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Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov Technical information: (202) 606-5654 Media contact: (202) 606-5902 USDL: 99-235 For Release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Friday, August 27, 1999 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY AND UNIT LABOR COST TRENDS, 1998 In the United States, labor productivity in manufacturing increased by 4.1 percent in 1998, the same increase as in 1997, according to preliminary data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Although below Germany's 4.3 percent gain in productivity, it was the second highest growth rate among the 11 countries being compared. Other countries showing significant increases in labor productivity (output per hour) were France, Sweden, and Norway. (See table A and chart 1.) These estimates represent preliminary estimates for 1998, as well as revisions to the estimates through 1997 contained in a March 1999 news release (USDL: 99-63). The foreign estimates are based on data available as of June 1999; the U.S. estimates are based on data available in August 1999. The U.S. output series used for international comparisons differs from the manufacturing series that BLS publishes quarterly on U.S. productivity and costs. PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT: Chart 1. Percent change in manufacturing output per hour, 1998 Unit labor costs - the cost of labor input required to produce one unit of output - are computed as the ratio of labor costs in nominal terms divided by real output. Unit labor costs also can be expressed as the ratio of hourly compensation to labor productivity. An increase in productivity represents a decrease in the amount of labor input needed to produce a unit of output; thus, an increase in productivity can offset an increase in compensation per hour in its effects on unit labor costs. In 1998, unit labor costs in manufacturing, expressed in national currency units, rose in 7 of the 14 countries being compared and declined in the other 7. The biggest increases were in the United Kingdom (up 4.7 percent) and Norway (up 3.9 percent). The biggest declines occurred in Korea (down 7.7 percent) and in Germany (down 3.3 percent). In order to properly assess international competitiveness trends in manufactured products, it is essential to take into account changes in exchange rates. The exchange rates of all the currencies, except the U.K. pound, declined against the U.S. dollar during 1998. The biggest drops took place in East Asia - Japanese yen (down 7.6 percent), Taiwanese dollar (down 14.2 percent), and Korean won (down 32.1 percent). (See table A.) The result of these exchange rate movements was that 1998 unit labor costs, expressed in U.S. dollars, declined in all the countries except the U.S. and the U.K. The steepest declines occurred in Asia, especially in Korea and Taiwan. Dollar-denominated unit labor costs rose by 0.2 percent in the U.S. and by 5.9 percent in the U.K. (See chart 2.) PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT: Chart 2. Percent change in manufacturing unit labor costs (U.S. dollar basis), 1998 The 1998 measures of changes in manufacturing productivity, unit labor costs, and related variables are summarized in table A below. Output and unit labor cost data are presented for all 14 economies. Comparable productivity data have not been developed for Korea and Taiwan. Productivity data for Denmark are not shown because the Danish national statistical agency has not produced recent data on hours worked. (See technical notes.) Table A. Manufacturing productivity and labor costs in 14 countries or areas Percent change, 1997-98 Country or area Output per hour Output Employment Average hours Hourly Unit labor costs compen- National U.S. Exchange sation currency dollars rate (1) Hours United States 4.1 4.2 0.1 0.5 - 0.4 4.3 0.2 0.2 Canada 0.7 3.9 3.2 3.7 - 0.6 3.9 3.2 - 3.7 --- 6.7 Japan Korea (2) Taiwan (2) Belgium Denmark (3) France 0.3 NA NA 0.5 NA 3.4 - 5.5 - 7.2 3.9 2.6 4.6 3.9 - 5.8 NA NA 2.0 NA 0.5 - 4.2 NA NA 1.8 2.3 0.2 - 1.7 NA NA 0.2 NA 0.3 0.7 NA NA 0.6 NA 1.4 0.4 - 7.7 - 1.1 0.1 - 0.4 - 1.9 - 7.2 -37.4 -15.2 - 1.3 - 1.8 - 2.9 - 7.6 -32.1 -14.2 - 1.4 - 1.4 - 1.0 Germany (4) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 4.3 0.2 1.6 2.1 2.2 1.0 5.2 1.9 2.4 2.8 4.4 0.3 0.8 1.7 0.7 0.7 2.2 - 0.7 - 0.2 1.9 0.8 0.6 2.3 - 0.4 1.1 - 0.2 - 0.1 0.0 - 0.1 - 0.3 0.8 - 0.9 0.2 6.1 2.7 5.7 - 3.3 - 1.1 - 1.4 3.9 0.6 4.7 - - 4.7 3.0 2.9 2.5 3.3 5.9 1.4 1.9 1.6 6.2 3.9 1.2 (1) Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. (2) Productivity not available because adequate labor input measures have not been developed. (3) Labor input data have not been produced for 1994-1998 by the Danish national statistical agency. (4) Data relate to the former West Germany. NA=Not Available Although the productivity measure relates output to the hours of persons employed in manufacturing, it does not measure the specific contributions of labor as a single factor of production. Rather, it reflects the joint effects of many influences, including new technology, capital investment, capacity utilization, energy use, and managerial skills, as well as the skills and efforts of the work force. Table B (pages 7-11) shows average annual percent changes for selected periods beginning in 1979. Annual indexes of the data are in tables 1-14 (pages 17-30). BOX: Notes about the measures Notes about the measures The measures in this news release are based on foreign data available to BLS as of June 1999 and U.S. data available as of August 1999. Revisions for 1997 and some earlier years were made to the measures for several countries to incorporate data not available at the time of the March 1999 news release (USDL: 99-63). The U.S. manufacturing output measure The output measure for the United States is the chain-weighted index of real gross product originating (deflated value-added), introduced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), U.S. Department of Commerce, in August 1996. This series is based on annually changing price weights. The U.S. output data through 1997 were published by BEA in November 1998. The data incorporate the results of the comprehensive revision of the national income and product accounts (NIPAs) released in May 1997; the estimates for 1995-97 also incorporate the results of the annual NIPA revisions released in July 1998. The estimate of output for 1998 was derived by BLS by extrapolating the 1997 estimate forward, using the annual growth rate of the Federal Reserve Board's Industrial Production Index for Total Manufacturing. The U.S. output series used for international comparisons differs from the manufacturing series that BLS publishes in its news releases on quarterly measures of U.S. productivity and costs. (See technical notes.) While both series are based on annually-changing price weights, the quarterly U.S. manufacturing series is on a "sectoral" output basis rather than on a value added basis. Sectoral output is gross output less intra-sector transactions. (See William Gullickson, "Measurement of productivity growth in U.S. manufacturing," Monthly Labor Review, July 1995, pp. 13-28.) New measures of National Accounts Member states of the European Union are implementing the European System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95). Some other countries are adopting the System of National Accounts recommended by the United Nations (SNA 93), the system on which ESA 95 is based. Revisions due to these conversions to new systems are incorporated in this news release. END OF BOX (Notes about the measures) Productivity, output, and labor input All the 11 countries for which output per hour was estimated showed an increase in productivity during 1998. However, the rate of increase was less than in 1997 for most countries. The exceptions were Norway, which reversed a slight productivity decline during 1997, and the United Kingdom, which showed a slightly higher rate of productivity growth. The U.S. productivity increase in 1998 was the same as in 1997. The slowdown in the rate of labor productivity increase was especially marked for Belgium (from 6.1 percent in 1997 to 0.5 percent in 1998) and for Sweden (from 6.5 percent in 1997 to 2.2 percent in 1998). The rate of annual productivity growth also declined by over 3 percentage points between 1997 and 1998 in Japan, France, and the Netherlands. (See table B.) The recent economic troubles in Asia are reflected in the 1998 results for manufacturing output in Japan (down 5.5 percent) and Korea (down 7.2 percent). For Korean manufacturing, this was the first recorded decline in output since 1980. Taiwan reported an increase in manufacturing output of 3.9 percent, which, however, was below the average annual growth rate since 1979. The 4.1 percent increase in United States labor productivity in 1998 was due to an increase of 4.2 percent in manufacturing output which was offset by a 0.1 percent increase in hours worked. Similarly, the 1998 increases in labor productivity in France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Norway could largely be explained by increases in manufacturing output, as total hours worked in those countries increased by less than 1 percent. In Canada, Belgium, and Italy, hours worked increased at approximately the same rate as output, resulting in only slight productivity increases. Japan also recorded a slight productivity increase in 1998 (0.3 percent), due to a 5.5 percent decline in output accompanied by a 5.8 percent reduction in hours worked. (See table A.) Nine of the 11 countries for which estimates are available showed increases in aggregate manufacturing hours worked in 1998, which is contrary to a generally declining trend in hours over the last several years. For the 1990-1998 period, total hours worked in manufacturing declined in 8 of the 11 countries, the exceptions being the U.S., Canada, and Norway. (See table B.) In a majority of the countries, the average hours worked per