.3 90.1 87.7 76.2 100.0 81.5 96.8 56.0 75.0 88.5 90.1 89.7 88.8 88.8 70.9 88.7 82.3 73.3 100.0 81.3 111.5 65.9 77.8 84.9 86.4 86.0 85.1 85.1 67.8 85.0 79.6 70.4 2000 85.8 2001 81.5 100.0 81.4 117.6 69.4 80.5 73.6 74.6 74.5 73.7 NA 58.7 73.7 70.5 63.5 100.0 78.0 104.3 60.7 74.4 71.3 72.5 72.2 71.5 NA 57.0 71.4 69.1 56.3 NA: Not Available ** See note on Germany in box on page 4. Source: - 30 Table 12. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003. Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 1992=100) United United Year States Kingdom* Former West Canada* Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Nether- Germany**Germany**Italy lands Norway Sweden* 1950 1.9 8.8 5.9 NA NA NA NA 2.9 2.0 NA 4.9 1.0 3.9 2.9 2.4 1955 2.7 11.8 8.1 3.8 NA NA NA 3.9 3.4 NA 7.3 1.5 5.7 4.4 3.8 1960 3.6 1961 3.8 1962 3.9 1963 4.1 1964 4.4 1965 4.8 1966 5.1 1967 5.2 1968 5.6 1969 6.1 14.8 10.4 5.3 NA NA 6.8 5.0 5.2 NA 10.7 1.9 8.1 6.0 5.0 15.2 10.6 6.1 NA NA 7.2 5.5 5.8 NA 11.8 2.1 8.9 6.4 5.4 16.0 11.1 6.9 NA NA 7.8 6.1 6.4 NA 13.0 2.4 9.4 7.0 6.0 16.5 11.6 7.6 NA NA 8.6 6.5 7.0 NA 13.7 2.9 10.3 7.5 6.6 17.3 12.1 8.5 NA NA 9.6 7.1 7.5 NA 14.8 3.1 11.9 8.0 7.1 17.9 12.8 9.4 NA NA 10.5 7.8 8.1 NA 16.2 3.2 13.3 8.7 7.7 18.8 13.7 10.4 NA NA 11.5 8.7 8.6 NA 17.4 3.4 14.8 9.5 8.5 19.4 14.4 11.7 NA NA 12.4 9.7 9.2 NA 17.8 3.8 16.3 10.5 9.2 20.9 15.4 13.6 NA NA 13.3 10.4 10.1 NA 19.4 4.1 17.8 11.3 9.8 22.2 16.5 15.9 NA NA 14.4 11.6 11.0 NA 21.3 4.5 19.9 12.2 10.5 1970 7.0 1971 7.8 1972 8.9 23.3 17.6 18.7 NA NA 16.0 12.7 12.2 NA 24.8 5.3 22.6 13.4 11.8 24.8 18.7 21.3 NA NA 18.2 14.7 13.6 NA 27.2 6.0 25.6 15.2 13.3 26.5 20.1 24.3 NA NA 21.0 16.1 14.9 NA 29.8 6.5 29.0 16.8 14.4 1973 10.2 1974 11.9 1975 15.8 1976 18.5 1977 21.0 1978 24.4 1979 28.9 28.5 21.7 29.5 NA 10.6 24.3 18.7 16.8 NA 33.4 7.8 33.9 18.9 16.0 31.0 25.0 37.0 NA 15.0 29.2 23.2 19.7 NA 37.2 9.8 39.3 21.8 18.6 34.3 28.4 42.1 NA 16.4 33.3 27.0 23.3 NA 40.0 11.9 44.1 25.9 22.3 37.6 32.7 46.7 NA 18.4 39.3 30.5 26.8 NA 44.3 14.9 49.1 29.2 25.8 41.0 36.2 51.7 NA 20.1 42.3 33.7 30.2 NA 47.7 17.7 53.3 32.2 28.1 44.3 39.2 55.3 NA 22.5 45.2 37.0 33.8 NA 50.6 20.1 57.1 34.6 30.3 48.4 42.9 59.2 NA 26.5 48.1 41.8 38.2 NA 54.1 24.1 60.7 35.7 32.1 1980 33.9 1981 