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TEXT Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Output per hour in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1994 Output per employed person in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1994 Output in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1994 Total hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1994 Employment in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1994 Average annual hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1994 Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1994 Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1994 Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1994 Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1994 Exchange rates, 12 countries, 1950-1994 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar) Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1994 Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1994 Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1994 Korea: Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1994 Taiwan: Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1994 Technical information (202) 606-5654 Media contact (202) 606-5902 USDL: 95-342 For Release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Friday, September 8, 1995 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY AND UNIT LABOR COST TRENDS, 1994 The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor today reported on 1994 developments in manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour) and unit labor costs in the United States and other industrial economies. Manufacturing productivity in the United States increased 4 percent in 1994. Of the 10 foreign economies for which productivity data are available, seven had productivity increases that matched or exceeded the U.S. growth rate. Four countries -- Denmark, France, Germany (former West Germany), and the Netherlands -- had growth rates greater than 7 percent (See table A and chart 1.) U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs decreased 2.3 percent in 1994. Of the 12 foreign economies for which these data are available, only three -- Korea, Taiwan, and Norway -- recorded increases in unit labor costs in 1994. Five economies -- Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands -had declines in unit labor costs that exceeded the U.S. rate of decline. In evaluating competitive changes in unit labor costs, changes in relative currency values also need to be taken into account. The value of the Canadian dollar fell 5-1/2 percent relative to the U.S. dollar, and Canadian unit labor costs measured in U.S. dollars declined 6-1/2 percent. In contrast, the value of the Japanese yen rose nearly 9 percent, and Japanese unit labor costs measured in U.S. dollars increased 7-1/2 percent -- the largest U.S.-dollar-based increase among the 13 economies. Exchange rate movements played a smaller role in affecting relative changes in unit labor costs in the other economies. (See table A and chart 2.) The 1994 measures of percent changes in manufacturing productivity, unit labor costs, and related variables for the United States, Canada, Japan, and the eight European countries for which data are available are summarized in table A on page 2. Table A also shows percent changes in unit labor costs for Korea and Taiwan. Comparable productivity figures for Korea and Taiwan are not available because adequate labor input measures have not been developed. Table B shows average annual percent changes for selected periods from 1979 for 14 economies, including Belgium in addition to the 13 economies for which 1994 measures are available. Indexes of the measures for the United States, Canada, Japan, and the European countries are in tables 1-14; output and unit labor cost indexes for Korea and Taiwan are in tables 15 and 16. U.S. indexes for most of the measures are not currently available prior to 1977; see box on page 9. - 2 Table A. Manufacturing productivity* and labor costs in 13 countries or areas Percent change, 1993-94 Unit labor costs Output Hourly ---------------per Employ- Average compen- National U.S. Exchange Country hour Output Hours ment hours sation curr. dollars rate (1) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------United States 4.0 6.4 2.3 1.2 1.1 1.7 - 2.3 - 2.3 --- Canada Japan Korea (2) Taiwan (2) Denmark France 4.0 2.9 NA NA 7.5 7.6 6.7 .8 10.4 6.1 8.5 4.8 2.6 - 2.1 NA NA .9 - 2.6 2.0 - 2.2 NA NA .9 - 2.6 .5 .0 NA NA .0 .0 3.0 1.9 NA NA 3.0 2.6 - 1.0 -1.0 3.5 2.2 - 4.2 - 4.7 - 6.5 7.6 3.4 2.0 - 2.2 - 2.6 - 5.6 8.7 - .1 - .2 2.0 2.2 Germany (3) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 7.3 3.6 7.3 1.0 5.1 4.1 2.5 5.3 3.8 5.0 10.7 4.1 - 4.5 1.6 - 3.3 3.9 5.3 .0 - 5.0 - 1.1 - 3.3 3.6 1.0 - .6 .6 2.8 .0 .3 4.3 .6 4.1 1.1 1.4 2.7 5.0 4.0 - 3.0 - 2.4 - 5.5 1.7 - .1 - .1 - 1.0 - 4.7 - 3.4 2.3 1.0 1.9 2.0 - 2.4 2.2 .6 1.0 2.0 * Although the productivity measure relates output to the hours of persons employed in manufacturing, it does not measure