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TEXT Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Output per hour in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1995 Output per employed person in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1995 Output in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1995 Total hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1995 Employment in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1995 Average annual hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1995 Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1995 Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1995 Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1995 Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1995 Exchange rates, 12 countries, 1950-1995 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar) Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1995 Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1995 Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1995 Korea: Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1995 Taiwan: Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1995 Technical information (202) 606-5654 Media contact (202) 606-5902 USDL: 96-284 For Release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Wednesday, July 17, 1996 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY AND UNIT LABOR COST TRENDS, 1995 The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor today reported on 1995 developments in manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour) and unit labor costs in the United States and other industrial economies. U.S. manufacturing productivity increased 3.4 percent in 1995. Among the eight foreign economies for which data are available, only Italy and Japan had higher rates of productivity growth than the United States, although several countries matched or nearly matched the U.S. rate. Only one of the economies - the United Kingdom - had no productivity increase in 1995. (See table A and chart 1.) The growth of productivity in the United States was based upon an output increase of 3.5 percent combined with virtually no growth in labor input. Germany (former West Germany) and Japan were the only countries to increase productivity by combining decreases in labor input with increases in output. ***AT THIS POINT, PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART 1. PERCENT CHANGE IN MANUFACTURING OUTPUT PER HOUR, 1995. Unit labor costs equal compensation in nominal terms divided by real output. The cost of labor input required to produce one unit of output is reflected in this measure. Unit labor costs in the United States declined 0.6 percent in 1995, the third consecutive year in which unit labor costs have fallen. Six of the 11 foreign economies for which unit labor cost data are available also had decreases in unit labor costs in 1995, with the largest drop in Taiwan, about 3 percent. Unit labor costs also can be derived by dividing compensation per hour by output per hour. An increase in productivity thus mitigates an increase in compensation per hour. This occurs because an increase in productivity represents a decrease in the amount of labor input needed to produce a unit of output. For the United States, the productivity gain of 3.4 percent more than offset an increase in hourly compensation of 2.8 percent. In order to make changes in unit labor costs more relevant for discussing international competitiveness, foreign countries' costs can be converted to U.S. dollars, as in chart 2. Then, relative currency values play a role in comparative unit labor costs. - 2 Several European currencies appreciated sharply against the U.S. dollar in 1995, driving up those countries' rates of increase of unit labor costs measured in U.S. dollars. Currency values in Denmark, France, Germany, and Norway all increased by more than 10 percent relative to the dollar. Although each of these countries had either small increases or small declines in unit labor costs measured on a national currency basis, the rise in currency values pushed U.S. dollar-based unit labor cost increases in these countries to 10 percent or higher. The three economies with currencies that did not appreciate against the U.S. dollar - Canada, Italy, and Taiwan - were also the only three foreign economies with declining unit labor costs measured on a U.S. dollar basis. ***AT THIS POINT, PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART 2. PERCENT CHANGE IN MANUFACTURING UNIT LABOR COSTS (U.S. DOLLAR BASIS), 1995. The 1995 measures of percent changes in manufacturing productivity, unit labor costs, and related variables are summarized in table A below. Output and unit labor cost measures are included for all 12 economies for which 1995 data are available. Comparable productivity figures for Korea and Taiwan are not available. Productivity data for Denmark are not shown because recent data on hours worked have not been produced by the Danish national statistical agency. (See technical note.) Table A. Manufacturing productivity and labor costs in 12 countries or areas Percent change, 1994-95 Country or area (1) Output per hour Output Hourly Unit labor costs ExEmploy- Average compen- National U.S. change Hours ment hours sation currency dollars rate U.S. 3.4 3.5 0.1 0.8 -0.7 2.8 -0.6 -0.6 --- Canada Japan Korea(2) Taiwan(2) Denmark(3) France 1.6 5.4 NA NA NA 3.0 4.5 3.2 10.7 6.8 3.2 3.2 2.9 -2.1 NA NA NA .2 2.5 -2.8 NA NA 3.4 .1 .4 .7 NA NA NA .2 1.2 3.2 NA NA NA 1.6 - .4 -2.1 -1.2 -2.8 3.6 -1.3 - .8 6.5 3.0 -2.9 17.6 9.8 - .4 8.7 4.2 - .1 13.5 11.2 Germany(4) Italy Norway Sweden U.K. 3.2 4.0 .9 3.4 .0 .5 5.8 2.9 9.4 1.9 -2.7 1.7 2.0 5.8 1.9 -2.2 -1.4 2.5 4.1 1.2 -.5 3.1 -.5 1.7 .7 5.1 3.1 4.3 5.4 3.3 1.8 - .9 3.4 2.0 3.3 15.3 -2.0 15.1 10.2 6.4 13.2 -1.1 11.4 8.1 3.0 (1) Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. (2) Productivity not available because adequate labor input measures have not been developed. (3) Labor input data have not been produced for 1994 and 1995 by the Danish national statistical agency. (4) Data relate to the former West Germany. NA=Not Available. - 3 Although the productivity measure relates output to the hours of persons employed in manufacturing, it does not measure the specific contributions of labor as a single factor of production. Rather, it reflects the joint effects of many influences, including new technology, capital investment, capacity utilization, energy use, and managerial skills, as well as the skills and efforts of the work force. Table B shows average annual percent changes for selected periods from 1979 for 14 economies - the 12 economies in table A plus Belgium and the Netherlands. Indexes of the measures for the United States, Canada, Japan, and the European countries are in tables 1-14; output and unit labor cost indexes for Korea and Taiwan are in tables 15 and 16. Prior to this release, the output series for the United States in this comparative data set was the same series BLS published, along with data for the business sector, in its news releases on quarterly measures of U.S. productivity and costs. The concept underlying the quarterly series of U.S. manufacturing output was changed in February 1996. The U.S. output series used in this release of international comparisons now differs from the new output series published with the quarterly U.S. measures. In addition, the U.S. indexes in this release for measures based on output are not currently available prior to 1977. For a further discussion of these issues, see the technical notes on pages 11-14. Productivity, output, and labor input output ranged 10-1/2 States The year 1995 marked the first time in 10 years that manufacturing increased in all 12 of the economies included in table A. Increases from just 1/2 of 1 percent in Germany to 9-1/2 percent in Sweden and percent in Korea. An increase of 3.5 percent placed the United in about the middle of the group. Labor input (as measured by total hours worked) was nearly flat in U.S. manufacturing in 1995. Several other economies, however, recorded larger increases in labor input. The biggest rise occurred in Sweden, where hours worked increased nearly 6 percent following a 5 percent increase the previous year. Hours worked declined in only two countries - Japan and Germany. Unchanging labor input coupled with rising output resulted in a U.S. productivity increase of 3.4 percent in 1995, a growth rate exceeded only by Italy and Japan. While output grew more slowly in Germany than in the United States, Germany nearly matched U.S. productivity growth because of reduced labor input in Germany. Growth in output per hour in Sweden equaled the U.S. rate: Sweden combined the highest rate of output growth with the highest rate of labor input