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Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov Technical information: (202) 691-5654 Media contact: (202) 691-5902 USDL 01-280 For Release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Friday, August 31, 2001 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY AND UNIT LABOR COST TRENDS, 2000 In 2000, the labor productivity growth rate for manufacturing was the highest in the United States among the 10 countries for which comparable data were available, according to preliminary data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. The labor productivity increase in the United States was 7.1 percent, followed by 6.0 and 5.8 percent in Germany and France, respectively. The productivity growth rates in Canada and Norway were the lowest among the countries compared. (See chart 1.) These preliminary estimates for 2000, as well as revisions to the estimates through 1999, are based on data available in June 2001. The output series for U.S. manufacturing used for international comparisons differs from the manufacturing series that BLS publishes quarterly on U.S. productivity and costs. Labor productivity for this release is computed as value added output per hour worked. (See technical notes.) PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT: Chart 1. Percent change in manufacturing output per hour, 2000 -2Unit labor costs - the cost of labor input required to produce one unit of output - are computed as labor costs in nominal terms divided by real output. Unit labor costs also can be expressed as the ratio of hourly compensation to labor productivity. An increase in productivity represents a decrease in the amount of labor input used to produce a unit of output; thus, an increase in productivity can offset an increase in compensation per hour in its effect on unit labor costs. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, expressed in national currency units, declined in 11 of the 13 countries for which comparable data on unit labor costs were available in 2000. The United States had a decline of 0.5 percent. The largest declines occurred in Japan (5.1 percent) and Denmark (2.9 percent). Norway and Canada were the only two countries where unit labor costs increased. (See table A and chart 2.) PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT: Chart 2. Percent change in manufacturing unit labor costs (national currency basis), 2000 Changes in exchange rates must be taken into account in order to assess international competitiveness in manufacturing. The weakening of the euro against the dollar in 2000 deepened the unit labor cost declines in the European countries, when measured in U.S. dollars. The stronger currencies in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, however, resulted in increased U.S. dollar-based unit labor costs in these three countries. (See table A and chart 3.) -3PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT: Chart 3. Percent change in manufacturing unit labor costs (U.S. dollar basis), 2000 Table A summarizes changes in manufacturing productivity, unit labor costs, and related variables between 1999 and 2000. Output and unit labor cost data are presented for 13 economies. Comparable productivity data are not shown for Korea, Taiwan, and Denmark. (See technical notes.) No 2000 data are available for the Netherlands. Labor productivity rose in all 10 countries compared. In the United States, France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, output per hour rose because output increased while hours decreased. In Canada, Japan, Belgium, and Sweden, output per hour rose because output increased more than hours. Except for Norway, every country experienced an increase in output. Norway’s growth in productivity was the result of a smaller decline in output than in hours worked. Unit labor costs measured in national currencies are affected by the degree and direction of change in both hourly compensation and productivity. Of the 10 countries for which hours worked series are available, all, except Japan, showed an increase in both hourly compensation and labor productivity in 2000. In Canada and Norway, hourly compensation grew more than productivity, resulting in increases in unit labor costs in national currency units. In the remaining eight countries, productivity growth was greater than the rise in hourly compensation, causing unit labor costs to decline. -4- Table A. Manufacturing productivity and unit labor costs in 14 countries or areas Percent change, 1999-2000 Output per hour Output United States 7.1 6.1 Canada Japan Korea (2) Taiwan (2) Belgium Denmark France 1.2 5.4 NA NA 3.0 NA 5.8 Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 6.0 3.5 NA 1.1 4.8 5.0 Country or area (1) (2) Total compensation Hourly compensation Unit labor costs National U.S. currency dollars Employment Average hours - 0.9 - 0.6 - 0.3 5.5 6.5 - 0.5 - 0.5 --- 5.7 5.8 15.4 7.5 3.6 6.3 3.3 4.4 0.4 NA NA 0.6 NA - 2.3 4.4 - 1.8 NA NA 1.8 - 0.8 1.2 0.0 2.2 NA NA - 1.2 NA - 3.4 8.0 0.4 12.3 5.0 3.2 3.3 2.8 3.5 0.0 NA NA 2.6 NA 5.2 - 2.2 5.1 2.7 2.3 0.4 2.9 0.5 2.2 0.1 2.4 1.0 -13.7 -16.2 -13.8 0.0 5.5 5.2 3.4 -13.3 -13.7 -13.3 5.7 3.4 NA - 2.7 6.3 1.6 - 0.3 - 0.1 NA - 3.8 1.5 - 3.3 0.7 0.1 NA - 2.7 1.3 - 3.7 - 1.0 - 0.2 NA - 1.1 0.2 0.4 3.2 2.8 NA 1.1 4.1 0.3 3.5 2.9 NA 5.0 2.6 3.7 - 2.3 - 0.5 NA 3.9 - 2.1 - 1.3 -15.4 -13.8 NA - 8.0 -11.7 - 7.5 -13.3 -13.3 -13.3 -11.4 - 9.8 - 6.3 Hours Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. Productivity not available because suitable labor input measures have not been developed by BLS. NA=Not Available Although the productivity measure relates output to the hours worked of persons employed in manufacturing, it does not measure the specific contributions of labor as a single factor of production. Rather, it reflects the joint effects of many influences, including new technology, capital investment, capacity utilization, energy use, and managerial skills, as well as the skills and efforts of the work force. Table B (pages 9-13) shows average annual percent changes for selected periods, beginning in 1979. Annual indexes of the data are in tables 1-15 (pages 19-33). -5BOX: Notes about the measures Exchange rate (1) The measures in this news release are based on data available to BLS as of June 2001. Revisions for 1999 and earlier years were made to the measures for several countries to incorporate data not available at the time of the April 2001 news release. U.S. manufacturing output measure The output measure for manufacturing in the United States is the chainweighted index of real gross product originating (deflated value added), introduced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), U.S. Department of Commerce, in August 1996. This series is based on annually changing price weights. The United States real output data through 1999 used in this report were released by the BEA in December 2000. The estimates are described in the Survey of Current Business, Vol. 80, No. 11, December 2000. The BLS estimate of real U.S. output for 2000 was derived by extrapolating the 1999 number forward, using the annual growth rate of the Federal Reserve Board’s Industrial Production Index for Total Manufacturing. The U.S. output series used for international comparisons differs from the manufacturing series that BLS publishes on quarterly measures of U.S. productivity and costs. While both series are based on annuallychanging price weights, the international comparisons program uses a value added output concept, while the quarterly U.S. manufacturing series is on a sectoral output basis. For information on the differences between the value added and the sectoral output measures, see technical notes. Germany Time series data for the whole of Germany, termed Germany (unified) in previous BLS releases, are published by the German Federal Statistical Office, beginning with 1991. For years prior to 1991, only data for the former West Germany are available. Comparative indexes for the former West Germany also are included in this report for historical comparison purposes, although the data for West Germany end with 1998 and have not been updated or revised by BLS since they were published in the news release USDL 99-235, on Aug. 27, 1999. Italy Data for this release have been revised from 1980, to correspond to the General industrial classification of economic activities within the European communities (NACE), by including industry 23 (manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products, and nuclear fuel). Also, value added output was revalued at basic prices. New measures of National Accounts Member states of the European Union are in the process of implementing the European System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95). Some other countries are adopting the System of National Accounts recommended by the United Nations (SNA 93), on which ESA 95 is based. Revisions due to these conversions to new systems are being incorporated into the BLS estimates. (continued on next page) -6Notes about the measures (continued) European exchange rates On Jan. 1, 1999, 11 European countries joined the European Monetary Union (EMU). Greece joined on Jan. 1, 2001. Currencies of EMU members are established at fixed conversion rates to the euro, the official currency of the EMU. Exchange rates between the national currencies of EMU countries and the U.S. dollar are no longer reported; only the exchange rate between the euro and the U.S. dollar is available. In this news release, 2000 exchange rates in national currencies for Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands are calculated by taking the number of euros per U.S. dollar and then converting euros into national currencies at fixed conversion rates. 