person changed little during 1998; most of the increases and decreases were less than 0.5 percent, similar to the recent 1990-1998 period. (See table B.) In 1998, Japan, however, had a decline in average hours worked of 1.7 percent, as a 4.2 percent drop in manufacturing employment combined with a 5.8 percent decrease in total hours worked. Manufacturing employment also declined in Germany during 1998, but by only 0.2 percent, while hours worked grew by 0.8 percent. The result was an increase in average hours worked of 1.1 percent. The decline of 0.4 percent in U.S. average hours was the result of a 0.5 percent increase in employment and a 0.1 increase in total hours worked. (See table A.) Hourly compensation and unit labor costs In nominal terms, hourly compensation in U.S. manufacturing increased 4.3 percent in 1998, following a 4.0 percent rise in 1997. This was above the average annual U.S. increase since 1985, but below the 1979-98 annual average rise. (See table B.) Only Norway (6.1 percent) and the U.K. (5.7 percent) reported larger increases in hourly compensation during 1998, expressed in their national currencies. Japan, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands had increases of less than 1 percent. Italy showed an actual 1998 decline in hourly compensation of 0.9 percent, due to 1.7 percent more hours worked accompanied by only a 0.8 percent increase in aggregate labor compensation. Unit labor costs in U.S. manufacturing grew by 0.2 percent in 1998, as the 4.1 percent increase in labor productivity did not quite offset the 4.3 percent increase in hourly compensation. (See table A.) This increase in unit labor costs is equal to the U.S. yearly average change during the 1990-98 period and followed a 0.1 decline in 1997. (See table B.) Overall, expressed in national currency units, 1998 unit labor costs were up in half of the 14 countries being compared and declined in the other half. The biggest declines in unit labor costs occurred in Korea (down 7.7 percent) and in Germany (down 3.3 percent). These two countries had registered even larger unit labor cost declines in 1997. The biggest increases in unit labor costs in 1998, expressed in national currency units, occurred in the U.K. (4.7 percent), Norway (3.9 percent), and Canada (3.2 percent), all three the result of significant jumps in hourly compensation, matched by only moderate growth in labor productivity. (See table A.) The U.K. and Norway also are the countries which had the greatest unit labor cost increases in 1997. (See table B.) Unit labor costs in U.S. dollars For the second successive year, the exchange rates of all the currencies except the U.K. pound declined against the U.S. dollar during 1998. The biggest drops took place in East Asia: Japanese yen (down 7.6 percent), Taiwanese dollar (down 14.2 percent), and Korean won (down 32.1 percent). Some other currencies also showed significant declines: Canadian dollar (down 6.7 percent), Norwegian krone (down 6.2 percent), and Swedish krona (down 3.9 percent). Currencies of other European countries also declined against the dollar, but more modestly, between 1.0 and 1.9 percent. This was a significant change from 1997, when most of these same currencies experienced double-digit declines against the dollar. (See table B.) The result of these exchange rate movements is that, as in 1997, 1998 unit labor costs expressed in U.S. dollars declined in all the countries except the U.S. and the U.K. (See chart 2 and table B.) The steepest declines in U.S. dollar-denominated unit labor costs occurred in countries where declines in national currency-denominated unit labor costs were deepened by a steep depreciation of the exchange rate (Korea and Taiwan). In a number of cases, the exchange rate depreciation was sufficiently significant to overcome an increase in national-currency unit labor costs and result in a large drop in unit labor costs expressed in U.S. dollars (Japan, Canada, Norway, and Sweden). (See table A.) Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-98 Average annual rates of change1 Country or area 1979-98 1979-85 1985-90 1990-98 1995 1996 1997 1998 Output per hour United States 3.0 3.3 2.2 3.3 6.1 2.1 4.1 4.1 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 1.9 3.5 NA NA 3.7 NA 3.5 2.3 3.5 NA NA 6.0 2.1 3.0 1.2 4.3 NA NA 2.2 0.5 3.4 2.0 3.0 NA NA 3.0 NA 3.9 2.5 7.4 NA NA 4.5 NA 5.5 -1.4 5.9 NA NA 1.3 NA 0.5 3.4 3.8 NA NA 6.1 NA 7.2 0.7 0.3 NA NA 0.5 NA 3.4 Germany2 Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 2.6 3.3 3.5 1.5 3.4 3.3 2.1 4.9 4.5 2.4 3.0 4.1 2.1 2.5 2.0 1.4 1.8 4.1 3.2 2.6 3.8 0.9 4.6 2.2 3.0 3.5 5.0 0.5 5.4 -2.0 3.5 0.9 3.8 0.1 2.5 -1.4 5.9 2.8 5.0 -0.1 6.5 0.5 4.3 0.2 1.6 2.1 2.2 1.0 Continued on next page Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-98 Average annual rates of change1 Country or area 1979-98 1979-85 1985-90 1990-98 1995 1996 1997 1998 Output United States 2.7 2.0 2.2 3.4 6.6 1.7 5.9 4.2 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 2.1 3.1 8.7 6.4 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.4 4.7 8.8 8.1 2.6 2.9 -0.4 1.8 4.8 13.2 7.0 2.5 -0.2 2.6 2.8 1.0 5.9 4.9 1.3 2.7 1.8 5.0 5.5 11.3 6.0 2.7 5.3 4.6 1.2 6.1 6.8 4.5 0.0 3.4 -0.3 6.5 3.0 6.6 6.6 4.6 2.3 5.5 3.9 -5.5 -7.2 3.9 2.6 4.6 3.9 Germany2 Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 0.8 2.2 2.3 0.6 2.5 0.7 0.2 1.7 1.8 0.6 2.2 -1.2 2.3 3.9 3.1 -1.6 1.2 3.4 0.2 1.5 2.2 1.9 3.6 0.5 0.2 4.9 3.5 2.1 12.5 1.5 -1.3 -0.5 2.6 1.1 2.2 0.4 3.6 3.5 5.0 2.8 5.5 1.0 5.2 1.9 2.4 2.8 4.4 0.3 United States -0.3 -1.2 0.0 0.1 0.4 -0.4 1.8 0.1 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.2 -0.3 NA NA -1.6 NA -2.1 -0.8 1.1 NA NA -3.2 0.8 -3.2 0.6 0.5 NA NA 0.4 -0.6 -0.8 0.8 -2.0 NA NA -1.7 NA -2.0 2.4 -1.8 NA NA -1.7 NA -0.9 2.7 0.2 NA NA -1.3 NA -0.7 3.0 -0.8 NA NA -1.4 NA -1.6 3.2 -5.8 NA NA 2.0 NA 0.5 Germany2 Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom -1.8 -1.1 -1.2 -0.9 -0.8 -2.5 -1.9 -3.1 -2.6 -1.8 -0.8 -5.1 0.2 1.3 1.1 -2.9 -0.5 -0.6 -2.9 -1.0 -1.6 1.0 -1.0 -1.6 -2.7 1.3 -1.4 1.5 6.7 3.5 -4.7 -1.4 -1.2 1.0 -0.3 1.8 -2.2 0.7 0.0 3.0 -1.0 0.5 0.8 1.7 0.7 0.7 2.2 -0.7 Total hours Continued on next page Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-98 Average annual rates of change1 Country or area 1979-98 1979-85 1985-90 1990-98 1995 1996 1997 1998 United States -0.6 -1.4 -0.1 -0.2 1.1 -0.3 1.0 0.5 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.1 0.2 NA NA -1.5 0.1 -1.7 -0.8 1.2 NA NA -2.6 1.0 -2.2 0.4 0.8 NA NA -0.3 -0.2 -0.9 0.5 -0.9 NA NA -1.5 -0.5 -1.9 2.9 -2.5 NA NA -0.6 2.0 -0.3 1.4 -0.6 NA NA -1.7 -1.2 -1.0 2.8 -0.1 NA NA -1.5 1.6 -1.3 3.7 -4.2 NA NA 1.8 2.3 0.2 Germany2 Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom -1.1 -1.2 -1.0 -0.9 -1.4 -2.4 -1.1 -2.9 -2.3 -1.8 -1.2 -4.8 1.1 0.3 1.2 -2.7 -0.8 -0.8 -2.4 -0.9 -1.5 0.9 -2.1 -1.6 -2.2 1.2 -1.7 2.4 4.8 2.5 -3.1 -0.6 -1.1 1.6 -0.7 1.8 -2.3 0.3 0.4 3.4 -1.1 0.5 -0.2 1.9 0.8 0.6 2.3 -0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 -0.7 -0.1 0.7 -0.4 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.2 -0.5 NA NA -0.1 NA -0.4 0.0 0.0 NA NA -0.6 -0.3 -1.1 0.2 -0.3 NA NA 0.7 -0.5 0.1 0.3 -1.0 NA NA -0.1 NA -0.1 -0.5 0.7 NA NA -1.1 NA -0.6 1.3 0.8 NA NA 0.4 NA 0.3 0.2 -0.6 NA NA 0.1 NA -0.3 -0.6 -1.7 NA NA 0.2 NA 0.3 Germany2 Italy Netherlands Norway -0.7 0.2 -0.2 -0.1 -0.8 -0.1 -0.3 0.0 -0.9 1.0 -0.2 -0.2 -0.5 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 -0.5 0.1 0.3 -0.9 -1.6 -0.8 -0.1 -0.6 0.2 0.4 -0.4 -0.4 1.1 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 Employment Average hours United States Sweden United Kingdom 0.6 0.0 0.4 -0.3 0.3 0.2 1.1 0.0 1.8 1.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.3 Continued on next page Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-98 Average annual rates of change1 Country or area 1979-98 1979-85 1985-90 1990-98 1995 Hourly compensation3: 1996 1997 1998 National currency basis United States 4.7 7.1 3.9 3.5 2.4 2.2 4.0 4.3 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 5.1 3.9 NA NA 4.8 NA 6.3 8.4 4.7 NA NA 8.1 8.1 12.8 5.1 4.6 NA NA 3.7 5.3 4.5 2.7 3.0 NA NA 3.2 NA 2.9 3.2 2.6 NA NA 2.9 NA 2.5 -0.7 1.4 NA NA 2.6 NA 1.6 3.7 2.9 NA NA 2.8 NA 2.7 3.9 0.7 NA NA 0.6 NA 1.4 Germany2 Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 5.1 9.1 3.5 6.9 7.0 8.0 6.0 16.7 5.0 10.0 9.6 11.6 5.0 6.8 2.1 7.8 8.5 8.8 4.5 5.0 3.3 4.0 4.2 5.0 5.3 4.6 2.2 4.6 5.0 0.8 5.1 7.2 3.0 4.1 6.8 0.7 2.3 4.2 3.2 4.8 4.3 4.3 0.8 -0.9 0.2 6.1 2.7 5.7 Unit labor costs: National currency basis United States 1.7 3.7 1.6 0.2 -3.5 0.1 -0.1 0.2 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 3.1 0.5 5.6 3.5 1.1 3.2 2.8 5.9 1.2 9.2 7.3 2.0 5.9 9.5 3.8 0.3 6.0 3.5 1.5 4.8 1.0 0.7 0.0 2.8 0.6 0.2 0.2 -1.0 0.7 -4.5 11.3 0.1 -1.5 0.5 -2.8 0.7 -4.3 5.1 -0.2 1.3 -1.1 1.1 0.4 -0.9 -8.3 -1.5 -3.1 3.2 -4.2 3.2 0.4 -7.7 -1.1 0.1 -0.4 -1.9 Germany2 Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 2.5 5.6 0.0 5.3 3.5 4.6 3.8 11.2 0.4 7.4 6.4 7.2 2.8 4.2 0.1 6.4 6.6 4.5 1.3 2.3 -0.5 3.0 -0.4 2.8 2.2 1.1 -2.6 4.0 -0.3 2.8 1.6 6.2 -0.8 4.0 4.2 2.2 -3.4 1.3 -1.8 5.0 -2.1 3.8 -3.3 -1.1 -1.4 3.9 0.6 4.7 Continued on next page Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-98 Average annual rates of change1 Country or area 1979-98 Unit labor costs: United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany2 Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1979-85 1985-90 1990-98 1995 1996 1997 1998 U.S. dollar basis 1.7 3.7 1.6 0.2 -3.5 0.1 -0.1 0.2 1.9 3.2 -0.1 3.8 0.0 1.9 1.0 3.3 -0.3 -0.8 5.5 -9.3 -5.8 -3.3 7.1 10.8 10.2 12.0 13.8 16.7 11.6 -2.3 1.3 -5.6 -2.1 -0.8 -0.8 -2.0 0.2 3.8 16.2 -0.1 11.7 14.0 8.1 1.3 -17.3 0.8 -3.7 -3.6 -4.6 -1.4 -1.2 -11.0 -22.3 -6.0 -16.2 -9.5 -16.0 -3.7 -7.2 -37.4 -15.2 -1.3 -1.8 -2.9 2.7 1.6 0.0 3.1 0.2 3.2 -4.1 -3.2 -7.6 -1.7 -5.2 -1.3 15.9 14.4 12.9 13.3 14.8 11.4 0.3 -2.3 -1.5 0.6 -4.0 1.8 15.7 0.0 10.4 15.8 7.7 6.0 -3.3 12.2 -5.7 2.0 10.9 1.0 -16.2 -8.2 -15.1 -4.3 -14.1 8.9 -4.7 -3.0 -2.9 -2.5 -3.3 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -1.2 2.7 -2.5 -1.5 3.2 10.5 -3.0 1.3 -0.4 8.7 0.6 -13.6 -1.5 -10.1 -6.7 -7.6 Exchange rates4 United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France -5.4 0.4 -1.1 -1.3 -1.7 -9.2 -1.7 -11.1 -11.0 -11.7 3.9 8.2 12.2 11.4 10.5 -8.1 -2.7 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 4.4 -0.1 13.4 13.5 11.2 -4.0 -3.5 -4.8 -3.5 -2.5 -15.3 -4.5 -13.5 -12.2 -12.4 -32.1 -14.2 -1.4 -1.4 -1.0 Germany2 Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 0.2 -3.8 0.1 -2.1 -3.2 -1.3 -7.6 -12.9 -8.0 -8.4 -11.0 -7.9 12.7 9.8 12.7 6.6 7.8 6.6 -1.1 -4.5 -1.1 -2.3 -3.6 -0.9 13.2 -1.1 13.4 11.4 8.1 3.0 -4.8 5.6 -4.9 -1.9 6.4 -1.1 -13.3 -9.5 -13.6 -8.8 -12.2 4.9 -1.4 -1.9 -1.6 -6.2 -3.9 1.2 1Rates of change based on the compound rate method. 