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Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov Technical information: (202) 691-5654 Media contact: (202) 691-5902 USDL 01-78 For Release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Thursday, April 5, 2001 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY AND UNIT LABOR COST TRENDS, REVISED DATA FOR 1999 Labor productivity in manufacturing increased in 1999 in 10 of the 11 countries for which comparable data were available, according to revised data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. The productivity increase in the United States was the highest among the countries compared, 6.6 percent. The next largest increases were in the United Kingdom and France. The productivity increase in Belgium was slight, and there was no change in productivity in Norway. (See chart 1.) This release presents revisions to the data contained in a news release (USDL 00-295) issued Oct. 17, 2000. The output series for U.S. manufacturing used for international comparisons differs from the manufacturing series that BLS publishes quarterly on U.S. productivity and costs. Labor productivity for this release is computed as value added output per hour worked. (See technical notes.) PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT: Chart 1. Percent change in manufacturing output per hour, 1999 -2Unit labor costs - the cost of labor input required to produce one unit of output - are computed as the ratio of labor costs in nominal terms divided by real output. Unit labor costs also can be expressed as the ratio of hourly compensation to labor productivity. An increase in productivity represents a decrease in the amount of labor input used to produce a unit of output; thus, an increase in productivity can offset an increase in compensation per hour in its effect on unit labor costs. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, expressed in national currency units, declined in 7 6. Unit labor costs States had a decline Korea (-4.3 percent) were in Denmark (6.0 of the 14 countries compared in 1999 and rose in in the United Kingdom were unchanged. The United of 2.4 percent. The largest declines occurred in and Japan (-3.8 percent). The largest increases percent) and Norway (5.7 percent). (See table A.) In order to assess international competitiveness trends in manufactured products properly, changes in exchange rates must be taken into account. Converted to U.S. dollars at market exchange rates, unit labor costs increased in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan in 1999. Denmark and Norway showed increased unit labor costs that were smaller than those in national currency units. All the other countries experienced declines. (See chart 2.) The increase in unit labor costs in U.S. dollars in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan occurred because the exchange rates of their currencies strengthened against the U.S. dollar during 1999. The exchange rates of all the other currencies weakened against the U.S. dollar. (See table A.) PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT: Chart 2. Percent change in manufacturing unit labor costs (U.S. dollar basis), 1999 -3Table A summarizes changes in manufacturing productivity, unit labor costs, and related variables between 1998 and 1999. Output and unit labor cost data are presented for 14 economies. Comparable productivity data are not shown for Korea, Taiwan, and Denmark. (See technical notes.) Labor productivity rose or remained unchanged for all 11 countries. In Canada, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Belgium, output per hour rose because output increased more than hours. Except for the U.K., all countries with positive productivity growth experienced an increase in output and a decrease in hours. The U.K. growth in productivity was the result of a decline in hours worked while output remained unchanged. Norway's unchanged productivity was due to equal decreases in hours worked and in output. Unit labor costs measured in national currency are affected by the degree and direction of change in both hourly compensation and productivity. Of the 11 countries for which hours worked series are available, all, except Norway and Japan, showed an increase in both hourly compensation and labor productivity in 1999. In Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Belgium, hourly compensation grew more than productivity, resulting in increases in unit labor costs. In Norway, an increase in hourly compensation combined with unchanged productivity resulted in a rise in unit labor costs. In the United Kingdom, hourly compensation and productivity increased at approximately the same rate. In the U.S., Canada, France, and Sweden, productivity growth was greater than the rise in hourly compensation, causing unit labor costs to decline. Table A. Manufacturing productivity and unit labor costs in 14 countries or areas Percent change, 1998-99 Output per hour Output United States 6.6 Canada Japan Korea (2) Taiwan (2) Belgium Denmark France Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom Country or area (1) (2) Total compensation Hourly compensation Hours Employment Average hours 5.7 - 0.8 - 1.6 0.8 3.2 4.0 2.4 3.8 NA NA 0.1 NA 4.0 6.2 0.8 21.8 6.7 1.2 - 3.3 2.5 3.8 - 2.9 NA NA 1.1 NA - 1.4 2.9 - 2.7 NA NA - 1.0 - 2.1 0.2 0.9 - 0.2 NA NA 2.1 NA - 1.7 5.5 - 3.0 16.5 4.0 1.5 2.5 2.3 1.7 - 0.2 NA NA 0.4 NA 3.8 1.2 1.7 2.2 0.0 3.0 4.5 0.4 1.0 3.1 - 3.0 4.2 0.0 - 0.8 - 0.7 0.8 - 3.0 1.2 - 4.3 - 0.4 - 0.3 0.8 - 2.6 1.0 - 3.7 - 0.4 - 0.4 0.0 - 0.4 0.2 - 0.6 0.9 2.1 4.0 2.5 3.7 0.0 1.7 2.8 3.1 5.7 2.5 4.5 Unit labor costs National U.S. currency dollars - 2.4 - 2.4 --- - 0.7 3.8 4.3 2.5 0.3 6.0 - 0.1 - 0.9 10.8 12.6 1.2 - 3.8 1.6 - 4.3 - 0.1 15.2 17.7 3.8 - 4.1 - 4.1 - 4.2 0.5 1.1 0.8 5.7 - 0.5 0.0 - 3.7 - 3.4 - 3.3 2.3 - 4.4 - 2.4 - Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. Productivity not available because suitable labor input measures have not been developed by BLS. NA=Not Available Although the productivity measure relates output to the hours worked of persons employed in manufacturing, it does not measure the specific contributions of labor as a single factor of production. -4Rather, it reflects the joint effects of many influences, including new technology, capital investment, capacity utilization, energy use, and Exchange rate (1) 4.2 4.4 4.1 3.3 3.9 2.4 managerial skills, as well as the skills and efforts of the work force. Table B (pages 7-11) shows average annual percent changes for selected periods, beginning in 1979. Annual indexes of the data are in tables 1-15 (pages 17-31). BOX: Notes about the measures The measures in this news release are based on data available to BLS as of March 2001. Revisions for 1999 and earlier years were made to the measures for several countries to incorporate data not available at the time of the October 2000 news release. U.S. manufacturing output measure The output measure for manufacturing in the United States is the chainweighted index of real gross product originating (deflated value added), introduced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), U.S. Department of Commerce, in August 1996. This series is based on annually changing price weights. The United States output data used in this report were released by BEA in December 2000. They include new estimates of GDP by industry for 1999 and revised estimates for 1997-98. The data for 1997-98 reflect the annual revision of the national income and product accounts released in August 2000 and newly available source data. The estimates are described in the Survey of Current Business, Vol. 80, No. 11, December 2000. The U.S. output series used for international comparisons differs from the manufacturing series that BLS publishes on quarterly measures of U.S. productivity and costs. While both series are based on annuallychanging price weights, the international comparisons program uses a value added output concept, while the quarterly U.S. manufacturing series is on a sectoral output basis. For information on the differences between the value added and the sectoral output measures, see technical notes. Germany (unified) Time series data for the whole of Germany, beginning with 1991, are published by the German Federal Statistical Office. For years prior to 1991, only data for the former West Germany are available. Comparative indexes for the former West Germany also are included in this report for historical comparison purposes, although the data for West Germany end with 1998 and have not been updated or revised. New measures of National Accounts Member states of the European Union are implementing the European System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95). Some other countries are adopting the System of National Accounts recommended by the United Nations (SNA 93), on which ESA 95 is based. Revisions to date due to these conversions to new systems are incorporated in this news release. END OF BOX (Notes about the measures) -5Manufacturing productivity, output, and labor input U.S. output per hour in manufacturing increased 6.6 percent in 1999, the largest increase among all countries compared, as well as the largest U.S. increase since 1987 and twice the average annual increase between 1979 and 1999. (See tables B and 1.) Only two countries-Belgium and Norway-experienced lower productivity change in 1999 than in 1998. In the Netherlands, productivity growth for 1999 was the same as in 1998. (See table B.) For the 1979-1999 period, productivity grew on an annual average basis in all 10 countries for which these data are available. The rate of increase ranged from 3.8 percent per year for Belgium to 1.4 percent per year for Norway. Canada was the only country other than Norway that experienced productivity growth (2.1 percent per year) below 3.0 percent per year. (See table B.) In 1999, manufacturing output in the U.S. grew 5.7 percent. Manufacturing output also increased in all the other countries, except Denmark, Norway, and the U.K. Korean output grew by 21.8 percent in 1999, after declining 7.4 percent in 1998. Increases in other countries in 1999 ranged from 6.7 percent (Taiwan) to 0.4 percent (Germany). Japanese output grew by 0.8 percent, after dropping 5.9 percent in 1998. Manufacturing output in Denmark and Norway declined in 1999, after increasing in 1998. Output in the U.K. was unchanged in 1999. (See table B.) During 1979-99, manufacturing output increased at an average annual rate in all the countries compared; the lowest gain was 0.4 percent per year in Norway, and the highest was 8.9 percent per year in Korea. Seven countries increased output growth above the 1979-1999 annual average, while six countries' output growth was slower than the average. (See table B.) In 1999, total hours worked in manufacturing declined in 7 of the 11 countries for which comparable hours data were available and rose in 4. The largest