1 euro equals: 40.3399 Belgian francs 1936.27 Italian lire 6.55957 French francs 2.20371 Netherlands guilders 1.95583 German marks In 2000, 1 euro was equal to 0.9232 U.S. dollars. The currency exchange rates cited in this publication are annual averages of daily buying rates in New York City. END OF BOX (Notes about the measures) Manufacturing productivity, output, and labor input The 7.1 percent increase in U.S. output per hour in manufacturing in 2000 was the largest increase among all countries compared and 3 percentage points above the nation's average annual increase between 1990 and 2000. In 2000, U.S. output grew 6.1 percent and hours worked fell 0.9 percent, the third year in a row that U.S. manufacturing hours declined. (See table B.) Of the 10 countries for which output per hour data are available, 9 experienced higher productivity growth in 2000 than in 1999. Only Canada experienced lower productivity growth. (See table B.) For the 1990-2000 period, productivity grew in all nine countries for which these data are available. The rate of increase ranged from 4.7 percent per year for Sweden to 0.8 percent per year for Norway. The United States and France were the only countries other than Sweden that experienced productivity growth above 4 percent per year. (See table B.) In 2000, manufacturing output increased in all of the countries, except Norway. Korean output grew by 15.4 percent in 2000. Increases in other countries in 2000 ranged from 7.5 percent (Taiwan) to 1.6 percent (the United Kingdom). Manufacturing output in Norway has declined for 2 consecutive years. (See table B.) During 1990-2000, manufacturing output increased in all the countries compared; the lowest gain was 0.6 percent per year in the United Kingdom, and the highest was 8.2 percent per year in Korea. In 2000, all countries except Norway had higher output growth than the 1990-2000 average per year. (See table B.) -7In 2000, total hours worked in manufacturing declined in 6 of the 10 countries for which comparable data were available and rose in 4. The largest declines were in Norway (3.8 percent) and the United Kingdom (3.3 percent). U.S. hours fell 0.9 percent, the third consecutive year that U.S. manufacturing hours declined. Hours worked in Canada increased 4.4 percent in 2000. Hours also rose in Japan, Belgium, and Sweden. (See table B.) Total hours worked in manufacturing declined between 1990 and 2000 in all countries for which hours data are available, except Canada and Norway. Canadian hours worked rose at an average rate of 1.2 percent per year during the 1990-2000 period, while Norwegian hours worked rose 0.3 percent per year. For the other countries, the average 1990-2000 decline in hours ranged from 2.4 percent per year in Japan to 0.1 percent per year in the U.S. (See table B.) Manufacturing hourly compensation and unit labor costs Hourly compensation in manufacturing increased in 2000 in all the countries for which hours worked data were available, except Japan. The largest increases occurred in the United States (6.5 percent), France (5.2 percent), and Norway (5.0 percent). Hourly compensation in Japan was unchanged in 2000. (See table B.) A percent change in unit labor costs can be expressed approximately as a percent change in hourly compensation minus a percent change in labor productivity. Therefore, an increase in unit labor costs indicates that labor compensation is rising faster than productivity, while the reverse is true for declining unit labor costs. Based on this relationship, table B shows that, for the pre-1990 periods of comparison for all countries except the Netherlands, average annual increases in hourly compensation in national currency surpassed average annual increases in labor productivity. (See table B.) In 2000, unit labor costs, expressed in national currency units, declined in 11 of the countries compared and increased in 2. The largest declines occurred in Japan (5.1 percent), Denmark (2.9 percent), and Korea (2.7 percent). Only Canada (2.2 percent) and Norway (3.9 percent) experienced a rise in unit labor costs in 2000. In the U.S., unit labor costs decreased 0.5 percent in 2000, as productivity increased 7.1 percent and hourly compensation increased 6.5 percent. From 1990 to 2000, U.S. unit labor costs decreased 0.4 percent per year. In addition to the U.S., four other countries-Japan, Belgium, France, and Sweden-experienced declines in unit labor costs over this time period, measured in their own currencies. (See tables B and 9.) In 2000, the euro lost value against the U.S. dollar, from an average of $1.0653 per euro in 1999 to $0.9232 per euro in 2000, a drop of 13.3 percent. Consequently, the currencies of countries in the euro zone (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands) declined at the same rate. The currencies of all the other European countries (those not in the euro zone) also declined, by 6.3 to 13.7 percent. However, the currencies of Japan, Korea, and Taiwan appreciated in value against the U.S. dollar during 2000. The Japanese yen rose by 5.5 percent, the Korean won by 5.2 percent, and the Taiwanese dollar by 3.4 percent. The Canadian to U.S. dollar exchange rate was stable between 1999 and 2000. (See tables B and 11.) -8Movements in the currency markets had a noticeable effect on comparative unit labor costs expressed in U.S. dollars. The strengthening of currencies in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan against the dollar in 2000 caused unit labor costs in these countries to rise when expressed in U.S. dollars, although they decreased in terms of their own currencies. The increases were 2.4 percent in Korea, 1.0 percent in Taiwan, and 0.1 percent in Japan. The weakening of European currencies against the dollar deepened the declines in their unit labor costs when valued in U.S. dollars, from 7.5 percent in the United Kingdom to 16.2 percent in Denmark. Unit labor costs declined also in Norway (8 percent), when expressed in dollars, while increasing in terms of its national currency. (See table B.) -9Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2000 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-2000 1979-85 1985-90 1990-2000 1997 1998 1999 2000 Output per hour United States 3.5 3.5 2.4 4.1 3.6 4.5 6.6 7.1 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 2.1 3.7 NA NA 3.7 NA 3.6 3.4 3.5 NA NA 6.0 2.1 3.0 0.5 4.3 NA NA 2.2 0.5 3.4 2.1 3.5 NA NA 3.2 NA 4.1 2.8 4.2 NA NA 8.3 NA 7.4 -0.1 0.2 NA NA 1.6 NA 4.6 1.6 3.8 NA NA 0.1 NA 2.6 1.2 5.4 NA NA 3.0 NA 5.8 Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA 2.7 NA 1.4 3.6 3.6 NA 4.0 4.4 2.4 3.1 4.4 NA 1.9 2.2 1.4 1.9 4.6 NA 2.3 NA 0.8 4.7 2.7 4.9 2.1 1.8 0.9 6.3 1.4 0.0 -0.4 2.2 0.6 5.4 1.3 1.2 0.7 2.2 -0.5 2.9 4.2 6.0 3.5 NA 1.1 4.8 5.0 United States 3.1 2.2 2.5 3.9 5.4 4.3 5.7 6.1 Canada 2.6 1.9 1.8 3.3 6.1 4.1 6.3 5.7 Output Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 2.9 9.2 6.6 2.3 1.8 1.5 4.7 8.3 8.2 2.6 2.9 -0.4 4.8 12.2 7.0 2.5 -0.2 2.6 1.0 8.2 5.4 1.9 2.2 2.0 3.4 6.6 6.7 6.7 8.0 4.9 -5.9 -7.4 3.3 2.2 2.0 4.8 0.8 21.0 6.7 1.2 -0.8 2.0 5.8 15.4 7.5 3.6 6.3 3.3 Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA 1.7 2.3 0.3 2.9 0.8 NA 0.9 1.8 0.6 2.2 -1.2 NA 3.2 3.2 -1.6 1.4 3.4 NA 1.4 2.1 1.0 4.0 0.6 3.4 3.2 2.6 5.1 5.3 1.3 1.5 1.5 3.3 1.8 6.9 0.5 0.4 -0.2 3.1 -3.2 4.1 0.0 5.7 3.4 NA -2.7 6.3 1.6 Continued on next page -10Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2000 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-2000 1979-85 1985-90 1990-2000 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total hours United States -0.4 -1.2 0.0 -0.1 1.8 -0.2 -0.8 -0.9 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.5 -0.7 NA NA -1.4 NA -2.1 -1.5 1.1 NA NA -3.2 0.8 -3.3 1.3 0.5 NA NA 0.4 -0.6 -0.8 1.2 -2.4 NA NA -1.3 NA -2.0 3.1 -0.8 NA NA -1.5 NA -2.3 4.2 -6.1 NA NA 0.6 NA 0.2 4.6 -2.9 NA NA 1.1 NA -0.6 4.4 0.4 NA NA 0.6 NA -2.3 Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA -1.0 NA -1.1 -0.7 -2.8 NA -2.9 -2.5 -1.8 -0.8 -5.3 NA 1.3 1.0 -2.9 -0.5 -1.2 NA -0.9 NA 0.3 -0.7 -2.0 -1.5 1.0 0.8 4.1 -1.0 -0.1 1.4 2.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 0.8 -2.7 1.2 -4.0 -0.3 -0.1 NA -3.8 1.5 -3.3 Employment United States -0.6 -1.4 -0.1 -0.4 1.0 0.7 -1.5 -0.6 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.3 -0.3 NA NA -1.4 -0.2 -1.6 -1.3 1.2 NA NA -2.6 1.0 -2.3 1.2 0.8 NA NA -0.3 -0.2 -0.9 0.9 -1.8 NA NA -1.3 -0.9 -1.5 3.2 -0.2 NA NA -1.5 -0.8 -2.1 3.8 -4.1 NA NA 0.4 0.8 0.4 3.7 -2.7 NA NA -1.0 -2.1 -0.1 4.4 -1.8 NA NA 1.8 -0.8 1.2 Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA -1.1 NA -1.0 -1.3 -2.5 NA -2.8 -2.2 -1.8 -1.2 -4.6 NA 0.3 1.2 -2.7 -0.8 -0.9 NA -0.7 NA 0.3 -1.6 -2.1 -1.5 0.6 1.2 4.3 -1.1 0.4 0.4 2.2 1.3 1.0 1.2 -0.1 -0.4 -0.4 0.8 -2.7 1.0 -3.6 0.7 0.1 NA -2.7 1.3 -3.7 Continued on next page -11Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2000 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-2000 1979-85 1985-90 1990-2000 1997 1998 1999 2000 Average hours United States 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.7 -1.0 0.7 -0.3 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.1 -0.4 NA NA 0.0 NA -0.5 -0.2 0.0 NA NA -0.6 -0.3 -1.0 0.1 -0.3 NA NA 0.7 -0.5 0.1 0.3 -0.7 NA NA 0.0 NA -0.6 -0.1 -0.6 NA NA 0.1 NA -0.3 0.3 -2.1 NA NA 0.2 NA -0.2 0.9 -0.2 NA NA 2.1 NA -0.5 0.0 2.2 NA NA -1.2 NA -3.4 Germany NA NA NA NA 0.0 1.0 -0.4 -1.0 Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 0.1 NA -0.1 0.6 -0.3 -0.1 -0.3 0.0 0.4 -0.8 1.0 -0.2 -0.2 0.3 -0.3 Total labor compensation in manufacturing 2/: -0.2 NA 0.0 0.9 0.1 United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.4 -0.4 -0.2 0.1 -0.6 -0.2 -0.2 0.1 0.2 -0.6 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 -0.4 -0.2 NA -1.1 0.2 0.4 National currency basis 4.3 5.8 3.9 3.5 3.7 5.1 3.1 5.5 5.4 2.9 14.5 9.7 3.0 4.9 4.0 7.5 5.9 18.7 15.9 4.7 9.0 9.1 5.6 5.1 19.7 10.7 4.0 4.6 3.6 4.1 0.0 9.5 5.5 1.6 2.8 1.2 5.3 2.6 -2.2 5.0 1.9 3.7 0.1 6.4 -3.7 -9.4 4.8 2.1 3.8 2.5 6.0 -3.0 5.7 4.0 1.5 2.5 2.0 8.0 0.4 12.3 5.0 3.2 3.3 2.8 NA 7.3 NA 5.5 6.0 4.8 NA 13.1 2.3 8.0 8.9 5.9 NA 8.2 3.1 4.7 7.9 8.0 NA 3.6 NA 4.5 3.3 2.6 0.5 4.9 3.4 8.7 3.4 3.5 2.3 0.8 4.2 7.5 5.7 4.4 0.9 2.5 4.0 3.0 3.7 0.5 3.2 2.8 NA 1.1 4.1 0.3 Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom Continued on next page -12Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2000 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-2000 1979-85 Hourly compensation 2/: 1985-90 1990-2000 1997 1998 1999 2000 National currency basis United States 4.7 7.2 3.9 3.7 1.9 5.4 4.0 6.5 Canada Japan Korea 4.9 3.6 NA 9.1 4.7 NA 4.2 4.6 NA 2.9 2.5 NA 2.1 3.4 NA 2.1 2.5 NA 1.3 -0.2 NA 3.5 0.0 NA Taiwan Belgium Denmark France NA 4.5 NA 6.2 NA 8.1 8.1 12.8 NA 3.7 5.3 4.5 NA 2.9 NA 3.3 NA 3.4 NA 2.5 NA 1.4 NA 2.3 NA 0.4 NA 2.6 NA 2.6 NA 5.2 Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA 8.4 NA 6.7 6.7 7.8 NA 16.5 5.0 10.0 9.8 11.8 NA 6.8 2.1 7.8 8.4 9.3 NA 4.5 NA 4.3 4.1 4.7 2.0 3.8 2.6 4.4 4.4 3.7 0.9 -1.2 3.1 6.3 4.2 5.3 1.7 3.3 3.1 5.8 2.5 4.7 3.5 2.9 NA 5.0 2.6 3.7 Unit labor costs: United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom National currency basis 1.1 3.6 1.4 -0.4 -1.7 0.8 -2.5 -0.5 2.8 -0.1 4.8 2.9 0.8 3.1 2.5 5.5 1.1 9.6 7.2 2.0 5.9 9.5 3.7 0.3 6.7 3.5 1.5 4.8 1.0 0.8 -1.0 1.2 0.2 -0.3 0.6 -0.9 -0.7 -0.8 -8.3 -1.6 -4.5 -3.9 -4.5 2.2 2.3 -2.1 1.4 -0.2 1.8 -2.2 -0.2 -3.8 -12.7 -2.5 0.3 3.3 0.0 2.2 -5.1 -2.7 -2.3 -0.4 -2.9 -0.5 NA 5.5 NA 5.3 3.0 4.0 NA 12.0 0.5 7.4 6.5 7.1 NA 4.8 -0.1 6.4 6.4 4.5 NA 2.2 NA 3.5 -0.7 1.9 -2.8 1.7 0.9 3.5 -1.8 2.2 0.9 -0.7 0.9 5.6 -1.2 3.9 0.5 2.6 0.8 6.4 -0.4 0.5 -2.3 -0.5 NA 3.9 -2.1 -1.3 Continued on next page -13Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-2000 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area Unit labor costs: 1979-2000 1979-85 U.S. dollar basis 1985-90 1990-2000 1997 1998 1999 2000 United States 1.1 3.6 1.4 -0.4 -1.7 0.8 -2.5 -0.5 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 1.6 3.3 0.7 3.6 -1.1 1.0 0.0 2.8 -0.3 -0.5 5.4 -9.3 -5.8 -3.3 7.0 10.8 10.9 12.0 13.8 16.7 11.6 -1.6 2.0 -3.4 -1.3 -2.9 -2.1 -3.5 -2.2 -10.8 -22.3 -6.0 -17.4 -15.7 -16.4 -4.6 -5.4 -33.5 -13.0 -1.5 0.4 -3.2 -0.4 10.8 2.8 1.2 -3.8 -0.9 -4.2 2.2 0.1 2.4 1.0 -13.7 -16.2 -13.8 Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA 1.0 NA 2.5 -0.6 2.3 NA -2.5 -7.6 -1.7 -5.2 -1.3 NA 15.1 12.7 13.3 14.7 11.3 NA -3.4 NA 0.0 -4.9 0.3 -15.7 -7.9 -12.9 -5.7 -13.8 7.2 -0.6 -2.6 -0.7 -0.9 -5.0 5.2 -3.7 -1.9 -3.3 2.9 -4.3 -2.0 -15.4 -13.8 NA -8.0 -11.7 -7.5 United States --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France -1.1 3.4 -4.0 0.7 -1.9 -2.0 -2.4 -2.5 -1.5 -9.2 -1.7 -11.1 -11.0 -11.7 3.2 10.5 3.9 8.2 12.2 11.4 10.5 -2.4 3.0 -4.5 -1.5 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 -1.5 -10.1 -15.3 -4.5 -13.5 -12.2 -12.4 -6.7 -7.6 -32.1 -14.2 -1.4 -1.4 -1.0 -0.1 15.2 17.7 3.8 -4.1 -4.1 -4.2 0.0 5.5 5.2 3.4 -13.3 -13.7 -13.3 Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA -4.3 -0.8 -2.6 -3.6 -1.6 NA -12.9 -8.0 -8.4 -11.0 -7.9 NA 9.8 12.7 6.6 7.8 6.6 NA -5.4 -2.7 -3.4 -4.3 -1.6 -13.3 -9.5 -13.6 -8.8 -12.2 4.9 -1.4 -1.9 -1.6 -6.2 -3.9 1.2 -4.2 -4.4 -4.1 -3.3 -3.9 -2.4 -13.3 -13.3 -13.3 -11.4 -9.8 -6.3 Exchange rates 3/ 1/ Rates of change based on the compound rate method. 