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Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov Technical information: (202) 691-5654 Media contact: (202) 691-5902 USDL: 00-295 For Release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Tuesday, October 17, 2000 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY AND UNIT LABOR COST TRENDS, 1999 In 1999, the productivity growth rate for manufacturing was the highest in the United States among the 10 countries for which comparable data were available, according to preliminary data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Labor productivity in manufacturing increased by 6.2 percent in the U.S.; the countries with the next largest increases were the United Kingdom and France. Only one country, Norway, showed no increase in productivity. (See chart 1.) This release contains preliminary estimates for 1999, as well as revisions to the estimates through 1998, and are based on data available in June 2000. The U.S. manufacturing output series used for international comparisons differs from the manufacturing series that BLS publishes quarterly on U.S. productivity and costs. Labor productivity for this release is computed as value added output per hour worked. (See technical notes.) PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT Chart 1. Percent change in manufacturing output per hour, 1999 -2Unit labor costs - the cost of labor input required to produce one unit of output - are computed as the ratio of labor costs in nominal terms divided by real output. Unit labor costs also can be expressed as the ratio of hourly compensation to labor productivity. An increase in productivity represents a decrease in the amount of labor input used to produce a unit of output; thus, an increase in productivity can offset an increase in compensation per hour in its effects on unit labor costs. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, expressed in national currency units, declined in 7 of the 13 countries compared in 1999 and rose in 5. Unified Germany showed no change. The United States experienced a decline of -1.1 percent. The largest declines occurred in Korea (-4.3 percent), Taiwan (-2.2 percent), and Japan (-1.4 percent). The largest increases were in Denmark (6.0 percent) and Norway (5.7 percent). (See table A.) In order to properly assess international competitiveness trends in manufactured products, it is essential to take into account changes in exchange rates. Converted to U.S. dollars at market exchange rates, unit labor costs increased in Korea, Taiwan, and Japan in 1999. Denmark and Norway still showed increased unit labor costs, which were smaller than in national currency units. All the other countries experienced declines. (See chart 2.) The increase in unit labor costs in U.S. dollars in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan occurred because the exchange rates of their currencies strengthened against the U.S. dollar during 1999. The exchange rates of all the other currencies weakened against the U.S. dollar. (See table A.) PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT: Chart 2. Percent change in manufacturing unit labor costs (U.S. dollar basis), 1999 -3Table A summarizes changes in manufacturing productivity, unit labor costs, and related variables between 1998 and 1999. Output and unit labor cost data are presented for 13 economies. Comparable productivity data are not shown for Korea, Taiwan, and Denmark. (See technical notes.) No 1999 data are available for the Netherlands. For Canada, Sweden, and Belgium, output per hour rose because output increased more than hours. Except for the U.K., all other countries with positive productivity growth experienced an increase in output and a decrease in hours. The U.K. growth in productivity was the result of a decline in hours worked greater than the decline in output. Norway's unchanged productivity was due to equal decreases in hours worked and in output. Unit labor costs are affected by the degree and direction of changes in both hourly compensation and productivity. Of the 10 countries for which hours worked series are available, all except Norway showed an increase in both hourly compensation and labor productivity in 1999. In Italy, Sweden, and the U.K., hourly compensation grew more than productivity, resulting in increases in unit labor costs. In unified Germany, hourly compensation and productivity increased at approximately the same rates. In the other countries, productivity growth was greater than the rise in hourly compensation, causing unit labor costs to decline. In Norway, no change in productivity and an increase in hourly compensation resulted in a rise in unit labor costs. Table A. Manufacturing productivity and labor costs in 13 countries or areas Percent change, 1998-99 Country or area Output per hour Output Hours Employment Average hours Total compensation Hourly compensation Unit labor costs National U.S. currency dollars Exchange rate (1) United States 6.2 4.3 - 1.7 - 1.6 - 0.2 3.2 5.0 - 1.1 - 1.1 --- Canada Japan Korea (2) Taiwan (2) Belgium Denmark France 2.4 3.1 NA NA 0.7 NA 4.0 6.2 0.3 21.8 6.4 1.8 - 3.3 2.5 3.8 - 2.7 NA NA 1.1 NA - 1.4 2.9 - 2.5 NA NA 0.0 - 2.1 0.2 0.9 - 0.2 NA NA 1.1 NA - 1.7 5.5 - 1.1 16.5 4.0 1.5 2.5 2.3 1.7 1.6 NA NA 0.4 NA 3.8 - 0.7 1.4 4.3 2.2 0.3 6.0 - 0.1 - 0.9 13.6 12.6 1.5 - 4.4 1.6 - 4.3 - 0.1 15.2 17.7 3.8 - 4.1 - 4.1 - 4.2 Germany (unified) Italy Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1.4 1.7 0.0 2.9 4.3 1.2 1.0 - 3.0 4.2 - 0.2 - 0.2 - 0.7 - 3.0 1.3 - 4.3 - 0.2 - 0.3 - 2.6 1.0 - 3.2 0.1 - 0.4 - 0.4 0.3 - 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.5 4.6 0.2 1.5 2.8 5.7 3.3 4.7 0.0 1.1 5.7 0.4 0.4 - 4.1 - 3.4 2.3 - 3.5 - 2.0 - (1) (2) Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. Productivity not available because suitable labor input measures have not been developed by BLS. NA=Not Available Although the productivity measure relates output to the hours worked of persons employed in manufacturing, it does not measure the specific contributions of labor as a single factor of production. Rather, it reflects the joint effects of many influences, including new -4technology, capital investment, capacity utilization, energy use, and managerial skills, as well as the skills and efforts of the work force. Table B (pages 7-11) shows average annual percent changes for selected periods, beginning in 1979. Annual indexes of the data are in tables 1-15 (pages 17-31). 4.2 4.4 3.3 3.9 2.4 BOX: Notes about the measures The measures in this news release are based on data available to BLS as of June 2000. Revisions for 1998 and some earlier years were made to the measures for several countries to incorporate data not available at the time of the April 2000 news release. U.S. manufacturing output measure The output measure for the United States is the chain-weighted index of real gross product originating (deflated value added), introduced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), U.S. Department of Commerce, in August 1996. This series is based on annually changing price weights. The U.S. output data through 1998 were published by BEA in June 2000 and incorporate the results of the comprehensive revision of the gross product by industry estimates released in June 2000. The BLS estimate of real U.S. output for 1999 was derived by extrapolating the 1998 number forward, using the annual growth rate of the Federal Reserve Board's (FRB) Industrial Production Index for Total Manufacturing. The U.S. output series used for international comparisons differs from the manufacturing series that BLS publishes on quarterly measures of U.S. productivity and costs. While both series are based on annually-changing price weights, the international comparisons program uses a value added output concept, while the quarterly U.S. manufacturing series is on a sectoral output basis. For information on the differences between the value added and the sectoral output measures, see technical notes. Unified Germany Previous editions of this news release contained comparative estimates for the former West Germany only. Sufficient time series data for unified Germany have now been published by the German Federal Statistical Office to make possible the estimation of comparative manufacturing productivity and unit labor cost measures for the whole of Germany, beginning with 1991. Although time series data for the former West Germany end with 1998, comparative indexes for West Germany also are included in this report for historical comparison purposes. New measures of National Accounts Member states of the European Union are Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95). System of National Accounts recommended ESA 95 is based. Revisions to date due incorporated in this news release. implementing the European System of Some other countries are adopting the by the United Nations (SNA 93), on which to these conversions to new systems are END OF BOX (Notes about the measures) -5Productivity, output, and labor input In the 10 countries for which hours worked data are available, nine showed labor productivity increases in 1999. Productivity in Norway was unchanged. (See table B.) U.S. output per hour increased 6.2 percent in 1999, the largest increase among the countries compared, as well as the largest U.S. increase in over a decade and well above its average annual increase between 1979 and 1999. In 1999, U.S. output grew 4.3 percent and hours worked fell 1.7 percent, the second year that U.S. manufacturing hours declined. (See table B.) In three countries, Canada, Japan, and Italy, productivity grew in 1999 following declines in 1998. In France, Sweden, and the U.K., productivity increased more in 1999 than in 1998, whereas in unified Germany and Belgium the increase was less in 1999 than in 1998. (See table B.) Following a 0.8 percent productivity increase in 1998, Norway's productivity was unchanged in 1999, with a 3.0 percent decline in hours worked being matched by a 3.0 percent drop in output. (See table B.) Two other countries, the U.K. and Denmark, also recorded manufacturing output in 1999 than in 1998, following positive previous year. Manufacturing output in 1999 increased in the countries. Korean output grew by 21.8 percent in 1999, after percent in 1998. The other increases ranged from 6.4 percent 0.3 percent (Japan). Japanese output had dropped 6.7 percent table B.) lower output growth the remaining 10 declining 7.4 (Taiwan) to only in 1998. (See During the 20-year period 1979-99, manufacturing output increased in all the countries compared, from an average of 0.4 percent per year in Norway to 8.9 percent per year in Korea. The number of countries where the 1999 rate of output growth was below the 1979-1999 yearly average is slightly higher (seven) than the number of countries (five) with output growth above the average for those same years. (See table B.) Total hours worked in manufacturing declined over the 20-year period 197999 in all the countries for which