declines were in the U.K. (-4.3 percent) and Norway (3.0 percent). U.S. hours fell 0.8 percent, the second consecutive year that U.S. manufacturing hours declined. Hours worked in Canada increased 3.8 percent in 1999. Hours also rose in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden. (See table B.) Total hours worked in manufacturing declined between 1979 and 1999 in all countries for which hours data are available, except Canada. Canadian hours worked rose at an average rate of 0.3 percent per year during the 1979-99 period and have been increasing at a quicker rate over the last four years. For the other countries, the average 1979-99 declines in hours ranged from 2.4 percent per year in the U.K. to 0.4 percent per year in the U.S. (See table B.) -6Manufacturing hourly compensation and unit labor costs Hourly compensation in manufacturing increased in 1999 in all the countries for which hours worked data were available, except Japan. The largest increases occurred in Norway (5.7 percent), the U.K. (4.5 percent), and the U.S. (4.0 percent). In Japan, hourly compensation declined 0.2 percent in 1999. (See table B.) A percent change in unit labor costs can be expressed approximately as a percent change in hourly compensation minus a percent change in labor productivity. Therefore, an increase in unit labor costs indicates that labor compensation is rising faster than productivity, while the inverse is true for declining unit labor costs. Based on this relationship, table B shows that, for the pre-1990 periods of comparison for all countries, average annual increases in hourly compensation in national currency surpassed average annual increases in labor productivity. However, U.S. unit labor costs have declined at an average annual rate of 0.4 percent since 1990, going down in three of the last four years. In 1999, unit labor costs decreased 2.4 percent, as productivity increased 6.6 percent and hourly compensation increased 4.0 percent. (See table B.) In 1999, unit labor costs, expressed in national currency units, declined in seven of the countries compared, increased in six, and were unchanged in the U.K. The biggest declines occurred in Korea (-4.3 percent) and Japan (-3.8 percent); the largest increases were in Denmark (6.0 percent) and Norway (5.7 percent). While unit labor costs in Korea have declined for 3 consecutive years, those in the Netherlands, Denmark, and Norway have risen for 4, 5, and 20 consecutive years, respectively. U.S. unit labor costs decreased 2.4 percent in 1999, following a small rise in 1998 and declines in 1997 and 1996. Only four other countries besides the U.S.-Japan, Belgium, France, and Sweden-experienced declines in unit labor costs over the 1990s, measured in their own currencies. (See tables B and 9.) For the last several years, the U.S. dollar has strengthened against the currencies of most of the countries being compared. During 1999, all the European currencies weakened against the U.S. dollar, from 2.4 to 4.4 percent. The Canadian dollar also lost ground to the U.S. dollar. However, the currencies of Japan, Korea, and Taiwan appreciated in value during 1999. The Japanese yen rose by 15.2 percent, the Korean won by 17.7 percent, and the Taiwanese dollar by 3.8 percent. (See tables B and 11.) Movements in the currency markets had a noticeable effect on comparative unit labor costs expressed in U.S. dollars. The strengthening of currencies in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan against the dollar in 1999 caused unit labor costs in these countries to rise when expressed in U.S. dollars, while decreasing in terms of their own currencies. The increases were 12.6 percent in Korea, 10.8 percent in Japan, and 1.2 percent in Taiwan. (See table B.) Unit labor costs expressed in U.S. dollars declined in 1999 in Belgium (-3.8 percent), Germany (-3.7 percent), Italy (-3.4 percent), and the Netherlands (-3.3 percent), while increasing in terms of their national currencies. (See table B.) -7Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-99 1979-85 1985-90 1990-99 1996 1997 1998 1999 Output per hour United States 3.3 3.5 2.4 3.8 2.8 3.6 4.6 6.6 Canada Japan 2.1 3.6 3.3 3.5 0.7 4.3 2.1 3.2 -1.3 4.6 3.0 4.2 -0.3 0.2 2.4 3.8 Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France NA NA 3.8 NA 3.4 NA NA 6.0 2.1 3.0 NA NA 2.2 0.5 3.4 NA NA 3.2 NA 3.6 NA NA 3.4 NA 0.5 NA NA 8.3 NA 6.6 NA NA 1.6 NA 1.1 NA NA 0.1 NA 4.0 Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA 3.0 3.1 1.4 3.4 3.2 NA 4.6 4.4 2.4 3.1 4.1 NA 2.3 2.1 1.4 1.9 4.1 NA 2.2 2.9 0.8 4.5 2.2 2.1 0.2 1.7 0.1 2.1 -1.9 4.9 1.9 1.8 0.9 6.8 0.7 0.0 -0.4 2.2 0.9 2.8 -0.1 1.2 1.7 2.2 0.0 3.0 4.5 United States 2.9 2.2 2.5 3.7 2.4 5.4 4.3 5.7 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 2.4 2.8 8.9 6.5 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.8 4.7 8.3 8.2 2.6 2.9 -0.4 2.0 4.8 12.2 7.0 2.5 -0.2 2.6 3.0 0.4 7.5 5.2 1.7 0.9 1.6 1.4 4.2 6.8 4.8 2.4 -4.3 -0.3 6.9 3.4 6.6 6.7 6.7 2.6 4.9 3.9 -5.9 -7.4 3.3 2.2 2.5 1.6 6.2 0.8 21.8 6.7 1.2 -3.3 2.5 Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA 1.9 2.2 0.4 2.6 0.7 NA 1.4 1.8 0.6 2.2 -1.2 NA 3.6 3.1 -1.6 1.4 3.4 NA 1.2 1.9 1.4 3.5 0.5 -2.9 -1.4 0.5 1.1 2.1 0.4 3.4 2.5 2.6 5.1 5.8 1.3 1.5 1.8 3.3 1.6 4.3 0.5 0.4 1.0 3.1 -3.0 4.2 0.0 Output Continued on next page -8Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-99 1979-85 1985-90 1990-99 1996 1997 1998 1999 Total hours United States -0.4 -1.2 0.0 -0.1 -0.3 1.7 -0.3 -0.8 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.3 -0.8 NA NA -1.5 NA -2.1 -1.5 1.1 NA NA -3.2 0.8 -3.3 1.3 0.5 NA NA 0.4 -0.6 -0.8 0.9 -2.7 NA NA -1.5 NA -2.0 2.8 -0.4 NA NA -1.0 NA -0.7 3.8 -0.8 NA NA -1.5 NA -1.6 4.2 -6.1 NA NA 0.6 NA 0.5 3.8 -2.9 NA NA 1.1 NA -1.4 Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -0.8 -2.4 NA -3.0 -2.5 -1.8 -0.8 -5.1 NA 1.3 1.0 -2.9 -0.5 -0.6 NA -1.0 -1.0 0.6 -0.9 -1.7 -4.9 -1.6 -1.2 1.0 0.0 2.4 -1.5 0.7 0.8 4.1 -1.0 0.6 1.4 2.3 1.1 0.8 1.4 0.6 -0.8 -0.7 0.8 -3.0 1.2 -4.3 United States -0.6 -1.4 -0.1 -0.3 -0.3 1.0 0.7 -1.6 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.1 -0.2 NA NA -1.6 -0.1 -1.7 -1.3 1.2 NA NA -2.6 1.0 -2.3 1.2 0.8 NA NA -0.3 -0.2 -0.9 0.5 -1.7 NA NA -1.6 -0.9 -1.8 2.3 -0.9 NA NA -1.4 0.2 -0.9 2.7 -0.2 NA NA -1.5 -0.8 -2.1 4.8 -4.1 NA NA 0.4 0.7 0.2 2.9 -2.7 NA NA -1.0 -2.1 0.2 Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA -1.2 -0.8 -0.9 -1.5 -2.4 NA -2.9 -2.2 -1.8 -1.2 -4.8 NA 0.3 1.2 -2.7 -0.8 -0.8 NA -0.8 -0.9 0.6 -2.0 -1.7 -2.7 -0.8 -1.1 1.6 -0.3 1.8 -1.5 0.3 1.2 4.3 -1.1 0.6 0.4 2.5 1.3 0.6 1.2 0.7 -0.4 -0.3 0.8 -2.6 1.0 -3.7 Employment Continued on next page -9Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-99 1979-85 1985-90 1990-99 1996 1997 1998 1999 Average hours United States 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.7 -1.0 0.8 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.1 -0.5 NA NA 0.0 NA -0.4 -0.2 0.0 NA NA -0.6 -0.3 -1.0 0.1 -0.3 NA NA 0.7 -0.5 0.1 0.3 -1.0 NA NA 0.1 NA -0.2 0.5 0.6 NA NA 0.4 NA 0.1 1.1 -0.6 NA NA 0.1 NA 0.5 -0.6 -2.1 NA NA 0.2 NA 0.3 0.9 -0.2 NA NA 2.1 NA -1.7 Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA 0.1 -0.2 -0.1 0.7 0.0 NA -0.1 -0.3 0.0 0.4 -0.3 NA 1.0 -0.2 -0.2 0.3 0.2 NA -0.2 -0.1 0.0 1.1 0.1 -2.3 -0.8 -0.1 -0.5 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.4 -0.4 -0.2 0.1 0.0 1.0 -0.2 -0.2 0.1 0.2 -0.1 -0.4 -0.4 0.0 -0.4 0.2 -0.6 Labor compensation in manufacturing 2/: United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom National currency basis 4.2 5.8 3.9 3.3 1.0 3.7 5.0 3.2 5.3 3.0 15.1 9.9 3.0 5.0 4.1 7.5 5.9 18.7 15.9 4.7 9.0 9.1 5.6 5.1 19.7 10.7 4.0 4.6 3.6 3.7 0.0 10.4 5.6 1.4 2.6 1.1 1.9 0.4 12.2 4.2 0.6 2.9 0.9 6.9 2.6 -2.2 5.0 1.9 3.7 0.9 7.1 -3.7 -9.4 4.8 2.1 3.3 2.2 5.5 -3.0 16.5 4.0 1.5 2.5 2.3 NA 7.5 2.6 5.7 6.0 5.0 NA 13.0 2.3 8.0 8.9 5.9 NA 8.2 3.1 4.7 7.9 8.1 NA 3.6 2.5 4.8 3.2 2.7 -0.3 5.0 1.1 5.1 7.3 2.5 0.5 4.9 3.4 8.7 3.4 3.6 2.3 0.4 4.2 7.2 5.7 4.5 0.9 2.1 4.0 2.5 3.7 0.0 Continued on next page -10Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-99 Hourly compensation 2/: 1979-85 1985-90 1990-99 1996 1997 1998 1999 National currency basis United States 4.6 7.2 3.9 3.3 1.3 1.9 5.3 4.0 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 5.0 3.8 NA NA 4.6 NA 6.3 9.1 4.7 NA NA 8.1 8.1 12.8 4.2 4.6 NA NA 3.7 5.3 4.5 2.8 2.8 NA NA 2.9 NA 3.1 -0.9 0.8 NA NA 1.6 NA 1.7 3.0 3.4 NA NA 3.4 NA 2.5 2.8 2.5 NA NA 1.4 NA 1.7 1.7 -0.2 NA NA 0.4 NA 3.8 Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA 8.6 3.6 6.8 6.9 7.6 NA 16.6 5.0 10.0 9.8 11.6 NA 6.8 2.1 7.8 8.4 8.8 NA 4.6 3.5 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.8 6.7 2.3 4.1 7.4 0.1 2.0 4.2 2.6 4.4 4.4 2.9 0.9 -1.9 3.1 6.3 4.2 3.9 1.7 2.8 3.1 5.7 2.5 4.5 Unit labor costs: National currency basis United States 1.2 3.6 1.4 -0.4 -1.4 -1.6 0.7 -2.4 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 2.8 0.2 5.7 3.2 0.8 3.7 2.8 5.6 1.1 9.6 7.2 2.0 5.9 9.5 3.5 0.3 6.7 3.5 1.5 4.8 1.0 0.7 -0.5 2.6 0.4 -0.3 1.7 -0.5 0.4 -3.7 5.1 -0.5 -1.7 7.6 1.2 -0.1 -0.8 -8.3 -1.6 -4.5 1.1 -3.9 3.1 2.3 -2.1 1.4 -0.2 0.8 0.6 -0.7 -3.8 -4.3 -2.5 0.3 6.0 -0.1 Germany (unified) Italy NA 5.5 NA 11.4 NA 4.4 NA 2.3 2.6 6.5 -2.8 2.3 0.9 -1.4 0.5 1.1 Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 0.4 5.3 3.4 4.2 0.5 7.4 6.5 7.2 0.0 6.4 6.4 4.5 0.6 3.3 -0.3 2.2 0.6 4.0 5.2 2.1 0.9 3.5 -2.3 2.2 0.9 5.4 1.3 4.0 0.8 5.7 -0.5 0.0 Continued on next page -11Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area Unit labor costs: United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1979-99 1979-85 1985-90 1990-99 1996 1997 1998 1999 U.S. dollar basis 1.2 3.6 1.4 -0.4 -1.4 -1.6 0.7 -2.4 1.6 3.5 1.1 3.7 -0.5 2.2 0.9 2.9 -0.3 -0.5 5.4 -9.3 -5.8 -3.3 6.8 10.8 10.9 12.0 13.8 16.7 11.7 -2.0 2.2 -3.1 -1.6 -1.7 0.3 -1.8 1.1 -16.8 0.8 -4.0 -6.5 3.9 -1.4 -1.6 -10.8 -22.3 -6.0 -17.4 -11.3 -15.8 -3.8 -5.4 -33.5 -13.0 -1.5 -0.6 -0.5 -0.9 10.8 12.6 1.2 -3.8 1.6 -4.3 NA 1.4 0.3 3.0 0.0 2.8 NA -3.0 -7.6 -1.7 -5.2 -1.3 NA 14.6 12.8 13.3 14.7 11.4 NA -2.3 -0.8 0.8 -3.9 1.1 -2.4 12.5 -4.3 2.0 11.9 1.0 -15.7 -7.4 -12.9 -5.7 -14.2 7.3 -0.6 -3.3 -0.7 -1.1 -2.6 5.2 -3.7 -3.4 -3.3 2.3 -4.4 -2.4 Exchange rates 3/ United States --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Canada Japan Korea Taiwan -1.2 3.3 -4.4 0.5 -2.5 -1.5 -9.2 -1.7 3.2 10.5 3.9 8.2 -2.6 2.7 -5.6 -2.0 0.6 -13.6 -4.0 -3.5 -1.5 -10.1 -15.3 -4.5 -6.7 -7.6 -32.1 -14.2 -0.1 15.2 17.7 3.8 Belgium Denmark France -1.3 -1.4 -1.8 -11.1 -11.0 -11.7 12.2 11.4 10.5 -1.4 -1.3 -1.4 -4.8 -3.5 -2.5 -13.5 -12.2 -12.4 -1.4 -1.4 -1.0 -4.1 -4.1 -4.2 Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA -3.8 -0.2 -2.1 -3.2 -1.4 NA -12.9 -8.0 -8.4 -11.0 -7.9 NA 9.8 12.7 6.6 7.8 6.6 NA -4.5 -1.4 -2.4 -3.6 -1.1 -4.8 5.6 -4.9 -1.9 6.4 -1.1 -13.3 -9.5 -13.6 -8.8 -12.2 4.9 -1.4 -1.9 -1.6 -6.2 -3.9 1.2 -4.2 -4.4 -4.1 -3.3 -3.9 -2.4 1/ Rates of change based on the compound rate method. 2/ Adjusted to include employment taxes that are not compensation to employees but are labor costs to employers. 