38.8 1982 43.0 1983 46.2 1984 50.2 1985 55.0 1986 59.6 1987 66.6 1988 71.4 1989 76.2 53.5 47.3 63.0 NA 32.4 52.7 46.8 43.9 NA 57.9 28.2 64.4 39.1 35.3 58.8 53.1 66.9 NA 39.6 56.1 51.3 50.3 NA 60.9 33.6 67.7 43.5 39.2 63.3 59.7 70.0 NA 43.1 60.0 57.2 57.2 NA 64.1 39.0 72.6 48.0 42.3 66.9 64.7 72.0 NA 44.9 64.2 62.7 62.8 NA 67.2 45.0 76.1 53.0 47.5 70.2 68.3 74.9 NA 48.4 69.3 67.0 68.3 NA 70.3 51.5 77.8 57.9 52.5 74.1 71.6 77.7 36.7 50.4 74.1 70.0 73.4 NA 73.1 57.9 79.9 63.1 57.4 77.4 73.0 81.2 39.6 57.6 76.2 74.0 76.6 NA 75.6 62.3 82.7 68.8 61.8 80.0 75.4 83.4 44.6 63.1 79.2 79.8 79.8 NA 78.8 67.6 84.9 76.2 66.8 84.0 79.9 85.7 54.0 67.1 81.9 84.4 82.9 NA 81.7 73.1 86.1 81.6 70.7 86.7 83.2 90.0 59.9 75.0 86.4 88.2 87.0 NA 84.6 80.3 87.1 85.9 77.9 1990 84.8 1991 93.9 1992 100.0 1993 105.7 1994 109.2 90.2 88.5 95.6 70.0 85.2 91.7 92.1 91.3 NA 89.2 86.9 90.2 90.8 87.2 94.3 94.8 99.6 87.3 93.5 97.3 95.6 95.9 88.2 94.3 94.3 94.9 96.4 94.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.1 103.0 100.6 114.2 106.0 103.2 102.2 102.4 103.9 102.8 104.0 104.4 101.8 99.9 108.0 105.8 102.8 130.6 111.4 107.4 106.0 105.9 109.9 108.5 108.8 109.0 104.9 107.1 1995 112.2 1996 114.4 1997 118.3 1998 124.5 1999 131.0 109.5 107.6 107.0 159.7 120.1 109.2 109.7 109.3 115.8 113.6 115.6 112.3 108.7 115.4 111.0 109.5 108.5 182.9 127.7 111.6 112.1 111.4 118.6 117.6 122.0 114.5 112.5 124.2 113.9 111.7 111.3 193.8 132.3 115.8 117.4 111.0 121.0 120.5 127.7 116.8 117.3 130.1 118.8 113.5 111.7 202.2 137.5 117.8 120.8 111.4 123.3 122.8 126.1 121.4 124.6 135.1 124.5 116.6 111.0 214.6 142.1 122.3 125.1 114.4 125.6 NA 129.0 125.3 132.4 140.9 2000 138.5 2001 144.1 132.5 118.0 111.7 221.9 144.1 124.6 129.3 114.8 130.7 NA 132.9 131.3 137.3 145.7 132.4 120.9 111.7 235.5 136.7 129.6 134.4 117.9 133.1 NA 136.2 137.5 144.2 148.5 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. ** See note on Germany in box on page 4. Source: - 31 Table 13. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003. Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 1992=100) United United Year Kingdom Former West States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany**Germany**Italy 1950 25.6 46.6 37.0 NA NA NA NA 23.9 20.1 NA 11.7 1955 28.0 56.4 46.5 18.2 NA NA NA 26.6 27.1 NA 1960 32.8 1961 65.0 54.6 23.1 NA NA 24.5 32.3 30.6 66.3 55.5 25.6 NA NA 25.7 34.8 32.7 Netherlands Norway Sweden 19.1 16.5 26.3 25.3 15.9 22.3 20.5 29.5 30.5 NA 23.6 26.8 25.5 36.4 35.4 NA 25.8 29.0 28.8 38.7 37.9 34.0 1962 34.2 1963 35.1 1964 36.2 1965 37.8 1966 39.4 1967 40.4 1968 41.4 1969 42.7 68.1 56.9 27.3 NA NA 27.2 35.5 34.6 NA 28.4 32.7 30.0 40.4 40.4 69.3 58.3 28.4 NA NA 29.4 36.6 36.0 NA 29.4 36.1 32.0 42.0 43.4 71.2 59.6 30.7 NA NA 31.9 38.2 37.8 NA 31.1 36.3 35.0 42.5 45.7 71.6 61.7 32.1 NA NA 34.0 39.8 40.0 NA 33.1 37.2 37.7 45.0 48.1 72.8 63.8 33.7 NA NA 36.0 42.4 41.2 NA 34.7 38.7 39.9 47.6 49.5 74.4 64.9 36.3 NA NA 38.3 44.2 43.2 NA 36.1 41.2 42.8 51.0 52.6 76.9 66.6 40.1 NA NA 39.8 45.0 47.1 NA 38.3 43.3 45.9 54.3 56.0 78.2 68.9 45.2 NA NA 42.0 49.0 48.3 NA 41.1 46.3 48.5 58.1 58.9 1970 46.1 1971 47.9 1972 51.6 1973 53.8 1974 55.7 1975 59.8 1976 59.6 1977 57.9 1978 62.1 1979 65.0 79.2 71.5 49.9 NA NA 46.1 52.4 51.7 NA 46.7 53.7 54.1 58.3 61.8 80.5 73.9 54.3 NA NA 51.0 57.4 55.0 NA 49.8 59.1 57.5 62.9 64.1 82.0 75.7 59.6 NA NA 57.2 60.2 57.2 NA 52.3 61.5 61.1 65.8 67.5 83.1 76.6 65.3 NA 32.7 63.5 67.4 61.0 NA 55.4 65.7 67.3 69.0 69.8 83.1 80.2 69.4 NA 32.5 69.3 71.3 63.7 NA 58.9 71.7 73.2 74.0 74.8 85.4 83.2 72.4 NA 33.0 74.3 78.1 69.5 NA 61.3 75.7 76.2 79.1 83.6 87.5 88.8 71.3 NA 36.0 78.8 80.7 72.6 NA 63.1 80.9 78.0 83.9 88.4 89.3 91.2 72.7 NA 36.8 79.4 81.1 75.4 NA 66.7 82.7 79.9 86.3 86.1 90.3 89.9 74.4 NA 39.2 81.5 81.8 77.8 NA 69.9 83.9 83.0 87.4 88.9 90.6 90.6 76.3 NA 42.2 82.9 84.2 79.5 NA 72.2 88.5 85.5 87.6 89.9 1980 66.7 1981 69.8 1982 70.4 1983 91.4 91.6 75.3 NA 43.3 86.5 83.4 80.6 NA 74.6 85.3 84.3 86.0 87.7 91.9 92.0 76.8 NA 47.8 87.7 83.0 82.6 NA 74.6 86.1 82.7 84.1 86.3 95.1 94.1 78.5 NA 50.7 84.4 82.7 87.3 NA 75.0 86.2 83.1 84.1 85.1 93.9 95.2 79.1 NA 52.1 86.0 83.8 88.0 NA 76.0 86.6 84.6 85.1 84.5 72.5 1984 74.8 1985 77.5 1986 81.6 1987 87.4 1988 89.1 1989 88.7 1990 91.1 1991 97.4 1992 100.0 1993 103.0 1994 102.7 1995 100.2 1996 99.3 1997 99.9 1998 102.5 1999 106.6 2000 109.7 2001 111.5 NA: 93.4 96.4 79.7 NA 55.6 87.8 84.4 88.9 NA 77.7 89.6 85.0 87.7 85.2 95.3 96.6 81.3 50.1 59.8 88.3 87.1 90.7 NA 80.7 93.0 87.6 90.8 87.4 97.8 94.1 84.9 