hours data are available, except Canada. Canadian hours worked rose at an average rate of 0.3 percent per year during the 1979-99 period and have been going up at a quicker rate over the last four years, increasing by 3.8 percent in 1999. (See table B.) For the other countries, the average 1979-99 declines in hours ranged from 2.5 percent per year in the U.K. to 0.4 percent per year in the U.S. Hours in 1999 were down in all these countries except Belgium and Sweden, from 4.3 percent (U.K.) to 0.2 percent (unified Germany). (See table B.) Hourly compensation and unit labor costs Unit labor costs, expressed in national currency units, declined in seven of the countries compared in 1999, increased in five, and were unchanged in unified Germany. The biggest declines occurred in Korea (-4.3 percent) and Taiwan (-2.2 percent); the largest increases were in Denmark (6.0 percent) and Norway (5.7 percent). Unit labor costs in Korea have now -6declined for three consecutive years, while those in Denmark, Norway, and the U.K. have risen for five or more consecutive years. U.S. unit labor costs went down 1.1 percent in 1999, following a small rise in 1998 and declines in 1997 and 1996. (See tables B and 9.) Hourly compensation increased in 1999 in all the countries for which hours worked data were available. The largest increases occurred in Norway (5.7 percent), the U.S. (5.0 percent), and the U.K. (4.7 percent). (See table B.) A change in unit labor costs can be expressed as a change in hourly compensation divided by labor productivity. Therefore, an increase in unit labor costs indicates that labor compensation is rising faster than productivity, while the inverse is true for declining unit labor costs. Based on this relationship, table B shows that, for the pre-1990 periods of comparison for all countries, average annual increases in compensation in national currency surpassed average annual increases in labor productivity. U.S. unit labor costs have declined at an average annual rate of 0.3 percent since 1990 and have gone down in three of the last four years. In 1999 a 1.1 percent drop occurred despite a 5.0 percent increase in hourly compensation, since productivity went up by 6.2 percent. (See table B.) For the last several years, the U.S. dollar has strengthened against most of the currencies of the countries being compared. During 1999, all the European currencies weakened against the U.S. dollar, by 2.4 to 4.4 percent. The Canadian dollar also lost ground to the U.S. dollar. However, the currencies of Japan, Korea, and Taiwan appreciated in value during 1999, reversing several consecutive years of declines. The Japanese yen rose by 15.2 percent, the Korean won by 17.7 percent, and the Taiwanese dollar by 3.8 percent. (See tables B and 11.) These movements in the currency markets had a noticeable effect on comparative unit labor costs expressed in U.S. dollars. The strengthening of currencies in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan against the dollar in 1999 caused unit labor costs in these countries to rise when expressed in U.S. dollars, although they went down in terms of their own currencies. These increases were 13.6 percent in Japan, 12.6 percent in Korea, and 1.5 percent in Taiwan. (See table B.) On the other hand, unit labor costs expressed in U.S. dollars declined in 1999 in Sweden (-3.5 percent), Italy (-3.4 percent), and the U.K. (-2.0 percent), although going up in terms of their national currencies. (See table B.) -7Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-99 1979-85 1985-90 1990-99 1996 1997 1998 1999 Output per hour United States 3.3 3.5 2.4 3.7 2.8 3.5 4.9 6.2 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 2.1 3.5 NA NA 3.6 NA 3.4 3.3 3.5 NA NA 6.0 2.1 3.0 0.7 4.3 NA NA 2.2 0.5 3.4 2.1 3.0 NA NA 2.8 NA 3.6 -1.3 5.9 NA NA 2.0 NA 0.5 3.0 4.9 NA NA 6.0 NA 6.6 -0.3 -0.8 NA NA 0.9 NA 1.1 2.4 3.1 NA NA 0.7 NA 4.0 Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA 3.0 NA 1.4 3.4 3.3 NA 4.6 4.4 2.4 3.1 4.1 NA 2.3 2.1 1.4 1.9 4.1 NA 2.2 NA 0.8 4.4 2.4 3.2 0.2 1.7 0.1 2.1 -1.5 4.8 1.9 5.0 0.9 6.8 0.8 3.5 -0.4 1.7 0.8 2.0 0.6 1.4 1.7 NA 0.0 2.9 4.3 Output United States 2.9 2.2 2.5 3.6 2.4 5.3 4.6 4.3 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 2.4 3.0 8.9 6.5 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.8 4.7 8.3 8.2 2.6 2.9 -0.4 2.0 4.8 12.2 7.0 2.5 -0.2 2.6 3.0 0.8 7.5 5.1 1.3 0.9 1.6 1.4 6.1 6.8 4.8 0.9 -4.3 -0.3 6.9 4.1 6.6 6.7 4.6 2.6 4.9 3.9 -6.7 -7.4 3.3 1.7 2.5 1.6 6.2 0.3 21.8 6.4 1.8 -3.3 2.5 Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA 1.9 NA 0.4 2.6 0.7 NA 1.4 1.8 0.6 2.2 -1.2 NA 3.6 3.1 -1.6 1.4 3.4 NA 1.2 NA 1.4 3.5 0.5 -1.9 -1.4 0.5 1.1 2.1 0.4 3.0 2.5 5.3 5.1 5.8 1.3 4.7 1.8 2.2 1.6 4.3 0.3 1.2 1.0 NA -3.0 4.2 -0.2 Continued on next page -8Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-99 1979-85 1985-90 1990-99 1996 1997 1998 1999 United States -0.4 -1.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.3 1.7 -0.3 -1.7 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.3 -0.5 NA NA -1.5 NA -2.1 -1.5 1.1 NA NA -3.2 0.8 -3.3 1.3 0.5 NA NA 0.4 -0.6 -0.8 0.9 -2.1 NA NA -1.5 NA -2.0 2.8 0.2 NA NA -1.0 NA -0.7 3.8 -0.8 NA NA -1.4 NA -1.6 4.2 -5.9 NA NA 0.8 NA 0.5 3.8 -2.7 NA NA 1.1 NA -1.4 Germany (unified) Italy NA -1.0 NA -3.0 NA 1.3 NA -1.0 -4.9 -1.6 -1.7 0.7 1.2 2.3 -0.2 -0.7 Total hours Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA -1.0 -0.7 -2.5 -2.5 -1.8 -0.8 -5.1 1.0 -2.9 -0.5 -0.6 NA 0.6 -0.8 -1.9 -1.2 1.0 0.0 1.9 0.3 4.1 -1.0 0.5 0.4 0.8 2.3 -0.3 NA -3.0 1.3 -4.3 United States -0.6 -1.4 -0.1 -0.3 -0.3 1.0 0.7 -1.6 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.1 0.1 NA NA -1.5 0.0 -1.7 -1.3 1.2 NA NA -2.6 1.0 -2.3 1.2 0.8 NA NA -0.3 -0.2 -0.9 0.5 -1.1 NA NA -1.5 -0.7 -1.8 2.3 -0.6 NA NA -1.4 0.2 -0.9 2.7 -0.1 NA NA -1.5 -0.4 -2.1 4.8 -3.9 NA NA 0.6 2.3 0.2 2.9 -2.5 NA NA 0.0 -2.1 0.2 Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA -1.2 NA -0.9 -1.4 -2.4 NA -2.9 -2.2 -1.8 -1.2 -4.8 NA 0.3 1.2 -2.7 -0.8 -0.8 NA -0.8 NA 0.6 -1.9 -1.7 -2.8 -0.8 -1.1 1.6 -0.3 1.8 -1.9 0.3 0.7 4.3 -1.1 0.5 0.0 2.5 0.6 0.6 2.3 0.9 -0.2 -0.3 NA -2.6 1.0 -3.2 Employment Continued on next page -9Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-99 1979-85 1985-90 1990-99 1996 1997 1998 1999 Average hours United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.7 -1.0 -0.2 0.1 -0.5 NA NA -0.2 0.0 NA NA 0.1 -0.3 NA NA 0.3 -1.0 NA NA 0.5 0.8 NA NA 1.1 -0.6 NA NA -0.6 -2.1 NA NA 0.9 -0.2 NA NA Belgium Denmark France 0.0 NA -0.4 -0.6 -0.3 -1.0 0.7 -0.5 0.1 0.0 NA -0.2 0.4 NA 0.1 0.1 NA 0.5 0.2 NA 0.3 1.1 NA -1.7 Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA 0.1 NA -0.1 0.7 -0.1 NA -0.1 -0.3 0.0 0.4 -0.3 NA 1.0 -0.2 -0.2 0.3 0.2 NA -0.2 NA 0.0 1.1 -0.2 -2.1 -0.8 -0.1 -0.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 -0.4 -0.2 0.1 0.0 1.2 -0.2 -0.2 0.2 0.0 -1.2 0.1 -0.4 NA -0.4 0.3 -1.2 Labor compensation in manufacturing 2/: United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France National currency basis 4.2 5.8 3.9 3.3 1.0 3.7 5.0 3.2 5.3 3.4 15.1 9.9 3.0 5.0 4.1 7.5 5.9 18.7 15.9 4.7 9.0 9.1 5.6 5.1 19.7 10.7 4.0 4.6 3.6 3.7 0.8 10.4 5.6 1.4 2.6 1.1 1.9 1.6 12.2 4.2 0.1 2.9 0.9 6.9 1.9 -2.2 5.0 2.0 3.7 0.9 7.1 -4.4 -9.4 4.8 2.2 3.3 2.2 5.5 -1.1 16.5 4.0 1.5 2.5 2.3 NA 7.5 NA 5.7 6.1 5.0 NA 13.0 2.3 8.0 8.8 5.9 NA 8.2 3.1 4.7 7.9 8.1 NA 3.6 NA 4.8 3.4 2.8 0.5 5.0 1.1 5.1 7.3 2.7 0.5 4.9 2.6 8.7 3.8 3.6 1.9 0.4 2.6 7.2 5.4 4.7 1.3 2.1 NA 2.5 4.6 0.2 Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom Continued on next page -10Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area 1979-99 Hourly compensation 2/: 1979-85 1985-90 National currency basis 1990-99 1996 1997 1998 1999 United States 4.7 7.2 3.9 3.4 1.3 1.9 5.3 5.0 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 5.0 3.9 NA NA 4.6 NA 6.3 9.1 4.7 NA NA 8.1 8.1 12.8 4.2 4.6 NA NA 3.7 5.3 4.5 2.8 2.9 NA NA 2.9 NA 3.1 -0.9 1.4 NA NA 1.2 NA 1.7 3.0 2.7 NA NA 3.4 NA 2.5 2.8 1.7 NA NA 1.4 NA 1.7 1.7 1.6 NA NA 0.4 NA 3.8 Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA 8.6 NA 6.8 6.9 7.8 NA 16.6 5.0 10.0 9.8 11.6 NA 6.8 2.1 7.8 8.4 8.8 NA 4.6 NA 4.2 4.2 4.7 5.7 6.7 2.3 4.1 7.4 0.7 2.2 4.2 2.3 4.4 4.8 3.0 0.7 -1.9 2.2 6.3 3.0 5.0 1.5 2.8 NA 5.7 3.3 4.7 Unit labor costs: National currency basis United States 1.3 3.6 1.4 -0.3 -1.4 -1.5 0.4 -1.1 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 2.8 0.4 5.7 3.2 1.0 3.7 2.8 5.6 1.2 9.6 7.2 2.0 5.9 9.5 3.5 0.3 6.7 3.5 1.5 4.8 1.0 0.7 0.0 2.6 0.5 0.0 1.7 -0.5 0.4 -4.3 5.1 -0.5 -0.8 7.6 1.2 -0.1 -2.1 -8.3 -1.6 -2.5 1.1 -3.9 3.1 2.5 -2.1 1.4 0.5 0.8 0.6 -0.7 -1.4 -4.3 -2.2 -0.3 6.0 -0.1 Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA 5.5 NA 5.3 3.4 4.3 NA 11.4 0.5 7.4 6.5 7.2 NA 4.4 0.0 6.4 6.4 4.5 NA 2.3 NA 3.3 -0.2 2.3 2.4 6.5 0.6 4.0 5.2 2.3 -2.5 2.3 -2.5 3.5 -1.9 2.2 -2.7 -1.4 0.4 5.4 1.0 4.4 0.0 1.1 NA 5.7 0.4 0.4 Continued on next page -11Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-99 Average annual rates of change 1/ Country or area Unit labor costs: United States 1979-99 1979-85 1985-90 1990-99 1996 1997 1998 1999 U.S. dollar basis 1.3 3.6 1.4 -0.3 -1.4 -1.5 0.4 -1.1 1.6 3.7 1.1 3.8 -0.3 2.2 0.9 2.9 -0.3 -0.5 5.4 -9.3 -5.8 -3.3 6.8 10.8 10.9 12.0 13.8 16.7 11.7 -2.0 2.7 -3.1 -1.6 -1.3 0.3 -1.8 1.1 -17.3 0.8 -4.0 -5.6 3.9 -1.4 -1.6 -12.0 -22.3 -6.0 -15.6 -11.3 -15.8 -3.8 -5.3 -33.5 -13.0 -0.9 -0.6 -0.5 -0.9 13.6 12.6 1.5 -4.4 1.6 -4.3 NA 1.4 NA 3.0 0.1 2.9 NA -3.0 -7.6 -1.7 -5.2 -1.3 NA 14.6 12.8 13.3 14.7 11.4 NA -2.3 NA 0.8 -3.8 1.2 -2.5 12.5 -4.3 2.0 11.9 1.1 -15.4 -7.4 -15.8 -5.7 -13.9 7.3 -4.0 -3.3 -1.2 -1.1 -2.9 5.6 -4.1 -3.4 NA 2.3 -3.5 -2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France -1.2 3.3 -4.4 0.5 -1.3 -1.4 -1.8 -2.5 -1.5 -9.2 -1.7 -11.1 -11.0 -11.7 3.2 10.5 3.9 8.2 12.2 11.4 10.5 -2.6 2.7 -5.6 -2.0 -1.4 -1.3 -1.4 0.6 -13.6 -4.0 -3.5 -4.8 -3.5 -2.5 -1.5 -10.1 -15.3 -4.5 -13.5 -12.2 -12.4 -6.7 -7.6 -32.1 -14.2 -1.4 -1.4 -1.0 -0.1 15.2 17.7 3.8 -4.1 -4.1 -4.2 Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA -3.8 -0.2 -2.1 -3.2 -1.4 NA -12.9 -8.0 -8.4 -11.0 -7.9 NA 9.8 12.7 6.6 7.8 6.6 NA -4.5 -1.4 -2.4 -3.6 -1.1 -4.8 5.6 -4.9 -1.9 6.4 -1.1 -13.3 -9.5 -13.6 -8.8 -12.2 4.9 -1.4 -1.9 -1.6 -6.2 -3.9 1.2 -4.2 -4.4 -4.1 -3.3 -3.9 -2.4 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany (unified) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom Exchange rates 3/ United States 1/ Rates of change based on the compound 3/ Value of foreign currency relative to rate method. 2/ Adjusted to include employment taxes that are not compensation to employees but are labor costs to employers. the U.S. dollar. NA = Not available. -12Trade-weighted unit labor costs Because the economies covered differ greatly in their relative importance to U.S. trade in manufactured goods, BLS constructs indexes of U.S. unit labor cost trends relative to a trade-weighted average of unit labor cost trends in the other economies. (See chart 3.) PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT: Chart 3. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 12 competitors, 1979-99 The construction of the indexes shown in chart 3 is a three-step process. First, the indexes of unit labor costs for all economies are rebased to a common year (in this case, 1979=100). Second, for each year, a "competitors" index is calculated as the weighted geometric mean of the indexes for all competitor economies. Finally, the U.S. index number for each year is divided by the "competitors" index number (and multiplied by 100) to obtain a relative ratio of the United States to the competitors. This process is used to calculate the relative trade-weighted unit labor cost indexes on both a national currency and a U.S. dollar basis. In chart 3, the solid line indicates that U.S. unit labor costs rose faster than "competitors" costs between 1979 and 1985 on a U.S. dollar basis. In most years between 1985 and 1995, U.S. costs either rose at a slower rate than the "competitors" costs or fell at a faster rate. Since 1995, however, the strength of the U.S. dollar has once again caused relative U.S. unit labor costs to rise. The data underlying this chart are shown in table C. - 13 Table C. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 12 competitors, 1979-99 Year Unit Labor Costs National Currency Basis Own Competitors' Index Index Ratio Unit Labor Costs U.S. Dollar Basis Own Competitors' Index Index Ratio 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 100.0 111.4 116.5 124.2 121.6 121.0 123.4 128.9 122.8 122.5 128.0 132.4 138.0 141.3 142.2 139.2 134.0 132.1 130.1 130.6 129.2 100.0 111.4 120.6 128.8 131.0 131.8 133.3 138.8 141.0 142.4 146.0 152.0 159.3 163.7 166.3 164.1 164.2 164.2 161.8 164.3 162.9 100.0 100.0 96.6 96.4 92.8 91.8 92.5 92.9 87.1 86.0 87.6 87.1 86.7 86.3 85.5 84.8 81.6 80.4 80.4 79.5 79.3 100.0 111.4 116.5 124.2 121.6 121.0 123.4 128.9 122.8 122.5 128.0 132.4 138.0 141.3 142.2 139.2 134.0 132.1 130.1 130.6 129.2 100.0 109.7 109.7 106.1 104.9 99.7 97.8 122.2 140.2 153.0 152.6 163.8 174.5 182.6 181.0 181.5 191.4 181.8 165.8 156.4 161.3 100.0 101.5 106.2 117.1 115.9 121.3 126.1 105.5 87.6 80.1 83.8 80.8 79.1 77.4 78.6 76.7 70.0 72.7 78.5 83.5 80.1 BOX: Note on European exchange rates for 1999 On Jan. 1, 1999, 11 European countries joined the European Monetary Union (EMU). Currencies of EMU members are established at fixed conversion rates to the euro, the official currency of the EMU. Exchange rates between the national currencies of EMU countries and the U.S. dollar are no longer reported; only the exchange rate between the euro and the U.S. dollar is available. In this news release, 1999 exchange rates in national currencies for Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands are calculated by taking the number of euros per U.S. dollar and then converting euros into national currencies at fixed conversion rates. 1 euro equals: 40.3399 Belgian Francs 6.55957 French Francs 1.95583 German Marks 1936.27 2.20371 Italian Lire Netherlands Guilders In 1999, 1 euro was equal to 1.0653 U.S. dollars. END OF BOX (Note on European exchange rates for 1999) -14TECHNICAL NOTES The Bureau of Labor Statistics constructs trend indexes of manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour), hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs from three basic aggregate measures - output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures refer to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy. For all other countries, the measures refer to all employed persons, including employees, self-employed persons, and unpaid family workers. For all of the countries, the term "hours" refers to hours worked. In general, although some variations are present, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). However, the measures for France refer to mining and manufacturing less energy-related products, and the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966. The comparisons in this news release make use of data made available to BLS as of June 2000 by the statistical agencies of the individual countries. For some countries, for the most recent years, these data are based on the European System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95) or on the United Nations revised System of National Accounts (SNA 93). For other countries, data were compiled according to previously used systems. To obtain historical time series, BLS may link together data series compiled according to different accounting systems. Output. For most countries, the output measures are value added in manufacturing from the national accounts. However, output for Japan prior to 1970 and for the Netherlands prior to 1960 are indexes of industrial production. The national accounts measures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical to their indexes of industrial production. In this release, manufacturing output data for the United States from 1977 forward are the gross product originating (value added) measures prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce. U. S. gross product originating is a chain-type annual-weighted series. 1/ Comparable manufacturing output data are not available prior to 1977. The gross product originating series differs from the manufacturing output series that BLS publishes on quarterly measures of U.S. productivity and costs. The quarterly measures are on a sectoral output basis rather than a value added basis. Sectoral output is gross output less intra-sector sales and transfers. 2/ A value added concept has been used for the international comparisons series because the data are more readily available in the countries' national accounts, whereas sectoral output would require a complex estimation procedure. Also, although BLS has determined that sectoral output is the correct concept for U.S. measures of single factor productivity (output per hour), there are other considerations that may make value added a better concept for international comparisons, such as differences among countries in the extent of vertical integration. The historical real output series for many of the other countries are estimated using fixed price weights, with the weights updated periodically (for example, every 5 or 10 years). The Japanese value added series is based upon one set of fixed price weights since 1970. Measures of real output also may differ among countries because of different approaches to estimating the prices of high-technology products like computers and, in general, of products that undergo rapid quality change. Labor Input. The total hours measures are developed from statistics of manufacturing employment and average hours. The total hours series used for France (from 1970 forward), -15Norway, Sweden, and Canada are series published with the national accounts. Where such series are not available, the measures are developed by BLS using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive employment series, and estimates of average annual hours worked. For the former West Germany after 1959 and unified Germany from 1991, BLS uses aggregate hours worked, which were developed by a research institute of the German Ministry of Labor for use with the national accounts employment figures; earlier figures are BLS estimates. For the other countries, and the former West Germany before 1959, BLS constructs its own estimates of average hours. BLS is in the process of assessing the comparability of the employment and hours time series data available from statistical sources in Denmark, Korea, and Taiwan. Compensation (Labor Cost). The compensation measures are from national accounts data. Compensation includes employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans, in addition to all payments made in cash or in-kind directly to employees. For Canada, France, and Sweden, compensation is increased to account for other important taxes on payroll or employment. For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991 to account for subsidies. When data for the self-employed are not available, total compensation is estimated by assuming the same hourly compensation for self-employed and employees. Real compensation for the U.S. is derived using the Consumer Price Index research series (CPI-U-RS). Current Indicators. The measures for recent years may be based on current indicators of output (such as industrial production indexes), employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics, normally used for the long-term measures, become available. Trade-Weighted Measures. The trade weights for Canada, Japan, and the European countries were obtained by re-scaling a series of weights, developed by the International Monetary Fund, based on average trade flows over the 1989-91 period. These weights are based on aggregate trade data for total manufacturing and take account of both bilateral trade and the relative importance of "third country" markets. The 1989-91 weights do not include Korea and Taiwan. BLS developed weights for Korea and Taiwan by using data from an earlier study from the International Monetary Fund and other sources. The weight used for Germany is based on the trade weight of the former West Germany. The following weights were used for the entire period for which tradeweighted unit labor cost measures are produced: Country Weight Country Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany 24.46 29.54 2.06 0.46 5.70 11.22 Italy Norway Sweden United Kingdom Korea Taiwan Weight 4.44 0.46 1.83 8.68 5.55 5.60 -16Level Comparisons. The BLS measures are limited to trend comparisons. BLS does not prepare level comparisons of manufacturing productivity and unit labor costs because of data limitations and technical problems in comparing the levels of manufacturing output among countries. Each country measures manufacturing output in its own currency units. To compare outputs among countries, a common unit of measure is needed. Market exchange rates are not suitable as a basis for comparing output levels. What is needed are purchasing power parities, which are the number of foreign currency units required to buy goods and services equivalent to what can be bought with one unit of U.S. currency. Purchasing power parities are available for total gross domestic product (GDP) from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). However, these parities are derived for expenditures made by consumers, business, and government for goods and services - not for value added by industry. Therefore, they do not provide purchasing power parities by industry. The parities for total GDP are not suitable for each component industry, such as manufacturing. 1/ For more information on the U. S. measure, see Sherlene K.S. Lum, Brian C. Moyer, and Robert E. Yuskavage, "Improved Estimates of Gross Product by Industry for 1947-98," Survey of Current Business, June 2000, pp. 24-38. 