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Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov Technical information: (202) 691-5654 Media contact: (202) 691-5902 USDL 02-543 For Release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Thursday, September 26, 2002 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY AND UNIT LABOR COST TRENDS, 2001 United States manufacturing output per hour increased by 1.9 percent in 2001, the fourth largest increase among the 12 countries for which comparable data are available--the United States, Canada, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and seven European countries. (See table A and chart 1.) While manufacturing labor productivity continued to grow in 10 of the 12 countries, Canada and Japan experienced their first declines in output per hour since 1998 and 1986, respectively. The U.S. productivity measure posted its lowest annual growth rate since 1991. (Average annual growth rates for selected measures, years, and periods are found in tables A and B. The complete historical index series are shown in tables 1 through 15.) PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT: Chart 1. Percent change in manufacturing output per hour, 2001 -2Unit labor costs in manufacturing, expressed in national currency units, increased in 11 of the 13 countries for which comparable data on unit labor costs were available for 2001. The largest increases occurred in Canada (5.5 percent), Japan (5.2 percent), and Korea (5.2 percent). The United States and Denmark were the only two countries where unit labor costs expressed in national currency units decreased. (See table A and chart 2.) Changes in exchange rates must be taken into account in order to assess international competitiveness in manufacturing. Unlike unit labor costs in national currency units, unit labor costs in U.S. dollars declined in 10 of the 13 countries. The largest declines occurred in Sweden (9.1 percent), Korea (7.9 percent), and Japan (6.8 percent). The sharp declines were due to the relative strength of the U.S. dollar in 2001 against all the currencies compared. (See table A and chart 2.) PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT: Chart 2. Percent change in manufacturing unit labor costs, 2000-2001 Table A summarizes changes in manufacturing productivity, unit labor costs, and related variables between 2000 and 2001. Output and unit labor cost data are presented for 13 economies. Comparable productivity data are not shown for Denmark, and no 2001 data are available for the Netherlands. (See technical notes.) -3Table A. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 2000-2001 Percent changes Country or area Output per hour Output Total Hourly Unit labor costs Employ- Average compen- compen- Nation U.S. Exchange Hours ment hours sation sation currency dollars rate (1) United States 1.9 - 3.8 - 5.6 - 4.1 - 1.6 - 4.2 1.5 - 0.3 - 0.3 --- - 2.0 - 4.5 3.2 5.9 0.5 NA 2.7 - 3.3 - 7.9 1.7 - 6.0 - 0.5 3.1 1.7 - 1.4 - 3.5 - 1.5 -11.3 - 1.0 NA - 0.9 - 0.4 - 2.8 0.8 - 4.5 0.4 - 1.0 1.2 - 1.0 0.8 2.3 7.1 1.4 NA - 2.1 2.1 - 3.1 7.0 - 1.3 2.9 3.0 3.8 3.5 0.4 8.7 11.3 4.0 NA 4.8 5.5 5.2 5.2 5.0 3.4 - 0.1 2.1 1.2 - 6.8 - 7.9 - 2.9 0.3 - 2.9 - 1.0 - 4.1 -11.3 -12.5 - 7.6 - 3.0 - 2.8 - 3.0 1.0 1.7 NA 0.8 1.5 1.5 0.1 0.7 NA - 1.2 - 0.8 - 2.3 - 0.8 - 1.0 NA - 2.0 - 2.3 - 3.7 0.3 0.3 NA - 1.6 - 1.1 - 4.2 - 1.1 - 1.3 NA - 0.4 - 1.2 0.5 2.3 2.7 NA 3.3 1.7 0.0 3.2 3.8 NA 5.4 4.1 3.9 2.2 2.0 NA 4.6 2.5 2.3 - 0.9 - 1.0 NA 2.4 - 9.1 - 2.8 - 3.0 - 3.0 - 3.0 - 2.0 -11.3 - 5.0 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom (1) Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. NA=Not Available This release examines comparative trends in manufacturing output per hour, unit labor costs, and related measures in 2001, the most recent year for which comparative data are available and for certain selected time periods. Annual indexes of these variables also are estimated for the time period 1950-2001. However, because the comparable value-added output data for U.S. manufacturing industries are not available prior to 1977, U.S. measures of output, output per hour, and unit labor costs begin with 1977. Also, productivity measures for Denmark are not available after 1993 due to a lack of comparable hours data. Data for Germany are linked to data for the former West Germany in 1991. Table B (pages 8-12) shows average annual percent changes for selected periods, beginning in 1979. Annual indexes of the data are in tables 1-15 (pages 19-33). The historical series of the variables also are available at the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Foreign Labor Statistics, web-site at address http://stats.bls.gov/fls/home.htm. -4BOX: Notes about the measures The measures in this release are based on data available to BLS as of August 2002. Revisions for 2000 and earlier years were made to the measures for several countries to incorporate data not available at the time of the April 2002 report. U.S. manufacturing output measure The output measure for manufacturing in the United States is the chain-weighted index of real gross domestic product by industry (deflated value added), published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), U.S. Department of Commerce. This series is based on annually changing price weights. The United States real output data through 2000 used in this report were released by the BEA in November 2001. The estimates are described in the Survey of Current Business, November 2001. The BLS estimate of real U.S. output for 2001 was derived by extrapolating the 2000 number forward, using the annual growth rate of the Federal Reserve Board's Industrial Production Index for Total Manufacturing. The U.S. output series used for international comparisons differs from the manufacturing series that BLS publishes as part of its major sector productivity and costs measures for the U.S. While both series are based on annuallychanging price weights, the international comparisons program uses a value added output concept, while the U.S. manufacturing series is on a sectoral output basis. For information on the differences between the value added and the sectoral output measures, see technical notes. Germany From 1991 forward, the estimated growth rates pertain to unified Germany and prior to 1991 to the former West Germany. The two data series have been linked in 1991. See technical notes for additional information. Italy For this release, Italian average hours worked have been revised from 1985, based on estimates released by the Bank of Italy. This series replaces average hours worked based on Large Firm Labor Indicators from the Italian National Institute of Statistics. The scope of the new series is more inclusive of smaller firms than previous estimates. New measures of National Accounts Member states of the European Union are in the process of implementing the European System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95). Some other countries are adopting the System of National Accounts recommended by the United Nations (SNA 93), on which ESA 95 is based. Revisions due to these conversions to new systems are being incorporated into the BLS estimates. END OF BOX (Notes about the measures) -5Manufacturing productivity, output, and labor input Labor productivity (output per hour worked) in United States manufacturing grew 1.9 percent in 2001. This occurred even though output fell, because labor input (as measured by total hours) declined at a faster rate (5.6 percent) than output (3.8 percent). (See table A.) Productivity gains in five other countries--Taiwan, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom--were achieved by a similar combination of a drop in output accompanied by an even larger decline in total hours worked. Korea, France, Germany, and Italy realized productivity gains due to an increase in output combined with a decrease in total hours worked. Productivity fell in Canada and Japan because their declines in output were greater than their declines in total hours worked. (See table A.) For the 1995-2000 period, productivity grew in all 13 countries for which these data are available. The rate of increase ranged from 11.1 percent per year for Korea to 0.7 percent per year for Norway. Besides Korea, productivity in the United States, Taiwan, France, and Sweden also increased more than 4.5 percent per year. (See table B.) A comparison of the 2000-2001 growth rates with the average annual growth rates for the 1995-2000 period indicates that productivity growth slowed or fell in the majority of countries compared. Only Taiwan, Italy, and Norway experienced higher productivity growth rates in 2001 than their annual average growth for the 1995-2000 period. (See table B.) Among the eight countries that experienced a decline in manufacturing output in 2001, the United States had the third largest decline (3.8 percent). Only Japan (7.9 percent) and Taiwan (6.0 percent) experienced larger declines in output for the year. Korea and four European countries (Denmark, France, Germany, and Italy) achieved output growth in 2001, with Denmark having the highest growth rate at 3.1 percent. (See table A.) During 1995-2000, manufacturing output increased in all the countries compared; the lowest gain was 0.5 percent per year in Norway, and the highest was 8.1 percent per year in Korea. In 2001, only Denmark's output growth rate was higher than its 1995-2000 average. (See table B.) Total hours worked in manufacturing declined in all 12 countries for which data are available for 2001--ranging from 11.3 percent in Taiwan to 0.8 percent in Germany. The 5.6 percent decline in total hours worked in U.S. manufacturing was the result of declines both in employment (4.1 percent) and in average hours worked (1.6 percent). The declines in total hours worked in Canada, Japan, Taiwan, Norway, and Sweden also were caused by decreases in both employment and in average hours worked. In Korea, Belgium, France, Germany, and Italy, the declines in total hours worked were the result of decreases in average hours that more than offset employment increases. Only the United Kingdom experienced an increase in average hours; however, total hours worked also fell in the U.K. because employment decreased more than the average hours increase. (See table A.) -6During the 1995-2000 period, total hours worked in manufacturing declined in 8 and increased in 5 of the 13 countries for which data are available. The five countries with increased total hours--Canada, Taiwan, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden--all experienced employment growth as well. Average hours increased in only 3 of the 13 countries--Canada, Belgium, and Sweden--during this time period. (See table B.) Manufacturing hourly compensation and unit labor costs U.S. manufacturing hourly compensation increased 1.5 percent in 2001, the second lowest rate of growth among the countries compared. Only Japan experienced a lower rate of growth (0.4 percent) in hourly compensation on a national currency basis than the United States. The two largest increases in hourly compensation were in Taiwan (11.3 percent) and Korea (8.7 percent). (See table A.) A comparison of the 2000-2001 growth rates with the average annual growth rates for the 1995-2000 period indicates that hourly compensation growth rates in national currency units were higher in 2001 in eight countries. Only the United States, Japan, Sweden, and the United Kingdom