growth for all the countries for which productivity was measured. For the first time since 1980, manufacturing productivity did not increase in the United Kingdom. - 4 - Hourly compensation and unit labor costs Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing - which include wages and salaries, supplements, and employer payments for social security and other employer-financed benefit plans - rose 2.8 percent in the United States in 1995. Except for Canada and France, hourly compensation increased in the other economies at higher rates than in the United States. With hourly compensation costs rising at a slower rate than productivity, unit labor costs in the United States declined slightly in 1995, down 0.6 percent from their 1994 level. Unit labor costs also declined in Canada, France, Italy, Japan, and Korea, while the biggest drop, 3 percent, occurred in Taiwan (footnote 1). Denmark, Norway, and the United Kingdom had the largest unit labor cost increases, at about 3-1/2 percent each. Unit labor costs in U.S. dollars The currencies of all the European economies Italian lira, appreciated against the U.S. dollar in rather sharply. Except for the lira and the British currencies were up by 8 percent or more. The Korean yen also appreciated, while currencies in Canada and slightly against the dollar. studied, except the 1995, several of them pound, the European won and the Japanese Taiwan depreciated Changes in currency values relative to the U.S. dollar have an important effect on changes in competitiveness as measured by U.S. dollarbased unit labor costs. Among all the foreign economies, only the three with currencies that declined in value relative to the U.S. dollar - Canada, Italy, and Taiwan - had decreases in dollar-based unit labor costs. Unit labor costs on a U.S. dollar basis rose in the remaining economies, with increases of more than 15 percent in Denmark, Germany, and Norway. Trade-weighted unit labor costs Because the economies covered by the BLS comparative data differ greatly in their relative importance to U.S. trade in manufactured goods, BLS constructs indexes of U.S. unit labor cost trends relative to a tradeweighted average of unit labor cost trends in the other economies. (See chart 3.) ---------------footnote 1: As noted above, unit labor cost measures for 1995 are compiled for Denmark, Korea, and Taiwan in addition to the nine countries for which productivity and hourly compensation measures are computed. - 5 The construction of the indexes shown in chart 3 is a three-step process. First, the indexes of unit labor costs for all economies are rebased to a common year (in this case 1979=100). Second, for each year, a "competitors" index is calculated as the weighted geometric mean of the indexes for all competitor economies. Finally, the U.S. index number for each year is divided by the competitors index number (and multiplied by 100) to obtain a relative ratio of the United States to the competitors. This process is used to calculate the relative trade-weighted unit labor cost indexes on both a national currency and a U.S. dollar basis. Chart 3 allows the growth rate of U.S. unit labor costs to be related to the growth rate of foreign competitors' costs. For example, the solid line indicates that U.S. unit labor costs rose faster than competitors' costs between 1979 and 1985 on a U.S. dollar basis. Each year after 1985, U.S. costs either rose at a slower rate than the competitors' costs or fell at a faster rate - the only exception being in 1989. ***AT THIS POINT, PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART 3. U.S. MANUFACTURING UNIT LABOR COSTS RELATIVE TO 11 COMPETITORS, 1979-95. U.S. relative unit labor costs on a national currency basis tended to fall fairly consistently at an average rate of slightly less than 1 percent per year between 1979 and 1995. Rising unit labor costs relative to Japan offset, to some extent, declining unit labor costs relative to Europe and Canada through 1991. Since that year, unit labor costs relative to both Japan and Europe generally have fallen, but relative to Canada have risen slightly. A very different pattern emerges when U.S. relative unit labor costs are adjusted for currency exchange rates. Between 1979 and 1985, the U.S. dollar appreciated 35 percent on a trade-weighted basis, and U.S. relative unit labor costs rose about the same amount. Thus, given virtually no change in relative unit labor costs up to 1985 on a national currency basis (the dashed line), the relative change on a U.S. dollar basis is due entirely to appreciation of the dollar. Since the 1985 peak, the U.S. dollar has fallen 37 percent. Combined with the decline in relative unit labor costs on a national currency basis, U.S. relative unit labor costs on a U.S. dollar basis dropped 44 percent between 1985 and 1995, improving U.S. competitiveness. The most dramatic movement during this period occurred between 1985 and 1988, when the U.S. dollar depreciated 32 percent and U.S. relative unit labor costs on a U.S. dollar basis fell 36 percent. Between 1988 and 1995, the trade-weighted value of the dollar generally declined, as did U.S. relative unit labor costs, but at a much slower rate than during the 1985-88 period. Because 1995 data are not available for Belgium and the Netherlands, they have been excluded from this analysis; however, these two countries account for only about 4 percent of the total trade in manufactured goods between the 13 foreign economies and the United States. The trade weights used in chart 3 are included in the section "Trade-Weighted Measures" in the technical notes on pages 11-14. TECHNICAL NOTES ARE PRESENTED ON PAGES 11-14 - 6 Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures: Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-95 Average annual rates of change (1) Country or area 1979-95 1979-85 1985-90 1990-95 1992 1993 1994 1995 Output per hour U.S. 2.6 2.0 2.7 3.2 2.1 3.6 4.4 3.4 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 1.7 3.4 NA NA NA NA 3.1 2.4 3.5 NA NA 5.1 2.1 3.0 .4 4.3 NA NA 2.2 .1 3.4 2.3 2.2 NA NA NA NA 2.8 3.9 .6 NA NA 1.3 2.2 1.3 1.8 .5 NA NA 4.2 6.4 1.8 3.7 .7 NA NA 5.7 NA 8.5 1.6 5.4 NA NA NA NA 3.0 Germany(2) Italy Nethlds. Norway Sweden U.K. 2.2 3.8 NA 1.9 3.2 4.3 2.1 4.9 4.4 2.9 3.0 4.4 2.1 2.6 1.9 1.4 1.7 4.6 2.7 3.7 NA 1.3 4.7 4.0 -1.7 4.9 .4 3.9 5.3 5.9 1.2 4.5 1.9 .4 6.7 5.4 7.1 2.3 7.3 1.8 8.4 3.8 3.2 4.0 NA .9 3.4 .0 Continued on next page - 7 - Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures: Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-95--continued Average annual rates of change (1) Country or area 1979-95 1979-85 1985-90 1990-95 1992 1993 1994 1995 Output U.S. 2.1 .7 2.8 3.0 1.5 5.0 6.9 3.5 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 1.7 3.3 9.9 6.8 NA 1.3 .7 1.5 4.7 8.8 8.1 1.6 2.9 - .4 1.5 4.8 13.2 7.0 2.5 - .5 2.6 2.0 .3 8.0 5.0 NA 1.3 .2 1.3 -1.4 5.1 3.2 - .0 .9 -1.7 4.8 -4.0 5.0 2.5 -2.9 .7 -3.8 7.0 -1.3 10.4 5.7 4.5 2.1 5.3 4.5 3.2 10.7 6.8 NA 3.2 3.2 Germany(2) Italy Nethlds. Norway Sweden U.K. .5 2.3 NA .4 2.0 .7 .2 1.7 1.8 1.0 2.2 -1.2 2.3 4.0 3.1 -1.8 1.2 3.4 - .9 1.3 NA 2.1 2.7 .2 -2.7 .3 - .6 3.1 -3.4 - .6 -8.0 -3.4 -2.2 2.4 1.3 1.2 2.3 5.0 3.8 5.4 13.8 4.3 .5 5.8 NA 2.9 9.4 1.9 Total hours U.S. - .5 -1.2 .0 - .2 - .6 1.4 2.4 .1 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France - .1 .0 NA NA NA NA -2.3 - .9 1.1 NA NA -3.3 .8 -3.3 1.1 .5 NA NA .2 - .6 - .8 - .3 -1.9 NA NA NA NA -2.5 -2.5 -2.0 NA NA -1.3 -1.3 -2.9 2.9 -4.4 NA NA -6.8 -5.3 -5.5 3.1 -2.0 NA NA -1.1 NA -2.9 2.9 -2.1 NA NA NA NA .2 Germany(2) -1.7 Italy -1.5 Nethlds. NA Norway -1.5 -1.8 -3.1 -2.5 -1.9 .3 1.3 1.2 -3.1 -3.5 -2.3 NA .8 -1.1 -4.4 -1.0 - .8 -9.1 -7.6 -4.1 2.1 -4.5 2.6 -3.3 3.6 -2.7 1.7 NA 2.0 Sweden U.K. -1.1 -3.5 - .8 -5.3 - .5 -1.2 -2.0 -3.6 -8.3 -6.2 -5.0 -4.0 4.9 .4 5.8 1.9 Continued on next page - 8 Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures: Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-95--continued Table B. Average annual rates of change (1) Country or area 1979-95 1979-85 1985-90 1990-95 1992 1993 1994 1995 Employment U.S. -0.8 -1.4 -0.1 -0.6 -1.7 0.1 1.3 0.8 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France - .3 .5 NA NA NA .1 -1.9 - .8 1.2 NA NA -2.7 1.0 -2.3 1.1 .8 NA NA - .4 - .1 - .9 -1.0 - .5 NA NA NA - .9 -2.5 -3.5 1.1 NA NA -1.3 -1.6 -3.3 1.4 -2.1 NA NA -5.4 -4.6 -4.7 2.1 -2.0 NA NA -3.7 .6 -2.8 2.5 -2.8 NA NA NA 3.4 .1 Germany(2) Italy Nethlds. Norway Sweden U.K. - .9 -1.9 NA -1.5 -1.8 -3.3 -1.1 -2.9 -2.3 -1.8 -1.2 -4.9 1.1 .3 1.4 -2.9 - .8 -1.2 -2.7 -2.8 NA .4 -3.5 -3.5 -1.7 -4.3 - .8 -1.9 -9.0 -6.3 -6.0 -5.7 -4.1 1.8 -7.4 -3.6 -5.1 - .2 -3.3 3.2 1.9 - .3 -2.2 -1.4 NA 2.5 4.1 1.2 Average hours U.S. Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 1.2 1.3 1.1 -0.7 .2 - .5 NA NA NA - .1 .0 NA NA - .6 .0 - .3 NA NA .7 .7 -1.4 NA NA NA 1.1 -3.1 NA NA - .0 1.6 -2.3 NA NA -1.5 1.0 .0 NA NA 2.7 .4 .7 NA NA NA Denmark France NA - .4 Germany(2) - .8 Italy .4 Nethlds. NA Norway .0 Sweden .7 U.K. - .2 - .3 -1.0 - .5 .1 NA .0 .3 .4 - .8 - .8 NA - .2 NA .2 - - .9 1.0 - .2 - .3 .3 .0 - .8 .5 NA .3 1.6 - .1 .7 - .1 - .2 1.1 .8 .1 -3.4 -2.0 .0 .3 2.6 - .4 .6 2.8 .0 .3 2.9 .7 - .5 3.1 NA - .5 1.7 .7 .7 .1 .3 .1 .4 - .5 Continued on next page - 9 Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures: Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-95--continued Average annual rates of change (1) Country or area 1979-95 1979-85 1985-90 1990-95 Hourly compensation(3): 1992 1993 1994 1995 National currency basis U.S. 5.0 7.1 3.9 3.5 4.5 2.4 2.7 2.8 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 5.3 4.4 NA NA NA NA 7.1 8.7 4.7 NA NA 7.8 8.1 12.7 4.1 4.6 NA NA 3.9 5.4 4.5 2.6 4.0 NA NA NA NA 3.3 3.0 4.3 NA NA 5.0 3.9 3.8 .1 4.6 NA NA 5.0 2.4 3.6 2.3 2.2 NA NA 3.3 NA 2.5 1.2 3.2 NA NA NA NA 1.6 Germany(2) 5.5 Italy 10.0 Nethlds. NA Norway 7.3 Sweden 7.5 U.K. 8.9 5.9 16.7 4.9 10.0 9.6 11.8 4.9 6.9 2.1 8.1 8.4 8.4 5.5 5.5 NA 3.4 4.1 5.8 5.3 7.4 5.2 2.6 4.5 7.0 6.0 7.1 4.6 1.5 -2.2 5.3 4.2 - .6 1.4 3.3 4.1 2.0 5.1 3.1 NA 4.3 5.4 3.3 Unit labor costs: National currency basis U.S. 2.3 5.1 1.1 0.3 2.4 -1.2 -1.7 -0.6 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 3.5 1.0 5.8 4.1 NA 4.1 3.9 6.1 1.2 9.2 7.3 2.5 5.9 9.5 3.7 .3 6.0 3.5 1.6 5.2 1.0 .3 1.7 1.7 1.0 NA 1.0 .5 - .9 3.6 1.0 4.5 3.6 1.7 2.5 -1.7 4.1 -1.8 .9 .7 -3.7 1.8 -1.3 1.5 5.9 1.1 -2.3 1.5 -5.5 - .4 -2.1 -1.2 -2.8 NA 3.6 -1.3 Germany(2) Italy Nethlds. Norway Sweden U.K. 3.1 6.0 NA 5.3 4.2 4.3 3.8 11.2 .5 6.9 6.4 7.1 2.8 4.2 .2 6.6 6.6 3.6 2.7 1.7 NA 2.1 - .6 1.8 7.1 2.4 4.8 -1.3 - .7 1.1 4.7 2.5 2.6 1.1 -8.3 - .1 -2.8 -2.9 -5.5 1.5 -4.0 -1.8 1.8 - .9 NA 3.4 2.0 3.3 Continued on next page - 10 Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures: Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-95--continued Average annual rates of change (1) Country or area 1979-95 1979-85 1985-90 1990-95 Unit labor costs: 1992 1993 1994 1995 U.S. dollar basis U.S. 2.3 5.1 1.1 0.3 2.4 -1.2 -1.7 -0.6 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 2.5 6.5 2.8 6.1 NA 3.7 2.9 3.4 - .3 - .9 5.5 -8.8 -5.8 -3.4 7.1 10.8 10.5 12.0 13.9 17.2 11.6 -2.9 10.9 .0 1.3 NA 3.0 2.3 -6.0 10.0 -5.1 11.2 10.2 7.9 9.4 -7.9 18.8 -4.5 -3.9 -6.4 -10.4 -4.9 -6.8 10.3 5.8 .9 1.1 3.6 -3.5 - .8 6.5 3.0 -2.9 NA 17.6 9.8 Germany(2) Italy Nethlds. Norway 4.8 1.6 NA 3.8 -4.1 -3.2 -7.6 -2.1 15.9 14.3 12.9 13.6 5.2 -4.3 NA 1.9 13.9 3.1 11.6 3.1 -1.1 -19.7 -2.9 -11.5 - .8 -5.2 -3.4 2.2 15.3 -2.0 NA 15.1 Sweden U.K. .9 2.4 -5.3 -1.3 14.8 10.5 -4.3 - .7 3.1 1.0 -31.5 -15.0 -3.0 .2 10.2 6.4 Exchange rates (4) U.S. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France -1.0 5.4 -2.9 1.9 .0 - .4 -1.0 -2.5 -1.5 -9.3 -1.7 -11.1 -11.0 -11.7 3.2 10.5 4.2 8.2 12.2 11.4 10.5 -3.2 9.1 -1.7 .3 2.5 2.0 1.8 -5.2 6.2 -6.1 6.4 6.4 6.1 6.7 -6.3 14.1 -2.7 -4.8 -7.0 -6.9 -6.6 -5.6 8.7 - .1 - .2 3.5 2.0 2.2 - .4 8.7 4.2 - .1 13.4 13.5 11.2 Germany(2) Italy Nethlds. Norway Sweden U.K. 1.6 -4.1 1.4 -1.4 -3.1 -1.8 -7.6 -12.9 -8.0 -8.4 -11.0 -7.9 12.7 9.8 12.7 6.6 7.8 6.6 2.5 -6.0 2.6 - .3 -3.7 -2.4 6.4 .7 6.4 4.5 3.9 - .1 -5.6 -21.7 -5.4 -12.5 -25.3 -15.0 2.0 -2.4 2.2 .6 1.0 2.0 13.2 -1.1 13.4 11.4 8.1 3.0 (1) Rates of change based on the compound rate method. Data relate to the former West Germany. NA = Not available. (3) Adjusted to include employment taxes that are not compensation to employees but are labor costs to employers. (2) (4) Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. - 11 - TECHNICAL NOTES The Bureau of Labor Statistics constructs trend indexes of manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour), hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs from three basic aggregate measures - output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures refer to all employed persons, including self-employed persons and unpaid family workers, in the United States, Canada, Japan, France, Germany, Norway, and Sweden and to all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other economies. Hours refer to hours worked in all countries. In general, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). However, the measures for France and Italy (beginning 1970) refer to mining and manufacturing less energy-related products; the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966; and the measures for the Netherlands exclude petroleum refining and include coal mining from 1969 to 1976. Output: In general, the output measures are value added in manufacturing in constant prices from the national accounts of each country. However, output for Japan prior to 1970 and for the Netherlands from 1969 to 1977 are indexes of industrial production. The national accounts measures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical to their indexes of industrial production. While methods of deriving national accounts measures differ from country to country, BLS has reviewed these methods and determined that the series are sufficiently comparable for measuring comparative trends in productivity and unit labor costs. The 1977-93 manufacturing output data for the United States in this release are the gross product originating measures prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Comparable manufacturing output data currently are not available prior to 1977. The 1993-94 and 1994-95 percent changes in manufacturing output are based on the trend shown by the industrial production index published by the U.S. Federal Reserve Board for the manufacturing sector. U.S. gross product originating represents value added in manufacturing. The output series used for the foreign economies are also value added measures. In addition, U.S. gross product originating is based upon a fixed-priceweight scheme in which the price weights have not changed over the entire 1977-1995 time period. The Japanese value added series is based upon one set of fixed price weights for the years 1970 through 1995. Output series for the other foreign economies also employ fixed price weights, but the weights are updated periodically (for example, every 5 or 10 years). The only exception is the output series for Norway for 1987-1994, in which a given year's output is weighted with the preceding year's prices. (The 1995 measures are currently based on 1993 prices.) - 12 The U.S. manufacturing output series in this release differs from the quarterly measure of U.S. manufacturing output currently published by BLS. The manufacturing output series that BLS publishes in its news releases on quarterly measures of U.S. productivity and costs was changed in February 1996. The U.S. output series used in this release of international comparisons differs from the output series currently published with the quarterly U.S. measures in two key ways. First, the quarterly U.S. manufacturing series now is on a "sectoral" output basis rather than a value added basis. Sectoral output is gross output less intra-sector transactions. Second, the series published with the quarterly U.S. data now is based on changing price weights rather than fixed weights. To preserve the comparability of the U.S. measures with those for other economies, BLS continues to use gross product originating in manufacturing for the United States in this comparative data set. A review of the preferred output concept for international comparative measures, as well as of the availability of data for producing alternative output series, is underway. Labor Input: The total hours measures are developed from statistics of manufacturing employment and average hours. The series used for France (from 1970 forward), Norway, and Sweden are official series published with the national accounts. Where official total hours series are not available, the measures are developed by BLS using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive employment series, and estimates of annual hours worked. For Germany, BLS uses estimates of average hours worked developed by a research institute connected with the Ministry of Labor for use with the national accounts employment figures. For the other countries, BLS constructs its own estimates of average hours. Denmark has not published estimates of average hours for 1994 and 1995 and, therefore, the BLS measure of labor input for Denmark ends in 1993. For the Republic of Korea and for Taiwan, BLS publishes only measures of unit labor costs and the data on output and total compensation that underlie the computations of unit labor costs. Total hours, and consequently productivity, are not computed for Korea and Taiwan because BLS has not yet developed adequate labor input series. Compensation (labor