3Adjusted to include employment taxes that are not compensation to employees but are labor costs to employers. 2Data relate to the former West Germany. NA = Not available. 4Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. Trade-weighted unit labor costs Because the economies covered by the BLS comparative data differ greatly in their relative importance to U.S. trade in manufactured goods, BLS constructs indexes of U.S. unit labor cost trends relative to a tradeweighted average of unit labor cost trends in the other economies. (See chart 3.) The construction of the indexes shown in chart 3 is a three-step process. First, the indexes of unit labor costs for all economies are rebased to a common year (in this case 1979=100). Second, for each year, a "competitors" index is calculated as the weighted geometric mean of the indexes for all competitor economies. Finally, the U.S. index number for each year is divided by the "competitors" index number (and multiplied by 100) to obtain a relative ratio of the United States to the competitors. This process is used to calculate the relative trade-weighted unit labor cost indexes on both a national currency and a U.S. dollar basis. Chart 3 relates the growth of U.S. unit labor costs to the growth of foreign competitors' costs. The solid line indicates that U.S. unit labor costs rose faster than competitors' costs between 1979 and 1985 on a U.S. dollar basis. In most years between 1985 and 1995, U.S. costs either rose at a slower rate than the competitors' costs or fell at a faster rate. Since 1995, however, the strength of the U.S. dollar has once again caused relative U.S. unit labor costs to rise. The data underlying this chart are shown in table C. PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT: Chart 3. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 13 competitors, 1979-98 Table C. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 13 competitors, 1979-98 Year 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Unit Labor Costs National Currency Basis Own Competitors' Index Index Ratio 100.0 112.3 117.6 125.1 122.8 122.2 124.2 128.9 124.1 124.3 129.4 134.6 141.0 144.7 145.9 141.3 136.4 136.5 136.4 136.7 100.0 111.9 120.9 129.2 131.2 131.8 133.1 138.5 140.5 141.8 145.5 151.5 158.1 162.6 165.2 163.3 162.8 162.7 161.0 161.3 100.0 100.4 97.3 96.8 93.6 92.7 93.3 93.1 88.3 87.7 88.9 88.9 89.2 89.0 88.3 86.6 83.8 83.9 84.7 84.7 Unit Labor Costs U.S. Dollar Basis Own Competitors' Index Index 100.0 112.3 117.6 125.1 122.8 122.2 124.2 128.9 124.1 124.3 129.4 134.6 141.0 144.7 145.9 141.3 136.4 136.5 136.4 136.7 100.0 110.2 109.6 106.2 104.8 99.3 97.2 121.7 139.7 152.1 151.8 163.4 173.1 181.5 179.8 180.5 190.1 180.4 165.0 153.8 Ratio 100.0 101.9 107.3 117.8 117.2 123.0 127.7 105.9 88.8 81.7 85.3 82.4 81.5 79.7 81.1 78.3 71.7 75.6 82.7 88.9 - 17 Table 1. Output per hour in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1998 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1950 NA 28.0 NA NA NA NA 22.6 13.2 13.2 11.2 12.1 24.5 19.7 25.5 1955 NA 34.4 8.7 NA NA NA 24.6 16.7 19.7 15.7 15.2 28.5 21.6 27.5 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 40.7 42.9 46.3 48.2 50.4 52.9 53.8 54.3 57.6 60.6 14.0 15.8 16.6 18.0 20.4 21.2 23.3 26.3 29.5 33.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 18.0 18.2 19.2 19.9 21.2 22.3 23.8 25.1 27.3 29.9 29.9 31.6 33.2 34.3 37.1 38.9 40.8 43.8 47.8 49.8 21.8 23.2 24.7 26.0 28.1 30.0 32.5 34.6 38.1 40.6 29.2 30.6 32.8 34.1 37.1 39.3 40.9 43.4 47.0 50.4 19.6 21.2 23.5 24.1 24.4 27.1 29.5 31.0 33.4 34.6 19.3 20.3 20.9 21.7 23.6 25.1 26.6 28.5 31.9 34.9 36.7 38.0 38.0 40.0 42.2 44.7 46.6 48.3 51.3 56.1 27.6 29.0 31.3 33.1 36.0 38.7 40.3 43.7 47.8 51.5 31.2 31.2 31.9 33.6 35.8 36.9 38.1 39.9 42.7 43.8 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 70.6 71.1 72.1 59.2 62.7 65.7 69.6 70.8 68.2 73.1 77.1 78.5 78.4 38.0 40.2 44.1 48.1 49.3 50.7 53.8 55.9 58.1 62.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 32.9 35.1 39.2 43.5 45.8 47.6 52.4 55.0 58.3 61.4 52.7 56.3 60.8 66.9 69.1 76.1 78.8 80.4 81.6 85.6 43.1 45.6 47.7 51.0 52.2 54.0 57.3 60.7 63.4 66.3 52.0 54.0 57.4 61.1 63.2 65.9 70.6 72.7 75.2 78.4 36.8 37.4 40.6 44.0 46.8 45.2 51.5 52.5 55.9 61.3 38.1 40.4 43.6 48.3 51.8 51.1 56.6 61.1 65.3 68.4 57.8 60.1 63.6 67.6 70.6 69.7 71.9 71.5 72.8 78.1 52.8 55.1 57.9 62.1 64.8 65.8 66.8 65.8 67.6 72.9 44.7 46.9 49.5 53.1 53.9 52.8 55.1 55.6 56.4 56.8 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 71.9 75.5 77.8 81.4 84.6 87.8 88.3 94.4 98.0 97.1 75.3 77.1 75.3 79.8 86.6 89.8 89.3 91.3 91.1 92.4 63.9 66.0 68.7 69.6 71.9 77.3 76.9 81.2 84.8 89.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 65.4 70.1 73.5 81.0 85.0 87.0 87.8 88.9 92.0 96.9 90.3 91.8 92.1 96.6 96.1 96.7 91.1 90.6 94.1 99.6 66.7 68.6 73.4 75.0 76.1 79.1 80.4 81.8 87.4 91.9 77.2 78.7 78.8 82.6 85.4 89.1 89.6 88.1 91.5 94.6 64.1 65.6 66.8 70.4 77.3 81.6 82.7 85.1 86.7 89.4 69.2 70.8 72.2 78.1 85.8 89.3 90.9 91.7 93.8 97.1 76.7 76.5 79.7 82.4 87.4 90.2 89.0 93.3 92.1 94.6 74.0 73.5 76.7 81.8 85.6 87.1 88.5 90.1 90.8 93.8 56.2 59.1 62.3 67.2 70.8 72.3 74.9 79.5 82.4 86.2 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 97.8 98.3 100.0 102.1 108.3 114.9 117.3 122.1 127.0 95.3 95.1 100.0 102.5 106.2 108.9 107.3 111.0 111.7 95.4 99.4 100.0 100.5 101.8 109.3 115.8 120.2 120.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 96.8 99.1 100.0 102.5 108.4 113.2 114.7 121.7 122.4 99.1 99.6 100.0 104.5 NA NA NA NA NA 93.5 96.9 100.0 100.6 108.5 114.5 115.0 123.3 127.5 99.0 101.9 100.0 100.6 107.9 111.2 115.1 121.8 127.1 92.5 95.2 100.0 102.9 105.6 109.3 110.3 113.4 113.6 98.6 99.6 100.0 101.9 114.2 119.9 124.4 130.7 132.8 96.6 97.5 100.0 100.6 101.4 102.0 102.0 101.9 104.1 95.0 95.0 100.0 106.7 116.1 122.4 125.4 133.6 136.5 88.4 92.2 100.0 104.1 106.8 104.7 103.3 103.8 104.8 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1999. - 18 Table 2. Output per employed person in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1998 (Indexes: 1992=100) United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan 1950 NA 30.0 NA NA NA NA 31.8 16.2 19.2 12.4 15.8 1955 NA 35.6 10.4 NA NA NA 34.0 20.3 28.8 17.7 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 41.8 43.9 47.7 49.8 52.3 54.9 55.4 56.0 59.3 62.0 17.3 19.3 19.8 21.2 24.0 24.5 27.0 30.6 34.2 38.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 22.6 22.9 24.1 25.0 26.5 27.4 29.1 30.3 33.0 35.7 39.2 40.2 42.6 43.3 47.2 49.5 51.0 54.1 57.7 59.3 26.6 28.3 30.1 31.8 34.0 36.1 39.2 41.2 44.3 48.2 38.4 39.6 41.3 42.4 46.1 48.7 50.0 51.7 56.6 60.7 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 69.2 69.8 70.3 60.3 63.7 66.7 70.2 70.9 67.4 72.4 76.3 78.1 77.8 43.0 44.8 48.9 52.8 52.0 52.2 57.0 59.4 62.0 67.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 38.3 40.2 43.9 47.6 48.7 48.0 53.8 56.1 59.4 62.6 60.8 64.6 68.4 71.2 75.0 79.9 83.2 84.1 84.3 88.4 50.5 53.0 54.9 57.8 58.3 58.6 62.4 65.5 67.8 70.8 1980 1981 1982 69.3 72.7 73.6 74.0 75.8 73.6 68.6 70.3 73.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 65.6 68.7 73.7 93.9 94.3 96.0 71.2 72.3 74.2 Year Belgium Denmark France Sweden United Kingdom 32.0 25.6 29.6 19.8 37.3 27.9 32.4 22.4 24.0 25.7 26.5 26.8 28.9 31.7 33.8 36.4 37.5 25.4 25.7 26.3 27.1 29.2 31.0 32.7 34.9 38.3 41.3 46.2 47.2 47.0 49.2 52.3 54.1 56.6 58.1 60.1 64.3 33.7 35.1 37.5 39.3 42.3 45.1 47.0 50.1 53.6 56.8 36.0 35.5 35.9 37.8 40.6 41.2 41.8 43.5 47.0 48.1 62.4 63.4 66.6 70.4 71.4 72.5 79.9 81.1 82.8 86.0 39.2 38.7 41.7 45.7 46.9 44.6 50.7 51.5 54.7 59.5 44.3 46.5 49.5 53.8 55.9 54.1 59.8 64.4 68.1 70.5 65.7 67.6 70.6 74.6 76.9 75.6 76.0 74.4 73.9 78.0 58.1 60.5 61.8 65.2 67.3 67.0 67.2 65.6 65.7 69.8 48.4 49.5 51.8 56.3 55.3 54.0 56.8 57.7 58.3 58.5 83.5 84.1 83.7 62.4 63.8 64.8 71.7 73.8 76.1 77.1 76.9 79.4 70.1 70.1 73.4 56.0 58.0 61.7 Germany Italy Netherlands Norway 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 79.1 83.5 86.6 87.1 93.5 98.0 97.2 79.1 85.8 89.2 88.9 91.5 93.0 93.5 74.0 77.3 82.8 81.9 86.7 91.7 95.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 79.2 82.5 85.7 86.5 88.4 93.0 97.5 102.1 101.2 98.4 94.9 92.2 95.8 100.2 75.5 76.8 79.2 80.7 82.6 88.5 92.9 87.9 90.9 93.1 93.0 91.3 94.4 96.2 68.3 75.0 78.6 81.6 85.5 90.1 92.7 82.3 89.1 90.5 91.7 92.0 94.8 97.6 82.5 87.4 89.8 88.7 90.7 90.3 93.3 79.2 84.4 85.2 86.3 88.9 89.4 92.1 66.7 70.9 73.2 75.9 80.1 85.0 88.1 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 97.2 97.0 100.0 103.4 110.7 116.7 119.1 124.8 129.3 95.7 94.9 100.0 103.9 108.3 110.5 110.3 114.3 114.4 100.5 102.5 100.0 98.1 99.5 107.6 114.9 118.5 116.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 98.5 99.2 100.0 100.9 109.7 113.3 115.3 122.5 123.4 98.4 99.3 100.0 103.6 114.0 117.7 123.2 124.1 126.8 94.1 96.4 100.0 100.5 108.5 113.9 114.7 122.5 127.0 98.8 101.0 100.0 97.6 104.7 107.3 109.3 116.0 122.3 93.6 95.3 100.0 100.9 106.4 110.2 110.3 113.8 113.8 99.0 99.8 100.0 101.9 114.2 120.2 124.7 130.4 132.4 95.1 96.4 100.0 100.9 102.0 101.6 101.1 100.6 102.7 94.3 94.3 100.0 109.5 122.7 131.7 135.5 144.5 147.5 90.1 93.1 100.0 103.9 108.2 107.1 105.7 106.2 107.0 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 19 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1999. Table 3. Output in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1998 (Indexes: 1992=100) United States Canada 1950 NA 22.6 1955 NA 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Year Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 38.2 31.2 49.9 23.0 46.7 36.1 58.6 31.7 32.8 34.5 35.9 39.3 42.1 44.3 46.1 50.4 55.3 56.5 58.8 59.3 62.9 67.3 70.9 75.1 77.5 79.4 85.2 46.5 49.6 53.4 56.0 61.0 65.3 67.1 69.3 72.9 78.6 67.8 67.9 68.1 70.4 76.9 79.1 80.4 81.0 86.7 90.0 Korea Taiwan 2.2 NA NA NA 26.8 18.4 14.5 9.4 16.8 29.3 4.9 NA NA NA 29.4 22.9 27.5 14.5 34.2 35.6 39.7 42.4 46.5 51.0 54.4 55.5 59.1 63.1 10.7 12.8 13.9 15.5 18.0 18.7 21.2 25.4 29.3 34.