3/ Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. NA = Not available. -12Trade-weighted unit labor costs Because the economies covered differ greatly in their relative importance to U.S. trade in manufactured goods, BLS constructs indexes of U.S. unit labor cost trends relative to a trade-weighted average of unit labor cost trends in the other economies. (See chart 3.) PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT: Chart 3. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 13 competitors, 1979-99 The construction of the indexes shown in chart 3 is a three-step process. First, the indexes of unit labor costs for all economies are rebased to a common year (in this case, 1979=100). Second, for each year, a "competitors" index is calculated as the weighted geometric mean of the indexes for all competitor economies; the weights reflect each country's importance in terms of U.S. trade in manufactured goods. Finally, the U.S. index number for each year is divided by the "competitors" index number (and multiplied by 100) to obtain a relative ratio of the United States to the competitors. This process is used to calculate the relative trade-weighted unit labor cost indexes on both a national currency and a U.S. dollar basis. In chart 3, the solid line indicates that U.S. unit labor costs rose faster than "competitors" costs from 1979 to 1986 on a U.S. dollar basis. In most years from 1986 to 1995, U.S. costs either rose at a slower rate than the "competitors" costs or fell at a faster rate. From 1995 to 1998, however, the strength of the U.S. dollar caused relative U.S. unit labor costs to rise; in 1999, the ratio fell slightly. The data underlying this chart are shown in table C. -13Table C. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 13 competitors, 1979-99 Year 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Unit Labor Costs National Currency Basis Own Competitors' Index Index Ratio 100.0 111.4 116.5 124.2 121.6 121.0 123.4 128.9 122.8 122.5 128.0 132.4 138.0 141.3 142.3 139.2 134.0 132.1 129.9 130.8 127.6 100.0 111.3 120.3 128.4 130.5 131.0 132.6 138.0 140.2 141.5 144.9 150.7 157.9 162.0 163.1 160.7 161.0 161.3 159.5 162.4 160.0 100.0 100.1 96.9 96.7 93.2 92.3 93.0 93.4 87.6 86.6 88.3 87.8 87.4 87.3 87.2 86.6 83.2 81.9 81.4 80.5 79.8 Unit Labor Costs U.S. Dollar Basis Own Competitors' Index Index Ratio 100.0 111.4 116.5 124.2 121.6 121.0 123.4 128.9 122.8 122.5 128.0 132.4 138.0 141.3 142.3 139.2 134.0 132.1 129.9 130.8 127.6 100.0 109.6 109.1 105.6 104.1 98.8 96.9 121.2 139.4 151.8 151.1 162.5 172.9 180.7 177.5 177.6 188.0 178.9 163.5 154.9 158.4 100.0 101.6 106.8 117.7 116.7 122.5 127.4 106.3 88.1 80.7 84.7 81.5 79.8 78.2 80.1 78.4 71.3 73.8 79.5 84.5 80.6 BOX: Note on European exchange rates for 1999 On Jan. 1, 1999, 11 European countries joined the European Monetary Union (EMU). Currencies of EMU members are established at fixed conversion rates to the euro, the official currency of the EMU. Exchange rates between the national currencies of EMU countries and the U.S. dollar are no longer reported; only the exchange rate between the euro and the U.S. dollar is available. In this news release, 1999 exchange rates in national currencies for Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands are calculated by taking the number of euros per U.S. dollar and then converting euros into national currencies at fixed conversion rates. 1 euro equals: 40.3399 Belgian Francs 6.55957 French Francs 1.95583 German Marks 1936.27 2.20371 Italian Lire Netherlands Guilders In 1999, 1 euro was equal to 1.0653 U.S. dollars. END OF BOX (Note on European exchange rates for 1999) -14TECHNICAL NOTES The Bureau of Labor Statistics constructs trend indexes of manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour), hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs from three basic aggregate measures output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures refer to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy. For all other countries, the measures refer to all employed persons, including employees, selfemployed persons, and unpaid family workers. For all of the countries, the term "hours" refers to hours worked. In general, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). However, the measures for France refer to mining and manufacturing less energyrelated products, and the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966. The comparisons in this news release make use of data made available to BLS as of March 2001 by the statistical agencies of the individual countries. For some countries, the data for the most recent years are based on the European System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95) or on the United Nations revised System of National Accounts (SNA 93). For other countries, data were compiled according to previously used systems. To obtain historical time series, BLS may link together data series compiled according to different accounting systems. Output. For most countries, the output measures are value added in manufacturing from the national accounts. However, output for Japan prior to 1970 and for the Netherlands prior to 1960 are indexes of industrial production. The national accounts measures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical to their indexes of industrial production. In this release, manufacturing output data for the United States from 1977 forward are the gross product originating (value added) measures prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce. U. S. gross product originating is a chaintype annual-weighted series. /1 Comparable manufacturing output data are not available prior to 1977. The gross product originating series differs from the manufacturing output series that BLS publishes on quarterly measures of U.S. productivity and costs. The quarterly measures are on a sectoral output basis rather than a value added basis. Sectoral output is gross output less intra-sector sales and transfers. /2 A value added concept has been used for the international comparisons series because the data are more readily available in the countries' national accounts, whereas sectoral output would require a complex estimation procedure. Also, although BLS has determined that sectoral output is the correct concept for U.S. measures of single factor productivity (output per hour), there are other considerations that may make value added a better concept for international comparisons, such as differences among countries in the extent of vertical integration. The historical real output series for many of the other countries are estimated using fixed price weights, with the weights updated periodically (for example, every 5 or 10 years). -15Measures of real output also may differ among countries because of different approaches to estimating the prices of high-technology products like computers and, in general, of products that undergo rapid quality change. Labor Input. The total hours measures are developed from statistics of manufacturing employment and average hours. The total hours series used for France (from 1970 forward), Norway, Sweden, and Canada are series published with the national accounts. Where such series are not available, the measures are developed by BLS using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive employment series, and estimates of average annual hours worked. For the former West Germany after 1959 and Germany from 1991, BLS uses aggregate hours worked, which were developed by a research institute of the German Ministry of Labor for use with the national accounts employment figures; earlier figures are BLS estimates. For the other countries, and the former West Germany before 1959, BLS constructs its own estimates of average hours. BLS is in the process of assessing the comparability of the employment and hours time series data available from statistical sources in Denmark, Korea, and Taiwan. Compensation (Labor Cost). The compensation measures are from national accounts data. Compensation includes employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans, in addition to all payments made in cash or in-kind directly to employees. For Canada, France, and Sweden, compensation is increased to account for important taxes on payroll or employment. For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991 to account for subsidies. When data for the self-employed are not available, total compensation is estimated by assuming the same hourly compensation for self-employed and employees. Real compensation for the U.S. is derived using the Consumer Price Index research series (CPI-U-RS). Current Indicators. The measures for recent years may be based on current indicators of output (such as industrial production indexes), employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics, normally used for the long-term measures, become available. Trade-Weighted Measures. The trade weights for Canada, Japan, and the European countries were obtained by re-scaling a series of weights, developed by the International Monetary Fund, based on average trade flows over the 1989-91 period. These weights are based on aggregate trade data for total manufacturing and take account of both bilateral trade and the relative importance of "third country" markets. The 1989-91 weights do not include Korea and Taiwan. BLS developed weights for Korea and Taiwan by using data from an earlier study from the International Monetary Fund and other sources. The weight used for Germany is based on the trade weight of the former West Germany. The following weights were used for the entire period for which trade-weighted unit labor cost measures are produced: Country Weight Country Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy 23.94 28.91 2.02 0.45 5.58 10.98 4.35 Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom Korea Taiwan Weight 2.13 0.45 1.79 8.50 5.43 5.48 -16Level Comparisons. The BLS measures are limited to trend comparisons. BLS does not prepare level comparisons of manufacturing productivity and unit labor costs because of data limitations and technical problems in comparing the levels of manufacturing output among countries. Each country measures manufacturing output in its own currency units. To compare outputs among countries, a common unit of measure is needed. Market exchange rates are not suitable as a basis for comparing output levels. What is needed are purchasing power parities, which are the number of foreign currency units required to buy goods and services equivalent to what can be bought with one unit of U.S. currency. Purchasing power parities are available for total gross domestic product (GDP) from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). However, these parities are derived for expenditures made by consumers, business, and government for goods and services - not for value added by industry. Therefore, they do not provide purchasing power parities by industry. The parities for total GDP are not suitable for each component industry, such as manufacturing. 