51.8 66.7 89.6 86.9 91.9 NA 84.1 91.7 90.9 92.4 90.4 97.3 92.3 86.8 57.5 72.6 90.9 92.2 92.3 NA 87.7 92.2 94.2 96.4 92.4 97.7 92.1 87.6 66.7 77.2 91.4 93.2 93.0 NA 90.3 94.4 94.0 96.0 94.1 96.6 93.4 91.0 72.7 83.8 94.0 94.1 94.3 NA 92.3 96.3 94.7 96.1 98.3 96.4 94.7 95.1 79.6 92.3 95.2 96.9 96.3 NA 96.6 98.0 95.6 97.7 97.6 98.0 96.3 98.0 91.5 97.7 99.7 98.0 99.0 96.2 99.1 99.1 97.9 99.8 97.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3 100.2 101.4 108.7 102.9 102.0 101.7 100.5 101.8 102.1 101.2 101.8 99.2 95.3 101.0 101.6 102.7 116.4 103.7 100.9 NA 102.1 104.1 104.8 98.3 103.4 100.6 95.6 100.7 101.7 106.3 136.0 108.3 102.3 NA 104.2 107.8 108.7 97.4 104.2 102.7 97.8 99.4 101.1 107.0 150.8 111.9 101.9 NA 104.1 111.4 112.8 100.1 104.3 105.6 104.4 99.2 101.6 108.4 155.2 114.5 104.0 NA 102.7 111.5 113.3 101.4 104.6 107.5 108.4 103.0 101.4 110.5 156.8 119.3 104.6 NA 102.6 112.1 113.3 98.8 106.8 111.3 111.7 104.9 101.3 110.3 152.8 122.4 104.7 NA 105.5 114.0 NA 99.1 107.9 115.2 112.1 109.0 99.9 109.9 156.5 122.7 103.9 NA 107.7 117.6 NA 99.1 110.3 117.6 119.1 107.7 100.8 111.5 163.4 125.4 106.7 NA 111.3 118.2 NA 100.1 110.7 120.3 120.4 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. ** See note on Germany in box on page 4. Source: - 32 Table 14. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003. Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 1992=100) United United Year Kingdom Former West States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany**Germany**Italy 1950 31.5 47.3 40.3 NA NA NA NA 33.6 24.3 NA 17.2 1955 34.8 57.2 48.7 21.7 NA NA NA 36.8 32.6 NA 1960 40.0 1961 40.8 1962 40.7 1963 41.7 1964 43.4 1965 44.7 1966 45.7 1967 46.5 1968 48.1 1969 49.6 64.7 56.8 28.6 NA NA 30.8 42.4 36.9 66.0 57.5 31.2 NA NA 32.2 44.3 68.5 59.4 32.7 NA NA 34.2 69.9 61.0 33.6 NA NA 72.4 62.7 36.2 NA 73.5 64.9 37.3 75.0 66.6 75.3 1970 52.7 1971 53.5 1972 57.1 1973 Netherlands Norway Sweden 20.1 21.5 34.4 32.8 23.3 24.0 26.7 38.6 39.4 NA 31.0 29.2 33.6 45.8 43.2 39.7 NA 33.4 31.3 36.3 48.1 45.9 45.5 41.8 NA 35.8 34.1 37.6 49.9 48.5 37.0 46.3 43.5 NA 36.5 37.8 40.0 51.8 51.5 NA 39.9 48.7 45.4 NA 38.7 38.1 43.3 52.7 53.7 NA NA 41.9 50.7 47.7 NA 41.0 37.8 46.6 54.5 56.0 39.3 NA NA 44.0 53.0 49.4 NA 