cost): The compensation measures are from the national accounts except those for Belgium, which are developed by BLS using statistics on employment, average hours, and hourly compensation. Compensation includes employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans, in addition to all payments made in cash or in-kind directly to employees. For France and Sweden, compensation is increased to account for other significant taxes on payroll or employment. For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced to account for subsidies between 1967 and 1991. Self-employed workers are included in the all-employed-persons measures by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. Current Indicators: The measures for recent years may be based on current indicators of output (such as industrial production indexes), employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures become available. - 13 Trade-Weighted Measures: The economies covered by the BLS measures differ greatly in their relative importance to U.S. trade in manufactured products. Therefore, BLS constructs trade-weighted measures that take account of these differences. The weights used in this release for Canada, Japan, and the European countries were obtained by rescaling a series of weights developed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) based on average trade flows over the 1989-1991 period. The IMF weights are based on aggregate trade data for total manufacturing and take account of both bilateral trade and the relative importance of "third country" markets. The IMF weights for 19891991 do not include Korea and Taiwan. The weights for Korea and Taiwan are developed by BLS using data from an earlier IMF study and other sources. For the 11 foreign economies for which the 1995 unit labor cost measures are available, the following weights were used for the entire time period for which trade-weighted unit labor cost measures are produced: Country Weight Country Canada Japan Denmark France Germany Italy 24.97 30.16 0.47 5.82 11.45 4.54 Norway Sweden United Kingdom Korea Taiwan Weight 0.47 1.87 8.87 5.66 5.72 Level Comparisons: The BLS measures are limited to trend comparisons. BLS does not prepare level comparisons of manufacturing productivity and unit labor costs because of data limitations and technical problems in comparing the levels of manufacturing output among countries. Each country measures manufacturing output in its own currency units. To compare outputs among countries, a common unit of measure is needed. Market exchange rates are not suitable as a basis for comparing output levels. What are needed are purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the number of foreign currency units required to buy goods and services equivalent to what can be bought with one unit of U.S. currency. PPPs are available for total gross domestic product (GDP) for the United Nations' International Comparisons Project (UNICP). However, these PPPs are derived for expenditures by consumers, business, and government for goods and services and not for value added by industry. Therefore, they do not provide PPPs by industry. The PPPs for total GDP are not suitable for each component industry, such as manufacturing. - 14 Some analysts have constructed "proxy PPPs" for manufacturing using selected expenditure items from the UNICP. However, since the prices used are based on consumer, business, and government final expenditures, they have a number of shortcomings: They are based on final sales values rather than industry value added or gross output; they include indirect taxes, distribution margins, and transportation costs; they include the prices of imports and exclude the prices of exports; and there are few prices for products, such as steel, paper, and cement, which are outputs of the manufacturing sector, but only intermediate inputs with respect to final expenditures. A different approach has been used by researchers at the International Comparisons of Output and Productivity project at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. They develop unit value ratios (UVRs) based on ratios of producers' sales values per unit of output for matched products from country censuses of manufactures. This procedure also has shortcomings, primarily because only a portion of manufactured products can be matched and the matched products may not be adequately representative. For many products, values are reported but not quantities; for some products, there is no counterpoint in the other country; and other products can not be matched because they represent a different mix of product varieties or because of large differences in qualities. For an article based on this approach, see Bart van Ark, "Manufacturing prices, productivity, and labor costs in five economies," Monthly Labor Review, July 1995, pp. 56-72. Table 1. Output per hour in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1995 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1950 1955 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 27.9 34.2 40.5 42.7 45.7 47.4 49.6 52.0 53.1 54.2 NA 8.7 14.0 15.8 16.6 18.0 20.4 21.2 23.3 26.3 NA NA 18.7 18.9 19.9 20.7 22.0 23.1 24.7 26.1 22.3 24.3 29.5 31.2 32.8 33.9 36.6 38.4 40.4 43.3 13.9 17.6 23.0 24.5 26.1 27.5 29.7 31.8 34.4 36.5 13.1 19.6 29.0 30.5 32.6 34.0 36.9 39.2 40.8 43.3 11.2 15.6 19.6 21.2 23.4 24.1 24.3 27.1 29.4 30.9 12.5 15.6 19.9 20.9 21.6 22.3 24.3 25.8 27.5 29.4 24.1 28.1 36.2 37.5 37.4 39.4 41.6 44.1 46.0 47.6 19.7 21.6 27.6 29.0 31.2 33.1 35.9 38.6 40.3 43.7 24.9 26.9 30.5 30.5 31.2 32.9 35.0 36.1 37.3 39.0 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 NA: NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 75.5 75.5 74.4 72.8 75.4 78.4 80.1 81.1 83.7 85.9 91.4 93.5 94.0 95.7 97.9 100.0 103.6 108.1 111.9 58.1 61.2 60.4 64.7 67.8 72.2 73.3 70.8 75.8 79.9 80.8 81.6 78.5 82.3 78.6 84.3 91.4 94.1 92.6 93.5 93.9 94.3 95.8 96.3 100.0 101.8 105.6 107.2 29.5 33.8 38.0 40.2 44.1 48.1 49.3 50.7 53.8 55.9 58.1 62.9 63.9 66.0 68.7 69.6 71.9 77.3 76.9 81.2 84.8 89.5 95.4 99.4 100.0 100.5 101.2 106.6 28.4 31.0 34.2 36.3 40.4 44.7 47.1 49.0 54.0 56.7 60.1 63.4 62.1 67.2 71.5 79.8 84.0 85.5 86.7 88.4 91.4 96.2 95.6 98.7 100.0 104.2 110.1 NA 47.3 49.2 52.1 55.6 60.1 66.1 68.3 75.2 78.0 79.4 80.6 84.6 89.2 90.7 91.0 95.5 95.0 95.6 90.0 89.6 92.9 96.1 96.0 97.9 100.0 106.4 NA NA 40.3 42.9 45.5 48.2 50.4 53.9 55.1 57.0 60.5 64.1 67.0 70.1 70.5 72.6 77.7 79.4 80.7 83.8 85.2 86.7 92.7 97.4 99.1 98.7 100.0 101.8 110.4 113.7 46.9 50.2 51.9 53.9 57.2 60.9 63.1 65.7 70.5 72.7 75.1 78.5 77.1 78.6 78.2 82.4 85.2 88.7 89.3 88.1 91.2 94.3 98.2 101.7 100.0 101.2 108.5 112.0 33.3 34.5 36.8 37.4 40.5 43.9 46.7 45.2 51.4 52.4 55.8 61.2 64.0 65.5 66.6 70.2 77.1 81.5 82.6 85.0 86.6 89.4 92.8 95.3 100.0 104.5 106.9 111.2 32.9 36.0 39.6 41.7 45.4 50.4 54.6 53.4 59.4 61.9 66.1 69.3 70.0 71.5 72.8 78.5 86.3 89.8 91.2 91.9 93.9 97.3 98.6 99.6 100.0 101.9 109.4 NA 50.5 55.3 57.0 59.2 62.7 66.6 69.6 68.8 70.9 70.5 71.7 76.1 75.2 75.4 78.0 81.8 87.6 90.4 89.5 94.0 93.2 93.8 96.8 96.2 100.0 100.4 102.2 103.1 47.7 51.5 52.8 55.1 57.8 62.1 64.7 65.7 66.8 65.7 67.5 72.8 74.0 73.5 76.6 81.8 85.6 87.2 88.6 90.1 90.8 93.8 95.0 95.0 100.0 106.7 115.7 119.6 41.8 42.8 43.7 45.8 48.4 51.9 52.8 51.6 53.9 54.4 55.1 55.5 54.9 57.7 60.9 65.7 69.2 71.9 74.7 78.8 83.1 87.1 90.1 94.4 100.0 105.4 109.4 109.4 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 1996. Table 2. Output per employed person in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1995 (Indexes: 1992=100) United Year States 1950 NA Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 30.1 NA NA 31.4 17.0 19.2 12.3 16.3 31.7 25.6 29.3 1955 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 NA: NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 74.1 74.1 72.6 70.2 72.7 74.2 77.9 80.1 82.6 84.7 90.7 93.7 94.2 95.2 96.8 100.0 104.9 110.8 113.8 35.7 41.9 44.0 47.6 49.5 52.1 54.5 55.4 56.2 60.4 63.3 62.1 66.1 69.3 73.4 74.1 70.8 75.6 80.0 81.1 81.2 77.8 80.7 76.1 82.7 90.7 93.3 91.8 93.4 94.0 93.8 95.2 95.2 100.0 103.4 108.3 110.4 10.4 17.3 19.3 19.8 21.2 24.0 24.5 27.0 30.6 34.2 38.6 43.0 44.8 48.9 52.8 52.0 52.2 57.0 59.4 62.0 67.5 68.6 70.3 73.0 74.0 77.3 82.8 81.9 86.7 91.7 95.6 100.5 102.5 100.0 98.1 98.9 104.9 NA 23.5 23.8 25.1 26.0 27.6 28.5 30.2 31.5 34.3 37.1 39.8 41.6 45.3 48.8 50.2 49.4 55.4 57.9 61.3 64.7 62.4 65.9 71.6 77.9 81.5 84.2 85.5 87.9 92.4 96.7 97.2 98.7 100.0 102.6 111.4 NA 33.6 38.7 39.7 42.1 42.8 46.6 48.9 50.4 53.4 57.0 58.6 60.0 63.9 67.6 70.4 74.1 79.0 82.3 83.1 83.3 87.4 92.8 93.1 94.9 100.9 100.0 97.3 93.7 91.1 94.6 96.7 95.5 97.6 100.0 105.5 107.1 106.9 21.2 27.7 29.6 31.4 33.1 35.5 37.6 40.9 43.0 46.2 50.3 52.7 55.3 57.2 60.3 60.9 61.1 65.1 68.3 70.8 73.9 74.3 75.5 77.5 79.0 80.3 82.9 84.4 86.5 92.8 97.3 98.5 98.3 100.0 