1/ For more information on the U. S. measure, see Sherlene K.S. Lum, Brian C. Moyer, and Robert E. Yuskavage, "Improved Estimates of Gross Product by Industry for 1947-98," Survey of Current Business, June 2000, pp. 24-38. 2/ For information on sectoral output, see William Gullickson, "Measurement of productivity growth in U.S. manufacturing," Monthly Labor Review, July 1995, pp. 13-28. - 17 Table 1. Output per hour in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Indexes: 1992=100) United Germany United Year Norway States Sweden Canada Kingdom Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark 1950 24.7 NA 19.5 26.6 25.5 NA NA NA NA 22.6 13.2 1955 28.7 NA 21.3 32.7 27.5 8.6 NA NA NA 24.6 1960 37.0 1961 NA 27.3 NA 38.7 31.1 40.8 13.8 NA NA 18.0 15.6 NA NA 18.2 France (unified) Former West Nether- Germany Italy lands NA 13.2 11.5 11.3 16.6 NA 19.7 16.1 14.4 29.9 21.8 NA 29.2 20.2 18.6 31.6 23.1 NA 30.6 21.8 19.6 38.3 1962 38.3 1963 40.3 1964 42.6 1965 45.1 1966 47.0 1967 48.7 1968 51.7 1969 56.5 28.7 NA 30.9 NA 32.7 NA 35.5 NA 38.2 NA 39.8 NA 43.2 NA 47.2 NA 50.9 31.2 44.3 31.9 46.2 33.6 48.2 35.8 50.3 36.8 51.0 38.1 51.5 39.8 54.5 42.7 57.4 43.7 1970 58.3 1971 60.0 1972 63.1 1973 66.9 1974 69.5 1975 68.8 1976 70.5 1977 71.5 1978 72.8 1979 78.1 NA 52.2 NA 54.5 NA 57.2 NA 61.4 NA 64.0 NA 65.0 NA 66.0 68.3 65.0 69.2 66.8 70.1 72.0 1980 76.7 1981 76.5 1982 79.7 1983 70.5 73.1 74.1 72.7 76.2 75.4 80.0 16.4 NA NA 19.2 33.2 24.7 NA 32.8 24.1 20.4 17.7 NA NA 19.9 34.3 26.0 NA 34.1 24.8 21.2 20.1 NA NA 21.2 37.1 28.0 NA 37.1 25.0 23.1 21.0 NA NA 22.3 38.9 30.0 NA 39.3 27.9 24.7 23.0 NA NA 23.8 40.8 32.5 NA 40.9 30.3 26.3 26.0 NA NA 25.1 43.8 34.5 NA 43.4 31.8 28.3 29.1 NA NA 27.3 47.8 38.1 NA 47.0 34.3 31.8 33.4 NA NA 29.9 49.8 40.5 NA 50.4 35.6 34.9 56.6 44.7 60.0 46.8 62.7 49.4 66.2 53.0 67.2 53.9 64.7 52.8 70.3 55.0 74.9 55.5 76.7 56.3 75.9 56.7 37.5 NA NA 32.9 52.7 43.0 NA 52.0 37.9 38.1 39.8 NA NA 35.1 56.3 45.5 NA 54.0 38.5 40.4 43.6 NA NA 39.2 60.8 47.5 NA 57.4 41.7 43.6 47.6 NA NA 43.5 66.9 50.9 NA 61.1 45.2 48.3 48.8 NA NA 45.8 69.1 52.0 NA 63.2 48.1 51.9 50.2 NA NA 47.6 76.1 53.8 NA 65.9 46.5 51.2 53.2 NA NA 52.4 78.8 57.1 NA 70.6 52.9 56.8 55.3 NA NA 55.0 80.4 60.5 NA 72.7 54.0 61.4 57.5 NA NA 58.3 81.6 63.2 NA 75.2 57.5 65.4 62.2 NA NA 61.4 85.6 66.2 NA 78.4 63.0 68.6 75.1 56.1 77.8 59.0 77.3 62.2 82.4 63.2 NA NA 65.4 90.3 66.5 NA 77.2 65.9 69.2 65.2 NA NA 70.1 91.8 68.5 NA 78.7 67.4 70.8 67.9 NA NA 73.5 92.1 73.3 NA 78.8 68.6 72.1 68.8 NA NA 81.0 96.6 75.0 NA 82.6 71.8 77.8 82.4 1984 87.4 1985 90.2 1986 89.0 1987 93.3 1988 92.2 1989 94.6 80.9 83.2 85.2 86.0 86.2 86.0 87.5 92.9 89.2 96.9 90.5 95.7 93.2 67.1 90.2 70.7 92.4 72.3 90.0 74.8 90.6 79.4 90.9 82.3 93.7 86.1 1990 96.6 1991 97.5 1992 100.0 1993 100.6 1994 101.4 1995 102.0 1996 102.0 1997 103.0 1998 103.9 1999 103.9 96.9 94.6 97.9 95.5 100.0 100.0 102.1 107.3 107.3 119.4 113.8 121.9 117.0 124.5 121.2 132.9 126.8 136.7 135.1 140.8 95.7 88.3 95.3 92.1 100.0 100.0 104.5 104.0 109.9 106.8 111.0 104.3 109.5 102.3 112.8 103.0 112.5 102.9 115.2 107.5 NA: 71.1 NA NA 85.0 96.1 76.1 NA 85.4 78.4 85.4 76.5 NA NA 87.0 96.7 79.1 NA 89.1 82.6 89.0 76.1 NA NA 87.8 91.1 80.4 NA 89.6 83.8 90.8 80.2 NA NA 88.9 90.6 81.8 NA 88.1 85.7 91.6 83.9 NA NA 92.0 94.1 87.5 NA 91.5 86.7 93.7 88.5 NA NA 96.9 99.6 91.9 NA 94.6 89.4 97.1 94.4 NA NA 96.8 99.1 93.5 NA 99.0 92.5 98.6 99.0 NA NA 99.1 99.6 96.9 99.0 101.9 95.2 99.6 100.0 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.7 NA NA 102.5 104.5 100.6 101.8 100.6 102.9 101.4 103.3 NA NA 108.4 NA 108.5 109.9 107.9 105.6 112.7 111.0 NA NA 113.2 NA 114.5 112.8 111.2 109.3 117.7 116.1 NA NA 117.1 NA 115.0 115.3 115.1 109.5 119.7 121.0 NA NA 126.8 NA 122.6 121.0 121.8 111.5 121.9 121.2 NA NA 128.8 NA 124.0 121.0 127.1 111.1 124.6 125.8 NA NA 128.9 NA 128.9 122.4 NA 112.9 127.3 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 18 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001. Table 2. Output per employed person in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Indexes: 1992=100) United Germany United Year Norway States Sweden Canada Kingdom Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark 1950 32.3 NA 25.7 29.0 29.6 NA NA NA NA 31.8 16.2 1955 37.7 NA 28.0 34.3 32.4 10.3 NA NA NA 34.0 1960 46.7 1961 47.6 1962 47.4 1963 49.7 1964 52.8 1965 54.7 1966 57.1 1967 58.6 1968 60.7 1969 64.9 NA 33.8 NA 35.1 NA 37.4 NA 39.2 NA 42.0 NA 44.7 NA 46.5 NA 49.6 NA 53.0 NA 56.0 40.3 35.9 42.3 35.5 46.2 35.9 48.4 37.8 50.7 40.6 52.9 41.2 53.2 41.8 53.8 43.5 56.8 47.0 59.6 48.1 17.1 NA NA 22.6 19.1 NA NA 19.6 NA 21.0 1970 66.3 1971 67.6 1972 70.0 1973 73.9 1974 75.6 1975 74.5 1976 74.2 NA 57.1 NA 59.4 NA 60.7 NA 64.0 NA 65.9 NA 65.5 NA 65.7 58.3 48.4 61.7 49.5 64.5 51.8 67.6 56.3 68.1 55.3 64.8 54.0 70.5 56.8 France (unified) Former West Nether- Germany Italy lands NA 19.2 12.7 14.7 20.2 NA 28.8 18.2 18.9 39.2 26.5 NA 38.4 23.0 24.5 22.9 40.2 28.3 NA 39.6 24.6 24.8 NA 24.1 42.6 30.0 NA 41.3 26.4 25.6 NA NA 25.0 43.3 31.7 NA 42.4 27.3 26.5 23.7 NA NA 26.5 47.2 33.9 NA 46.1 27.6 28.7 24.3 NA NA 27.4 49.5 35.9 NA 48.7 29.7 30.5 26.8 NA NA 29.1 51.0 39.1 NA 50.0 32.6 32.4 30.4 NA NA 30.3 54.1 41.1 NA 51.7 34.7 34.7 33.9 NA NA 33.0 57.7 44.1 NA 56.6 37.4 38.2 38.3 NA NA 35.7 59.3 48.1 NA 60.7 38.5 41.4 42.6 NA NA 38.3 60.8 50.3 NA 62.4 40.3 44.4 44.5 NA NA 40.2 64.6 52.8 NA 63.4 39.8 46.5 48.5 NA NA 43.9 68.4 54.7 NA 66.6 42.9 49.5 52.4 NA NA 47.6 71.2 57.6 NA 70.4 47.0 53.8 51.5 NA NA 48.7 75.0 58.1 NA 71.4 48.2 56.0 51.8 NA NA 48.0 79.9 58.4 NA 72.5 45.8 54.2 56.5 NA NA 53.8 83.2 62.1 NA 79.9 52.1 60.0 1977 74.1 1978 73.9 1979 78.0 67.1 64.1 67.9 64.2 68.4 68.1 75.1 57.7 77.5 58.3 76.3 58.5 58.9 NA NA 56.1 84.1 65.2 NA 81.1 52.9 64.6 61.5 NA NA 59.4 84.3 67.6 NA 82.8 56.2 68.2 67.0 NA NA 62.6 88.4 70.6 NA 86.0 61.1 70.7 1980 77.1 1981 76.9 1982 79.4 1983 82.5 1984 87.4 1985 89.8 1986 88.7 1987 90.7 1988 90.3 1989 93.3 67.9 68.4 71.4 68.5 72.1 71.5 77.8 77.8 82.0 83.5 84.9 83.6 84.8 84.5 92.1 87.3 96.9 88.1 95.7 90.6 74.7 55.9 76.8 58.0 75.6 61.7 81.7 66.7 89.3 70.9 92.0 73.2 90.0 75.9 91.4 80.1 93.6 85.0 94.3 88.1 68.0 NA NA 65.6 93.9 71.0 NA 83.5 64.1 71.8 69.7 NA NA 68.7 94.3 72.1 NA 84.1 65.6 73.8 72.3 NA NA 73.7 96.0 74.0 NA 83.7 66.6 75.9 73.4 NA NA 79.2 102.1 75.4 NA 87.9 69.7 82.1 76.6 NA NA 82.5 101.2 76.7 NA 90.9 76.1 88.8 82.1 NA NA 85.7 98.4 79.2 NA 93.1 79.5 90.2 81.2 NA NA 86.5 94.9 80.6 NA 93.0 82.6 91.5 86.0 NA NA 88.4 92.2 82.6 NA 91.3 86.1 91.9 90.9 NA NA 93.0 95.8 88.6 NA 94.4 90.1 94.7 94.8 NA NA 97.5 100.2 92.9 NA 96.2 92.7 97.6 1990 95.1 1991 96.4 1992 100.0 1993 100.9 1994 102.0 1995 101.6 1996 101.1 1997 101.9 1998 102.9 96.3 93.1 96.6 94.2 100.0 100.0 103.4 110.2 109.7 127.5 115.6 131.5 118.7 134.5 123.9 143.8 128.2 148.2 95.9 90.1 95.1 93.1 100.0 100.0 105.6 103.8 112.2 108.1 112.7 107.1 111.8 105.6 116.4 106.4 115.3 106.2 99.7 NA NA 98.5 98.4 94.1 NA 98.8 93.6 99.1 102.2 NA NA 99.2 99.3 96.4 94.7 101.0 95.3 99.8 100.0 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.6 NA NA 100.9 103.6 100.5 99.4 97.6 100.9 101.4 101.4 NA NA 109.7 114.0 108.5 107.9 104.7 106.4 112.7 109.7 NA NA 113.3 116.9 113.9 110.6 107.3 110.2 118.1 115.4 NA NA 117.6 111.6 114.5 110.4 109.3 109.5 120.0 119.6 NA NA 127.5 115.4 122.7 115.9 116.0 112.0 121.6 117.3 NA NA 129.8 117.4 124.5 117.1 122.3 111.3 124.1 1999 102.5 NA: 137.8 153.0 119.1 110.3 121.5 NA NA 132.7 115.9 127.2 118.0 NA 112.7 126.8 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 19 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001. Table 3. Output in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Indexes: 1992=100) United Germany NetherYear lands States Norway Canada Sweden United Japan Kingdom 1950 16.8 NA 38.5 22.6 30.9 1955 23.0 NA 47.2 1960 31.7 1961 32.8 1962 34.5 1963 35.9 1964 39.3 1965 42.1 1966 44.3 1967 46.1 1968 50.4 1969 55.3 NA 57.0 NA 59.4 NA 59.8 NA 63.4 NA 67.9 NA 71.5 NA 75.8 NA 78.2 NA 80.1 NA 86.0 Former West Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified) Germany Italy 2.2 49.8 NA NA NA 26.8 18.4 NA 14.5 9.6 29.2 35.7 4.9 58.5 NA NA NA 29.4 22.9 NA 27.5 14.9 34.2 45.9 35.6 49.0 40.0 52.8 42.8 55.4 46.9 60.3 51.2 64.5 54.5 66.3 55.6 68.5 58.9 72.0 63.0 77.7 10.7 67.7 12.9 67.8 14.0 68.0 15.6 70.4 18.1 76.8 18.8 79.0 21.3 80.4 25.6 80.9 29.5 86.6 34.4 89.9 NA NA 30.7 40.8 31.0 NA 41.5 21.9 NA NA 32.1 43.0 33.3 NA 44.0 24.2 NA NA 34.6 46.7 35.7 NA 46.2 26.8 NA NA 36.2 47.3 38.4 NA 47.1 28.5 NA NA 39.5 52.9 42.0 NA 51.2 28.9 NA NA 40.8 56.3 44.1 NA 55.0 30.4 NA NA 43.2 57.5 48.1 NA 55.9 33.1 NA NA 43.7 58.1 50.4 NA 54.7 36.4 NA NA 46.7 62.6 53.2 NA 60.3 39.8 NA NA 52.2 66.0 59.6 NA 67.4 42.4 1970 59.5 1971 61.5 1972 63.2 1973 67.7 1974 70.2 1975 65.6 1976 69.6 1977 73.1 1978 75.4 1979 77.3 NA 89.9 NA 92.3 NA 96.5 NA 102.0 NA 105.6 NA 103.2 NA 102.8 72.5 102.7 76.5 100.6 79.0 104.7 60.6 80.7 64.4 81.2 69.5 81.7 76.0 87.5 77.6 92.2 71.8 92.5 78.1 92.5 81.5 87.2 86.5 84.9 88.3 90.3 39.2 90.3 41.0 89.3 44.7 91.2 50.4 99.6 49.1 98.3 46.6 91.6 50.6 93.3 52.2 95.1 53.7 95.6 58.4 95.4 7.0 12.7 57.6 68.0 64.1 NA 70.9 45.8 8.3 15.5 60.1 69.4 68.1 NA 71.6 46.4 9.5 18.9 64.7 75.3 71.3 NA 73.8 49.0 12.3 22.3 70.6 79.5 76.7 NA 78.5 55.3 14.3 21.0 73.4 80.7 78.2 NA 77.7 58.9 16.2 22.0 67.9 78.7 76.6 NA 74.1 55.5 19.9 27.0 73.0 82.5 81.1 NA 79.8 63.8 22.8 30.6 73.3 82.9 84.8 NA 81.3 66.0 27.5 37.1 74.3 82.7 86.8 NA 82.8 69.2 30.1 40.0 76.2 87.4 89.3 NA 87.1 76.4 1980 77.4 1981 77.5 1982 76.7 1983 79.1 1984 83.6 1985 86.1 1986 88.3 1987 89.5 1988 92.8 1989 96.9 75.8 103.6 79.2 101.7 74.6 101.3 79.2 99.9 87.6 104.7 90.0 108.5 88.6 108.1 96.4 110.7 103.2 105.3 102.4 101.3 86.0 90.7 88.1 88.0 78.8 88.3 83.0 93.9 93.3 101.3 98.3 102.9 99.4 104.0 103.9 106.6 110.1 109.8 112.6 110.9 60.4 87.2 62.6 81.8 64.6 81.7 66.6 83.4 71.0 86.5 76.7 89.0 75.5 90.1 79.0 94.4 85.3 101.4 90.9 105.4 29.9 44.0 78.2 91.3 88.7 NA 85.3 80.4 32.7 47.3 77.2 88.4 87.3 NA 84.4 78.8 34.6 48.5 80.4 89.8 88.2 NA 81.5 77.5 39.5 54.1 84.6 95.8 88.0 NA 82.7 77.8 46.0 62.2 87.2 100.3 87.0 NA 85.2 80.9 48.8 64.3 89.1 103.5 87.3 NA 88.3 83.3 57.9 74.7 89.1 103.5 87.3 NA 89.7 85.5 68.5 84.3 88.8 99.3 87.2 NA 88.0 88.7 76.7 87.7 93.3 100.8 92.2 NA 90.9 94.5 79.4 90.8 99.1 104.3 97.2 NA 94.0 98.1 1990 100.1 1991 100.6 101.6 100.2 98.3 98.3 108.6 110.1 99.0 104.1 97.1 105.3 102.0 100.0 86.7 90.0 101.0 102.7 99.1 NA 99.1 99.6 95.0 96.1 100.7 101.7 99.8 102.3 102.8 99.2 1992 100.0 1993 98.2 1994 104.2 1995 107.8 1996 108.4 1997 111.2 1998 114.9 1999 118.4 NA: 100.0 100.0 103.5 102.7 111.1 106.7 118.4 109.0 121.3 110.1 127.9 115.7 133.3 117.6 141.0 114.0 100.0 100.0 104.6 101.9 113.2 117.1 118.1 128.4 119.8 131.1 128.1 138.6 133.1 144.6 141.3 150.7 100.0 100.0 96.3 101.4 94.9 106.1 98.9 107.8 103.0 108.2 106.5 109.6 100.2 110.1 101.0 110.