2/ Adjusted to include employment taxes that are not compensation to employees but are labor costs to employers. -14- 3/ Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. NA = Not available. Trade-weighted unit labor costs Because the economies covered differ greatly in their relative importance to U.S. trade in manufactured goods, BLS constructs indexes of U.S. unit labor cost trends relative to a trade-weighted average of unit labor cost trends in the other economies. (See chart 4.) PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT: Chart 4. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 12 competitors, 1979-2000 The construction of the indexes shown in chart 4 is a three-step process. First, the indexes of unit labor costs for all economies are rebased to a common year (in this case, 1979=100). Second, for each year, a "competitors" index is calculated as the weighted geometric mean of the indexes for all competitor economies; the weights reflect each country's importance in terms of U.S. trade in manufactured goods. Finally, the U.S. index number for each year is divided by the "competitors" index number (and multiplied by 100) to obtain a relative ratio of the United States to the competitors. This process is used to calculate the relative trade-weighted unit labor cost indexes on both a national currency and a U.S. dollar basis. In chart 4, the solid line indicates that U.S. unit labor costs rose faster than "competitors" costs from 1979 to 1986 on a U.S. dollar basis. In most years from 1986 to 1995, U.S. costs either rose at a slower rate than the "competitors" costs or fell at a faster rate. From 1995 to 1998, however, the strength of the U.S. dollar caused relative U.S. unit labor costs to rise. After a dip in 1999, the index of relative U.S. unit labor costs rose again in 2000. The data underlying this chart are shown in table C. -15Table C. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 12 competitors, 1979-2000 Year 1979 1980 1981 Unit Labor Costs National Currency Basis Own Competitors' Index Index Ratio 100.0 111.4 116.5 100.0 111.5 120.4 100.0 99.9 96.8 Unit Labor Costs U.S. Dollar Basis Own Competitors' Index Index Ratio 100.0 111.4 116.5 100.0 101.5 106.4 100.0 109.8 109.5 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 124.2 121.6 121.0 123.4 128.9 122.8 122.5 128.0 132.4 138.0 141.3 142.3 139.2 134.0 132.1 129.9 131.0 127.8 127.1 128.6 131.0 131.7 133.2 138.8 141.0 142.4 146.1 152.2 159.0 163.1 164.1 162.0 162.3 163.3 161.0 163.3 160.3 157.5 96.6 92.8 91.9 92.6 92.8 87.1 86.1 87.6 87.0 86.8 86.7 86.7 85.9 82.6 80.9 80.7 80.2 79.7 80.7 124.2 121.6 121.0 123.4 128.9 122.8 122.5 128.0 132.4 138.0 141.3 142.3 139.2 134.0 132.1 129.9 131.0 127.8 127.1 105.9 104.8 99.7 97.7 122.2 140.2 153.0 152.7 164.1 174.2 181.9 178.6 179.1 189.2 180.8 165.0 155.5 158.8 152.6 117.3 116.0 121.4 126.2 105.5 87.6 80.1 83.8 80.7 79.3 77.7 79.6 77.7 70.8 73.1 78.8 84.2 80.5 83.3 -16TECHNICAL NOTES The Bureau of Labor Statistics constructs trend indexes of manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour), hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs from three basic aggregate measures output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures refer to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy. For all other countries, the measures refer to all employed persons, including employees, selfemployed persons, and unpaid family workers. For all of the countries, the term "hours" refers to hours worked. In general, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). However, the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966. The comparisons in this news release make use of data made available to BLS as of June 2001 by the statistical agencies of the individual countries. For some countries, the data for the most recent years are based on the European System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95) or on the United Nations System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA 93). For other countries, data were compiled according to previously used systems. To obtain historical time series, BLS may link together data series compiled according to different accounting systems. Output. For most countries, the output measures are value added in manufacturing from the national accounts. However, output for Japan prior to 1970 and for the Netherlands prior to 1960 are indexes of industrial production. The national accounts measures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical to their indexes of industrial production. In this release, manufacturing output data for the United States from 1977 forward are the gross product originating (value added) measures prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce. U. S. gross product originating is a chaintype annual-weighted series. /1 Comparable manufacturing output data are not available prior to 1977. The gross product originating series differs from the manufacturing output series that BLS publishes on quarterly measures of U.S. productivity and costs. The quarterly measures are on a sectoral output basis rather than a value added basis. Sectoral output is gross output less intra-sector sales and transfers. /2 A value added concept has been used for the international comparisons series because the data are more readily available in the countries' national accounts, whereas sectoral output would require a complex estimation procedure. Also, although BLS has determined that sectoral output is the correct concept for U.S. measures of single factor productivity (output per hour), there are other considerations that may make value added a better concept for international comparisons, such as differences among countries in the extent of vertical integration. Estimation of manufacturing real output using moving weights is becoming prevalent. However, many historical real output series have been estimated using fixed price weights, with the weights updated periodically (for example, every 5 or 10 years). Measures of real output also may differ among countries because of different approaches to estimating the prices of high-technology products like computers and, in general, of products that undergo rapid quality change. Labor Input. The aggregate hours worked series used for France (from 1970 forward), Norway, Sweden, and Canada are series published with the -17national accounts. For the former West Germany after 1959 and Germany from 1991, BLS uses aggregate hours worked, which were developed by a research institute of the German Ministry of Labor for use with the national accounts employment figures; earlier figures are BLS estimates. For the United Kingdom from 1992, an index of total manufacturing hours is used, derived from published quarterly indices of manufacturing hours. For other countries, the United Kingdom before 1992, and the former West Germany before 1959, BLS constructs its own estimates of average hours, using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive employment series, and estimates of average annual hours worked. BLS is in the process of assessing the comparability of the employment and hours time series data available from statistical sources in Denmark, Korea, and Taiwan. Compensation (Labor Cost). The compensation measures are from national accounts data. Compensation includes employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans, in addition to all payments made in cash or in-kind directly to employees. For Canada, France, and Sweden, compensation is increased to account for important taxes on payroll or employment. For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991 to account for subsidies. When data for the self-employed are not available, total compensation is estimated by assuming the same hourly compensation for self-employed and employees. Real compensation for the United States is derived using the Consumer Price Index research series (CPI-U-RS). Current Indicators. The measures for recent years may be based on current indicators of output (such as industrial production indexes), employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics, normally used for the long-term measures, become available. Trade-Weighted Measures. The trade weights for Canada, Japan, and the European countries were obtained by re-scaling a series of weights, developed by the International Monetary Fund, based on average trade flows over the 1989-91 period. These weights are based on aggregate trade data for total manufacturing and take account of both bilateral trade and the relative importance of "third country" markets. The 1989-91 weights do not include Korea and Taiwan. BLS developed weights for Korea and Taiwan by using data from an earlier study from the International Monetary Fund and other sources. The weight used for Germany is based on the trade weight of the former West Germany. The following weights were used for the entire period for which trade-weighted unit labor cost measures are produced: Country Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Weight 24.46 29.54 2.06 0.46 5.70 11.22 Country Italy Norway Sweden United Kingdom Korea Taiwan Weight 4.44 0.46 1.83 8.68 5.55 5.60 -18Level Comparisons. The BLS measures are limited to trend comparisons. BLS does not prepare level comparisons of manufacturing productivity and unit labor costs because of data limitations and technical problems in comparing the levels of manufacturing output among countries. Each country measures manufacturing output in its own currency units. To compare outputs among countries, a common unit of measure is needed. Market exchange rates are not suitable as a basis for comparing output levels. What is needed are purchasing power parities, which are the number of foreign currency units required to buy goods and services equivalent to what can be bought with one unit of U.S. currency. Purchasing power parities are available for total gross domestic product (GDP) from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). However, these parities are derived for expenditures made by consumers, business, and government for goods and services - not for value added by industry. Therefore, they do not provide purchasing power parities by industry. The parities for total GDP are not suitable for each component industry, such as manufacturing. 1/ For more information on the U. S. measure, see Sherlene K.S. Lum, Brian C. Moyer, and Robert E. Yuskavage, "Improved Estimates of Gross Product by Industry for 1947-98," Survey of Current Business, June 2000, pp. 24-38. 