42.4 39.7 49.1 57.8 57.6 67.8 42.4 NA NA 46.2 54.5 51.3 NA 42.9 42.8 52.3 61.3 60.3 77.7 69.4 46.7 NA NA 48.1 54.3 54.3 NA 46.1 45.0 55.2 63.7 62.9 78.4 71.5 51.9 NA NA 50.2 58.4 57.0 NA 49.5 47.9 57.4 66.6 64.9 77.8 73.7 56.7 NA NA 53.6 60.4 60.4 NA 56.0 54.5 62.9 66.4 68.0 79.2 76.0 60.7 NA NA 58.5 65.9 63.7 NA 58.4 58.3 66.2 70.8 70.3 82.1 77.9 66.2 NA NA 64.1 67.7 65.5 NA 60.7 60.2 69.4 73.0 72.1 83.0 78.3 71.9 NA 36.5 69.4 71.7 68.8 NA 63.8 65.1 74.9 76.1 73.2 60.3 1974 60.4 1975 64.6 1976 64.9 1977 63.6 1978 67.9 1979 70.7 81.5 81.4 73.3 NA 34.9 73.8 77.4 71.0 NA 66.5 68.6 79.0 80.5 77.6 82.5 83.4 74.7 NA 36.3 74.8 82.1 75.1 NA 67.4 71.1 80.7 85.6 85.1 85.5 89.1 75.7 NA 39.8 80.8 85.2 78.8 NA 71.5 76.0 82.5 88.3 89.0 87.6 91.4 77.4 NA 40.6 81.1 84.8 81.0 NA 74.3 77.3 84.1 89.3 86.0 88.6 90.8 79.5 NA 43.0 83.1 84.6 82.9 NA 76.9 78.3 86.5 88.7 86.5 88.4 91.1 82.1 NA 46.0 84.6 87.0 84.7 NA 79.2 81.9 88.1 87.4 86.1 1980 70.5 1981 72.5 1982 73.5 1983 75.6 1984 78.1 1985 80.5 1986 84.4 1987 90.6 1988 92.5 1989 91.6 88.1 91.2 81.0 NA 47.4 86.9 86.7 85.8 NA 80.7 79.2 87.3 86.3 83.1 88.5 90.8 82.1 NA 49.8 86.0 85.2 86.7 NA 79.7 79.9 86.1 84.6 82.2 90.0 92.0 83.5 NA 52.7 84.5 86.2 88.0 NA 79.7 79.8 87.4 83.8 81.4 91.2 94.3 84.4 NA 54.1 84.0 88.5 88.2 NA 80.9 80.2 89.1 85.2 81.8 92.1 95.4 85.8 NA 58.3 85.3 88.9 89.2 NA 82.7 82.9 88.3 87.6 84.0 94.0 96.2 87.2 55.5 60.8 87.0 88.7 90.5 NA 84.3 85.3 88.6 90.4 85.5 96.4 94.2 90.6 58.3 69.0 88.3 90.5 92.0 NA 87.3 86.7 91.5 92.0 88.1 96.5 93.2 93.0 63.7 75.2 90.4 93.8 92.9 NA 90.9 89.8 94.4 93.7 91.2 97.7 94.9 94.9 72.0 79.0 92.4 94.9 94.1 NA 93.2 92.5 94.9 94.0 92.7 96.6 94.1 97.4 75.6 84.5 94.5 94.6 95.3 NA 93.9 95.6 95.1 94.7 96.5 1990 93.2 1991 97.5 1992 100.0 1993 104.0 1994 105.0 1995 95.9 94.9 100.4 81.4 92.2 96.9 96.3 96.8 NA 96.4 97.2 95.9 96.1 96.9 96.7 96.1 101.2 92.8 97.7 99.7 97.6 98.5 92.6 98.2 99.2 98.0 98.7 96.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.6 101.2 99.3 109.0 102.9 100.5 100.9 100.4 99.4 99.1 99.6 101.7 99.5 97.7 103.2 103.6 100.7 117.3 103.9 102.1 102.7 102.0 102.4 101.7 100.2 103.4 101.1 102.5 102.2 103.3 105.0 137.4 108.1 102.3 104.0 103.5 106.1 104.9 101.1 104.4 102.3 105.7 104.2 1996 103.7 1997 104.0 1998 105.9 1999 109.7 