100.9 109.3 112.8 28.8 38.4 39.6 41.3 42.4 46.1 48.7 50.0 51.7 56.6 60.7 62.4 63.4 66.6 70.4 71.4 72.5 79.9 81.1 82.8 86.1 83.5 84.1 83.7 87.9 90.9 93.1 93.0 91.3 94.4 96.2 98.8 101.0 100.0 97.8 105.5 108.3 17.7 22.4 23.9 25.7 26.5 26.8 28.8 31.6 33.7 36.4 37.4 39.1 38.6 41.6 45.6 46.8 44.5 50.6 51.4 54.6 59.4 62.2 63.7 64.7 68.2 74.8 78.4 81.4 85.3 90.0 92.8 94.0 95.4 100.0 102.5 107.7 115.5 20.4 26.2 26.5 27.1 27.9 30.1 31.9 33.8 36.0 39.5 42.6 46.1 48.1 51.6 56.1 58.9 56.6 62.8 65.2 68.9 71.4 72.5 74.5 76.7 82.8 89.7 91.0 92.0 92.2 94.9 97.8 99.0 99.8 100.0 101.9 109.4 NA 36.9 45.7 46.6 46.4 48.7 51.7 53.5 55.9 57.4 59.5 63.5 65.0 66.9 69.8 73.8 76.1 74.8 75.1 73.5 73.1 76.2 75.7 76.0 78.0 82.0 87.7 90.2 89.2 91.4 91.4 92.5 95.3 95.2 100.0 100.6 102.8 103.2 27.8 33.7 35.1 37.5 39.3 42.2 45.0 46.9 50.0 53.5 56.8 58.0 60.4 61.7 65.1 67.2 66.9 67.1 65.6 65.7 69.7 70.1 70.0 73.3 79.2 84.4 85.3 86.3 89.0 89.5 92.1 94.4 94.2 100.0 109.4 122.1 128.4 32.0 35.6 35.2 35.6 37.4 40.2 40.8 41.4 43.0 46.5 47.6 47.9 49.0 51.3 55.7 54.8 53.5 56.3 57.2 57.7 57.9 55.4 57.4 61.1 66.1 70.2 72.9 75.6 80.3 85.2 89.1 91.6 94.3 100.0 104.9 109.8 110.5 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 1996. Table 3. Output in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1995 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1950 1955 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 80.1 83.5 84.0 78.4 80.7 76.9 79.3 85.5 87.6 88.5 94.9 99.9 100.8 100.4 98.5 100.0 105.0 112.3 116.2 22.6 29.3 34.2 35.6 39.7 42.3 46.5 51.2 54.5 55.8 59.5 63.7 61.0 64.8 70.1 77.6 79.9 74.6 80.0 83.0 86.7 90.0 85.9 89.1 77.6 82.6 93.3 98.5 99.3 104.1 109.4 110.3 106.2 98.7 100.0 104.8 112.1 117.2 2.2 4.9 10.7 12.8 13.9 15.5 18.0 18.7 21.2 25.4 29.3 34.1 38.8 40.7 44.4 50.0 48.7 46.2 50.2 51.8 53.3 57.9 59.9 62.1 64.1 66.1 70.4 76.1 74.9 78.4 84.6 90.2 96.3 101.4 100.0 96.0 94.8 97.8 NA NA 32.2 33.6 36.2 37.9 41.4 42.7 45.2 45.8 49.0 54.7 60.3 63.0 67.8 74.0 76.9 71.1 76.5 76.8 77.8 79.9 75.4 75.3 78.8 83.7 86.6 88.1 88.1 88.4 92.8 98.4 99.6 100.0 100.0 97.1 101.5 NA 26.3 28.9 40.1 42.3 45.9 46.5 52.0 55.4 56.5 57.1 61.5 64.9 66.8 68.2 74.0 78.1 79.3 77.4 81.1 81.5 81.2 85.9 89.7 86.9 88.3 94.2 98.6 101.7 101.7 97.6 99.1 100.3 99.3 99.2 100.0 100.7 102.8 106.1 19.2 24.0 32.4 34.8 37.3 40.2 43.9 46.0 50.3 52.7 55.6 62.3 66.9 71.1 74.5 80.1 81.7 80.0 84.7 88.6 90.7 93.3 92.7 91.2 92.1 92.0 90.9 91.2 91.2 91.1 96.3 101.6 103.5 101.7 100.0 96.2 101.3 104.6 14.5 27.5 41.5 44.0 46.2 47.1 51.2 55.0 55.9 54.7 60.3 67.4 70.9 71.6 73.8 78.5 77.7 74.1 79.8 81.3 82.8 87.1 85.3 84.4 81.5 82.7 85.2 88.3 89.7 88.0 90.9 94.0 99.1 102.8 100.0 92.0 94.1 94.6 9.4 14.6 21.5 23.7 26.2 27.9 28.3 29.7 32.4 35.7 39.0 41.5 44.8 45.5 48.0 54.1 57.6 54.3 62.4 64.6 67.8 74.8 78.7 77.1 75.9 76.6 80.0 82.6 84.8 88.5 94.8 98.6 100.4 99.7 100.0 96.6 101.4 107.3 17.4 23.8 32.8 34.0 35.7 37.2 40.7 43.5 45.9 47.7 52.2 57.2 61.8 63.3 65.6 70.2 73.3 67.9 72.5 73.3 75.5 77.5 77.6 77.7 76.7 79.2 83.7 86.0 88.1 89.3 92.7 96.9 100.1 100.6 100.0 97.8 101.4 NA 38.2 46.8 56.6 58.9 59.4 62.9 67.4 70.9 75.2 77.6 79.5 85.3 89.2 92.4 96.8 102.3 107.4 105.1 105.3 103.1 100.7 103.6 102.6 101.6 100.9 100.2 105.9 109.8 109.8 111.9 106.5 100.5 100.4 97.0 100.0 102.4 108.0 111.1 31.2 36.1 46.4 49.6 53.4 56.0 61.0 65.2 67.1 69.2 72.8 78.5 81.6 82.1 82.6 88.5 93.2 93.6 93.6 88.2 85.8 91.4 91.7 88.9 89.7 94.9 101.8 104.0 105.3 107.7 110.2 111.7 110.6 103.5 100.0 101.3 115.3 126.1 50.3 59.2 68.4 68.5 68.7 71.1 77.6 79.8 81.2 81.8 87.5 90.9 91.2 90.2 92.1 100.6 99.4 92.6 94.3 96.1 96.6 96.4 88.1 82.7 82.6 84.3 87.4 89.9 91.1 95.3 102.0 106.6 106.4 100.6 100.0 101.2 105.5 107.6 NA: Not Available Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 1996. Table 4. Total hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1995 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1950 1955 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 85.6 94.6 92.2 89.8 93.5 94.5 96.5 102.1 108.7 108.1 109.7 111.0 104.5 100.6 105.2 110.5 108.0 97.3 102.0 106.2 110.7 112.8 107.6 107.1 98.0 99.0 105.4 104.7 103.1 103.9 106.9 107.3 104.9 100.6 100.0 101.4 103.8 81.0 85.5 84.5 83.3 86.9 89.3 93.8 98.6 102.7 103.0 102.3 104.0 100.9 100.2 103.3 107.5 109.0 105.3 105.7 103.8 107.3 110.3 109.5 108.3 98.8 98.1 102.1 104.8 107.2 111.4 116.5 117.0 110.8 102.5 100.0 102.9 106.2 NA 55.9 76.3 80.8 83.4 86.1 88.2 88.0 91.0 96.3 99.4 100.9 102.3 101.1 100.6 104.0 98.7 91.1 93.3 92.5 91.6 92.0 93.8 94.1 93.3 95.0 97.9 98.4 97.3 96.6 99.8 100.8 100.9 102.0 100.0 95.6 93.7 NA NA 172.1 177.4 181.8 183.4 188.1 184.8 183.1 175.1 172.4 176.4 176.3 173.8 167.7 165.7 163.1 145.0 141.7 135.4 129.4 126.0 121.4 112.1 110.2 104.9 103.1 103.0 101.6 100.0 101.5 102.3 104.3 101.3 100.0 93.2 92.2 118.1 119.2 135.8 135.5 140.0 137.3 141.9 144.1 140.0 132.0 130.2 131.9 128.3 122.6 123.1 118.1 116.1 103.0 104.0 102.6 100.8 101.5 100.6 95.8 97.0 98.6 103.8 106.5 113.1 109.0 106.6 104.3 103.3 101.3 100.0 94.7 NA 138.6 136.4 140.6 142.0 143.0 146.1 147.7 145.0 146.3 144.2 137.8 145.1 147.0 147.6 147.9 148.7 148.2 140.3 140.0 138.2 135.4 133.0 131.5 125.7 118.6 115.8 112.7 108.9 107.2 105.1 104.0 104.4 104.5 103.0 100.0 94.5 91.8 110.3 140.2 143.0 144.5 141.5 138.5 138.7 140.5 137.2 126.3 128.7 134.3 136.6 132.8 129.0 128.9 123.2 112.8 113.2 111.9 110.2 111.0 110.7 107.4 104.2 100.4 100.0 99.6 100.4 99.9 99.6 99.7 101.0 101.1 100.0 90.9 86.8 84.2 93.3 109.6 111.8 111.7 115.9 116.2 109.7 110.3 115.4 117.0 120.2 121.8 121.6 118.5 123.4 123.4 120.3 121.5 123.2 121.4 122.4 123.0 117.8 113.9 109.1 103.8 101.4 102.7 104.1 109.5 110.2 108.2 104.6 100.0 92.4 94.8 138.9 152.0 165.3 162.3 165.3 166.5 167.5 168.4 167.0 162.1 158.8 159.2 156.2 151.9 144.6 139.4 134.2 127.2 122.1 118.3 114.4 111.8 111.0 108.7 105.4 100.8 97.0 95.8 96.6 97.2 98.7 99.6 101.6 101.0 100.0 95.9 92.7 158.4 166.6 156.3 157.2 158.6 159.7 162.0 160.8 163.5 162.9 157.3 154.3 156.6 156.0 154.4 153.5 154.3 152.8 148.5 146.3 140.4 136.2 136.5 134.7 129.3 122.5 121.0 121.5 122.7 119.0 114.3 107.1 103.7 100.8 100.0 102.1 105.7 158.5 167.3 168.3 171.0 170.8 169.1 169.6 168.8 166.5 158.4 152.6 152.5 154.7 149.1 142.9 142.5 144.0 142.3 140.2 134.2 127.1 125.5 124.0 120.9 117.1 116.1 118.9 119.3 118.8 119.5 121.4 119.0 116.4 109.0 100.0 95.0 99.6 202.0 220.0 224.4 224.5 220.1 216.4 221.5 221.3 218.0 209.6 209.4 212.3 208.6 196.8 190.3 194.0 188.3 179.2 175.0 176.7 175.3 173.6 160.3 143.1 135.5 128.3 126.3 125.1 121.9 120.9 122.7 122.3 118.0 106.6 100.0 96.0 96.4 1995 NA: 103.9 109.3 91.7 NA NA 91.9 84.5 96.4 NA 107.8 105.4 98.3 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 1996. Table 5. Employment in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1995 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan 1950 1955 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 84.4 93.1 92.6 90.0 92.9 93.5 94.9 99.3 105.4 106.7 108.5 110.6 106.3 102.2 105.0 110.5 110.1 100.7 104.3 108.2 112.7 115.6 111.6 111.0 103.5 101.8 106.8 106.0 104.5 104.7 74.9 82.0 81.6 80.9 83.4 85.5 89.4 94.0 98.5 99.3 98.5 100.5 98.2 98.1 101.1 105.7 107.9 105.4 105.9 103.7 107.0 110.8 110.5 110.5 101.9 99.9 102.9 105.6 108.1 111.4 NA 47.1 61.7 66.4 70.0 72.8 75.0 76.1 78.3 82.8 85.7 88.2 90.3 90.7 90.8 94.6 93.7 88.5 88.0 87.1 85.9 85.7 87.4 88.3 87.9 89.3 91.1 91.9 91.4 90.4 Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA NA 136.8 141.3 144.5 145.9 150.1 150.0 149.8 145.2 142.8 147.6 151.5 151.6 149.7 151.6 153.3 144.0 138.1 132.6 127.0 123.6 120.9 114.3 110.0 107.4 106.2 104.6 103.1 100.6 83.9 86.2 103.5 106.4 109.1 108.7 111.4 113.3 112.2 106.9 108.0 110.8 111.3 106.7 109.5 111.0 107.0 98.0 98.5 98.0 97.5 98.3 96.7 93.3 93.1 93.4 98.6 104.6 108.5 107.1 113.5 113.1 116.6 117.5 118.7 121.2 123.5 122.3 122.9 122.4 120.3 123.8 127.0 128.6 130.1 132.9 134.3 130.9 130.2 129.7 128.2 126.2 124.7 120.7 118.8 116.5 113.1 110.0 108.1 105.4 75.2 95.5 108.1 111.3 111.8 111.0 111.0 113.0 111.8 105.8 106.6 111.0 113.6 112.9 110.8 111.5 108.9 102.2 99.9 100.3 100.0 101.2 102.2 100.3 97.4 94.1 93.7 94.9 96.4 96.4 76.4 82.5 95.9 98.9 102.0 105.3 105.6 103.1 102.5 105.9 107.3 110.9 114.6 117.6 115.4 118.7 123.1 122.1 123.3 125.7 124.1 126.1 126.4 121.1 117.3 112.4 106.9 105.4 104.1 103.7 106.6 116.4 125.3 128.4 131.7 133.0 135.1 136.3 135.9 132.4 132.1 134.3 134.2 131.8 127.2 125.1 124.3 120.1 115.4 112.3 109.7 108.5 107.0 104.3 100.1 95.6 93.3 94.5 95.8 96.9 120.8 126.7 123.7 126.3 127.8 129.3 130.4 132.5 134.4 135.2 133.7 134.2 137.3 138.1 138.6 138.6 141.2 140.5 140.1 140.3 137.8 136.0 135.6 133.6 129.4 122.1 120.8 121.8 123.0 122.4 122.0 129.8 137.9 141.3 142.2 142.4 144.4 144.8 143.0 138.4 136.0 138.4 140.6 135.9 133.8 135.8 138.7 139.9 139.4 134.5 130.7 131.0 130.9 127.0 122.4 119.9 120.5 122.0 122.0 121.1 171.7 184.7 192.2 194.9 193.1 190.0 193.0 195.5 196.0 190.0 188.2 190.7 190.4 183.9 