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 30.7 32.1 34.6 36.2 39.5 40.8 43.2 43.7 46.7 52.2 40.8 43.0 46.7 47.3 52.9 56.3 57.5 58.1 62.6 66.0 31.0 33.3 35.7 38.4 42.0 44.1 48.1 50.4 53.2 59.6 41.5 44.0 46.2 47.1 51.2 55.0 55.9 54.7 60.3 67.4 21.4 23.6 26.1 27.8 28.2 29.6 32.3 35.5 38.9 41.4 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 74.9 78.7 81.3 60.5 64.3 69.7 76.8 78.7 73.0 78.9 81.5 86.1 89.5 38.8 40.7 44.4 50.0 48.7 46.2 50.2 51.8 53.3 57.9 6.3 7.5 8.6 11.1 13.0 14.3 18.1 20.9 25.5 28.1 13.2 16.2 19.5 22.9 21.7 22.6 27.7 31.2 37.7 40.7 57.6 60.1 64.7 70.6 73.4 67.9 73.0 73.3 74.3 76.2 68.0 69.4 75.3 79.5 80.7 78.7 82.5 82.9 82.7 87.4 64.1 68.1 71.3 76.7 78.2 76.6 81.1 84.8 86.8 89.3 70.9 71.6 73.8 78.5 77.7 74.1 79.8 81.3 82.8 87.1 44.7 45.3 47.8 54.0 57.4 54.1 62.2 64.4 67.5 74.6 59.5 61.5 63.2 67.7 70.2 65.6 69.6 73.1 75.4 77.3 89.1 92.3 96.7 102.2 107.3 105.0 105.2 103.0 100.6 104.7 81.7 82.2 82.7 88.5 93.3 93.6 93.6 88.3 85.9 91.4 90.4 89.4 91.3 99.7 98.4 91.7 93.4 95.2 95.7 95.5 1980 77.3 1981 80.7 1982 76.2 1983 80.5 1984 89.1 1985 91.8 1986 91.0 1987 97.9 1988 104.5 1989 104.0 85.4 87.5 77.7 81.8 92.7 97.5 98.6 103.2 109.3 110.8 59.9 62.1 64.1 66.1 70.4 76.1 74.9 78.4 84.6 90.2 27.7 30.5 32.6 37.6 42.3 46.7 55.7 66.6 75.8 79.0 44.7 48.1 49.1 54.8 62.7 64.8 74.6 84.4 87.9 91.2 78.2 77.2 80.4 84.6 87.2 89.1 89.1 88.8 93.3 99.1 91.3 88.4 89.8 95.8 100.3 103.5 103.5 99.3 100.8 104.3 88.7 87.3 88.2 88.0 87.0 87.3 87.3 87.2 92.2 97.2 85.3 84.4 81.5 82.7 85.2 88.3 89.7 88.0 90.9 94.0 78.4 76.8 75.7 76.3 79.8 82.4 84.5 88.2 94.5 98.1 77.4 77.5 76.7 79.1 83.6 86.1 88.3 89.5 92.8 96.9 103.6 101.7 101.3 99.9 104.7 108.5 108.1 110.7 105.3 101.3 91.8 88.9 89.8 95.0 101.7 103.9 105.2 107.7 110.2 111.6 87.2 81.9 81.8 83.5 86.6 89.0 90.2 94.5 101.5 105.5 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 106.6 98.8 100.0 105.1 113.2 118.8 120.2 128.0 133.0 96.3 101.4 100.0 96.0 95.4 100.6 106.7 110.0 103.9 86.7 95.0 100.0 105.4 116.8 129.9 138.7 147.8 137.2 90.8 96.9 100.0 102.5 108.4 114.9 120.0 128.0 133.0 101.0 100.7 100.0 97.0 101.4 104.2 104.2 109.0 111.8 102.7 101.7 100.0 99.0 109.3 115.1 119.0 121.7 127.3 99.1 99.8 100.0 95.7 100.3 104.9 104.6 110.3 114.6 99.1 102.8 100.0 91.8 93.5 93.7 92.5 95.8 100.7 99.6 99.2 100.0 96.4 102.2 107.2 106.7 110.4 112.5 100.1 100.6 100.0 98.2 104.2 107.8 110.6 116.1 118.8 100.2 98.3 100.0 102.7 106.7 109.0 110.1 113.3 116.4 110.6 103.6 100.0 101.3 115.7 130.1 132.9 140.3 146.4 105.4 100.1 100.0 101.5 106.2 107.8 108.3 109.3 109.7 NA: 102.5 98.7 100.0 103.5 112.2 119.6 121.6 128.8 134.2 Not Available Source: - 20 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1999. Table 4. Total hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1998 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year 1950 United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan 85.5 80.7 NA NA NA Belgium Denmark France NA 118.7 139.6 Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 109.8 138.5 158.5 195.7 83.8 156.0 1955 94.6 85.1 55.9 NA NA NA 119.8 137.7 139.6 92.8 151.5 164.1 167.3 213.1 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 92.1 89.7 93.4 94.4 96.4 102.0 108.6 108.0 109.6 110.9 84.1 83.0 85.8 87.9 92.2 96.4 101.1 102.1 102.5 104.2 76.3 80.8 83.4 86.1 88.2 88.0 91.0 96.3 99.4 100.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 170.7 175.9 180.3 181.8 186.5 183.2 181.5 173.6 170.9 174.9 136.5 136.2 140.7 138.0 142.6 144.9 140.8 132.7 130.9 132.7 142.1 143.5 144.5 147.6 149.4 146.6 148.0 145.9 139.5 146.8 142.3 143.9 140.8 138.1 138.0 140.0 136.7 125.9 128.3 133.8 109.0 111.2 111.1 115.3 115.6 109.1 109.7 114.8 116.4 119.5 164.7 161.8 164.8 165.9 166.9 167.9 166.4 161.5 158.3 158.7 154.0 154.8 156.2 157.3 159.5 158.4 161.1 160.4 154.9 152.0 168.3 171.0 170.8 169.1 169.6 168.8 166.5 158.4 152.6 152.5 217.4 217.5 213.2 209.6 214.6 214.3 211.2 203.1 202.8 205.6 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 104.4 100.5 105.1 110.4 107.9 97.2 101.9 106.1 110.6 112.7 102.1 102.5 106.1 110.3 111.1 107.0 108.0 105.7 109.7 114.2 102.3 101.1 100.6 104.0 98.7 91.1 93.3 92.5 91.6 92.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 174.7 171.4 165.2 162.1 160.4 142.6 139.4 133.3 127.4 124.2 129.0 123.3 123.8 118.8 116.7 103.5 104.7 103.1 101.4 102.1 148.7 149.4 149.6 150.3 149.9 142.0 141.6 139.8 137.0 134.6 136.3 132.5 128.7 128.4 122.9 112.5 113.1 111.8 110.1 111.0 121.2 121.0 117.9 122.7 122.8 119.6 120.9 122.6 120.7 121.7 156.4 152.5 145.0 140.3 135.6 128.5 123.1 119.5 115.5 112.9 154.3 153.6 152.1 151.2 152.0 150.5 146.2 144.1 138.3 134.1 154.7 149.1 142.9 142.5 144.0 142.3 140.2 134.2 127.1 125.5 202.1 190.6 184.3 187.9 182.4 173.6 169.5 171.2 169.8 168.1 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 107.5 107.0 97.9 98.9 105.3 104.6 103.0 103.8 106.6 107.1 113.5 113.4 103.2 102.4 107.0 108.6 110.5 113.0 120.0 119.9 93.8 94.1 93.3 95.0 97.9 98.4 97.3 96.6 99.8 100.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 119.7 110.2 109.4 104.3 102.6 102.4 101.5 100.0 101.5 102.3 101.1 96.3 97.5 99.2 104.4 107.0 113.7 109.6 107.2 104.7 133.1 127.2 120.2 117.4 114.2 110.5 108.7 106.6 105.5 105.8 110.5 107.1 103.4 100.1 99.7 99.1 100.1 99.9 99.3 99.3 122.4 117.2 113.3 108.5 103.2 100.9 102.1 103.6 108.9 109.7 111.9 109.5 106.1 101.3 97.5 96.3 97.1 97.6 98.9 99.7 135.0 133.0 127.1 121.2 119.7 120.2 121.6 118.6 114.3 107.1 124.0 121.0 117.2 116.1 118.9 119.4 118.9 119.5 121.4 119.0 155.3 138.7 131.3 124.3 122.4 123.1 120.5 118.9 123.2 122.3 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 104.8 100.4 100.0 101.4 103.6 104.0 103.7 105.5 105.6 111.9 103.8 100.0 102.6 106.6 109.1 112.0 115.4 119.0 100.9 102.0 100.0 95.6 93.7 92.0 92.2 91.5 86.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 104.3 101.5 100.0 94.7 93.6 92.0 90.8 89.5 91.3 103.7 102.1 100.0 94.8 NA NA NA NA NA 105.9 103.0 100.0 95.1 92.4 91.6 91.0 89.5 89.9 100.1 100.9 100.0 91.3 86.7 84.3 80.4 78.6 79.3 107.7 104.2 100.0 93.6 96.7 98.0 96.7 97.4 99.0 101.6 101.0 100.0 96.4 91.3 90.0 88.9 88.8 89.5 103.7 100.8 100.0 102.1 105.2 106.9 107.9 111.1 111.9 116.4 109.0 100.0 94.9 99.6 106.3 106.0 105.0 107.3 119.2 108.5 100.0 97.5 99.4 103.0 104.8 105.4 104.7 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 21 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1999. Table 5. Employment in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1998 (Indexes: 1992=100) United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan 1950 84.3 75.1 NA NA NA NA 84.4 113.4 75.2 1955 93.1 82.3 47.1 NA NA NA 86.7 113.0 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 92.6 90.0 92.8 93.5 94.9 99.3 105.4 106.7 108.5 110.6 81.9 81.2 83.3 85.1 88.9 93.0 98.2 99.1 99.7 101.7 61.7 66.4 70.0 72.8 75.0 76.1 78.3 82.8 85.7 88.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 135.7 140.1 143.3 144.7 148.8 148.7 148.5 143.9 141.5 146.3 104.1 107.0 109.7 109.3 112.0 113.9 112.8 107.5 108.5 111.4 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 106.3 102.2 105.0 110.5 110.1 100.6 104.2 108.2 112.7 115.6 100.3 101.1 104.5 109.4 111.0 108.3 109.1 106.9 110.2 115.1 90.3 90.7 90.8 94.6 93.7 88.5 88.0 87.1 85.9 85.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 150.2 149.6 147.4 148.4 150.7 141.5 135.8 130.5 125.0 121.8 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 111.6 111.0 103.5 101.8 106.8 106.0 104.5 115.5 115.4 105.7 103.4 108.0 109.4 110.8 87.4 88.3 87.9 89.3 91.1 91.9 91.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 119.3 112.4 109.2 106.8 105.7 104.0 103.0 Year Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 76.0 106.3 119.3 122.0 168.4 95.5 82.1 116.0 125.2 129.7 181.1 116.6 117.4 118.5 121.1 123.3 122.2 122.8 122.3 120.3 123.7 108.1 111.3 111.8 111.0 111.0 113.0 111.8 105.8 106.6 111.0 95.4 98.4 101.5 104.8 105.1 102.6 102.0 105.3 106.7 110.4 124.9 127.9 131.2 132.5 134.6 135.8 135.4 132.0 131.7 133.9 122.2 124.8 126.3 127.8 128.8 130.9 132.8 133.5 132.0 132.6 137.8 141.3 142.2 142.4 144.3 144.8 143.0 138.3 136.0 138.4 188.5 191.1 189.4 186.4 189.2 191.7 192.2 186.3 184.5 187.1 111.9 107.3 110.1 111.6 107.6 98.5 99.2 98.5 98.0 98.8 126.9 128.5 129.9 132.6 134.0 130.7 130.0 129.5 128.0 126.1 113.6 112.9 110.8 111.5 108.9 102.2 99.9 100.3 100.0 101.2 114.0 117.0 114.8 118.1 122.4 121.4 122.7 125.0 123.5 125.4 134.4 132.3 127.6 125.9 125.6 121.3 116.4 113.5 110.8 109.5 135.6 136.4 136.9 136.9 139.5 138.7 138.4 138.5 136.1 134.2 140.6 135.9 133.8 135.8 138.7 139.8 139.4 134.5 130.7 131.0 186.7 180.4 176.1 177.2 177.8 169.7 164.3 164.8 164.2 163.2 97.2 93.8 93.6 93.9 99.1 105.2 109.1 124.6 120.7 118.9 116.6 113.3 110.2 108.3 102.2 100.3 97.4 94.1 93.7 94.9 96.4 125.8 120.4 116.7 111.8 106.4 104.8 103.5 108.0 105.0 100.8 96.1 93.8 95.1 96.3 134.5 132.3 127.5 121.0 119.8 120.7 122.0 130.9 127.0 122.4 119.9 120.5 122.0 121.9 155.9 141.2 132.5 125.1 122.2 121.7 118.9 Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy 1987 104.7 1988 106.6 1989 107.0 112.7 117.6 118.6 90.4 92.4 94.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA 100.5 100.4 101.7 107.7 105.3 104.1 105.6 104.1 104.7 96.4 96.3 97.6 103.1 104.8 105.8 97.3 97.9 99.2 122.0 116.6 108.7 121.1 123.3 121.2 117.9 119.3 119.7 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 111.4 104.0 100.0 101.2 104.5 107.5 109.0 112.0 116.2 95.8 98.9 100.0 97.9 95.9 93.5 92.9 92.8 88.