2/ For information on sectoral output, see William Gullickson, "Measurement of productivity growth in U.S. manufacturing," Monthly Labor Review, July 1995, pp. 13-28. - 19 Table 1. Output per hour in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2000 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year Sweden Former West States Canada Kingdom Nether- Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany Germany** Italy lands Norway 1950 24.5 NA 26.5 NA NA NA NA 22.6 13.4 NA 13.2 12.2 11.2 24.7 19.5 1955 26.5 NA 32.5 8.6 NA NA NA 24.6 16.8 NA 19.7 17.0 14.3 28.7 21.3 1960 30.0 1961 30.1 1962 30.7 1963 32.4 1964 34.5 1965 35.5 1966 36.7 1967 38.4 1968 41.3 1969 NA 38.5 13.8 NA NA 18.0 29.9 21.9 NA 29.2 21.3 18.5 37.0 27.3 NA 40.6 15.6 NA NA 18.2 31.6 23.3 NA 30.6 23.0 19.5 38.3 28.7 NA 43.6 16.4 NA NA 19.2 33.2 24.8 NA 32.8 25.5 20.2 38.3 30.9 NA 45.4 17.7 NA NA 19.9 34.3 26.1 NA 34.1 26.2 21.0 40.3 32.7 NA 47.2 20.1 NA NA 21.2 37.1 28.1 NA 37.1 26.4 23.0 42.6 35.5 NA 49.5 21.0 NA NA 22.3 38.9 30.1 NA 39.3 29.5 24.5 45.1 38.2 NA 50.4 23.0 NA NA 23.8 40.8 32.5 NA 40.9 32.0 26.1 47.0 39.8 NA 50.9 26.0 NA NA 25.1 43.8 34.6 NA 43.4 33.6 28.1 48.7 43.2 NA 53.8 29.1 NA NA 27.3 47.8 38.2 NA 47.0 36.3 31.5 51.7 47.2 NA 56.4 33.4 NA NA 29.9 49.8 40.6 NA 50.4 37.6 34.6 56.5 50.9 42.3 1970 43.2 1971 45.4 1972 47.9 1973 51.4 1974 52.2 1975 51.1 1976 53.3 1977 53.8 1978 54.6 1979 55.0 NA 56.0 37.5 NA NA 32.9 52.7 43.0 NA 52.0 40.0 37.8 58.3 52.2 NA 59.4 39.8 NA NA 35.1 56.3 45.5 NA 54.0 40.6 40.1 60.0 54.5 NA 62.5 43.6 NA NA 39.2 60.8 47.6 NA 57.4 44.1 43.3 63.1 57.2 NA 66.5 47.6 NA NA 43.5 66.9 50.9 NA 61.1 47.7 47.9 66.9 61.4 NA 67.5 48.8 NA NA 45.8 69.1 52.1 NA 63.2 50.8 51.5 69.5 64.0 NA 64.7 50.2 NA NA 47.6 76.1 53.9 NA 65.9 49.1 50.8 68.8 65.0 NA 70.1 53.2 NA NA 52.4 78.8 57.2 NA 70.6 55.9 56.3 70.5 66.0 68.3 73.9 55.3 NA NA 55.0 80.4 60.6 NA 72.7 57.0 60.9 71.5 65.0 69.2 75.2 57.5 NA NA 58.3 81.6 63.3 NA 75.2 60.7 64.9 72.8 66.8 70.1 75.3 62.2 NA NA 61.4 85.6 66.2 NA 78.4 66.5 68.1 78.1 72.0 1980 54.3 1981 57.1 1982 60.2 1983 65.0 1984 68.4 1985 71.1 1986 73.9 1987 78.1 1988 82.6 1989 86.2 70.5 74.4 63.2 NA NA 65.4 90.3 66.6 NA 77.2 69.6 68.7 76.7 73.1 74.1 78.0 65.2 NA NA 70.1 91.8 68.5 NA 78.7 70.3 70.3 76.5 72.7 76.2 77.3 67.9 NA NA 73.5 92.1 73.3 NA 78.8 71.0 71.6 79.7 75.4 80.0 82.2 68.8 NA NA 81.0 96.6 75.0 NA 82.6 73.4 77.3 82.4 80.9 83.2 90.2 71.1 NA NA 85.0 96.1 76.2 NA 85.4 79.6 84.8 87.4 85.2 86.0 92.2 76.5 NA NA 87.0 96.7 79.1 NA 89.1 84.1 88.4 90.2 86.2 86.0 89.6 76.1 NA NA 87.8 91.1 80.4 NA 89.6 84.5 90.1 89.0 87.5 92.9 90.3 80.2 NA NA 88.9 90.6 81.9 NA 88.1 86.0 90.9 93.3 89.2 96.9 90.7 83.9 NA NA 92.0 94.1 87.5 NA 91.5 87.2 93.0 92.2 90.5 95.7 93.2 88.5 NA NA 96.9 99.6 91.9 NA 94.6 89.6 96.8 94.6 93.2 1990 89.1 96.9 94.7 94.4 NA NA 96.8 99.1 93.6 NA 99.0 92.2 98.4 96.6 94.6 1991 93.8 1992 100.0 1993 103.9 1994 107.1 1995 104.8 1996 103.5 1997 105.0 1998 106.3 1999 110.8 2000 116.4 NA: 97.9 95.5 99.0 NA NA 99.1 99.6 96.9 99.0 101.9 95.4 99.5 97.5 95.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.1 104.9 101.7 NA NA 102.5 104.5 100.6 101.8 100.6 103.1 101.5 100.6 107.3 107.3 109.7 103.3 NA NA 108.4 NA 108.6 109.9 107.9 105.8 113.2 101.4 119.4 113.8 111.3 111.0 NA NA 113.2 NA 114.7 112.8 111.2 109.4 118.0 102.0 121.9 117.0 110.1 116.1 NA NA 117.1 NA 115.3 115.3 115.1 109.3 120.1 102.0 124.5 121.2 113.2 121.0 NA NA 126.8 NA 123.8 121.0 121.8 111.6 122.2 103.0 132.3 126.7 113.1 121.2 NA NA 128.8 NA 129.5 121.0 127.1 111.1 124.9 103.6 139.5 135.1 114.9 125.8 NA NA 128.9 NA 132.9 122.4 NA 111.8 127.7 103.1 143.5 144.7 116.3 132.6 NA NA 132.8 NA 140.5 129.8 NA 115.7 NA 104.2 150.4 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in other countries. ** See note on Germany in box on page 5. Source: - 20 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2001. Table 2. Output per employed person in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2000 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year Sweden Former West States Canada Kingdom Nether- Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany Germany** Italy lands Norway 1950 30.1 NA 28.8 NA NA NA NA 31.8 16.2 NA 19.2 13.4 14.6 32.3 25.3 1955 32.9 NA 34.1 10.3 NA NA NA 34.0 20.2 NA 28.8 19.2 18.7 37.7 27.5 1960 36.5 1961 36.1 1962 36.5 1963 38.5 1964 41.3 1965 42.0 1966 42.6 1967 44.2 1968 48.0 1969 49.1 NA 40.1 17.1 NA NA 22.6 39.2 26.5 NA 38.4 24.3 24.4 46.7 33.3 NA 42.1 19.1 NA NA 22.9 40.2 28.3 NA 39.6 26.0 24.7 47.6 34.7 NA 45.5 19.6 NA NA 24.1 42.6 30.0 NA 41.3 27.9 25.4 47.4 37.1 NA 47.5 21.0 NA NA 25.0 43.3 31.7 NA 42.4 28.8 26.3 49.7 38.9 NA 49.7 23.7 NA NA 26.5 47.2 33.9 NA 46.1 29.1 28.5 52.8 41.8 NA 52.1 24.3 NA NA 27.4 49.5 35.9 NA 48.7 31.3 30.3 54.6 44.5 NA 52.6 26.8 NA NA 29.1 51.0 39.1 NA 50.0 34.4 32.1 57.1 46.4 NA 53.2 30.4 NA NA 30.3 54.1 41.1 NA 51.7 36.6 34.4 58.6 49.5 NA 56.0 33.9 NA NA 33.0 57.7 44.1 NA 56.6 39.5 37.9 60.7 52.9 NA 58.6 38.3 NA NA 35.7 59.3 48.1 NA 60.7 40.7 41.1 64.9 56.1 1970 49.4 1971 50.6 1972 52.9 1973 57.5 1974 56.6 1975 55.2 1976 58.1 1977 59.0 1978 59.6 1979 59.8 NA 57.8 42.6 NA NA 38.3 60.8 50.3 NA 62.4 42.5 44.0 66.3 57.4 NA 61.0 44.5 NA NA 40.2 64.6 52.8 NA 63.4 42.0 46.2 67.6 59.8 NA 64.3 48.5 NA NA 43.9 68.4 54.7 NA 66.6 45.3 49.2 70.0 61.1 NA 67.9 52.4 NA NA 47.6 71.2 57.6 NA 70.4 49.6 53.4 73.9 64.4 NA 68.5 51.5 NA NA 48.7 75.0 58.1 NA 71.4 50.9 55.6 75.6 66.5 NA 64.8 51.8 NA NA 48.0 79.9 58.4 NA 72.5 48.4 53.8 74.5 66.2 NA 70.3 56.5 NA NA 53.8 83.2 62.1 NA 79.9 55.0 59.6 74.2 66.4 67.1 74.0 58.9 NA NA 56.1 84.1 65.2 NA 81.1 55.9 64.2 74.1 64.9 67.9 76.0 61.5 NA NA 59.4 84.3 67.6 NA 82.8 59.4 67.7 73.9 64.9 68.4 75.7 67.0 NA NA 62.6 88.4 70.6 NA 86.0 64.6 70.2 78.0 69.0 67.9 74.0 68.0 NA NA 65.6 93.9 71.0 NA 83.5 67.7 71.3 77.0 69.3 71.4 76.9 69.7 NA NA 68.7 94.3 72.1 NA 84.1 68.4 73.3 76.9 69.3 1980 57.4 1981 59.2 1982 62.9 1983 67.8 1984 71.4 1985 73.8 1986 76.4 1987 80.9 1988 85.7 1989 89.0 72.1 75.7 72.3 NA NA 73.7 96.0 74.0 NA 83.7 68.9 75.4 79.4 72.1 77.8 81.5 73.4 NA NA 79.2 102.1 75.4 NA 87.9 71.3 81.5 82.5 78.3 82.0 89.3 76.6 NA NA 82.5 101.2 76.7 NA 90.9 77.3 88.1 87.4 84.0 84.9 91.9 82.1 NA NA 85.7 98.4 79.2 NA 93.1 81.0 89.5 89.8 84.4 84.8 89.6 81.2 NA NA 86.5 94.9 80.6 NA 93.0 83.4 90.9 88.7 85.3 92.1 91.1 86.0 NA NA 88.4 92.2 82.6 NA 91.3 86.4 91.2 90.7 88.0 96.9 93.4 90.9 NA NA 93.0 95.8 88.6 NA 94.4 90.6 94.0 90.3 89.1 95.7 93.9 94.8 NA NA 97.5 100.2 92.9 NA 96.2 92.9 97.3 93.3 91.5 1990 91.2 1991 93.9 1992 100.0 1993 104.9 1994 109.5 1995 109.1 1996 108.0 1997 109.0 1998 109.6 1999 113.8 2000 120.0 96.3 94.9 99.7 NA NA 98.5 98.4 94.1 NA 98.8 93.4 98.8 95.1 94.0 96.6 95.3 102.2 NA NA 99.2 99.3 96.4 94.7 101.0 95.5 99.7 96.4 94.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.4 106.0 99.6 NA NA 100.9 103.6 100.5 99.4 97.6 101.1 101.5 100.9 110.0 109.7 111.9 101.4 NA NA 109.7 114.0 108.5 107.9 104.7 106.6 113.2 101.9 127.3 115.6 113.1 109.7 NA NA 113.3 116.9 113.9 110.6 107.3 110.3 118.4 101.6 131.2 118.7 112.6 115.4 NA NA 117.6 111.6 114.5 110.4 109.3 109.3 120.3 101.1 134.2 123.9 115.7 119.6 NA NA 127.5 121.4 122.7 115.9 116.0 112.1 122.0 101.9 142.9 128.2 116.0 117.3 NA NA 129.8 122.9 128.0 117.1 122.3 111.3 124.4 102.6 150.9 137.7 118.9 121.5 NA NA 132.7 124.5 130.7 118.0 NA 111.6 127.2 102.1 155.7 147.0 120.3 130.9 NA NA 135.1 133.4 133.5 123.8 NA 115.3 NA 102.0 163.5 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in other countries. ** See note on Germany in box on page 5. Source: - 21 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2001. Table 3. Output in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2000 (Indexes: 1992=100) United Former West United Year Sweden States Canada Kingdom 1950 30.9 NA 49.6 22.5 1955 35.7 NA 58.3 1960 45.9 1961 49.0 1962 52.8 1963 55.4 1964 60.3 1965 64.5 1966 66.3 1967 68.5 1968 72.0 1969 77.7 1970 80.7 1971 81.2 1972 81.7 Japan Nether- Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany Germany** Italy lands Norway 2.2 NA NA NA 26.8 18.4 NA 14.5 10.1 16.7 38.5 29.1 4.9 NA NA NA 29.4 22.9 NA 27.5 15.6 22.8 47.2 NA 67.3 NA 67.6 NA 67.7 NA 70.2 NA 76.5 NA 78.7 NA 80.1 NA 80.6 NA 86.6 NA 89.9 34.0 10.7 NA NA 30.7 40.8 31.0 NA 41.5 23.0 31.5 57.0 35.4 12.9 NA NA 32.1 43.0 33.3 NA 44.0 25.4 32.6 59.4 39.3 14.0 NA NA 34.6 46.7 35.7 NA 46.2 28.1 34.2 59.8 42.0 15.6 NA NA 36.2 47.3 38.4 NA 47.1 29.9 35.7 63.4 45.9 18.1 NA NA 39.5 52.9 42.0 NA 51.2 30.3 39.0 67.9 50.5 18.8 NA NA 40.8 56.3 44.1 NA 55.0 31.9 41.7 71.5 53.9 21.3 NA NA 43.2 57.5 48.1 NA 55.9 34.8 44.0 75.8 55.0 25.6 NA NA 43.7 58.1 50.4 NA 54.7 38.3 45.7 78.2 58.1 29.5 NA NA 46.7 62.6 53.2 NA 60.3 41.8 50.1 80.1 61.9 34.4 NA NA 52.2 66.0 59.6 NA 67.4 44.5 54.9 86.0 NA 90.2 NA 89.3 NA 91.2 60.0 39.2 7.0 12.7 57.6 68.0 64.1 NA 70.9 48.1 59.1 89.9 63.7 41.0 8.3 15.5 60.1 69.4 68.1 NA 71.6 48.8 61.1 92.3 69.2 44.7 9.5 18.9 64.7 75.3 71.3 NA 73.8 51.5 62.7 96.5 1973 87.5 1974 92.2 1975 92.5 1976 92.5 1977 87.2 1978 84.9 1979 90.3 NA 99.7 NA 98.4 NA 91.6 NA 93.3 72.5 95.2 76.5 95.7 79.0 95.5 76.4 50.4 12.3 22.3 70.6 79.5 76.7 NA 78.5 58.1 67.2 102.0 77.9 49.1 14.3 21.0 73.4 80.7 78.2 NA 77.7 61.8 69.7 105.6 71.8 46.6 16.2 22.0 67.9 78.7 76.6 NA 74.1 58.3 65.1 103.2 77.9 50.6 19.9 27.0 73.0 82.5 81.1 NA 79.8 66.9 69.1 102.8 80.3 52.2 22.8 30.6 73.3 82.9 84.8 NA 81.3 69.3 72.5 102.7 84.9 53.7 27.5 37.1 74.3 82.7 86.8 NA 82.8 72.7 74.8 100.6 87.6 58.4 30.1 40.0 76.2 87.4 89.3 NA 87.1 80.3 76.7 104.7 1980 90.7 1981 88.0 1982 88.3 1983 93.9 1984 101.3 1985 102.9 1986 104.0 1987 106.6 1988 109.8 1989 110.9 75.8 87.2 79.2 81.8 74.6 81.7 79.2 83.5 87.6 86.5 90.0 89.0 88.6 90.2 96.4 94.5 103.2 101.4 102.4 105.5 85.2 60.4 29.9 44.0 78.2 91.3 88.7 NA 85.3 84.4 76.8 103.6 88.3 62.6 32.7 47.3 77.2 88.4 87.3 NA 84.4 81.8 77.0 101.7 78.9 64.6 34.6 48.5 80.4 89.8 88.2 NA 81.5 80.2 76.1 101.3 82.7 66.6 39.5 54.1 84.6 95.8 88.0 NA 82.7 79.6 78.5 99.9 93.2 71.0 46.0 62.2 87.2 100.3 87.0 NA 85.2 82.2 83.0 104.7 98.1 76.7 48.8 64.3 89.1 103.5 87.3 NA 88.3 84.9 85.4 108.5 98.9 75.5 57.9 74.7 89.1 103.5 87.3 NA 89.7 86.4 87.6 108.1 103.6 79.0 68.5 84.3 88.8 99.3 87.2 NA 88.0 89.0 88.8 110.7 109.9 85.3 76.7 87.7 93.3 100.8 92.2 NA 90.9 95.0 92.1 105.3 112.1 90.9 79.4 90.8 99.1 104.3 97.2 NA 94.0 98.3 96.6 101.3 1990 110.1 1991 104.1 1992 100.0 1993 101.9 1994 117.1 101.6 105.3 98.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.5 101.4 111.1 106.1 107.5 97.1 86.7 90.0 101.0 102.7 99.1 NA 99.1 99.4 99.9 100.2 99.2 102.0 95.0 96.1 100.7 101.7 99.8 102.3 102.8 99.3 100.4 98.