experienced lower hourly compensation growth rates in 2001 than their annual average for the 1995-2000 period. (See table B.) Unit labor costs (labor compensation per unit of output), expressed in national currency units, increased in all but two of the countries in 2001. In the United States and Denmark, unit labor costs declined slightly. (See table A and chart 2.) The measure of unit labor costs is equivalent to compensation per hour divided by output per hour. In the United States, the relatively small increase in hourly compensation was offset by an increase in output per hour, resulting in a modest decline in unit labor costs. Canada's increase in unit labor costs (5.5 percent) was the largest of all countries compared, due to a combination of hourly compensation growth and falling productivity. Taiwan, in contrast, had lower growth in unit labor costs (5.0 percent) than Canada, even though hourly compensation in Taiwan increased by 11.3 percent. This occurred because Taiwan's relatively strong productivity growth of 5.9 percent was able to partially offset its high hourly compensation growth rate. (See table A.) From 1995 to 2000, U.S. unit labor costs decreased 0.7 percent per year. In addition to the United States, seven other countries experienced declines in unit labor costs over this time period, measured in their own currencies. This is in contrast to 2000-2001, where only two countries, the United States and Denmark, realized unit labor cost declines expressed in national currency units. (See table B.) To compare changes in competitiveness across economies in terms of U.S. dollars, unit labor costs in national currency units must be adjusted for changes in the currency's exchange rate against the dollar. When a foreign currency depreciates against the U.S. dollar, fewer dollars must be paid in exchange for each national currency unit. This will lead to a smaller increase or a larger decline in unit labor costs converted from the foreign currency into U.S. dollars. -7Movements in the currency markets in 2001 had a noticeable impact on comparative unit labor costs expressed in U.S. dollars. The U.S. dollar appreciated against all the currencies compared in 2001. In the majority of countries, unit labor costs fell dramatically when expressed in U.S. dollars. In Japan, for example, unit labor costs fell from positive 5.2 percent in national currency units to negative 6.8 percent in U.S. dollars. This was due to an 11.3 percent drop in the yen to U.S. dollar exchange rate. (See table A and chart 2.) The U.S. dollar appreciated against all the currencies compared during the 1995-2000 period, causing unit labor costs to decline in all countries, except the United Kingdom, when expressed in U.S. dollars. Competitor countries had lower growth rates in unit labor costs in U.S. dollars in 1995-2000 than in 2000-2001. (See table B.) -8Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001 Output per hour United States 3.4 3.5 2.4 3.3 4.7 1.9 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 2.1 3.3 NA 5.9 3.6 NA 3.7 3.6 3.5 NA 5.1 6.0 2.1 3.0 0.5 4.3 8.2 7.9 2.2 0.5 3.4 3.8 3.3 9.7 5.3 3.2 NA 4.0 1.1 3.9 11.1 5.5 3.3 NA 4.6 -2.0 -4.5 3.2 5.9 0.5 NA 2.7 Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 2.5 2.2 NA 1.3 3.7 3.6 2.1 3.5 4.4 2.4 3.1 4.4 2.1 1.9 2.2 1.4 1.9 4.6 3.3 2.4 3.7 0.6 5.2 3.3 2.6 0.9 2.5 0.7 5.3 2.4 1.0 1.7 NA 0.8 1.5 1.5 United States 2.7 2.2 2.5 3.1 4.4 -3.8 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 2.4 2.4 8.9 5.9 2.1 1.7 1.6 2.0 4.7 8.3 8.2 2.6 2.9 -0.4 1.8 4.8 12.2 7.0 2.5 -0.2 2.6 2.4 0.4 8.4 5.0 0.6 1.7 1.1 4.5 1.7 8.1 5.7 3.3 1.9 3.4 -3.3 -7.9 1.7 -6.0 -0.5 3.1 1.7 Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 0.7 1.6 NA 0.1 2.8 0.7 0.2 0.9 1.8 0.6 2.2 -1.2 2.3 3.2 3.2 -1.6 1.4 3.4 -0.7 1.5 1.6 1.2 3.1 0.4 1.3 1.2 2.7 0.5 5.6 1.0 0.1 0.7 NA -1.2 -0.8 -2.3 Output Continued on next page -9Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001 Total hours United States -0.7 -1.2 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -5.6 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.3 -0.9 NA 0.0 -1.4 NA -2.0 -1.5 1.1 NA 2.9 -3.2 0.8 -3.3 1.3 0.5 3.7 -0.8 0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.3 -2.8 -1.2 -0.3 -2.5 NA -2.7 3.4 -2.1 -2.7 0.2 -0.1 NA -1.1 -1.4 -3.5 -1.5 -11.3 -1.0 NA -0.9 Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom -1.7 -0.6 NA -1.2 -0.8 -2.8 -1.9 -2.5 -2.5 -1.8 -0.8 -5.3 0.2 1.3 1.0 -2.9 -0.5 -1.2 -3.9 -0.9 -2.0 0.6 -2.0 -2.8 -1.3 0.3 0.2 -0.2 0.3 -1.4 -0.8 -1.0 NA -2.0 -2.3 -3.7 United States -0.8 -1.4 -0.1 -0.6 -0.1 -4.1 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.2 -0.4 NA 0.8 -1.4 -0.1 -1.4 -1.3 1.2 NA 4.1 -2.6 1.0 -2.3 1.2 0.8 5.4 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 -0.9 -1.5 -1.6 -0.9 -0.3 -2.2 -1.2 -2.5 3.0 -1.9 -2.5 0.5 -0.6 -0.3 -0.2 -0.4 -2.8 0.8 -4.5 0.4 -1.0 1.2 Germany 2/ -1.2 -1.1 1.1 -4.2 -0.8 0.3 Employment Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom -1.0 NA -1.1 -1.3 -2.6 -2.3 -2.2 -1.8 -1.2 -4.6 -0.2 1.2 -2.7 -0.8 -0.9 -1.8 -2.0 0.3 -3.5 -3.1 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 -1.0 0.3 NA -1.6 -1.1 -4.2 Continued on next page -10Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001 Average hours United States 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 -0.1 -1.6 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.1 -0.5 NA -0.8 0.0 NA -0.6 -0.2 0.0 NA -1.1 -0.6 -0.3 -1.0 0.1 -0.3 -1.6 -0.4 0.7 -0.5 0.1 0.3 -1.3 -0.2 0.0 -0.3 NA -0.2 0.4 -0.1 -0.1 -0.3 0.6 NA -0.9 -1.0 -0.8 -2.3 -7.1 -1.4 NA -2.1 Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom -0.5 0.5 NA -0.1 0.5 -0.3 -0.8 -0.1 -0.3 0.0 0.4 -0.8 -0.9 1.6 -0.2 -0.2 0.3 -0.3 0.3 0.9 0.0 0.3 1.6 0.3 -0.5 0.0 -0.2 -0.3 0.1 -0.3 -1.1 -1.3 NA -0.4 -1.2 0.5 Total labor compensation in manufacturing: 3/ National currency basis United States 3.9 5.8 3.9 3.4 3.7 -4.2 Canada Japan 5.0 2.5 7.5 5.9 5.6 5.1 2.4 0.7 4.9 -1.0 2.1 -3.1 Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France NA 9.1 3.1 4.8 3.8 NA 15.9 4.7 9.0 9.1 19.9 10.6 4.0 4.6 3.6 16.8 6.8 1.3 2.3 1.1 4.1 4.2 2.0 3.1 0.8 7.0 -1.3 2.9 3.0 3.8 Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 3.2 7.1 NA 5.4 5.7 4.8 4.0 13.0 2.3 8.0 8.9 6.2 5.2 8.2 3.1 4.7 7.9 8.1 2.3 4.0 1.9 4.0 1.9 2.5 1.2 3.1 3.6 4.9 4.6 3.2 2.3 2.7 NA 3.3 1.7 0.0 Continued on next page -11Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001 Hourly compensation: 3/ National currency basis United States 4.6 7.2 3.9 3.5 4.0 1.5 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 4.7 3.4 NA 9.0 4.6 NA 5.9 9.1 4.7 NA 12.6 8.1 8.1 12.8 4.2 4.6 15.6 11.5 3.7 5.3 4.5 3.7 3.7 18.2 7.1 3.9 NA 3.9 1.4 1.1 6.9 4.0 2.1 NA 1.9 3.5 0.4 8.7 11.3 4.0 NA 4.8 Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 5.0 7.7 NA 6.7 6.6 7.9 6.0 15.9 5.0 10.0 9.8 12.2 5.0 6.8 2.1 7.8 8.4 9.4 6.4 4.9 4.0 3.4 3.9 5.4 2.6 2.8 3.4 5.1 4.3 4.6 3.2 3.8 NA 5.4 4.1 3.9 Unit labor costs: National currency basis United States 1.2 3.6 1.4 0.2 -0.7 -0.3 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 2.6 0.1 NA 2.9 0.9 3.1 2.2 5.3 1.1 NA 7.1 2.0 5.9 9.5 3.7 0.3 6.9 3.4 1.5 4.8 1.0 -0.1 0.4 7.8 1.7 0.7 0.6 -0.1 0.4 -2.6 -3.7 -1.5 -1.2 1.1 -2.6 5.5 5.2 5.2 5.0 3.4 -0.1 2.1 Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 2.4 5.4 NA 5.3 2.8 4.1 3.8 12.0 0.5 7.4 6.5 7.5 2.8 4.8 -0.1 6.4 6.4 4.5 3.1 2.4 0.3 2.8 -1.2 2.1 -0.1 1.9 0.9 4.3 -0.9 2.2 2.2 2.0 NA 4.6 2.5 2.3 Continued on next page -12Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2001 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area Unit labor costs: United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 1979-2001 1979-1985 1985-1990 1990-1995 1995-2000 2000-2001 U.S. dollar basis 1.2 3.6 1.4 0.2 -0.7 -0.3 1.3 2.8 NA 3.2 -1.0 0.9 -0.3 2.7 -0.3 NA 5.3 -9.3 -5.8 -3.3 7.0 10.8 11.1 11.8 13.8 16.7 11.6 -3.3 9.5 6.0 2.0 3.3 2.7 1.7 -1.2 -5.3 -10.8 -4.7 -8.7 -6.1 -9.2 1.2 -6.8 -7.9 -2.9 0.3 -2.9 -1.0 Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1.6 0.9 NA 2.5 -1.2 2.3 -4.1 -2.5 -7.6 -1.7 -5.2 -1.0 15.9 15.1 12.7 13.3 14.7 11.4 5.6 -3.7 2.9 2.5 -4.8 -0.4 -7.6 -3.1 -6.8 -2.3 -5.8 1.3 -0.9 -1.0 NA 2.4 -9.1 -2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France -1.3 2.7 -4.4 0.3 -1.9 -2.1 -2.4 -2.5 -1.5 -9.2 -1.7 -11.1 -11.0 -11.7 3.2 10.5 3.9 8.2 12.2 11.4 10.5 -3.2 9.1 -1.7 0.3 2.5 2.0 1.8 -1.6 -2.7 -7.3 -3.3 -7.6 -7.1 -6.8 -4.1 -11.3 -12.5 -7.6 -3.0 -2.8 -3.0 Germany 2/ Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom -0.8 -4.3 -0.9 -2.6 -3.9 -1.7 -7.6 -12.9 -8.0 -8.4 -11.0 -7.9 12.7 9.8 12.7 6.6 7.8 6.6 2.5 -6.0 2.6 -0.3 -3.7 -2.4 -7.5 -4.9 -7.6 -6.4 -4.9 -0.8 -3.0 -3.0 -3.0 -2.0 -11.3 -5.0 Exchange rates 4/ United States 1/ Rates of change based on the compound rate method. 2/ Data for years before 1991 pertain to the former West Germany. 3/ Adjusted to include employment taxes that are not compensation to employees but are labor costs to employers. 4/ Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. NA = Not available. -13Trade-weighted unit labor costs To take account of differences in the relative importance of to U.S. trade in manufactured goods, BLS constructs indexes of cost trends relative to a trade-weighted average of unit labor the other economies. In chart 3, the period begins in 1979, a U.S. manufacturing output reached a business cycle peak. foreign economies U.S. unit labor cost trends in year in which PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT: Chart 3. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 11 competitors, 1979- 2001 The construction of the trade-weighted indexes is a three-step process. First, the indexes of unit labor costs for all economies are rebased to a common year (in this case, 1979=100). Second, for each year, a "competitors" index is calculated as the weighted geometric mean of the indexes for all competitor economies; the weights reflect each country's importance in terms of U.S. trade in manufactured goods. Finally, the U.S. index number for each year is divided by the "competitors" index number (and multiplied by 100) to obtain a relative ratio of the U.S. to the competitors. This process is used to calculate the relative trade-weighted unit labor cost indexes on both a national currency and a U.S. dollar basis. In this release, the relative U.S. trade-weighted indexes are estimated against 11 economies for which comparable data are available over this period; the indexes underlying this chart are shown in table C. In chart 3, the solid line indicates that U.S. unit labor costs rose faster than "competitors" costs from 1979 to 1986 on a U.S. dollar basis. In most years from 1986 to 1995, U.S. costs either rose at a slower rate than the "competitors" costs or fell at a faster rate. From 1996 to 1998, however, the strength of the U.S. dollar caused relative U.S. unit labor costs to rise. After a dip in 1999, the index of relative U.S. unit labor costs rose again in 2000 and 2001. -14Table C. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 11 competitors, 1979-2001 Year 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Unit Labor Costs National Currency Basis Own Competitors' Index Index Ratio 100.0 111.4 116.5 124.2 121.6 121.0 123.4 128.9 122.8 122.5 128.0 132.4 138.0 141.3 100.0 110.7 119.1 126.8 128.7 129.7 131.2 137.4 139.3 139.1 142.1 148.2 153.9 157.2 100.0 100.6 97.8 98.0 94.4 93.3 94.0 93.8 88.1 88.1 90.0 89.3 89.7 89.9 Unit Labor Costs U.S. Dollar Basis Own Competitors' Index Index Ratio 100.0 111.4 116.5 124.2 121.6 121.0 123.4 128.9 122.8 122.5 128.0 132.4 138.0 141.3 100.0 100.9 106.0 117.5 116.3 121.6 126.2 103.7 85.9 79.7 84.3 80.7 79.5 77.9 100.0 110.4 109.9 105.8 104.6 99.5 97.8 124.3 142.9 153.8 151.9 164.1 173.7 181.5 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 -15- 142.3 139.2 134.0 132.1 129.9 131.2 127.5 129.7 129.2 157.8 155.3 154.7 155.8 153.9 156.1 153.9 149.3 155.5 90.2 89.6 86.6 84.8 84.4 84.0 82.9 86.9 83.1 142.3 139.2 134.0 132.1 129.9 131.2 127.5 129.7 129.2 177.8 177.9 187.1 178.8 164.4 157.7 160.6 151.7 147.7 80.0 78.2 71.6 73.9 79.0 83.2 79.4 85.5 87.5 TECHNICAL NOTES Labor productivity is defined as real output per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measure presented in this release relates output to the hours worked of persons employed in manufacturing, it does not measure the specific contributions of labor as a single factor of production. Rather, it reflects the joint effects of many influences, including new technology, capital investment, capacity utilization, energy use, and managerial skills, as well as the skills and efforts of the workforce. Unit labor costs are defined as the cost of labor input required to produce one unit of output. They are computed as labor compensation in nominal terms divided by real output. The Bureau of Labor Statistics constructs trend indexes of manufacturing labor productivity, hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs from three basic aggregate measures--output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures refer to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and Taiwan. For all other countries, the measures refer to all employed persons, including employees, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers. For all of the countries, the term "hours" refers to hours worked. In general, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). However, the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966 and the measures for France include parts of mining. The comparisons in this release make use of data made available to BLS as of August 2002 by the statistical agencies of the individual countries. For some countries, the data for the most recent years are based on the European System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95) or on the United Nations System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA 93). For other countries, data were compiled according to previously used systems. To obtain historical time series, BLS may link together data series which were compiled according to different accounting systems by the countries' statistical agencies. Output. For most countries, the output measures are value added in manufacturing from the national accounts. However, output for Japan prior to 1970 and for the Netherlands prior to 1960 are indexes of industrial production. The manufacturing value added measures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical to their indexes of industrial production. The output measure for manufacturing in the United States is the chain-weighted index of real gross product originating (deflated value added), introduced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce in August 1996. U.S. gross product originating is a chain-type annual-weighted series. Because these value added output data for U.S. manufacturing industries are not available for years prior to 1977, the comparative U.S. measures of output, output per hour, and unit labor costs begin with 1977. For more information on the U.S. measure, see Sherlene K.S. Lum, Brian C. Moyer, and Robert E. Yuskavage, "Improved Estimates of Gross Product by Industry for 194798," Survey of Current Business, June 2000, pp. 24-38. -16The gross product originating series differs from the manufacturing output series that BLS publishes as part of its major sector productivity and costs program. While both series are based on annually-changing price weights, the gross product originating series is on a value added basis rather than the sectoral output basis used in the official U.S. manufacturing productivity series. Sectoral output is gross output less intrasector sales and transfers. For information on sectoral output, see William Gullickson, "Measurement of productivity growth in U.S. manufacturing," Monthly Labor Review, July 1995, pp. 1328. A value added concept has been used for the international comparisons series because the data are more readily available from the countries' national accounts, whereas sectoral output would require a complex estimation procedure. Also, although BLS has determined that sectoral output is the correct concept for U.S. measures of productivity, there are other considerations that may make value added a better concept for international comparisons of labor productivity, such as differences among countries in the extent of vertical integration of industries. Estimation of manufacturing real output using moving price weights is becoming prevalent. For example, the output measure for manufacturing in the United States is the chain-weighted index of real gross product originating, based on annually changing price weights. However, many earlier time periods within the historical real output series have been estimated using fixed price weights, with the weights updated periodically (for example, every 5 or 10 years). Measures of real output also may differ among countries because of different approaches to estimating the prices of high-technology products like computers and, in general, of products that undergo rapid quality change. Labor Input. The aggregate hours worked series used for France (from 1970 forward), Norway, Sweden, and Canada are series published with the national accounts. For the former West Germany after 1959 and Germany from 1991, BLS uses aggregate hours worked, which were developed by a research institute of the German Ministry of Labor for use with the national accounts employment figures. For the United Kingdom from 1992, an index of total manufacturing hours is used, derived from published quarterly indices of manufacturing hours. For all other countries, the U.K. before 1992, and the former West Germany before 1959, BLS constructs its own estimates of aggregate hours, using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive employment series, and estimates of average annual hours worked. Compensation (Labor Cost). The compensation measures are from national accounts data. Compensation includes employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans, in addition to all payments made in cash or in kind directly to employees. For Canada, France, and Sweden, compensation is increased to account for important taxes on payroll or employment. For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991 to account for subsidies. When data for the self-employed are not available, total compensation is estimated by assuming the same hourly compensation for self-employed and employees. In this release, French compensation data have been revised from 1992 forward. Real compensation for the U.S. is derived using the Consumer Price Index research series (CPI-U-RS). -17Data for Germany. The average annual growth rates for Germany pertain to unified Germany from 1991 forward and to the former West Germany for prior years. The data series are linked in 1991. In the historic data tables, separate index series are shown for unified Germany and for former West Germany. The West German estimates end with 1998, the last year for which the German Statistical Office has published the necessary underlying data. These estimates have not been updated or revised by BLS since they were published in the news release USDL 99-235, on Aug. 27, 1999. Current Indicators. The measures for recent years may be based on current indicators of output (such as industrial production indexes), employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics, normally used for the long-term measures, become available. Trade-Weighted Measures. The trade weights for Canada, Japan, and the European countries were obtained by re-scaling a series of weights, developed by the International Monetary Fund, based on average trade flows over the 1989-91 period. These weights are based on aggregate trade data for total manufacturing and take account of both bilateral trade and the relative importance of "third country" markets. The 198991 weights do not include Taiwan. BLS developed weights for Taiwan by using data from an earlier study from the International Monetary Fund and other sources. The weight used for Germany is based on the trade weight of the former West Germany. The following weights were used for the entire period for which trade-weighted unit labor cost measures are produced: Country Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Weight 25.90 31.27 2.19 0.49 6.04 11.88 Country Italy Norway Sweden United Kingdom Taiwan Weight 4.71 0.49 1.94 9.19 5.93 Level Comparisons. The BLS measures are limited to trend comparisons. BLS does not prepare level comparisons of manufacturing productivity and unit labor costs because of data limitations and technical problems in comparing the levels of manufacturing output among countries. Each country measures manufacturing output in its own currency units. To compare outputs among countries, a common unit of measure is needed. Market exchange rates are not suitable as a basis for comparing output levels. What is needed are purchasing power parities, which are the number of foreign currency units required to buy goods and services equivalent to what can be bought with one unit of U.S. currency. Purchasing power parities are available for total gross domestic product (GDP) from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). However, these parities are derived for expenditures made by consumers, business, and government for goods and services--not for value added by industry. Therefore, they do not provide purchasing power parities by industry. The parities developed for total GDP are not suitable for each component industry, such as manufacturing. -18European exchange rates. On Jan. 1, 1999, 11 European countries joined the European Monetary Union (EMU). Greece joined on Jan. 1, 2001. Currencies of EMU members are established at fixed conversion rates to the euro, the official currency of the EMU. Exchange rates between the national currencies of EMU countries and the U.S. dollar are no longer reported; only the exchange rate between the euro and the U.S. dollar is available. Beginning with 1999, exchange rates in national currencies for Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands are calculated by taking the number of euros per U.S. dollar and then converting euros into national currencies at fixed conversion rates. 