2/ For information on sectoral output, see William Gullickson, "Measurement of productivity growth in U.S. manufacturing," Monthly Labor Review, July 1995, pp. 13-28. - 17 Table 1. Output per hour in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan 1950 NA 26.6 1955 NA 32.7 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 NA Korea Germany Former West Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified) Germany Italy NetherUnited lands Norway Sweden Kingdom NA NA NA 22.6 13.2 NA 13.2 11.5 11.3 24.5 19.5 25.5 8.7 NA NA NA 24.6 16.6 NA 19.7 16.1 14.4 28.5 21.3 27.5 38.7 40.8 44.3 46.2 48.2 50.3 51.0 51.5 54.5 57.4 14.0 15.8 16.6 18.0 20.4 21.2 23.3 26.3 29.5 33.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 18.0 18.2 19.2 19.9 21.2 22.3 23.8 25.1 27.3 29.9 29.9 31.6 33.2 34.3 37.1 38.9 40.8 43.8 47.8 49.8 21.8 23.1 24.7 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.5 34.5 38.1 40.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 29.2 30.6 32.8 34.1 37.1 39.3 40.9 43.4 47.0 50.4 20.2 21.8 24.1 24.8 25.0 27.9 30.3 31.8 34.3 35.6 18.6 19.6 20.4 21.2 23.1 24.7 26.3 28.3 31.8 34.9 36.7 38.0 38.0 40.0 42.2 44.7 46.6 48.3 51.3 56.1 27.3 28.7 30.9 32.7 35.5 38.2 39.8 43.2 47.2 50.9 31.2 31.2 31.9 33.6 35.8 36.9 38.1 39.9 42.7 43.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68.3 69.2 70.1 56.6 60.0 62.7 66.2 67.2 64.7 70.3 74.9 76.7 75.9 38.0 40.2 44.1 48.1 49.3 50.7 53.8 55.9 58.1 62.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 32.9 35.1 39.2 43.5 45.8 47.6 52.4 55.0 58.3 61.4 52.7 56.3 60.8 66.9 69.1 76.1 78.8 80.4 81.6 85.6 43.0 45.5 47.5 50.9 52.0 53.8 57.1 60.5 63.2 66.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 52.0 54.0 57.4 61.1 63.2 65.9 70.6 72.7 75.2 78.4 37.9 38.5 41.7 45.2 48.1 46.5 52.9 54.0 57.5 63.0 38.1 40.4 43.6 48.3 51.9 51.2 56.8 61.4 65.4 68.6 57.8 60.1 63.6 67.6 70.6 69.7 71.9 71.5 72.8 78.1 52.2 54.5 57.2 61.4 64.0 65.0 66.0 65.0 66.8 72.0 44.7 46.8 49.5 53.0 53.9 52.8 55.0 55.5 56.3 56.7 70.5 74.1 76.2 80.0 83.2 75.1 77.8 77.3 82.4 90.2 63.9 66.0 68.7 69.6 71.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 65.4 70.1 73.5 81.0 85.0 90.3 91.8 92.1 96.6 96.1 66.5 68.5 73.3 75.0 76.1 NA NA NA NA NA 77.2 78.7 78.8 82.6 85.4 65.9 67.4 68.6 71.8 78.4 69.2 70.8 72.1 77.8 85.4 76.7 76.5 79.7 82.4 87.4 73.1 72.7 75.4 80.9 85.2 56.1 59.0 62.3 67.1 70.7 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 86.0 86.0 92.9 96.9 95.7 92.4 90.0 90.6 90.9 93.7 77.3 76.9 81.2 84.8 89.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 87.0 87.8 88.9 92.0 96.9 96.7 91.1 90.6 94.1 99.6 79.1 80.4 81.8 87.5 91.9 NA NA NA NA NA 89.1 89.6 88.1 91.5 94.6 82.6 83.8 85.7 86.7 89.4 89.0 90.8 91.6 93.7 97.1 90.2 89.0 93.3 92.1 94.6 86.2 87.5 89.2 90.5 93.2 72.3 74.8 79.4 82.3 86.2 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 96.9 97.8 100.0 102.1 107.3 113.8 117.0 121.1 127.0 134.8 95.7 95.3 100.0 104.5 109.9 111.0 109.5 112.8 112.5 115.2 95.4 99.4 100.0 100.5 101.8 109.3 115.8 121.4 120.4 124.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 96.8 99.1 100.0 102.5 108.4 113.2 115.5 122.4 123.6 124.5 99.1 99.6 100.0 104.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 93.5 96.9 100.0 100.6 108.5 114.5 115.0 122.6 124.0 128.9 NA 99.0 100.0 101.6 110.1 113.2 116.8 122.4 126.7 128.5 99.0 101.9 100.0 100.6 107.9 111.2 115.1 121.8 127.1 NA 92.5 95.2 100.0 102.9 105.6 109.3 109.5 111.5 111.1 112.9 98.6 99.6 100.0 101.4 112.7 117.7 119.7 125.7 127.8 NA 96.6 97.5 100.0 100.6 101.4 102.0 102.0 103.0 103.9 103.9 94.6 95.5 100.0 107.3 119.4 121.9 124.5 133.0 135.6 139.5 88.3 92.2 100.0 104.0 106.8 104.8 103.2 104.0 104.6 109.2 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 18 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000. Table 2. Output per employed person in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan Korea Germany Former West Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified) Germany Italy NetherUnited lands Norway Sweden Kingdom 1950 NA 29.0 NA NA NA NA 31.8 16.2 NA 19.2 12.7 14.7 32.0 25.7 29.6 1955 NA 34.3 10.4 NA NA NA 34.0 20.2 NA 28.8 18.2 18.9 37.3 28.0 32.3 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 40.3 42.3 46.2 48.4 50.7 52.9 53.2 53.8 56.8 59.6 17.3 19.3 19.8 21.2 24.0 24.5 27.0 30.6 34.2 38.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22.6 22.9 24.1 25.0 26.5 27.4 29.1 30.3 33.0 35.7 39.2 40.2 42.6 43.3 47.2 49.5 51.0 54.1 57.7 59.3 26.5 28.3 30.0 31.7 33.9 35.9 39.1 41.1 44.1 48.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 38.4 39.6 41.3 42.4 46.1 48.7 50.0 51.7 56.6 60.7 23.0 24.6 26.4 27.3 27.6 29.7 32.6 34.7 37.4 38.5 24.5 24.8 25.6 26.5 28.7 30.5 32.4 34.7 38.2 41.4 46.2 47.2 47.0 49.2 52.3 54.1 56.6 58.1 60.1 64.3 33.8 35.1 37.4 39.2 42.0 44.7 46.5 49.6 53.0 56.0 35.9 35.5 35.9 37.8 40.6 41.2 41.8 43.4 46.9 48.1 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 67.0 67.9 68.4 58.3 61.7 64.5 67.6 68.1 64.8 70.5 75.1 77.5 76.3 43.0 44.8 48.9 52.8 52.0 52.2 57.0 59.4 62.0 67.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 38.3 40.2 43.9 47.6 48.7 48.0 53.8 56.1 59.4 62.6 60.8 64.6 68.4 71.2 75.0 79.9 83.2 84.1 84.3 88.4 50.3 52.8 54.7 57.6 58.1 58.4 62.1 65.2 67.6 70.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 62.4 63.4 66.6 70.4 71.4 72.5 79.9 81.1 82.8 86.0 40.3 39.8 42.9 47.0 48.2 45.8 52.1 52.9 56.2 61.1 44.4 46.5 49.5 53.8 56.0 54.2 60.0 64.6 68.2 70.7 65.7 67.6 70.6 74.6 76.9 75.6 76.0 74.4 73.9 78.0 57.1 59.4 60.7 64.0 65.9 65.5 65.7 64.1 64.2 68.1 48.4 49.5 51.8 56.2 55.3 54.0 56.8 57.7 58.2 58.4 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 67.9 71.4 72.1 77.8 82.0 84.9 84.8 92.1 96.9 95.7 74.7 76.8 75.6 81.7 89.3 92.0 90.0 91.4 93.6 94.3 68.6 70.3 73.0 74.0 77.3 82.8 81.9 86.7 91.7 95.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 65.6 68.7 73.7 79.2 82.5 85.7 86.5 88.4 93.0 97.5 93.9 94.3 96.0 102.1 101.2 98.4 94.9 92.2 95.8 100.2 71.0 72.1 74.0 75.4 76.7 79.2 80.6 82.6 88.6 92.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 83.5 84.1 83.7 87.9 90.9 93.1 93.0 91.3 94.4 96.2 64.1 65.6 66.6 69.7 76.1 79.5 82.6 86.1 90.1 92.7 71.8 73.8 75.9 82.1 88.8 90.2 91.5 91.9 94.7 97.6 77.1 76.9 79.4 82.5 87.4 89.8 88.7 90.7 90.3 93.3 68.4 68.5 71.5 77.8 83.5 83.6 84.5 87.3 88.1 90.6 55.9 57.9 61.7 66.7 70.8 73.1 75.8 80.1 85.0 88.1 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 96.3 96.6 100.0 103.4 109.7 115.5 118.7 123.7 128.4 136.2 95.9 95.1 100.0 105.6 112.2 112.7 111.8 116.4 115.3 119.1 100.5 102.5 100.0 98.1 99.5 107.6 114.9 119.7 116.2 119.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 98.5 99.2 100.0 100.9 109.7 113.3 116.0 123.1 124.5 126.8 98.4 99.3 100.0 103.6 114.0 116.9 111.6 114.9 115.1 113.7 94.1 96.4 100.0 100.5 108.5 113.9 114.5 122.7 124.5 127.2 NA 94.6 100.0 99.6 108.1 110.9 112.0 117.6 123.2 125.0 98.8 101.0 100.0 97.6 104.7 107.3 109.3 116.0 122.3 NA 93.6 95.3 100.0 100.9 106.4 110.2 109.5 112.0 111.3 112.7 99.1 99.8 100.0 101.4 112.7 118.1 119.9 125.4 127.3 NA 95.1 96.4 100.0 100.9 102.0 101.6 101.1 101.9 102.9 102.5 93.1 94.2 100.0 110.2 127.5 131.5 134.5 143.8 146.7 151.4 90.0 93.0 100.0 103.8 108.1 107.0 105.6 106.5 105.9 109.2 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 19 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000. Table 3. Output in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan Korea Germany Former West Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified) Germany Italy NetherUnited lands Norway Sweden Kingdom 1950 NA 22.6 2.2 NA NA NA 26.8 18.4 NA 14.5 9.6 16.8 38.2 30.9 49.8 1955 NA 29.2 4.9 NA NA NA 29.4 22.9 NA 27.5 14.9 23.0 46.7 35.7 58.5 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.2 35.6 40.0 42.8 46.9 51.2 54.5 55.6 58.9 63.0 10.7 12.8 13.9 15.5 18.0 18.7 21.2 25.4 29.3 34.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 30.7 32.1 34.6 36.2 39.5 40.8 43.2 43.7 46.7 52.2 40.8 43.0 46.7 47.3 52.9 56.3 57.5 58.1 62.6 66.0 31.0 33.3 35.7 38.4 42.0 44.1 48.1 50.4 53.2 59.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 41.5 44.0 46.2 47.1 51.2 55.0 55.9 54.7 60.3 67.4 21.9 24.2 26.8 28.5 28.9 30.4 33.1 36.4 39.8 42.4 31.7 32.8 34.5 35.9 39.3 42.1 44.3 46.1 50.4 55.3 56.5 58.8 59.3 62.9 67.3 70.9 75.1 77.5 79.4 85.2 45.9 49.0 52.8 55.4 60.3 64.5 66.3 68.5 72.0 77.7 67.7 67.8 68.0 70.4 76.8 79.0 80.4 80.9 86.6 89.9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 72.5 76.5 79.0 60.6 64.4 69.5 76.0 77.6 71.8 78.1 81.5 86.5 88.3 38.8 40.7 44.4 50.0 48.7 46.2 50.2 51.8 53.3 57.9 7.0 8.3 9.5 12.3 14.3 16.2 19.9 22.8 27.5 30.1 12.7 15.5 18.9 22.3 21.0 22.0 27.0 30.6 37.1 40.0 57.6 60.1 64.7 70.6 73.4 67.9 73.0 73.3 74.3 76.2 68.0 69.4 75.3 79.5 80.7 78.7 82.5 82.9 82.7 87.4 64.1 68.1 71.3 76.7 78.2 76.6 81.1 84.8 86.8 89.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 70.9 71.6 73.8 78.5 77.7 74.1 79.8 81.3 82.8 87.1 45.8 46.4 49.0 55.3 58.9 55.5 63.8 66.0 69.2 76.4 59.5 61.5 63.2 67.7 70.2 65.6 69.6 73.1 75.4 77.3 89.1 92.3 96.7 102.2 107.3 105.0 105.2 103.0 100.6 104.7 80.7 81.2 81.7 87.5 92.2 92.5 92.5 87.2 84.9 90.3 90.3 89.3 91.2 99.6 98.3 91.6 93.3 95.1 95.6 95.4 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 75.8 79.2 74.6 79.1 87.6 90.0 88.6 96.4 103.2 102.4 86.0 88.1 78.8 83.0 93.3 98.3 99.4 103.9 110.1 112.6 59.9 62.1 64.1 66.1 70.4 76.1 74.9 78.4 84.6 90.2 29.9 32.7 34.6 39.5 46.0 48.8 57.9 68.5 76.7 79.4 44.0 47.3 48.5 54.1 62.2 64.3 74.7 84.3 87.7 90.8 78.2 77.2 80.4 84.6 87.2 89.1 89.1 88.8 93.3 99.1 91.3 88.4 89.8 95.8 100.3 103.5 103.5 99.3 100.8 104.3 88.7 87.3 88.2 88.0 87.0 87.3 87.3 87.2 92.2 97.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 85.3 84.4 81.5 82.7 85.2 88.3 89.7 88.0 90.9 94.0 80.4 78.8 77.5 77.8 80.9 83.3 85.5 88.7 94.5 98.1 77.4 77.5 76.7 79.1 83.6 86.1 88.3 89.5 92.8 96.9 103.6 101.7 101.3 99.9 104.7 108.5 108.1 110.7 105.3 101.3 90.7 88.0 88.3 93.9 101.3 102.9 104.0 106.6 109.8 110.9 87.2 81.8 81.7 83.4 86.5 89.0 90.1 94.4 101.4 105.4 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 101.6 98.3 100.0 103.5 111.1 118.4 121.3 127.7 108.6 99.0 100.0 104.6 113.2 118.1 119.8 128.1 96.3 101.4 100.0 96.0 95.4 100.6 106.7 111.1 86.7 95.0 100.0 105.4 116.8 129.9 138.7 147.8 90.0 96.1 100.0 102.4 108.5 114.9 120.3 128.3 101.0 100.7 100.0 97.0 101.4 104.2 105.1 109.9 102.7 101.7 100.0 99.0 109.3 114.7 109.7 112.6 99.1 99.8 100.0 95.7 100.3 104.9 104.6 109.7 NA 102.3 100.0 92.5 95.2 95.3 93.5 96.3 99.1 102.8 100.0 91.8 93.5 93.7 92.5 95.8 99.6 99.2 100.0 96.4 102.2 107.2 105.6 108.3 100.1 100.6 100.0 98.2 104.2 107.8 108.4 114.1 100.2 98.3 100.0 102.7 106.7 109.0 110.1 115.7 110.1 104.1 100.0 101.9 117.1 128.4 131.1 138.6 105.3 100.0 100.0 101.4 106.1 107.8 108.2 109.6 1998 1999 NA: 133.5 139.3 133.1 141.3 103.6 103.9 136.8 166.7 132.6 141.1 111.8 113.8 115.3 111.5 111.5 114.2 100.9 102.2 100.7 NA 110.3 111.4 116.6 NA 117.6 114.0 144.6 150.7 109.9 109.7 Not Available Source: - 20 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000. Table 4. Total hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan Korea Germany Former West Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified) Germany Italy NetherUnited lands Norway Sweden Kingdom 1950 85.5 84.7 NA NA NA NA 118.7 140.0 NA 109.8 83.6 148.6 156.0 158.5 195.7 1955 94.6 89.4 55.9 NA NA NA 119.8 138.0 NA 139.6 92.5 159.1 164.1 167.3 213.1 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 92.1 89.7 93.4 94.4 96.4 102.0 108.6 108.0 109.6 110.9 88.3 87.1 90.3 92.6 97.2 101.9 106.8 107.9 108.2 109.7 76.3 80.8 83.4 86.1 88.2 88.0 91.0 96.3 99.4 100.