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.4 102.4 97.0 99.0 95.7 92.5 91.8 96.4 116.8 108.5 101.4 109.3 100.3 95.2 93.5 102.2 129.9 114.9 104.2 114.7 104.9 95.3 93.7 107.2 138.7 120.3 106.6 109.7 104.6 92.6 92.5 105.6 147.8 128.3 113.8 112.6 109.7 95.7 95.8 108.3 136.8 132.6 116.3 115.3 111.5 97.1 100.7 110.3 166.7 141.5 117.7 111.5 114.2 97.5 NA 111.4 Germany Former West Not Available Source: - 20 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001. Table 4. Total hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Indexes: 1992=100) United NetherYear lands States Norway Canada Sweden United Japan Kingdom 1950 148.6 85.5 156.1 84.7 158.5 1955 159.1 94.6 164.2 1960 170.6 1961 167.1 1962 169.2 1963 169.5 1964 170.0 92.1 154.1 89.7 154.9 93.4 156.3 94.4 157.3 96.4 159.6 Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified) Germany Italy NA 195.7 NA NA NA 118.7 140.0 NA 109.8 83.6 89.4 167.3 57.0 213.2 NA NA NA 119.8 138.0 NA 139.6 92.5 88.3 168.3 87.1 171.0 90.3 170.8 92.6 169.1 97.2 169.6 77.8 217.4 82.4 217.5 85.2 213.3 87.9 209.7 90.0 214.7 NA NA 170.7 136.5 142.3 NA 142.3 108.7 NA NA 175.9 136.2 143.8 NA 143.9 110.9 NA NA 180.3 140.7 144.8 NA 140.8 110.8 NA NA 181.8 138.0 148.0 NA 138.1 114.9 NA NA 186.5 142.6 149.7 NA 138.0 115.2 1965 170.4 1966 168.3 1967 162.7 1968 158.8 1969 158.5 102.0 158.5 108.6 161.2 108.0 160.5 109.6 155.0 110.9 152.1 101.9 168.8 106.8 166.5 107.9 158.4 108.2 152.6 109.7 152.5 89.8 214.4 92.8 211.2 98.3 203.1 101.4 202.9 103.0 205.6 NA NA 183.2 144.9 146.9 NA 140.0 108.8 NA NA 181.5 140.8 148.3 NA 136.7 109.4 NA NA 173.6 132.7 146.2 NA 125.9 114.5 NA NA 170.9 130.9 139.7 NA 128.3 116.0 NA NA 174.9 132.7 147.1 NA 133.8 119.2 1970 156.2 1971 152.4 1972 144.9 1973 140.2 1974 135.4 1975 128.2 1976 122.7 1977 119.1 1978 115.2 1979 112.7 104.4 154.3 100.5 153.8 105.1 153.0 110.4 152.5 107.9 151.9 97.2 150.0 101.9 145.8 106.1 143.6 110.6 138.3 112.7 134.0 107.1 154.7 107.4 149.1 110.8 142.9 114.9 142.5 115.5 144.0 111.1 142.3 111.0 140.2 108.8 134.2 112.8 127.1 116.2 125.5 104.4 202.1 103.1 190.6 102.6 184.4 106.0 187.9 100.6 182.5 92.8 173.6 95.1 169.5 94.4 171.2 93.4 169.8 93.8 168.2 NA NA 174.7 129.0 149.0 NA 136.3 120.9 NA NA 171.4 123.3 149.7 NA 132.5 120.6 NA NA 165.2 123.8 149.9 NA 128.7 117.5 NA NA 162.1 118.8 150.7 NA 128.4 122.4 NA NA 160.4 116.7 150.3 NA 122.9 122.4 NA NA 142.6 103.5 142.3 NA 112.5 119.3 NA NA 139.4 104.7 141.9 NA 113.1 120.5 NA NA 133.3 103.1 140.1 NA 111.8 122.2 NA NA 127.4 101.4 137.3 NA 110.1 120.4 NA NA 124.2 102.1 134.9 NA 111.0 121.4 1980 111.8 1981 109.4 1982 106.3 1983 101.6 1984 97.9 1985 96.7 1986 97.3 107.5 135.0 107.0 133.0 97.9 127.1 98.9 121.2 105.3 119.7 104.6 120.2 103.0 121.6 114.6 124.0 113.2 121.0 102.0 117.2 100.7 116.1 103.3 118.9 106.4 119.4 110.5 118.9 95.6 155.3 95.9 138.7 95.1 131.3 96.8 124.3 99.8 122.4 100.3 123.1 99.2 120.5 NA NA 119.7 101.1 133.3 NA 110.5 122.0 NA NA 110.2 96.3 127.4 NA 107.1 116.8 NA NA 109.4 97.5 120.3 NA 103.4 113.0 NA NA 104.3 99.2 117.4 NA 100.1 108.4 NA NA 102.6 104.4 114.2 NA 99.7 103.2 NA NA 102.4 107.0 110.4 NA 99.1 100.8 NA NA 101.5 113.7 108.6 NA 100.1 102.1 1987 97.7 1988 99.0 1989 99.8 103.8 118.6 106.6 114.3 107.1 107.1 114.7 119.5 121.2 121.4 120.2 119.0 98.5 118.9 101.7 123.2 102.7 122.4 NA NA 100.0 109.6 106.6 NA 99.9 103.5 NA NA 101.5 107.2 105.4 NA 99.3 108.9 NA NA 102.3 104.7 105.8 NA 99.3 109.7 1990 101.5 1991 101.0 1992 100.0 1993 96.9 1994 92.4 1995 91.6 1996 90.5 1997 91.2 1998 92.2 1999 93.0 104.8 103.7 100.4 100.8 100.0 100.0 101.4 102.1 103.6 105.2 104.0 106.8 103.7 107.9 105.5 112.3 105.2 113.2 104.3 109.8 113.5 116.4 103.9 109.0 100.0 100.0 100.1 94.9 103.0 98.1 106.4 105.3 109.4 105.3 113.5 104.3 118.3 105.8 122.7 107.1 102.9 119.3 103.1 108.6 100.0 100.0 94.7 97.5 91.9 99.4 89.1 103.3 88.7 105.8 88.0 106.4 82.7 107.0 80.3 102.5 NA NA 104.3 103.7 105.9 NA 100.1 107.7 NA NA 101.5 102.1 103.0 103.3 100.9 104.2 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 NA NA 94.7 94.8 95.1 90.8 91.3 93.6 NA NA 93.6 NA 92.4 86.6 86.7 96.7 NA NA 92.0 NA 91.6 84.5 84.3 98.0 NA NA 91.1 NA 91.0 80.3 80.4 96.5 NA NA 89.7 NA 89.5 79.1 78.6 97.1 NA NA 90.3 NA 89.9 80.2 79.3 99.3 NA NA 91.3 NA 88.6 79.6 NA 98.6 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 21 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001. Table 5. Employment in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Indexes: 1992=100) United Germany United Year Norway States Sweden Canada Kingdom Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 1950 119.2 84.3 120.1 77.9 168.3 NA NA NA NA 84.4 113.7 (unified) NA Former West Nether- Germany Italy lands 75.2 75.8 114.1 1955 125.1 93.1 127.7 85.3 181.0 47.8 NA NA NA 86.7 113.3 NA 95.5 81.9 121.8 1960 122.2 1961 124.7 1962 126.2 1963 127.7 1964 128.7 1965 130.8 1966 132.7 1967 133.4 1968 132.0 1969 132.5 92.6 135.7 90.0 139.6 92.8 140.9 93.5 141.4 94.9 143.4 99.3 144.4 105.4 142.7 106.7 138.2 108.5 136.0 110.6 138.7 84.8 188.4 84.1 191.0 86.5 189.2 88.5 186.2 92.5 189.1 96.9 191.6 102.4 192.1 103.3 186.2 103.8 184.4 105.7 186.9 62.8 NA NA 135.7 104.1 116.9 NA 108.1 95.1 129.4 67.5 NA NA 140.1 107.0 117.7 NA 111.3 98.1 132.2 71.3 NA NA 143.3 109.7 118.9 NA 111.8 101.2 134.7 74.1 NA NA 144.7 109.3 121.5 NA 111.0 104.4 135.4 76.4 NA NA 148.8 112.0 123.7 NA 111.0 104.7 137.1 77.4 NA NA 148.7 113.9 122.5 NA 113.0 102.3 137.9 79.7 NA NA 148.5 112.8 123.2 NA 111.8 101.7 137.0 84.3 NA NA 143.9 107.5 122.7 NA 105.8 105.0 132.9 87.2 NA NA 141.5 108.5 120.6 NA 106.6 106.4 132.1 89.7 NA NA 146.3 111.4 124.1 NA 111.0 110.0 133.7 1970 135.5 1971 136.4 1972 137.8 1973 138.1 1974 139.6 1975 138.6 1976 138.4 1977 138.6 1978 136.1 1979 134.2 106.3 141.2 102.2 136.7 105.0 134.6 110.5 136.8 110.1 140.0 100.6 141.3 104.2 141.0 108.2 136.0 112.7 132.3 115.6 132.7 103.9 186.6 104.4 180.3 107.7 176.0 112.5 177.0 113.9 177.7 110.9 169.6 110.7 164.2 108.5 164.7 111.7 164.0 115.7 163.1 91.9 NA NA 150.2 111.9 127.3 NA 113.6 113.6 134.3 92.3 NA NA 149.6 107.3 128.9 NA 112.9 116.7 132.2 92.3 NA NA 147.4 110.1 130.4 NA 110.8 114.4 127.5 96.2 NA NA 148.4 111.6 133.2 NA 111.5 117.8 125.8 95.3 NA NA 150.7 107.6 134.6 NA 108.9 122.1 125.4 90.0 NA NA 141.5 98.5 131.2 NA 102.2 121.1 121.0 89.5 NA NA 135.8 99.2 130.5 NA 99.9 122.3 116.0 88.6 NA NA 130.5 98.5 130.0 NA 100.3 124.7 113.1 87.4 NA NA 125.0 98.0 128.4 NA 100.0 123.1 110.5 87.2 NA NA 121.8 98.8 126.5 NA 101.2 125.0 109.3 1980 134.5 1981 132.3 1982 127.5 1983 121.0 1984 119.8 1985 120.7 1986 122.0 1987 122.0 1988 116.6 1989 108.7 111.6 132.6 111.0 128.4 103.5 123.4 101.8 120.7 106.8 121.3 106.0 123.1 104.5 123.1 104.7 122.1 106.6 124.6 107.0 122.5 115.1 155.8 114.8 141.1 104.3 132.4 101.6 125.0 104.4 122.1 106.8 121.6 110.4 118.8 113.7 117.8 117.6 119.2 119.4 119.6 88.9 NA NA 119.3 97.2 125.0 NA 102.2 125.4 107.8 89.8 NA NA 112.4 93.8 121.0 NA 100.3 120.1 105.0 89.3 NA NA 109.2 93.6 119.1 NA 97.4 116.4 101.0 90.8 NA NA 106.8 93.9 116.7 NA 94.1 111.7 96.4 92.7 NA NA 105.7 99.1 113.4 NA 93.7 106.3 94.2 93.5 NA NA 104.0 105.2 110.3 NA 94.9 104.8 95.4 93.0 NA NA 103.0 109.1 108.3 NA 96.4 103.5 96.5 91.9 NA NA 100.5 107.7 105.6 NA 96.4 103.0 97.4 93.9 NA NA 100.4 105.3 104.1 NA 96.3 104.8 98.0 95.9 NA NA 101.7 104.1 104.7 NA 97.6 105.8 99.3 1990 105.4 1991 101.9 1992 100.0 1993 101.8 1994 104.7 1995 107.2 1996 108.9 1997 113.6 1998 114.3 1999 111.3 105.4 118.3 101.8 110.5 100.0 100.0 100.1 92.4 101.3 91.8 102.5 97.7 102.2 97.4 103.2 96.4 104.0 97.6 102.3 98.5 113.2 116.8 104.1 107.4 100.0 100.0 99.1 97.6 100.9 98.2 104.8 100.6 107.2 102.4 110.1 103.0 115.4 103.7 118.7 99.9 97.5 NA NA 102.5 104.3 105.4 NA 100.3 106.4 101.1 99.8 NA NA 101.5 102.4 103.6 108.0 101.8 104.1 100.7 100.0 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.8 NA NA 96.1 95.5 95.2 93.0 94.0 95.5 96.9 93.6 NA NA 92.5 95.8 92.4 88.2 89.3 96.0 92.4 90.1 NA NA 91.9 98.1 92.1 86.2 87.3 97.2 91.3 89.3 NA NA 90.6 98.3 91.3 83.8 84.6 96.4 90.3 89.1 NA NA 89.2 97.5 89.4 82.6 82.6 96.7 91.4 85.5 NA NA 89.6 98.3 89.6 82.9 82.4 99.1 92.6 83.2 NA NA 88.7 96.2 89.8 82.6 NA 98.8 93.4 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 22 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001. Table 6. Average annual hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Indexes: 1992=100) United Germany NetherYear lands States Norway Canada Sweden United Japan Kingdom 1950 130.3 101.4 130.9 108.8 131.9 1955 130.6 101.5 131.2 1960 131.9 1961 126.5 1962 125.6 1963 125.2 1964 124.0 1965 123.6 1966 122.9 1967 122.4 1968 120.2 1969 118.5 1970 116.4 1971 115.3 1972 113.6 1973 Former West Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified) Germany Italy NA 116.3 NA NA NA 140.7 123.1 NA 146.0 110.2 104.8 131.0 119.3 117.8 NA NA NA 138.2 121.8 NA 146.1 113.0 99.5 126.1 99.6 124.2 100.6 123.8 100.9 123.2 101.6 124.0 102.7 121.1 103.0 121.5 101.2 120.3 101.0 117.5 100.2 114.7 104.1 124.0 103.6 122.5 104.4 121.2 104.7 119.6 105.1 118.2 105.1 116.9 104.4 116.7 104.4 114.7 104.2 112.2 103.8 110.0 123.9 115.4 122.0 113.9 119.5 112.7 118.6 112.6 117.9 113.5 115.9 111.9 116.5 110.0 116.7 109.1 116.4 110.0 114.8 110.0 NA NA 125.8 131.2 121.8 NA 131.7 114.3 NA NA 125.5 127.3 122.2 NA 129.4 113.1 NA NA 125.8 128.3 121.8 NA 126.0 109.5 NA NA 125.7 126.3 121.8 NA 124.4 110.0 NA NA 125.3 127.4 121.0 NA 124.3 110.0 NA NA 123.2 127.2 119.9 NA 123.9 106.4 NA NA 122.2 124.8 120.4 NA 122.3 107.6 NA NA 120.7 123.4 119.2 NA 119.0 109.1 NA NA 120.7 120.6 115.9 NA 120.4 109.1 NA NA 119.5 119.1 118.6 NA 120.6 108.3 98.2 113.9 98.4 112.7 100.0 111.0 99.9 103.2 109.5 102.8 109.0 102.9 106.2 102.1 113.6 108.3 111.8 105.8 111.1 104.8 110.2 NA NA 116.3 115.3 117.1 NA 119.9 106.4 NA NA 114.6 114.9 116.1 NA 117.3 103.4 NA NA 112.0 112.4 115.0 NA 116.2 102.7 NA NA 109.3 106.4 113.2 NA 115.2 103.9 111.4 1974 108.0 1975 106.0 1976 105.8 1977 105.3 1978 104.3 1979 103.1 110.4 98.0 108.8 96.6 108.2 97.7 105.4 98.1 103.6 98.1 101.6 97.5 99.9 104.2 101.4 102.9 100.2 100.7 100.3 99.5 100.2 98.7 101.0 96.1 100.5 94.6 106.2 105.6 102.7 103.2 102.4 106.2 103.3 106.5 104.0 106.9 103.5 107.6 103.1 1980 103.7 1981 104.2 1982 105.3 1983 105.4 1984 104.0 1985 101.3 1986 100.8 1987 100.3 1988 101.1 1989 100.5 96.3 100.4 96.4 100.6 94.6 99.7 97.2 100.1 98.6 99.9 98.7 99.6 98.6 99.7 99.1 97.2 100.0 98.0 100.0 98.6 99.5 93.6 98.6 94.2 97.8 94.9 99.1 96.2 99.0 98.0 99.6 96.9 100.0 96.5 100.9 97.9 103.0 97.5 100.7 97.2 1990 100.5 1991 100.2 1992 100.0 1993 100.0 1994 100.0 1995 99.4 98.4 98.7 98.9 100.0 100.0 101.3 100.3 102.2 100.5 101.5 100.2 98.5 99.8 98.7 100.0 100.0 101.1 102.8 102.0 106.8 101.5 NA NA 106.4 108.5 111.7 NA 112.9 100.3 NA NA 100.7 105.1 108.4 NA 110.1 98.5 NA NA 102.6 105.6 108.7 NA 113.2 98.5 NA NA 102.1 104.6 107.8 NA 111.5 98.0 NA NA 101.9 103.4 106.9 NA 110.1 97.8 NA NA 102.0 103.3 106.6 NA 109.7 97.1 107.6 99.7 106.8 98.3 106.5 99.2 106.6 99.5 107.7 100.3 107.3 101.3 106.7 101.4 107.2 100.9 108.3 103.4 107.1 102.3 NA NA 100.4 104.0 106.7 NA 108.1 97.3 NA NA 98.1 102.7 105.3 NA 106.8 97.3 NA NA 100.2 104.2 101.0 NA 106.2 97.1 NA NA 97.7 105.6 100.6 NA 106.4 97.1 NA NA 97.1 105.3 100.8 NA 106.4 97.1 NA NA 98.5 101.8 100.1 NA 104.5 96.2 NA NA 98.6 104.2 100.3 NA 103.9 98.6 NA NA 99.4 101.8 100.9 NA 103.6 100.4 NA NA 101.1 101.8 101.3 NA 103.2 104.0 NA NA 100.6 100.6 101.1 NA 101.7 103.7 105.6 102.1 103.2 101.1 100.0 100.0 97.9 99.8 98.1 101.3 98.8 NA NA 101.8 99.4 100.6 NA 99.8 101.2 NA NA 100.0 99.7 99.4 95.6 99.1 100.1 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 NA NA 98.5 99.2 99.9 97.6 97.0 98.0 NA NA 101.2 NA 100.0 98.2 97.1 100.7 NA NA 100.1 NA 99.5 98.0 96.5 100.8 100.3 1996 100.2 1997 99.8 1998 99.6 1999 99.6 NA: 99.6 101.5 99.1 102.2 98.9 101.2 99.1 102.0 98.7 107.8 102.1 108.1 103.2 108.2 102.5 108.4 103.4 108.7 102.7 99.4 103.3 98.8 103.3 96.7 103.2 96.6 102.6 NA NA 100.5 NA 99.6 95.8 95.0 100.0 NA NA 100.6 NA 100.1 95.8 95.2 100.4 NA NA 100.8 NA 100.4 96.8 96.2 100.2 NA NA 102.9 NA 98.7 96.4 NA 99.8 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 23 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001. Table 7. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Indexes: 1992=100) United Germany NetherYear lands States Norway Canada* Sweden* 1950 3.1 8.7 2.2 5.4 1.9 1955 4.5 11.7 3.4 1960 6.4 1961 7.3 1962 7.8 1963 8.6 1964 9.9 1965 11.1 1966 12.5 14.9 4.7 15.3 5.2 15.9 5.7 16.4 6.1 17.0 6.5 17.4 7.2 18.2 7.8 United Japan Kingdom* Denmark France* (unified) Former West Korea Taiwan Belgium Germany Italy NA 1.6 NA NA NA 2.5 1.6 NA 3.4 0.8 7.7 2.9 3.1 2.3 NA NA NA 3.4 2.8 NA 5.0 1.2 9.9 4.1 10.2 4.5 10.6 5.0 11.0 5.5 11.5 6.0 12.2 6.6 13.1 7.3 4.3 3.1 5.0 3.3 5.7 3.4 6.4 3.6 7.2 3.8 8.1 4.2 8.9 4.5 NA NA 5.4 4.6 4.3 NA 8.1 1.6 NA NA 5.7 5.2 4.7 NA 9.1 1.8 NA NA 6.2 5.6 5.2 NA 10.3 2.1 NA NA 6.8 6.1 5.7 NA 11.0 2.5 NA NA 7.7 6.6 6.2 NA 11.9 2.6 NA NA 8.5 7.4 6.7 NA 13.1 2.8 NA NA 9.4 8.4 7.1 NA 14.2 3.0 1967 13.8 1968 15.4 1969 17.4 19.2 8.8 20.7 9.6 22.2 10.6 13.7 8.1 14.7 8.8 15.9 9.6 10.0 4.7 11.6 5.0 13.8 5.5 NA NA 10.3 9.4 7.6 NA 15.0 3.3 NA NA 11.0 10.3 8.6 NA 16.1 3.5 NA NA 12.1 11.6 9.2 NA 17.6 3.9 1970 20.2 1971 23.1 1972 26.5 1973 31.6 1974 37.7 1975 43.1 1976 48.1 1977 52.5 1978 56.8 1979 61.1 23.7 11.8 25.2 13.5 26.5 15.2 28.5 17.1 31.6 20.1 35.5 24.0 38.4 27.7 41.8 31.1 45.2 34.1 49.6 35.8 17.0 10.7 18.1 12.1 19.4 13.5 21.1 15.2 24.6 17.9 28.2 21.9 32.4 25.7 36.0 28.1 38.7 31.1 42.6 33.5 16.4 6.3 19.0 7.2 21.9 8.3 26.7 9.5 35.0 11.4 40.8 15.1 43.9 17.6 48.5 19.8 51.7 23.1 55.0 27.5 NA NA 13.7 13.3 10.3 NA 20.7 4.7 NA NA 15.9 15.2 11.6 NA 23.2 5.4 NA NA 18.8 16.9 12.8 NA 25.6 6.1 NA NA 22.3 20.5 14.7 NA 29.0 7.2 NA NA 27.4 24.8 17.4 NA 33.0 9.3 NA NA 33.1 29.6 21.3 NA 36.4 11.8 NA NA 38.3 33.0 24.4 NA 39.1 14.6 NA NA 41.4 36.5 27.7 NA 42.8 17.3 NA NA 44.4 40.2 31.2 NA 45.9 20.0 NA NA 47.2 45.0 35.4 NA 49.3 24.2 1980 64.4 1981 67.4 1982 71.5 1983 74.9 1984 77.7 1985 81.8 1986 85.0 1987 87.8 1988 87.7 55.6 39.0 61.1 43.3 67.0 48.2 68.8 52.9 71.2 57.9 75.1 63.4 78.5 69.1 80.7 78.4 84.0 83.3 47.4 37.3 53.7 41.2 60.9 44.2 65.2 49.0 68.9 53.2 71.8 58.6 72.8 63.4 74.6 67.6 77.4 71.8 58.5 33.2 62.6 38.5 65.7 42.4 67.5 45.5 69.5 49.1 72.4 53.1 76.0 57.6 77.8 64.8 79.1 67.7 NA NA 52.5 49.6 40.8 NA 53.6 28.4 NA NA 57.3 54.6 47.2 NA 57.0 34.3 NA NA 59.9 59.5 56.1 NA 60.4 40.4 NA NA 65.7 63.6 61.9 NA 63.1 47.2 NA NA 71.4 67.2 67.2 NA 66.0 54.1 NA NA 75.3 71.7 72.8 NA 70.0 60.8 NA NA 77.3 73.2 75.8 NA 72.8 63.3 NA NA 79.7 80.1 78.6 NA 76.0 66.8 NA NA 81.1 82.9 81.6 NA 79.1 69.3 1989 88.5 86.6 87.2 82.5 79.4 84.0 72.9 NA NA 85.9 87.7 86.0 NA 83.2 75.9 1990 90.8 1991 95.2 1992 100.0 1993 103.7 1994 108.2 1995 110.6 1996 113.2 1997 116.2 1998 119.8 1999 123.5 90.8 92.3 95.6 97.5 100.0 100.0 102.7 101.5 105.6 104.4 107.9 109.2 109.3 113.6 111.4 118.7 117.3 126.2 122.0 133.4 88.3 87.8 95.0 95.5 100.0 100.0 102.0 97.1 103.7 99.8 106.0 106.3 105.1 114.1 108.2 119.1 111.2 124.1 113.0 127.1 90.5 80.9 96.4 90.5 100.0 100.0 102.8 104.3 104.9 106.5 108.3 107.0 109.2 107.1 112.9 110.3 115.8 114.6 115.5 119.7 NA NA 90.1 92.7 90.6 NA 89.4 84.4 NA NA 97.3 95.9 96.2 92.2 95.1 93.6 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 NA NA 104.8 104.6 103.0 106.4 105.9 107.5 NA NA 106.1 NA 105.6 112.0 111.7 107.8 NA NA 109.2 NA 108.4 118.2 117.7 112.8 NA NA 110.9 NA 110.2 123.8 123.7 120.3 NA NA 114.7 NA 113.0 126.3 126.6 125.4 NA NA 116.4 NA 114.9 127.5 127.6 123.0 NA NA 116.8 NA 119.3 129.6 NA 126.5 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: - 24 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001. Table 8. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year Norway 1950 1.9 Germany States Canada* Japan Sweden* Kingdom* 8.7 2.1 6.0 2.5 NA Korea Taiwan Belgium NA NA NA Denmark 2.2 France* 2.4 (unified) NA Former West Germany 1.3 NetherItaly lands 1.7 1.4 1955 2.9 11.7 3.3 9.4 3.6 1.1 NA NA 1960 4.1 1961 4.5 1962 5.0 1963 5.3 1964 5.6 1965 6.2 1966 6.8 1967 7.6 1968 8.4 1969 9.3 14.9 4.6 15.3 5.0 15.9 5.6 16.4 6.2 17.0 6.8 17.4 7.5 18.2 8.2 19.2 9.1 20.7 9.9 22.2 10.8 12.4 4.9 12.2 5.2 12.0 5.5 12.3 5.7 12.9 6.1 13.6 6.6 14.6 7.2 15.4 7.3 16.5 6.8 17.8 7.4 1.5 NA NA 1.8 NA 2.0 1970 10.3 1971 11.9 1972 14.3 1973 18.5 1974 22.6 1975 28.6 1976 31.6 1977 36.3 1978 40.4 1979 43.9 23.7 12.0 25.2 13.8 26.5 16.5 28.5 20.3 31.6 23.5 35.5 30.8 38.4 34.3 41.8 36.7 45.2 40.2 49.6 45.6 19.7 8.6 21.7 10.0 23.7 11.8 25.5 13.2 30.3 15.1 33.5 19.0 39.8 17.9 41.0 19.6 41.0 25.1 43.9 33.0 1980 55.6 49.0 NA 3.0 4.3 NA 1.9 2.4 2.1 3.5 4.0 4.6 NA 3.0 3.2 3.0 NA 3.7 4.5 5.1 NA 3.5 3.5 3.5 NA NA 4.0 4.9 5.6 NA 4.0 4.1 3.8 2.2 NA NA 4.4 5.4 6.1 NA 4.3 4.9 4.2 2.5 NA NA 5.0 5.8 6.6 NA 4.7 5.2 4.8 2.8 NA NA 5.5 6.4 7.2 NA 5.1 5.5 5.4 3.1 NA NA 6.1 7.3 7.6 NA 5.5 5.9 6.1 3.5 NA NA 6.7 8.1 8.2 NA 5.9 6.5 6.7 4.1 NA NA 7.1 8.3 9.2 NA 6.3 7.0 7.5 4.9 NA NA 7.7 9.3 9.4 NA 7.0 7.6 8.5 5.8 NA NA 8.9 10.7 9.9 NA 8.9 9.2 9.8 6.9 NA NA 10.5 12.4 11.1 NA 10.4 10.8 11.6 9.1 NA NA 13.7 14.7 13.4 NA 12.6 12.8 14.5 12.5 NA NA 18.5 20.5 17.5 NA 17.1 15.1 20.0 15.2 NA NA 22.6 24.6 19.2 NA 19.9 17.7 24.7 17.4 NA NA 29.0 31.1 26.3 NA 23.1 22.3 30.1 18.8 NA NA 31.9 32.9 27.0 NA 24.3 21.7 32.0 22.9 NA NA 37.1 36.7 29.8 NA 28.8 24.2 37.6 31.4 NA NA 45.4 44.1 36.7 NA 35.8 29.0 46.2 32.0 NA NA 51.7 51.6 44.0 NA 42.0 35.9 53.5 32.7 NA NA 57.7 53.2 51.1 NA 46.1 40.8 57.0 49.0 1981 46.9 1982 46.4 1983 45.0 1984 44.1 1985 45.8 1986 58.0 1987 72.3 1988 79.3 1989 78.4 51.4 61.1 47.4 67.0 41.0 68.8 37.2 71.2 37.5 75.1 39.7 78.5 51.8 80.7 62.1 84.0 68.2 86.6 71.6 43.7 54.1 44.1 59.6 42.0 63.9 39.0 64.3 37.2 63.5 39.0 63.3 47.8 68.0 60.2 76.0 68.3 84.1 67.7 1990 91.7 1991 93.3 1992 100.0 1993 88.8 1994 91.9 1995 107.1 1996 109.3 1997 104.1 1998 103.8 1999 106.2 90.8 86.4 95.6 91.9 100.0 100.0 102.7 72.6 105.6 75.3 107.9 86.7 109.3 99.1 111.4 90.7 117.3 90.9 122.0 89.5 91.5 81.7 100.1 90.5 100.0 100.0 95.5 88.7 91.7 92.4 93.3 95.6 93.1 94.7 94.4 102.3 90.6 107.5 91.9 109.6 NA: 36.0 NA NA 49.5 46.2 46.0 NA 39.3 37.1 47.4 33.4 NA NA 42.1 43.0 45.1 NA 38.8 36.8 47.1 36.0 NA NA 41.3 42.0 43.0 NA 38.6 38.2 46.1 37.1 NA NA 39.7 39.2 40.7 NA 36.3 37.9 42.6 38.5 NA NA 40.8 40.9 42.9 NA 37.2 39.2 43.3 57.2 NA NA 55.6 54.6 57.9 NA 52.4 52.3 61.1 68.2 NA NA 68.6 70.6 69.2 NA 66.0 63.5 76.2 78.2 NA NA 70.9 74.3 72.5 NA 70.4 65.5 78.0 77.1 NA NA 70.1 72.3 71.4 NA 69.1 68.1 73.4 79.1 NA NA 86.6 90.4 88.0 NA 86.4 86.8 87.7 90.8 NA NA 91.5 90.5 90.2 86.7 89.4 92.9 89.4 100.0 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 117.3 NA NA 97.4 97.4 96.2 100.4 100.0 84.2 98.1 130.1 NA NA 102.1 NA 100.8 107.8 107.6 82.4 104.6 146.2 NA NA 119.1 NA 115.1 128.9 128.3 85.3 121.2 127.2 NA NA 115.1 NA 114.1 128.5 128.4 96.1 118.0 118.3 NA NA 103.0 NA 102.5 113.7 114.0 90.7 104.6 112.0 NA NA 103.0 NA 103.1 113.1 113.3 87.3 106.2 128.8 NA NA 99.2 NA 102.6 110.3 NA 85.8 105.0 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: - 25 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001. Table 9. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Indexes: 1992=100) United Germany NetherYear lands States Norway Canada* Sweden* United Japan Kingdom* 1950 27.5 NA 8.9 20.3 9.5 1955 31.3 NA 11.7 1960 34.4 1961 37.1 1962 38.2 1963 40.4 1964 42.9 1965 45.1 1966 47.3 1967 48.8 1968 48.4 1969 50.0 1970 52.9 1971 57.1 1972 Former West Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* (unified) Germany Italy NA 6.3 NA NA NA 11.0 12.2 NA 25.5 7.3 23.5 13.8 36.4 8.3 NA NA NA 13.8 17.0 NA 25.4 7.5 NA 12.8 NA 13.5 NA 14.9 NA 15.1 NA 15.2 NA 15.9 NA 16.7 NA 18.0 NA 18.7 NA 18.8 25.6 15.0 25.0 15.6 23.9 16.2 23.8 16.9 23.8 16.9 24.2 17.4 25.6 18.2 26.7 18.7 26.9 18.5 27.6 18.8 31.3 9.8 32.1 10.5 34.9 10.8 36.1 10.7 35.8 10.7 38.7 11.4 38.9 11.9 38.5 11.7 40.0 11.7 41.4 12.5 NA NA 30.1 15.4 19.5 NA 27.8 7.9 NA NA 31.5 16.3 20.3 NA 29.7 8.1 NA NA 32.1 17.0 21.1 NA 31.5 8.6 NA NA 34.2 17.9 21.8 NA 32.2 9.9 NA NA 36.3 17.9 22.0 NA 32.1 10.5 NA NA 38.3 18.9 22.3 NA 33.3 10.1 NA NA 39.6 20.5 21.8 NA 34.7 9.9 NA NA 40.9 21.4 22.1 NA 34.5 10.4 NA NA 40.3 21.6 22.6 NA 34.3 10.2 NA NA 40.4 23.4 22.7 NA 35.0 10.9 NA 20.3 NA 22.5 NA 30.1 20.6 30.2 22.2 31.0 43.8 14.1 47.8 15.4 50.1 8.3 23.3 41.7 25.2 24.0 NA 39.8 12.4 8.8 24.4 45.2 27.1 25.5 NA 42.9 14.1 9.7 24.4 47.9 27.8 26.9 NA 44.7 14.6 60.8 1973 65.3 1974 72.7 1975 84.3 1976 84.8 1977 85.5 1978 86.8 1979 89.0 24.1 NA 25.5 NA 28.9 NA 34.8 NA 39.3 61.2 43.5 65.3 46.8 70.7 45.8 23.6 32.0 24.8 36.6 27.9 43.6 33.7 46.2 38.9 48.1 43.3 50.5 46.6 56.0 46.6 16.8 56.2 17.9 71.8 21.1 81.3 28.7 82.6 31.9 87.6 35.7 89.8 41.1 88.4 48.5 1980 93.0 1981 95.1 1982 99.2 1983 96.2 1984 90.9 1985 91.8 1986 93.7 1987 95.9 1988 93.6 1989 91.1 78.8 50.8 82.4 56.6 87.9 60.5 86.0 64.2 85.6 66.3 87.3 70.2 91.2 77.7 86.9 84.1 86.7 90.4 90.5 92.2 63.2 51.0 69.0 56.6 78.8 58.7 79.0 60.7 76.3 62.5 77.7 68.0 81.0 72.4 82.4 75.8 85.2 79.4 88.0 85.1 1990 92.1 1991 95.5 1992 100.0 1993 102.3 1994 93.7 95.6 97.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 100.9 98.5 92.3 92.9 99.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.6 90.5 94.3 11.6 28.2 51.2 30.6 28.8 NA 47.5 15.8 14.2 42.7 59.9 35.9 33.5 NA 52.1 19.4 16.3 43.4 69.5 38.9 39.5 NA 55.2 25.4 20.7 44.6 73.1 41.8 42.7 NA 55.4 27.7 24.4 46.4 75.3 45.4 45.8 NA 58.8 32.1 29.3 46.5 76.1 49.3 49.4 NA 61.1 34.7 35.9 52.8 76.8 52.5 53.5 NA 62.9 38.4 92.5 59.1 96.0 65.3 96.7 68.2 98.0 67.8 97.7 69.4 94.6 73.5 99.9 77.0 97.0 81.6 94.3 82.3 94.9 84.7 45.1 61.1 80.3 55.0 61.3 NA 69.4 43.1 52.1 70.9 81.7 59.5 69.0 NA 72.4 50.9 55.6 75.5 81.5 64.6 76.5 NA 76.7 58.9 59.6 73.9 81.1 65.8 82.6 NA 76.4 65.7 61.9 76.8 84.0 69.9 88.2 NA 77.3 68.9 62.1 80.0 86.5 74.2 92.0 NA 78.6 73.5 62.1 82.1 88.0 80.4 94.3 NA 81.2 75.6 66.9 82.1 89.7 88.4 96.1 NA 86.3 78.0 76.1 84.4 88.1 88.2 93.3 NA 86.5 79.9 81.5 88.3 88.7 88.1 93.6 NA 87.9 84.9 95.9 91.7 97.4 98.2 100.0 100.0 101.1 100.3 101.5 85.9 95.1 93.0 93.6 96.8 NA 90.3 91.3 95.0 96.4 98.1 96.3 99.3 93.1 93.3 98.