1 euro equals: 40.3399 6.55957 1.95583 Belgian francs French francs German marks 1936.27 2.20371 Italian lire Netherlands guilders The currency exchange rates cited in this publication are annual averages of daily buying rates in New York City. - 19 Table 1. Output per hour in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year States Canada Japan Norway Sweden Kingdom Former West Nether- Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany** Germany** Italy lands 1950 24.9 NA 19.5 26.0 24.5 NA NA NA NA 22.6 13.5 NA 13.2 13.5 11.2 1955 29.0 NA 21.3 31.9 26.5 8.6 NA NA NA 24.6 16.9 NA 19.7 18.8 14.4 1960 37.4 1961 38.7 1962 38.7 1963 40.7 1964 43.0 1965 45.6 1966 47.5 1967 NA 27.3 NA 28.7 NA 30.9 NA 32.7 NA 35.5 NA 38.2 NA 39.8 NA 37.8 30.0 39.8 30.1 42.7 30.7 44.5 32.4 46.3 34.5 48.6 35.5 49.5 36.7 50.0 13.8 NA NA 18.0 29.9 22.0 NA 29.2 23.6 18.5 15.6 NA NA 18.2 31.6 23.4 NA 30.6 25.5 19.5 16.4 NA NA 19.2 33.2 24.9 NA 32.8 28.2 20.2 17.7 NA NA 19.9 34.3 26.2 NA 34.1 29.0 21.1 20.1 NA NA 21.2 37.1 28.2 NA 37.1 29.3 23.0 21.0 NA NA 22.3 38.9 30.2 NA 39.3 32.6 24.5 23.0 NA NA 23.8 40.9 32.6 NA 40.9 35.4 26.2 26.0 NA NA 25.1 43.8 34.7 NA 43.4 37.2 28.1 49.2 1968 52.2 1969 57.1 43.2 NA 47.2 NA 50.9 38.4 52.7 41.3 55.4 42.3 1970 58.8 1971 60.6 1972 63.7 1973 67.6 1974 70.2 1975 69.5 1976 71.1 1977 72.2 1978 73.5 1979 78.9 NA 52.2 NA 54.5 NA 57.2 NA 61.4 NA 64.0 NA 65.0 NA 66.0 68.3 65.0 69.2 66.8 70.1 72.0 1980 77.5 1981 77.2 1982 80.5 1983 83.2 1984 88.3 1985 91.1 1986 89.8 1987 94.2 1988 93.1 1989 70.5 73.1 74.1 72.7 76.2 75.4 80.0 80.9 83.2 85.2 86.0 86.2 86.0 87.5 92.9 89.2 96.9 90.5 95.7 29.1 NA NA 27.3 47.9 38.3 NA 47.0 40.1 31.6 33.4 NA NA 29.9 49.8 40.7 NA 50.4 41.6 34.7 54.9 43.2 58.2 45.4 61.3 47.9 65.2 51.4 66.2 52.2 63.4 51.1 68.8 53.3 72.4 53.8 73.8 54.6 73.9 55.0 37.5 NA NA 32.9 52.7 43.1 NA 52.0 44.3 37.9 39.8 NA NA 35.1 56.3 45.6 NA 54.0 45.0 40.1 43.6 NA NA 39.2 60.9 47.7 NA 57.4 47.8 43.3 47.6 NA 33.1 43.5 67.0 51.1 NA 61.1 52.1 48.0 48.8 NA 32.0 45.8 69.2 52.2 NA 63.2 55.3 51.5 50.2 NA 33.7 47.6 76.1 54.0 NA 65.9 52.3 50.9 53.2 NA 36.7 52.4 78.9 57.3 NA 70.6 59.8 56.4 55.3 NA 38.5 55.0 80.5 60.7 NA 72.7 61.7 61.0 57.5 NA 43.4 58.3 81.6 63.4 NA 75.2 64.9 65.0 62.2 NA 45.1 61.4 85.6 66.4 NA 78.4 71.1 68.1 72.9 54.3 76.5 57.1 77.1 60.2 81.9 65.0 88.8 68.4 91.1 71.1 87.6 73.9 87.8 78.1 89.6 82.6 92.5 63.2 NA 47.7 65.4 90.4 66.8 NA 77.2 74.2 68.8 65.2 NA 52.8 70.1 91.9 68.7 NA 78.7 73.8 70.4 67.9 NA 54.1 73.5 92.2 73.5 NA 78.8 74.0 71.6 68.8 NA 57.5 81.0 96.7 75.2 NA 82.6 75.7 77.3 71.1 NA 59.1 85.0 96.2 76.4 NA 85.4 81.9 84.9 76.5 54.9 60.9 87.0 96.8 79.3 NA 89.1 87.4 88.5 76.1 58.9 66.6 87.8 91.2 80.6 NA 89.6 87.9 90.2 80.2 63.2 72.8 88.9 90.7 82.1 NA 88.1 89.3 91.0 83.9 68.7 76.4 92.0 94.1 87.7 NA 91.5 93.9 93.1 88.5 73.2 83.1 96.9 99.7 92.2 NA 94.6 95.5 96.9 95.5 93.2 1990 97.6 1991 98.2 1992 100.0 1993 99.6 1994 99.6 1995 100.7 1996 102.5 1997 102.0 1998 99.9 1999 103.6 86.2 96.9 94.6 97.9 95.5 100.0 100.0 102.1 107.3 107.3 119.4 113.8 121.9 117.0 124.5 121.3 132.3 126.5 139.5 135.3 149.7 93.4 89.2 95.3 93.8 100.0 100.0 105.8 103.9 110.8 107.1 112.4 104.9 109.7 103.8 113.5 105.2 113.1 107.0 116.0 111.6 2000 142.9 104.5 158.0 2001 145.6 105.3 160.4 118.4 118.0 116.1 119.8 NA: 94.4 81.3 88.9 96.8 99.1 93.8 NA 99.0 95.8 98.5 99.0 91.4 96.6 99.1 99.4 97.0 98.3 101.9 95.9 99.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.7 108.1 102.9 102.5 100.8 100.6 101.8 100.6 101.4 101.6 103.3 118.0 106.7 108.4 NA 108.2 109.5 107.9 104.9 113.2 111.0 129.2 115.1 113.2 NA 113.9 112.2 111.2 108.0 118.2 116.1 142.5 123.1 117.0 NA 114.6 113.9 115.1 108.1 120.2 121.0 163.3 129.2 127.0 NA 121.9 119.4 121.8 109.9 122.3 121.2 182.9 135.8 129.2 NA 127.7 120.3 127.1 110.0 125.0 126.9 202.3 143.1 129.5 NA 132.7 120.4 NA 109.9 128.5 134.1 218.4 150.6 133.4 NA 142.5 127.9 NA 113.0 133.8 128.1 225.5 159.6 134.1 NA 146.3 129.2 NA 115.0 NA Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. ** See technical notes on Germany. Source: - 20 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002. Table 2. Output per employed person in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year States Canada Japan Norway Sweden Kingdom Former West Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany** Germany** NetherItaly lands 1950 32.6 NA 25.3 28.3 30.1 NA NA NA NA 31.8 16.2 NA 19.2 14.2 14.6 1955 38.0 NA 27.5 33.4 32.9 10.3 NA NA NA 34.0 20.3 NA 28.8 20.3 18.7 1960 47.1 1961 48.0 1962 47.9 1963 50.1 1964 53.3 1965 55.2 1966 57.6 1967 59.2 1968 61.3 1969 65.5 NA 33.3 NA 34.7 NA 37.1 NA 38.9 NA 41.8 NA 44.5 NA 46.4 NA 49.5 NA 52.9 NA 56.1 39.3 36.5 41.3 36.2 44.6 36.6 46.6 38.5 48.7 41.4 51.1 42.0 51.6 42.6 52.2 44.3 55.0 48.0 57.5 49.1 17.1 NA NA 22.6 39.2 26.6 NA 38.4 25.7 24.4 19.1 NA NA 22.9 40.2 28.3 NA 39.6 27.5 24.7 19.6 NA NA 24.1 42.6 30.1 NA 41.3 29.5 25.4 21.0 NA NA 25.0 43.3 31.7 NA 42.4 30.4 26.3 23.7 NA NA 26.5 47.2 34.0 NA 46.1 30.7 28.5 24.3 NA NA 27.4 49.5 36.0 NA 48.7 33.1 30.3 26.8 NA NA 29.1 51.0 39.2 NA 50.0 36.4 32.1 30.4 NA NA 30.3 54.1 41.2 NA 51.7 38.7 34.4 33.9 NA NA 33.0 57.7 44.2 NA 56.6 41.8 37.9 38.3 NA NA 35.7 59.3 48.2 NA 60.7 43.0 41.1 1970 67.0 1971 68.3 1972 70.7 1973 74.6 1974 76.4 1975 75.2 1976 74.9 1977 74.8 1978 74.6 1979 NA 57.4 NA 59.8 NA 61.1 NA 64.4 NA 66.5 NA 66.2 NA 66.4 67.1 64.9 67.9 64.9 68.4 56.7 49.4 59.9 50.7 63.1 52.9 66.6 57.5 67.1 56.6 63.5 55.2 69.0 58.1 72.6 59.0 74.5 59.6 74.2 42.6 NA NA 38.3 60.8 50.5 NA 62.4 44.9 44.0 44.5 NA NA 40.2 64.7 52.9 NA 63.4 44.3 46.2 48.5 NA NA 43.9 68.4 54.8 NA 66.6 46.8 49.2 52.4 NA 36.9 47.6 71.3 57.8 NA 70.4 51.7 53.4 51.5 NA 34.4 48.7 75.1 58.3 NA 71.4 52.9 55.6 51.8 NA 37.1 48.0 80.0 58.5 NA 72.5 49.1 53.8 56.5 NA 40.5 53.8 83.3 62.3 NA 79.9 56.2 59.6 58.9 NA 42.6 56.1 84.2 65.4 NA 81.1 57.7 64.2 61.5 NA 47.5 59.4 84.4 67.7 NA 82.8 60.6 67.7 67.0 NA 49.2 62.6 88.5 70.8 NA 86.0 65.8 70.2 78.7 69.0 59.8 1980 77.8 1981 77.6 1982 80.2 1983 83.3 1984 88.2 1985 90.7 1986 89.5 1987 91.6 1988 91.2 1989 94.1 67.9 69.3 71.4 69.3 72.1 72.1 77.8 78.3 82.0 84.0 84.9 84.4 84.8 85.3 92.1 88.0 96.9 89.1 95.7 91.5 72.6 57.4 75.4 59.2 75.4 62.9 81.2 67.8 87.9 71.4 90.7 73.8 87.7 76.4 88.6 80.9 92.3 85.7 93.2 89.0 68.0 NA 52.1 65.6 94.0 71.2 NA 83.5 68.9 71.3 69.7 NA 54.9 68.7 94.3 72.3 NA 84.1 68.4 73.3 72.3 NA 56.2 73.7 96.1 74.2 NA 83.7 68.5 75.4 73.4 NA 59.8 79.2 102.2 75.6 NA 87.9 70.0 81.5 76.6 NA 61.9 82.5 101.3 76.9 NA 90.9 75.9 88.1 82.1 60.7 62.0 85.7 98.5 79.4 NA 93.1 80.2 89.5 81.2 66.3 69.0 86.5 94.9 80.9 NA 93.0 83.1 90.9 86.0 70.0 75.4 88.4 92.3 82.8 NA 91.3 86.9 91.2 90.9 74.2 78.2 93.0 95.8 88.8 NA 94.4 92.0 94.0 94.8 76.0 83.8 97.5 100.2 93.1 NA 96.2 94.7 97.3 1990 96.0 1991 97.2 1992 100.0 1993 99.9 1994 100.1 1995 100.3 1996 101.5 1997 100.8 1998 99.1 1999 103.1 96.3 93.9 96.6 94.7 100.0 100.0 103.4 110.0 109.7 127.3 115.6 131.2 118.7 134.2 123.9 142.9 128.1 150.9 137.9 162.2 93.6 91.3 95.1 93.9 100.0 100.0 106.9 104.9 113.0 109.6 114.1 109.1 112.2 108.4 116.0 109.3 116.2 110.3 120.4 114.5 99.7 83.2 88.8 98.5 98.5 94.3 NA 98.8 95.0 98.8 102.2 92.7 96.6 99.2 99.1 96.5 94.7 101.0 96.0 99.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.6 108.3 102.9 100.9 100.0 100.5 99.4 97.6 99.8 101.5 101.4 119.0 107.0 109.7 110.2 108.2 107.8 104.7 106.9 113.2 109.7 130.5 114.9 113.3 113.7 113.1 110.5 107.3 112.2 118.4 115.4 141.7 122.7 117.6 108.5 113.9 110.3 109.3 110.9 120.3 119.6 160.1 129.2 127.7 118.1 120.8 115.9 116.0 114.2 122.0 117.3 172.2 133.2 130.2 117.5 126.3 117.2 122.3 113.5 124.4 122.5 205.7 141.2 132.8 118.0 130.5 116.8 NA 113.8 127.8 2000 144.4 102.5 171.2 122.7 120.8 131.6 219.2 148.4 137.2 126.9 135.4 123.0 NA 117.6 133.0 2001 144.8 102.9 171.7 NA: 119.1 123.2 124.7 221.1 146.0 136.0 132.1 136.1 122.8 NA 118.1 NA Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. ** See technical notes on Germany. Source: - 21 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002. Table 3. Output in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year States Canada Japan Norway Sweden Kingdom Former West Nether- Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany** Germany** Italy lands 1950 38.8 NA 30.9 22.0 49.6 2.2 NA NA NA 26.8 18.4 NA 14.5 10.1 16.7 1955 47.5 NA 35.7 28.5 58.3 4.9 NA NA NA 29.5 22.9 NA 27.5 15.6 22.8 1960 57.4 1961 59.8 1962 60.3 1963 63.9 1964 68.4 1965 72.0 1966 76.3 1967 78.8 1968 80.7 1969 NA 45.9 NA 49.0 NA 52.8 NA 55.4 NA 60.3 NA 64.5 NA 66.3 NA 68.5 NA 72.0 NA 33.4 67.3 34.7 67.6 38.6 67.7 41.2 70.2 45.1 76.5 49.5 78.7 52.9 80.1 53.9 80.6 57.0 86.6 60.7 10.7 NA NA 30.7 40.8 31.0 NA 41.5 23.0 31.5 12.9 NA NA 32.1 43.0 33.3 NA 44.0 25.4 32.6 14.0 NA NA 34.6 46.7 35.7 NA 46.2 28.1 34.2 15.6 NA NA 36.2 47.3 38.4 NA 47.1 29.9 35.7 18.1 NA NA 39.5 52.9 42.0 NA 51.2 30.3 39.0 18.8 NA NA 40.8 56.4 44.1 NA 55.0 31.9 41.7 21.3 NA NA 43.2 57.6 48.1 NA 55.9 34.8 44.0 25.6 NA NA 43.7 58.2 50.4 NA 54.7 38.3 45.7 29.5 NA NA 46.7 62.7 53.2 NA 60.3 41.8 50.1 34.4 NA NA 52.2 66.1 59.6 NA 67.4 44.5 54.9 86.6 77.7 89.9 NA 80.7 NA 81.2 NA 81.7 NA 87.5 NA 92.2 NA 92.5 NA 92.5 72.5 87.2 76.5 84.9 79.0 90.3 58.9 90.2 62.5 89.3 67.9 91.2 74.9 99.7 76.5 98.4 70.4 91.6 76.4 93.3 78.8 95.2 83.2 95.7 85.9 95.5 39.2 7.0 12.7 57.6 68.0 64.1 NA 70.9 48.1 59.1 41.0 8.3 15.5 60.1 69.4 68.1 NA 71.6 48.8 61.1 44.7 9.5 18.9 64.7 75.4 71.3 NA 73.8 51.5 62.7 50.4 12.3 22.3 70.6 79.5 76.7 NA 78.5 58.1 67.2 49.1 14.3 21.0 73.4 80.8 78.2 NA 77.7 61.8 69.7 46.6 16.2 22.0 67.9 78.8 76.6 NA 74.1 58.3 65.1 50.6 19.9 27.0 73.0 82.6 81.1 NA 79.8 66.9 69.1 52.2 22.8 30.6 73.3 83.0 84.8 NA 81.3 69.3 72.5 53.7 27.5 37.1 74.3 82.7 86.8 NA 82.8 72.7 74.8 58.4 30.1 40.0 76.2 87.4 89.3 NA 87.1 80.3 76.7 1980 75.8 104.4 90.7 1981 79.2 102.5 88.0 1982 74.6 102.0 88.3 1983 79.2 100.6 93.9 1984 87.6 105.5 101.3 1985 90.0 109.2 102.9 1986 88.6 108.9 104.0 1987 96.4 111.5 106.6 1988 103.2 106.1 109.8 1989 102.4 102.1 110.9 83.6 87.2 86.6 81.8 78.7 81.7 82.5 83.5 91.8 86.5 96.9 89.0 96.8 90.2 100.7 94.5 108.5 101.4 111.3 105.5 60.4 29.9 44.0 78.2 91.4 88.7 NA 85.3 84.4 76.8 62.6 32.7 47.3 77.2 88.5 87.3 NA 84.4 81.8 77.0 64.6 34.6 48.5 80.4 89.9 88.2 NA 81.5 80.2 76.1 66.6 39.5 54.1 84.6 95.9 88.0 NA 82.7 79.6 78.5 71.0 46.0 62.2 87.2 100.4 87.0 NA 85.2 82.2 83.0 76.7 48.8 64.3 89.1 103.6 87.3 NA 88.3 84.9 85.4 75.5 57.9 74.7 89.1 103.6 87.3 NA 89.7 86.4 87.6 79.0 68.5 84.3 88.8 99.4 87.2 NA 88.0 89.0 88.8 85.3 76.7 87.7 93.3 100.9 92.2 NA 90.9 95.0 92.1 90.9 79.4 90.8 99.1 104.4 97.2 NA 94.0 98.3 96.6 1990 101.6 100.9 110.1 106.0 105.4 97.1 86.7 90.0 101.0 102.8 99.1 NA 99.1 99.4 99.9 1970 90.6 1971 92.9 1972 97.2 1973 102.8 1974 106.3 1975 104.0 1976 103.5 1977 103.5 1978 101.4 1979 105.5 1991 99.0 1992 100.0 1993 101.7 1994 104.6 1995 107.3 1996 110.3 1997 114.2 1998 113.7 1999 113.6 98.3 104.1 100.0 100.0 103.5 101.9 111.1 117.1 118.4 128.4 121.3 131.1 127.9 138.0 133.1 147.6 141.2 157.8 99.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.9 101.4 114.1 106.1 119.6 107.8 119.6 108.5 127.7 109.9 132.8 110.8 141.0 111.1 102.0 95.0 96.1 100.7 101.5 99.8 102.3 102.8 99.3 100.