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.0 96.3 105.4 102.4 97.0 99.0 95.7 92.5 91.8 96.5 98.4 102.7 113.0 94.9 116.8 108.5 101.4 109.3 100.3 95.2 93.5 102.4 104.6 106.7 1995 128.4 1996 131.1 1997 138.0 1998 147.6 1999 153.6 2000 163.4 NA: 118.4 107.8 121.3 108.2 127.9 109.6 133.3 110.1 141.0 110.1 149.5 111.9 118.5 98.9 129.9 114.9 104.2 114.7 104.9 95.3 93.7 107.2 108.1 109.0 120.0 103.0 138.7 120.3 106.6 109.7 104.6 92.6 92.5 105.4 108.7 110.1 127.3 106.5 147.8 128.3 113.8 118.5 109.7 95.7 95.8 108.8 111.5 115.7 132.5 100.2 136.8 132.6 116.3 120.8 115.0 97.1 100.7 110.5 115.2 117.7 140.8 101.0 165.6 141.5 117.7 119.8 117.3 97.5 NA 110.2 118.7 114.0 148.8 106.9 191.1 152.0 122.0 127.4 121.2 103.0 NA 113.9 NA 110.9 Not Available ** See note on Germany in box on page 5. Source: - 22 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2001. Table 4. Total hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2000 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year Kingdom Former West States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany 1950 202.2 85.5 84.8 NA NA NA NA 118.7 137.1 NA 109.8 1955 220.2 94.6 89.4 57.0 NA NA NA 119.8 136.1 NA 1960 224.6 1961 224.7 1962 220.3 1963 216.6 1964 221.7 1965 221.5 92.1 88.3 77.8 NA NA 170.7 136.5 141.2 89.7 87.2 82.4 NA NA 175.9 136.2 93.4 90.3 85.2 NA NA 180.3 94.4 92.6 87.9 NA NA 96.4 97.2 90.0 NA 102.0 101.9 89.8 NA Nether- Germany** Italy lands Norway Sweden 83.1 148.6 156.1 158.5 139.6 92.0 159.1 164.2 167.3 NA 142.3 108.1 170.6 154.1 168.3 142.8 NA 143.9 110.3 167.1 154.9 171.0 140.7 144.0 NA 140.8 110.2 169.2 156.3 170.8 181.8 138.0 147.3 NA 138.1 114.3 169.5 157.3 169.1 NA 186.5 142.6 149.1 NA 138.0 114.6 170.0 159.6 169.6 NA 183.2 144.9 146.4 NA 140.0 108.2 170.4 158.5 168.8 1966 218.2 1967 209.8 1968 209.6 1969 212.4 108.6 106.8 92.8 NA NA 181.5 140.8 147.8 NA 136.7 108.8 168.3 161.2 166.5 108.0 107.9 98.3 NA NA 173.6 132.7 145.8 NA 125.9 113.8 162.7 160.5 158.4 109.6 108.2 101.4 NA NA 170.9 130.9 139.3 NA 128.3 115.4 158.8 155.0 152.6 110.9 109.7 103.0 NA NA 174.9 132.7 146.9 NA 133.8 118.5 158.5 152.1 152.5 1970 208.8 1971 196.9 1972 190.5 1973 194.1 1974 188.5 1975 179.3 1976 175.1 1977 176.9 1978 175.4 1979 173.7 104.4 107.1 104.4 NA NA 174.7 129.0 148.9 NA 136.3 120.2 156.2 154.3 154.7 100.5 107.4 103.1 NA NA 171.4 123.3 149.6 NA 132.5 120.0 152.4 153.8 149.1 105.1 110.8 102.6 NA NA 165.2 123.8 149.8 NA 128.7 116.8 144.9 153.0 142.9 110.4 114.9 106.0 NA NA 162.1 118.8 150.6 NA 128.4 121.7 140.2 152.5 142.5 107.9 115.5 100.6 NA NA 160.4 116.7 150.2 NA 122.9 121.7 135.4 151.9 144.0 97.2 111.1 92.8 NA NA 142.6 103.5 142.2 NA 112.5 118.6 128.2 150.0 142.3 101.9 111.1 95.1 NA NA 139.4 104.7 141.8 NA 113.1 119.8 122.7 145.8 140.2 106.1 108.8 94.4 NA NA 133.3 103.1 140.0 NA 111.8 121.5 119.1 143.6 134.2 110.6 112.8 93.4 NA NA 127.4 101.4 137.2 NA 110.1 119.7 115.2 138.3 127.1 112.7 116.2 93.8 NA NA 124.2 102.1 134.8 NA 111.0 120.7 112.7 134.0 125.5 1980 160.5 1981 143.3 1982 135.6 1983 128.4 1984 126.4 1985 125.2 1986 122.0 1987 121.0 107.5 114.6 95.6 NA NA 119.7 101.1 133.2 NA 110.5 121.3 111.8 135.0 124.0 107.0 113.2 95.9 NA NA 110.2 96.3 127.4 NA 107.1 116.4 109.4 133.0 121.0 97.9 102.0 95.1 NA NA 109.4 97.5 120.2 NA 103.4 113.0 106.3 127.1 117.2 98.9 100.7 96.8 NA NA 104.3 99.2 117.4 NA 100.1 108.4 101.6 121.2 116.1 105.3 103.4 99.8 NA NA 102.6 104.4 114.2 NA 99.7 103.2 97.9 119.7 118.9 104.6 106.4 100.3 NA NA 102.4 107.0 110.4 NA 99.1 100.8 96.7 120.2 119.4 103.0 110.5 99.2 NA NA 101.5 113.7 108.6 NA 100.1 102.2 97.3 121.6 118.9 103.8 114.7 98.5 NA NA 100.0 109.6 106.5 NA 99.9 103.5 97.7 118.6 119.5 1988 122.8 1989 122.4 106.6 121.2 101.7 NA NA 101.5 107.2 105.4 NA 99.3 109.0 99.0 114.3 121.4 107.1 120.2 102.7 NA NA 102.3 104.7 105.8 NA 99.3 109.8 99.8 107.1 119.0 1990 118.1 1991 106.6 1992 100.0 1993 97.6 1994 99.1 1995 102.8 1996 104.6 1997 104.4 1998 103.6 1999 99.4 2000 96.1 104.8 113.5 102.9 NA NA 104.3 103.7 105.9 NA 100.1 107.8 101.5 103.7 116.4 100.4 103.9 103.1 NA NA 101.5 102.1 103.1 103.3 100.9 104.2 101.0 100.8 109.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.4 100.1 94.7 NA NA 94.7 94.8 95.1 90.8 91.3 93.6 96.9 102.1 94.9 103.6 103.0 91.9 NA NA 93.6 NA 92.4 86.6 86.7 96.8 92.4 105.2 98.1 104.0 106.4 89.1 NA NA 92.0 NA 91.5 84.5 84.3 98.0 91.6 106.8 105.3 103.6 109.0 88.7 NA NA 91.1 NA 90.7 80.3 80.4 96.5 90.5 107.9 105.3 105.5 112.4 88.0 NA NA 89.7 NA 88.6 79.1 78.6 97.5 91.2 112.3 104.3 105.2 117.1 82.7 NA NA 90.3 NA 88.8 80.2 79.3 99.4 92.2 113.6 105.8 104.3 122.6 80.3 NA NA 91.3 NA 88.3 79.6 NA 98.6 93.0 110.6 107.1 103.4 128.0 80.6 NA NA 91.8 NA 86.2 79.4 NA 98.5 NA 106.4 108.6 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in other countries. ** See note on Germany in box on page 5. Source: - 23 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2001. Table 5. Employment in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2000 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year Sweden States Canada Kingdom Former West Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany Germany** NetherItaly lands Norway 1950 122.0 84.3 164.7 77.9 NA NA NA NA 84.4 113.7 NA 75.2 75.4 114.1 119.2 1955 129.7 93.1 177.1 85.3 47.8 NA NA NA 86.7 113.3 NA 95.5 81.4 121.8 125.1 1960 137.8 1961 141.3 1962 142.2 1963 142.4 1964 144.3 1965 144.8 1966 143.0 1967 138.3 1968 136.0 1969 138.4 92.6 184.4 90.0 186.9 92.8 185.2 93.5 182.3 94.9 185.1 99.3 187.5 105.4 188.0 106.7 182.2 108.5 180.5 110.6 183.0 84.8 62.8 NA NA 135.7 104.1 116.9 NA 108.1 94.6 129.4 122.2 84.1 67.5 NA NA 140.1 107.0 117.7 NA 111.3 97.5 132.2 124.8 86.5 71.3 NA NA 143.3 109.7 118.9 NA 111.8 100.6 134.7 126.2 88.5 74.1 NA NA 144.7 109.3 121.5 NA 111.0 103.8 135.4 127.7 92.5 76.4 NA NA 148.8 112.0 123.7 NA 111.0 104.1 137.1 128.8 96.9 77.4 NA NA 148.7 113.9 122.5 NA 113.0 101.7 137.9 130.8 102.4 79.7 NA NA 148.5 112.8 123.2 NA 111.8 101.1 137.0 132.7 103.3 84.3 NA NA 143.9 107.5 122.7 NA 105.8 104.4 132.9 133.5 103.8 87.2 NA NA 141.5 108.5 120.6 NA 106.6 105.8 132.1 132.0 105.7 89.7 NA NA 146.3 111.4 124.1 NA 111.0 109.4 133.7 132.6 1970 140.6 1971 135.9 1972 133.8 1973 135.8 1974 138.7 1975 139.8 1976 139.4 1977 134.5 1978 130.7 106.3 182.6 102.2 176.4 105.0 172.3 110.5 173.3 110.1 173.9 100.6 166.0 104.2 160.7 108.2 161.2 112.7 160.6 103.9 91.9 NA NA 150.2 111.9 127.3 NA 113.6 113.0 134.3 135.5 104.4 92.3 NA NA 149.6 107.3 128.9 NA 112.9 116.0 132.2 136.4 107.7 92.3 NA NA 147.4 110.1 130.4 NA 110.8 113.8 127.5 137.8 112.5 96.2 NA NA 148.4 111.6 133.2 NA 111.5 117.1 125.8 138.1 113.9 95.3 NA NA 150.7 107.6 134.6 NA 108.9 121.4 125.4 139.6 110.9 90.0 NA NA 141.5 98.5 131.2 NA 102.2 120.4 121.0 138.6 110.7 89.5 NA NA 135.8 99.2 130.5 NA 99.9 121.6 116.0 138.4 108.5 88.6 NA NA 130.5 98.5 130.0 NA 100.3 123.9 113.1 138.6 111.7 87.4 NA NA 125.0 98.0 128.4 NA 100.0 122.4 110.5 136.1 1979 131.0 115.6 159.6 115.7 87.2 NA NA 121.8 98.8 126.5 NA 101.2 124.3 109.3 134.2 1980 130.9 1981 127.0 1982 122.4 1983 119.9 1984 120.5 1985 122.0 1986 121.9 1987 121.1 1988 123.3 1989 121.2 111.6 151.8 111.0 138.1 103.5 129.9 101.8 123.3 106.8 121.2 106.0 120.6 104.5 118.0 104.7 116.9 106.6 118.3 107.0 118.6 115.1 88.9 NA NA 119.3 97.2 125.0 NA 102.2 124.7 107.8 134.5 114.8 89.8 NA NA 112.4 93.8 121.0 NA 100.3 119.7 105.0 132.3 104.3 89.3 NA NA 109.2 93.6 119.1 NA 97.4 116.4 101.0 127.6 101.6 90.8 NA NA 106.8 93.9 116.7 NA 94.1 111.7 96.4 121.0 104.4 92.7 NA NA 105.7 99.1 113.4 NA 93.7 106.4 94.2 119.8 106.8 93.5 NA NA 104.0 105.2 110.3 NA 94.9 104.8 95.4 120.7 110.4 93.0 NA NA 103.0 109.1 108.3 NA 96.4 103.6 96.5 122.0 113.7 91.9 NA NA 100.5 107.7 105.6 NA 96.4 103.1 97.4 122.0 117.6 93.9 NA NA 100.4 105.3 104.1 NA 96.3 104.9 98.0 116.6 119.4 95.9 NA NA 101.7 104.1 104.7 NA 97.6 105.8 99.3 108.7 1990 117.2 1991 109.9 1992 100.0 1993 92.6 1994 92.0 1995 97.9 1996 97.6 1997 96.6 1998 97.8 1999 98.7 2000 100.0 105.4 115.5 101.8 106.6 100.0 100.0 100.1 96.7 101.3 97.0 102.5 98.8 102.2 100.1 103.2 100.6 104.0 100.4 102.4 96.8 101.7 93.2 113.2 97.5 NA NA 102.5 104.3 105.4 NA 100.3 106.4 101.1 105.4 104.1 99.8 NA NA 101.5 102.4 103.6 108.0 101.8 104.1 100.7 101.9 100.0 100.0 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.1 96.8 NA NA 96.1 95.5 95.2 93.0 94.0 95.5 96.9 101.8 100.9 93.6 NA NA 92.5 95.8 92.4 88.2 89.3 96.1 92.4 104.7 104.8 90.1 NA NA 91.9 98.1 92.1 86.2 87.3 97.2 91.3 107.2 106.6 89.3 NA NA 90.6 98.3 91.3 83.8 84.6 96.4 90.3 108.9 110.0 89.1 NA NA 89.2 97.5 89.4 82.6 82.6 97.1 91.4 113.6 114.2 85.5 NA NA 89.6 98.3 89.8 82.9 82.4 99.2 92.6 114.7 118.5 83.2 NA NA 88.7 96.3 89.7 82.6 NA 98.8 93.4 111.6 123.7 81.7 NA NA 90.3 95.5 90.8 83.2 NA 98.9 NA 108.7 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in other countries. ** See note on Germany in box on page 5. Source: - 24 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2001. Table 6. Annual hours per employed person in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2000 (Indexes: 1992=100) United Former West United Year Sweden States Canada Kingdom 1950 129.9 101.4 122.8 1955 129.0 1960 122.1 1961 121.1 1962 120.1 1963 118.8 1964 117.5 1965 116.6 1966 116.4 1967 114.5 1968 112.2 1969 110.2 Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany 108.8 NA NA NA NA 140.7 120.6 NA 101.5 124.3 104.8 119.3 NA NA NA 138.2 120.1 99.5 121.8 99.6 120.2 100.6 119.0 100.9 118.8 101.6 119.8 102.7 118.1 103.0 116.1 101.2 115.2 101.0 116.1 100.2 116.1 104.1 123.9 NA NA 125.8 131.2 103.6 122.0 NA NA 125.5 104.4 119.5 NA NA 104.7 118.6 NA 105.1 117.9 105.2 Germany** NetherItaly lands Norway 146.0 110.2 130.3 130.9 NA 146.1 113.0 130.6 131.2 120.8 NA 131.7 114.3 131.9 126.1 127.3 121.3 NA 129.4 113.1 126.5 124.2 125.8 128.3 121.1 NA 126.0 109.5 125.6 123.8 NA 125.7 126.3 121.2 NA 124.4 110.0 125.2 123.2 NA NA 125.3 127.4 120.5 NA 124.3 110.0 124.0 124.0 115.9 NA NA 123.2 127.2 119.4 NA 123.9 106.4 123.6 121.1 104.4 116.5 NA NA 122.2 124.8 120.0 NA 122.3 107.6 122.9 121.4 104.5 116.7 NA NA 120.7 123.4 118.9 NA 119.0 109.1 122.4 120.3 104.2 116.4 NA NA 120.7 120.6 115.5 NA 120.4 109.1 120.2 117.4 103.9 114.8 NA NA 119.5 119.1 118.4 NA 120.6 108.3 118.5 114.7 1970 110.0 1971 109.7 1972 106.8 1973 104.9 1974 103.8 1975 101.8 1976 100.6 1977 99.8 1978 97.2 1979 95.8 98.2 114.3 98.4 111.6 100.0 110.6 99.9 112.0 98.0 108.4 96.6 108.0 97.7 109.0 98.1 109.7 98.1 109.3 97.5 108.8 103.2 113.6 NA NA 116.3 115.3 117.0 NA 119.9 106.4 116.4 113.9 102.8 111.8 NA NA 114.6 114.9 116.1 NA 117.3 103.4 115.3 112.7 102.9 111.1 NA NA 112.0 112.4 114.9 NA 116.2 102.7 113.6 111.0 102.1 110.2 NA NA 109.3 106.4 113.1 NA 115.2 103.9 111.4 110.4 101.5 105.6 NA NA 106.4 108.5 111.6 NA 112.9 100.3 108.0 108.9 100.2 103.2 NA NA 100.7 105.1 108.3 NA 110.1 98.5 106.0 108.2 100.3 106.2 NA NA 102.6 105.6 108.7 NA 113.2 98.5 105.8 105.4 100.3 106.5 NA NA 102.1 104.6 107.7 NA 111.5 98.0 105.3 103.6 101.0 106.9 NA NA 101.9 103.4 106.8 NA 110.1 97.8 104.3 101.6 100.5 107.6 NA NA 102.0 103.3 106.6 NA 109.7 97.1 103.1 99.9 1980 94.8 1981 95.3 1982 95.7 1983 96.9 1984 98.6 1985 97.9 1986 97.5 1987 98.7 1988 98.5 1989 98.2 96.3 105.7 96.4 103.7 94.6 104.4 97.2 104.2 98.6 104.3 98.7 103.8 98.6 103.4 99.1 103.6 100.0 103.8 100.0 103.3 99.6 107.6 NA NA 100.4 104.0 106.6 NA 108.1 97.3 103.7 100.4 98.7 106.8 NA NA 98.1 102.7 105.3 NA 106.8 97.3 104.2 100.6 97.8 106.5 NA NA 100.2 104.2 100.9 NA 106.2 97.1 105.3 99.7 99.1 106.6 NA NA 97.7 105.6 100.6 NA 106.4 97.1 105.4 100.1 99.0 107.7 NA NA 97.1 105.3 100.7 NA 106.4 97.1 104.0 99.9 99.6 107.3 NA NA 98.5 101.8 100.1 NA 104.5 96.2 101.3 99.6 100.1 106.7 NA NA 98.6 104.2 100.3 NA 103.9 98.6 100.8 99.7 100.9 107.2 NA NA 99.4 101.8 100.9 NA 103.6 100.4 100.3 97.2 103.0 108.3 NA NA 101.1 101.8 101.2 NA 103.2 104.0 101.1 98.0 100.7 107.1 NA NA 100.6 100.6 101.0 NA 101.7 103.7 100.5 98.6 1990 99.3 1991 99.4 102.3 98.7 100.2 105.6 NA NA 101.8 99.4 100.5 NA 99.8 101.2 100.5 98.4 99.8 103.2 NA NA 100.0 99.7 99.5 95.6 99.1 100.1 100.2 98.9 99.2 1992 100.0 1993 102.6 1994 106.6 1995 107.6 1996 107.9 1997 108.0 1998 108.2 1999 108.5 2000 108.7 NA: 100.1 100.0 100.0 101.3 100.9 102.2 102.2 101.5 104.0 101.5 104.4 102.2 103.8 101.2 103.1 101.9 102.7 101.6 103.1 100.0 100.0 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.0 97.9 NA NA 98.5 99.2 99.9 97.6 97.0 98.0 100.0 100.3 102.0 98.1 NA NA 101.2 NA 99.9 98.2 97.1 100.7 100.0 100.5 101.6 98.8 NA NA 100.1 NA 99.3 98.0 96.5 100.8 100.3 99.6 102.3 99.4 NA NA 100.5 NA 99.4 95.8 95.0 100.0 100.2 99.1 102.2 98.8 NA NA 100.6 NA 99.1 95.8 95.2 100.4 99.8 98.9 102.6 96.7 NA NA 100.8 NA 98.9 96.8 96.2 100.2 99.6 99.1 103.5 96.6 NA NA 102.9 NA 98.4 96.4 NA 99.8 99.6 99.0 103.4 98.7 NA NA 101.7 NA 95.0 95.4 NA 99.6 NA 97.9 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in other countries. ** See note on Germany in box on page 5. Source: - 25 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2001. Table 7. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2000 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year Sweden* Former West States Canada* Kingdom* Nether- Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Germany Germany** Italy lands Norway 1950 1.6 8.7 5.4 NA NA NA NA 2.5 1.6 NA 3.4 0.8 3.1 2.2 1.9 1955 2.2 11.7 7.7 3.1 NA NA NA 3.4 2.8 NA 5.0 1.2 4.5 3.4 2.9 1960 14.9 10.0 4.3 NA NA 5.4 4.6 4.3 NA 8.1 1.6 6.4 4.7 4.1 3.0 1961 3.2 1962 3.3 1963 3.5 1964 3.7 1965 4.1 1966 4.4 1967 4.6 1968 4.9 1969 5.3 15.3 10.2 5.0 NA NA 5.7 5.2 4.7 NA 9.1 1.8 7.3 5.2 4.5 15.9 10.6 5.7 NA NA 6.2 5.6 5.2 NA 10.3 2.1 7.8 5.7 5.0 16.4 11.1 6.4 NA NA 6.8 6.1 5.7 NA 11.0 2.5 8.6 6.1 5.5 17.0 11.5 7.2 NA NA 7.7 6.6 6.2 NA 11.9 2.6 9.9 6.5 6.0 17.4 12.2 8.1 NA NA 8.5 7.4 6.7 NA 13.1 2.8 11.1 7.2 6.6 18.2 13.1 8.9 NA NA 9.4 8.4 7.1 NA 14.2 3.0 12.5 7.8 7.3 19.2 13.8 10.0 NA NA 10.3 9.4 7.6 NA 15.0 3.3 13.8 8.8 8.1 20.7 14.7 11.6 NA NA 11.0 10.3 8.6 NA 16.1 3.5 15.4 9.6 8.8 22.2 15.9 13.8 NA NA 12.1 11.6 9.2 NA 17.6 3.9 17.4 10.6 9.6 1970 6.1 1971 7.0 1972 8.1 1973 9.2 1974 11.1 1975 14.7 1976 17.1 1977 19.3 1978 22.5 1979 26.8 23.7 17.1 16.4 NA NA 13.7 13.3 10.3 NA 20.7 4.7 20.2 11.8 10.7 25.2 18.2 19.0 NA NA 15.9 15.2 11.6 NA 23.2 5.5 23.1 13.5 12.1 26.5 19.5 21.9 NA NA 18.8 16.9 12.8 NA 25.6 6.1 26.5 15.2 13.5 28.5 21.2 26.7 NA NA 22.3 20.5 14.7 NA 29.0 7.2 31.6 17.1 15.2 31.6 24.6 35.0 NA NA 27.4 24.8 17.4 NA 33.0 9.4 37.7 20.1 17.9 35.5 28.3 40.8 NA NA 33.1 29.6 21.3 NA 36.4 11.9 43.1 24.0 21.9 38.4 32.5 43.9 NA NA 38.3 33.0 24.4 NA 39.1 14.7 48.1 27.7 25.7 41.8 36.1 48.5 NA NA 41.4 36.5 27.7 NA 42.8 17.4 52.5 31.1 28.1 45.2 38.8 51.7 NA NA 44.4 40.2 31.2 NA 45.9 20.1 56.8 34.1 31.1 49.6 42.7 55.0 NA NA 47.2 45.0 35.4 NA 49.3 24.3 61.1 35.8 33.5 1980 32.3 1981 37.5 1982 55.6 47.6 58.5 NA NA 52.5 49.6 40.8 NA 53.6 28.5 64.4 39.0 37.3 61.1 53.8 62.6 NA NA 57.3 54.6 47.2 NA 57.0 34.5 67.4 43.3 41.2 67.0 61.0 65.7 NA NA 59.9 59.5 56.1 NA 60.4 40.5 71.5 48.2 44.2 41.3 1983 44.3 1984 47.8 1985 52.3 1986 57.0 1987 63.6 1988 68.0 1989 73.0 1990 81.6 1991 92.0 1992 100.0 1993 104.5 1994 107.2 1995 107.8 1996 108.9 1997 112.9 1998 118.9 1999 124.5 2000 129.1 NA: 68.8 65.3 67.5 NA NA 65.7 63.6 61.9 NA 63.1 47.2 74.9 52.9 49.0 71.2 69.0 69.5 NA NA 71.4 67.2 67.2 NA 66.0 54.1 77.7 57.9 53.2 75.1 71.9 72.4 NA NA 75.3 71.7 72.8 NA 70.0 60.8 81.8 63.4 58.6 78.5 73.0 76.0 NA NA 77.3 73.2 75.8 NA 72.8 63.3 85.0 69.1 63.4 80.7 74.7 77.8 NA NA 79.7 80.1 78.6 NA 76.0 66.9 87.8 78.4 67.6 84.0 77.5 79.1 NA NA 81.1 82.9 81.6 NA 79.1 69.3 87.7 83.3 71.8 86.6 82.6 84.0 NA NA 85.9 87.7 86.0 NA 83.2 75.9 88.5 87.2 79.4 90.8 88.3 90.5 NA NA 90.1 92.7 90.6 NA 89.4 84.4 90.8 92.3 87.8 95.6 95.0 96.4 NA NA 97.3 95.9 96.2 92.2 95.1 93.7 95.2 97.5 95.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.7 102.0 102.8 NA NA 104.8 104.6 103.0 106.4 105.9 107.5 103.7 101.5 97.4 105.6 103.7 104.9 NA NA 106.1 NA 105.6 112.0 111.7 107.8 108.2 104.4 100.0 107.9 106.0 108.3 NA NA 109.2 NA 108.5 118.2 117.7 112.7 110.6 109.2 106.5 109.4 107.0 109.2 NA NA 110.9 NA 110.3 123.8 123.7 120.3 113.2 113.6 114.4 111.4 109.3 112.9 NA NA 114.7 NA 113.0 126.3 126.6 124.9 116.2 118.7 119.4 117.4 111.6 115.8 NA NA 116.4 NA 115.6 127.5 127.6 123.4 119.8 126.1 124.4 122.1 113.1 115.5 NA NA 116.8 NA 118.6 129.6 NA 127.5 123.5 133.4 127.5 130.1 117.0 115.5 NA NA 119.8 NA 124.9 134.2 NA 131.2 NA 140.1 130.7 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor cost to employers. ** See note on Germany in box on page 5. Source: - 26 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2001. Table 8. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2000 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year Sweden* Former West States Canada* Kingdom* Nether- Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Germany Germany** Italy lands Norway 1950 2.5 8.7 6.0 NA NA NA NA 2.2 2.4 NA 1.3 1.7 1.4 1.9 2.1 1955 3.5 11.7 9.5 1.1 NA NA NA 3.0 4.3 NA 1.9 2.4 2.1 2.9 3.3 1960 4.7 1961 5.1 1962 5.3 1963 5.5 1964 5.9 1965 6.5 1966 7.0 1967 7.1 1968 6.6 1969 7.2 14.9 12.4 1.5 NA NA 3.5 4.0 4.6 NA 3.0 3.2 3.0 4.1 4.6 15.3 12.2 1.8 NA NA 3.7 4.5 5.1 NA 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.5 5.0 15.9 12.0 2.0 NA NA 4.0 4.9 5.6 NA 4.0 4.1 3.8 5.0 5.6 16.4 12.4 2.2 NA NA 4.4 5.4 6.1 NA 4.3 4.9 4.2 5.3 6.2 17.0 12.9 2.5 NA NA 5.0 5.8 6.7 NA 4.7 5.2 4.8 5.6 6.8 17.4 13.7 2.8 NA NA 5.5 6.4 7.2 NA 5.1 5.6 5.4 6.2 7.5 18.2 14.7 3.1 NA NA 6.1 7.3 7.6 NA 5.5 5.9 6.1 6.8 8.2 19.2 15.4 3.5 NA NA 6.7 8.1 8.2 NA 5.9 6.5 6.7 7.6 9.1 20.7 16.5 4.1 NA NA 7.1 8.3 9.2 NA 6.3 7.0 7.5 8.4 9.9 22.2 17.9 4.9 NA NA 7.7 9.3 9.4 NA 7.0 7.6 8.5 9.3 10.8 1970 8.3 1971 9.7 23.7 19.8 5.8 NA NA 8.9 10.7 9.9 NA 8.9 9.3 9.8 10.3 12.0 25.2 21.7 6.9 NA NA 10.5 12.4 11.1 NA 10.4 10.9 11.6 11.9 13.8 1972 11.5 1973 12.8 1974 14.7 1975 18.5 1976 17.5 1977 19.1 1978 24.5 1979 32.2 26.5 23.8 9.1 NA NA 13.7 14.7 13.4 NA 12.6 12.9 14.5 14.3 16.5 28.5 25.6 12.5 NA NA 18.5 20.5 17.5 NA 17.1 15.2 20.0 18.5 20.3 31.6 30.5 15.2 NA NA 22.6 24.6 19.2 NA 19.9 17.8 24.7 22.6 23.5 35.5 33.7 17.4 NA NA 29.0 31.1 26.3 NA 23.1 22.4 30.1 28.6 30.8 38.4 39.9 18.8 NA NA 31.9 32.9 27.0 NA 24.3 21.9 32.0 31.6 34.3 41.8 41.1 22.9 NA NA 37.1 36.7 29.8 NA 28.8 24.3 37.6 36.3 36.7 45.2 41.2 31.4 NA NA 45.4 44.1 36.7 NA 35.8 29.2 46.2 40.4 40.2 49.6 44.0 32.0 NA NA 51.7 51.6 44.0 NA 42.0 36.1 53.5 43.9 45.6 1980 42.5 1981 43.0 1982 40.9 1983 38.0 1984 36.2 1985 38.4 1986 47.3 1987 59.0 1988 68.6 1989 67.7 55.6 49.1 32.7 NA NA 57.7 53.2 51.1 NA 46.1 41.1 57.0 49.0 51.4 61.1 54.2 36.0 NA NA 49.5 46.2 46.0 NA 39.3 37.3 47.4 46.9 47.4 67.0 59.7 33.4 NA NA 42.1 43.0 45.1 NA 38.8 36.8 47.1 46.4 41.0 68.8 64.0 36.0 NA NA 41.3 42.0 43.0 NA 38.6 38.2 46.1 45.0 37.2 71.2 64.4 37.1 NA NA 39.7 39.2 40.7 NA 36.3 38.0 42.6 44.1 37.5 75.1 63.6 38.5 NA NA 40.8 40.9 42.9 NA 37.2 39.2 43.3 45.8 39.7 78.5 63.5 57.2 NA NA 55.6 54.6 57.9 NA 52.4 52.3 61.1 58.0 51.8 80.7 68.1 68.2 NA NA 68.6 70.6 69.2 NA 66.0 63.5 76.2 72.3 62.1 84.0 76.2 78.2 NA NA 70.9 74.3 72.5 NA 70.4 65.5 78.0 79.3 68.2 86.6 84.3 77.1 NA NA 70.1 72.3 71.4 NA 69.1 68.2 73.4 78.4 71.6 1990 82.5 1991 92.0 1992 100.0 1993 88.9 90.8 91.5 79.1 NA NA 86.6 90.4 88.0 NA 86.4 86.8 87.7 91.7 86.4 95.6 100.1 90.8 NA NA 91.5 90.5 90.2 86.7 89.4 93.0 89.4 93.3 91.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.7 95.5 117.3 NA NA 97.4 97.4 96.2 100.4 100.0 84.2 98.1 88.8 72.8 1994 92.9 1995 96.4 1996 96.3 1997 104.7 1998 111.5 1999 114.0 2000 110.7 NA: 105.6 91.7 130.1 NA NA 102.1 NA 100.8 107.8 107.6 82.4 104.6 91.9 75.5 107.9 93.3 146.2 NA NA 119.1 NA 115.1 128.9 128.3 85.2 121.2 107.1 86.9 109.4 94.8 127.2 NA NA 115.1 NA 114.1 128.5 128.4 96.0 118.0 109.3 99.3 111.4 95.3 118.3 NA NA 103.0 NA 102.5 113.7 114.0 90.3 104.6 104.1 91.0 117.4 90.9 112.0 NA NA 103.0 NA 103.8 113.1 113.3 87.5 106.2 103.8 91.1 122.1 92.0 128.8 NA NA 99.2 NA 102.0 110.3 NA 86.4 105.0 106.2 89.8 130.1 95.2 135.9 NA NA 88.1 NA 93.0 99.0 NA 77.1 NA 98.8 83.0 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in other countries * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees but are labor cost to employers. ** See note on Germany in box on page 5. Source: - 27 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2001. Table 9. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2000 (Indexes: 1992=100) United United Year Sweden* Former West States Canada* Kingdom* Nether- Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Germany Germany** Italy lands Norway 1950 6.4 NA 20.5 NA NA NA NA 11.0 12.0 NA 25.5 7.0 27.7 8.9 9.5 1955 8.4 NA 23.7 36.4 NA NA NA 13.8 16.8 NA 25.4 7.1 31.6 11.7 13.8 1960 9.9 1961 NA 25.9 31.3 NA NA 30.1 15.4 19.4 NA 27.8 7.5 34.6 12.8 15.0 NA 25.2 32.1 NA NA 31.5 16.3 20.2 NA 29.7 7.7 37.4 13.5 15.6 10.6 1962 10.9 1963 10.8 1964 10.8 1965 11.5 1966 12.0 1967 11.9 1968 11.8 1969 12.6 1970 14.2 1971 15.4 1972 16.9 1973 18.0 1974 21.2 1975 28.9 1976 32.1 1977 35.9 1978 41.3 1979 48.7 1980 59.4 1981 65.7 1982 68.5 1983 NA 24.4 34.9 NA NA 32.1 17.0 21.0 NA 31.5 8.2 38.5 14.9 16.2 NA 24.4 36.1 NA NA 34.2 17.9 21.7 NA 32.2 9.4 40.7 15.1 16.9 NA 24.4 35.8 NA NA 36.3 17.9 21.9 NA 32.1 10.0 43.2 15.2 16.9 NA 24.6 38.7 NA NA 38.3 18.9 22.2 NA 33.3 9.6 45.4 15.9 17.4 NA 26.0 38.9 NA NA 39.6 20.5 21.7 NA 34.7 9.4 47.7 16.7 18.2 NA 27.1 38.5 NA NA 40.9 21.4 22.0 NA 34.5 9.9 49.2 18.0 18.7 NA 27.4 40.0 NA NA 40.3 21.6 22.6 NA 34.3 9.8 48.8 18.7 18.5 NA 28.2 41.4 NA NA 40.4 23.4 22.6 NA 35.0 10.3 50.4 18.8 18.8 NA 30.5 43.8 8.3 23.3 41.7 25.2 24.0 NA 39.8 11.8 53.3 20.3 20.6 NA 30.6 47.8 8.8 24.4 45.2 27.1 25.5 NA 42.9 13.4 57.6 22.5 22.2 NA 31.2 50.1 9.7 24.4 47.9 27.8 26.9 NA 44.7 13.9 61.2 24.1 23.6 NA 31.9 56.2 11.6 28.2 51.2 30.6 28.8 NA 47.5 15.1 65.8 25.5 24.8 NA 36.5 71.8 14.2 42.7 59.9 35.9 33.5 NA 52.1 18.5 73.2 28.9 27.9 NA 43.8 81.3 16.3 43.4 69.5 38.9 39.5 NA 55.2 24.2 84.9 34.8 33.7 NA 46.4 82.6 20.7 44.6 73.1 41.8 42.6 NA 55.4 26.4 85.5 39.3 38.9 61.2 48.9 87.6 24.4 46.4 75.3 45.4 45.7 NA 58.8 30.6 86.2 43.5 43.3 65.3 51.6 89.8 29.3 46.5 76.1 49.3 49.4 NA 61.1 33.1 87.5 46.8 46.6 70.7 56.7 88.4 35.9 52.8 76.8 52.5 53.4 NA 62.9 36.6 89.7 45.8 46.6 78.8 63.9 92.5 45.1 61.1 80.3 55.0 61.3 NA 69.4 41.0 93.7 50.8 51.0 82.4 69.0 96.0 52.1 70.9 81.7 59.5 68.9 NA 72.4 49.0 95.8 56.6 56.6 87.9 78.9 96.7 55.6 75.5 81.5 64.6 76.5 NA 76.7 57.0 100.0 60.5 58.7 86.0 79.4 98.0 59.6 73.9 81.1 65.8 82.5 NA 76.4 64.2 96.9 64.2 60.7 68.1 1984 69.8 1985 73.6 1986 77.1 1987 81.5 1988 82.3 1989 84.7 1990 91.6 1991 98.1 1992 100.0 1993 100.6 1994 100.0 1995 102.9 1996 105.3 1997 107.6 1998 111.8 1999 112.4 2000 110.9 NA: 85.6 76.5 97.7 61.9 76.8 84.0 69.9 88.2 NA 77.3 67.9 91.6 66.3 62.5 87.3 78.0 94.6 62.1 80.0 86.5 74.2 92.0 NA 78.6 72.2 92.5 70.2 68.0 91.2 81.5 99.9 62.1 82.1 88.0 80.4 94.3 NA 81.2 74.9 94.4 77.7 72.4 86.9 82.8 97.0 66.9 82.1 89.7 88.4 96.1 NA 86.3 77.8 96.6 84.1 75.8 86.7 85.5 94.3 76.1 84.4 88.1 88.2 93.3 NA 86.5 79.4 94.2 90.4 79.4 90.5 88.6 94.9 81.5 88.3 88.7 88.1 93.5 NA 87.9 84.8 91.4 92.2 85.1 93.7 93.3 95.9 85.9 95.1 93.0 93.6 96.8 NA 90.3 91.5 92.3 95.6 92.9 97.6 99.5 97.4 95.0 96.4 98.1 96.3 99.3 93.1 93.3 98.2 95.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 97.2 101.1 103.8 100.9 102.3 100.1 102.4 104.5 105.3 104.3 102.1 100.9 90.8 98.5 94.5 101.5 108.2 101.9 97.9 93.0 97.2 101.9 103.6 101.9 95.6 102.9 83.8 94.8 95.2 97.6 120.4 102.1 96.4 93.8 94.6 104.7 105.9 103.0 93.7 107.0 87.4 93.5 97.2 94.0 126.5 101.6 94.7 100.9 95.7 107.4 107.5 110.0 94.2 111.4 91.9 91.9 96.5 93.3 116.1 100.0 90.5 96.9 91.3 104.4 103.9 111.9 95.1 115.2 90.2 92.7 98.6 95.5 113.6 101.4 90.3 98.7 89.3 105.3 100.4 111.1 95.9 121.7 89.2 90.4 98.4 91.8 99.2 98.9 90.6 101.9 89.3 105.9 NA 114.0 96.7 129.5 88.8 89.9 100.6 87.1 96.6 96.6 90.2 99.0 88.9 103.4 NA 113.4 NA 134.5 86.9 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor cost to employers. ** See note on Germany in box on page 5. Source: - 28 Table 10. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2001. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2000 1992=100) United United Year Sweden* Former West States Canada* Kingdom* Nether- Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Germany Germany** Italy lands Norway 1950 10.1 NA 22.7 NA NA NA NA 9.6 18.1 NA 9.5 13.8 12.8 7.8 10.7 1955 13.3 NA 29.1 12.8 NA NA NA 12.0 25.3 NA 9.4 14.1 14.6 10.2 15.5 1960 15.8 1961 16.8 1962 17.3 1963 17.1 1964 17.1 1965 18.2 1966 19.0 1967 18.5 1968 16.0 1969 17.1 NA 32.2 11.0 NA NA 19.4 13.5 20.9 NA 10.4 14.9 16.1 11.2 16.9 NA 30.1 11.3 NA NA 20.3 14.3 21.8 NA 11.6 15.3 18.1 11.8 17.6 NA 27.6 12.3 NA NA 20.7 14.9 22.7 NA 12.3 16.2 18.8 12.9 18.3 NA 27.3 12.7 NA NA 22.0 15.7 23.4 NA 12.6 18.7 19.9 13.1 18.9 NA 27.3 12.5 NA NA 23.5 15.6 23.6 NA 12.6 19.7 21.1 13.2 19.1 NA 27.6 13.6 NA NA 24.8 16.5 24.0 NA 13.0 18.9 22.2 13.8 19.6 NA 29.1 13.6 NA NA 25.6 17.9 23.4 NA 13.6 18.5 23.2 14.5 20.6 NA 30.3 13.5 NA NA 26.5 18.5 23.7 NA 13.5 19.5 24.0 15.6 21.1 NA 30.7 14.1 NA NA 25.9 17.4 24.1 NA 13.4 19.3 23.7 16.2 20.9 NA 31.7 14.6 NA NA 25.9 18.8 23.1 NA 13.9 20.3 24.4 16.4 21.1 1970 19.3 1971 21.4 1972 23.9 NA 35.3 15.5 21.0 14.7 27.0 20.3 23.0 NA 17.1 23.2 25.9 17.6 23.1 NA 36.6 17.4 19.9 15.3 29.9 22.1 24.5 NA 19.3 26.8 29.0 19.9 25.3 NA 38.1 21.0 19.5 15.4 35.0 24.1 28.2 NA 21.9 29.3 33.5 22.7 28.9 1973 24.9 1974 28.1 1975 36.3 1976 32.8 1977 35.5 1978 44.8 1979 58.5 NA 38.6 26.3 22.8 18.6 42.4 30.7 34.3 NA 28.0 31.9 41.6 27.6 33.1 NA 45.1 31.2 27.6 28.3 49.5 35.6 36.9 NA 31.5 35.1 48.0 32.5 36.7 NA 52.0 34.8 26.4 28.7 60.9 40.9 48.8 NA 35.1 45.6 59.2 41.5 47.4 NA 56.9 35.3 33.6 29.6 60.9 41.8 47.3 NA 34.4 39.1 56.9 44.8 52.0 61.2 55.6 41.5 39.5 30.8 67.6 45.7 49.3 NA 39.6 42.7 61.8 50.8 56.4 65.3 54.7 54.6 47.5 31.6 77.8 54.1 58.0 NA 47.6 48.0 71.2 55.5 60.1 70.7 58.5 51.3 58.2 36.9 84.2 60.3 66.5 NA 53.6 54.2 78.6 56.2 63.3 1980 78.3 1981 75.2 1982 67.8 1983 58.4 1984 52.8 1985 54.1 1986 64.0 1987 75.6 1988 83.0 1989 78.5 78.8 66.1 51.8 58.3 42.7 88.3 58.9 76.7 NA 59.6 59.0 82.9 63.9 70.2 82.4 69.6 55.2 60.0 48.4 70.6 50.4 67.1 NA 49.9 53.1 67.4 61.3 65.1 87.9 77.2 49.2 59.6 48.5 57.2 46.7 61.5 NA 49.3 51.9 65.8 58.2 54.4 86.0 77.9 52.3 60.3 46.4 51.0 43.4 57.3 NA 46.7 52.1 59.7 54.7 46.1 85.6 71.4 52.2 60.1 48.8 46.8 40.8 53.4 NA 42.4 47.7 50.2 50.5 44.0 87.3 69.0 50.3 56.5 50.4 46.9 42.3 54.2 NA 41.7 46.6 49.0 50.8 46.1 91.2 70.9 75.2 55.1 54.6 63.4 60.0 72.0 NA 58.5 61.9 67.8 65.3 59.2 86.9 75.4 85.0 63.5 65.1 77.2 77.9 84.6 NA 74.9 73.9 83.8 77.5 69.6 86.7 84.0 93.2 81.3 74.2 77.0 79.0 82.8 NA 76.9 75.2 83.8 86.1 75.4 90.5 90.4 87.1 94.8 84.1 72.3 72.6 77.6 NA 73.0 76.1 75.8 82.9 76.8 1990 92.5 1991 98.2 1992 100.0 1993 85.5 1994 86.8 93.7 96.6 83.8 94.9 88.9 89.5 91.3 94.0 NA 87.3 94.1 89.1 95.0 91.3 97.6 104.9 91.7 101.1 90.6 92.3 90.8 93.1 87.6 87.8 97.5 89.9 95.7 96.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 91.0 115.4 101.1 96.1 95.1 93.2 95.6 98.6 99.4 81.6 96.6 88.3 67.8 98.5 83.6 125.9 105.2 96.9 94.2 88.3 92.8 98.2 99.8 77.9 92.4 90.7 63.2 1995 91.9 1996 93.0 1997 99.8 1998 104.9 1999 102.9 2000 95.2 NA: 94.8 83.8 131.7 122.3 96.9 105.2 101.1 100.4 114.2 115.5 77.9 102.7 105.0 71.3 93.5 86.1 109.6 123.3 93.0 98.3 105.0 99.0 111.5 111.6 87.9 98.3 107.1 79.8 91.9 84.2 97.7 95.8 87.4 81.2 88.6 82.8 94.0 93.5 80.9 85.6 101.0 68.8 92.7 80.4 92.4 63.7 76.0 80.0 88.9 80.1 93.5 89.1 78.8 85.0 100.2 65.3 90.4 80.0 102.4 65.4 76.9 76.9 88.0 76.8 90.1 NA 77.3 82.2 103.1 62.5 89.9 81.8 102.5 67.0 77.7 66.4 73.8 66.2 76.2 NA 66.6 NA 94.8 55.2 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. ** See note on Germany in box on page 5. Source: - 29 Table 11. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2001. Exchange rates, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2000 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar) 1992=100) United United Year Sweden Former West States Canada Kingdom Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany Nether- Germany** Italy lands Norway 1950 158.6 100.0 110.5 35.2 NA NA NA 87.5 151.3 NA 37.2 197.3 46.2 87.1 112.6 1955 158.0 100.0 122.5 35.2 NA NA NA 87.4 151.2 NA 37.1 197.1 46.1 87.0 112.6 1960 159.0 1961 158.6 1962 100.0 124.6 35.2 NA NA 64.5 87.6 107.9 NA 37.4 198.4 46.6 87.1 112.7 100.0 119.4 35.1 NA NA 64.5 87.4 107.9 NA 38.9 198.4 48.5 87.0 112.7 100.0 113.1 35.1 NA NA 64.6 87.5 108.0 NA 39.1 198.5 48.8 87.1 113.0 159.0 1963 158.5 1964 158.1 1965 158.3 1966 158.1 1967 155.7 1968 135.5 1969 135.3 100.0 112.0 35.1 NA NA 64.5 87.4 108.0 NA 39.2 198.2 48.8 86.9 112.3 100.0 112.0 35.0 NA NA 64.6 87.3 108.0 NA 39.3 197.3 48.8 86.8 113.1 100.0 112.1 35.1 NA NA 64.8 87.3 108.0 NA 39.1 197.2 48.8 86.9 112.9 100.0 112.2 35.0 NA NA 64.5 87.4 107.7 NA 39.1 197.3 48.6 86.9 112.8 100.0 112.0 35.0 NA NA 64.7 86.5 107.6 NA 39.2 197.4 48.8 86.9 112.9 100.0 112.2 35.2 NA NA 64.4 80.7 106.9 NA 39.1 197.7 48.6 87.0 112.7 100.0 112.2 35.4 NA NA 64.1 80.3 102.2 NA 39.8 196.4 48.5 87.0 112.7 1970 135.6 1971 138.4 1972 141.6 1973 138.8 1974 132.5 1975 125.8 1976 102.2 1977 98.8 1978 108.6 1979 120.2 100.0 115.8 35.4 252.7 62.9 64.7 80.5 95.7 NA 42.8 196.5 48.6 86.9 112.3 100.0 119.7 36.5 226.0 62.9 66.2 81.6 96.1 NA 44.9 199.3 50.4 88.3 114.1 100.0 122.0 41.8 199.7 62.9 73.0 86.8 104.9 NA 49.0 211.1 54.8 94.3 122.5 100.0 120.8 46.8 197.0 65.8 82.8 100.2 119.3 NA 59.0 211.8 63.3 108.2 133.8 100.0 123.6 43.5 194.0 66.2 82.7 99.3 110.1 NA 60.5 189.4 65.5 112.6 131.4 100.0 118.8 42.7 162.1 66.2 87.6 105.3 123.6 NA 63.6 188.9 69.7 119.2 140.6 100.0 122.6 42.8 162.1 66.2 83.3 99.9 110.9 NA 62.1 148.4 66.6 113.9 133.7 100.0 113.7 47.3 162.1 66.2 89.7 100.6 107.7 NA 67.3 139.6 71.7 116.8 130.4 100.0 106.0 60.8 162.1 67.9 102.3 109.6 117.6 NA 77.9 145.2 81.4 118.6 129.0 100.0 103.2 58.1 162.1 69.8 109.6 114.8 124.4 NA 85.2 148.3 87.7 122.7 135.9 1980 131.7 1981 114.6 1982 99.0 1983 85.8 1984 100.0 103.4 55.9 129.2 69.8 110.0 107.1 125.3 NA 85.9 143.9 88.5 125.8 137.7 100.0 100.8 57.5 115.2 68.3 86.4 84.6 97.3 NA 69.0 108.2 70.4 108.2 115.0 100.0 97.9 50.9 107.2 64.3 70.2 72.4 80.5 NA 64.3 91.0 65.8 96.2 92.7 100.0 98.1 53.4 101.1 62.8 62.9 66.0 69.5 NA 61.2 81.1 61.6 85.1 75.9 100.0 93.3 53.4 97.1 63.5 55.7 58.3 60.6 NA 54.9 70.2 54.8 76.2 70.4 75.7 1985 73.5 1986 83.1 1987 92.8 1988 100.8 1989 92.7 88.5 53.2 91.0 63.1 54.2 57.0 58.9 NA 53.1 64.5 53.0 72.3 67.7 100.0 87.0 75.3 88.7 66.5 72.0 74.6 76.4 NA 72.0 82.6 71.8 84.0 81.7 100.0 91.1 87.7 95.0 79.2 86.1 88.2 88.0 NA 86.9 95.0 86.8 92.2 91.8 100.0 98.2 98.9 106.8 87.9 87.4 89.6 88.8 NA 88.9 94.6 88.9 95.2 94.9 100.0 102.1 91.8 116.4 95.3 81.6 82.5 83.0 NA 83.0 89.8 82.9 89.9 90.2 100.0 103.6 87.4 110.4 93.5 96.2 97.5 97.2 NA 96.6 102.8 96.6 99.4 98.4 100.0 105.5 94.2 106.5 94.0 94.0 94.3 93.7 94.0 94.0 99.3 93.9 95.7 96.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 93.7 114.1 97.4 95.2 93.0 93.1 93.4 94.4 94.4 78.3 94.6 87.5 74.7 100.0 88.4 124.1 97.2 95.1 96.2 95.0 95.4 96.3 96.3 76.5 96.7 88.1 75.5 100.0 88.1 134.9 101.5 95.0 109.1 107.8 106.2 109.1 109.1 75.6 109.6 98.1 81.6 100.0 88.6 116.5 97.5 91.6 103.8 104.1 103.5 103.8 103.8 79.9 104.3 96.2 86.8 100.0 87.3 104.7 82.5 87.4 89.8 91.3 90.7 90.0 90.0 72.3 90.1 87.7 76.2 100.0 81.5 96.8 56.0 75.0 88.5 90.1 89.7 88.8 88.8 70.9 88.7 82.3 73.3 100.0 81.3 111.5 65.9 77.8 84.9 86.4 86.0 85.1 85.1 67.8 85.0 79.6 70.4 100.0 81.4 117.6 69.4 80.5 73.6 74.6 74.5 73.7 NA 58.7 73.7 70.5 63.5 1990 101.0 1991 100.1 1992 100.0 1993 85.0 1994 86.7 1995 89.4 1996 88.4 1997 92.7 1998 93.8 1999 91.6 2000 85.8 100.0 NA: Not Available ** See note on Germany in box on page 5. Source: - 30 Table 12. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2001. Annual compensation per employed person in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2000 1992=100) United Former West Nether- United Year Sweden* States Canada* Kingdom* Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Germany Germany** Italy lands Norway 1950 1.9 8.8 5.9 NA NA NA NA 3.5 1.9 NA 4.9 0.9 4.0 2.9 2.4 1955 2.8 11.8 8.1 3.7 NA NA NA 4.7 3.4 NA 7.3 1.4 5.9 4.4 3.8 1960 3.6 1961 3.8 1962 4.0 1963 4.2 1964 4.5 1965 4.8 1966 5.1 1967 5.2 1968 5.7 1969 6.2 14.8 10.4 5.3 NA NA 6.8 6.0 5.1 NA 10.7 1.8 8.4 6.0 5.0 15.2 10.6 6.1 NA NA 7.2 6.6 5.7 NA 11.8 2.0 9.2 6.4 5.4 16.0 11.1 6.9 NA NA 7.8 7.2 6.3 NA 13.0 2.3 9.8 7.0 6.0 16.5 11.6 7.6 NA NA 8.6 7.8 6.9 NA 13.7 2.7 10.7 7.5 6.6 17.3 12.1 8.5 NA NA 9.6 8.5 7.4 NA 14.8 2.9 12.3 8.0 7.1 17.9 12.8 9.4 NA NA 10.5 9.4 8.0 NA 16.2 3.0 13.8 8.7 7.7 18.8 13.7 10.4 NA NA 11.5 10.4 8.5 NA 17.4 3.2 15.3 9.5 8.5 19.4 14.4 11.7 NA NA 12.4 11.6 9.0 NA 17.8 3.6 16.9 10.5 9.2 20.9 15.4 13.6 NA NA 13.3 12.5 10.0 NA 19.4 3.9 18.5 11.3 9.8 22.2 16.5 15.8 NA NA 14.4 13.8 10.9 NA 21.3 4.2 20.7 12.2 10.5 1970 7.0 1971 7.8 1972 9.0 1973 10.3 1974 12.0 1975 15.9 1976 18.6 1977 23.3 17.6 18.7 NA NA 16.0 15.3 12.1 NA 24.8 5.0 23.5 13.5 11.8 24.8 18.7 21.2 NA NA 18.2 17.5 13.5 NA 27.2 5.6 26.6 15.3 13.3 26.5 20.1 24.3 NA NA 21.0 19.0 14.7 NA 29.8 6.3 30.1 16.8 14.4 28.5 21.7 29.4 NA NA 24.3 21.8 16.6 NA 33.4 7.5 35.2 18.9 16.0 31.0 25.0 37.0 NA NA 29.2 26.9 19.5 NA 37.2 9.4 40.7 21.8 18.6 34.3 28.4 42.1 NA NA 33.3 31.1 23.0 NA 40.0 11.7 45.7 25.9 22.3 37.6 32.7 46.7 NA NA 39.3 34.8 26.5 NA 44.3 14.5 50.9 29.2 25.8 41.0 36.2 51.6 NA NA 42.3 38.2 29.8 NA 47.7 17.1 55.3 32.2 28.1 21.2 1978 24.6 1979 29.1 44.3 39.2 55.2 NA NA 45.2 41.6 33.4 NA 50.6 19.6 59.2 34.6 30.3 48.4 42.9 59.2 NA NA 48.1 46.5 37.7 NA 54.1 23.6 62.9 35.7 32.1 1980 34.1 1981 38.9 1982 43.1 1983 46.1 1984 49.9 1985 54.3 1986 58.9 1987 65.9 1988 70.6 1989 75.3 53.5 47.3 62.9 NA NA 52.7 51.6 43.5 NA 57.9 27.8 66.7 39.1 35.3 58.8 53.1 66.9 NA NA 56.1 56.1 49.7 NA 60.9 33.5 70.2 43.6 39.2 63.3 59.7 70.0 NA NA 60.0 62.0 56.6 NA 64.1 39.3 75.3 48.1 42.3 66.9 64.7 71.9 NA NA 64.2 67.2 62.3 NA 67.2 45.8 78.9 53.0 47.5 70.2 68.3 74.9 NA NA 69.3 70.8 67.7 NA 70.3 52.5 80.7 57.9 52.5 74.1 71.6 77.7 NA NA 74.1 73.0 72.8 NA 73.1 58.5 82.9 63.1 57.4 77.4 73.0 81.1 NA NA 76.2 76.3 76.0 NA 75.6 62.5 85.7 68.9 61.8 80.0 75.4 83.4 NA NA 79.2 81.5 79.3 NA 78.8 67.2 88.1 76.3 66.8 84.0 79.9 85.7 NA NA 81.9 84.4 82.6 NA 81.7 72.0 88.6 81.6 70.7 86.7 83.2 89.9 NA NA 86.4 88.2 86.9 NA 84.6 78.8 89.0 86.0 77.9 1990 83.5 1991 92.1 1992 100.0 1993 105.5 1994 109.5 1995 112.2 1996 113.8 1997 117.2 1998 122.6 1999 90.2 88.5 95.5 NA NA 91.7 92.1 91.0 NA 89.2 85.4 91.2 90.9 87.2 94.3 94.8 99.5 NA NA 97.3 95.6 95.7 88.2 94.3 93.8 95.4 96.4 94.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 104.1 103.0 100.6 NA NA 103.2 103.8 102.9 103.9 102.8 105.4 103.7 101.8 99.9 108.0 105.8 102.9 NA NA 107.4 106.0 105.5 109.9 108.5 108.6 108.2 104.9 106.6 109.5 107.6 107.1 NA NA 109.2 109.7 107.7 115.8 113.6 113.7 110.9 108.8 114.6 111.0 109.5 108.5 NA NA 111.5 112.6 109.6 118.6 117.6 120.3 113.4 112.6 123.4 113.9 111.7 111.6 NA NA 115.4 117.7 112.0 121.0 120.5 125.4 115.9 117.4 128.9 118.8 114.4 112.0 NA NA 117.3 121.3 114.4 123.4 122.8 123.7 119.3 124.9 134.6 124.5 117.0 111.6 NA NA 120.2 126.9 116.7 125.0 NA 127.3 123.0 132.1 138.2 127.8 2000 133.1 NA: 132.2 121.0 114.1 NA NA 121.8 132.1 118.6 128.1 NA 130.7 NA 137.2 142.1 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. ** See note on Germany in box on page 5. Source: - 31 Table 13. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2001. Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2000 1992=100) United United Year Sweden Former West States Canada Kingdom Nether- Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany Germany** Italy lands Norway 1950 25.9 46.8 37.0 NA NA NA NA 28.6 19.8 NA 11.7 17.2 17.1 26.3 25.3 1955 28.2 56.5 46.5 18.2 NA NA NA 31.9 26.7 NA 15.9 20.1 21.2 29.5 30.5 1960 33.1 1961 34.3 1962 34.5 1963 35.4 1964 36.6 1965 38.2 1966 39.7 65.2 54.6 23.1 NA NA 24.5 38.7 30.1 NA 23.6 24.1 26.4 36.4 35.4 66.4 55.5 25.5 NA NA 25.7 41.7 32.2 NA 25.8 26.1 29.8 38.7 37.9 68.3 56.9 27.3 NA NA 27.2 42.5 34.1 NA 28.4 29.4 31.1 40.4 40.4 69.4 58.3 28.4 NA NA 29.4 43.9 35.4 NA 29.4 32.4 33.1 42.0 43.4 71.4 59.6 30.7 NA NA 31.9 45.7 37.2 NA 31.1 32.7 36.3 42.5 45.7 71.8 61.7 32.1 NA NA 34.0 47.7 39.4 NA 33.1 33.5 39.1 45.0 48.1 73.0 63.8 33.7 NA NA 36.0 50.8 40.6 NA 34.7 34.8 41.4 47.7 49.5 1967 40.7 1968 41.8 1969 43.1 74.6 64.9 36.3 NA NA 38.3 53.0 42.6 NA 36.1 37.0 44.3 51.0 52.6 77.1 66.6 40.1 NA NA 39.8 54.0 46.4 NA 38.3 39.0 47.6 54.3 56.0 78.4 68.9 45.2 NA NA 42.0 58.7 47.6 NA 41.1 41.7 50.2 58.1 58.9 1970 46.5 1971 48.4 1972 52.1 1973 54.3 1974 56.2 1975 60.4 1976 60.1 1977 58.5 1978 62.7 1979 65.6 79.4 71.5 49.9 NA NA 46.1 62.9 50.9 NA 46.7 48.3 56.0 58.3 61.8 80.7 73.9 54.3 NA NA 51.0 68.3 54.2 NA 49.8 53.2 59.5 62.9 64.1 82.2 75.7 59.6 NA NA 57.2 71.0 56.3 NA 52.3 56.4 63.3 65.8 67.5 83.4 76.6 65.2 NA NA 63.5 78.8 60.0 NA 55.4 59.9 69.7 69.0 69.8 83.4 80.2 69.4 NA NA 69.3 82.8 62.8 NA 58.9 65.7 75.9 74.0 74.8 85.6 83.2 72.3 NA NA 74.3 90.0 68.4 NA 61.3 70.9 79.0 79.1 83.6 87.7 88.8 71.2 NA NA 78.8 92.1 71.5 NA 63.1 75.4 80.9 83.9 88.4 89.6 91.2 72.6 NA NA 79.4 91.8 74.2 NA 66.7 76.3 82.8 86.3 86.1 90.5 89.9 74.3 NA NA 81.5 91.9 76.6 NA 69.9 78.3 86.0 87.4 88.9 90.9 90.6 76.2 NA NA 82.9 93.7 78.4 NA 72.2 82.7 88.6 87.6 89.9 1980 67.2 1981 70.0 1982 70.5 1983 72.4 1984 74.3 1985 76.6 1986 80.7 1987 86.5 1988 88.1 91.6 91.6 75.2 NA NA 86.5 92.1 79.6 NA 74.6 80.0 87.4 86.0 87.7 92.1 92.0 76.8 NA NA 87.7 90.7 81.3 NA 74.6 82.0 85.7 84.1 86.3 95.4 94.1 78.4 NA NA 84.4 89.7 86.3 NA 75.0 82.7 86.1 84.1 85.1 94.1 95.2 79.0 NA NA 86.0 89.7 87.0 NA 76.0 84.1 87.7 85.1 84.5 93.6 96.4 79.6 NA NA 87.8 89.2 87.8 NA 77.7 87.0 88.1 87.7 85.2 95.5 96.6 81.2 NA NA 88.3 90.9 89.7 NA 80.7 89.6 90.7 90.8 87.4 98.1 94.1 84.8 NA NA 89.6 89.6 91.0 NA 84.1 88.1 94.2 92.4 90.4 97.5 92.3 86.7 NA NA 90.9 94.1 91.6 NA 87.7 88.8 97.6 96.4 92.4 97.9 92.1 87.5 NA NA 91.4 93.2 92.7 NA 90.3 87.6 96.6 96.0 94.1 1989 87.7 96.8 93.4 90.9 NA NA 94.0 94.1 94.2 NA 92.3 90.4 96.6 96.1 98.3 1990 89.7 1991 95.4 1992 100.0 1993 102.9 1994 103.0 1995 100.2 1996 98.8 1997 99.3 1998 101.1 1999 104.2 2000 105.0 96.6 94.7 95.0 NA NA 95.2 96.9 96.0 NA 96.6 94.3 96.6 97.7 97.6 98.1 96.3 98.0 NA NA 99.7 98.0 98.8 96.9 99.1 98.5 98.2 99.8 97.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.2 100.2 101.4 NA NA 102.0 103.3 100.9 101.9 102.1 102.9 101.0 99.2 95.3 100.8 101.6 102.8 NA NA 100.9 NA 101.7 104.3 104.8 99.2 102.6 100.6 95.8 100.4 101.7 106.3 NA NA 102.3 NA 102.7 108.2 108.7 98.6 102.9 102.7 97.6 99.1 101.1 107.0 NA NA 101.8 NA 102.4 111.9 112.8 101.1 103.2 105.6 103.6 98.8 101.6 108.7 NA NA 103.6 NA 103.7 112.1 113.3 102.9 103.7 107.5 106.9 102.7 102.8 110.8 NA NA 104.1 NA 105.4 112.0 113.3 99.8 104.8 111.7 110.6 104.6 102.4 110.9 NA NA 103.3 NA 107.6 113.2 NA 101.4 105.7 115.6 109.4 107.8 103.1 111.7 NA NA 103.3 NA 111.3 115.0 NA 101.8 NA 117.7 115.8 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. ** See note on Germany in box on page 5. Source: - 32 Table 14. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2001. Real annual compensation per employed person in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2000 1992=100) United United Year Sweden 1950 Former West States Canada Kingdom 47.4 40.3 Nether- Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany Germany** Italy lands Norway NA NA NA NA 40.2 23.9 NA 17.2 19.0 22.3 34.5 32.8 31.7 1955 35.1 57.4 48.7 21.7 NA NA NA 44.0 32.1 NA 23.3 22.7 27.7 38.7 39.4 1960 40.4 1961 41.2 1962 41.1 1963 42.1 1964 43.8 1965 45.1 1966 46.1 1967 46.9 1968 48.6 1969 50.0 64.9 56.8 28.6 NA NA 30.8 50.8 36.4 NA 31.0 27.5 34.8 45.9 43.2 66.2 57.5 31.2 NA NA 32.2 53.1 39.1 NA 33.4 29.5 37.7 48.1 45.9 68.7 59.4 32.6 NA NA 34.2 54.5 41.2 NA 35.8 32.2 39.0 50.0 48.5 70.1 61.0 33.6 NA NA 37.0 55.4 42.9 NA 36.5 35.7 41.5 51.8 51.5 72.5 62.7 36.2 NA NA 39.9 58.3 44.8 NA 38.7 35.9 45.0 52.7 53.7 73.7 64.9 37.2 NA NA 41.9 60.7 47.1 NA 41.0 35.6 48.3 54.5 56.0 75.2 66.6 39.3 NA NA 44.0 63.4 48.8 NA 42.4 37.4 50.9 57.9 57.6 75.5 67.8 42.3 NA NA 46.2 65.4 50.6 NA 42.9 40.4 54.3 61.3 60.3 77.9 69.4 46.6 NA NA 48.1 65.1 53.6 NA 46.1 42.5 57.2 63.7 62.9 78.6 71.5 51.8 NA NA 50.2 69.9 56.3 NA 49.5 45.2 59.6 66.6 64.9 1970 53.2 1971 54.0 1972 57.6 1973 60.8 1974 61.0 1975 65.2 1976 65.5 1977 64.1 1978 68.5 1979 71.3 78.0 73.7 56.7 NA NA 53.6 72.5 59.6 NA 56.0 51.4 65.2 66.4 68.0 79.4 76.0 60.7 NA NA 58.5 78.5 62.9 NA 58.4 55.1 68.6 70.9 70.3 82.3 77.9 66.2 NA NA 64.1 79.8 64.7 NA 60.7 58.0 72.0 73.0 72.1 83.3 78.3 71.8 NA NA 69.4 83.9 67.9 NA 63.8 62.2 77.7 76.1 73.2 81.7 81.4 73.3 NA NA 73.8 89.8 70.1 NA 66.5 65.9 81.9 80.5 77.6 82.7 83.4 74.6 NA NA 74.8 94.6 74.1 NA 67.4 69.9 83.7 85.6 85.1 85.7 89.1 75.6 NA NA 80.8 97.2 77.7 NA 71.5 74.3 85.6 88.4 89.0 87.9 91.4 77.4 NA NA 81.1 96.0 80.0 NA 74.3 74.8 87.3 89.4 86.0 88.8 90.8 79.4 NA NA 83.1 95.0 81.8 NA 76.9 76.6 89.7 88.8 86.5 88.6 91.1 82.0 NA NA 84.6 96.8 83.6 NA 79.2 80.2 91.4 87.5 86.1 1980 71.0 1981 72.7 1982 73.6 1983 75.4 1984 77.5 1985 79.6 1986 83.4 1987 89.6 1988 91.4 1989 90.6 88.3 91.2 80.9 NA NA 86.9 95.7 84.9 NA 80.7 77.9 90.6 86.3 83.1 88.7 90.8 82.0 NA NA 86.0 93.2 85.6 NA 79.7 79.8 89.3 84.6 82.2 90.2 92.0 83.5 NA NA 84.5 93.5 87.2 NA 79.7 80.2 90.6 83.8 81.4 91.4 94.3 84.3 NA NA 84.0 94.7 87.4 NA 80.9 81.6 92.4 85.2 81.8 92.3 95.4 85.8 NA NA 85.3 93.9 88.5 NA 82.7 84.5 91.6 87.7 84.0 94.2 96.2 87.2 NA NA 87.0 92.5 89.8 NA 84.3 86.2 91.9 90.4 85.5 96.7 94.2 90.5 NA NA 88.3 93.3 91.3 NA 87.3 86.9 95.0 92.1 88.1 96.7 93.2 92.9 NA NA 90.4 95.8 92.4 NA 90.9 89.2 98.0 93.7 91.2 97.9 94.9 94.8 NA NA 92.4 94.9 93.8 NA 93.2 91.1 97.7 94.1 92.7 96.9 94.1 97.4 NA NA 94.5 94.6 95.2 NA 93.9 93.7 97.1 94.7 96.5 1990 91.7 1991 95.5 1992 100.0 1993 103.9 1994 105.3 1995 104.2 1996 103.2 1997 103.1 1998 104.2 1999 107.0 2000 108.2 96.0 94.9 100.3 NA NA 96.9 96.3 96.5 NA 96.4 95.5 97.0 96.2 96.9 96.8 96.1 101.2 NA NA 99.7 97.6 98.3 92.7 98.2 98.6 98.4 98.7 96.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 NA NA 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.5 101.2 99.3 NA NA 100.5 102.5 100.8 99.4 99.1 100.8 101.0 99.5 97.7 103.0 103.6 100.9 NA NA 102.1 102.6 101.7 102.4 101.7 99.9 102.6 101.2 102.1 101.9 103.3 105.1 NA NA 102.3 104.0 102.0 106.1 104.9 99.4 103.2 102.4 105.0 100.5 103.4 106.4 NA NA 102.3 104.6 101.8 107.2 107.2 101.2 103.4 104.6 111.8 101.0 103.8 107.5 NA NA 104.2 107.0 102.8 107.3 107.9 103.4 103.5 106.3 115.5 103.9 105.4 107.2 NA NA 104.9 108.2 104.2 108.4 109.0 100.0 104.4 110.7 119.7 106.6 105.9 107.1 NA NA 106.4 110.6 105.8 109.1 NA 101.2 105.3 114.4 118.7 109.6 106.7 110.3 NA NA 105.1 111.7 105.8 109.8 NA 101.4 NA 115.2 125.9 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. ** See note on Germany in box on page 5. Source: - 33 Table 15. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2001. Total labor compensation in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-2000 1992=100) United United Year Sweden* Former West States Canada* Kingdom* Nether- Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Germany Germany** Italy lands Norway 1950 3.2 7.4 4.6 NA NA NA NA 2.9 2.2 NA 3.7 .7 4.6 3.4 2.9 1955 4.9 11.0 6.9 1.8 NA NA NA 4.1 3.8 NA 7.0 1.1 7.2 5.5 4.9 1960 6.7 1961 7.2 1962 7.4 1963 7.6 1964 8.3 1965 9.0 1966 9.6 1967 9.6 1968 10.2 1969 11.3 13.7 8.8 3.4 NA NA 9.2 6.3 6.0 NA 11.6 1.7 10.9 7.3 6.9 13.7 8.9 4.1 NA NA 10.1 7.0 6.7 NA 13.1 2.0 12.2 8.0 7.7 14.8 9.6 4.9 NA NA 11.1 7.9 7.5 NA 14.5 2.3 13.2 8.9 8.5 15.4 10.2 5.6 NA NA 12.4 8.5 8.3 NA 15.2 2.8 14.5 9.6 9.3 16.4 11.2 6.5 NA NA 14.3 9.5 9.2 NA 16.4 3.0 16.9 10.4 10.2 17.8 12.4 7.3 NA NA 15.6 10.7 9.8 NA 18.3 3.1 19.0 11.4 11.2 19.8 14.0 8.3 NA NA 17.1 11.8 10.5 NA 19.4 3.3 21.0 12.6 12.1 20.7 14.9 9.8 NA NA 17.9 12.5 11.1 NA 18.9 3.8 22.5 14.0 12.8 22.6 15.9 11.8 NA NA 18.8 13.5 12.0 NA 20.7 4.1 24.4 14.9 13.4 24.6 17.5 14.2 NA NA 21.1 15.4 13.5 NA 23.6 4.6 27.7 16.2 14.6 1970 24.8 18.3 17.1 3.0 24.0 17.1 15.4 NA 28.2 5.7 31.5 18.2 16.6 .6 12.8 1971 13.8 1972 15.4 1973 17.9 1974 20.9 1975 26.4 1976 29.9 1977 34.2 1978 39.5 1979 46.5 25.3 19.5 19.6 .7 3.8 27.2 18.8 17.3 NA 30.7 6.5 35.2 20.8 18.0 27.8 21.6 22.4 .9 4.6 31.0 20.9 19.2 NA 33.0 7.1 38.4 23.2 19.3 31.5 24.4 28.3 1.4 6.3 36.1 24.3 22.1 NA 37.3 8.8 44.2 26.1 21.7 34.2 28.5 35.3 2.0 9.0 43.9 28.9 26.2 NA 40.5 11.4 51.0 30.5 25.7 34.5 31.5 37.9 2.6 9.5 47.2 30.6 30.2 NA 40.9 14.1 55.3 35.9 31.2 39.2 36.1 41.8 4.1 12.1 53.4 34.5 34.6 NA 44.2 17.7 59.1 40.4 36.0 44.4 39.3 45.7 5.6 14.2 55.2 37.7 38.8 NA 47.8 21.2 62.5 44.7 37.7 50.0 43.8 48.2 8.1 17.3 56.5 40.8 42.8 NA 50.6 24.0 65.5 47.1 39.6 55.9 49.6 51.6 10.8 21.2 58.6 45.9 47.7 NA 54.8 29.4 68.8 48.0 42.1 1980 51.8 1981 53.7 1982 56.0 1983 56.9 1984 60.4 1985 65.5 1986 69.5 1987 77.0 1988 83.5 1989 89.3 59.7 54.5 55.9 13.5 26.9 62.8 50.2 54.3 NA 59.2 34.6 72.0 52.6 46.3 65.3 60.9 60.1 17.0 33.6 63.1 52.6 60.1 NA 61.0 40.1 73.8 57.6 49.8 65.6 62.2 62.5 19.2 36.6 65.5 58.0 67.4 NA 62.5 45.7 76.1 61.3 51.8 68.1 65.7 65.3 23.6 40.0 68.6 63.1 72.7 NA 63.2 51.1 76.1 64.1 56.9 75.0 71.3 69.4 28.5 47.8 73.2 70.2 76.7 NA 65.9 55.8 76.1 69.4 63.2 78.5 76.5 72.6 30.3 51.4 77.1 76.8 80.3 NA 69.4 61.3 79.0 76.2 70.0 80.8 80.6 75.4 35.9 61.4 78.5 83.2 82.3 NA 72.9 64.7 82.7 84.0 75.4 83.8 85.7 76.6 45.8 69.2 79.7 87.7 83.8 NA 76.0 69.2 85.8 93.0 80.8 89.5 94.0 80.4 58.4 74.0 82.3 88.9 86.0 NA 78.6 75.5 86.8 95.2 87.2 92.8 99.3 86.3 64.7 80.2 87.9 91.8 90.9 NA 82.6 83.3 88.3 93.4 94.5 1990 96.4 1991 98.1 1992 95.1 100.2 93.1 74.5 85.6 94.0 96.1 95.9 NA 89.5 90.9 92.2 95.7 102.3 96.0 98.6 99.4 90.2 92.6 98.8 98.0 99.2 95.2 96.0 97.6 96.1 98.3 104.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1993 102.0 1994 106.2 1995 110.9 1996 113.9 1997 117.9 1998 123.2 1999 123.7 2000 124.1 NA: 104.2 102.1 97.4 109.4 103.4 99.2 99.1 97.9 96.6 96.6 100.6 100.5 103.6 92.5 109.4 106.8 96.3 126.4 110.6 99.3 101.6 97.5 97.0 96.8 104.3 100.0 109.9 98.1 112.2 112.8 96.5 156.5 117.2 100.4 107.6 99.2 99.8 99.2 110.5 101.3 116.6 112.2 113.4 116.7 96.9 175.5 122.2 101.0 110.7 100.0 99.5 99.4 116.0 102.5 122.6 120.4 117.5 122.9 99.4 171.6 128.3 102.9 114.8 100.2 99.9 99.5 121.7 106.0 133.3 124.5 123.5 130.7 95.7 155.5 134.5 105.1 119.2 102.7 102.3 101.2 122.7 110.4 143.3 131.6 127.4 138.6 92.8 164.3 139.9 106.6 122.2 104.7 103.2 NA 125.7 114.8 147.5 136.5 134.5 149.7 93.2 184.6 146.8 110.0 126.2 107.7 106.5 NA 129.2 NA 149.1 142.0 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. ** See note on Germany in box on page 5. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2001.