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.8 100.9 102.3 100.1 102.4 104.5 105.3 104.4 108.2 101.9 97.9 93.0 97.3 101.9 103.6 102.1 96.0 1995 94.0 1996 94.5 1997 95.3 1998 96.1 1999 97.0 NA: 102.9 94.8 107.0 93.5 111.4 91.9 115.2 92.5 121.5 90.3 128.4 83.5 95.5 87.2 95.9 91.7 95.9 89.6 98.8 90.8 98.1 90.3 99.7 97.6 102.6 94.0 104.8 93.3 107.1 95.5 111.4 91.8 111.4 120.4 102.1 96.4 93.8 94.7 104.7 105.9 103.2 126.5 101.6 94.7 100.9 95.9 107.4 107.5 109.9 116.1 100.0 90.5 102.0 92.2 104.4 103.9 112.4 113.6 101.4 90.3 102.8 92.7 105.3 100.4 110.8 108.7 98.9 90.6 108.9 92.6 105.9 NA 112.0 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: - 26 Table 10. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 1992=100) United Germany United Year Norway States Canada* Japan Sweden* Kingdom* 1950 7.8 NA 10.7 22.5 10.0 Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* (unified) NA NA NA NA 9.6 18.5 NA Former West Germany NetherItaly lands 9.5 14.4 12.7 1955 10.2 NA 15.5 28.8 13.2 12.8 NA NA NA 12.0 25.7 NA 9.4 14.8 14.5 1960 11.2 1961 11.8 1962 12.9 1963 13.1 1964 NA 16.9 NA 17.6 NA 18.3 NA 18.9 NA 32.0 15.6 29.8 16.7 27.0 17.2 26.7 17.0 26.7 11.0 NA NA 19.4 13.5 21.1 NA 10.4 15.6 16.0 11.3 NA NA 20.3 14.3 21.9 NA 11.6 16.0 18.0 12.3 NA NA 20.7 14.9 22.8 NA 12.3 17.1 18.7 12.7 NA NA 22.0 15.7 23.5 NA 12.6 19.7 19.8 12.5 NA NA 23.5 15.6 23.7 NA 12.6 20.7 20.9 13.2 1965 13.8 1966 14.5 1967 15.6 1968 16.2 1969 16.4 19.1 NA 19.6 NA 20.6 NA 21.1 NA 20.9 NA 21.1 17.0 27.1 18.0 28.7 18.9 29.9 18.3 30.2 15.9 31.0 16.9 1970 17.6 1971 19.9 1972 22.7 1973 27.6 1974 32.5 1975 41.5 1976 44.8 1977 50.8 1978 55.5 1979 56.2 NA 23.1 NA 25.3 NA 28.9 NA 33.1 NA 36.7 NA 47.4 NA 52.0 61.2 56.4 65.3 60.1 70.7 63.3 1980 63.9 1981 61.3 1982 58.2 1983 54.7 1984 50.5 1985 50.8 1986 78.8 70.2 82.4 65.1 87.9 54.4 86.0 46.1 85.6 44.0 87.3 46.1 91.2 13.6 NA NA 24.8 16.5 24.0 NA 13.0 19.9 22.0 13.6 NA NA 25.6 17.9 23.5 NA 13.6 19.5 23.0 13.5 NA NA 26.5 18.5 23.7 NA 13.5 20.5 23.8 14.1 NA NA 25.9 17.4 24.2 NA 13.4 20.3 23.5 14.6 NA NA 25.9 18.8 23.1 NA 13.9 21.3 24.3 34.8 19.2 36.1 21.3 37.8 23.8 38.6 24.8 45.2 28.0 51.8 36.1 56.6 32.6 54.7 35.3 53.5 44.6 57.8 58.3 15.5 21.0 14.7 27.0 20.3 23.0 NA 17.1 24.4 25.7 17.4 19.9 15.3 29.9 22.1 24.5 NA 19.3 28.1 28.8 21.0 19.5 15.4 35.0 24.1 28.2 NA 21.9 30.8 33.3 26.3 22.8 18.6 42.4 30.7 34.4 NA 28.0 33.5 41.3 31.2 27.6 28.3 49.5 35.6 36.9 NA 31.5 36.8 47.6 34.8 26.4 28.7 60.9 40.9 48.8 NA 35.1 47.9 58.7 35.3 33.6 29.6 60.9 41.8 47.3 NA 34.4 41.1 56.5 41.5 39.5 30.8 67.6 45.7 49.3 NA 39.6 44.8 61.3 54.6 47.5 31.6 77.8 54.1 58.1 NA 47.6 50.4 70.7 51.3 58.2 36.9 84.2 60.3 66.5 NA 53.6 57.0 78.0 65.3 77.9 69.5 74.8 77.2 67.4 77.5 58.2 71.2 52.6 68.7 54.0 70.4 51.8 58.3 42.7 88.3 58.9 76.8 NA 59.6 62.0 82.3 55.2 60.0 48.4 70.6 50.4 67.1 NA 49.9 55.1 66.9 49.2 59.6 48.5 57.2 46.7 61.6 NA 49.3 53.6 65.3 52.3 60.3 46.4 51.0 43.4 57.4 NA 46.7 53.3 59.3 52.2 60.1 48.8 46.8 40.8 53.5 NA 42.4 48.4 49.8 50.3 56.5 50.4 46.9 42.3 54.2 NA 41.7 47.5 48.7 75.2 55.1 54.6 63.4 60.0 72.1 NA 58.5 62.4 67.3 65.3 1987 77.5 1988 86.1 1989 82.9 59.2 86.9 69.6 86.7 75.4 90.5 76.8 64.0 75.1 75.8 83.6 83.0 89.8 78.6 1990 95.0 1991 95.7 1992 100.0 1993 88.3 1994 90.7 1995 105.0 1996 107.1 1997 101.0 1998 100.0 1999 102.2 93.7 91.3 97.6 96.3 100.0 100.0 100.6 67.7 98.5 63.1 94.8 71.1 93.5 79.6 91.9 68.3 92.5 66.5 90.3 63.6 95.6 92.6 105.1 98.3 100.0 100.0 91.4 85.3 83.4 86.5 84.1 91.7 85.0 92.6 83.6 99.3 80.5 104.5 79.8 102.0 NA: 85.0 63.5 65.1 77.2 77.9 84.6 NA 74.9 74.1 83.2 93.2 81.3 74.2 77.0 79.0 82.9 NA 76.9 75.6 83.2 87.1 94.8 84.1 72.3 72.6 77.6 NA 73.0 76.2 75.5 83.8 94.9 88.9 89.5 91.3 94.1 NA 87.3 93.8 88.9 91.7 101.1 90.6 92.3 90.8 93.1 87.6 87.8 97.6 89.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 115.4 101.1 96.1 95.1 93.2 95.6 98.6 99.4 81.8 96.8 125.9 105.2 96.9 94.2 88.3 92.9 98.2 99.8 78.1 92.8 131.7 122.3 96.9 105.2 101.1 100.6 114.2 115.5 78.0 103.0 109.6 123.3 93.0 98.3 105.0 99.2 111.5 111.6 87.8 98.6 97.7 95.8 87.4 81.2 93.1 83.6 94.0 93.5 81.3 85.9 92.4 63.7 76.0 80.0 92.6 83.2 93.5 89.1 78.6 85.2 102.4 71.7 76.9 76.9 94.1 79.6 90.1 NA 75.9 82.4 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: - 27 Table 11. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001. Exchange rates, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar) 1992=100) United NetherYear States Germany Canada United Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified) Former West Germany Italy lands Norway Sweden Kingdom 1950 46.2 100.0 87.1 110.5 112.6 35.2 158.6 NA NA NA 87.5 151.3 NA 37.2 197.3 1955 46.1 100.0 87.0 122.5 112.6 35.2 158.0 NA NA NA 87.4 151.2 NA 37.1 197.1 1960 46.6 1961 48.5 1962 48.8 1963 48.8 1964 48.8 1965 48.8 1966 48.6 1967 48.8 1968 48.6 1969 48.5 100.0 87.1 100.0 87.0 100.0 87.1 100.0 86.9 100.0 86.8 100.0 86.9 100.0 86.9 100.0 86.9 100.0 87.0 100.0 87.0 124.6 112.7 119.4 112.7 113.1 113.0 112.0 112.3 112.0 113.1 112.1 112.9 112.2 112.8 112.0 112.9 112.2 112.7 112.2 112.7 35.2 159.0 35.1 158.6 35.1 159.0 35.1 158.5 35.0 158.1 35.1 158.3 35.0 158.1 35.0 155.7 35.2 135.5 35.4 135.3 NA NA 64.5 87.6 107.9 NA 37.4 198.4 NA NA 64.5 87.4 107.9 NA 38.9 198.4 NA NA 64.6 87.5 108.0 NA 39.1 198.5 NA NA 64.5 87.4 108.0 NA 39.2 198.2 NA NA 64.6 87.3 108.0 NA 39.3 197.3 NA NA 64.8 87.3 108.0 NA 39.1 197.2 NA NA 64.5 87.4 107.7 NA 39.1 197.3 NA NA 64.7 86.5 107.6 NA 39.2 197.4 NA NA 64.4 80.7 106.9 NA 39.1 197.7 NA NA 64.1 80.3 102.2 NA 39.8 196.4 1970 48.6 1971 50.4 1972 54.8 1973 63.3 1974 65.5 1975 69.7 1976 66.6 1977 71.7 1978 100.0 86.9 100.0 88.3 100.0 94.3 100.0 108.2 100.0 112.6 100.0 119.2 100.0 113.9 100.0 116.8 100.0 115.8 112.3 119.7 114.1 122.0 122.5 120.8 133.8 123.6 131.4 118.8 140.6 122.6 133.7 113.7 130.4 106.0 35.4 135.6 36.5 138.4 41.8 141.6 46.8 138.8 43.5 132.5 42.7 125.8 42.8 102.2 47.3 98.8 60.8 252.7 62.9 64.7 80.5 95.7 NA 42.8 196.5 226.0 62.9 66.2 81.6 96.1 NA 44.9 199.3 199.7 62.9 73.0 86.8 104.9 NA 49.0 211.1 197.0 65.8 82.8 100.2 119.3 NA 59.0 211.8 194.0 66.2 82.7 99.3 110.1 NA 60.5 189.4 162.1 66.2 87.6 105.3 123.6 NA 63.6 188.9 162.1 66.2 83.3 99.9 110.9 NA 62.1 148.4 162.1 66.2 89.7 100.6 107.7 NA 67.3 139.6 162.1 67.9 102.3 109.6 117.6 NA 77.9 145.2 81.4 1979 87.7 118.6 100.0 122.7 129.0 103.2 135.9 108.6 58.1 120.2 1980 88.5 1981 70.4 1982 65.8 1983 61.6 1984 54.8 1985 53.0 1986 71.8 1987 86.8 1988 88.9 1989 82.9 100.0 125.8 100.0 108.2 100.0 96.2 100.0 85.1 100.0 76.2 100.0 72.3 100.0 84.0 100.0 92.2 100.0 95.2 100.0 89.9 103.4 137.7 100.8 115.0 97.9 92.7 98.1 75.9 93.3 70.4 88.5 67.7 87.0 81.7 91.1 91.8 98.2 94.9 102.1 90.2 1990 96.6 1991 93.9 1992 100.0 1993 94.6 1994 96.7 1995 109.6 1996 104.3 1997 90.1 1998 88.7 1999 85.0 100.0 99.4 100.0 95.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 87.5 100.0 88.1 100.0 98.1 100.0 96.2 100.0 87.7 100.0 82.3 100.0 79.6 103.6 98.4 105.5 96.3 100.0 100.0 93.7 74.7 88.4 75.5 88.1 81.6 88.6 86.8 87.3 76.2 81.5 73.3 81.3 70.4 162.1 69.8 109.6 114.8 124.4 NA 85.2 148.3 55.9 131.7 57.5 114.6 50.9 99.0 53.4 85.8 53.4 75.7 53.2 73.5 75.3 83.1 87.7 92.8 98.9 100.8 91.8 92.7 129.2 69.8 110.0 107.1 125.3 NA 85.9 143.9 115.2 68.3 86.4 84.6 97.3 NA 69.0 108.2 107.2 64.3 70.2 72.4 80.5 NA 64.3 91.0 101.1 62.8 62.9 66.0 69.5 NA 61.2 81.1 97.1 63.5 55.7 58.3 60.6 NA 54.9 70.2 91.0 63.1 54.2 57.0 58.9 NA 53.1 64.5 88.7 66.5 72.0 74.6 76.4 NA 72.0 82.6 95.0 79.2 86.1 88.2 88.0 NA 86.9 95.0 106.8 87.9 87.4 89.6 88.8 NA 88.9 94.6 116.4 95.3 81.6 82.5 83.0 NA 83.0 89.8 87.4 101.0 94.2 100.1 100.0 100.0 114.1 85.0 124.1 86.7 134.9 89.4 116.5 88.4 104.7 92.7 96.8 93.8 111.5 91.6 110.4 93.5 96.2 97.5 97.2 NA 96.6 102.8 106.5 94.0 94.0 94.3 93.7 94.0 94.0 99.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.4 95.2 93.0 93.1 93.4 94.4 94.4 78.3 97.2 95.1 96.2 95.0 95.4 96.3 96.3 76.5 101.5 95.0 109.1 107.8 106.2 109.1 109.1 75.6 97.5 91.6 103.8 104.1 103.5 103.8 103.8 79.9 82.5 87.4 89.8 91.3 90.7 90.0 90.0 72.3 56.0 75.0 88.5 90.1 89.7 88.8 88.8 70.9 65.9 77.8 84.9 86.4 86.0 85.1 85.1 67.8 NA: Not Available Source: - 28 Table 12. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001. Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 1992=100) United Germany NetherYear lands States Norway Canada* Sweden* 1950 4.0 8.8 2.9 5.9 2.4 1955 5.9 11.8 4.4 1960 8.4 1961 9.2 1962 9.8 1963 10.7 1964 12.3 1965 13.8 1966 15.3 1967 16.9 1968 18.5 1969 20.7 1970 23.5 1971 26.6 1972 30.1 United Japan Kingdom* Denmark France* (unified) Former West Korea Taiwan Belgium Germany Italy NA 1.9 NA NA NA 3.5 2.0 NA 4.9 0.9 8.1 3.9 3.7 2.7 NA NA NA 4.7 3.4 NA 7.3 1.4 14.8 6.0 15.2 6.4 16.0 7.0 16.5 7.5 17.3 8.0 17.9 8.7 18.8 9.5 19.4 10.5 20.9 11.3 22.2 12.2 10.3 5.1 10.6 5.5 11.0 6.1 11.5 6.6 12.1 7.1 12.8 7.8 13.6 8.5 14.4 9.2 15.3 9.8 16.5 10.5 5.3 3.5 6.1 3.7 6.9 3.9 7.6 4.1 8.5 4.4 9.4 4.7 10.4 5.0 11.7 5.1 13.6 5.5 15.8 6.0 NA NA 6.8 6.0 5.2 NA 10.7 1.8 NA NA 7.2 6.6 5.7 NA 11.8 2.0 NA NA 7.8 7.2 6.3 NA 13.0 2.3 NA NA 8.6 7.8 6.9 NA 13.7 2.7 NA NA 9.6 8.5 7.4 NA 14.8 2.9 NA NA 10.5 9.4 8.0 NA 16.2 3.0 NA NA 11.5 10.4 8.5 NA 17.4 3.2 NA NA 12.4 11.6 9.1 NA 17.8 3.6 NA NA 13.3 12.5 10.0 NA 19.4 3.8 NA NA 14.4 13.8 10.9 NA 21.3 4.2 23.3 13.5 24.8 15.3 26.5 16.9 17.6 11.7 18.6 13.2 20.0 14.3 18.7 6.8 21.2 7.6 24.3 8.7 NA NA 16.0 15.3 12.1 NA 24.8 5.0 NA NA 18.2 17.5 13.5 NA 27.2 5.6 NA NA 21.0 19.0 14.7 NA 29.8 6.2 1973 35.2 1974 40.7 1975 45.7 1976 50.9 1977 55.3 1978 59.2 1979 62.9 28.5 18.9 31.0 21.8 34.3 25.9 37.6 29.2 41.0 32.2 44.3 34.6 48.4 35.7 21.6 15.8 24.9 18.4 28.3 22.1 32.5 25.5 36.1 27.8 39.1 29.9 42.8 31.7 29.4 10.1 37.0 11.7 42.1 15.5 46.7 18.1 51.6 20.6 55.2 23.9 59.2 28.4 NA NA 24.3 21.8 16.6 NA 33.4 7.4 NA NA 29.2 26.9 19.5 NA 37.2 9.4 NA NA 33.3 31.1 23.1 NA 40.0 11.6 NA NA 39.3 34.8 26.5 NA 44.3 14.4 NA NA 42.3 38.2 29.9 NA 47.7 17.0 NA NA 45.2 41.6 33.4 NA 50.6 19.5 NA NA 48.1 46.5 37.7 NA 54.1 23.5 1980 66.7 1981 70.2 1982 75.3 1983 78.9 1984 80.7 1985 82.9 1986 85.7 1987 88.1 1988 88.6 1989 89.0 53.5 39.1 58.8 43.6 63.3 48.1 66.9 53.0 70.2 57.9 74.1 63.1 77.4 68.9 80.0 76.3 84.0 81.6 86.7 86.0 47.2 34.9 52.9 38.8 59.6 42.0 64.6 47.2 68.2 52.1 71.5 56.8 72.9 61.2 75.3 66.2 79.7 70.0 83.0 77.1 62.9 33.1 66.9 37.8 70.0 42.1 71.9 45.3 74.9 49.2 77.7 53.8 81.1 58.4 83.4 65.4 85.7 70.0 89.9 74.6 NA NA 52.7 51.6 43.5 NA 57.9 27.6 NA NA 56.1 56.1 49.8 NA 60.9 33.4 NA NA 60.0 62.0 56.7 NA 64.1 39.3 NA NA 64.2 67.2 62.3 NA 67.2 45.8 NA NA 69.3 70.8 67.7 NA 70.3 52.5 NA NA 74.1 73.0 72.9 NA 73.1 58.5 NA NA 76.2 76.3 76.1 NA 75.6 62.4 NA NA 79.2 81.5 79.4 NA 78.8 67.1 NA NA 81.9 84.4 82.7 NA 81.7 72.0 NA NA 86.4 88.2 86.9 NA 84.6 78.7 1990 91.2 1991 95.4 1992 100.0 1993 103.7 1994 108.2 90.2 90.9 94.3 96.4 100.0 100.0 104.1 101.8 108.0 104.9 88.5 86.5 94.8 94.2 100.0 100.0 103.0 99.8 105.8 106.6 95.5 82.6 99.5 91.4 100.0 100.0 100.6 104.2 102.9 107.9 NA NA 91.7 92.1 91.1 NA 89.2 85.4 NA NA 97.3 95.6 95.7 88.2 94.3 93.7 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 NA NA 103.2 103.8 102.9 103.9 102.8 105.4 NA NA 107.4 106.0 105.6 109.9 108.5 108.6 1995 110.9 1996 113.4 1997 115.9 1998 119.3 1999 123.0 NA: 109.5 108.8 110.9 112.6 113.9 117.4 118.7 125.0 124.4 131.6 107.7 114.6 107.2 123.3 111.6 128.9 114.0 134.5 116.9 138.2 107.1 109.9 108.5 110.7 111.6 114.0 112.0 118.3 111.6 122.8 NA NA 109.2 109.7 107.9 115.8 113.6 113.7 NA NA 111.5 112.6 109.8 118.6 117.6 120.4 NA NA 115.4 117.7 113.1 121.0 120.5 125.9 NA NA 117.3 120.6 115.4 123.4 122.8 123.3 NA NA 120.2 126.3 117.8 125.0 NA 126.3 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: - 29 Table 13. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001. Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 1992=100) United Germany United Year Norway States Sweden Canada Kingdom Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark 1950 26.3 46.8 25.2 37.0 26.6 NA NA NA NA 28.6 19.8 1955 29.5 56.5 30.5 46.5 29.0 18.2 NA NA NA 31.9 1960 36.4 1961 38.7 1962 40.4 1963 42.0 1964 42.5 65.2 35.3 66.5 37.9 68.3 40.3 69.5 43.3 71.4 45.7 54.6 34.1 55.5 35.2 57.0 35.5 58.3 36.4 59.7 37.6 23.1 NA NA 24.5 25.5 NA NA 27.3 NA 28.4 30.7 France (unified) Former West Nether- Germany Italy lands NA 11.7 18.5 17.1 26.7 NA 15.9 21.5 21.2 38.7 30.1 NA 23.6 24.7 26.4 25.7 41.7 32.2 NA 25.8 26.6 29.8 NA 27.2 42.5 34.0 NA 28.4 29.8 31.0 NA NA 29.4 43.9 35.4 NA 29.4 32.8 33.1 NA NA 31.9 45.7 37.2 NA 31.1 33.1 36.2 1965 45.0 1966 47.7 1967 51.0 1968 54.3 1969 58.1 71.8 48.0 73.0 49.4 74.7 52.5 77.2 56.0 78.5 58.8 61.7 39.2 63.8 40.8 64.9 41.8 66.6 42.9 68.9 44.2 32.1 NA NA 34.0 47.7 39.4 NA 33.1 34.0 39.0 33.7 NA NA 36.1 50.8 40.6 NA 34.7 35.4 41.3 36.3 NA NA 38.3 53.0 42.5 NA 36.1 38.2 44.3 40.1 NA NA 39.9 54.0 46.3 NA 38.3 40.3 47.5 45.2 NA NA 42.1 58.7 47.5 NA 41.1 43.0 50.2 1970 58.3 1971 62.9 1972 65.8 1973 69.0 1974 74.0 1975 79.1 1976 83.9 1977 86.3 1978 87.4 1979 87.6 79.5 61.7 80.8 64.0 82.3 67.4 83.4 69.7 83.4 74.7 85.6 83.5 87.8 88.3 89.6 86.0 90.6 88.8 90.9 89.8 71.5 47.8 73.9 49.7 75.7 53.5 76.7 55.8 80.2 57.8 83.3 62.0 88.8 61.8 91.2 60.1 89.9 64.4 90.6 67.4 49.9 NA NA 46.1 62.9 50.9 NA 46.7 49.8 55.6 54.3 NA NA 51.1 68.3 54.1 NA 49.8 54.7 59.1 59.6 NA NA 57.3 71.0 56.2 NA 52.3 58.0 62.9 65.2 NA NA 63.6 78.8 60.0 NA 55.4 61.9 69.4 69.4 NA NA 69.4 82.8 62.7 NA 58.9 67.7 75.6 72.4 NA NA 74.4 90.0 68.4 NA 61.3 72.9 78.5 71.2 NA NA 78.9 92.1 71.5 NA 63.1 77.7 80.5 72.7 NA NA 79.5 91.8 74.2 NA 66.7 77.1 82.3 74.3 NA NA 81.6 91.9 76.5 NA 69.9 78.9 85.6 76.2 NA NA 83.1 93.7 78.4 NA 72.2 82.6 88.2 1980 86.0 1981 84.1 1982 84.1 1983 85.1 1984 87.7 1985 90.8 1986 92.4 91.7 87.5 92.1 86.2 95.4 85.0 94.1 84.3 93.6 85.1 95.5 87.2 98.1 90.3 91.7 69.0 92.0 72.0 94.1 72.4 95.2 74.4 96.4 76.3 96.6 77.8 94.1 81.5 75.3 NA NA 86.7 92.1 79.5 NA 74.6 80.0 87.3 76.8 NA NA 87.8 90.7 81.2 NA 74.6 81.5 85.7 78.4 NA NA 84.5 89.7 86.2 NA 75.0 82.6 85.8 79.1 NA NA 86.1 89.7 86.9 NA 76.0 83.7 87.4 79.7 NA NA 88.0 89.2 87.7 NA 77.7 86.8 87.8 81.2 NA NA 88.5 90.9 89.6 NA 80.7 89.8 90.4 84.8 NA NA 89.7 89.6 90.9 NA 84.1 88.2 93.9 1987 96.4 1988 96.0 1989 96.1 97.6 92.3 97.9 94.0 96.8 98.1 92.3 88.1 92.1 87.7 93.4 87.7 86.7 NA NA 91.0 94.1 91.5 NA 87.7 89.0 97.4 87.6 NA NA 91.5 93.2 92.6 NA 90.3 87.9 96.6 91.0 NA NA 94.1 94.1 94.1 NA 92.3 90.3 96.3 1990 97.7 1991 99.8 1992 100.0 1993 99.2 1994 100.6 1995 102.7 1996 105.6 1997 107.5 1998 111.8 1999 115.5 96.6 97.4 98.1 97.2 100.0 100.0 100.2 95.1 100.8 95.6 100.4 97.3 99.0 103.3 98.8 106.8 102.6 110.3 104.5 109.2 94.7 88.9 96.3 93.9 100.0 100.0 100.2 102.7 101.6 102.4 101.7 99.4 99.2 97.2 100.6 97.0 102.5 97.4 102.4 100.2 95.1 NA NA 95.4 96.9 96.0 NA 96.6 94.6 96.5 98.1 NA NA 99.7 98.0 98.8 96.9 99.1 98.7 98.1 100.0 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.4 NA NA 102.0 103.3 100.9 101.9 102.1 103.2 101.1 102.8 NA NA 100.9 NA 101.7 104.3 104.8 99.6 102.7 106.3 NA NA 102.3 NA 102.7 108.2 108.7 98.9 103.1 107.0 NA NA 101.8 NA 102.4 111.9 112.8 101.5 103.6 108.7 NA NA 103.6 NA 103.7 112.1 113.3 103.9 104.1 110.8 NA NA 104.1 NA 104.8 112.0 113.3 100.2 105.3 110.9 NA NA 103.3 NA 108.2 113.2 NA 101.5 106.2 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 30 Table 14. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001. Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 1992=100) United Germany United Year Norway States Sweden Canada Kingdom Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark 1950 34.5 47.4 33.3 40.3 30.9 NA NA NA NA 40.2 France 24.4 (unified) NA Former West Nether- Germany Italy lands 17.2 20.4 22.3 1955 38.7 57.4 39.9 48.7 34.2 21.7 NA NA NA 44.0 32.5 NA 23.3 24.3 27.7 1960 45.9 1961 48.1 1962 50.0 1963 51.8 1964 52.7 1965 54.5 1966 57.9 1967 61.3 1968 63.7 1969 66.6 64.9 43.8 66.2 46.4 68.8 48.9 70.1 51.8 72.6 54.0 73.7 56.1 75.2 57.6 75.6 60.2 77.9 62.8 78.7 64.6 56.8 39.3 57.5 40.1 59.4 40.0 61.0 41.0 62.7 42.7 64.9 43.9 66.6 44.9 67.8 45.7 69.4 47.3 71.5 48.7 28.6 NA NA 30.8 50.8 36.6 NA 31.0 28.2 34.8 31.2 NA NA 32.2 53.1 39.3 NA 33.4 30.0 37.6 32.6 NA NA 34.2 54.5 41.4 NA 35.8 32.6 39.0 33.6 NA NA 37.0 55.4 43.1 NA 36.5 36.1 41.4 36.2 NA NA 40.0 58.3 45.0 NA 38.7 36.4 44.9 37.2 NA NA 41.9 60.7 47.2 NA 41.0 36.1 48.2 39.3 NA NA 44.1 63.4 48.8 NA 42.4 38.1 50.8 42.4 NA NA 46.2 65.4 50.7 NA 42.9 41.7 54.2 46.7 NA NA 48.2 65.1 53.7 NA 46.1 43.9 57.1 51.9 NA NA 50.3 69.9 56.3 NA 49.5 46.6 59.5 1970 66.4 1971 70.9 1972 73.1 1973 76.1 1974 80.5 1975 85.6 1976 88.4 1977 89.4 1978 88.8 1979 87.5 78.0 67.6 79.5 69.8 82.3 71.6 83.3 72.6 81.7 76.8 82.7 84.1 85.8 87.8 87.9 84.9 88.9 85.3 88.6 84.9 73.7 51.8 76.0 52.6 77.9 56.1 78.3 59.2 81.4 59.3 83.4 63.5 89.1 63.8 91.4 62.4 90.8 66.7 91.1 69.5 56.7 NA NA 53.7 72.5 59.6 NA 56.0 53.0 64.7 60.7 NA NA 58.5 78.5 62.9 NA 58.4 56.6 68.1 66.2 NA NA 64.2 79.8 64.7 NA 60.7 59.6 71.5 71.9 NA NA 69.5 83.9 67.9 NA 63.8 64.3 77.3 73.3 NA NA 73.9 89.8 70.0 NA 66.5 67.9 81.7 74.6 NA NA 74.9 94.6 74.1 NA 67.4 71.8 83.2 75.7 NA NA 80.9 97.2 77.7 NA 71.5 76.5 85.2 77.4 NA NA 81.2 96.0 79.9 NA 74.3 75.6 86.7 79.4 NA NA 83.2 95.0 81.8 NA 76.9 77.2 89.2 82.0 NA NA 84.7 96.8 83.6 NA 79.2 80.2 90.9 1980 86.3 1981 84.6 1982 83.8 1983 85.2 1984 87.7 1985 90.4 1986 92.1 1987 93.7 1988 94.1 1989 94.7 88.3 81.9 88.8 81.2 90.2 80.6 91.5 81.1 92.3 83.4 94.2 84.5 96.7 87.1 96.7 90.3 98.0 91.6 96.9 95.3 91.2 68.8 90.8 70.7 92.0 71.8 94.3 74.0 95.4 76.5 96.2 78.8 94.2 82.7 93.2 88.9 94.9 90.7 94.1 89.7 81.0 NA NA 87.0 95.7 84.8 NA 80.7 77.9 90.6 82.0 NA NA 86.1 93.2 85.6 NA 79.7 79.3 89.3 83.5 NA NA 84.7 93.5 87.1 NA 79.7 80.2 90.4 84.3 NA NA 84.1 94.7 87.4 NA 80.9 81.3 92.2 85.8 NA NA 85.4 93.9 88.4 NA 82.7 84.2 91.3 87.2 NA NA 87.1 92.5 89.7 NA 84.3 86.4 91.6 90.5 NA NA 88.4 93.3 91.2 NA 87.3 87.0 94.6 92.9 NA NA 90.5 95.8 92.3 NA 90.9 89.4 97.7 94.9 NA NA 92.5 94.9 93.7 NA 93.2 91.3 97.6 97.4 NA NA 94.7 94.6 95.1 NA 93.9 93.7 96.8 1990 96.2 1991 98.7 1992 100.0 1993 99.5 1994 101.2 1995 102.4 1996 104.6 1997 106.3 1998 110.8 1999 114.0 96.0 95.8 96.8 95.9 100.0 100.0 101.5 97.7 103.0 102.0 101.9 104.9 100.5 111.7 100.9 115.6 103.8 119.6 106.5 118.6 94.9 90.7 96.1 94.9 100.0 100.0 101.2 102.5 103.6 103.7 103.3 102.0 101.3 100.4 103.8 100.2 105.0 100.6 105.9 102.8 100.4 NA NA 97.0 96.3 96.5 NA 96.4 95.8 96.9 101.2 NA NA 99.7 97.6 98.3 92.7 98.2 98.8 98.3 100.0 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.3 NA NA 100.5 102.5 100.8 99.4 99.1 101.1 101.1 100.9 NA NA 102.1 102.6 101.8 102.4 101.7 100.3 102.7 105.1 NA NA 102.3 104.0 102.2 106.1 104.9 99.7 103.5 106.4 NA NA 102.3 104.6 102.0 107.2 107.2 101.5 103.8 107.5 NA NA 104.2 106.9 103.8 107.3 107.9 104.4 103.8 107.2 NA NA 104.9 107.6 105.1 108.4 109.0 100.4 104.8 107.1 NA NA 106.4 110.0 106.8 109.1 NA 101.3 105.8 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 31 Table 15. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001. Labor compensation in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 1992=100) United United Year Norway Germany States Canada* Japan Sweden* Kingdom* NA Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* (unified) NA NA NA 2.9 2.2 NA NA 4.1 3.9 Former West Germany NetherItaly lands 3.7 .7 4.6 NA 7.0 1.1 7.2 1950 3.4 7.4 2.9 4.6 3.1 1955 5.5 11.0 4.9 6.9 4.9 1.8 NA NA 1960 7.3 1961 8.0 1962 8.9 1963 9.6 1964 10.4 1965 11.4 1966 12.6 1967 14.0 1968 14.9 1969 16.2 13.7 6.9 13.7 7.7 14.8 8.5 15.4 9.3 16.4 10.2 17.8 11.2 19.8 12.1 20.7 12.8 22.6 13.4 24.6 14.6 8.8 6.7 8.9 7.1 9.6 7.3 10.2 7.5 11.2 8.2 12.4 9.0 13.9 9.6 14.8 9.5 15.9 10.2 17.4 11.3 3.4 NA NA 9.2 6.3 6.1 NA 11.6 1.7 10.9 4.1 NA NA 10.1 7.0 6.8 NA 13.1 2.0 12.2 4.9 NA NA 11.1 7.9 7.5 NA 14.5 2.3 13.2 5.6 NA NA 12.4 8.5 8.4 NA 15.2 2.8 14.5 6.5 NA NA 14.3 9.5 9.2 NA 16.4 3.0 16.9 7.3 NA NA 15.6 10.7 9.8 NA 18.3 3.1 19.0 8.3 NA NA 17.1 11.8 10.5 NA 19.4 3.3 21.0 9.8 NA NA 17.9 12.5 11.1 NA 18.9 3.8 22.5 11.8 NA NA 18.8 13.5 12.0 NA 20.7 4.1 24.4 14.2 NA NA 21.1 15.4 13.5 NA 23.6 4.6 27.7 1970 18.2 1971 20.8 1972 23.2 1973 24.8 16.6 25.3 18.0 27.8 19.3 31.5 18.2 12.8 19.4 13.7 21.5 15.3 24.3 17.1 .6 3.0 24.0 17.1 15.4 NA 28.2 5.7 31.5 19.6 .7 3.8 27.2 18.8 17.4 NA 30.7 6.5 35.2 22.4 .9 4.6 31.0 20.9 19.2 NA 33.0 7.1 38.4 28.3 1.4 6.3 36.1 24.3 22.1 NA 37.3 8.8 44.2 26.1 1974 30.5 1975 35.9 1976 40.4 1977 44.7 1978 47.1 1979 48.0 21.7 34.2 25.7 34.5 31.2 39.2 36.0 44.4 37.7 50.0 39.6 55.9 42.1 17.8 28.4 20.8 31.3 26.3 36.0 29.8 39.2 34.0 43.7 39.3 49.5 46.2 1980 52.6 1981 57.6 1982 61.3 1983 64.1 1984 69.4 1985 76.2 1986 84.0 1987 93.0 1988 95.2 1989 93.4 59.7 46.3 65.3 49.8 65.6 51.8 68.1 56.9 75.0 63.2 78.5 70.0 80.8 75.4 83.8 80.8 89.5 87.2 92.8 94.5 1990 95.7 1991 98.3 1992 100.0 1993 103.6 1994 109.9 1995 95.1 102.3 96.0 104.1 100.0 100.0 104.2 92.2 109.4 97.9 112.2 35.3 2.0 9.0 43.9 28.9 26.2 NA 40.5 11.4 51.0 37.9 2.6 9.5 47.2 30.6 30.3 NA 40.9 14.1 55.3 41.8 4.1 12.1 53.4 34.5 34.6 NA 44.2 17.7 59.1 45.7 5.6 14.2 55.2 37.7 38.8 NA 47.8 21.2 62.5 48.2 8.1 17.3 56.5 40.8 42.9 NA 50.6 24.0 65.5 51.6 10.8 21.2 58.6 45.9 47.7 NA 54.8 29.4 68.8 54.3 51.5 60.8 53.4 62.1 55.7 65.6 56.5 71.2 60.1 76.3 65.4 80.5 69.4 85.6 77.1 93.8 83.4 99.1 89.3 55.9 13.5 26.9 62.8 50.2 54.4 NA 59.2 34.6 72.0 60.1 17.0 33.6 63.1 52.6 60.2 NA 61.0 40.1 73.8 62.5 19.2 36.6 65.5 58.0 67.5 NA 62.5 45.7 76.1 65.3 23.6 40.0 68.6 63.1 72.7 NA 63.2 51.1 76.1 69.4 28.5 47.8 73.2 70.2 76.8 NA 65.9 55.8 76.1 72.6 30.3 51.4 77.1 76.8 80.4 NA 69.4 61.2 79.0 75.4 35.9 61.4 78.5 83.2 82.4 NA 72.9 64.6 82.7 76.6 45.8 69.2 79.7 87.7 83.8 NA 76.0 69.2 85.8 80.4 58.4 74.0 82.3 88.9 86.1 NA 78.6 75.4 86.8 86.3 64.7 80.2 87.9 91.8 91.0 NA 82.6 83.3 88.3 100.2 96.5 98.7 98.2 100.0 100.0 102.1 101.7 106.8 105.9 112.8 93.1 74.5 85.6 94.0 96.1 96.0 NA 89.5 90.9 92.2 99.4 90.2 92.6 98.8 98.0 99.1 95.2 96.0 97.5 96.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.4 109.4 103.4 99.2 99.1 98.0 96.6 96.6 100.6 100.5 96.3 126.4 110.6 99.3 101.6 97.6 97.0 96.8 104.3 100.0 96.5 156.5 117.2 100.4 107.6 99.4 99.8 99.2 110.6 101.3 116.6 1996 122.6 1997 133.3 1998 142.9 1999 146.5 NA: 111.9 113.4 120.1 117.5 124.2 123.4 131.2 127.3 136.1 110.6 114.9 113.4 122.8 117.4 131.5 122.7 138.7 122.7 96.9 175.5 122.2 101.0 110.7 100.3 99.5 99.4 116.1 102.5 99.4 171.6 128.3 102.9 114.8 101.1 99.9 99.5 121.7 106.0 95.7 155.5 134.5 105.1 118.6 103.4 102.3 101.2 122.2 110.4 92.8 181.2 139.9 106.6 121.5 105.8 103.2 NA 124.7 114.8 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2001.