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 102.5 101.5 100.0 96.1 92.5 91.9 90.3 89.0 90.6 104.3 102.4 100.0 95.5 95.8 97.8 96.6 98.1 100.3 105.4 103.6 100.0 95.2 92.4 92.1 91.2 90.0 90.2 100.3 101.8 100.0 94.0 89.3 87.3 84.6 82.6 82.4 106.4 104.1 100.0 95.5 96.0 97.2 96.7 96.9 98.8 101.1 100.8 100.0 96.4 91.3 89.7 88.7 89.0 89.8 105.4 101.9 100.0 101.8 104.7 107.2 108.9 112.6 113.3 117.2 109.9 100.0 92.6 94.2 98.8 98.1 97.1 99.3 116.9 107.5 100.0 97.7 98.2 100.7 102.5 102.9 102.6 NA: 105.4 101.8 100.0 100.1 101.3 102.5 102.2 103.2 103.8 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 22 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1999. Table 6. Average annual hours in manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1998 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 123.0 146.0 110.2 130.3 130.8 129.9 116.2 138.2 121.8 146.1 113.0 130.6 131.1 129.0 117.7 125.8 125.5 125.8 125.7 125.3 123.2 122.2 120.7 120.7 119.5 131.2 127.3 128.3 126.3 127.4 127.2 124.8 123.4 120.6 119.1 121.8 122.2 121.9 121.9 121.1 120.0 120.5 119.3 116.0 118.7 131.7 129.4 126.0 124.4 124.3 123.9 122.3 119.0 120.4 120.6 114.3 113.1 109.5 110.0 110.0 106.4 107.6 109.1 109.1 108.3 131.9 126.5 125.6 125.2 124.0 123.6 122.9 122.4 120.2 118.5 126.0 124.1 123.7 123.1 123.9 121.0 121.3 120.2 117.3 114.6 122.1 121.1 120.1 118.8 117.5 116.6 116.4 114.5 112.2 110.2 115.3 113.8 112.6 112.5 113.4 111.8 109.9 109.0 109.9 109.9 116.3 114.6 112.0 115.3 114.9 112.4 117.2 116.3 115.1 119.9 117.3 116.2 106.4 103.4 102.7 116.4 115.3 113.6 113.8 112.6 111.0 110.0 109.7 106.8 108.2 105.7 104.7 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 1950 101.4 107.4 NA NA NA NA 140.7 1955 101.5 103.4 118.7 NA NA NA 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 99.5 99.6 100.6 100.9 101.6 102.7 103.0 101.2 101.0 100.2 102.7 102.2 103.0 103.3 103.7 103.7 103.0 103.1 102.8 102.5 123.5 121.6 119.2 118.2 117.6 115.6 116.2 116.3 116.0 114.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1970 98.2 1971 98.4 1972 100.0 101.8 101.5 101.5 113.3 111.4 110.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 99.9 98.0 96.6 97.7 98.1 98.1 97.5 100.8 100.1 98.9 99.0 98.9 99.6 99.2 109.9 105.3 103.0 106.0 106.2 106.7 107.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 109.3 106.4 100.7 102.6 102.1 101.9 102.0 106.4 108.5 105.1 105.6 104.6 103.4 103.3 113.3 111.9 108.6 108.9 107.9 107.0 106.7 115.2 112.9 110.1 113.2 111.5 110.1 109.7 103.9 100.3 98.5 98.5 98.0 97.8 97.1 111.4 108.0 106.0 105.8 105.3 104.3 103.1 110.4 108.9 108.5 105.7 104.0 101.6 99.9 104.9 103.8 101.8 100.6 99.8 97.2 95.8 106.0 102.6 102.3 103.2 103.9 103.4 103.0 1980 96.3 1981 96.4 1982 94.6 1983 97.2 1984 98.6 1985 98.7 1986 98.6 1987 99.1 1988 100.0 1989 100.0 98.3 98.3 97.6 99.1 99.1 99.3 99.6 100.3 102.1 101.1 107.3 106.5 106.2 106.4 107.4 107.1 106.5 106.8 108.0 106.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 100.4 98.1 100.2 97.7 97.1 98.5 98.6 99.4 101.1 100.6 104.0 102.7 104.2 105.6 105.3 101.8 104.2 101.8 101.8 100.6 106.8 105.4 101.1 100.7 100.8 100.2 100.4 101.0 101.3 101.1 108.1 106.8 106.2 106.4 106.4 104.5 103.9 103.6 103.2 101.7 97.3 97.3 97.1 97.1 97.1 96.2 98.6 100.4 104.0 103.7 103.7 104.2 105.3 105.4 104.0 101.3 100.8 100.3 101.1 100.5 100.4 100.6 99.7 100.1 99.9 99.6 99.7 97.2 98.0 98.6 94.8 95.3 95.7 96.8 98.6 97.9 97.5 98.7 98.5 98.2 99.6 98.2 99.1 99.4 100.2 101.2 101.3 100.8 103.3 102.2 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 100.4 99.8 100.0 101.4 102.0 101.5 102.8 103.0 102.4 105.3 103.2 100.0 97.7 97.7 98.4 99.2 98.6 97.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 101.8 100.0 100.0 98.5 101.2 100.1 100.5 100.6 100.8 99.4 99.7 100.0 99.2 NA NA NA NA NA 100.6 99.4 100.0 99.9 100.0 99.5 99.7 99.4 99.7 99.8 99.1 100.0 97.0 97.1 96.5 95.0 95.2 96.2 101.2 100.1 100.0 98.0 100.7 100.8 100.0 100.4 100.2 100.5 100.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.3 100.2 99.8 99.7 98.4 98.9 100.0 100.3 100.5 99.7 99.1 98.7 98.7 99.3 99.2 100.0 102.6 105.7 107.6 108.0 108.2 108.1 102.0 100.9 100.0 99.8 101.3 102.3 102.3 102.4 102.1 NA: 99.4 98.7 100.0 101.3 102.2 101.5 101.5 102.2 101.8 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 23 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1999. Table 7. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1998 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada* Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Germany Italy Netherlands Norway United Sweden* Kingdom* 1950 8.7 5.7 NA NA NA NA 2.5 1.6 3.4 0.8 3.1 2.2 1.9 1.6 1955 11.7 8.1 3.1 NA NA NA 3.4 2.8 5.0 1.2 4.5 3.4 3.0 2.3 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 14.9 15.4 15.9 16.4 17.1 17.5 18.3 19.3 20.7 22.2 10.4 10.7 11.1 11.6 12.1 12.8 13.7 14.4 15.4 16.6 4.3 5.0 5.7 6.4 7.2 8.1 9.0 10.0 11.7 13.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5.4 5.7 6.2 6.8 7.7 8.5 9.4 10.3 11.0 12.1 4.6 5.2 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.4 8.4 9.4 10.3 11.6 4.3 4.7 5.2 5.7 6.2 6.7 7.1 7.6 8.6 9.2 8.1 9.1 10.3 11.0 11.9 13.1 14.2 15.0 16.1 17.6 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.8 6.4 7.3 7.8 8.6 9.9 11.1 12.5 13.8 15.4 17.4 4.7 5.2 5.7 6.1 6.5 7.2 7.8 8.7 9.6 10.6 4.1 4.5 5.0 5.6 6.1 6.7 7.3 8.1 8.8 9.6 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.2 4.5 4.7 5.0 5.5 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 23.8 25.3 26.6 28.7 31.8 35.7 38.7 42.0 45.4 49.9 17.8 18.8 20.2 21.9 25.4 29.1 33.3 37.0 39.7 43.2 16.5 19.0 21.9 26.8 35.1 40.9 44.0 48.6 51.8 55.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 13.7 15.9 18.8 22.3 27.4 33.1 38.3 41.4 44.4 47.2 13.3 15.2 16.9 20.5 24.8 29.6 33.0 36.5 40.2 45.0 10.3 11.6 12.8 14.7 17.4 21.3 24.4 27.7 31.2 35.4 20.7 23.2 25.6 29.0 33.0 36.4 39.1 42.8 45.9 49.3 4.7 5.4 6.0 7.1 9.3 11.7 14.5 17.2 19.8 24.0 20.2 23.1 26.5 31.6 37.7 43.1 48.1 52.5 56.8 61.1 11.8 13.5 15.1 17.0 19.9 23.8 27.5 30.9 34.1 35.8 10.8 12.1 13.5 15.2 17.8 21.9 25.6 28.0 31.2 33.6 6.3 7.2 8.3 9.5 11.4 15.1 17.6 19.8 23.1 27.5 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 55.8 61.3 67.3 69.1 71.5 75.3 78.7 80.9 84.2 86.9 47.7 53.3 59.9 63.7 66.1 69.9 72.5 75.3 77.8 82.5 58.6 62.7 65.8 67.6 69.7 72.5 76.1 77.9 79.2 84.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 52.5 57.3 59.9 65.7 71.4 75.3 77.3 79.7 81.1 85.9 49.6 54.6 59.5 63.6 67.2 71.7 73.2 80.1 82.9 87.7 40.8 47.2 56.1 61.9 67.2 72.8 75.8 78.6 81.6 86.0 53.6 57.0 60.4 63.1 66.0 70.0 72.8 76.0 79.1 83.2 28.2 34.1 40.2 47.0 53.9 60.6 63.1 66.7 69.3 75.9 64.4 67.4 71.5 74.9 77.7 81.8 85.0 87.8 87.7 88.5 39.0 43.3 48.2 52.9 57.9 63.4 69.1 78.5 83.3 87.2 37.4 41.3 44.3 48.8 53.0 58.4 63.1 67.3 71.7 79.4 33.2 38.5 42.4 45.5 49.1 53.1 57.6 64.8 67.7 72.9 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 91.0 95.8 100.0 102.9 105.8 108.3 110.7 115.1 120.0 89.5 94.7 100.0 99.6 100.4 103.6 102.8 106.7 110.8 90.7 95.9 100.0 104.6 106.7 109.5 110.9 114.1 115.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 90.1 97.3 100.0 104.8 106.1 109.2 112.0 115.1 115.9 92.7 95.9 100.0 104.6 NA NA NA NA NA 90.6 96.2 100.0 102.8 105.0 107.7 109.4 112.4 114.0 89.4 95.1 100.0 105.9 111.7 117.7 123.7 126.6 127.6 84.4 93.6 100.0 107.5 107.8 112.8 120.9 125.9 124.8 90.8 95.2 100.0 103.7 108.2 110.6 113.9 117.5 117.8 92.3 97.5 100.0 101.5 104.4 109.2 113.6 119.1 126.4 87.6 95.4 100.0 98.0 101.1 106.2 113.4 118.3 121.5 80.9 90.5 100.0 104.3 106.5 107.4 108.2 112.8 119.2 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: - 24 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1999. Table 8. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1998 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada* Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Germany Italy Netherlands Norway United Sweden* Kingdom* 1950 8.7 6.3 NA NA NA NA 2.2 2.4 1.3 1.7 1.4 1.9 2.1 2.5 1955 11.7 9.9 1.1 NA NA NA 3.0 4.3 1.9 2.4 2.1 2.9 3.3 3.6 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 14.9 15.4 15.9 16.4 17.1 17.5 18.3 19.3 20.7 22.2 13.0 12.7 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.3 15.4 16.2 17.3 18.6 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 4.1 4.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.4 5.0 5.5 6.1 6.7 7.1 7.7 4.0 4.5 4.9 5.4 5.8 6.4 7.3 8.1 8.3 9.3 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.2 7.6 8.2 9.2 9.4 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.5 5.9 6.3 7.0 3.1 3.5 4.1 4.8 5.1 5.5 5.9 6.5 6.9 7.5 3.0 3.5 3.8 4.2 4.8 5.4 6.1 6.7 7.5 8.5 4.1 4.5 4.9 5.3 5.6 6.2 6.8 7.6 8.4 9.2 4.7 5.1 5.7 6.3 6.9 7.6 8.3 9.2 10.0 10.8 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.7 6.1 6.6 7.2 7.3 6.8 7.4 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 23.8 25.3 26.6 28.7 31.8 35.7 38.7 42.0 45.4 49.9 20.6 22.5 24.6 26.4 31.4 34.6 40.8 42.0 42.1 44.5 5.8 6.9 9.2 12.5 15.3 17.5 18.8 23.0 31.5 32.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.9 10.5 13.7 18.5 22.6 29.0 31.9 37.1 45.4 51.7 10.7 12.4 14.7 20.5 24.6 31.1 32.9 36.7 44.1 51.6 9.9 11.1 13.4 17.5 19.2 26.3 27.0 29.8 36.7 44.0 8.9 10.4 12.6 17.1 19.9 23.1 24.3 28.8 35.8 42.0 9.2 10.7 12.7 15.0 17.6 22.1 21.6 24.0 28.8 35.6 9.8 11.6 14.5 20.0 24.7 30.1 32.0 37.6 46.2 53.5 10.3 11.9 14.2 18.4 22.4 28.4 31.3 36.0 40.4 43.9 12.1 13.8 16.6 20.3 23.5 30.8 34.2 36.5 40.2 45.7 8.6 10.0 11.8 13.2 15.1 19.0 17.9 19.6 25.1 33.0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 55.8 61.3 67.3 69.1 71.5 49.2 53.7 58.6 62.5 61.7 32.8 36.1 33.5 36.1 37.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 57.7 49.5 42.1 41.3 39.7 53.2 46.2 43.0 42.0 39.2 51.1 46.0 45.1 43.0 40.7 46.1 39.3 38.8 38.6 36.3 40.5 36.9 36.5 38.1 37.8 57.0 47.4 47.1 46.1 42.6 49.0 46.9 46.4 45.0 44.1 51.5 47.5 41.1 37.1 37.3 43.7 44.1 42.0 39.0 37.2 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 75.3 78.7 80.9 84.2 86.9 61.8 63.0 68.6 76.4 84.1 38.5 57.3 68.3 78.4 77.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 40.8 55.6 68.6 70.9 70.1 40.9 54.6 70.6 74.3 72.3 42.9 57.9 69.2 72.5 71.4 37.2 52.4 66.0 70.4 69.1 39.1 52.1 63.3 65.5 68.1 43.3 61.1 76.2 78.0 73.4 45.8 58.1 72.3 79.3 78.4 39.5 51.6 61.8 68.1 71.6 39.0 47.8 60.2 68.3 67.7 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 91.0 95.8 100.0 102.9 105.8 108.3 110.7 115.1 120.0 92.7 99.9 100.0 93.3 88.8 91.2 91.1 93.1 90.3 79.3 90.3 100.0 119.3 132.4 147.7 129.3 119.5 111.