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 170.7 175.9 180.3 181.8 186.5 183.2 181.5 173.6 170.9 174.9 136.5 136.2 140.7 138.0 142.6 144.9 140.8 132.7 130.9 132.7 142.3 143.8 144.8 148.0 149.7 146.9 148.3 146.2 139.7 147.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 142.3 143.9 140.8 138.1 138.0 140.0 136.7 125.9 128.3 133.8 108.7 110.9 110.8 114.9 115.2 108.8 109.4 114.5 116.0 119.2 170.6 167.1 169.2 169.5 170.0 170.4 168.3 162.7 158.8 158.5 154.0 154.8 156.2 157.3 159.5 158.4 161.1 160.4 154.9 152.0 168.3 171.0 170.8 169.1 169.6 168.8 166.5 158.4 152.6 152.5 217.3 217.4 213.2 209.6 214.6 214.3 211.2 203.0 202.8 205.6 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 104.4 100.5 105.1 110.4 107.9 97.2 101.9 106.1 110.6 112.7 107.1 107.4 110.8 114.9 115.5 111.1 111.0 108.8 112.8 116.2 102.3 101.1 100.6 104.0 98.7 91.1 93.3 92.5 91.6 92.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 174.7 171.4 165.2 162.1 160.4 142.6 139.4 133.3 127.4 124.2 129.0 123.3 123.8 118.8 116.7 103.5 104.7 103.1 101.4 102.1 149.0 149.7 149.9 150.7 150.3 142.3 141.9 140.1 137.3 134.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 136.3 132.5 128.7 128.4 122.9 112.5 113.1 111.8 110.1 111.0 120.9 120.6 117.5 122.4 122.4 119.3 120.5 122.2 120.4 121.4 156.2 152.4 144.9 140.2 135.4 128.2 122.7 119.1 115.2 112.7 154.3 153.6 152.1 151.2 152.0 150.5 146.2 144.1 138.3 134.1 154.7 149.1 142.9 142.5 144.0 142.3 140.2 134.2 127.1 125.5 202.1 190.6 184.3 187.8 182.4 173.6 169.5 171.2 169.7 168.1 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 107.5 107.0 97.9 98.9 105.3 104.6 114.6 113.2 102.0 100.7 103.3 106.4 93.8 94.1 93.3 95.0 97.9 98.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 119.7 110.2 109.4 104.3 102.6 102.4 101.1 96.3 97.5 99.2 104.4 107.0 133.3 127.4 120.3 117.4 114.2 110.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA 110.5 107.1 103.4 100.1 99.7 99.1 122.0 116.8 113.0 108.4 103.2 100.8 111.8 109.4 106.3 101.6 97.9 96.7 135.0 133.0 127.1 121.2 119.7 120.2 124.0 121.0 117.2 116.1 118.9 119.4 155.3 138.6 131.2 124.2 122.4 123.1 1986 1987 1988 1989 103.0 103.8 106.6 107.1 110.5 114.7 121.2 120.2 97.3 96.6 99.8 100.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 101.5 100.0 101.5 102.3 113.7 109.6 107.2 104.7 108.6 106.6 105.4 105.8 NA NA NA NA 100.1 99.9 99.3 99.3 102.1 103.5 108.9 109.7 97.3 97.7 99.0 99.8 121.6 118.6 114.3 107.1 118.9 119.5 121.4 119.0 120.4 118.9 123.2 122.3 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 104.8 100.4 100.0 101.4 103.6 104.0 103.7 105.5 105.2 103.3 113.5 103.9 100.0 100.1 103.0 106.4 109.4 113.5 118.3 122.7 100.9 102.0 100.0 95.6 93.7 92.0 92.2 91.5 86.1 83.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 104.3 101.5 100.0 94.7 93.6 92.0 91.0 89.8 90.5 91.5 103.7 102.1 100.0 94.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA 105.9 103.0 100.0 95.1 92.4 91.6 91.0 89.5 89.9 88.6 NA 103.3 100.0 91.0 86.5 84.2 80.1 78.7 79.6 79.5 100.1 100.9 100.0 91.3 86.7 84.3 80.4 78.6 79.3 NA 107.7 104.2 100.0 93.6 96.7 98.0 96.5 97.1 99.3 98.6 101.5 101.0 100.0 96.9 92.4 91.6 90.5 90.8 91.2 NA 103.7 100.8 100.0 102.1 105.2 106.9 107.9 112.3 113.2 109.8 116.4 109.0 100.0 94.9 98.1 105.3 105.3 104.2 106.6 108.0 119.2 108.5 100.0 97.5 99.4 102.9 104.8 105.4 105.0 100.5 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 21 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000. Table 5. Employment in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan Korea Germany Former West Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified) Germany Italy NetherUnited lands Norway Sweden Kingdom 1950 84.3 77.9 NA NA NA NA 84.4 113.7 NA 75.2 75.8 114.1 119.3 120.1 168.4 1955 93.1 85.3 47.1 NA NA NA 86.7 113.3 NA 95.5 81.9 121.8 125.2 127.7 181.1 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 92.6 90.0 92.8 93.5 94.9 99.3 105.4 106.7 108.5 110.6 84.8 84.1 86.5 88.5 92.5 96.9 102.4 103.3 103.8 105.7 61.7 66.4 70.0 72.8 75.0 76.1 78.3 82.8 85.7 88.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 135.7 140.1 143.3 144.7 148.8 148.7 148.5 143.9 141.5 146.3 104.1 107.0 109.7 109.3 112.0 113.9 112.8 107.5 108.5 111.4 116.9 117.7 118.9 121.5 123.7 122.5 123.2 122.7 120.6 124.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 108.1 111.3 111.8 111.0 111.0 113.0 111.8 105.8 106.6 111.0 95.1 98.1 101.2 104.4 104.7 102.3 101.7 105.0 106.4 110.0 129.4 132.2 134.7 135.4 137.1 137.9 137.0 132.9 132.1 133.7 122.2 124.8 126.3 127.8 128.8 130.9 132.8 133.5 132.0 132.6 135.7 139.6 140.9 141.4 143.4 144.4 142.7 138.2 136.0 138.7 188.5 191.1 189.4 186.4 189.2 191.7 192.2 186.3 184.5 187.1 1970 106.3 103.9 90.3 NA NA 150.2 111.9 127.3 NA 113.6 113.6 134.3 135.6 141.2 186.7 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 102.2 105.0 110.5 110.1 100.6 104.2 108.2 112.7 115.6 104.4 107.7 112.5 113.9 110.9 110.7 108.5 111.7 115.7 90.7 90.8 94.6 93.7 88.5 88.0 87.1 85.9 85.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 149.6 147.4 148.4 150.7 141.5 135.8 130.5 125.0 121.8 107.3 110.1 111.6 107.6 98.5 99.2 98.5 98.0 98.8 128.9 130.4 133.2 134.6 131.2 130.5 130.0 128.4 126.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 112.9 110.8 111.5 108.9 102.2 99.9 100.3 100.0 101.2 116.7 114.4 117.8 122.1 121.1 122.3 124.7 123.1 125.0 132.2 127.5 125.8 125.4 121.0 116.0 113.1 110.5 109.3 136.4 136.9 136.9 139.5 138.7 138.4 138.5 136.1 134.2 136.7 134.6 136.8 140.0 141.3 141.0 136.0 132.3 132.7 180.4 176.1 177.2 177.8 169.7 164.3 164.8 164.2 163.2 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 111.6 111.0 103.5 101.8 106.8 106.0 104.5 104.7 106.6 107.0 115.1 114.8 104.3 101.6 104.4 106.8 110.4 113.7 117.6 119.4 87.4 88.3 87.9 89.3 91.1 91.9 91.4 90.4 92.4 94.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 119.3 112.4 109.2 106.8 105.7 104.0 103.0 100.5 100.4 101.7 97.2 93.8 93.6 93.9 99.1 105.2 109.1 107.7 105.3 104.1 125.0 121.0 119.1 116.7 113.4 110.3 108.3 105.6 104.1 104.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 102.2 100.3 97.4 94.1 93.7 94.9 96.4 96.4 96.3 97.6 125.4 120.1 116.4 111.7 106.3 104.8 103.5 103.0 104.8 105.8 107.8 105.0 101.0 96.4 94.2 95.4 96.5 97.4 98.0 99.3 134.5 132.3 127.5 121.0 119.8 120.7 122.0 122.0 116.6 108.7 132.6 128.4 123.4 120.7 121.3 123.1 123.1 122.1 124.6 122.5 155.9 141.2 132.5 125.1 122.2 121.7 118.9 117.9 119.3 119.7 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 105.4 101.8 100.0 100.1 101.3 102.5 102.2 103.2 104.0 102.3 113.2 104.1 100.0 99.1 100.9 104.8 107.2 110.1 115.4 118.7 95.8 98.9 100.0 97.9 95.9 93.5 92.9 92.8 89.2 87.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 102.5 101.5 100.0 96.1 92.5 91.9 90.6 89.3 89.8 89.8 104.3 102.4 100.0 95.5 95.8 98.1 98.3 97.9 100.2 98.1 105.4 103.6 100.0 95.2 92.4 92.1 91.3 89.4 89.6 89.8 NA 108.1 100.0 92.9 88.1 86.0 83.5 81.9 81.9 81.7 100.3 101.8 100.0 94.0 89.3 87.3 84.6 82.6 82.4 NA 106.4 104.1 100.0 95.5 96.0 97.2 96.4 96.7 99.1 98.8 101.1 100.7 100.0 96.9 92.4 91.3 90.3 91.0 91.5 NA 105.4 101.9 100.0 101.8 104.7 107.2 108.9 113.6 114.3 111.3 118.3 110.5 100.0 92.4 91.8 97.7 97.4 96.4 98.6 99.6 116.9 107.5 100.0 97.7 98.2 100.7 102.5 102.9 103.8 100.5 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 22 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000. Table 6. Average annual hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan Korea Germany Former West Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified) Germany Italy NetherUnited lands Norway Sweden Kingdom 1950 101.4 108.8 NA NA NA NA 140.7 123.1 NA 146.0 110.2 130.3 130.8 131.9 116.2 1955 101.5 104.8 118.7 NA NA NA 138.2 121.8 NA 146.1 113.0 130.6 131.1 131.0 117.7 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 99.5 99.6 100.6 100.9 101.6 102.7 103.0 101.2 101.0 100.2 104.1 103.6 104.4 104.7 105.1 105.1 104.4 104.4 104.2 103.8 123.5 121.6 119.2 118.2 117.6 115.6 116.2 116.3 116.0 114.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 125.8 125.5 125.8 125.7 125.3 123.2 122.2 120.7 120.7 119.5 131.2 127.3 128.3 126.3 127.4 127.2 124.8 123.4 120.6 119.1 121.8 122.2 121.8 121.8 121.0 119.9 120.4 119.2 115.9 118.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 131.7 129.4 126.0 124.4 124.3 123.9 122.3 119.0 120.4 120.6 114.3 113.1 109.5 110.0 110.0 106.4 107.6 109.1 109.1 108.3 131.9 126.5 125.6 125.2 124.0 123.6 122.9 122.4 120.2 118.5 126.0 124.1 123.7 123.1 123.9 121.0 121.3 120.2 117.3 114.6 124.0 122.5 121.2 119.6 118.2 116.9 116.7 114.7 112.2 110.0 115.3 113.7 112.6 112.5 113.4 111.8 109.8 109.0 109.9 109.9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 98.2 98.4 100.0 99.9 98.0 96.6 97.7 98.1 98.1 97.5 103.2 102.8 102.9 102.1 101.4 100.2 100.3 100.2 101.0 100.5 113.3 111.4 110.8 109.9 105.3 103.0 106.0 106.2 106.7 107.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 116.3 114.6 112.0 109.3 106.4 100.7 102.6 102.1 101.9 102.0 115.3 114.9 112.4 106.4 108.5 105.1 105.6 104.6 103.4 103.3 117.1 116.1 115.0 113.2 111.7 108.4 108.7 107.8 106.9 106.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 119.9 117.3 116.2 115.2 112.9 110.1 113.2 111.5 110.1 109.7 106.4 103.4 102.7 103.9 100.3 98.5 98.5 98.0 97.8 97.1 116.4 115.3 113.6 111.4 108.0 106.0 105.8 105.3 104.3 103.1 113.8 112.6 111.0 110.4 108.9 108.5 105.7 104.0 101.6 99.9 109.5 109.0 106.2 104.2 102.9 100.7 99.5 98.7 96.1 94.6 108.2 105.6 104.7 106.0 102.6 102.3 103.2 103.8 103.4 103.0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 96.3 96.4 94.6 97.2 98.6 98.7 98.6 99.1 100.0 100.0 99.5 98.6 97.8 99.1 99.0 99.6 100.0 100.9 103.0 100.7 107.3 106.5 106.2 106.4 107.4 107.1 106.5 106.8 108.0 106.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 100.4 98.1 100.2 97.7 97.1 98.5 98.6 99.4 101.1 100.6 104.0 102.7 104.2 105.6 105.3 101.8 104.2 101.8 101.8 100.6 106.7 105.3 101.0 100.6 100.8 100.1 100.3 100.9 101.3 101.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 108.1 106.8 106.2 106.4 106.4 104.5 103.9 103.6 103.2 101.7 97.3 97.3 97.1 97.1 97.1 96.2 98.6 100.4 104.0 103.7 103.7 104.2 105.3 105.4 104.0 101.3 100.8 100.3 101.1 100.5 100.4 100.6 99.7 100.1 99.9 99.6 99.7 97.2 98.0 98.6 93.6 94.2 94.9 96.2 98.0 96.9 96.5 97.9 97.5 97.2 99.6 98.1 99.1 99.4 100.2 101.1 101.3 100.8 103.2 102.2 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 99.4 98.7 100.0 101.3 102.2 101.5 101.5 102.2 101.2 100.2 99.8 100.0 101.1 102.0 101.5 102.1 103.2 102.5 105.3 103.2 100.0 97.7 97.7 98.4 99.2 98.6 96.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 101.8 100.0 100.0 98.5 101.2 100.1 100.5 100.6 100.8 99.4 99.7 100.0 99.2 NA NA NA NA NA 100.6 99.4 100.0 99.9 100.0 99.5 99.6 100.1 100.4 NA 95.5 100.0 98.0 98.2 98.0 95.9 96.0 97.2 99.8 99.1 100.0 97.0 97.1 96.5 95.0 95.2 96.2 101.2 100.1 100.0 98.0 100.7 100.8 100.0 100.4 100.2 100.5 100.