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.3 105.4 102.4 97.0 95.6 95.7 92.4 91.8 96.5 98.4 94.9 116.8 108.5 101.4 105.6 100.3 95.1 93.5 102.4 104.6 98.9 129.9 114.9 104.2 111.6 104.9 95.2 93.7 107.2 108.1 103.0 138.7 120.3 106.6 106.7 104.6 92.5 92.5 105.4 108.7 106.5 147.8 128.3 113.8 115.2 109.7 95.7 95.8 108.8 111.5 100.2 136.8 132.6 116.4 115.7 115.0 97.2 100.7 110.7 114.8 101.9 165.6 141.5 118.0 115.1 118.7 95.8 NA 110.5 118.1 2000 147.0 110.2 168.7 2001 141.3 108.9 167.4 148.8 113.3 143.9 110.7 107.6 191.9 151.8 122.2 122.9 124.1 101.7 NA 113.9 123.7 99.1 195.2 142.6 121.7 126.7 126.3 101.8 NA 114.6 NA NA: Not Available ** See technical notes on Germany. Source: - 22 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002. Table 4. Total hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year States Canada Japan Norway Sweden Kingdom Former West Nether- Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany** Germany** Italy lands 1950 155.6 85.5 158.5 84.8 202.2 NA NA NA NA 118.7 136.8 NA 109.8 75.0 148.5 1955 163.7 94.6 167.3 89.4 220.2 57.0 NA NA NA 119.8 135.7 NA 139.6 83.1 158.9 92.1 88.3 77.8 NA NA 170.7 136.5 140.8 NA 142.3 97.6 170.5 1960 153.6 1961 154.5 1962 155.8 1963 156.9 1964 159.2 1965 158.1 1966 160.8 1967 160.1 1968 154.6 1969 151.7 168.3 89.7 171.0 93.4 170.8 94.4 169.1 96.4 169.6 102.0 168.8 108.6 166.5 108.0 158.4 109.6 152.6 110.9 152.5 224.6 87.2 224.7 90.3 220.3 92.6 216.6 97.2 221.7 101.9 221.5 106.8 218.2 107.9 209.8 108.2 209.6 109.7 212.4 1970 153.9 1971 153.4 1972 152.6 1973 152.1 1974 151.5 1975 149.6 1976 145.5 1977 143.2 1978 137.9 1979 133.7 104.4 154.7 100.5 149.1 105.1 142.9 110.4 142.5 107.9 144.0 97.2 142.3 101.9 140.2 106.1 134.2 110.6 127.1 112.7 125.5 1980 107.5 134.7 124.0 1981 107.0 132.7 121.0 1982 97.9 82.4 NA NA 175.9 136.2 142.5 NA 143.9 99.6 167.0 85.2 NA NA 180.3 140.7 143.6 NA 140.8 99.5 169.0 87.9 NA NA 181.8 138.0 146.9 NA 138.1 103.2 169.3 90.0 NA NA 186.5 142.6 148.7 NA 138.0 103.5 169.8 89.8 NA NA 183.2 144.9 146.0 NA 140.0 97.7 170.2 92.8 NA NA 181.5 140.8 147.5 NA 136.7 98.2 168.2 98.3 NA NA 173.6 132.7 145.4 NA 125.9 102.8 162.5 101.4 NA NA 170.9 130.9 138.9 NA 128.3 104.2 158.6 103.0 NA NA 174.9 132.7 146.5 NA 133.8 107.0 158.3 107.1 208.8 107.4 196.9 110.8 190.5 114.9 194.1 115.5 188.5 111.1 179.3 111.1 175.1 108.8 176.9 112.8 175.4 116.2 173.7 104.4 NA NA 174.7 129.0 148.5 NA 136.3 108.5 156.1 103.1 NA NA 171.4 123.3 149.2 NA 132.5 108.4 152.3 102.6 NA NA 165.2 123.8 149.5 NA 128.7 107.7 144.8 106.0 NA 67.4 162.1 118.8 150.2 NA 128.4 111.4 140.0 100.6 NA 65.6 160.4 116.7 149.8 NA 122.9 111.8 135.2 92.8 NA 65.1 142.6 103.5 141.8 NA 112.5 111.4 128.1 95.1 NA 73.7 139.4 104.7 141.5 NA 113.1 111.9 122.5 94.4 NA 79.3 133.3 103.1 139.7 NA 111.8 112.3 119.0 93.4 NA 85.5 127.4 101.4 136.8 NA 110.1 112.0 115.1 93.8 NA 88.7 124.2 102.1 134.4 NA 111.0 112.9 112.5 114.6 160.5 113.2 143.3 102.0 95.6 NA 92.3 119.7 101.1 132.9 NA 110.5 113.8 111.7 95.9 NA 89.7 110.2 96.3 127.0 NA 107.1 111.0 109.3 95.1 NA 89.6 109.4 97.5 119.9 NA 103.4 108.4 106.2 126.8 1983 120.9 1984 119.4 1985 119.9 1986 121.2 1987 118.3 1988 114.0 1989 106.8 117.2 98.9 116.1 105.3 118.9 104.6 119.4 103.0 118.9 103.8 119.5 106.6 121.4 107.1 119.0 135.6 100.7 128.4 103.4 126.4 106.4 125.2 110.5 122.0 114.7 121.0 121.2 122.8 120.2 122.4 1990 103.4 1991 100.8 1992 100.0 1993 102.1 1994 105.0 1995 106.6 1996 107.6 1997 112.0 1998 113.7 1999 109.6 104.8 116.4 100.4 109.0 100.0 100.0 101.4 94.9 103.6 98.1 104.0 105.3 103.6 105.3 105.4 104.3 105.2 105.8 104.4 105.4 2000 102.8 105.4 106.8 2001 97.1 103.4 104.3 NA: 96.8 NA 94.0 104.3 99.2 117.1 NA 100.1 105.3 101.5 99.8 NA 105.2 102.6 104.4 113.9 NA 99.7 100.3 97.8 100.3 88.8 105.5 102.4 107.0 110.1 NA 99.1 97.1 96.6 99.2 98.3 112.2 101.5 113.7 108.3 NA 100.1 98.3 97.2 98.5 108.3 115.8 100.0 109.6 106.3 NA 99.9 99.7 97.6 101.7 111.6 114.8 101.5 107.2 105.1 NA 99.3 101.2 98.9 102.7 108.5 109.2 102.3 104.7 105.5 NA 99.3 103.0 99.7 113.5 118.1 103.9 106.6 100.0 100.0 100.1 97.6 103.0 99.1 106.4 102.7 109.0 104.6 112.4 104.5 117.5 103.6 121.5 99.6 102.9 106.6 101.3 104.3 103.7 105.6 NA 100.1 103.7 101.4 103.1 103.9 99.5 101.5 102.1 102.9 104.1 100.9 103.6 100.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.7 97.5 99.6 94.7 94.8 95.1 90.8 91.3 95.2 96.8 91.9 98.9 101.6 93.6 NA 92.7 86.8 86.7 97.6 92.4 89.1 100.6 99.8 92.0 NA 92.1 84.9 84.3 99.3 91.5 88.7 97.3 97.7 91.1 NA 91.3 81.2 80.4 97.5 90.4 88.0 90.5 99.3 89.6 NA 90.0 80.1 78.6 99.0 91.1 82.7 74.8 97.7 90.1 NA 90.0 80.7 79.3 100.6 91.8 80.3 81.9 98.9 91.1 NA 89.4 79.6 NA 100.5 92.0 125.6 96.0 123.9 92.4 80.2 87.9 100.8 91.7 NA 87.1 79.5 NA 100.7 92.5 77.4 86.5 89.4 90.7 NA 86.3 78.8 NA 99.7 NA Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. ** See technical notes on Germany. Source: - 23 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002. Table 5. Employment in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year States Canada Japan Norway Sweden Kingdom Former West Nether- Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany** Germany** Italy lands 1950 119.0 84.3 122.0 77.9 164.6 NA NA NA NA 84.4 113.4 NA 75.2 71.4 114.1 1955 124.9 93.1 129.7 85.3 177.1 47.8 NA NA NA 86.7 113.0 NA 95.5 77.1 121.8 1960 121.9 1961 124.5 1962 126.0 1963 127.4 1964 128.5 1965 130.6 1966 132.4 1967 133.2 1968 131.7 1969 132.3 92.6 137.8 90.0 141.3 92.8 142.2 93.5 142.4 94.9 144.3 99.3 144.8 105.4 143.0 106.7 138.3 108.5 136.0 110.6 138.4 84.8 184.3 84.1 186.9 86.5 185.1 88.5 182.2 92.5 185.0 96.9 187.4 102.4 187.9 103.3 182.1 103.8 180.4 105.7 182.9 62.8 NA NA 135.7 104.1 116.6 NA 108.1 89.5 129.4 67.5 NA NA 140.1 107.0 117.4 NA 111.3 92.4 132.2 71.3 NA NA 143.3 109.7 118.6 NA 111.8 95.3 134.7 74.1 NA NA 144.7 109.3 121.2 NA 111.0 98.3 135.4 76.4 NA NA 148.8 112.0 123.4 NA 111.0 98.6 137.1 77.4 NA NA 148.7 113.9 122.2 NA 113.0 96.3 137.9 79.7 NA NA 148.5 112.8 122.8 NA 111.8 95.7 137.0 84.3 NA NA 143.9 107.5 122.4 NA 105.8 98.8 132.9 87.2 NA NA 141.5 108.5 120.3 NA 106.6 100.2 132.1 89.7 NA NA 146.3 111.4 123.7 NA 111.0 103.6 133.7 1970 106.3 135.3 140.6 1971 102.2 136.1 135.9 1972 105.0 103.9 182.6 104.4 176.4 107.7 91.9 NA NA 150.2 111.9 127.0 NA 113.6 107.0 134.3 92.3 NA NA 149.6 107.3 128.6 NA 112.9 109.9 132.2 92.3 NA NA 147.4 110.1 130.1 NA 110.8 110.0 127.5 137.5 1973 137.8 1974 139.3 1975 138.3 1976 138.1 1977 138.3 1978 135.8 1979 134.0 133.8 110.5 135.8 110.1 138.7 100.6 139.8 104.2 139.4 108.2 134.5 112.7 130.7 115.6 131.0 172.2 112.5 173.2 113.9 173.9 110.9 165.9 110.7 160.6 108.5 161.2 111.7 160.5 115.7 159.6 1980 134.2 1981 132.0 1982 127.3 1983 120.8 1984 119.6 1985 120.5 1986 121.7 1987 121.8 1988 116.3 1989 108.4 111.6 130.9 111.0 127.0 103.5 122.4 101.8 119.9 106.8 120.5 106.0 122.0 104.5 121.9 104.7 121.1 106.6 123.3 107.0 121.2 1990 105.2 1991 101.9 1992 100.0 1993 101.8 1994 105.4 117.2 101.8 109.9 100.0 100.0 100.1 92.6 101.3 96.2 NA 60.3 148.4 111.6 132.8 NA 111.5 112.4 125.8 95.3 NA 61.2 150.7 107.6 134.2 NA 108.9 116.9 125.4 90.0 NA 59.3 141.5 98.5 130.9 NA 102.2 118.5 121.0 89.5 NA 66.7 135.8 99.2 130.2 NA 99.9 119.1 116.0 88.6 NA 71.9 130.5 98.5 129.7 NA 100.3 120.1 113.1 87.4 NA 78.1 125.0 98.0 128.1 NA 100.0 120.0 110.5 87.2 NA 81.4 121.8 98.8 126.1 NA 101.2 121.9 109.3 115.1 151.8 114.8 138.0 104.3 129.9 101.6 123.2 104.4 121.1 106.8 120.6 110.4 118.0 113.7 116.8 117.6 118.3 119.4 118.6 88.9 NA 84.4 119.3 97.2 124.7 NA 102.2 122.6 107.8 89.8 NA 86.2 112.4 93.8 120.7 NA 100.3 119.6 105.0 89.3 NA 86.3 109.2 93.6 118.8 NA 97.4 117.1 101.0 90.8 NA 90.5 106.8 93.9 116.4 NA 94.1 113.7 96.4 92.7 NA 100.4 105.7 99.1 113.1 NA 93.7 108.4 94.2 93.5 80.3 103.7 104.0 105.2 110.0 NA 94.9 105.8 95.4 93.0 87.3 108.4 103.0 109.1 108.0 NA 96.4 103.9 96.5 91.9 97.9 111.8 100.5 107.7 105.3 NA 96.4 102.5 97.4 93.9 103.4 112.2 100.4 105.3 103.8 NA 96.3 103.3 98.0 95.9 104.4 108.3 101.7 104.1 104.4 NA 97.6 103.8 99.3 113.2 115.4 104.1 106.5 100.0 100.0 99.1 96.6 100.9 97.5 104.3 101.4 102.5 104.3 105.1 NA 100.3 104.6 101.1 99.8 102.5 99.5 101.5 102.4 103.5 108.0 101.8 103.5 100.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.8 97.3 99.6 96.1 95.5 95.2 93.0 94.0 96.8 96.9 93.6 98.1 101.4 92.5 95.8 92.7 88.2 89.3 95.8 92.4 104.5 1995 107.0 1996 108.7 1997 113.3 1998 114.7 1999 110.2 92.0 102.5 97.9 102.2 97.6 103.2 96.6 104.0 97.8 102.4 97.3 96.8 104.8 98.8 106.6 100.1 110.0 100.6 114.3 100.4 117.1 97.0 2000 101.8 107.5 98.5 2001 97.6 105.8 97.5 121.2 93.8 120.7 89.8 NA: 90.1 99.6 99.9 91.9 98.1 92.7 86.2 87.3 95.6 91.3 89.3 97.9 98.1 90.7 98.3 91.8 83.8 84.6 95.1 90.3 89.1 92.3 99.3 89.1 97.5 90.9 82.6 82.6 95.3 91.4 85.5 79.5 99.6 89.4 98.4 91.0 82.9 82.4 97.5 92.2 83.2 80.5 100.2 88.8 97.6 90.9 82.1 NA 97.1 92.4 81.7 87.6 102.3 89.1 96.8 91.7 82.7 NA 96.9 93.0 79.4 88.3 97.7 89.5 95.9 92.8 82.9 NA 97.1 NA Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. ** See technical notes on Germany. Source: - 24 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002. Table 6. Average annual hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year States Canada Japan Norway Sweden Kingdom Former West Nether- Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany** Germany** Italy lands 1950 101.4 130.8 129.9 108.8 122.8 NA NA NA NA 140.7 120.6 NA 146.0 105.1 130.2 1955 101.5 131.1 129.0 104.8 124.4 119.3 NA NA NA 138.2 120.1 NA 146.1 107.8 130.5 1960 99.5 126.0 122.1 1961 99.6 124.1 121.1 1962 100.6 104.1 121.8 103.6 120.2 104.4 123.9 NA NA 125.8 131.2 120.8 NA 131.7 109.0 131.8 122.0 NA NA 125.5 127.3 121.3 NA 129.4 107.8 126.3 119.5 NA NA 125.8 128.3 121.1 NA 126.0 104.4 125.4 123.7 1963 123.1 1964 123.9 1965 121.1 1966 121.4 1967 120.2 1968 117.4 1969 114.7 120.1 100.9 118.8 101.6 117.5 102.7 116.6 103.0 116.4 101.2 114.5 101.0 112.2 100.2 110.2 119.0 104.7 118.9 105.1 119.8 105.2 118.1 104.4 116.1 104.5 115.2 104.2 116.2 103.9 116.2 1970 98.2 113.8 110.0 1971 98.4 112.7 109.7 1972 100.0 111.0 106.8 1973 99.9 110.3 104.9 1974 98.0 108.8 103.8 1975 96.6 108.1 101.8 1976 97.7 105.3 100.6 1977 98.1 103.5 99.8 1978 98.1 101.6 97.2 1979 97.5 99.8 95.8 1980 100.4 1981 100.5 1982 99.6 1983 100.1 1984 96.3 94.8 96.4 95.3 94.6 95.7 97.2 96.9 98.6 118.6 NA NA 125.7 126.3 121.2 NA 124.4 104.9 125.0 117.9 NA NA 125.3 127.4 120.5 NA 124.3 104.9 123.9 115.9 NA NA 123.2 127.2 119.4 NA 123.9 101.4 123.5 116.5 NA NA 122.2 124.8 120.0 NA 122.3 102.6 122.8 116.7 NA NA 120.7 123.4 118.8 NA 119.0 104.0 122.3 116.4 NA NA 120.7 120.6 115.5 NA 120.4 104.0 120.1 114.8 NA NA 119.5 119.1 118.4 NA 120.6 103.3 118.4 103.2 114.4 102.8 111.7 102.9 110.6 102.1 112.1 101.5 108.4 100.2 108.1 100.3 109.0 100.3 109.8 101.0 109.3 100.5 108.9 113.6 NA NA 116.3 115.3 117.0 NA 119.9 101.4 116.2 111.8 NA NA 114.6 114.9 116.1 NA 117.3 98.6 115.1 111.1 NA NA 112.0 112.4 114.9 NA 116.2 97.9 113.5 110.2 NA 111.7 109.3 106.4 113.1 NA 115.2 99.1 111.3 105.6 NA 107.3 106.4 108.5 111.6 NA 112.9 95.6 107.9 103.2 NA 109.9 100.7 105.1 108.3 NA 110.1 94.0 105.9 106.2 NA 110.5 102.6 105.6 108.7 NA 113.2 94.0 105.7 106.5 NA 110.4 102.1 104.6 107.7 NA 111.5 93.5 105.2 106.9 NA 109.6 101.9 103.4 106.8 NA 110.1 93.3 104.2 107.6 NA 109.0 102.0 103.3 106.6 NA 109.7 92.6 103.0 99.6 105.7 98.7 103.8 97.8 104.4 99.1 104.2 99.0 107.6 NA 109.3 100.4 104.0 106.6 NA 108.1 92.8 103.6 106.8 NA 104.1 98.1 102.7 105.3 NA 106.8 92.8 104.1 106.5 NA 103.9 100.2 104.2 100.9 NA 106.2 92.6 105.2 106.6 NA 103.9 97.7 105.6 100.6 NA 106.4 92.6 105.3 107.7 NA 104.8 97.1 105.3 100.7 NA 106.4 92.6 103.8 99.9 98.6 1985 98.7 99.5 97.9 1986 98.6 99.6 97.5 1987 99.1 97.2 98.7 1988 100.0 98.0 98.5 1989 100.0 98.5 98.2 104.4 99.6 103.8 100.1 103.4 100.9 103.6 103.0 103.8 100.7 103.2 1990 98.3 1991 98.9 1992 100.0 1993 100.3 1994 100.5 1995 99.6 1996 99.0 1997 98.9 1998 99.2 1999 99.5 99.4 99.3 98.7 99.2 100.0 100.0 101.3 102.6 102.2 106.6 101.5 107.6 101.5 107.9 102.2 108.0 101.2 108.2 102.0 108.3 2000 101.0 98.1 108.4 2001 99.4 97.7 107.0 NA: 107.3 110.6 101.7 98.5 101.8 100.1 NA 104.5 91.8 101.2 106.7 112.6 103.5 98.6 104.2 100.3 NA 103.9 94.5 100.7 107.2 110.7 103.6 99.4 101.8 100.9 NA 103.6 97.3 100.2 108.3 108.0 102.3 101.1 101.8 101.2 NA 103.2 98.0 101.0 107.1 103.9 100.8 100.6 100.6 101.0 NA 101.7 99.2 100.4 100.2 102.3 99.8 100.1 100.0 100.0 101.0 101.0 102.0 102.4 101.6 104.0 102.3 104.5 102.2 103.9 102.7 103.2 103.8 102.6 105.6 102.3 99.9 101.8 99.4 100.5 NA 99.8 99.2 100.4 103.2 101.4 100.0 100.0 99.7 99.5 96.3 99.1 100.1 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.9 100.2 100.0 98.5 99.2 99.9 97.6 97.0 98.4 99.9 98.1 100.8 100.2 101.2 NA 99.9 98.4 97.1 101.9 100.0 98.8 101.0 99.9 100.1 NA 99.3 98.5 96.5 103.8 100.2 99.4 99.4 99.7 100.5 NA 99.4 96.9 95.0 102.5 100.1 98.8 98.0 100.0 100.6 NA 99.1 97.0 95.2 103.9 99.7 96.7 94.1 98.1 100.8 NA 98.9 97.4 96.2 103.2 99.5 96.6 101.7 98.7 102.6 NA 98.4 97.0 NA 103.6 99.5 103.6 102.3 102.6 102.8 98.1 100.3 98.5 102.9 NA 95.0 96.1 NA 104.0 99.4 97.4 98.0 91.5 101.4 NA 93.0 95.1 NA 102.7 NA Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. ** See technical notes on Germany. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002. - 25 Table 7. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year States Canada* Japan Norway Sweden* Kingdom* Former West Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Germany** Germany** NetherItaly lands 1950 2.2 8.7 1.9 5.4 1.5 NA NA NA NA 2.5 1.6 NA 3.4 0.9 3.1 1955 3.4 11.7 2.9 7.7 2.2 3.1 NA NA NA 3.4 2.8 NA 5.0 1.4 4.5 1960 4.7 1961 5.2 1962 5.7 1963 6.1 1964 6.5 1965 7.2 1966 7.8 1967 8.7 1968 9.6 1969 10.6 14.9 4.1 15.3 4.5 15.9 5.0 16.4 5.5 17.0 6.0 17.4 6.6 18.2 7.3 19.2 8.1 20.7 8.8 22.2 9.6 10.0 3.0 10.2 3.2 10.6 3.3 11.1 3.5 11.5 3.7 12.2 4.0 13.1 4.4 13.8 4.5 14.7 4.8 15.9 5.3 4.3 NA NA 5.4 4.6 4.3 NA 8.1 1.8 6.4 5.0 NA NA 5.7 5.2 4.7 NA 9.1 2.0 7.3 5.7 NA NA 6.2 5.6 5.2 NA 10.3 2.3 7.8 6.4 NA NA 6.8 6.1 5.7 NA 11.0 2.8 8.6 7.2 NA NA 7.7 6.6 6.2 NA 11.9 2.9 9.9 8.1 NA NA 8.5 7.4 6.7 NA 13.1 3.1 11.1 8.9 NA NA 9.4 8.4 7.1 NA 14.2 3.3 12.5 10.0 NA NA 10.3 9.4 7.6 NA 15.0 3.7 13.8 11.6 NA NA 11.0 10.3 8.7 NA 16.1 3.9 15.4 13.8 NA NA 12.1 11.6 9.2 NA 17.6 4.3 17.5 1970 11.8 1971 13.5 1972 15.2 1973 17.1 1974 23.7 10.7 25.2 12.1 26.5 13.5 28.5 15.2 31.6 17.1 6.1 18.2 6.9 19.5 8.0 21.2 9.1 24.6 16.4 NA NA 13.7 13.3 10.4 NA 20.7 5.3 20.2 19.0 NA NA 15.9 15.2 11.6 NA 23.2 6.1 23.1 21.9 NA NA 18.8 16.9 12.8 NA 25.6 6.7 26.5 26.7 NA 9.5 22.3 20.5 14.7 NA 29.0 7.9 31.6 35.0 NA 13.9 27.4 24.8 17.5 NA 33.0 10.3 37.7 20.1 1975 24.0 1976 27.7 1977 31.1 1978 34.1 1979 35.8 17.9 35.5 21.9 38.4 25.7 41.8 28.1 45.2 31.1 49.6 33.5 11.0 28.3 14.6 32.5 16.9 36.1 19.1 38.8 22.3 42.7 26.5 1980 39.0 1981 43.3 1982 48.2 1983 52.9 1984 57.9 1985 63.4 1986 69.1 1987 78.4 1988 83.3 1989 87.2 55.6 37.3 61.1 41.2 67.0 44.2 68.8 49.0 71.2 53.2 75.1 58.6 78.5 63.4 80.7 67.6 84.0 71.8 86.6 79.4 1990 92.3 1991 97.5 1992 100.0 1993 101.5 1994 104.4 1995 109.2 1996 90.8 87.8 95.6 95.5 100.0 100.0 102.7 97.4 105.6 100.0 107.9 106.5 109.4 40.8 NA 14.9 33.1 29.6 21.3 NA 36.4 12.7 43.2 43.9 NA 16.7 38.3 33.0 24.5 NA 39.1 15.8 48.2 48.5 NA 18.2 41.4 36.5 27.8 NA 42.8 18.9 52.5 51.7 NA 20.5 44.4 40.2 31.3 NA 45.9 21.5 56.9 55.0 NA 24.3 47.2 45.0 35.5 NA 49.3 26.0 61.1 47.6 32.1 53.8 37.4 61.0 41.2 65.3 44.4 69.0 48.1 71.9 52.9 73.0 57.6 74.7 64.3 77.5 68.7 82.6 73.8 58.5 NA 29.6 52.5 49.6 40.9 NA 53.6 30.4 64.4 62.6 NA 38.0 57.3 54.6 47.4 NA 57.0 36.2 67.5 65.7 NA 41.5 59.9 59.5 56.3 NA 60.4 42.2 71.6 67.5 NA 43.3 65.7 63.6 62.1 NA 63.1 48.6 74.9 69.5 NA 46.2 71.4 67.2 67.4 NA 66.0 55.7 77.7 72.4 33.1 49.5 75.3 71.7 73.0 NA 70.0 63.1 81.9 76.0 35.2 55.7 77.3 73.2 76.1 NA 72.8 65.9 85.1 77.8 40.3 60.9 79.7 80.1 78.9 NA 76.0 69.4 87.9 79.1 50.0 65.6 81.1 82.9 81.9 NA 79.1 74.6 87.8 84.0 57.6 74.3 85.9 87.7 86.3 NA 83.2 80.9 88.6 88.3 82.9 95.0 93.8 100.0 100.0 102.0 104.6 103.7 106.7 106.0 107.9 107.0 90.5 68.5 85.3 90.1 92.7 90.9 NA 89.4 87.6 90.9 96.4 86.1 93.5 97.3 95.9 96.4 91.5 95.1 94.2 95.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.8 114.0 106.0 104.8 104.6 102.6 106.4 105.9 105.7 103.8 104.9 129.5 111.1 106.1 NA 106.0 111.7 111.7 106.8 108.2 108.3 158.1 120.3 109.2 NA 110.0 117.5 117.7 111.3 110.7 109.2 184.1 128.2 110.9 NA 112.1 122.3 123.7 119.0 113.0 113.6 114.4 1997 111.5 118.7 119.4 1998 117.4 125.7 124.4 1999 122.1 133.0 129.3 109.5 109.3 113.9 110.5 120.5 112.3 129.6 2000 131.1 140.0 131.8 2001 133.1 147.6 137.2 113.9 135.2 117.8 140.4 NA: 112.9 197.7 132.3 114.9 NA 112.0 124.7 126.6 123.0 115.8 115.8 214.8 140.2 116.6 NA 112.6 126.5 127.6 122.2 120.6 115.2 211.1 144.0 118.3 NA 116.3 129.3 NA 124.6 124.0 114.5 221.1 146.2 121.1 NA 120.8 133.5 NA 127.8 131.0 115.0 240.2 162.7 125.9 NA 126.6 137.7 NA 132.6 NA Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. ** See technical notes on Germany. Source: - 26 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002. Table 8. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year States Canada* Japan Norway Sweden* Kingdom* Former West Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Germany** Germany** NetherItaly lands 1950 1.9 8.7 2.1 6.0 2.5 NA NA NA NA 2.2 2.4 NA 1.3 1.9 1.4 1955 2.9 11.7 3.3 9.5 3.5 1.1 NA NA NA 3.0 4.3 NA 1.9 2.7 2.1 1960 4.1 1961 4.5 1962 5.0 14.9 4.6 15.3 5.0 15.9 5.6 12.4 4.7 12.2 5.0 12.0 5.3 1.5 NA NA 3.5 4.0 4.6 NA 3.0 3.5 3.0 1.8 NA NA 3.7 4.5 5.1 NA 3.5 3.9 3.5 2.0 NA NA 4.0 4.9 5.6 NA 4.0 4.6 3.8 1963 5.3 1964 5.6 1965 6.2 1966 6.8 1967 7.6 1968 8.4 1969 9.3 16.4 6.2 17.0 6.8 17.4 7.5 18.2 8.2 19.2 9.1 20.7 9.9 22.2 10.8 12.4 5.5 12.9 5.8 13.7 6.4 14.7 6.9 15.4 7.0 16.5 6.6 17.9 7.1 2.2 NA NA 4.4 5.4 6.1 NA 4.3 5.5 4.2 2.5 NA NA 5.0 5.8 6.7 NA 4.7 5.8 4.8 2.8 NA NA 5.5 6.4 7.2 NA 5.1 6.2 5.4 3.1 NA NA 6.1 7.3 7.6 NA 5.5 6.6 6.1 3.5 NA NA 6.7 8.1 8.2 NA 5.9 7.3 6.8 4.1 NA NA 7.1 8.3 9.3 NA 6.3 7.8 7.5 4.9 NA NA 7.7 9.3 9.4 NA 7.0 8.5 8.5 1970 10.3 1971 11.9 1972 14.3 1973 18.5 1974 22.6 1975 28.6 1976 31.6 1977 36.3 1978 40.4 1979 43.9 23.7 12.0 25.2 13.8 26.5 16.5 28.5 20.3 31.6 23.5 35.5 30.8 38.4 34.3 41.8 36.7 45.2 40.2 49.6 45.6 19.8 8.3 21.7 9.6 23.8 11.4 25.6 12.7 30.5 14.6 33.7 18.4 39.9 17.3 41.1 18.9 41.2 24.2 44.0 31.9 5.8 NA NA 8.9 10.7 9.9 NA 8.9 10.3 9.8 6.9 NA NA 10.5 12.4 11.2 NA 10.4 12.1 11.6 9.1 NA NA 13.7 14.7 13.5 NA 12.6 14.1 14.5 12.5 NA 6.3 18.5 20.5 17.5 NA 17.1 16.7 20.0 15.2 NA 9.2 22.6 24.6 19.3 NA 19.9 19.4 24.7 17.4 NA 9.9 29.0 31.1 26.4 NA 23.1 23.9 30.1 18.8 NA 11.0 31.9 32.9 27.1 NA 24.3 23.5 32.1 22.9 NA 12.1 37.1 36.7 29.9 NA 28.8 26.4 37.7 31.4 NA 13.9 45.4 44.1 36.9 NA 35.8 31.2 46.3 32.0 NA 16.9 51.7 51.6 44.2 NA 42.0 38.6 53.6 1980 49.0 1981 46.9 1982 46.4 1983 45.0 1984 44.1 55.6 51.4 61.1 47.4 67.0 41.0 68.8 37.2 71.2 37.5 49.1 42.2 54.2 42.8 59.7 40.8 64.0 38.1 64.4 36.4 32.7 NA 20.7 57.7 53.2 51.3 NA 46.1 43.8 57.0 36.0 NA 26.0 49.5 46.2 46.1 NA 39.3 39.1 47.5 33.4 NA 26.7 42.1 43.0 45.3 NA 38.8 38.4 47.1 36.0 NA 27.2 41.3 42.0 43.2 NA 38.6 39.4 46.2 37.1 NA 29.3 39.7 39.2 40.9 NA 36.3 39.1 42.6 1985 45.8 1986 58.0 1987 72.3 1988 79.3 1989 78.4 75.1 39.7 78.5 51.8 80.7 62.1 84.0 68.2 86.6 71.6 63.6 38.9 63.5 47.9 68.1 59.7 76.2 69.3 84.3 68.4 38.5 30.2 31.2 40.8 40.9 43.0 NA 37.2 40.7 43.4 57.2 31.2 37.0 55.6 54.6 58.1 NA 52.4 54.4 61.1 68.2 38.3 48.3 68.6 70.6 69.5 NA 66.0 66.0 76.3 78.2 53.5 57.7 70.9 74.3 72.8 NA 70.4 70.6 78.0 77.1 67.0 70.8 70.1 72.3 71.6 NA 69.1 72.7 73.4 1990 91.7 1991 93.3 1992 100.0 1993 88.8 1994 91.9 1995 107.1 1996 109.3 1997 104.1 1998 103.4 1999 105.9 90.8 86.4 95.6 91.9 100.0 100.0 102.7 72.8 105.6 75.5 107.9 86.9 109.4 99.3 111.5 91.0 117.4 91.1 122.1 91.0 91.5 83.7 100.1 93.9 100.0 100.0 95.5 89.0 91.7 92.5 93.3 96.4 94.8 96.7 95.3 105.6 90.0 113.1 91.4 118.7 79.1 75.6 79.7 86.6 90.4 88.3 NA 86.4 90.1 87.7 90.8 91.7 87.9 91.5 90.5 90.4 86.0 89.4 93.5 89.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 117.3 111.0 100.9 97.4 97.4 95.8 100.4 100.0 82.8 98.2 130.1 126.0 105.6 102.1 NA 101.1 107.6 107.6 81.7 104.6 146.2 160.5 114.2 119.1 NA 116.8 128.2 128.3 84.2 121.4 127.2 179.4 117.4 115.1 NA 116.0 127.0 128.4 95.0 117.9 118.3 163.7 115.6 103.1 NA 101.5 112.2 114.0 88.9 104.3 112.0 120.4 105.1 103.2 NA 101.0 112.3 113.3 86.7 106.9 128.4 139.2 112.1 100.5 NA 100.0 110.0 NA 84.5 105.4 2000 131.1 98.7 83.7 2001 133.1 102.0 77.3 92.6 116.0 91.9 114.5 134.7 153.4 117.7 89.1 NA 90.0 98.4 NA 75.1 96.5 119.9 145.9 121.0 89.8 NA 91.5 98.4 NA 75.6 NA NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. ** See technical notes on Germany. Source: - 27 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002. Table 9. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year States Canada* Japan Norway Sweden* Kingdom* Former West Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Germany** Germany** NetherItaly lands 1950 8.9 NA 9.5 20.9 6.3 NA NA NA NA 11.0 12.0 NA 25.5 7.0 27.7 1955 11.6 NA 13.8 24.2 8.3 36.4 NA NA NA 13.8 16.8 NA 25.4 7.2 31.6 1960 12.7 1961 13.4 1962 14.7 1963 14.9 1964 15.1 1965 15.7 1966 16.5 1967 17.8 1968 18.5 1969 18.6 NA 15.0 NA 15.6 NA 16.2 NA 16.9 NA 16.9 NA 17.4 NA 18.2 NA 18.7 NA 18.5 NA 18.8 26.4 9.8 25.7 10.5 24.8 10.8 24.9 10.7 24.9 10.7 25.1 11.4 26.5 11.9 27.6 11.8 27.9 11.7 28.8 12.5 31.3 NA NA 30.1 15.4 19.4 NA 27.8 7.5 34.6 32.1 NA NA 31.5 16.3 20.2 NA 29.7 7.7 37.4 34.9 NA NA 32.1 17.0 21.0 NA 31.5 8.2 38.5 36.1 NA NA 34.2 17.9 21.7 NA 32.2 9.5 40.7 35.8 NA NA 36.3 17.9 21.9 NA 32.1 10.0 43.2 38.7 NA NA 38.3 18.9 22.2 NA 33.3 9.6 45.4 38.9 NA NA 39.6 20.5 21.7 NA 34.7 9.4 47.7 38.5 NA NA 40.9 21.4 22.0 NA 34.5 9.9 49.2 40.0 NA NA 40.3 21.6 22.6 NA 34.3 9.8 48.8 41.4 NA NA 40.4 23.3 22.6 NA 35.0 10.4 50.4 1970 20.1 1971 22.3 1972 23.8 1973 NA 20.6 NA 22.2 NA 23.6 NA 31.1 14.1 31.2 15.3 31.8 16.8 32.6 43.8 NA 23.8 41.7 25.2 24.0 NA 39.8 11.9 53.3 47.8 NA 24.8 45.2 27.1 25.5 NA 42.9 13.5 57.6 50.1 NA 24.9 47.9 27.7 26.9 NA 44.7 13.9 61.2 56.2 NA 28.8 51.2 30.6 28.8 NA 47.5 15.1 65.8 25.3 1974 28.6 1975 34.5 1976 39.0 1977 43.1 1978 46.4 1979 45.4 24.8 NA 27.9 NA 33.7 NA 38.9 61.2 43.3 65.3 46.6 70.7 46.6 17.8 37.2 21.0 44.7 28.6 47.3 31.8 49.9 35.6 52.6 40.9 57.8 48.3 1980 50.3 1981 56.1 1982 59.9 1983 63.6 1984 65.6 1985 69.6 1986 76.9 1987 83.2 1988 89.5 1989 91.3 78.8 51.0 82.4 56.6 87.9 58.7 86.0 60.7 85.6 62.5 87.3 68.0 91.2 72.4 86.9 75.8 86.7 79.4 90.5 85.1 1990 93.7 94.6 92.9 1991 97.6 99.2 100.0 1992 100.0 100.0 100.0 1993 100.6 101.9 90.8 1994 98.5 104.8 83.8 1995 94.8 71.8 NA 43.5 59.9 35.8 33.5 NA 52.1 18.6 73.2 81.3 NA 44.2 69.5 38.8 39.5 NA 55.2 24.2 84.9 82.6 NA 45.5 73.1 41.8 42.7 NA 55.4 26.4 85.5 87.6 NA 47.3 75.3 45.4 45.8 NA 58.8 30.7 86.2 89.8 NA 47.4 76.1 49.3 49.4 NA 61.1 33.1 87.5 88.4 NA 53.8 76.8 52.5 53.5 NA 62.9 36.6 89.7 65.2 59.0 70.4 65.5 79.1 68.5 79.7 68.2 77.8 70.3 78.9 74.4 83.3 77.9 85.1 82.4 86.6 83.2 89.3 85.6 92.5 NA 62.2 80.3 54.9 61.3 NA 69.4 41.0 93.7 96.0 NA 72.1 81.7 59.5 69.0 NA 72.4 49.0 95.8 96.7 NA 76.8 81.5 64.5 76.6 NA 76.7 57.0 100.0 98.0 NA 75.2 81.1 65.7 82.6 NA 76.4 64.2 96.9 97.7 NA 78.1 84.0 69.9 88.3 NA 77.3 67.9 91.6 94.6 60.4 81.3 86.5 74.1 92.0 NA 78.6 72.2 92.5 99.9 59.8 83.5 88.0 80.3 94.3 NA 81.2 74.9 94.4 97.0 63.8 83.7 89.7 88.3 96.2 NA 86.3 77.8 96.6 94.3 72.8 85.9 88.1 88.1 93.4 NA 86.5 79.4 94.2 94.9 78.7 89.5 88.7 88.0 93.6 NA 87.9 84.8 91.4 94.6 92.9 99.6 100.1 100.0 100.0 96.4 100.7 93.6 99.7 94.3 95.9 84.2 95.9 93.0 93.5 96.9 NA 90.3 91.5 92.3 97.4 94.1 96.8 98.1 96.5 99.3 93.1 93.3 98.2 95.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.1 105.4 103.0 102.3 103.7 101.9 104.5 105.3 104.3 102.1 101.5 109.8 104.1 97.9 96.2 97.9 102.0 103.6 101.9 95.6 97.6 122.4 104.5 96.4 96.4 96.6 104.7 105.9 103.0 93.7 108.4 1996 110.8 1997 116.4 1998 125.7 1999 128.4 87.4 93.5 91.9 91.9 90.2 92.8 89.2 90.2 86.3 102.9 97.5 105.5 96.2 108.2 97.7 112.7 96.8 116.2 2000 134.0 2001 140.1 91.7 83.4 91.4 85.5 96.1 114.5 101.5 117.2 NA: 94.0 129.1 104.1 94.7 103.7 97.8 107.4 107.5 110.0 94.0 93.3 121.0 102.3 90.5 99.7 91.9 104.4 103.9 111.9 94.7 95.5 117.4 103.2 90.2 102.9 88.2 105.2 100.4 111.1 96.5 90.8 104.4 100.7 91.4 105.4 87.7 107.4 NA 113.4 96.6 85.4 101.2 97.1 90.8 101.8 84.8 104.4 NA 113.1 97.9 89.8 106.5 102.0 93.9 101.7 86.5 106.6 NA 115.4 NA Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. ** See technical notes on Germany. Source: - 28 Table 10. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 1992=100) United United Year States Canada* Japan Norway Sweden* Kingdom* Former West Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Germany** Germany** NetherItaly lands 1950 7.7 NA 10.7 23.1 10.0 NA NA NA NA 9.6 18.1 NA 9.5 13.8 12.8 1955 10.1 NA 15.5 29.7 13.2 12.8 NA NA NA 12.0 25.4 NA 9.4 14.1 14.6 1960 11.1 1961 11.7 NA 16.9 NA 17.6 32.9 15.6 30.6 16.7 11.0 NA NA 19.4 13.4 21.0 NA 10.4 15.0 16.1 11.3 NA NA 20.3 14.3 21.8 NA 11.6 15.3 18.1 1962 12.8 1963 13.0 1964 13.1 1965 13.7 1966 14.3 1967 15.5 1968 16.1 1969 16.2 NA 18.3 NA 18.9 NA 19.1 NA 19.6 NA 20.6 NA 21.1 NA 20.9 NA 21.1 28.1 17.2 27.8 17.0 27.9 16.9 28.2 18.0 29.7 18.9 30.9 18.3 31.3 15.9 32.3 16.9 12.3 NA NA 20.7 14.9 22.7 NA 12.3 16.3 18.8 12.7 NA NA 22.0 15.7 23.5 NA 12.6 18.8 19.9 12.5 NA NA 23.5 15.6 23.7 NA 12.6 19.8 21.1 13.6 NA NA 24.8 16.5 24.0 NA 13.0 19.0 22.2 13.6 NA NA 25.6 17.9 23.4 NA 13.6 18.6 23.2 13.5 NA NA 26.5 18.5 23.7 NA 13.5 19.6 24.0 14.1 NA NA 25.9 17.4 24.2 NA 13.4 19.4 23.7 14.6 NA NA 25.9 18.7 23.1 NA 13.9 20.4 24.4 1970 17.5 1971 19.7 1972 22.5 1973 27.4 1974 32.2 1975 41.1 1976 44.4 1977 50.3 1978 55.0 1979 55.7 NA 23.1 NA 25.3 NA 28.9 NA 33.1 NA 36.7 NA 47.4 NA 52.0 61.2 56.4 65.3 60.1 70.7 63.3 36.0 19.1 37.3 21.2 38.8 23.7 39.3 24.7 46.0 27.9 53.1 36.0 58.0 32.5 56.7 35.1 55.8 44.4 59.6 58.0 15.5 NA 14.9 27.0 20.2 23.0 NA 17.1 23.3 25.9 17.4 NA 15.6 29.9 22.1 24.5 NA 19.3 26.9 29.0 21.0 NA 15.7 35.0 24.1 28.2 NA 21.9 29.4 33.5 26.3 NA 18.9 42.4 30.7 34.4 NA 28.0 32.0 41.6 31.2 NA 28.8 49.5 35.6 36.9 NA 31.5 35.2 48.0 34.8 NA 29.3 60.9 40.9 48.8 NA 35.1 45.7 59.2 35.3 NA 30.1 60.9 41.8 47.3 NA 34.4 39.2 56.9 41.5 NA 31.3 67.6 45.6 49.3 NA 39.6 42.8 61.8 54.6 NA 32.2 77.8 54.0 58.1 NA 47.6 48.1 71.2 51.3 NA 37.5 84.2 60.3 66.5 NA 53.6 54.3 78.6 1980 63.3 1981 60.7 1982 57.7 1983 54.1 78.8 70.2 82.4 65.1 87.9 54.4 86.0 46.1 67.4 77.7 70.9 75.0 77.5 67.8 78.1 58.6 51.8 NA 43.4 88.3 58.8 76.8 NA 59.6 59.0 82.9 55.2 NA 49.2 70.6 50.3 67.1 NA 49.9 53.1 67.4 49.2 NA 49.4 57.2 46.7 61.6 NA 49.3 51.9 65.8 52.3 NA 47.2 51.0 43.4 57.4 NA 46.7 52.1 59.7 1984 50.0 1985 50.3 1986 64.6 1987 76.7 1988 85.2 1989 82.1 85.6 44.0 87.3 46.1 91.2 59.2 86.9 69.6 86.7 75.4 90.5 76.8 1990 93.7 94.0 91.3 1991 97.6 95.0 96.3 1992 100.0 100.0 100.0 1993 100.6 89.2 67.8 1994 98.5 92.3 63.2 1995 94.8 106.4 71.3 1996 93.5 106.6 79.8 1997 91.9 102.1 68.8 1998 92.8 103.5 65.3 1999 90.2 102.2 60.8 2000 94.5 2001 96.8 NA: 72.5 53.2 69.8 54.7 72.4 64.8 77.6 76.5 85.0 83.9 91.1 79.4 52.2 NA 49.6 46.8 40.7 53.5 NA 42.4 47.7 50.2 50.3 55.0 51.3 46.9 42.2 54.3 NA 41.7 46.6 49.0 75.2 53.0 55.6 63.4 59.9 72.1 NA 58.5 61.9 67.8 85.0 60.6 66.3 77.2 77.8 84.7 NA 74.9 73.9 83.8 93.2 77.8 75.5 77.0 78.9 82.9 NA 76.9 75.2 83.8 87.1 91.6 85.2 72.3 72.5 77.7 NA 73.0 76.1 75.8 98.0 93.9 105.1 100.1 100.0 100.0 90.3 85.6 82.8 86.4 83.0 91.9 86.4 93.2 84.0 100.4 79.6 105.7 78.8 106.4 83.8 93.0 89.7 89.5 91.2 94.1 NA 87.3 94.1 89.1 91.7 100.3 91.1 92.3 91.0 93.1 87.5 87.8 97.5 89.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 115.4 102.7 98.1 95.1 96.5 95.2 98.7 99.4 81.6 96.6 125.9 106.8 99.0 94.2 91.4 93.4 98.2 99.8 77.9 92.4 131.7 124.3 99.2 105.2 104.0 102.5 114.2 115.5 77.9 102.7 109.6 125.9 95.4 98.4 108.0 101.2 111.5 111.6 87.9 98.1 97.7 100.2 89.5 81.2 91.0 83.3 94.0 93.5 80.9 85.3 92.4 65.8 77.4 79.9 92.7 79.1 93.3 89.1 78.8 85.5 101.2 68.8 78.3 77.6 91.0 75.4 91.4 NA 76.9 82.1 100.4 70.2 78.1 66.8 75.9 63.2 76.9 NA 66.4 72.1 93.6 64.7 75.8 67.0 73.7 62.5 76.2 NA 65.7 NA 91.7 53.0 91.4 48.2 78.2 98.3 79.2 95.5 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. ** See technical notes on Germany. Source: - 29 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002. Table 11. (Indexes: Exchange rates, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar) 1992=100) United United Year States Canada Japan Norway Sweden Kingdom Former West Nether- Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany** Germany** Italy lands 1950 100.0 87.1 112.6 110.5 158.6 35.2 NA NA NA 87.5 151.3 NA 37.2 197.3 46.2 1955 100.0 87.0 112.6 122.5 158.0 35.2 NA NA NA 87.4 151.2 NA 37.1 197.1 46.1 1960 87.1 1961 87.0 1962 87.1 1963 86.9 1964 86.8 1965 86.9 1966 86.9 1967 86.9 1968 87.0 1969 87.0 100.0 112.7 100.0 112.7 100.0 113.0 100.0 112.3 100.0 113.1 100.0 112.9 100.0 112.8 100.0 112.9 100.0 112.7 100.0 112.7 124.6 159.0 119.4 158.6 113.1 159.0 112.0 158.5 112.0 158.1 112.1 158.3 112.2 158.1 112.0 155.7 112.2 135.5 112.2 135.3 35.2 NA NA 64.5 87.6 107.9 NA 37.4 198.4 46.6 35.1 NA NA 64.5 87.4 107.9 NA 38.9 198.4 48.5 35.1 NA NA 64.6 87.5 108.0 NA 39.1 198.5 48.8 35.1 NA NA 64.5 87.4 108.0 NA 39.2 198.2 48.8 35.0 NA NA 64.6 87.3 108.0 NA 39.3 197.3 48.8 35.1 NA NA 64.8 87.3 108.0 NA 39.1 197.2 48.8 35.0 NA NA 64.5 87.4 107.7 NA 39.1 197.3 48.6 35.0 NA NA 64.7 86.5 107.6 NA 39.2 197.4 48.8 35.2 NA NA 64.4 80.7 106.9 NA 39.1 197.7 48.6 35.4 NA NA 64.1 80.3 102.2 NA 39.8 196.4 48.5 1970 100.0 86.9 112.3 1971 100.0 88.3 114.1 1972 100.0 115.8 135.6 119.7 138.4 122.0 35.4 252.7 62.9 64.7 80.5 95.7 NA 42.8 196.5 48.6 36.5 226.0 62.9 66.2 81.6 96.1 NA 44.9 199.3 50.4 41.8 199.7 62.9 73.0 86.8 104.9 NA 49.0 211.1 54.8 94.3 1973 108.2 1974 112.6 1975 119.2 1976 113.9 1977 116.8 1978 118.6 1979 122.7 122.5 100.0 133.8 100.0 131.4 100.0 140.6 100.0 133.7 100.0 130.4 100.0 129.0 100.0 135.9 141.6 120.8 138.8 123.6 132.5 118.8 125.8 122.6 102.2 113.7 98.8 106.0 108.6 103.2 120.2 1980 125.8 1981 108.2 1982 96.2 1983 85.1 1984 76.2 1985 72.3 1986 84.0 1987 92.2 1988 95.2 1989 89.9 100.0 137.7 100.0 115.0 100.0 92.7 100.0 75.9 100.0 70.4 100.0 67.7 100.0 81.7 100.0 91.8 100.0 94.9 100.0 90.2 1990 99.4 1991 95.7 1992 100.0 1993 87.5 1994 100.0 98.4 100.0 96.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 74.7 100.0 46.8 197.0 65.8 82.8 100.2 119.3 NA 59.0 211.8 63.3 43.5 194.0 66.2 82.7 99.3 110.1 NA 60.5 189.4 65.5 42.7 162.1 66.2 87.6 105.3 123.6 NA 63.6 188.9 69.7 42.8 162.1 66.2 83.3 99.9 110.9 NA 62.1 148.4 66.6 47.3 162.1 66.2 89.7 100.6 107.7 NA 67.3 139.6 71.7 60.8 162.1 67.9 102.3 109.6 117.6 NA 77.9 145.2 81.4 58.1 162.1 69.8 109.6 114.8 124.4 NA 85.2 148.3 87.7 103.4 131.7 100.8 114.6 97.9 99.0 98.1 85.8 93.3 75.7 88.5 73.5 87.0 83.1 91.1 92.8 98.2 100.8 102.1 92.7 55.9 129.2 69.8 110.0 107.1 125.3 NA 85.9 143.9 88.5 57.5 115.2 68.3 86.4 84.6 97.3 NA 69.0 108.2 70.4 50.9 107.2 64.3 70.2 72.4 80.5 NA 64.3 91.0 65.8 53.4 101.1 62.8 62.9 66.0 69.5 NA 61.2 81.1 61.6 53.4 97.1 63.5 55.7 58.3 60.6 NA 54.9 70.2 54.8 53.2 91.0 63.1 54.2 57.0 58.9 NA 53.1 64.5 53.0 75.3 88.7 66.5 72.0 74.6 76.4 NA 72.0 82.6 71.8 87.7 95.0 79.2 86.1 88.2 88.0 NA 86.9 95.0 86.8 98.9 106.8 87.9 87.4 89.6 88.8 NA 88.9 94.6 88.9 91.8 116.4 95.3 81.6 82.5 83.0 NA 83.0 89.8 82.9 103.6 101.0 105.5 100.1 100.0 100.0 93.7 85.0 88.4 87.4 110.4 93.5 96.2 97.5 97.2 NA 96.6 102.8 96.6 94.2 106.5 94.0 94.0 94.3 93.7 94.0 94.0 99.3 93.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 114.1 97.4 95.2 93.0 93.1 93.4 94.4 94.4 78.3 94.6 124.1 97.2 95.1 96.2 95.0 95.4 96.3 96.3 76.5 96.7 88.1 1995 98.1 1996 96.2 1997 87.7 1998 82.3 1999 79.6 75.5 100.0 81.6 100.0 86.8 100.0 76.2 100.0 73.3 100.0 70.4 86.7 88.1 89.4 88.6 88.4 87.3 92.7 81.5 93.8 81.3 91.6 2000 100.0 70.5 63.5 2001 100.0 69.1 56.3 81.4 85.8 78.0 81.5 NA: 134.9 101.5 95.0 109.1 107.8 106.2 109.1 109.1 75.6 109.6 116.5 97.5 91.6 103.8 104.1 103.5 103.8 103.8 79.9 104.3 104.7 82.8 87.4 89.8 91.3 90.7 90.0 90.0 72.3 90.1 96.8 56.0 75.0 88.5 90.1 89.7 88.8 88.8 70.9 88.7 111.5 65.9 77.8 84.9 86.4 86.0 85.1 NA 67.8 85.0 117.6 69.4 80.5 73.6 74.6 74.5 73.7 NA 58.7 73.7 104.3 60.7 74.4 71.3 72.5 72.2 71.5 NA 57.0 71.4 Not Available ** See technical notes on Germany. Source: - 30 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002. Table 12. (Indexes: Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 1992=100) United United Year States Canada* Japan Norway Sweden* Kingdom* Former West Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Germany** Germany** NetherItaly lands 1950 2.9 8.8 2.4 5.9 1.9 NA NA NA NA 3.5 1.9 NA 4.9 1.0 4.0 1955 4.4 11.8 3.8 8.1 2.7 3.7 NA NA NA 4.7 3.4 NA 7.3 1.5 5.9 1960 6.0 1961 6.4 1962 7.0 1963 7.5 14.8 5.0 15.2 5.4 16.0 6.0 16.5 6.6 10.4 3.6 10.6 3.8 11.1 3.9 11.6 4.1 5.3 NA NA 6.8 6.0 5.2 NA 10.7 1.9 8.4 6.1 NA NA 7.2 6.6 5.7 NA 11.8 2.1 9.2 6.9 NA NA 7.8 7.2 6.3 NA 13.0 2.4 9.8 7.6 NA NA 8.6 7.8 6.9 NA 13.7 2.9 10.7 1964 8.0 1965 8.7 1966 9.5 1967 10.5 1968 11.3 1969 12.2 17.3 7.1 17.9 7.7 18.8 8.5 19.4 9.2 20.9 9.8 22.2 10.5 12.1 4.4 12.8 4.8 13.7 5.1 14.4 5.2 15.4 5.6 16.5 6.1 8.5 NA NA 9.6 8.5 7.4 NA 14.8 3.1 12.3 9.4 NA NA 10.5 9.4 8.0 NA 16.2 3.2 13.8 10.4 NA NA 11.5 10.4 8.5 NA 17.4 3.4 15.3 11.7 NA NA 12.4 11.6 9.1 NA 17.8 3.8 16.9 13.6 NA NA 13.3 12.5 10.0 NA 19.4 4.1 18.5 15.8 NA NA 14.4 13.8 10.9 NA 21.3 4.5 20.7 1970 13.4 1971 15.2 1972 16.8 1973 18.9 1974 21.8 1975 25.9 1976 29.2 1977 32.2 1978 34.6 1979 35.7 23.3 11.8 24.8 13.3 26.5 14.4 28.5 16.0 31.0 18.6 34.3 22.3 37.6 25.8 41.0 28.1 44.3 30.3 48.4 32.1 17.6 7.0 18.7 7.8 20.1 8.9 21.7 10.2 25.0 11.9 28.4 15.8 32.7 18.5 36.2 21.0 39.2 24.4 42.9 28.9 18.7 NA NA 16.0 15.3 12.1 NA 24.8 5.3 23.5 21.2 NA NA 18.2 17.5 13.5 NA 27.2 6.0 26.6 24.3 NA NA 21.0 19.0 14.7 NA 29.8 6.5 30.1 29.4 NA 10.6 24.3 21.8 16.6 NA 33.4 7.8 35.2 37.0 NA 15.0 29.2 26.9 19.5 NA 37.2 9.8 40.7 42.1 NA 16.4 33.3 31.1 23.1 NA 40.0 11.9 45.7 46.7 NA 18.4 39.3 34.8 26.6 NA 44.3 14.9 50.9 51.6 NA 20.1 42.3 38.2 29.9 NA 47.7 17.7 55.3 55.2 NA 22.5 45.2 41.6 33.5 NA 50.6 20.1 59.2 59.2 NA 26.5 48.1 46.5 37.8 NA 54.1 24.1 62.9 1980 39.1 1981 43.5 1982 48.0 1983 53.0 1984 57.9 1985 63.1 53.5 35.3 58.8 39.2 63.3 42.3 66.9 47.5 70.2 52.5 74.1 57.4 47.3 33.9 53.1 38.8 59.7 43.0 64.7 46.2 68.3 50.2 71.6 55.0 62.9 NA 32.4 52.7 51.6 43.6 NA 57.9 28.2 66.7 66.9 NA 39.6 56.1 56.1 49.9 NA 60.9 33.6 70.2 70.0 NA 43.1 60.0 62.0 56.8 NA 64.1 39.0 75.3 71.9 NA 44.9 64.2 67.2 62.5 NA 67.2 45.0 78.9 74.9 NA 48.4 69.3 70.8 67.9 NA 70.3 51.5 80.7 77.7 36.7 50.4 74.1 73.0 73.1 NA 73.1 57.9 82.9 1986 68.8 1987 76.2 1988 81.6 1989 85.9 77.4 61.8 80.0 66.8 84.0 70.7 86.7 77.9 73.0 59.6 75.4 66.6 79.9 71.4 83.2 76.2 81.1 39.6 57.6 76.2 76.3 76.3 NA 75.6 62.3 85.7 83.4 44.6 63.1 79.2 81.5 79.6 NA 78.8 67.6 88.1 85.7 54.0 67.1 81.9 84.4 82.9 NA 81.7 73.1 88.6 89.9 59.9 75.0 86.4 88.2 87.2 NA 84.6 80.3 89.0 1990 90.8 1991 96.4 1992 100.0 1993 101.8 1994 104.9 1995 108.7 1996 112.5 1997 117.3 1998 124.6 1999 132.4 90.2 87.2 94.3 94.7 100.0 100.0 104.1 99.9 108.0 106.6 109.5 114.6 111.0 123.4 113.9 128.9 118.8 134.6 124.5 140.0 88.5 84.8 94.8 93.9 100.0 100.0 103.0 105.7 105.8 109.2 107.6 112.2 109.5 114.4 111.7 118.3 113.5 124.4 116.6 133.0 95.5 70.0 85.2 91.7 92.1 91.3 NA 89.2 86.9 91.2 99.5 87.3 93.5 97.3 95.6 95.9 88.1 94.3 94.3 95.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 114.2 106.0 103.2 103.8 102.4 103.9 102.8 104.0 103.7 102.9 130.6 111.4 107.4 106.0 105.9 109.9 108.5 108.8 108.2 107.1 159.7 120.1 109.2 109.7 109.3 115.8 113.6 115.6 110.9 108.5 182.9 127.7 111.4 112.6 111.4 118.5 117.6 122.0 113.1 111.6 193.8 132.3 115.5 117.7 111.0 120.9 120.5 127.7 115.5 112.0 202.2 137.5 117.5 121.0 111.4 123.3 122.8 126.1 120.0 111.3 214.6 142.1 121.4 124.3 114.4 125.4 NA 129.0 123.4 2000 132.5 137.3 142.8 2001 132.4 144.2 146.9 118.0 138.3 120.9 144.4 112.4 221.9 144.1 124.6 129.1 114.8 128.3 NA 132.9 130.2 112.0 235.5 148.9 127.7 134.3 117.7 130.9 NA 136.2 NA NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. ** See technical notes on Germany. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002. - 31 Table 13. (Indexes: Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 1992=100) United United Year States Canada Japan Norway Sweden Kingdom Former West Nether- Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany** Germany** Italy lands 1950 26.3 46.6 25.3 37.0 25.6 NA NA NA NA 28.6 19.9 NA 11.7 19.1 17.1 1955 29.5 56.4 30.5 46.5 28.0 18.2 NA NA NA 31.9 26.8 NA 15.9 22.3 21.2 1960 36.4 1961 38.7 1962 40.4 1963 42.0 1964 42.5 1965 45.0 1966 47.6 1967 51.0 1968 54.3 1969 58.1 65.0 35.4 66.3 37.9 68.1 40.4 69.3 43.4 71.2 45.7 71.6 48.1 72.8 49.5 74.4 52.6 76.9 56.0 78.2 58.9 54.6 32.8 55.5 34.0 56.9 34.2 58.3 35.1 59.6 36.2 61.7 37.8 63.8 39.4 64.9 40.4 66.6 41.4 68.9 42.7 23.1 NA NA 24.5 38.7 30.2 NA 23.6 26.8 26.4 25.5 NA NA 25.7 41.7 32.4 NA 25.8 29.0 29.8 27.3 NA NA 27.2 42.5 34.2 NA 28.4 32.7 31.1 28.4 NA NA 29.4 43.9 35.5 NA 29.4 36.1 33.2 30.7 NA NA 31.9 45.7 37.3 NA 31.1 36.3 36.3 32.1 NA NA 34.0 47.7 39.5 NA 33.0 37.2 39.1 33.7 NA NA 36.0 50.8 40.8 NA 34.7 38.7 41.4 36.3 NA NA 38.3 53.0 42.7 NA 36.1 41.2 44.4 40.1 NA NA 39.8 54.0 46.6 NA 38.3 43.3 47.6 45.2 NA NA 42.0 58.7 47.7 NA 41.0 46.3 50.3 1970 58.3 1971 62.9 1972 65.8 1973 69.0 1974 79.2 61.8 80.5 64.1 82.0 67.5 83.1 69.8 83.1 71.5 46.1 73.9 47.9 75.7 51.6 76.6 53.8 80.2 49.9 NA NA 46.1 62.9 51.1 NA 46.7 53.7 56.1 54.3 NA NA 51.0 68.3 54.4 NA 49.8 59.1 59.6 59.6 NA NA 57.2 71.0 56.5 NA 52.3 61.5 63.4 65.2 NA 32.7 63.5 78.8 60.2 NA 55.4 65.7 69.8 69.4 NA 32.5 69.3 82.8 63.0 NA 58.9 71.7 76.0 74.0 1975 79.1 1976 83.9 1977 86.3 1978 87.4 1979 87.6 74.8 85.4 83.6 87.5 88.4 89.3 86.1 90.3 88.9 90.6 89.9 55.7 83.2 59.8 88.8 59.6 91.2 57.9 89.9 62.1 90.6 65.0 1980 86.0 1981 84.1 1982 84.1 1983 85.1 1984 87.7 1985 90.8 1986 92.4 1987 96.4 1988 96.0 1989 96.1 91.4 87.7 91.9 86.3 95.1 85.1 93.9 84.5 93.4 85.2 95.3 87.4 97.8 90.4 97.3 92.4 97.7 94.1 96.6 98.3 1990 97.7 1991 99.8 1992 100.0 1993 99.2 1994 100.6 1995 102.7 1996 96.4 97.6 98.0 97.3 100.0 100.0 100.3 95.3 101.0 95.8 100.7 97.6 99.4 72.3 NA 33.0 74.3 90.0 68.7 NA 61.2 75.7 79.1 71.2 NA 36.0 78.8 92.1 71.8 NA 63.1 80.9 80.9 72.6 NA 36.8 79.4 91.8 74.5 NA 66.7 82.7 82.9 74.3 NA 39.2 81.5 91.9 76.9 NA 69.9 83.9 86.1 76.2 NA 42.2 82.9 93.7 78.7 NA 72.2 88.5 88.7 91.6 66.7 92.0 69.8 94.1 70.4 95.2 72.5 96.4 74.8 96.6 77.5 94.1 81.6 92.3 87.4 92.1 89.1 93.4 88.7 75.2 NA 43.3 86.5 92.1 79.9 NA 74.6 85.3 87.5 76.8 NA 47.8 87.7 90.7 81.6 NA 74.6 86.1 85.8 78.4 NA 50.7 84.4 89.7 86.6 NA 75.0 86.2 86.2 79.0 NA 52.1 86.0 89.7 87.3 NA 76.0 86.6 87.8 79.6 NA 55.6 87.8 89.2 88.1 NA 77.6 89.6 88.2 81.2 50.1 59.8 88.3 90.9 90.0 NA 80.7 93.0 90.8 84.8 51.8 66.7 89.6 89.6 91.4 NA 84.0 91.7 94.3 86.7 57.5 72.6 90.9 94.1 91.9 NA 87.7 92.2 97.7 87.5 66.7 77.2 91.4 93.2 93.0 NA 90.3 94.4 96.7 90.9 72.7 83.8 94.0 94.1 94.5 NA 92.3 96.3 96.7 94.7 91.1 96.3 97.4 100.0 100.0 100.2 103.0 101.6 102.6 101.7 100.2 101.1 95.0 79.6 92.3 95.2 96.9 96.3 NA 96.6 98.0 96.7 98.0 91.5 97.7 99.7 98.0 99.0 96.1 99.0 99.1 98.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.4 108.7 102.9 102.0 103.3 100.5 101.8 102.1 101.2 101.1 102.8 116.4 103.7 100.9 NA 102.1 104.1 104.8 98.3 102.6 106.3 136.0 108.3 102.3 NA 104.2 107.7 108.6 97.4 103.0 107.0 150.8 111.9 101.8 NA 104.1 110.5 112.7 100.1 103.1 105.6 103.6 1997 99.2 107.5 106.9 1998 103.0 111.3 110.6 1999 104.9 115.2 111.2 99.3 101.6 100.1 101.4 102.5 101.3 108.5 2000 109.0 117.6 116.6 2001 107.7 120.3 118.6 99.9 109.9 100.8 112.2 NA: 108.7 155.2 114.5 103.8 NA 102.7 110.6 113.3 101.4 103.4 110.8 156.8 119.3 104.3 NA 102.6 111.2 113.3 98.8 105.5 110.6 152.8 122.4 104.7 NA 105.5 112.9 NA 99.1 106.2 110.7 156.5 122.7 104.5 NA 107.7 114.4 NA 99.1 109.3 111.9 163.4 136.6 106.0 NA 111.0 115.1 NA 100.1 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. ** See technical notes on Germany. Source: - 32 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002. Table 14. (Indexes: Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 1992=100) United United Year States Canada Japan Norway Sweden Kingdom Former West Nether- Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany** Germany** Italy lands 1950 34.4 47.3 32.8 40.3 31.5 NA NA NA NA 40.2 24.0 NA 17.1 20.1 22.3 1955 38.6 57.2 39.4 48.7 34.8 21.7 NA NA NA 44.0 32.2 NA 23.3 24.0 27.7 1960 45.8 1961 48.1 1962 49.9 1963 51.8 1964 64.7 43.2 66.0 45.9 68.5 48.5 69.9 51.5 72.4 56.8 40.0 57.5 40.8 59.4 40.7 61.0 41.7 62.7 28.6 NA NA 30.8 50.8 36.5 NA 31.0 29.2 34.8 31.2 NA NA 32.2 53.1 39.2 NA 33.4 31.3 37.7 32.6 NA NA 34.2 54.5 41.4 NA 35.8 34.1 39.0 33.6 NA NA 37.0 55.4 43.1 NA 36.5 37.8 41.5 36.2 NA NA 39.9 58.3 45.0 NA 38.7 38.1 45.0 52.7 1965 54.5 1966 57.8 1967 61.3 1968 63.7 1969 66.6 53.7 73.5 56.0 75.0 57.6 75.3 60.3 77.7 62.9 78.4 64.9 43.4 64.9 44.7 66.6 45.7 67.8 46.5 69.4 48.1 71.5 49.6 1970 66.4 1971 70.8 1972 73.0 1973 76.1 1974 80.5 1975 85.6 1976 88.3 1977 89.3 1978 88.7 1979 87.4 77.8 68.0 79.2 70.3 82.1 72.1 83.0 73.2 81.5 77.6 82.5 85.1 85.5 89.0 87.6 86.0 88.6 86.5 88.4 86.1 1980 86.3 1981 84.6 1982 83.8 1983 85.2 1984 87.6 1985 90.4 1986 88.1 83.1 88.5 82.2 90.0 81.4 91.2 81.8 92.1 84.0 94.0 85.5 96.4 37.2 NA NA 41.9 60.7 47.2 NA 40.9 37.8 48.3 39.3 NA NA 44.0 63.4 48.9 NA 42.4 39.7 50.9 42.3 NA NA 46.2 65.4 50.8 NA 42.9 42.8 54.3 46.6 NA NA 48.1 65.1 53.8 NA 46.1 45.0 57.2 51.8 NA NA 50.2 69.9 56.5 NA 49.5 47.9 59.6 73.7 52.7 76.0 53.5 77.9 57.1 78.3 60.3 81.4 60.4 83.4 64.6 89.1 64.9 91.4 63.6 90.8 67.9 91.1 70.7 56.7 NA NA 53.6 72.5 59.8 NA 56.0 54.5 65.2 60.7 NA NA 58.5 78.5 63.1 NA 58.4 58.3 68.6 66.2 NA NA 64.1 79.8 64.9 NA 60.7 60.2 72.0 71.8 NA 36.5 69.4 83.9 68.2 NA 63.8 65.1 77.7 73.3 NA 34.9 73.8 89.8 70.3 NA 66.5 68.6 81.9 74.6 NA 36.3 74.8 94.6 74.4 NA 67.4 71.1 83.7 75.6 NA 39.8 80.8 97.2 78.0 NA 71.4 76.0 85.6 77.4 NA 40.6 81.1 96.0 80.2 NA 74.3 77.3 87.3 79.4 NA 43.0 83.1 95.0 82.1 NA 76.9 78.3 89.7 82.0 NA 46.0 84.6 96.8 83.9 NA 79.2 81.9 91.4 91.2 70.5 90.8 72.5 92.0 73.5 94.3 75.6 95.4 78.1 96.2 80.5 94.2 80.9 NA 47.4 86.9 95.7 85.2 NA 80.6 79.2 90.6 82.0 NA 49.8 86.0 93.2 85.9 NA 79.7 79.9 89.3 83.5 NA 52.7 84.5 93.5 87.5 NA 79.7 79.8 90.6 84.3 NA 54.1 84.0 94.8 87.7 NA 80.8 80.2 92.4 85.8 NA 58.3 85.3 93.9 88.8 NA 82.6 82.9 91.6 87.2 55.5 60.8 87.0 92.5 90.1 NA 84.3 85.3 91.9 90.5 58.3 69.0 88.3 93.3 91.6 NA 87.3 86.7 95.0 92.0 1987 93.7 1988 94.0 1989 94.7 88.1 96.5 91.2 97.7 92.7 96.6 96.5 84.4 93.2 90.6 94.9 92.5 94.1 91.6 1990 96.1 1991 98.7 1992 100.0 1993 99.5 1994 101.1 1995 102.3 1996 104.6 1997 106.3 1998 110.4 1999 114.6 95.9 96.9 96.7 96.6 100.0 100.0 101.6 97.7 103.2 102.1 102.2 105.0 100.8 111.8 101.3 115.5 104.3 119.7 107.0 120.5 2000 110.2 115.3 126.3 2001 107.1 117.5 126.9 NA: 92.9 63.7 75.2 90.4 95.8 92.7 NA 90.9 89.8 98.0 94.8 72.0 79.0 92.4 94.9 94.1 NA 93.2 92.5 97.7 97.4 75.6 84.5 94.5 94.6 95.5 NA 93.9 95.6 97.1 94.9 93.2 96.1 97.5 100.0 100.0 101.2 104.0 103.6 105.0 103.3 104.2 103.4 103.7 103.8 104.0 104.2 105.7 105.1 111.4 100.3 81.4 92.2 96.9 96.3 96.8 NA 96.4 97.2 97.0 101.2 92.8 97.7 99.7 97.6 98.5 92.6 98.2 99.2 98.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.3 109.0 102.9 100.5 102.5 100.4 99.4 99.1 99.6 101.0 100.9 117.3 103.9 102.1 102.6 102.0 102.4 101.7 100.2 102.6 105.1 137.4 108.1 102.3 104.0 103.5 106.0 104.9 101.1 103.2 106.4 149.9 111.5 102.3 104.6 103.4 107.1 107.1 102.6 103.2 107.5 152.1 114.5 104.3 107.0 101.8 107.3 107.9 105.3 103.1 107.2 147.6 117.1 105.1 107.9 101.5 108.3 109.0 101.9 105.0 106.8 155.4 120.7 107.4 108.3 103.7 109.5 NA 102.6 105.7 103.6 112.5 103.5 115.4 108.6 157.1 120.9 107.5 109.2 102.3 110.0 NA 103.1 108.7 109.0 160.2 124.9 107.5 111.0 103.3 109.4 NA 102.8 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. ** See technical notes on Germany. Source: - 33 Table 15. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002. Total labor compensation in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2001 1992=100) United United Year States Canada* Japan Norway Sweden* Kingdom* Former West Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Germany** Germany** NetherItaly lands 1950 3.4 7.4 2.9 4.6 3.1 NA NA NA NA 2.9 2.2 NA 3.7 .7 4.6 1955 5.5 11.0 4.9 6.9 4.9 1.8 NA NA NA 4.1 3.8 NA 7.0 1.1 7.2 1960 7.3 1961 8.0 1962 8.9 1963 9.5 1964 10.3 1965 11.3 1966 12.6 1967 14.0 1968 14.9 1969 16.1 13.7 6.9 13.7 7.7 14.8 8.5 15.4 9.3 16.4 10.2 17.8 11.2 19.8 12.1 20.7 12.8 22.6 13.4 24.6 14.6 8.8 6.6 8.9 7.1 9.6 7.3 10.2 7.5 11.2 8.2 12.4 9.0 14.0 9.5 14.9 9.5 15.9 10.1 17.5 11.2 3.4 NA NA 9.2 6.3 6.0 NA 11.6 1.7 10.9 4.1 NA NA 10.1 7.0 6.7 NA 13.1 2.0 12.2 4.9 NA NA 11.1 7.9 7.5 NA 14.5 2.3 13.2 5.6 NA NA 12.4 8.5 8.3 NA 15.2 2.8 14.5 6.5 NA NA 14.3 9.5 9.2 NA 16.4 3.0 16.9 7.3 NA NA 15.6 10.7 9.8 NA 18.3 3.1 19.0 8.3 NA NA 17.1 11.8 10.5 NA 19.4 3.3 21.0 9.8 NA NA 17.9 12.5 11.1 NA 18.9 3.8 22.5 11.8 NA NA 18.8 13.5 12.0 NA 20.7 4.1 24.4 14.2 NA NA 21.1 15.4 13.5 NA 23.6 4.6 27.7 1970 18.2 1971 20.8 1972 23.2 1973 26.0 1974 30.4 1975 35.8 1976 24.8 16.6 25.3 18.0 27.8 19.3 31.5 21.7 34.2 25.7 34.5 31.2 39.2 18.3 12.7 19.5 13.7 21.6 15.3 24.4 17.7 28.5 20.7 31.5 26.2 36.1 17.1 NA 3.0 24.0 17.1 15.4 NA 28.2 5.7 31.5 19.6 NA 3.9 27.2 18.8 17.4 NA 30.7 6.6 35.2 22.4 NA 4.7 31.0 20.9 19.2 NA 33.0 7.2 38.4 28.3 NA 6.4 36.1 24.3 22.1 NA 37.3 8.8 44.2 35.3 NA 9.1 43.9 28.9 26.2 NA 40.5 11.5 51.0 37.9 NA 9.7 47.2 30.6 30.3 NA 40.9 14.1 55.3 41.8 NA 12.3 53.4 34.5 34.6 NA 44.2 17.7 59.1 40.3 1977 44.6 1978 47.0 1979 47.9 36.0 44.4 37.7 50.0 39.6 55.9 42.1 29.7 39.3 33.8 43.8 39.1 49.6 46.1 1980 52.5 1981 57.5 1982 61.1 1983 64.0 1984 69.2 1985 76.0 1986 83.8 1987 92.8 1988 94.9 1989 93.2 59.7 46.3 65.3 49.8 65.6 51.8 68.1 56.9 75.0 63.2 78.5 70.0 80.8 75.4 83.8 80.8 89.5 87.2 92.8 94.5 1990 95.5 1991 98.2 1992 100.0 1993 103.6 1994 109.6 1995 116.3 1996 122.3 1997 132.9 1998 95.1 102.3 96.0 104.1 100.0 100.0 104.2 92.5 109.4 98.1 112.2 112.2 113.4 120.4 117.5 124.5 123.5 45.7 NA 14.5 55.2 37.7 38.8 NA 47.8 21.2 62.5 48.2 NA 17.6 56.5 40.8 42.9 NA 50.6 24.1 65.5 51.6 NA 21.5 58.6 45.9 47.7 NA 54.8 29.4 68.8 54.5 51.5 60.9 53.5 62.2 55.9 65.7 57.0 71.3 60.9 76.5 66.3 80.6 70.3 85.7 77.8 94.0 84.4 99.3 90.3 55.9 NA 27.4 62.8 50.2 54.4 NA 59.2 34.6 72.0 60.1 NA 34.1 63.1 52.6 60.2 NA 61.0 40.1 73.8 62.5 NA 37.2 65.5 58.0 67.5 NA 62.5 45.7 76.1 65.3 NA 40.7 68.6 63.1 72.7 NA 63.2 51.1 76.1 69.4 NA 48.6 73.2 70.2 76.8 NA 65.9 55.8 76.1 72.6 29.4 52.3 77.1 76.8 80.4 NA 69.4 61.3 79.0 75.4 34.6 62.5 78.5 83.2 82.4 NA 72.9 64.7 82.7 76.6 43.7 70.5 79.7 87.7 83.9 NA 76.0 69.2 85.8 80.4 55.9 75.3 82.3 88.9 86.1 NA 78.6 75.5 86.8 86.3 62.5 81.2 87.9 91.8 91.0 NA 82.6 83.3 88.3 100.2 97.9 98.6 100.1 100.0 100.0 102.1 102.1 106.8 105.8 112.8 110.8 116.7 114.5 122.9 119.0 129.8 93.1 73.0 86.4 94.0 96.1 96.0 NA 89.5 90.9 92.2 99.4 89.4 93.1 98.8 98.0 99.2 95.2 96.0 97.6 96.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.4 111.1 105.5 99.2 99.1 97.5 96.6 96.6 100.6 100.5 96.3 128.2 112.9 99.3 101.6 98.2 97.0 96.8 104.3 100.0 96.5 159.0 120.0 100.4 107.6 101.3 99.7 99.2 110.5 101.3 96.9 179.1 125.3 101.0 110.7 102.3 99.4 99.4 116.0 102.2 99.4 178.9 131.3 102.9 114.8 100.8 99.9 99.5 121.7 105.5 95.7 160.7 136.9 105.1 119.1 101.4 102.2 101.2 123.0 110.7 142.9 131.6 1999 127.4 145.8 136.3 124.8 136.5 129.0 2000 134.8 147.6 140.7 2001 129.2 152.6 143.1 143.0 129.7 146.0 129.7 NA: 92.5 172.8 142.4 107.8 121.3 104.0 102.9 NA 125.2 114.1 91.8 194.2 147.4 111.0 125.0 105.2 106.1 NA 128.7 121.1 88.9 207.9 145.4 114.2 128.9 109.3 108.6 NA 132.3 NA Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. ** See technical notes on Germany. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2002.