103.4 106.3 149.9 111.5 102.4 104.1 103.4 107.2 107.2 102.6 104.4 104.6 112.6 101.3 103.8 107.1 152.1 114.5 104.6 106.7 101.8 107.3 107.9 105.3 104.3 106.3 116.5 104.3 104.2 106.9 147.6 117.1 105.4 107.8 101.5 108.3 109.0 101.9 106.2 110.4 120.2 107.0 105.1 106.6 155.4 120.7 108.2 108.9 103.7 109.7 NA 102.6 107.3 114.6 121.3 110.2 103.6 108.0 157.1 120.9 107.5 109.4 102.3 112.0 NA 103.1 109.6 115.3 128.2 107.1 103.5 108.8 160.2 114.7 109.1 111.0 103.4 111.3 NA 102.8 109.9 117.5 127.9 2000 112.6 2001 115.2 100.8 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. ** See note on Germany in box on page 4. Source: - 33 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003. Table 15. (Indexes: Total labor compensation in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 1992=100) United United Year States Kingdom* Former West Canada* Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Nether- Germany**Germany**Italy lands Norway Sweden* 1950 3.1 7.4 4.6 NA NA NA NA 2.8 2.2 NA 3.7 .7 4.4 3.4 2.9 1955 4.9 11.0 6.9 1.8 NA NA NA 3.9 3.9 NA 7.0 1.1 6.9 5.5 4.9 1960 6.6 1961 7.1 1962 7.3 1963 13.7 8.8 3.4 NA NA 9.2 6.1 6.0 NA 11.6 1.7 10.5 7.3 6.9 13.7 8.9 4.1 NA NA 10.1 6.8 6.8 NA 13.1 2.0 11.7 8.0 7.7 14.8 9.6 4.9 NA NA 11.1 7.7 7.5 NA 14.5 2.3 12.6 8.9 8.5 15.4 10.2 5.6 NA NA 12.4 8.2 8.4 NA 15.2 2.8 13.9 9.5 9.3 7.5 1964 8.2 1965 9.0 1966 9.5 1967 9.5 1968 10.1 1969 11.2 16.4 11.2 6.5 NA NA 14.3 9.1 9.2 NA 16.4 3.0 16.2 10.3 10.2 17.8 12.4 7.3 NA NA 15.6 10.3 9.8 NA 18.3 3.1 18.2 11.3 11.2 19.8 14.0 8.3 NA NA 17.1 11.4 10.5 NA 19.4 3.3 20.1 12.6 12.1 20.7 14.9 9.8 NA NA 17.9 12.0 11.2 NA 18.9 3.8 21.6 14.0 12.8 22.6 15.9 11.8 NA NA 18.8 13.1 12.1 NA 20.7 4.1 23.4 14.9 13.4 24.6 17.5 14.2 NA NA 21.1 14.9 13.6 NA 23.6 4.6 26.5 16.1 14.6 1970 12.7 1971 13.7 1972 15.3 1973 17.7 1974 20.7 1975 26.2 1976 29.7 1977 33.8 1978 39.1 1979 46.1 24.8 18.3 17.2 NA 3.0 24.0 16.5 15.5 NA 28.2 5.7 30.3 18.2 16.6 25.3 19.5 19.6 NA 3.9 27.2 18.2 17.4 NA 30.7 6.6 33.7 20.8 18.0 27.8 21.6 22.4 NA 4.7 31.0 20.3 19.3 NA 33.0 7.2 36.8 23.2 19.3 31.5 24.4 28.3 NA 6.4 36.1 23.6 22.2 NA 37.3 8.8 42.4 26.0 21.7 34.2 28.5 35.3 NA 9.1 43.9 28.2 26.3 NA 40.5 11.5 49.0 30.4 25.7 34.5 31.5 37.9 NA 9.7 47.2 29.8 30.4 NA 40.9 14.1 