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3 100.2 99.8 99.6 98.4 98.9 100.0 100.3 100.5 99.7 99.1 98.9 99.1 98.5 98.7 100.0 102.8 106.8 107.8 108.1 108.2 108.2 101.9 100.9 100.0 99.8 101.3 102.2 102.3 102.4 101.2 1999 NA: 101.0 103.4 96.3 NA NA 101.9 NA 98.7 97.3 NA 99.8 NA 98.7 108.5 100.0 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 23 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000. Table 7. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada*Japan 1950 8.7 5.4 1955 11.7 7.7 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 14.9 15.3 15.9 16.4 17.0 17.4 18.2 19.2 20.7 22.2 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 NA Korea Germany Former West Taiwan Belgium Denmark France*(unified) Germany Italy NetherUnited lands Norway Sweden*Kingdom* NA NA NA 2.5 1.6 NA 3.4 .8 3.1 2.2 1.9 1.6 3.1 NA NA NA 3.4 2.8 NA 5.0 1.2 4.5 3.4 2.9 2.3 9.9 10.2 10.6 11.0 11.5 12.2 13.1 13.7 14.7 15.9 4.3 5.0 5.7 6.4 7.2 8.1 9.0 10.0 11.7 13.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5.4 5.7 6.2 6.8 7.7 8.5 9.4 10.3 11.0 12.1 4.6 5.2 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.4 8.4 9.4 10.3 11.6 4.3 4.7 5.2 5.7 6.2 6.7 7.1 7.6 8.6 9.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.1 9.1 10.3 11.0 11.9 13.1 14.2 15.0 16.1 17.6 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.9 6.4 7.3 7.8 8.6 9.9 11.1 12.5 13.8 15.4 17.4 4.7 5.2 5.7 6.1 6.5 7.2 7.8 8.7 9.6 10.6 4.1 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.6 7.3 8.1 8.8 9.6 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.2 4.5 4.7 5.0 5.5 23.7 25.2 26.5 28.5 31.6 35.5 38.4 41.8 45.2 49.6 17.0 18.1 19.4 21.1 24.6 28.2 32.4 36.0 38.7 42.6 16.5 19.0 21.9 26.8 35.1 40.9 44.0 48.6 51.8 55.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 13.7 15.9 18.8 22.3 27.4 33.1 38.3 41.4 44.4 47.2 13.3 15.2 16.9 20.5 24.8 29.6 33.0 36.5 40.2 45.0 10.3 11.6 12.8 14.7 17.4 21.3 24.4 27.7 31.2 35.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 20.7 23.2 25.6 29.0 33.0 36.4 39.1 42.8 45.9 49.3 4.7 5.4 6.1 7.2 9.3 11.8 14.6 17.3 20.0 24.2 20.2 23.1 26.5 31.6 37.7 43.1 48.1 52.5 56.8 61.1 11.8 13.5 15.1 17.0 19.9 23.8 27.5 30.9 34.1 35.8 10.7 12.1 13.5 15.2 17.9 21.9 25.7 28.1 31.1 33.5 6.3 7.2 8.3 9.5 11.4 15.1 17.6 19.8 23.1 27.5 55.6 61.1 67.0 68.8 47.4 53.7 60.9 65.2 58.6 62.7 65.8 67.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 52.5 57.3 59.9 65.7 49.6 54.6 59.5 63.6 40.8 47.2 56.1 61.9 NA NA NA NA 53.6 57.0 60.4 63.1 28.4 34.3 40.4 47.2 64.4 67.4 71.5 74.9 39.0 43.3 48.2 52.9 37.3 41.2 44.2 49.0 33.2 38.5 42.4 45.5 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 71.2 75.1 78.5 80.7 84.0 86.6 68.9 71.8 72.8 74.6 77.4 82.5 69.7 72.5 76.1 77.9 79.2 84.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 71.4 75.3 77.3 79.7 81.1 85.9 67.2 71.7 73.2 80.1 82.9 87.7 67.2 72.8 75.8 78.6 81.6 86.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 66.0 70.0 72.8 76.0 79.1 83.2 54.1 60.8 63.3 66.8 69.3 75.9 77.7 81.8 85.0 87.8 87.7 88.5 57.9 63.4 69.1 78.5 83.3 87.2 53.2 58.6 63.4 67.6 71.8 79.4 49.1 53.1 57.6 64.8 67.7 72.9 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 90.8 95.6 100.0 102.7 105.6 107.9 109.3 111.4 117.3 123.2 88.3 95.0 100.0 102.0 103.7 106.0 105.1 108.2 111.2 113.0 90.7 95.9 100.0 104.6 106.7 109.5 110.9 113.9 115.8 117.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 90.1 97.3 100.0 104.8 106.1 109.2 110.4 114.2 115.8 116.3 92.7 95.9 100.0 104.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA 90.6 96.2 100.0 103.0 105.6 108.4 110.2 113.0 114.9 119.3 NA 92.1 100.0 106.1 112.3 118.5 125.2 128.0 128.9 130.8 89.4 95.1 100.0 105.9 111.7 117.7 123.7 126.6 127.6 NA 84.4 93.6 100.0 107.5 107.8 112.8 120.3 125.4 123.0 126.5 90.8 95.2 100.0 103.7 108.2 110.6 113.2 115.8 118.3 NA 92.3 97.5 100.0 101.5 104.4 109.2 113.6 118.7 126.2 133.4 87.8 95.5 100.0 97.2 99.8 106.3 114.2 119.7 123.3 127.4 80.9 90.5 100.0 104.3 106.5 107.4 108.2 111.4 117.0 122.6 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: - 24 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000. Table 8. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada*Japan 1950 8.7 6.0 1955 11.7 9.4 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 14.9 15.3 15.9 16.4 17.0 17.4 18.2 12.4 12.2 12.0 12.3 12.9 13.6 14.6 NA Korea Germany Former West Taiwan Belgium Denmark France*(unified) Germany Italy NetherUnited lands Norway Sweden*Kingdom* NA NA NA 2.2 2.4 NA 1.3 1.7 1.4 1.9 2.1 2.5 1.1 NA NA NA 3.0 4.3 NA 1.9 2.4 2.1 2.9 3.3 3.6 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.0 4.5 4.9 5.4 5.8 6.4 7.3 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.2 7.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.5 3.2 3.5 4.1 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.9 3.0 3.5 3.8 4.2 4.8 5.4 6.1 4.1 4.5 4.9 5.3 5.6 6.2 6.8 4.6 5.0 5.6 6.2 6.8 7.5 8.2 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.7 6.1 6.6 7.2 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.4 5.0 5.5 6.1 1967 1968 1969 19.2 20.7 22.2 15.4 16.5 17.8 3.5 4.1 4.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA 6.7 7.1 7.7 8.1 8.3 9.3 8.2 9.2 9.4 NA NA NA 5.9 6.3 7.0 6.5 7.0 7.6 6.7 7.5 8.5 7.6 8.4 9.2 9.1 9.9 10.8 7.3 6.8 7.4 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 23.7 25.2 26.5 28.5 31.6 35.5 38.4 41.8 45.2 49.6 19.7 21.7 23.7 25.5 30.3 33.5 39.8 41.0 41.0 43.9 5.8 6.9 9.2 12.5 15.3 17.5 18.8 23.0 31.5 32.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.9 10.5 13.7 18.5 22.6 29.0 31.9 37.1 45.4 51.7 10.7 12.4 14.7 20.5 24.6 31.1 32.9 36.7 44.1 51.6 9.9 11.1 13.4 17.5 19.2 26.3 27.0 29.8 36.7 44.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.9 10.4 12.6 17.1 19.9 23.1 24.3 28.8 35.8 42.0 9.2 10.8 12.8 15.1 17.7 22.3 21.7 24.2 29.0 35.9 9.8 11.6 14.5 20.0 24.7 30.1 32.0 37.6 46.2 53.5 10.3 11.9 14.2 18.4 22.4 28.4 31.3 36.0 40.4 43.9 12.1 13.8 16.5 20.3 23.5 30.8 34.3 36.7 40.2 45.6 8.6 10.0 11.8 13.2 15.1 19.0 17.9 19.6 25.1 33.0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 55.6 61.1 67.0 68.8 71.2 75.1 78.5 80.7 84.0 86.6 49.0 54.1 59.6 63.9 64.3 63.5 63.3 68.0 76.0 84.1 32.8 36.1 33.5 36.1 37.2 38.5 57.3 68.3 78.4 77.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 57.7 49.5 42.1 41.3 39.7 40.8 55.6 68.6 70.9 70.1 53.2 46.2 43.0 42.0 39.2 40.9 54.6 70.6 74.3 72.3 51.1 46.0 45.1 43.0 40.7 42.9 57.9 69.2 72.5 71.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 46.1 39.3 38.8 38.6 36.3 37.2 52.4 66.0 70.4 69.1 40.8 37.1 36.8 38.2 37.9 39.2 52.3 63.5 65.5 68.1 57.0 47.4 47.1 46.1 42.6 43.3 61.1 76.2 78.0 73.4 49.0 46.9 46.4 45.0 44.1 45.8 58.1 72.3 79.3 78.4 51.4 47.4 41.0 37.2 37.5 39.7 51.8 62.1 68.2 71.6 43.7 44.1 42.0 39.0 37.2 39.0 47.8 60.2 68.3 67.7 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 90.8 95.6 100.0 102.7 105.6 107.9 109.3 111.4 117.3 123.2 91.5 100.1 100.0 95.5 91.7 93.3 93.1 94.4 90.6 91.9 79.3 90.3 100.0 119.3 132.4 147.7 129.3 119.3 112.1 131.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 86.6 91.5 100.0 97.4 102.1 119.1 114.6 102.5 102.5 98.7 90.4 90.5 100.0 97.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA 88.0 90.2 100.0 96.2 100.8 115.1 114.1 102.5 103.1 102.6 NA 86.6 100.0 100.2 108.1 129.2 129.9 115.3 114.4 111.3 86.4 89.4 100.0 100.0 107.6 128.3 128.4 114.0 113.3 NA 86.8 92.9 100.0 84.2 82.4 85.3 96.1 90.7 87.3 85.8 87.7 89.4 100.0 98.1 104.6 121.2 118.0 104.3 104.9 NA 91.7 93.3 100.0 88.8 92.0 107.1 109.3 104.1 103.8 106.2 86.4 91.9 100.0 72.6 75.4 86.8 99.1 91.2 90.3 89.7 81.7 90.5 100.0 88.7 92.3 95.9 95.6 103.3 109.8 112.2 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000. - 25 Table 9. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada*Japan Korea Germany Former West Taiwan Belgium Denmark France*(unified) Germany Italy NetherUnited lands Norway Sweden*Kingdom* 1950 NA 20.3 NA NA NA NA 11.0 12.2 NA 25.5 7.3 27.5 9.0 9.5 6.3 1955 NA 23.5 36.1 NA NA NA 13.8 17.0 NA 25.4 7.5 31.3 11.8 13.8 8.3 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 25.6 25.0 23.9 23.8 23.8 24.2 25.6 26.7 26.9 27.6 30.9 31.8 34.6 35.7 35.4 38.3 38.5 38.1 39.6 41.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 30.1 31.5 32.1 34.2 36.3 38.3 39.6 40.9 40.3 40.4 15.4 16.3 17.0 17.9 17.9 18.9 20.5 21.4 21.6 23.4 19.5 20.3 21.1 21.8 22.0 22.3 21.8 22.1 22.6 22.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 27.8 29.7 31.5 32.2 32.1 33.3 34.7 34.5 34.3 35.0 7.9 8.1 8.6 9.9 10.5 10.1 9.9 10.4 10.2 10.9 34.4 37.1 38.2 40.4 42.9 45.1 47.3 48.8 48.4 50.0 12.9 13.6 15.0 15.2 15.4 16.0 16.8 18.1 18.8 19.0 15.0 15.6 16.2 16.9 16.9 17.4 18.3 18.7 18.6 18.8 9.8 10.5 10.8 10.7 10.7 11.4 11.9 11.7 11.7 12.5 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 61.2 65.3 70.8 30.1 30.2 31.0 32.0 36.6 43.6 46.2 48.1 50.5 56.0 43.3 47.3 49.6 55.7 71.1 80.6 81.9 86.8 89.1 87.5 8.3 8.8 9.7 11.6 14.2 16.3 20.7 24.4 29.3 35.9 23.3 24.4 24.4 28.2 42.7 43.4 44.6 46.4 46.5 52.8 41.7 45.2 47.9 51.2 59.9 69.5 73.1 75.3 76.1 76.8 25.2 27.1 27.8 30.6 35.9 38.9 41.8 45.4 49.3 52.5 24.0 25.5 26.9 28.8 33.5 39.5 42.7 45.8 49.4 53.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 39.8 42.9 44.7 47.5 52.1 55.2 55.4 58.8 61.1 62.9 12.4 14.1 14.6 15.8 19.4 25.4 27.7 32.1 34.7 38.4 52.9 57.1 60.8 65.3 72.7 84.3 84.8 85.5 86.8 89.0 20.4 22.5 23.7 25.1 28.2 34.2 38.3 43.2 46.8 45.8 20.6 22.2 23.6 24.8 27.9 33.7 38.9 43.3 46.6 46.6 14.1 15.4 16.8 17.9 21.1 28.7 31.9 35.7 41.1 48.5 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 78.8 82.4 87.9 86.0 85.6 87.3 91.2 86.9 86.7 90.5 63.2 69.0 78.8 79.0 76.3 77.7 81.0 82.4 85.2 88.0 91.7 95.1 95.8 97.2 96.8 93.8 99.0 96.0 93.4 94.0 45.1 52.1 55.6 59.6 61.9 62.1 62.1 66.9 76.1 81.5 61.1 70.9 75.5 73.9 76.8 80.0 82.1 82.1 84.4 88.3 80.3 81.7 81.5 81.1 84.0 86.5 88.0 89.7 88.1 88.7 55.0 59.5 64.6 65.8 69.9 74.2 80.4 88.4 88.2 88.1 61.3 69.0 76.5 82.6 88.2 92.0 94.3 96.1 93.3 93.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 69.4 72.4 76.7 76.4 77.3 78.6 81.2 86.3 86.5 87.9 43.1 50.9 58.9 65.7 68.9 73.5 75.6 78.0 79.9 84.9 93.0 95.1 99.2 96.2 90.9 91.8 93.7 95.9 93.6 91.1 50.8 56.6 60.5 64.2 66.3 70.2 77.7 84.1 90.4 92.2 51.0 56.6 58.7 60.6 62.4 68.0 72.4 75.8 79.4 85.1 59.1 65.3 68.1 67.8 69.4 73.5 76.9 81.6 82.2 84.6 1990 93.7 92.3 95.0 85.9 95.1 93.0 93.6 96.8 NA 90.3 91.3 92.1 95.6 92.8 91.6 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 NA: 97.7 100.0 100.6 98.5 94.8 93.5 92.0 92.4 91.4 99.7 100.0 97.6 94.3 95.5 95.9 95.9 98.8 98.1 96.5 100.0 104.1 104.9 100.1 95.8 93.8 96.2 94.9 95.0 100.0 103.8 108.2 120.4 126.5 116.1 113.6 108.7 96.4 100.0 100.9 101.9 102.1 101.6 100.0 101.4 99.1 98.1 100.0 102.3 97.9 96.4 95.6 93.3 93.7 93.4 96.3 100.0 100.1 93.0 93.8 100.9 102.0 102.8 108.9 99.3 100.0 102.4 97.3 94.7 95.9 92.2 92.7 92.6 93.1 100.0 104.5 102.0 104.7 107.2 104.6 101.8 101.8 93.3 100.0 105.3 103.6 105.9 107.5 103.9 100.4 NA 98.4 100.0 104.4 102.1 103.2 109.9 112.4 110.8 112.0 95.5 100.0 102.3 96.0 94.0 94.6 92.2 92.5 NA 100.0 100.0 100.9 102.9 107.1 111.4 115.2 121.5 128.5 100.0 100.0 90.6 83.6 87.2 91.7 90.0 90.9 91.3 98.2 100.0 100.3 99.7 102.5 104.8 107.1 111.9 112.3 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: - 26 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000. Table 10. (Indexes: Year Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 1992=100) United States Canada*Japan Korea Germany Former West Taiwan Belgium Denmark France*(unified) Germany Italy NetherUnited lands Norway Sweden*Kingdom* 1950 NA 22.5 NA NA NA NA 9.6 18.5 NA 9.5 14.4 12.7 7.8 10.7 10.0 1955 NA 28.8 12.7 NA NA NA 12.0 25.7 NA 9.4 14.8 14.5 10.2 15.5 13.2 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 32.0 29.8 27.0 26.7 26.7 27.1 28.7 29.9 30.2 31.0 10.9 11.2 12.1 12.5 12.4 13.4 13.5 13.3 13.9 14.