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 86.6 91.5 100.0 97.4 102.1 119.1 116.3 103.3 102.6 90.4 90.5 100.0 97.4 NA NA NA NA NA 88.0 90.2 100.0 96.0 100.2 114.3 113.2 101.9 102.3 86.4 89.4 100.0 100.0 107.6 128.3 128.4 114.0 113.3 86.8 92.9 100.0 84.2 82.4 85.3 96.5 91.1 88.5 87.7 89.4 100.0 98.1 104.6 121.2 118.8 105.8 104.4 91.7 93.3 100.0 88.8 92.0 107.1 109.3 104.5 104.0 86.2 91.8 100.0 73.3 76.3 86.6 98.5 90.1 89.0 81.7 90.5 100.0 88.7 92.3 95.9 95.6 104.6 111.9 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: - 25 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1999. Table 9. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1998 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada* Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Germany Italy Netherlands Norway United Sweden* Kingdom* 1950 NA 20.2 NA NA NA NA 11.0 12.2 25.5 7.5 25.6 9.0 9.5 6.3 1955 NA 23.4 36.1 NA NA NA 13.8 16.9 25.4 7.7 29.8 11.8 13.7 8.3 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 25.5 24.9 23.9 24.0 23.9 24.1 25.5 26.6 26.7 30.9 31.8 34.6 35.7 35.4 38.3 38.5 38.1 39.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 30.1 31.5 32.1 34.2 36.3 38.3 39.6 40.9 40.3 15.4 16.3 17.0 17.9 17.9 18.9 20.5 21.4 21.6 19.5 20.3 21.0 21.7 21.9 22.2 21.7 22.0 22.6 27.8 29.7 31.5 32.2 32.1 33.3 34.7 34.5 34.3 8.0 8.2 8.8 10.1 10.7 10.3 10.1 10.6 10.5 33.2 35.9 37.2 39.6 42.1 44.4 46.8 48.4 48.2 12.9 13.6 15.0 15.2 15.4 16.0 16.8 18.1 18.8 14.9 15.6 16.1 16.8 16.9 17.3 18.2 18.6 18.5 9.8 10.5 10.8 10.7 10.7 11.4 11.9 11.7 11.7 1969 NA 27.4 41.0 NA NA 40.4 23.4 22.6 35.0 11.1 50.0 19.0 18.7 12.5 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 59.6 63.8 69.1 30.0 30.0 30.7 31.4 35.8 42.7 45.6 47.9 50.6 55.1 43.3 47.3 49.6 55.7 71.1 80.6 81.9 86.8 89.1 87.5 9.0 9.6 10.6 12.6 15.4 18.0 22.4 26.1 31.0 37.7 22.3 23.4 23.7 27.5 41.5 42.1 43.6 45.4 45.8 52.0 41.7 45.2 47.9 51.2 59.9 69.5 73.1 75.3 76.1 76.8 25.2 27.1 27.8 30.6 35.9 38.9 41.8 45.4 49.3 52.5 24.0 25.4 26.8 28.7 33.4 39.4 42.6 45.7 49.3 53.3 39.8 42.9 44.7 47.5 52.1 55.2 55.4 58.8 61.1 62.9 12.7 14.4 14.9 16.1 19.8 25.9 28.3 32.8 35.4 39.2 53.0 57.2 60.8 65.4 72.8 84.5 85.1 85.8 87.0 89.2 20.4 22.5 23.7 25.1 28.2 34.2 38.3 43.2 46.8 45.8 20.5 22.0 23.4 24.4 27.5 33.3 38.3 42.6 46.2 46.2 14.1 15.3 16.8 17.9 21.1 28.7 31.9 35.7 41.0 48.4 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 77.6 81.3 86.5 84.9 84.4 85.8 89.1 85.7 85.9 89.5 63.3 69.1 79.5 79.9 76.3 77.8 81.2 82.5 85.5 89.2 91.7 95.1 95.8 97.2 96.8 93.8 99.0 96.0 93.4 94.0 47.9 55.1 58.2 61.8 66.6 64.1 63.5 67.6 75.7 80.8 60.1 69.8 74.5 73.0 76.2 79.3 82.3 82.1 84.2 87.9 80.3 81.7 81.5 81.1 84.0 86.5 88.0 89.7 88.1 88.7 55.0 59.5 64.6 65.8 69.9 74.2 80.4 88.4 88.2 88.1 61.2 68.9 76.5 82.5 88.2 92.0 94.3 96.2 93.4 93.6 69.4 72.4 76.7 76.4 77.3 78.6 81.2 86.3 86.5 87.9 44.0 51.9 60.1 66.8 69.8 74.2 76.3 78.3 79.9 84.9 93.1 95.1 99.1 95.9 90.6 91.5 93.5 95.8 93.5 91.1 50.8 56.6 60.5 64.2 66.3 70.2 77.7 84.1 90.4 92.2 50.6 56.1 57.8 59.7 61.9 67.1 71.3 74.7 79.0 84.7 59.1 65.2 68.1 67.7 69.4 73.4 76.9 81.5 82.2 84.6 1990 93.1 1991 97.5 1992 100.0 1993 100.8 1994 97.7 1995 94.3 1996 94.3 1997 94.3 1998 94.5 93.9 99.6 100.0 97.2 94.5 95.2 95.8 96.2 99.2 95.0 96.5 100.0 104.1 104.9 100.1 95.8 95.0 95.4 85.9 95.0 100.0 103.8 108.2 120.4 126.5 116.1 107.1 94.3 95.6 100.0 100.9 102.0 102.1 101.8 100.3 99.1 93.0 98.1 100.0 102.3 97.9 96.4 97.6 94.6 94.7 93.6 96.3 100.0 100.1 93.0 93.4 92.3 95.3 94.9 96.8 99.3 100.0 102.2 96.8 94.0 95.1 91.1 89.4 90.3 93.3 100.0 105.3 103.6 105.9 107.5 103.9 100.4 91.3 98.4 100.0 104.4 102.1 103.2 109.6 111.1 109.8 92.1 95.6 100.0 101.8 94.8 92.3 91.5 89.9 88.7 95.6 100.0 100.0 100.9 102.9 107.1 111.4 116.9 121.4 92.3 100.4 100.0 91.8 87.0 86.8 90.4 88.5 89.0 91.6 98.1 100.0 100.2 99.7 102.5 104.7 108.7 113.8 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: - 26 Table 10. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1999. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1998 (Indexes: Year 1992=100) United States Canada* Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Germany Italy Netherlands Norway United Sweden* Kingdom* 1950 NA 22.4 NA NA NA NA 9.6 18.4 9.5 14.7 11.8 7.8 10.7 10.0 1955 NA 28.7 12.7 NA NA NA 12.0 25.6 9.4 15.1 13.8 10.2 15.5 13.2 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 31.8 29.7 27.1 26.9 26.8 27.1 28.6 29.8 30.0 30.8 10.9 11.2 12.1 12.5 12.4 13.4 13.5 13.3 13.9 14.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 19.4 20.3 20.7 22.0 23.5 24.8 25.6 26.5 25.9 25.9 13.5 14.3 14.9 15.7 15.6 16.5 17.9 18.5 17.4 18.8 21.1 21.9 22.7 23.5 23.7 24.0 23.4 23.7 24.2 23.1 10.4 11.6 12.3 12.6 12.6 13.0 13.6 13.5 13.4 13.9 16.0 16.4 17.4 20.1 21.1 20.3 19.9 20.9 20.7 21.8 15.5 17.4 18.2 19.3 20.5 21.7 22.7 23.7 23.4 24.3 11.3 11.9 13.0 13.2 13.3 13.9 14.6 15.7 16.4 16.5 16.8 17.6 18.2 18.9 19.1 19.6 20.5 21.0 20.9 21.0 15.6 16.7 17.1 17.0 16.9 18.0 18.8 18.3 15.9 16.9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 59.6 63.8 69.1 34.7 35.9 37.5 38.0 44.3 50.8 55.9 54.5 53.7 56.8 15.3 17.3 20.8 26.1 30.9 34.5 35.0 41.1 54.2 50.9 22.8 21.6 21.2 24.8 29.8 29.2 36.3 42.3 50.3 61.2 14.0 14.7 14.9 18.1 27.5 27.9 28.9 30.1 31.1 36.3 27.0 29.9 35.0 42.4 49.5 60.9 60.9 67.6 77.8 84.2 20.3 22.1 24.1 30.7 35.6 40.9 41.8 45.7 54.1 60.3 23.0 24.4 28.2 34.3 36.8 48.7 47.2 49.2 58.0 66.4 17.1 19.3 21.9 28.0 31.5 35.1 34.4 39.6 47.6 53.6 24.9 28.7 31.4 34.2 37.6 48.9 41.9 45.8 51.4 58.1 25.8 28.8 33.3 41.4 47.7 58.9 56.7 61.5 70.8 78.2 17.8 19.9 22.3 27.2 31.7 40.7 43.6 50.4 55.5 56.2 23.0 25.1 28.7 32.7 36.2 46.8 51.3 55.5 59.5 62.8 19.2 21.2 23.8 24.8 28.0 36.1 32.6 35.3 44.6 58.2 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 77.6 81.3 86.5 84.9 84.4 85.8 89.1 85.7 85.9 89.5 65.4 69.6 77.8 78.3 71.2 68.9 70.6 75.2 83.9 91.0 51.3 54.6 48.8 51.8 51.7 49.9 74.5 84.2 92.4 86.3 61.9 63.5 62.4 62.5 64.7 58.4 56.4 64.3 80.9 94.0 42.0 47.6 47.9 45.9 48.4 50.0 54.7 65.0 74.0 83.8 88.3 70.6 57.2 51.0 46.8 46.9 63.4 77.2 77.0 72.3 58.9 50.4 46.7 43.4 40.8 42.3 60.0 77.9 79.0 72.6 76.7 67.0 61.5 57.3 53.5 54.2 72.1 84.7 82.9 77.7 59.6 49.9 49.3 46.7 42.4 41.7 58.5 74.9 76.9 73.0 63.3 56.2 54.7 54.2 49.0 47.9 63.0 74.4 75.6 76.2 82.4 66.9 65.2 59.1 49.6 48.5 67.2 83.1 83.1 75.5 63.9 61.3 58.2 54.7 50.5 50.8 65.3 77.5 86.1 82.9 69.6 64.6 53.6 45.3 43.6 45.4 58.3 68.5 75.0 76.4 77.8 74.7 67.4 58.1 52.5 53.9 63.9 75.7 82.9 78.5 1990 93.1 1991 97.5 1992 100.0 1993 100.8 97.2 105.0 100.0 91.1 83.1 90.9 100.0 118.8 94.9 101.1 100.0 101.1 88.2 89.9 100.0 96.1 89.5 92.3 100.0 95.1 91.3 90.8 100.0 93.2 94.1 93.1 100.0 95.5 87.3 87.8 100.0 99.4 93.8 97.6 100.0 81.8 88.9 89.8 100.0 96.3 95.0 95.7 100.0 88.3 90.8 96.6 100.0 68.6 92.5 98.2 100.0 85.2 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 NA: 97.7 94.3 94.3 94.3 94.5 83.6 83.8 84.9 83.9 80.8 130.1 135.1 111.7 99.5 92.3 105.2 122.3 123.3 95.8 60.0 97.0 96.9 93.3 87.7 74.3 94.2 105.2 101.4 84.9 83.8 88.3 100.7 96.1 87.0 85.5 92.4 99.8 98.4 82.6 80.2 99.8 115.5 111.6 93.5 89.1 78.1 78.0 87.5 80.3 77.9 91.6 101.2 95.4 81.0 78.6 90.7 105.0 107.1 102.5 99.9 65.7 70.8 78.5 67.5 65.2 86.4 91.6 92.5 100.8 106.8 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Korea, Taiwan, Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: - 27 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1999. Table 11. (Indexes: Year Exchange rates, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1998 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar) 1992=100) United States Belgium Denmark France Sweden United Kingdom 87.1 112.6 158.6 46.1 87.0 112.6 158.0 198.4 198.4 198.5 198.2 197.3 197.2 197.3 197.4 197.7 196.4 46.6 48.5 48.8 48.8 48.8 48.8 48.6 48.8 48.6 48.5 87.1 87.0 87.1 86.9 86.8 86.9 86.9 86.9 87.0 87.0 112.7 112.7 113.0 112.3 113.1 112.9 112.8 112.9 112.7 112.7 159.0 158.6 159.0 158.5 158.1 158.3 158.1 155.7 135.5 135.3 196.5 199.3 211.1 211.8 189.4 188.9 148.4 139.6 48.6 50.4 54.8 63.3 65.5 69.7 66.6 71.7 86.9 88.3 94.3 108.2 112.6 119.2 113.9 116.8 112.3 114.1 122.5 133.8 131.4 140.6 133.7 130.4 135.6 138.4 141.6 138.8 132.5 125.8 102.2 98.8 Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Canada Japan Korea Taiwan 1950 100.0 110.5 35.2 NA NA NA 87.5 151.3 37.2 197.3 46.2 1955 100.0 122.5 35.2 NA NA NA 87.4 151.2 37.1 197.1 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 124.6 119.4 113.1 112.0 112.0 112.1 112.2 112.0 112.2 112.2 35.2 35.1 35.1 35.1 35.0 35.1 35.0 35.0 35.2 35.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 64.5 64.5 64.6 64.5 64.6 64.8 64.5 64.7 64.4 64.1 87.6 87.4 87.5 87.4 87.3 87.3 87.4 86.5 80.7 80.3 107.9 107.9 108.0 108.0 108.0 108.0 107.7 107.6 106.9 102.2 37.4 38.9 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.1 39.1 39.2 39.1 39.8 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 115.8 119.7 122.0 120.8 123.6 118.8 122.6 113.7 35.4 36.5 41.8 46.8 43.5 42.7 42.8 47.3 252.7 226.0 199.7 197.0 194.0 162.1 162.1 162.1 62.9 62.9 62.9 65.8 66.2 66.2 66.2 66.2 64.7 66.2 73.0 82.8 82.7 87.6 83.3 89.7 80.5 81.6 86.8 100.2 99.3 105.3 99.9 100.6 95.7 96.1 104.9 119.3 110.1 123.6 110.9 107.7 42.8 44.9 49.0 59.0 60.5 63.6 62.1 67.3 1978 100.0 1979 100.0 106.0 103.2 60.8 58.1 162.1 162.1 67.9 69.8 102.3 109.6 109.6 114.8 117.6 124.4 77.9 85.2 145.2 148.3 81.4 87.7 118.6 122.7 129.0 135.9 108.6 120.2 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.4 100.8 97.9 98.1 93.3 88.5 87.0 91.1 98.2 102.1 55.9 57.5 50.9 53.4 53.4 53.2 75.3 87.7 98.9 91.8 129.2 115.2 107.2 101.1 97.1 91.0 88.7 95.0 106.8 116.4 69.8 68.3 64.3 62.8 63.5 63.1 66.5 79.2 87.9 95.3 110.0 86.4 70.2 62.9 55.7 54.2 72.0 86.1 87.4 81.6 107.1 84.6 72.4 66.0 58.3 57.0 74.6 88.2 89.6 82.5 125.3 97.3 80.5 69.5 60.6 58.9 76.4 88.0 88.8 83.0 85.9 69.0 64.3 61.2 54.9 53.1 72.0 86.9 88.9 83.0 143.9 108.2 91.0 81.1 70.2 64.5 82.6 95.0 94.6 89.8 88.5 70.4 65.8 61.6 54.8 53.0 71.8 86.8 88.9 82.9 125.8 108.2 96.2 85.1 76.2 72.3 84.0 92.2 95.2 89.9 137.7 115.0 92.7 75.9 70.4 67.7 81.7 91.8 94.9 90.2 131.7 114.6 99.0 85.8 75.7 73.5 83.1 92.8 100.8 92.7 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 103.6 105.5 100.0 93.7 88.4 88.1 88.6 87.3 81.5 87.4 94.2 100.0 114.1 124.1 134.9 116.5 104.7 96.8 110.4 106.5 100.0 97.4 97.2 101.5 97.5 82.5 56.0 93.5 94.0 100.0 95.2 95.1 95.0 91.6 87.4 75.0 96.2 94.0 100.0 93.0 96.2 109.1 103.8 89.8 88.5 97.5 94.3 100.0 93.1 95.0 107.8 104.1 91.3 90.1 97.2 93.7 100.0 93.4 95.4 106.2 103.5 90.7 89.7 96.6 94.0 100.0 94.4 96.3 109.1 103.8 90.0 88.8 102.8 99.3 100.0 78.3 76.5 75.6 79.9 72.3 70.9 96.6 93.9 100.0 94.6 96.7 109.6 104.3 90.1 88.7 99.4 95.7 100.0 87.5 88.1 98.1 96.2 87.7 82.3 98.4 96.3 100.0 74.7 75.5 81.6 86.8 76.2 73.3 101.0 100.1 100.0 85.0 86.7 89.4 88.4 92.7 93.8 NA: Not Available Source: - 28 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1999. Table 12. (Indexes: Year Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1998 1992=100) United States Canada* Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France* Germany Italy Netherlands Norway United Sweden* Kingdom* 1950 8.8 6.1 NA NA NA NA 3.5 2.0 4.9 0.9 4.0 2.9 2.4 1.9 1955 11.9 8.3 3.7 NA NA NA 4.7 3.4 7.3 1.4 5.9 4.4 3.8 2.7 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 14.8 15.3 16.0 16.6 17.4 17.9 18.8 10.7 10.9 11.4 11.9 12.5 13.3 14.1 5.3 6.1 6.8 7.6 8.5 9.4 10.