179.6 180.6 181.3 173.1 167.5 168.1 167.4 166.4 159.0 144.0 135.1 127.5 124.6 123.3 120.4 118.7 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 NA: 106.6 107.0 105.5 101.8 100.0 100.1 101.3 102.2 116.3 117.7 111.6 103.7 100.0 101.4 103.5 106.1 92.4 94.3 95.8 98.9 100.0 97.9 95.9 93.2 100.4 101.7 102.5 101.3 100.0 94.6 91.1 NA 104.7 103.7 104.0 101.6 100.0 95.4 96.0 99.3 103.9 104.4 105.1 103.4 100.0 95.3 92.7 92.7 96.3 97.6 100.3 101.8 100.0 94.0 89.2 87.3 105.3 106.3 106.8 104.5 100.0 94.3 94.1 92.9 97.7 99.1 101.1 100.8 100.0 95.9 92.7 NA 116.6 108.7 105.4 101.9 100.0 101.8 105.0 107.7 123.2 121.2 117.2 109.9 100.0 92.6 94.4 98.2 119.8 119.6 116.2 106.7 100.0 96.4 96.2 97.3 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 1996. Table 6. Average annual hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1995 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1950 1955 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 101.4 101.6 99.6 99.7 100.7 101.0 101.7 102.8 103.1 101.3 101.1 100.3 98.3 98.5 100.1 100.0 98.1 96.7 97.8 98.2 98.2 97.6 96.4 108.2 104.2 103.5 103.0 104.1 104.5 105.0 104.9 104.2 103.7 103.9 103.5 102.7 102.2 102.2 101.7 101.0 99.9 99.8 100.1 100.3 99.5 99.2 NA 118.7 123.5 121.6 119.2 118.2 117.6 115.6 116.2 116.3 116.0 114.4 113.3 111.4 110.8 109.9 105.3 103.0 106.0 106.2 106.7 107.3 107.3 NA NA 125.8 125.5 125.8 125.7 125.3 123.2 122.2 120.7 120.7 119.5 116.3 114.6 112.0 109.3 106.4 100.7 102.6 102.1 101.9 101.9 100.4 140.7 138.2 131.2 127.3 128.3 126.3 127.4 127.2 124.8 123.4 120.6 119.1 115.3 114.9 112.4 106.4 108.5 105.1 105.6 104.6 103.4 103.3 104.0 122.1 120.7 120.5 120.9 120.5 120.5 119.7 118.6 119.1 117.8 114.6 117.2 115.7 114.8 113.6 111.9 110.4 107.1 107.5 106.5 105.6 105.4 105.4 146.6 146.8 132.2 129.8 126.6 124.7 124.9 124.3 122.7 119.4 120.8 120.9 120.2 117.6 116.4 115.6 113.2 110.4 113.4 111.5 110.2 109.7 108.4 110.2 113.0 114.3 113.1 109.5 110.0 110.0 106.4 107.6 109.1 109.1 108.3 106.4 103.4 102.7 103.9 100.3 98.5 98.5 98.0 97.8 97.1 97.3 130.3 130.6 131.9 126.5 125.6 125.2 124.0 123.6 122.9 122.4 120.2 118.5 116.4 115.3 113.6 111.4 108.0 106.0 105.8 105.3 104.3 103.1 103.7 131.1 131.5 126.3 124.4 124.0 123.4 124.2 121.4 121.7 120.5 117.7 114.9 114.1 112.9 111.4 110.7 109.2 108.8 106.0 104.3 101.9 100.1 100.7 129.9 128.9 122.1 121.0 120.1 118.8 117.4 116.6 116.4 114.5 112.2 110.2 110.0 109.7 106.8 104.9 103.8 101.7 100.6 99.8 97.2 95.8 94.7 117.7 119.1 116.7 115.2 114.0 113.9 114.8 113.2 111.2 110.4 111.3 111.3 109.6 107.0 106.0 107.4 103.9 103.6 104.5 105.2 104.7 104.3 100.8 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 NA: 96.4 94.7 97.3 98.7 98.8 98.7 99.2 100.3 100.2 99.5 98.8 100.0 101.3 102.4 101.7 98.0 96.9 98.2 99.2 99.2 99.1 99.9 100.2 99.5 99.3 98.9 100.0 101.6 102.6 103.0 106.5 106.2 106.4 107.4 107.1 106.5 106.8 108.0 106.8 105.3 103.2 100.0 97.7 97.7 98.4 98.1 100.2 97.7 97.1 98.5 98.6 99.4 101.1 100.6 101.8 100.0 100.0 98.5 101.2 NA 102.7 104.2 105.6 105.3 101.8 104.2 101.8 101.8 100.6 99.4 99.7 100.0 99.2 NA NA 104.1 99.8 99.4 99.6 99.0 99.2 99.8 100.1 99.9 99.4 99.6 100.0 99.2 99.0 99.2 107.1 107.0 106.6 106.7 105.0 104.2 103.6 103.5 102.1 100.6 99.3 100.0 96.6 97.2 96.8 97.3 97.1 97.1 97.1 96.2 98.6 100.4 104.0 103.7 101.2 100.1 100.0 98.0 100.7 103.8 104.2 105.3 105.4 104.0 101.3 100.8 100.3 101.1 100.5 100.5 100.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 NA 100.8 100.0 100.3 100.2 99.8 99.7 97.2 98.0 98.6 98.4 98.9 100.0 100.3 100.6 100.1 95.2 95.7 96.8 98.6 97.8 97.4 98.7 98.5 98.2 99.3 99.2 100.0 102.6 105.6 107.3 99.4 100.3 100.6 101.4 101.4 101.2 101.9 102.4 102.3 101.6 99.9 100.0 99.6 100.3 101.0 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 1996. Table 7. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1995 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France* Germany 1950 1955 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 8.7 11.7 14.9 15.3 15.9 16.4 17.1 17.5 18.2 19.2 20.7 22.2 23.8 25.3 26.6 28.6 5.7 8.1 10.5 10.8 11.1 11.6 12.0 12.7 13.7 14.6 15.7 17.0 18.3 19.7 21.2 22.9 NA 3.1 4.3 5.0 5.7 6.4 7.2 8.1 9.0 10.0 11.7 13.8 16.5 19.0 21.9 26.8 NA NA 5.5 5.9 6.3 7.0 7.9 8.7 9.7 10.5 11.3 12.4 14.1 16.1 18.6 21.6 2.5 3.4 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.3 8.3 9.3 10.3 11.6 13.2 15.2 16.8 20.4 1.6 2.9 4.3 4.8 5.3 5.8 6.3 6.8 7.2 7.7 8.8 9.3 10.5 11.8 13.0 14.9 3.4 5.0 8.1 9.1 10.3 11.0 11.9 13.1 14.2 15.0 16.1 17.6 20.7 23.2 25.7 29.0 Italy .8 1.2 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.6 5.3 6.0 7.0 Netherlands Norway Sweden* United Kingdom* 3.2 4.6 6.5 7.5 8.0 8.8 10.2 11.4 12.8 14.1 15.7 17.8 20.5 23.4 26.8 31.9 2.2 3.3 4.7 5.1 5.6 6.0 6.4 7.1 7.7 8.6 9.5 10.5 11.7 13.3 14.8 16.7 1.9 3.0 4.1 4.5 5.1 5.6 6.1 6.7 7.4 8.2 8.9 9.7 10.8 12.2 13.6 15.2 1.6 2.3 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.3 4.6 4.8 5.1 5.6 6.5 7.5 8.6 9.8 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 NA: 31.8 35.7 38.6 42.0 45.4 49.8 55.8 61.3 67.2 69.0 71.4 75.3 78.6 80.8 84.0 86.7 90.9 95.7 100.0 102.4 105.1 108.0 26.4 30.2 34.5 38.2 41.1 45.3 50.2 57.7 63.8 67.7 70.9 74.6 77.5 79.8 83.3 86.4 91.3 97.1 100.0 100.1 102.4 103.7 35.1 40.9 44.0 48.6 51.8 55.1 58.6 62.7 65.8 67.6 69.7 72.5 76.1 77.9 79.2 84.2 90.7 95.9 100.0 104.6 106.8 110.3 26.3 31.8 36.1 40.3 43.5 47.3 52.5 58.2 60.8 64.4 69.8 74.1 77.2 79.0 80.6 84.8 89.6 95.3 100.0 105.0 108.4 NA 24.7 29.4 32.9 36.3 40.0 44.7 49.4 54.4 59.2 63.3 66.9 71.4 72.9 79.7 82.5 87.2 92.6 96.2 100.0 102.4 NA NA 17.7 21.6 24.8 28.2 31.7 35.9 41.4 47.9 56.9 62.8 68.1 73.8 76.9 79.7 82.8 87.2 91.8 96.3 100.0 103.6 106.2 107.9 33.0 36.4 39.2 42.9 46.1 49.5 53.7 57.1 60.2 63.2 66.2 70.0 73.0 76.4 79.3 83.1 89.0 95.0 100.0 106.0 110.5 116.1 9.2 11.6 14.4 17.1 19.7 23.8 27.9 33.8 39.8 46.6 53.5 60.1 62.6 66.1 68.7 75.5 84.0 93.1 100.0 107.1 106.4 109.7 38.0 43.5 48.7 52.9 57.2 61.5 64.8 67.4 71.8 75.0 77.9 82.0 85.2 87.9 87.6 88.4 90.8 95.0 100.0 104.6 106.1 NA 19.6 23.5 27.1 30.5 33.6 35.4 38.5 42.8 47.4 52.3 57.3 62.7 68.7 78.5 83.3 87.2 92.3 97.5 100.0 101.5 104.8 109.4 17.9 22.0 25.7 28.1 31.3 33.8 37.6 41.5 44.5 49.0 53.2 58.6 63.4 67.6 72.0 79.6 87.8 95.7 100.0 97.8 101.8 107.3 11.8 15.7 18.2 20.6 24.0 28.5 34.4 39.9 44.0 47.2 50.9 55.8 60.6 67.3 71.7 75.4 83.7 93.4 100.0 105.3 107.4 110.9 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 1996. Table 8. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1995 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada 1950 1955 1960 1961 1962 1963 8.7 11.7 14.9 15.3 15.9 16.4 6.3 10.0 13.1 12.9 12.6 12.9 Japan NA 1.1 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 Belgium Denmark France* Germany NA NA 3.6 3.8 4.1 4.5 2.2 2.9 4.0 4.5 4.9 5.3 2.5 4.3 4.7 5.2 5.7 6.2 1.3 1.9 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.3 Italy 1.6 2.3 3.1 3.4 4.1 4.8 Netherlands Norway Sweden* United Kingdom* 1.5 2.1 3.0 3.6 3.9 4.3 1.9 2.9 4.1 4.4 4.9 5.2 2.1 3.4 4.7 5.1 5.7 6.3 2.6 3.7 5.0 5.3 5.6 5.8 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 NA: 17.1 17.5 18.2 19.2 20.7 22.2 23.8 25.3 26.6 28.6 31.8 35.7 38.6 42.0 45.4 49.8 55.8 61.3 67.2 69.0 71.4 75.3 78.6 80.8 84.0 86.7 90.9 95.7 100.0 102.4 105.1 108.0 13.5 14.2 15.4 16.3 17.6 19.0 21.2 23.6 25.8 27.7 32.6 35.8 42.3 43.5 43.6 46.8 51.8 58.2 62.5 66.4 66.1 66.0 67.4 72.7 81.8 88.2 94.5 102.4 100.0 93.7 90.6 91.3 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 4.1 4.9 5.8 6.9 9.2 12.5 15.3 17.5 18.8 23.0 31.5 32.0 32.9 36.1 33.5 36.1 37.2 38.5 57.3 68.3 78.4 77.3 79.3 90.3 100.0 119.3 132.6 148.8 5.1 5.7 6.2 6.8 7.3 7.9 9.1 10.7 13.6 17.9 21.7 27.9 30.1 36.2 44.4 51.9 57.8 50.6 42.7 40.5 38.8 40.2 55.6 68.0 70.4 69.2 86.2 89.6 100.0 97.6 104.3 NA 5.8 6.4 7.3 8.1 8.3 9.3 10.6 12.4 14.6 20.4 24.5 31.0 32.8 36.5 43.9 51.3 53.0 46.0 42.8 41.8 39.0 40.7 54.3 70.3 73.9 71.9 90.4 90.7 100.0 95.3 NA NA 6.8 7.3 7.8 8.3 9.4 9.6 10.1 11.3 13.7 17.8 19.4 26.7 27.5 30.3 37.3 44.7 51.9 46.6 45.8 43.6 41.3 43.5 58.8 70.2 73.5 72.4 89.3 90.3 100.0 96.8 101.4 114.6 4.7 5.1 5.6 5.9 6.3 7.0 8.9 10.4 12.6 17.1 20.0 23.1 24.3 28.8 35.9 42.2 46.2 39.5 38.7 38.7 36.3 37.2 52.5 66.3 70.5 69.0 86.0 89.3 100.0 100.1 106.4 126.6 5.1 5.5 5.8 6.4 6.8 7.5 9.1 10.6 12.6 14.9 17.4 21.9 21.4 23.8 28.5 35.3 40.3 36.6 36.2 37.8 37.5 38.8 51.7 62.8 65.0 67.8 86.3 92.5 100.0 83.9 81.4 83.0 5.0 5.6 6.2 6.9 7.6 8.7 10.0 11.8 14.7 20.2 24.9 30.3 32.4 37.9 46.6 53.9 57.4 47.7 47.3 46.2 42.7 43.4 61.2 76.3 77.9 73.3 87.6 89.3 100.0 98.9 102.6 NA 5.6 6.1 6.7 7.5 8.3 9.1 10.1 11.8 14.0 18.1 22.1 28.0 30.9 35.6 39.9 43.5 48.5 46.4 45.6 44.5 43.7 45.3 57.7 72.4 79.3 78.4 91.7 93.3 100.0 88.8 92.3 107.3 6.9 7.6 8.3 9.2 10.0 10.9 12.2 13.9 16.7 20.4 23.6 30.9 34.4 36.6 40.4 45.9 51.8 47.7 41.2 37.2 37.5 39.7 51.8 62.0 68.3 71.9 86.4 92.1 100.0 73.1 76.8 87.5 6.2 6.8 7.3 7.4 6.9 7.6 8.8 10.3 12.2 13.6 15.7 19.8 18.6 20.3 26.1 34.3 45.3 45.8 43.5 40.5 38.6 41.0 50.3 62.5 72.3 69.9 84.5 93.5 100.0 89.5 93.1 99.1 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 1996. Table 9. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1995 (Indexes: 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1950 1955 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 55.7 60.1 66.9 76.6 81.3 85.7 86.2 88.0 89.9 91.6 88.5 89.8 92.2 95.0 97.7 100.0 98.8 97.2 96.6 20.5 23.8 25.9 25.2 24.3 24.4 24.3 24.4 25.9 26.9 27.0 27.7 30.3 30.5 31.2 31.8 36.0 42.6 45.6 47.8 50.9 55.5 63.9 70.1 81.2 80.3 77.6 79.3 83.6 85.3 88.7 91.7 95.2 100.9 100.0 98.3 97.0 96.7 NA 36.1 30.9 31.8 34.6 35.7 35.4 38.3 38.5 38.1 39.6 41.0 43.3 47.3 49.6 55.7 71.1 80.6 81.9 86.8 89.1 87.5 91.7 95.1 95.8 97.2 96.8 93.8 99.0 96.0 93.4 94.0 95.0 96.5 100.0 104.1 105.6 103.4 NA NA 29.7 31.0 31.7 33.7 35.8 37.8 39.1 40.4 39.7 39.8 41.1 44.4 46.0 48.3 55.7 64.9 66.8 71.1 72.3 74.6 84.5 86.7 85.0 80.7 83.1 86.7 89.0 89.3 88.2 88.2 93.7 96.5 100.0 100.7 98.5 NA 11.1 13.9 15.5 16.4 17.1 18.0 18.0 19.1 20.6 21.6 21.8 23.5 25.3 27.3 28.0 30.8 36.1 39.1 42.1 45.7 49.7 52.9 55.3 60.0 65.0 66.3 70.4 74.7 81.0 89.0 88.8 90.7 96.5 98.3 100.0 96.3 97.8 101.3 11.8 16.4 18.8 19.5 20.3 21.0 21.1 21.4 20.9 21.2 21.8 21.8 23.1 24.5 25.8 27.7 32.1 37.9 40.9 43.9 47.4 51.2 58.7 66.1 73.3 79.1 84.5 88.1 90.3 92.0 89.3 89.6 92.7 97.5 100.0 101.8 96.2 94.9 25.6 25.6 28.0 29.9 31.6 32.3 32.3 33.4 34.8 34.6 34.4 35.1 40.0 43.1 44.9 47.7 52.4 55.3 55.6 59.0 61.4 63.1 69.7 72.7 76.9 76.7 77.7 79.0 81.7 86.7 86.9 88.2 90.6 93.3 100.0 104.7 101.8 103.7 7.4 7.6 8.0 8.2 8.7 10.1 10.6 10.2 10.0 10.5 10.4 11.0 12.6 14.3 14.8 16.0 19.7 25.7 28.1 32.6 35.2 39.0 43.7 51.6 59.8 66.4 69.4 73.8 75.8 77.8 79.4 84.4 90.5 97.7 100.0 102.5 99.5 98.6 25.4 29.6 32.9 35.6 36.9 39.3 41.8 44.1 46.4 48.1 47.9 49.6 51.8 56.2 59.0 63.4 69.7 81.4 81.9 85.4 86.6 88.7 92.6 94.3 98.7 95.5 90.2 91.3 93.4 95.7 93.3 90.8 92.1 95.4 100.0 102.6 97.0 NA 9.0 11.8 12.9 13.6 15.0 15.2 15.4 16.0 16.8 18.1 18.8 19.0 20.5 22.5 23.7 25.1 28.2 34.2 38.3 43.2 46.9 46.5 51.2 56.8 60.8 63.9 65.5 69.4 76.8 83.5 89.3 93.0 95.4 101.3 100.0 101.1 102.6 106.1 9.5 13.8 15.0 15.6 16.2 16.9 17.0 17.4 18.3 18.7 18.6 18.8 20.6 22.1 23.5 24.5 27.7 33.4 38.5 42.8 46.4 46.4 50.8 56.4 58.1 59.9 62.2 67.3 71.5 74.9 79.2 84.9 92.5 100.7 100.0 91.7 88.0 89.7 6.6 8.7 10.3 11.0 11.3 11.2 11.2 11.9 12.5 12.3 12.3 13.1 14.8 16.3 17.8 19.0 22.4 30.4 33.8 37.9 43.5 51.4 62.6 69.2 72.2 71.9 73.6 77.6 81.1 85.4 86.2 86.5 92.8 98.9 100.0 99.9 98.1 101.3 NA: Note: Not Available The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 1996. Table 10. (Indexes: Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1995 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1950 1955 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 55.7 60.1 66.9 76.6 81.3 85.7 86.2 88.0 89.9 91.6 88.5 89.8 92.2 95.0 97.7 100.0 22.7 29.1 32.3 30.1 27.5 27.3 27.2 27.4 29.0 30.2 30.3 31.1 35.1 36.5 38.1 38.4 44.5 50.6 55.8 54.4 54.0 57.3 66.1 70.7 79.5 78.8 72.4 70.1 72.7 77.8 87.1 93.6 98.6 106.4 100.0 NA 12.7 10.9 11.2 12.1 12.5 12.4 13.4 13.5 13.3 13.9 14.5 15.3 17.3 20.8 26.1 30.9 34.5 35.0 41.1 54.2 50.9 51.5 54.6 48.8 51.8 51.7 49.9 74.5 84.2 92.4 86.3 83.1 90.9 100.0 NA NA 19.1 20.0 20.5 21.7 23.1 24.5 25.2 26.1 25.6 25.5 26.6 29.4 33.6 40.0 46.0 56.9 55.7 63.8 73.9 81.8 93.0 75.3 59.7 50.7 46.2 47.0 64.1 76.9 77.1 72.0 90.2 90.7 100.0 9.7 12.1 13.5 14.4 15.0 15.8 15.7 16.6 18.0 18.7 17.5 18.9 20.4 22.3 24.3 30.9 35.8 41.2 42.1 46.0 54.5 60.7 59.4 50.7 47.0 43.7 41.1 42.6 60.4 78.4 79.5 74.8 94.1 92.7 100.0 17.8 24.7 20.3 21.1 21.9 22.6 22.8 23.1 22.6 22.8 23.3 22.2 22.1 23.5 27.1 33.0 35.2 46.8 45.4 47.3 55.7 63.7 73.7 64.3 59.0 54.9 51.2 51.9 69.0 81.0 79.4 74.3 90.1 91.4 100.0 9.5 9.5 10.5 11.6 12.4 12.7 12.7 13.1 13.6 13.6 13.5 14.0 17.1 19.3 22.0 28.1 31.7 35.2 34.5 39.7 47.8 53.8 60.0 50.3 49.5 46.9 42.7 41.9 58.8 75.3 77.3 73.2 87.6 87.8 100.0 14.6 15.0 15.9 16.2 17.3 19.9 20.9 20.1 19.7 20.7 20.5 21.6 24.7 28.5 31.2 34.0 37.3 48.6 41.7 45.5 51.1 57.8 62.9 55.9 54.4 53.8 48.7 47.6 62.6 73.9 75.1 75.8 93.0 97.0 100.0 11.7 13.7 15.3 17.3 18.0 19.2 20.4 21.5 22.6 23.5 23.3 24.1 25.2 28.3 32.3 40.1 45.7 56.8 54.5 61.2 70.5 77.8 82.0 66.7 64.9 58.9 49.5 48.4 67.1 83.0 83.0 75.3 88.9 89.6 100.0 7.9 10.3 11.3 11.9 13.0 13.2 13.3 13.9 14.6 15.7 16.4 16.5 17.8 19.9 22.3 27.2 31.8 40.7 43.6 50.4 55.6 57.1 64.5 61.4 58.5 54.4 49.9 50.2 64.5 77.0 85.1 83.6 94.8 97.0 100.0 10.8 15.6 16.9 17.6 18.3 19.0 19.2 19.7 20.6 21.1 21.0 21.1 23.1 25.2 28.8 32.8 36.4 47.0 51.5 55.8 59.8 63.1 70.0 64.9 53.8 45.5 43.8 45.6 58.4 68.8 75.2 76.6 90.9 97.0 100.0 10.4 13.8 16.3 17.4 17.9 17.7 17.7 18.8 19.7 19.1 16.6 17.7 20.0 22.5 25.2 26.3 29.7 38.3 34.6 37.4 47.3 61.7 82.5 79.3 71.5 61.7 55.7 57.0 67.4 79.2 86.9 80.2 93.8 99.0 100.0 1993 1994 1995 NA: 98.8 97.2 96.6 92.1 85.8 85.1 118.8 131.0 139.5 93.6 94.7 NA 89.6 92.9 109.2 95.1 91.8 100.8 98.9 98.1 113.1 80.3 76.1 74.6 97.1 93.8 NA 88.5 90.4 104.0 68.5 66.4 73.2 85.0 85.1 90.6 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 1996. Table 11. (Indexes: Exchange rates, 12 countries, 1950-1995 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar) 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan 1950 1955 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 110.5 122.5 124.6 119.4 113.1 112.0 112.0 112.1 112.2 112.0 112.2 112.2 115.8 119.7 122.0 120.8 123.6 118.8 122.6 113.7 106.0 103.2 103.4 100.8 97.9 98.1 93.3 88.5 35.2 35.2 35.2 35.1 35.1 35.1 35.0 35.1 35.0 35.0 35.2 35.4 35.4 36.5 41.8 46.8 43.5 42.7 42.8 47.3 60.8 58.1 56.2 57.5 50.9 53.4 53.4 53.2 Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA NA 64.5 64.5 64.6 64.5 64.6 64.8 64.5 64.7 64.4 64.1 64.7 66.2 73.0 82.8 82.7 87.6 83.3 89.7 102.3 109.6 110.1 86.8 70.2 62.9 55.7 54.2 87.5 87.4 87.6 87.4 87.5 87.4 87.3 87.3 87.4 86.5 80.7 80.3 80.5 81.6 86.8 100.2 99.3 105.3 99.9 100.6 109.6 114.8 107.3 84.6 72.3 66.0 58.3 57.0 151.3 151.2 107.9 107.9 108.0 108.0 108.0 108.0 107.7 107.6 106.9 102.2 95.7 96.1 104.9 119.3 109.6 123.6 110.9 107.7 117.6 124.4 125.4 97.3 80.5 69.5 60.6 58.9 37.2 37.1 37.4 38.9 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.1 39.1 39.2 39.1 39.8 42.8 44.9 49.0 59.0 60.5 63.6 62.1 67.3 77.9 85.2 86.0 69.3 64.3 61.2 54.9 53.1 197.3 197.1 198.4 198.4 198.5 198.2 197.3 197.2 197.3 197.4 197.7 196.4 196.5 199.3 211.1 211.8 189.4 188.9 148.4 139.6 145.2 148.3 144.1 108.2 91.0 81.1 70.2 64.6 46.2 46.1 46.6 48.5 48.8 48.8 48.8 48.8 48.6 48.8 48.6 48.5 48.6 50.4 54.8 63.3 65.5 69.7 66.6 71.7 81.4 87.7 88.6 70.7 65.8 61.6 54.8 53.0 87.1 87.0 87.1 87.0 87.1 86.9 86.8 86.9 86.9 86.9 87.0 87.0 86.9 88.3 94.3 108.2 112.6 119.2 113.9 116.8 118.6 122.7 125.9 108.2 96.2 85.1 76.2 72.3 112.6 112.6 112.7 112.7 113.0 112.3 113.1 112.9 112.8 112.9 112.7 112.7 112.3 114.1 122.5 133.8 131.4 140.6 133.7 130.4 129.0 135.9 137.8 115.0 92.7 75.9 70.4 67.7 158.6 158.0 159.0 158.6 159.0 158.5 158.1 158.3 158.1 155.7 135.5 135.3 135.6 138.4 141.6 138.8 132.5 125.8 102.2 98.8 108.6 120.2 131.7 114.6 99.0 85.8 75.7 73.5 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 NA: 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 87.0 91.1 98.2 102.1 103.6 105.5 100.0 93.7 88.4 88.1 75.3 87.7 98.9 91.8 87.4 94.2 100.0 114.1 124.1 134.9 72.0 86.1 87.4 81.6 96.2 94.0 100.0 93.0 96.2 109.1 74.6 88.2 89.6 82.5 97.5 94.3 100.0 93.1 95.0 107.8 76.4 88.0 88.8 83.0 97.2 93.7 100.0 93.4 95.4 106.2 72.0 86.9 88.9 83.0 96.6 94.0 100.0 94.4 96.3 109.1 82.6 95.0 94.6 89.8 102.8 99.3 100.0 78.3 76.5 75.6 71.8 86.8 88.9 82.9 96.6 93.9 100.0 94.6 96.7 109.6 84.0 92.2 95.2 89.9 99.4 95.7 100.0 87.5 88.1 98.1 81.7 91.8 94.9 90.2 98.4 96.3 100.0 74.7 75.5 81.6 83.1 92.8 100.8 92.7 101.0 100.1 100.0 85.0 86.7 89.4 Not Available Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 1996. Table 12. (Indexes: Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1995 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France* Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden* 1950 1955 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 8.8 11.9 14.8 15.3 16.0 16.6 17.4 17.9 18.8 19.5 20.9 22.3 23.4 24.9 26.6 28.6 31.2 34.5 37.8 41.2 44.6 48.6 53.8 59.1 63.6 6.2 8.5 10.9 11.1 11.6 12.1 12.6 13.3 14.3 15.1 16.3 17.5 18.8 20.1 21.6 23.3 26.7 30.1 34.4 38.2 41.3 45.1 49.7 56.6 61.9 NA 3.7 5.3 6.1 6.8 7.6 8.5 9.4 10.4 11.7 13.5 15.8 18.6 21.2 24.3 29.4 37.0 42.1 46.7 51.6 55.2 59.1 62.9 66.8 69.9 NA NA 7.0 7.4 7.9 8.8 9.9 10.8 11.8 12.7 13.6 14.8 16.4 18.5 20.8 23.6 27.9 32.1 37.0 41.2 44.3 48.2 52.7 57.1 60.9 3.5 4.7 6.0 6.5 7.2 7.7 8.4 9.3 10.4 11.5 12.4 13.8 15.2 17.4 18.9 21.7 26.8 30.9 34.7 38.0 41.4 46.2 51.4 55.8 61.7 2.0 3.5 5.2 5.8 6.4 6.9 7.5 8.1 8.6 9.1 10.1 11.0 12.2 13.5 14.8 16.7 19.6 23.1 26.6 30.0 33.5 37.9 43.7 49.9 56.8 4.9 7.4 10.7 11.8 13.1 13.7 14.9 16.3 17.4 