53.1 35.8 31.2 39.2 36.1 41.8 NA 12.3 53.4 33.7 34.8 NA 44.2 17.7 56.7 40.3 36.0 44.4 39.3 45.8 NA 14.5 55.2 36.8 39.0 NA 47.8 21.2 60.0 44.6 37.8 50.0 43.8 48.3 NA 17.6 56.5 39.9 43.1 NA 50.6 24.1 62.8 47.0 39.6 55.9 49.6 51.6 NA 21.5 58.6 45.0 48.0 NA 54.8 29.4 66.0 47.9 42.1 1980 51.5 1981 53.5 1982 55.9 1983 57.0 1984 60.9 1985 59.7 54.5 56.0 NA 27.4 62.8 49.3 54.6 NA 59.2 34.6 69.1 52.5 46.3 65.3 60.9 60.1 NA 34.1 63.1 51.8 60.4 NA 61.0 40.1 70.8 57.5 49.8 65.6 62.2 62.6 NA 37.2 65.5 57.1 67.7 NA 62.5 45.7 73.0 61.1 51.8 68.1 65.7 65.4 NA 40.7 68.6 62.3 72.8 NA 63.2 51.1 73.0 64.0 57.0 75.0 71.3 69.4 NA 48.6 73.2 69.5 76.8 NA 65.9 55.8 73.0 69.2 63.2 78.5 76.5 72.6 29.4 52.3 77.1 76.1 80.4 NA 69.4 61.3 75.9 76.0 70.0 66.3 1986 70.3 1987 77.8 1988 84.4 1989 90.3 80.8 80.6 75.5 34.6 62.5 78.5 82.7 82.4 NA 72.9 64.7 79.4 83.8 75.4 83.8 85.7 76.7 43.7 70.5 79.7 87.2 83.9 NA 76.0 69.2 82.4 92.8 80.9 89.5 94.0 80.5 55.9 75.3 82.3 88.9 86.2 NA 78.6 75.5 83.4 94.9 87.2 92.8 99.3 86.3 62.5 81.2 87.9 91.8 91.0 NA 82.6 83.3 85.0 93.2 94.5 95.1 100.2 93.2 73.0 86.4 94.0 96.1 96.0 NA 89.5 90.9 90.2 95.5 102.3 96.0 98.6 99.4 89.4 93.1 98.8 98.0 99.2 95.2 96.0 97.6 95.6 98.2 104.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.2 102.1 97.3 111.1 105.5 99.2 99.1 97.5 96.6 96.6 100.6 100.1 103.6 92.4 109.4 106.8 96.2 128.2 112.9 99.3 101.6 98.2 97.0 96.8 104.3 100.7 109.6 99.2 112.2 112.8 96.4 159.0 120.0 100.4 107.6 101.3 99.7 99.2 110.5 103.4 116.3 113.1 113.4 116.7 96.8 179.1 125.3 101.0 110.2 102.3 99.4 99.4 116.0 104.4 122.3 121.3 117.5 122.9 99.1 178.9 131.3 103.3 114.5 100.8 99.9 99.5 121.7 107.7 132.9 125.7 123.5 129.8 95.4 160.7 136.9 105.3 118.9 101.4 102.2 101.2 123.0 113.0 142.9 133.0 127.4 136.5 92.3 172.8 142.4 107.7 122.0 104.0 103.0 NA 125.2 116.6 145.8 138.1 2000 134.8 129.8 2001 129.2 129.4 143.0 91.3 194.2 147.4 110.3 125.2 105.2 108.1 NA 128.7 122.2 147.6 142.8 146.0 88.9 207.9 133.5 114.9 129.3 109.4 110.5 NA 132.3 127.9 152.6 144.1 1990 97.9 1991 100.1 1992 100.0 1993 102.1 1994 105.8 1995 110.8 1996 114.5 1997 119.0 1998 125.0 1999 127.2 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. ** See note on Germany in box on page 4. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2003.