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 19.4 20.3 20.7 22.0 23.5 24.8 25.6 26.5 25.9 25.9 13.5 14.3 14.9 15.7 15.6 16.5 17.9 18.5 17.4 18.8 21.1 21.9 22.8 23.5 23.7 24.0 23.5 23.7 24.2 23.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 10.4 11.6 12.3 12.6 12.6 13.0 13.6 13.5 13.4 13.9 15.6 16.0 17.1 19.7 20.7 19.9 19.5 20.5 20.3 21.3 16.0 18.0 18.7 19.8 20.9 22.0 23.0 23.8 23.5 24.3 11.3 11.9 13.0 13.2 13.3 13.9 14.6 15.7 16.4 16.5 16.9 17.6 18.3 18.9 19.2 19.6 20.6 21.1 20.9 21.1 15.6 16.7 17.1 17.0 16.9 18.0 18.9 18.3 15.9 16.9 1970 1971 1972 1973 NA NA NA NA 34.8 36.1 37.8 38.6 15.3 17.3 20.8 26.1 21.0 19.9 19.5 22.8 14.7 15.3 15.4 18.6 27.0 29.9 35.0 42.4 20.3 22.1 24.1 30.7 23.0 24.5 28.2 34.4 NA NA NA NA 17.1 19.3 21.9 28.0 24.4 28.1 30.8 33.5 25.7 28.8 33.3 41.3 17.8 19.9 22.3 27.2 23.1 25.3 28.9 33.1 19.2 21.3 23.8 24.8 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA 61.2 65.3 70.8 45.2 51.8 56.6 54.7 53.5 57.8 30.9 34.5 35.0 41.1 54.2 50.9 27.6 26.4 33.6 39.5 47.5 58.2 28.3 28.7 29.6 30.8 31.6 36.9 49.5 60.9 60.9 67.6 77.8 84.2 35.6 40.9 41.8 45.7 54.1 60.3 36.9 48.8 47.3 49.3 58.1 66.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 31.5 35.1 34.4 39.6 47.6 53.6 36.8 47.9 41.1 44.8 50.4 57.0 47.6 58.7 56.5 61.3 70.7 78.0 31.7 40.7 43.6 50.4 55.5 56.2 36.7 47.4 52.0 56.4 60.1 63.3 28.0 36.1 32.6 35.3 44.6 58.2 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 78.8 82.4 87.9 86.0 85.6 87.3 91.2 86.9 86.7 90.5 65.3 69.5 77.2 77.5 71.2 68.7 70.4 75.1 83.6 89.8 51.3 54.6 48.8 51.8 51.7 49.9 74.5 84.2 92.4 86.3 58.3 60.0 59.6 60.3 60.1 56.5 55.1 63.5 81.3 94.8 42.7 48.4 48.5 46.4 48.8 50.4 54.6 65.1 74.2 84.1 88.3 70.6 57.2 51.0 46.8 46.9 63.4 77.2 77.0 72.3 58.9 50.4 46.7 43.4 40.8 42.3 60.0 77.9 79.0 72.6 76.8 67.1 61.6 57.4 53.5 54.2 72.1 84.6 82.9 77.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 59.6 49.9 49.3 46.7 42.4 41.7 58.5 74.9 76.9 73.0 62.0 55.1 53.6 53.3 48.4 47.5 62.4 74.1 75.6 76.2 82.3 66.9 65.3 59.3 49.8 48.7 67.3 83.2 83.2 75.5 63.9 61.3 58.2 54.7 50.5 50.8 65.3 77.5 86.1 82.9 70.3 65.1 54.4 46.0 44.0 46.0 59.2 69.6 75.4 76.8 77.8 74.8 67.4 58.2 52.5 54.0 63.9 75.7 82.9 78.5 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 93.7 97.7 100.0 100.6 98.5 94.8 93.5 92.0 92.4 91.4 95.6 105.1 100.0 91.4 83.4 84.1 85.0 83.6 80.5 79.8 83.1 90.9 100.0 118.8 130.1 135.1 111.7 98.3 93.1 105.7 94.9 101.1 100.0 101.1 105.2 122.3 123.3 95.8 63.7 71.7 88.9 90.6 100.0 96.1 96.9 96.9 93.0 87.4 76.0 77.2 89.5 92.3 100.0 95.1 94.2 105.2 99.3 83.7 83.0 79.3 91.3 90.8 100.0 93.2 88.3 101.1 105.0 93.1 92.6 94.1 94.1 93.1 100.0 95.6 92.9 100.6 99.2 83.6 83.2 79.6 NA 87.5 100.0 98.6 98.2 114.1 111.3 94.1 90.3 86.6 87.3 87.8 100.0 99.4 99.8 115.5 111.6 93.5 89.1 NA 93.8 97.6 100.0 81.8 78.1 78.0 87.8 81.3 78.6 75.9 88.9 89.8 100.0 96.8 92.8 103.0 98.6 83.0 82.0 NA 95.0 95.7 100.0 88.3 90.7 105.0 107.1 101.1 100.0 102.2 91.3 96.3 100.0 67.7 63.1 71.2 79.7 68.6 66.6 64.3 92.5 98.2 100.0 85.3 86.5 91.6 92.6 99.3 105.0 102.8 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: - 27 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000. Table 11. (Indexes: Year Exchange rates, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar) 1992=100) United States Canada Japan Korea Germany Former West Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified) Germany Italy NetherUnited lands Norway Sweden Kingdom 1950 100.0 110.5 35.2 NA NA NA 87.5 151.3 NA 37.2 197.3 46.2 87.1 112.6 158.6 1955 100.0 122.5 35.2 NA NA NA 87.4 151.2 NA 37.1 197.1 46.1 87.0 112.6 158.0 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 124.6 119.4 113.1 112.0 112.0 112.1 112.2 112.0 112.2 112.2 35.2 35.1 35.1 35.1 35.0 35.1 35.0 35.0 35.2 35.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 64.5 64.5 64.6 64.5 64.6 64.8 64.5 64.7 64.4 64.1 87.6 87.4 87.5 87.4 87.3 87.3 87.4 86.5 80.7 80.3 107.9 107.9 108.0 108.0 108.0 108.0 107.7 107.6 106.9 102.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 37.4 38.9 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.1 39.1 39.2 39.1 39.8 198.4 198.4 198.5 198.2 197.3 197.2 197.3 197.4 197.7 196.4 46.6 48.5 48.8 48.8 48.8 48.8 48.6 48.8 48.6 48.5 87.1 87.0 87.1 86.9 86.8 86.9 86.9 86.9 87.0 87.0 112.7 112.7 113.0 112.3 113.1 112.9 112.8 112.9 112.7 112.7 159.0 158.6 159.0 158.5 158.1 158.3 158.1 155.7 135.5 135.3 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 115.8 119.7 122.0 120.8 123.6 118.8 122.6 113.7 106.0 103.2 35.4 36.5 41.8 46.8 43.5 42.7 42.8 47.3 60.8 58.1 252.7 226.0 199.7 197.0 194.0 162.1 162.1 162.1 162.1 162.1 62.9 62.9 62.9 65.8 66.2 66.2 66.2 66.2 67.9 69.8 64.7 66.2 73.0 82.8 82.7 87.6 83.3 89.7 102.3 109.6 80.5 81.6 86.8 100.2 99.3 105.3 99.9 100.6 109.6 114.8 95.7 96.1 104.9 119.3 110.1 123.6 110.9 107.7 117.6 124.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 42.8 44.9 49.0 59.0 60.5 63.6 62.1 67.3 77.9 85.2 196.5 199.3 211.1 211.8 189.4 188.9 148.4 139.6 145.2 148.3 48.6 50.4 54.8 63.3 65.5 69.7 66.6 71.7 81.4 87.7 86.9 88.3 94.3 108.2 112.6 119.2 113.9 116.8 118.6 122.7 112.3 114.1 122.5 133.8 131.4 140.6 133.7 130.4 129.0 135.9 135.6 138.4 141.6 138.8 132.5 125.8 102.2 98.8 108.6 120.2 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.4 100.8 97.9 98.1 93.3 88.5 87.0 91.1 98.2 102.1 55.9 57.5 50.9 53.4 53.4 53.2 75.3 87.7 98.9 91.8 129.2 115.2 107.2 101.1 97.1 91.0 88.7 95.0 106.8 116.4 69.8 68.3 64.3 62.8 63.5 63.1 66.5 79.2 87.9 95.3 110.0 86.4 70.2 62.9 55.7 54.2 72.0 86.1 87.4 81.6 107.1 84.6 72.4 66.0 58.3 57.0 74.6 88.2 89.6 82.5 125.3 97.3 80.5 69.5 60.6 58.9 76.4 88.0 88.8 83.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 85.9 69.0 64.3 61.2 54.9 53.1 72.0 86.9 88.9 83.0 143.9 108.2 91.0 81.1 70.2 64.5 82.6 95.0 94.6 89.8 88.5 70.4 65.8 61.6 54.8 53.0 71.8 86.8 88.9 82.9 125.8 108.2 96.2 85.1 76.2 72.3 84.0 92.2 95.2 89.9 137.7 115.0 92.7 75.9 70.4 67.7 81.7 91.8 94.9 90.2 131.7 114.6 99.0 85.8 75.7 73.5 83.1 92.8 100.8 92.7 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.6 105.5 100.0 93.7 88.4 88.1 88.6 87.3 81.5 87.4 94.2 100.0 114.1 124.1 134.9 116.5 104.7 96.8 110.4 106.5 100.0 97.4 97.2 101.5 97.5 82.5 56.0 93.5 94.0 100.0 95.2 95.1 95.0 91.6 87.4 75.0 96.2 94.0 100.0 93.0 96.2 109.1 103.8 89.8 88.5 97.5 94.3 100.0 93.1 95.0 107.8 104.1 91.3 90.1 97.2 93.7 100.0 93.4 95.4 106.2 103.5 90.7 89.7 NA 94.0 100.0 94.4 96.3 109.1 103.8 90.0 88.8 96.6 94.0 100.0 94.4 96.3 109.1 103.8 90.0 88.8 102.8 99.3 100.0 78.3 76.5 75.6 79.9 72.3 70.9 96.6 93.9 100.0 94.6 96.7 109.6 104.3 90.1 88.7 99.4 95.7 100.0 87.5 88.1 98.1 96.2 87.7 82.3 98.4 96.3 100.0 74.7 75.5 81.6 86.8 76.2 73.3 101.0 100.1 100.0 85.0 86.7 89.4 88.4 92.7 93.8 1999 NA: 100.0 81.3 111.5 65.9 77.8 84.9 86.4 86.0 85.1 85.1 67.8 85.0 79.6 70.4 91.6 Not Available Source: - 28 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000. Table 12. (Indexes: Year Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 1992=100) United States Canada*Japan 1950 8.8 5.9 1955 11.8 8.1 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 14.8 15.2 16.0 16.5 17.3 17.9 18.8 19.4 20.9 22.2 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 NA Korea Germany Former West Taiwan Belgium Denmark France*(unified) Germany Italy NetherUnited lands Norway Sweden*Kingdom* NA NA NA 3.5 2.0 NA 4.9 .9 4.0 2.9 2.4 1.9 3.7 NA NA NA 4.7 3.4 NA 7.3 1.4 5.9 4.4 3.9 2.7 10.3 10.6 11.0 11.5 12.1 12.8 13.6 14.4 15.3 16.5 5.3 6.1 6.8 7.6 8.5 9.4 10.4 11.7 13.5 15.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 6.8 7.2 7.8 8.6 9.6 10.5 11.5 12.4 13.3 14.4 6.0 6.6 7.2 7.8 8.5 9.4 10.4 11.6 12.5 13.8 5.2 5.7 6.3 6.9 7.4 8.0 8.5 9.1 10.0 10.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 10.7 11.8 13.0 13.7 14.8 16.2 17.4 17.8 19.4 21.3 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.6 3.8 4.2 8.4 9.2 9.8 10.7 12.3 13.8 15.3 16.9 18.5 20.7 6.0 6.4 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.7 9.5 10.5 11.3 12.2 5.1 5.5 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.8 8.5 9.2 9.8 10.5 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.4 4.7 5.0 5.1 5.5 6.0 23.3 24.8 26.5 28.5 31.0 34.3 37.6 41.0 44.3 48.4 17.6 18.6 20.0 21.6 24.9 28.3 32.5 36.1 39.1 42.8 18.6 21.2 24.3 29.4 37.0 42.1 46.7 51.6 55.2 59.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 16.0 18.2 21.0 24.3 29.2 33.3 39.3 42.3 45.2 48.1 15.3 17.5 19.0 21.8 26.9 31.1 34.8 38.2 41.6 46.5 12.1 13.5 14.7 16.6 19.5 23.1 26.5 29.9 33.4 37.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 24.8 27.2 29.8 33.4 37.2 40.0 44.3 47.7 50.6 54.1 5.0 5.6 6.2 7.4 9.4 11.6 14.4 17.0 19.5 23.5 23.5 26.6 30.1 35.2 40.7 45.7 50.9 55.3 59.2 62.9 13.4 15.2 16.7 18.7 21.7 25.8 29.1 32.1 34.6 35.8 11.8 13.2 14.3 15.8 18.4 22.1 25.5 27.7 29.9 31.7 6.8 7.6 8.7 10.0 11.7 15.5 18.1 20.6 23.9 28.3 53.5 58.8 63.3 66.9 70.2 74.1 77.4 47.2 52.9 59.6 64.6 68.2 71.5 72.9 62.9 66.8 69.9 71.9 74.8 77.6 81.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 52.7 56.1 60.0 64.2 69.3 74.1 76.2 51.6 56.1 62.0 67.2 70.8 73.0 76.3 43.5 49.8 56.7 62.3 67.7 72.9 76.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 57.9 60.9 64.1 67.2 70.3 73.1 75.6 27.6 33.4 39.3 45.8 52.5 58.5 62.4 66.7 70.2 75.3 78.9 80.7 82.9 85.7 39.1 43.6 48.1 53.0 57.9 63.1 68.9 34.9 38.8 42.0 47.2 52.1 56.8 61.2 33.0 37.8 42.0 45.2 49.2 53.7 58.3 1987 1988 1989 80.0 84.0 86.7 75.3 79.7 83.0 83.3 85.6 89.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA 79.2 81.9 86.4 81.5 84.4 88.2 79.4 82.7 86.9 NA NA NA 78.8 81.7 84.6 67.1 72.0 78.7 88.1 88.6 89.0 76.3 81.7 86.0 66.2 70.0 77.1 65.3 69.9 74.5 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 90.2 94.3 100.0 104.1 108.0 109.5 110.9 113.9 118.7 124.4 88.5 94.8 100.0 103.0 105.8 107.7 107.2 111.6 114.0 116.9 95.5 98.9 100.0 102.1 104.3 107.7 110.1 112.3 111.8 113.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 91.7 97.3 100.0 103.2 107.4 109.2 111.0 114.8 116.7 118.4 92.1 95.6 100.0 103.8 106.0 109.7 112.6 117.2 118.3 123.9 91.1 95.7 100.0 102.9 105.6 107.9 109.8 113.1 115.4 117.8 NA 88.0 100.0 104.0 110.2 116.0 120.0 122.9 125.3 127.2 89.2 94.3 100.0 102.8 108.5 113.6 117.6 120.5 122.8 NA 85.4 93.7 100.0 105.4 108.6 113.7 120.4 125.9 123.3 126.3 91.2 95.4 100.0 103.7 108.2 110.9 113.4 115.6 117.8 NA 90.9 96.4 100.0 101.8 105.0 108.8 112.6 117.4 125.0 131.6 86.4 94.2 100.0 99.9 106.6 114.7 123.4 129.5 133.4 138.2 82.5 91.3 100.0 104.1 107.8 109.7 110.7 114.1 118.4 122.6 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: - 29 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000. Table 13. (Indexes: Year Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 1992=100) United States Canada Japan Korea Germany Former West Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified) Germany Italy NetherUnited lands Norway Sweden Kingdom 1950 46.8 37.0 NA NA NA NA 28.6 19.8 NA 11.7 18.5 17.1 26.3 25.2 26.6 1955 56.5 46.5 18.2 NA NA NA 31.9 26.7 NA 15.9 21.5 21.2 29.4 30.5 29.0 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 65.2 66.5 68.3 69.5 71.4 71.8 73.0 74.7 77.2 78.5 54.6 55.5 57.0 58.3 59.7 61.7 63.8 64.9 66.6 68.9 23.2 25.6 27.4 28.4 30.8 32.2 33.8 36.4 40.2 45.