17.9 19.5 21.3 24.9 27.3 29.9 33.6 37.4 40.1 44.5 47.8 50.8 54.3 58.2 61.1 64.4 .9 1.3 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.9 5.5 6.1 7.3 9.2 11.4 14.2 16.7 19.2 23.1 27.2 32.9 38.7 4.1 6.0 8.6 9.4 10.0 11.0 12.6 14.1 15.7 17.3 18.9 21.2 23.9 27.0 30.4 35.6 41.1 46.1 51.5 55.7 59.7 63.4 67.1 70.3 75.6 2.9 4.4 5.9 6.4 7.0 7.4 7.9 8.6 9.4 10.4 11.2 12.1 13.3 15.1 16.5 18.5 21.5 25.6 28.8 31.8 34.3 35.5 38.7 43.2 47.4 2.4 3.8 5.1 5.5 6.1 6.6 7.2 7.8 8.6 9.4 10.0 10.6 11.9 13.4 14.5 16.0 18.6 22.4 25.9 28.0 30.5 32.4 35.6 39.5 42.6 United Kingdom* 1.9 2.8 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.5 4.9 5.2 5.3 5.7 6.2 7.1 8.0 9.1 10.6 12.3 16.3 19.0 21.6 25.1 29.7 34.7 39.7 44.1 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 NA: 67.2 70.5 74.3 77.6 80.2 84.2 86.9 90.4 94.6 100.0 103.7 107.7 109.9 66.5 70.3 74.0 76.8 79.7 83.4 86.0 90.7 96.0 100.0 101.7 105.1 106.7 71.9 74.8 77.6 81.1 83.3 85.6 89.9 95.5 98.9 100.0 102.1 104.4 108.5 62.9 67.7 73.0 76.1 78.5 81.5 85.3 91.2 95.3 100.0 103.4 109.7 NA 66.8 70.4 72.7 75.9 81.1 84.0 87.7 92.1 95.9 100.0 101.6 104.7 108.3 62.5 67.8 73.1 76.3 79.6 82.9 87.2 91.3 95.9 100.0 102.8 105.2 107.0 67.4 70.7 73.5 76.0 79.1 82.1 84.9 89.6 94.3 100.0 102.5 107.4 112.3 45.3 51.9 57.8 61.7 66.4 71.4 78.3 85.0 93.2 100.0 105.0 107.2 113.9 79.1 80.9 83.1 85.9 88.2 88.6 88.8 91.2 95.2 100.0 104.6 106.1 NA 52.5 57.4 62.6 68.5 76.3 81.7 86.0 90.9 96.4 100.0 101.7 105.5 109.5 47.4 52.5 57.4 61.7 66.7 70.9 78.2 87.2 94.9 100.0 100.3 107.4 115.1 47.5 51.7 56.6 61.3 68.6 73.4 77.1 85.0 93.3 100.0 104.9 107.7 112.0 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 1996. Table 13. (Indexes: Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1995 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1950 1955 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 50.6 61.2 70.7 72.0 74.0 75.2 77.4 77.8 79.0 80.8 83.5 85.0 86.1 87.5 89.2 38.5 48.3 56.8 57.7 58.8 60.1 61.5 63.4 66.1 67.7 70.1 72.4 75.6 79.2 81.2 NA 18.2 23.2 25.6 27.4 28.4 30.8 32.2 33.8 36.4 40.2 45.3 50.0 54.4 59.7 NA NA 25.1 26.3 27.9 30.2 32.7 34.8 37.0 39.2 40.9 43.1 47.3 51.9 56.8 28.4 31.7 38.5 41.5 42.3 43.6 45.5 47.5 50.6 52.7 53.7 58.4 62.6 68.0 70.6 20.2 27.2 30.7 32.8 34.7 36.0 37.9 40.1 41.3 43.3 47.2 48.4 52.0 55.1 57.3 11.7 15.9 23.5 25.7 28.3 29.3 31.0 33.0 34.6 36.0 38.2 40.9 46.6 49.7 52.2 18.2 21.2 24.3 26.2 29.3 32.4 32.6 33.4 34.9 37.7 39.7 42.4 49.1 53.9 57.2 17.5 21.7 27.0 30.5 31.8 33.9 37.1 39.9 42.3 45.3 48.6 51.4 56.5 60.0 63.6 26.0 29.0 35.9 38.2 39.8 41.4 41.9 44.4 47.0 50.3 53.5 57.3 57.5 62.0 64.4 25.4 30.6 35.5 38.0 40.5 43.5 45.9 48.2 49.7 52.8 56.2 59.1 62.0 64.3 67.7 27.2 29.7 34.8 36.0 36.3 37.2 38.4 40.1 41.7 42.8 43.9 45.2 48.9 51.6 55.5 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 NA: 90.5 90.5 93.0 95.3 97.2 97.6 96.3 95.0 94.6 97.7 97.3 96.4 98.1 100.6 99.8 99.6 98.1 97.6 98.6 100.0 99.4 99.5 99.5 81.7 84.8 87.5 93.1 95.5 94.3 95.2 95.7 97.9 97.7 98.0 98.3 99.4 99.2 97.9 98.2 97.1 97.8 98.6 100.0 98.3 100.4 99.5 65.4 69.5 72.5 71.4 72.8 74.5 76.4 75.4 77.0 78.6 79.2 79.8 81.4 85.0 86.9 87.8 91.1 95.3 97.6 100.0 103.2 104.7 108.2 61.6 66.5 71.5 74.3 77.4 79.9 83.3 86.6 89.3 85.7 84.4 86.0 87.1 89.5 90.2 91.0 92.9 94.8 97.6 100.0 102.2 103.1 NA 78.4 82.3 89.6 91.8 91.3 91.4 93.2 91.6 90.3 89.2 89.2 88.7 90.5 89.1 93.7 92.8 93.5 96.9 98.3 100.0 101.1 NA NA 61.0 63.8 69.5 72.6 75.4 77.8 79.6 80.8 82.5 87.6 88.2 89.0 91.0 92.3 92.8 93.9 95.5 97.4 98.8 100.0 101.6 102.4 102.3 55.2 58.8 61.0 63.1 66.6 69.9 72.3 74.5 74.5 74.5 75.9 77.6 80.4 84.0 87.8 90.2 91.9 95.9 98.7 100.0 102.2 103.3 106.5 60.9 66.7 71.8 76.5 75.9 77.8 81.4 78.8 80.3 81.3 82.8 85.9 88.9 87.2 88.1 87.2 89.9 94.3 98.2 100.0 102.8 98.2 96.1 70.3 76.3 79.1 81.4 82.9 86.2 88.9 87.9 85.8 86.2 87.6 88.1 90.7 94.0 97.6 96.5 96.2 96.5 98.0 100.0 102.0 100.7 NA 67.6 72.4 77.6 82.1 84.4 86.2 86.7 84.9 83.2 82.7 84.1 86.8 89.8 91.9 96.3 96.0 96.1 97.7 99.8 100.0 99.2 101.1 103.0 70.0 75.0 83.9 88.7 86.5 89.3 90.2 88.0 86.6 85.4 84.8 85.5 87.6 90.7 92.7 94.4 98.5 97.7 97.5 100.0 95.2 97.0 98.7 57.9 60.0 64.3 64.1 62.3 66.8 69.9 71.6 74.6 75.1 77.1 79.2 81.7 85.8 91.5 92.9 90.6 91.9 96.9 100.0 103.7 103.2 103.1 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 1996. Table 14. (Indexes: Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1995 1992=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1950 1955 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 51.4 62.2 70.3 71.8 74.5 76.0 78.6 79.9 41.6 50.4 58.7 59.4 61.3 62.9 64.6 66.5 NA 21.6 28.6 31.1 32.6 33.6 36.2 37.2 NA NA 31.6 33.0 35.1 37.9 40.9 42.9 40.0 43.8 50.5 52.8 54.2 55.1 58.0 60.3 24.6 32.8 37.0 39.7 41.8 43.4 45.3 47.5 17.2 23.3 31.1 33.4 35.9 36.6 38.8 41.0 20.1 24.0 27.8 29.6 32.1 35.6 35.8 35.6 22.8 28.3 35.6 38.5 39.9 42.4 45.9 49.4 34.1 38.2 45.3 47.5 49.4 51.2 52.0 53.9 33.0 39.5 43.3 46.1 48.7 51.7 53.9 56.2 32.0 35.4 40.6 41.5 41.3 42.3 44.1 45.4 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 NA: 81.5 81.8 84.4 85.3 84.6 86.2 89.4 90.5 88.8 89.9 93.2 95.5 95.9 93.9 91.6 91.2 92.5 94.6 95.2 96.9 99.3 99.1 99.9 98.3 97.1 97.4 100.0 100.7 101.9 101.2 68.9 70.2 72.8 74.9 77.7 80.9 82.9 83.1 85.7 87.4 92.9 95.5 94.6 94.8 94.9 95.9 94.7 96.2 97.5 98.7 98.4 97.8 98.4 96.5 97.2 97.5 100.0 99.8 103.0 102.4 39.2 42.3 46.6 51.8 56.6 60.6 66.1 71.9 73.2 74.7 75.7 77.3 79.4 82.0 80.9 82.0 83.5 84.3 85.7 87.2 90.5 92.8 94.8 97.4 100.3 100.6 100.0 100.8 102.4 106.5 45.2 47.3 49.4 51.5 55.0 59.4 63.6 67.3 70.8 72.0 76.2 79.1 81.5 84.9 87.0 87.6 85.9 82.4 83.5 85.8 88.3 89.7 92.0 93.5 96.5 97.6 100.0 100.6 104.3 NA 63.1 65.1 64.8 69.6 72.2 78.1 79.4 83.5 89.4 94.1 96.9 95.6 94.5 96.3 95.3 92.7 93.0 94.3 93.4 92.1 92.8 95.3 94.5 94.1 96.3 97.9 100.0 100.3 101.3 102.6 49.2 51.0 54.1 56.7 60.2 63.3 65.1 68.3 70.4 74.5 78.1 80.4 82.2 83.9 85.2 85.9 87.4 87.7 88.7 90.0 91.6 92.6 94.0 95.4 96.8 98.4 100.0 100.7 101.4 101.4 42.4 42.9 46.1 49.5 56.1 58.4 60.7 63.8 66.6 67.4 71.5 74.3 77.0 79.3 80.7 79.8 79.7 80.9 82.8 84.5 87.5 91.0 93.4 93.9 96.4 98.1 100.0 98.7 100.5 103.1 37.5 41.1 43.3 45.9 52.2 55.7 58.7 63.3 66.9 70.8 75.4 74.4 76.1 79.0 76.7 78.1 79.0 80.4 83.4 85.5 86.1 88.5 90.6 93.2 95.4 98.3 100.0 100.7 99.0 99.8 52.0 55.5 58.5 60.9 65.7 69.2 72.3 78.3 82.4 83.9 86.1 87.3 89.9 91.6 91.1 89.4 90.8 92.4 91.6 91.9 94.8 97.9 97.6 96.7 97.0 98.2 100.0 102.0 100.7 NA 57.2 60.6 63.0 65.8 65.6 70.0 71.7 74.8 79.1 84.4 87.0 88.1 87.8 86.8 85.5 83.9 82.7 84.4 87.0 89.6 91.6 93.6 94.1 94.7 96.2 98.7 100.0 99.5 101.7 103.0 57.8 60.5 63.1 65.1 68.2 70.5 72.3 73.5 77.9 85.4 89.3 86.3 86.8 86.4 83.3 82.5 81.7 82.1 84.3 85.7 88.4 91.5 93.0 96.7 97.0 96.7 100.0 97.6 102.5 106.0 46.4 47.2 48.8 50.3 53.6 55.2 58.8 62.1 62.3 66.6 66.9 65.5 70.0 72.9 72.2 74.2 75.4 77.6 80.3 82.9 86.8 93.2 95.2 92.7 93.4 96.8 100.0 103.3 103.5 104.0 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 1996. Table 15. Korea: Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1995 (Indexes: 1992=100) Unit Labor Costs National U.S. currency dollar Exchange Year Output 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 6.4 7.6 8.6 11.2 13.1 14.4 18.2 21.0 25.7 28.3 27.8 30.7 32.8 37.8 42.5 46.9 56.1 67.1 76.3 79.5 87.3 95.2 100.0 105.0 116.0 128.5 Compensation .6 .8 1.0 1.5 2.2 2.9 4.5 6.0 8.8 11.7 14.7 18.6 21.0 25.7 31.2 33.1 39.2 49.9 63.6 70.7 82.5 94.2 100.0 103.1 120.7 132.1 basis basis rate* 9.9 10.5 11.7 13.8 16.9 19.8 24.7 28.7 34.1 41.5 52.7 60.7 64.0 68.0 73.2 70.5 69.9 74.4 83.3 88.9 94.5 99.0 100.0 98.2 104.1 102.9 25.0 23.7 23.2 27.1 32.6 32.0 39.8 46.3 55.0 67.0 67.7 69.5 68.3 68.4 70.9 63.3 61.9 70.6 88.9 103.3 104.2 105.4 100.0 95.5 101.1 104.1 251.4 224.9 198.7 196.0 193.0 161.3 161.3 161.3 161.3 161.3 128.5 114.6 106.8 100.6 96.9 89.7 88.6 94.9 106.7 116.3 110.3 106.4 100.0 97.3 97.2 101.2 *Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 1996. Table 16. Taiwan: (Indexes: 1992=100) Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1995 Year Output 1970 1971 1972 1973 13.2 16.2 19.5 22.9 Compensation 3.0 3.8 4.6 6.3 Unit Labor Costs National U.S. currency dollar basis basis 22.3 23.4 23.7 27.5 14.0 14.7 14.9 18.1 Exchange rate* 62.9 62.9 62.9 65.8 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 21.7 22.6 27.7 31.2 37.7 40.7 44.7 48.1 49.1 54.8 62.7 64.8 74.6 84.4 87.9 91.2 90.8 96.9 100.0 102.5 108.4 115.8 9.0 9.5 12.1 14.2 17.3 21.2 26.9 33.6 36.6 40.0 47.8 51.4 61.4 69.2 74.0 80.2 85.6 92.6 100.0 103.4 110.6 114.8 41.5 42.1 43.6 45.4 45.8 52.0 60.1 69.8 74.5 73.0 76.2 79.3 82.3 82.1 84.2 87.9 94.3 95.6 100.0 100.9 102.0 99.2 27.5 27.9 28.9 30.1 31.1 36.3 42.0 47.6 47.9 45.9 48.4 50.1 54.7 65.1 74.1 83.8 88.2 89.9 100.0 96.1 97.0 94.2 *Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 1996. 66.2 66.2 66.2 66.2 67.9 69.8 69.8 68.3 64.3 62.8 63.5 63.1 66.5 79.3 88.0 95.3 93.5 94.0 100.0 95.2 95.1 95.0