the specific contributions of labor as a single factor of production. Rather, it reflects the joint effects of many influences, including new technology, capital investment, capacity utilization, energy use, and managerial skills, as well as the skills and efforts of the work force. (1) Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. (2) Productivity not available because adequate labor input measures have not been developed. (3) Data relate to the former West Germany. NA=Not Available. Productivity, output, and labor input The U.S. productivity increase of 4 percent in 1994 was exceeded in Denmark, France, Germany, and the Netherlands, which all had increases of about 7-1/2 percent, and Sweden, where productivity rose 5 percent. (These were the largest productivity increases in France since 1964, in Germany since 1976, and in the Netherlands since 1984.) Canada and the United Kingdom had productivity increases of about 4 percent. Of the countries for which data are available, the only economies with lower growth rates than the United States were Japan, where productivity rose about 3 percent, Italy, about 3-1/2 percent, and Norway, only 1 percent. For the first time in several years, productivity growth was at least partially attributable to increases in manufacturing output in each of the economies. Manufacturing output growth of 6-1/2 percent placed the United States in about the middle of the range for the foreign economies. Output growth ranged from about 1 percent in Japan to 8-1/2 percent in Denmark and over 10 percent in Korea and Sweden. Canada and Taiwan, like the United States, had output growth rates between 6 and 7 percent. Output growth in the other European economies ranged from 2-1/2 percent in Germany to about 5 percent in Italy and Norway. - 3 ***AT THIS POINT, PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART 1. PERCENT CHANGE IN MANUFACTURING OUTPUT PER HOUR, 1994. - 4 The largest productivity increases generally were achieved in the countries that reduced labor input the most (as measured by total hours worked). 1/ France, Germany, and the Netherlands each recorded declines of 2-1/2 to 4-1/2 percent in total hours worked. Japan, where labor input fell 2 percent, was the only other country where the productivity gain was partially attributable to a reduction in labor hours. The United States and Canada increased hours worked by about 2-1/2 percent, and Norway posted a 4 percent increase. However, the biggest increase in hours worked occurred in Sweden where, following three consecutive years of labor input reductions of 4-1/2 percent or more, labor input increased nearly 5-1/2 percent. Most of the Swedish increase resulted from an increase in average hours; employment rose only 1 percent. Swedish productivity grew 5 percent on the strength of a 10.7 percent increase in output. Hourly compensation and unit labor costs Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing -- which include wages and salaries, supplements, and employer payments for social security and other employer-financed benefit plans -- rose 1.7 percent in the United States in 1994. Three other countries -- Japan, Italy, and the Netherlands -- also had hourly compensation increases under 2 percent. The remaining countries had somewhat larger increases of 2-1/2 to 5 percent. Modest increases in compensation costs, combined with large increases in output in many economies, meant that unit labor costs either remained flat or fell in 10 of the 13 economies studied. 2/ The U.S. decline of 2.3 percent was typical of this group of economies, but unit labor costs in Denmark, France, and the Netherlands dropped by more than 4 percent. At the opposite end of the spectrum, Korea had an increase of 3-1/2 percent, and Taiwan and Norway each had unit labor cost increases of around 2 percent. Unit labor costs in U.S. dollars The currencies of all the European countries studied, except the Italian lira, appreciated somewhat relative to the U.S. dollar in 1994 -- about 1 to 2 percent. This contrasts with 1993, when the relative values of the European currencies fell 5 to 25 percent. Canada and Italy were the only economies in the group whose currencies showed any significant decline in value relative to the U.S. dollar over the year -- the Canadian dollar dropped 5-1/2 percent and the lira was down 2-1/2 percent. As in each of the previous 3 years, the Japanese yen continued to appreciate strongly in 1994, up 8-1/2 percent relative to the dollar. Between 1990 and 1994, the value of the yen rose 42 percent against the U.S. dollar. Dollar exchange rates against the currencies of Korea and Taiwan were virtually unchanged in 1994. When measured in U.S. dollars to account for changes in relative currency values, unit labor costs in 1994 fell 6-1/2 percent in Canada and about 4-1/2 percent in Italy, the two economies whose currencies depreciated. Despite appreciating currencies, Denmark, France, Germany, and the ----------------------------------------1/ The average hours series used for Denmark was discontinued at the end of 1993; therefore, average hours in 1994 have been held at the 1993 level. 