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 24.5 25.7 27.2 29.4 31.9 34.0 36.1 38.3 39.9 42.1 38.7 41.7 42.5 43.9 45.7 47.7 50.8 53.0 54.0 58.7 30.1 32.2 34.0 35.4 37.2 39.4 40.6 42.5 46.3 47.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 23.6 25.8 28.4 29.4 31.1 33.1 34.7 36.1 38.3 41.0 24.7 26.6 29.8 32.8 33.1 34.0 35.4 38.2 40.3 43.0 26.4 29.8 31.0 33.1 36.2 39.0 41.4 44.3 47.5 50.2 36.3 38.7 40.3 42.0 42.5 45.0 47.6 50.9 54.2 58.0 35.3 37.9 40.3 43.3 45.7 48.0 49.4 52.5 56.0 58.8 34.1 35.2 35.5 36.4 37.6 39.2 40.8 41.8 42.9 44.2 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 79.5 80.8 82.3 83.4 83.4 85.6 87.8 89.6 90.6 90.9 71.5 73.9 75.7 76.7 80.2 83.3 88.8 91.2 89.9 90.6 50.0 54.4 59.7 65.4 69.5 72.5 71.4 72.8 74.5 76.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 46.1 51.1 57.3 63.6 69.4 74.4 78.9 79.5 81.6 83.1 62.9 68.3 71.0 78.8 82.8 90.0 92.1 91.8 91.9 93.7 50.9 54.1 56.2 60.0 62.7 68.4 71.5 74.2 76.5 78.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 46.7 49.8 52.3 55.4 58.9 61.3 63.1 66.7 69.9 72.2 49.8 54.7 58.0 61.9 67.7 72.9 77.7 77.1 78.9 82.6 55.6 59.1 62.9 69.4 75.6 78.5 80.5 82.3 85.6 88.2 58.3 62.8 65.3 68.5 73.4 78.6 83.2 85.6 87.4 87.6 61.7 64.0 67.4 69.7 74.7 83.5 88.3 86.0 88.8 89.8 47.8 49.7 53.5 55.8 57.8 62.0 61.8 60.1 64.4 67.4 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 91.7 92.1 95.4 94.1 93.6 95.5 98.1 97.6 97.9 96.8 91.7 92.0 94.1 95.2 96.4 96.6 94.1 92.3 92.1 93.4 75.4 77.0 78.6 79.2 79.8 81.4 85.0 86.9 87.8 91.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 86.7 87.8 84.5 86.1 88.0 88.5 89.7 91.0 91.5 94.1 92.1 90.7 89.7 89.7 89.2 90.9 89.6 94.1 93.2 94.1 79.5 81.2 86.2 86.9 87.7 89.6 90.9 91.5 92.6 94.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 74.6 74.6 75.0 76.0 77.7 80.7 84.1 87.7 90.3 92.3 80.0 81.5 82.6 83.7 86.8 89.8 88.2 89.0 87.9 90.3 87.4 85.7 85.8 87.4 87.8 90.4 93.9 97.4 96.6 96.3 86.0 84.1 84.1 85.1 87.7 90.8 92.4 96.4 96.0 96.1 87.5 86.2 85.0 84.3 85.1 87.2 90.3 92.3 94.0 98.1 69.0 72.0 72.4 74.4 76.3 77.8 81.5 88.1 87.7 87.7 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 96.6 98.1 100.0 100.2 100.8 100.4 99.0 98.8 102.6 105.5 94.7 96.3 100.0 100.2 101.6 101.7 99.2 100.6 102.5 102.4 95.3 97.6 100.0 103.2 104.7 107.4 108.8 109.7 110.9 113.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 95.4 99.7 100.0 102.0 100.9 102.3 101.4 103.2 103.6 102.9 96.9 98.0 100.0 103.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA 96.0 98.8 100.0 100.9 101.7 102.7 102.4 103.7 104.8 108.2 NA 96.8 100.0 101.6 104.6 108.5 113.1 113.5 113.3 114.2 96.6 99.1 100.0 102.1 104.8 108.7 112.8 113.3 113.3 NA 94.6 98.7 100.0 103.2 99.6 98.9 101.5 103.9 100.2 101.5 96.5 98.1 100.0 101.1 102.7 103.1 103.6 103.7 104.0 NA 97.7 99.8 100.0 99.2 100.7 102.7 105.6 107.5 111.8 115.5 97.4 97.2 100.0 95.1 95.6 97.3 103.4 106.5 107.9 106.8 88.9 93.9 100.0 102.7 102.3 99.7 98.1 98.0 99.5 102.6 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 30 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000. Table 14. (Indexes: Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 1992=100) United Germany Former West Nether- United Year States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France (unified) Germany Italy lands Norway Sweden Kingdom 1950 47.4 40.3 NA NA NA NA 40.2 24.4 NA 17.2 20.4 22.3 34.4 33.3 30.9 1955 57.4 48.7 21.6 NA NA NA 44.0 32.5 NA 23.3 24.3 27.7 38.6 39.9 34.2 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 64.9 66.2 68.8 70.1 72.6 73.7 75.2 75.6 77.9 78.7 56.8 57.5 59.4 61.0 62.7 64.9 66.6 67.8 69.4 71.5 28.6 31.1 32.6 33.6 36.2 37.2 39.2 42.3 46.6 51.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 30.8 32.2 34.2 37.0 40.0 41.9 44.1 46.2 48.2 50.3 50.8 53.1 54.5 55.4 58.3 60.7 63.4 65.4 65.1 69.9 36.6 39.3 41.4 43.1 45.0 47.2 48.8 50.7 53.7 56.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 31.0 33.4 35.8 36.5 38.7 41.0 42.4 42.9 46.1 49.5 28.2 30.0 32.6 36.1 36.4 36.1 38.1 41.7 43.9 46.6 34.8 37.6 39.0 41.4 44.9 48.2 50.8 54.2 57.1 59.5 45.8 48.0 49.9 51.7 52.6 54.5 57.8 61.2 63.6 66.5 43.8 46.4 48.9 51.8 54.0 56.1 57.6 60.2 62.8 64.6 39.3 40.1 39.9 40.9 42.6 43.9 44.9 45.6 47.2 48.6 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 78.0 79.5 82.3 83.3 81.7 82.7 85.8 87.9 88.9 88.6 73.7 76.0 77.9 78.3 81.4 83.4 89.1 91.4 90.8 91.1 56.6 60.7 66.1 71.9 73.2 74.6 75.7 77.3 79.4 82.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 53.7 58.5 64.2 69.5 73.9 74.9 80.9 81.2 83.2 84.7 72.5 78.5 79.8 83.9 89.8 94.6 97.2 96.0 95.0 96.8 59.6 62.9 64.7 67.9 70.0 74.1 77.7 79.9 81.8 83.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 56.0 58.4 60.7 63.8 66.5 67.4 71.5 74.3 76.9 79.2 53.0 56.6 59.6 64.3 67.9 71.8 76.5 75.6 77.2 80.2 64.7 68.1 71.5 77.3 81.7 83.2 85.2 86.7 89.2 90.9 66.3 70.8 72.5 75.6 80.0 85.3 87.9 89.0 88.8 87.5 67.6 69.8 71.6 72.6 76.8 84.1 87.8 84.9 85.3 84.9 51.7 52.5 56.0 59.1 59.3 63.4 63.7 62.4 66.6 69.4 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 88.3 88.8 90.2 91.5 92.3 94.2 96.7 96.7 98.0 96.9 91.2 90.8 92.0 94.3 95.4 96.2 94.2 93.2 94.9 94.1 80.9 82.0 83.5 84.3 85.7 87.2 90.5 92.8 94.8 97.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 87.0 86.1 84.7 84.1 85.4 87.1 88.4 90.5 92.5 94.7 95.7 93.2 93.5 94.7 93.9 92.5 93.3 95.8 94.9 94.6 84.8 85.6 87.1 87.4 88.4 89.7 91.2 92.3 93.7 95.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 80.7 79.7 79.7 80.9 82.7 84.3 87.3 90.9 93.2 93.9 77.9 79.3 80.2 81.3 84.2 86.4 87.0 89.4 91.3 93.7 90.6 89.3 90.4 92.2 91.3 91.6 94.6 97.7 97.6 96.8 86.3 84.6 83.8 85.3 87.7 90.4 92.1 93.7 94.1 94.7 81.9 81.2 80.6 81.1 83.4 84.5 87.1 90.3 91.6 95.3 68.7 70.6 71.8 73.9 76.4 78.7 82.6 88.8 90.6 89.6 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 96.0 96.8 100.0 101.5 103.0 101.9 100.5 94.9 96.1 100.0 101.2 103.6 103.3 101.3 100.3 100.6 100.0 100.8 102.3 105.7 107.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 97.0 99.7 100.0 100.5 102.1 102.3 101.9 96.3 97.6 100.0 102.5 102.6 104.0 104.6 96.5 98.3 100.0 100.8 101.8 102.2 102.0 NA 92.5 100.0 99.6 102.7 106.3 108.4 96.4 98.2 100.0 99.1 101.7 104.9 107.2 95.8 98.8 100.0 101.1 100.3 99.7 101.5 96.9 98.3 100.0 101.1 102.7 103.5 103.8 96.2 98.7 100.0 99.5 101.2 102.4 104.6 95.8 95.9 100.0 97.7 102.1 104.9 111.8 90.6 94.7 100.0 102.5 103.6 101.9 100.4 1997 1998 1999 NA: 100.9 103.8 106.6 103.8 105.0 105.9 108.2 107.0 108.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA 103.7 104.4 104.8 106.5 105.6 107.9 103.8 105.1 106.8 109.0 110.1 111.1 107.9 109.0 NA 104.4 100.4 101.3 103.5 103.6 NA 106.4 110.8 114.0 115.2 116.8 115.9 100.3 100.7 102.6 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 31 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000. Table 15. (Indexes: Year Labor compensation in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1999 1992=100) United States Canada*Japan 1950 7.4 4.6 1955 11.0 6.9 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 13.7 13.7 14.8 15.4 16.4 17.8 19.8 20.7 22.6 24.6 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 NA Korea Germany Former West Taiwan Belgium Denmark France*(unified) Germany Italy NetherUnited lands Norway Sweden*Kingdom* NA NA NA 2.9 2.2 NA 3.7 .7 4.6 3.4 2.9 3.1 1.8 NA NA NA 4.1 3.9 NA 7.0 1.1 7.2 5.5 4.9 4.9 8.8 8.9 9.6 10.2 11.2 12.4 13.9 14.8 15.9 17.4 3.3 4.1 4.8 5.5 6.4 7.1 8.1 9.7 11.6 14.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 9.2 10.1 11.1 12.4 14.3 15.6 17.1 17.9 18.8 21.1 6.3 7.0 7.9 8.5 9.5 10.7 11.8 12.5 13.5 15.4 6.1 6.8 7.5 8.4 9.2 9.8 10.5 11.1 12.0 13.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 11.6 13.1 14.5 15.2 16.4 18.3 19.4 18.9 20.7 23.6 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.8 4.1 4.6 10.9 12.2 13.2 14.5 16.9 19.0 21.0 22.5 24.4 27.7 7.3 8.0 8.9 9.5 10.3 11.4 12.6 14.0 14.9 16.2 6.9 7.7 8.5 9.3 10.2 11.2 12.1 12.8 13.4 14.6 6.7 7.1 7.3 7.5 8.2 9.0 9.6 9.5 10.2 11.3 24.8 25.3 27.8 31.5 34.2 34.5 39.2 44.4 50.0 55.9 18.2 19.4 21.5 24.3 28.4 31.3 36.0 39.2 43.7 49.5 16.8 19.2 22.0 27.8 34.6 37.2 41.1 44.9 47.4 50.7 .6 .7 .9 1.4 2.0 2.6 4.1 5.6 8.1 10.8 3.0 3.8 4.6 6.3 9.0 9.5 12.1 14.2 17.3 21.2 24.0 27.2 31.0 36.1 43.9 47.2 53.4 55.2 56.5 58.6 17.1 18.8 20.9 24.3 28.9 30.6 34.5 37.7 40.8 45.9 15.4 17.4 19.2 22.1 26.2 30.3 34.6 38.8 42.9 47.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 28.2 30.7 33.0 37.3 40.5 40.9 44.2 47.8 50.6 54.8 5.7 6.5 7.1 8.8 11.4 14.1 17.7 21.2 24.0 29.4 31.5 35.2 38.4 44.2 51.0 55.3 59.1 62.5 65.5 68.8 18.2 20.8 22.9 25.7 30.3 35.9 40.2 44.5 47.1 48.0 16.6 18.0 19.3 21.7 25.7 31.2 36.0 37.7 39.6 42.1 12.8 13.7 15.3 17.8 20.8 26.3 29.7 34.0 39.3 46.2 59.7 65.3 54.3 60.8 54.9 59.0 13.5 17.0 26.9 33.6 62.8 63.1 50.2 52.6 54.4 60.2 NA NA 59.2 61.0 34.6 40.1 72.0 73.8 52.6 57.6 46.3 49.8 51.5 53.4 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 65.6 68.1 75.0 78.5 80.8 83.8 89.5 92.8 62.1 65.6 71.2 76.3 80.5 85.6 93.8 99.1 61.4 64.2 68.2 71.3 74.1 75.3 79.1 84.8 19.2 23.6 28.5 30.3 35.9 45.8 58.4 64.7 36.6 40.0 47.8 51.4 61.4 69.2 74.0 80.2 65.5 68.6 73.2 77.1 78.5 79.7 82.3 87.9 58.0 63.1 70.2 76.8 83.2 87.7 88.9 91.8 67.5 72.7 76.8 80.4 82.4 83.8 86.1 91.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 62.5 63.2 65.9 69.4 72.9 76.0 78.6 82.6 45.7 51.1 55.8 61.2 64.6 69.2 75.4 83.3 76.1 76.1 76.1 79.0 82.7 85.8 86.8 88.3 61.3 64.1 69.4 76.2 84.0 93.0 95.2 93.4 51.8 56.9 63.2 70.0 75.3 80.8 87.2 94.5 55.7 56.5 60.1 65.4 69.3 77.0 83.4 89.2 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 95.1 96.0 100.0 104.2 109.4 112.2 113.4 117.5 123.4 127.3 100.2 98.7 100.0 102.1 106.8 112.8 114.9 122.8 131.5 138.7 91.5 97.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.7 102.3 104.2 99.7 98.6 74.5 90.2 100.0 109.4 126.4 156.5 175.5 171.6 155.5 181.2 85.6 92.6 100.0 103.4 110.6 117.2 122.2 128.3 134.5 139.9 94.0 98.8 100.0 99.2 99.3 100.4 100.5 102.5 104.8 106.3 96.1 98.0 100.0 99.1 101.6 107.6 110.7 114.8 118.6 121.5 96.0 99.1 100.0 98.0 97.6 99.4 100.3 101.1 103.4 105.8 NA 95.2 100.0 96.6 97.1 99.8 100.3 100.7 102.7 104.0 89.5 96.0 100.0 96.6 96.8 99.2 99.4 99.5 101.2 NA 90.9 97.5 100.0 100.6 104.3 110.6 116.1 121.7 122.2 124.7 92.2 96.1 100.0 100.5 100.0 101.3 102.5 105.1 107.9 NA 95.7 98.3 100.0 103.6 109.9 116.6 122.6 133.3 142.9 146.5 102.2 104.1 100.0 92.3 97.9 112.0 120.2 124.8 131.5 137.6 96.5 98.2 100.0 101.7 105.9 110.4 113.4 117.4 122.9 123.2 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, and Italy and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 2000.