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 6.8 7.2 7.8 8.6 9.6 10.5 11.5 6.0 6.6 7.2 7.8 8.5 9.4 10.4 5.2 5.7 6.3 6.9 7.5 8.0 8.5 10.7 11.8 13.0 13.7 14.8 16.2 17.4 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.2 8.4 9.2 9.8 10.7 12.3 13.8 15.3 6.0 6.4 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.7 9.5 5.0 5.5 6.1 6.6 7.1 7.8 8.6 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.4 4.7 5.0 1967 1968 1969 19.5 20.9 22.3 14.9 15.8 17.0 11.7 13.5 15.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA 12.4 13.3 14.4 11.6 12.5 13.8 9.1 10.0 10.9 17.8 19.4 21.3 3.6 3.8 4.2 16.9 18.5 20.7 10.5 11.3 12.2 9.3 9.9 10.6 5.1 5.5 6.0 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 23.4 24.9 26.6 28.6 31.2 34.5 37.8 41.2 44.6 48.6 18.1 19.1 20.5 22.1 25.4 28.8 33.0 36.6 39.5 42.8 18.6 21.2 24.3 29.4 37.0 42.1 46.7 51.6 55.2 59.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 16.0 18.2 21.0 24.3 29.2 33.3 39.3 42.3 45.2 48.1 15.3 17.5 19.0 21.8 26.9 31.1 34.8 38.2 41.6 46.5 12.1 13.5 14.7 16.6 19.5 23.1 26.5 29.9 33.4 37.8 24.8 27.2 29.8 33.4 37.2 40.0 44.3 47.7 50.6 54.1 5.0 5.6 6.2 7.4 9.3 11.5 14.3 16.9 19.4 23.3 23.5 26.6 30.1 35.2 40.7 45.7 50.9 55.3 59.2 62.9 13.4 15.2 16.7 18.7 21.7 25.8 29.1 32.1 34.6 35.8 11.9 13.3 14.5 15.9 18.5 22.3 25.8 27.9 30.3 32.2 6.8 7.6 8.7 10.1 11.7 15.5 18.1 20.6 23.9 28.3 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 53.8 59.1 63.6 67.2 70.5 74.3 77.6 80.2 84.2 86.9 46.8 52.4 58.5 63.2 65.5 69.4 72.2 75.5 79.5 83.4 62.9 66.8 69.9 71.9 74.8 77.6 81.1 83.3 85.6 89.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 52.7 56.1 60.0 64.2 69.3 74.1 76.2 79.2 81.9 86.4 51.6 56.1 62.0 67.2 70.8 73.0 76.3 81.5 84.4 88.2 43.5 49.8 56.7 62.3 67.7 72.9 76.1 79.4 82.7 86.9 57.9 60.9 64.1 67.2 70.3 73.1 75.6 78.8 81.7 84.6 27.4 33.1 39.0 45.6 52.3 58.3 62.2 67.0 72.0 78.7 66.7 70.2 75.3 78.9 80.7 82.9 85.7 88.1 88.6 89.0 39.1 43.6 48.1 53.0 57.9 63.1 68.9 76.3 81.7 86.0 35.4 39.3 42.4 47.3 52.3 57.2 61.5 66.4 70.6 77.9 33.0 37.8 42.0 45.2 49.2 53.7 58.3 65.3 69.9 74.6 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 90.5 94.6 100.0 104.3 108.1 110.0 112.3 117.6 122.1 89.8 94.6 100.0 101.0 102.4 105.1 105.7 109.9 113.5 95.5 98.9 100.0 102.1 104.3 107.7 110.1 112.6 111.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 91.7 97.3 100.0 103.2 107.4 109.2 112.6 115.8 116.8 92.1 95.6 100.0 103.8 106.0 110.0 113.8 118.2 120.4 91.1 95.7 100.0 102.7 105.0 107.1 109.1 111.7 113.6 89.2 94.3 100.0 102.8 108.5 113.6 117.6 120.5 122.8 85.4 93.7 100.0 105.4 108.6 113.7 120.9 126.4 125.0 91.2 95.4 100.0 103.7 108.2 110.9 114.1 117.3 117.4 90.9 96.4 100.0 101.8 105.0 108.8 112.6 117.5 124.8 87.0 94.6 100.0 100.5 106.8 114.3 122.5 127.9 131.3 82.5 91.3 100.0 104.1 107.8 109.8 110.7 115.5 121.7 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: - 29 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1999. Table 13. (Indexes: Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1998 1992=100) United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan 1950 50.7 38.7 NA NA NA NA 28.6 19.8 11.7 18.4 17.1 1955 61.3 48.7 18.2 NA NA NA 31.9 26.7 15.9 21.4 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 70.7 72.1 74.1 75.3 77.4 77.8 79.1 80.9 83.5 85.1 57.1 58.1 59.6 61.2 62.7 64.8 67.1 68.2 69.8 72.1 23.2 25.6 27.4 28.4 30.8 32.2 33.8 36.4 40.2 45.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 24.5 25.7 27.2 29.4 31.9 34.0 36.1 38.3 39.9 42.1 38.7 41.7 42.5 43.9 45.7 47.7 50.8 53.0 54.0 58.7 30.1 32.2 34.0 35.4 37.2 39.3 40.6 42.5 46.3 47.5 23.6 25.8 28.4 29.4 31.1 33.1 34.7 36.1 38.3 41.0 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 86.2 87.6 89.3 90.6 90.6 93.1 95.3 97.3 97.7 96.4 74.6 77.0 78.6 79.3 83.0 85.9 91.1 93.6 92.2 91.9 50.0 54.4 59.7 65.4 69.5 72.5 71.4 72.8 74.5 76.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 46.1 51.1 57.3 63.6 69.4 74.3 78.9 79.5 81.6 83.1 62.9 68.3 71.0 78.8 82.7 90.0 92.1 91.8 91.9 93.7 51.1 54.1 56.2 60.0 62.7 68.4 71.5 74.2 76.5 78.4 1980 95.0 1981 94.7 1982 97.8 1983 97.4 1984 96.5 1985 98.2 1986 100.7 1987 99.9 1988 99.9 1989 98.3 92.1 91.3 92.5 93.1 92.5 94.0 93.7 93.2 92.6 93.4 75.4 77.0 78.6 79.2 79.8 81.4 85.0 86.9 87.8 91.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 86.6 87.8 84.5 86.1 88.0 88.5 89.7 91.0 91.5 94.1 92.0 90.7 89.7 89.7 89.2 90.9 89.5 94.1 93.2 94.1 1990 1991 95.9 96.1 95.3 97.6 NA NA NA NA 95.4 99.7 96.9 98.0 Year 97.7 98.7 Sweden United Kingdom 26.3 25.2 26.6 21.2 29.4 30.5 29.1 24.5 26.4 29.6 32.6 32.8 33.7 35.1 37.9 40.0 42.7 26.4 29.8 31.0 33.1 36.2 39.0 41.4 44.3 47.5 50.2 36.3 38.7 40.3 42.0 42.5 45.0 47.6 50.9 54.2 58.0 35.3 37.9 40.3 43.3 45.7 48.0 49.4 52.5 56.0 58.8 34.1 35.2 35.5 36.4 37.6 39.2 40.8 41.8 42.9 44.2 46.7 49.8 52.3 55.4 58.9 61.3 63.1 66.7 69.9 72.2 49.5 54.3 57.6 61.4 67.2 72.4 77.1 76.5 78.4 82.0 55.6 59.1 62.9 69.4 75.6 78.5 80.5 82.3 85.6 88.2 58.3 62.8 65.3 68.5 73.4 78.6 83.2 85.6 87.4 87.6 61.7 64.0 67.4 69.7 74.7 83.5 88.3 86.0 88.8 89.8 47.8 49.7 53.5 55.8 57.8 62.0 61.7 60.1 64.4 67.4 79.5 81.2 86.2 86.9 87.7 89.6 90.9 91.5 92.6 94.1 74.6 74.6 75.0 76.0 77.7 80.7 84.1 87.7 90.3 92.3 79.4 80.9 82.0 83.4 86.6 89.6 87.9 88.8 87.9 90.3 87.4 85.7 85.8 87.4 87.8 90.4 93.9 97.4 96.6 96.3 86.0 84.1 84.1 85.1 87.7 90.8 92.4 96.4 96.0 96.1 87.5 86.2 85.0 84.3 85.0 87.2 90.3 92.3 94.0 98.1 69.0 72.0 72.4 74.4 76.3 77.8 81.5 88.1 87.7 87.7 96.0 98.8 96.6 99.1 94.6 98.7 96.5 98.1 97.7 99.8 97.4 97.2 88.9 93.9 Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 NA: 100.0 100.0 100.1 99.7 99.0 100.6 103.3 100.0 97.9 98.4 99.4 97.1 99.2 102.2 100.0 103.2 104.7 107.4 108.8 109.9 110.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 100.0 102.0 100.9 102.3 102.8 104.0 103.7 100.0 103.3 NA NA NA NA NA 100.0 100.7 101.2 102.0 101.6 103.1 103.8 100.0 102.1 104.8 108.7 112.8 113.3 113.3 100.0 103.2 99.6 98.9 102.0 104.4 101.6 100.0 101.1 102.7 103.1 104.2 105.2 103.5 100.0 99.2 100.7 102.7 105.6 107.9 112.0 100.0 95.3 96.2 96.8 102.7 105.8 107.5 100.0 102.7 102.3 99.7 98.1 99.2 101.4 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: - 30 - U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1999. Table 14. (Indexes: Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 14 countries or areas, 1950-1998 1992=100) United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan 1950 51.4 41.6 NA NA NA NA 40.2 24.3 17.2 20.2 22.3 1955 62.2 50.3 21.6 NA NA NA 44.0 32.5 23.3 24.1 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 70.3 71.8 74.5 76.0 78.7 79.9 81.5 81.9 84.4 85.3 58.7 59.4 61.4 63.2 65.0 67.3 69.1 70.3 71.8 73.9 28.6 31.1 32.6 33.6 36.2 37.2 39.2 42.3 46.6 51.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 30.8 32.2 34.2 37.0 40.0 41.9 44.1 46.2 48.2 50.3 50.7 53.1 54.5 55.4 58.3 60.6 63.4 65.4 65.1 69.9 36.6 39.4 41.5 43.1 45.0 47.2 48.9 50.7 53.7 56.4 31.0 33.4 35.8 36.5 38.7 41.0 42.4 42.9 46.1 49.5 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 84.6 86.2 89.4 90.5 88.8 89.9 93.2 95.5 95.9 75.9 78.1 79.8 79.9 83.1 84.9 90.2 92.6 91.8 56.6 60.6 66.1 71.9 73.2 74.7 75.7 77.3 79.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 53.6 58.5 64.2 69.5 73.9 74.9 80.9 81.2 83.2 72.5 78.5 79.8 83.9 89.8 94.6 97.3 96.0 95.0 59.9 63.0 64.7 68.0 70.1 74.2 77.8 80.0 81.9 56.0 58.4 60.7 63.8 66.5 67.4 71.5 74.3 76.9 Year Belgium Denmark France Sweden United Kingdom 34.4 32.8 30.9 27.7 38.6 39.3 34.2 28.0 29.8 32.4 35.9 36.1 35.8 37.8 41.4 43.6 46.3 34.8 37.6 39.0 41.4 44.9 48.2 50.8 54.2 57.1 59.5 45.8 48.0 49.9 51.7 52.6 54.5 57.8 61.2 63.6 66.5 43.1 45.8 48.4 51.5 53.7 56.0 57.5 60.2 62.8 64.8 39.3 40.1 39.9 40.9 42.6 43.9 44.9 45.6 47.2 48.6 52.6 56.2 59.2 63.8 67.4 71.3 76.0 75.0 76.6 64.7 68.1 71.5 77.3 81.7 83.2 85.2 86.7 89.2 66.3 70.8 72.5 75.6 80.0 85.3 87.9 89.0 88.8 67.9 70.2 72.0 73.1 77.5 85.0 88.8 85.9 86.3 51.8 52.5 56.0 59.1 59.3 63.4 63.7 62.4 66.6 Germany Italy Netherlands Norway 1979 93.9 91.2 82.0 NA NA 84.7 96.8 83.6 79.2 79.6 90.9 87.5 86.0 69.4 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 91.6 91.2 92.5 94.6 95.2 96.9 99.3 99.1 99.9 98.3 90.5 89.7 90.3 92.2 91.7 93.4 93.3 93.4 94.6 94.5 80.9 82.0 83.5 84.3 85.7 87.2 90.5 92.8 94.8 97.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 87.0 86.1 84.7 84.1 85.4 87.1 88.4 90.5 92.5 94.7 95.7 93.2 93.5 94.7 93.9 92.5 93.3 95.8 94.9 94.6 84.9 85.6 87.2 87.4 88.5 89.8 91.3 92.3 93.7 95.1 80.7 79.7 79.7 80.9 82.7 84.3 87.3 90.9 93.2 93.9 77.3 78.7 79.6 81.0 84.0 86.2 86.7 89.2 91.3 93.7 90.6 89.3 90.4 92.2 91.3 91.6 94.6 97.7 97.6 96.8 86.3 84.6 83.8 85.3 87.7 90.4 92.1 93.7 94.1 94.7 83.0 82.1 81.3 81.7 83.9 85.3 88.0 91.0 92.6 96.3 68.8 70.6 71.8 73.9 76.4 78.7 82.6 88.8 90.6 89.6 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 97.1 97.4 100.0 101.3 102.4 101.3 100.4 102.8 105.1 96.3 95.9 100.0 99.2 100.3 100.9 99.8 102.2 104.6 100.3 100.6 100.0 100.8 102.3 105.7 107.9 108.4 106.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 97.0 99.7 100.0 100.5 102.1 102.3 103.3 104.6 104.5 96.3 97.6 100.0 102.5 102.6 104.3 105.7 107.4 107.4 96.5 98.2 100.0 100.6 101.2 101.5 101.3 102.5 103.5 96.4 98.2 100.0 99.1 101.7 104.9 107.2 107.9 109.0 95.8 98.8 100.0 101.1 100.3 99.7 102.0 104.8 101.9 96.9 98.3 100.0 101.1 102.7 103.5 104.5 105.0 103.2 96.2 98.7 100.0 99.5 101.2 102.4 104.6 106.5 110.5 96.7 96.4 100.0 97.8 101.7 104.1 111.0 114.4 116.2 90.6 94.8 100.0 102.5 103.6 102.0 100.4 101.5 103.5 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and the Netherlands, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1999. TECHNICAL NOTES The Bureau of Labor Statistics constructs trend indexes of manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour), hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs from three basic aggregate measures-output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures refer to all employed persons, including self-employed persons and unpaid family workers, in the United States, Canada, Japan, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, and to all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other economies. For all of the countries, the term "hours" refers to hours worked. In general, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). However, the measures for France (through 1989) refer to mining and manufacturing less energy-related products, and the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966. The comparisons in this news release make use of data made available to BLS as of June 1999 by the statistical agencies of the individual countries. For some countries, for the most recent years, these data are based on the European System of Integrated National Accounts (ESA 95) or on the United Nations revised System of National Accounts (SNA 93). For other countries, data were compiled according to previously used systems. To obtain historical time series, BLS may link together data series compiled according to different accounting systems. Output. For most countries, the output measures are value added in manufacturing from the national accounts. However, output for Japan prior to 1970 and for the Netherlands prior to 1960 are indexes of industrial production. The national accounts measures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical to their indexes of industrial production. In this release, manufacturing output data for the United States from 1977 on are the gross product originating (value added) measures prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce. U. S. gross product originating is a chain-type annual-weighted series.1 Comparable manufacturing output data currently are not available prior to 1977. The historical real output series for many of the other countries are estimated using fixed price weights, with the weights updated periodically (for example, every 5 or 10 years). The Japanese value-added series is based upon one set of fixed price weights since 1970. Annual-weighted real output measures are recommended by the SNA 93 and ESA 95 national accounts systems. Japanese real output for 1996 and subsequent years was revised following revisions to the deflators for electronic equipment and components. Korean national accounts data (output and employee compensation) for the period from 1990 reflect the benchmark revisions estimated from new 1995 input-output tables. To preserve the comparability of the U.S. measures with those of the other economies covered, BLS uses gross product originating in manufacturing for the United States for these comparative measures. The gross product originating series differs from the manufacturing output series that BLS publishes in its news releases on quarterly measures of U.S. productivity and costs. The quarterly measures are on a "sectoral output" basis rather than a value-added basis. Sectoral output is gross output less intra-sector transactions. Labor Input. The total hours measures are developed from statistics of manufacturing employment and average hours. The series used for France (from 1970 forward), Norway, Sweden, and Canada are official series published with the national accounts. Where official total hours series are not available, the measures are developed by BLS using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive employment series, and estimates of average annual hours worked. For Germany after 1959, BLS uses aggregate hours worked, which are developed by a research institute of the Ministry of Labor for use with the national accounts employment figures; earlier figures are BLS estimates. For the other countries, and Germany before 1959, BLS constructs its own estimates of average hours. Denmark has not published estimates of average hours for 1994-1998, and, therefore, the BLS measure of labor input for Denmark ends in 1993. BLS is in the process of assessing the comparability of the employment and hours time series data available from Korean and Taiwanese statistical sources. Compensation (labor cost). The compensation measures are from the national accounts. Compensation includes employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans, in addition to all payments made in cash or in-kind directly to employees. For Canada, France, and Sweden, compensation is increased to account for other significant taxes on payroll or employment. For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced between 1967 and 1991 to account for subsidies. Self-employed workers are included in the all-employed-persons measures by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. Current Indicators. The measures for recent years may be based on current indicators of output (such as industrial production indexes), employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics, normally used for the long-term measures, become available. Trade-Weighted Measures. The trade weights for Canada, Japan, and the European countries were obtained by rescaling a series of weights, developed by the International Monetary Fund, based on average trade flows over the 1989-91 period. These weights are based on aggregate trade data for total manufacturing and take account of both bilateral trade and the relative importance of "third country" markets. The 1989-91 weights do not include Korea and Taiwan. BLS developed weights for Korea and Taiwan by using data from an earlier study from the International Monetary Fund and other sources. The following weights were used for the entire period for which tradeweighted unit labor cost measures are produced: Country Weight Country Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy 23.94 28.91 2.02 0.45 5.58 10.98 4.35 Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom Korea Taiwan Weight 2.13 0.45 1.79 8.50 5.43 5.48 Level comparisons. The BLS measures are limited to trend comparisons. BLS does not prepare level comparisons of manufacturing productivity and unit labor costs because of data limitations and technical problems in comparing the levels of manufacturing output among countries. Each country measures manufacturing output in its own currency units. To compare outputs among countries, a common unit of measure is needed. Market exchange rates are not suitable as a basis for comparing output levels. What is needed are purchasing power parities, which are the number of foreign currency units required to buy goods and services equivalent to what can be bought with one unit of U.S. currency. Purchasing power parities are available for total gross domestic product (GDP) from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). However, these parities are derived for expenditures made by consumers, business, and government for goods and services-not for value added by industry. Therefore, they do not provide purchasing power parities by industry. The parities for total GDP are not suitable for each component industry, such as manufacturing. Some analysts have constructed "proxy purchasing power parities" for manufacturing, using selected expenditure items from the GDP purchasing power parities. However, the prices used in this method have a number of shortcomings because they are based on consumer, business, and government final expenditures. The data reflect sales to final users, rather than the output of specific industries, and thus prices include indirect taxes, distribution margins, and transportation costs. Further, the purchasing power parities exclude items that, although they are outputs of the manufacturing sector (e.g., steel, paper, cement, etc.), are only intermediate inputs with respect to final sales. They also do not reflect an industry's output because they include imports and exclude exports. A different approach has been used by researchers at the International Comparisons of Output and Productivity project at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. They develop unit value ratios for matched products, based on censuses of manufactures data in the various countries. Unit values are obtained by dividing producers' sales values by quantities shipped. This procedure also has shortcomings, primarily because only a limited portion of manufactured products can be matched and the matched products may not be adequately representative of total manufacturing. For many products, values are reported but not quantities; for some products, there is no counterpart in the other country; and other products cannot be matched because they represent a different mix of product varieties or because of large differences in qualities.2 1 For more information on the U. S. measure, see Robert E. Yuskavage, "Improved Estimates of Gross Product by Industry, 1959-94," Survey of Current Business, August 1996, pp. 133-55. 2 For an article based on this approach, see Bart van Ark, "Manufacturing prices, productivity, and labor costs in five economies," Monthly Labor Review, July 1995, pp. 56-72.