2/ As noted above, unit labor cost measures are compiled for Korea and Taiwan in addition to the 11 countries for which productivity and hourly compensation measures are computed. - 5 ***At this point, printed copy has Chart 2. Percent change in manufacturing unit labor costs (U.S. dollar basis), 1994. - 6 Netherlands all had declines in unit labor costs on a U.S. dollar basis. The declines, in the range of 1 to 3-1/2 percent, were similar in magnitude to the United States' drop of 2.3 percent. Korea, which had the largest increase in unit labor costs measured on a national currency basis and a flat exchange rate over the year, had one of the largest increases in U.S.-dollar-based unit labor costs, 3-1/2 percent. However, the strong yen made Japan -- where unit labor costs declined by 1 percent on a national currency basis -- the economy with the largest increase in U.S.-dollar-based unit labor costs, 7-1/2 percent. The other four economies -- Taiwan, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom -had small increases of about 1 to 2 percent. ***At this point, printed copy has Chart 3. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 12 competitors, 1979-94. Trade-weighted unit labor costs The countries covered by the BLS comparative measures differ greatly in their relative importance to U.S. trade in manufactured goods. Therefore, BLS constructs two summary measures: A "competitors" index, which is the trade-weighted geometric average of the unit labor cost indexes for the other economies; and a relative index, which is the ratio of the U.S. index to the "competitors" index. Chart 3 shows U.S. relative unit labor cost indexes on both a national currency and U.S. dollar basis over the 1979-94 period. Because 1994 data are not available for Belgium, it has been excluded from this analysis; however, Belgium accounts for only about 2 percent of the total trade in manufactured goods between the 13 foreign economies and the United States. With this release, the trade weights have been updated from 1980 to 1989-91. The effect is to increase the weights assigned to Canada, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan with corresponding reductions in the weights assigned to the European countries. See the section on "Trade-Weighted Measures" in the Technical Note. U.S. relative unit labor costs, expressed on a national currency basis (i.e., unadjusted for exchange rate changes), fell gradually, with only minor interruptions, between 1979 and 1994. The overall decline amounted to almost 9 percentage points. Adjusted for relative changes in currency exchange rates, however, the pattern was quite different. The U.S. dollar appreciated 36 percent on a - 7 trade-weighted basis between 1979 and 1985, and U.S. relative unit labor costs rose more than 37 percent. Between 1985 and 1988, the U.S. dollar depreciated 32 percent, and U.S. relative unit labor costs fell 36 percent. The trade-weighted value of the dollar rose moderately in 1989. Since 1989, the dollar has generally declined, but at a much slower rate than in the 1985-88 period. The decline since 1990 has been entirely attributable to the rise of the Japanese yen -- the U.S. dollar rose relative to the Canadian dollar and the European currencies. 3/ Overall, the dollar depreciated 34 percent between 1985 and 1994, and, by the end of the period, it was down 10 percent from its 1979 level. In 1994, U.S. relative unit labor costs, measured on a U.S. dollar basis, were down 40 percent from their level in 1985 and 18 percent from their level in 1979. Compared with 1979 levels, U.S. unit labor costs in 1994 were down 35 percent relative to Japan, which has a weight of 30 percent in the overall trade-weighted indexes; 5 percent relative to Canada, which has a weight of 24 percent; and 5 percent relative to Europe, which has a weight of 35 percent. Charts 4 and 5 show U.S. unit labor cost indexes relative to Japan and Europe. ***At this point, the printed copy has Chart 4. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to Japan, 1979-94. ---------------------------------------------3/ Between 1990 and 1994, the dollar depreciated an average of 8-1/2 percent per year against the yen but appreciated 4 percent annually against the Canadian dollar and about 2-1/2 percent annually against the trade-weighted average for the European currencies. - 8 ***At this point, printed copy has Chart 5. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to Europe, 1979-94. Recent exchange rate changes As of August 1995, the currencies of most of the economies studied had appreciated from their 1994 average levels relative to the dollar. The value of the Japanese yen was 8 percent higher than its 1994 average and had been over 20 percent higher in April, May, and June. Individual European exchange rate changes ranged from increases of 11 to 13 percent for Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Norway, 6-1/2 percent for Sweden, and 2 percent for the United Kingdom. The only European currency to remain about unchanged was the Italian lira. The Canadian dollar was up 1 percent, the Korean won was up 5 percent, and the Taiwanese dollar was down 3 percent. - 9 Note on U.S. output measures (NOTE: This section appears as a box on printed copy.) The 1977-93 real manufacturing output data for the United States are the 1987 fixed-price-weighted measures prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce for gross product originating. Comparable manufacturing output data currently are not available prior to 1977. The 1993-94 percent change in manufacturing output is based on the trend shown by the industrial production indexes published by the U.S. Federal Reserve Board for the durable and nondurable goods sectors, weighted by their shares in gross product originating. The U.S. real output measures normally constructed by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) are based on fixed price weights of a single year. Fixed-weighted real output series have several advantages, but, if there are major changes in relative prices over the period covered, the change in real output becomes sensitive to the choice of price weights. In general, use of fixed-weighted measures of output results in an understatement of growth for periods before the price-base year and an overstatement of growth for periods after the price-base year. This issue is discussed in Robert P. Parker, "Gross Product by Industry, 1977-90," Survey of Current Business, May 1993. Until quite recently, this "bias" was considered small enough to ignore. However, changes in the composition of output and in relative prices, particularly the sharp decline in computer prices along with rapid output increases in the 1980's, have made the output measures much more sensitive to the choice of price weights. Consequently, BEA is switching to chain-type annual-weighted indexes for its featured measures of real output and prices. See J. Steven Landefeld and Robert P. Parker, "Preview of the Comprehensive Revision of the National Income and Product Accounts: BEA's New Featured Measures of Output and Prices," Survey of Current Business, July 1995. In late 1995 or early 1996, BLS will switch to an annually-weighted output index for its manufacturing labor productivity and unit labor cost measures. BLS is presently studying several sources of manufacturing data that use such a method. The use of annually-weighted output measures is particularly important for manufacturing, because computers are made within that sector. When this change is made, it may be possible to provide data for years prior to 1977. See Edwin Dean, Michael Harper, and Phyllis Otto, "Improvements to the Quarterly Productivity Measures," forthcoming in the October issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Most of the foreign economies link fixed-weighted measures covering various periods, but some also produce annual chain-weighted indexes. The output measures used in this article are fixed weighted, with the following exception: The measures for Norway for 1987-92 are based on relative prices of the preceding year (the 1993 and 1994 measures are currently based on 1991 prices). - 10 Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-94 Average annual rates of change (1) Country or area 1979-94 1979-85 1985-90 1990-94 1991 1992 1993 1994 Output per hour United States 2.5 2.0 2.7 3.0 2.3 2.1 3.6 4.0 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 1.8 4.3 NA NA NA 1.7 3.1 2.4 4.6 NA NA 5.1 2.1 3.0 .4 5.4 NA NA 2.3 .1 3.4 2.8 2.4 NA NA NA 3.2 2.8 .7 5.2 NA NA 3.0 1.9 - .4 4.2 - .2 NA NA 4.0 1.9 3.1 2.3 1.9 NA NA 4.1 1.5 .9 4.0 2.9 NA NA NA 7.5 7.6 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden U.K. 2.2 4.0 3.1 2.1 2.9 4.0 2.1 5.0 4.4 2.9 3.0 4.1 2.1 2.6 1.9 1.5 1.7 3.8 2.8 4.1 2.6 1.7 4.2 4.3 3.6 3.2 1.0 - .5 .0 3.7 -1.2 5.0 .4 4.1 5.3 4.8 1.5 4.6 1.9 2.1 6.6 4.5 7.3 3.6 7.3 1.0 5.1 4.1 Continued on next page - 11 Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-94--continued Average annual rates of change (1) Country or area 1979-94 1979-85 1985-90 1990-94 1991 1992 1993 1994 Output United States 1.9 .7 2.8 2.7 -1.9 1.5 5.0 6.4 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 1.4 4.4 9.9 6.8 NA 1.4 .6 1.5 5.8 8.8 8.1 1.6 2.9 - .4 1.5 5.8 13.2 7.0 2.5 - .5 2.6 1.2 .6 7.4 4.6 NA 1.5 - .5 -6.9 6.3 9.1 6.7 .4 - .1 -1.8 .7 -2.0 5.1 3.2 .1 1.0 - .1 5.0 -2.5 5.0 2.5 -3.1 -3.1 -4.6 6.7 .8 10.4 6.1 NA 8.5 4.8 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden U.K. .6 2.2 1.8 .2 1.4 .6 .2 1.8 1.8 1.0 2.2 -1.2 2.3 4.0 3.1 -1.7 1.2 3.4 -1.0 .7 .3 1.6 .4 - .2 3.7 - .2 .5 -3.3 -6.4 -5.4 -2.3 .4 - .6 3.2 -3.4 - .6 -7.7 -2.6 -2.2 1.7 1.6 1.3 2.5 5.3 3.8 5.0 10.7 4.1 United States - .6 -1.2 .0 - .3 -4.1 - .6 1.4 2.3 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France - .4 .1 NA NA NA - .3 -2.4 - .9 1.1 NA NA -3.3 .8 -3.3 1.1 .4 NA NA .2 - .6 - .8 -1.5 -1.8 NA NA NA -1.6 -3.2 -7.5 1.0 NA NA -2.6 -2.0 -1.4 -3.3 -1.8 NA NA -3.8 - .9 -3.2 2.6 -4.3 NA NA -6.9 -4.5 -5.5 2.6 -2.1 NA NA NA .9 -2.6 Germany (2) -1.6 -1.8 .3 -3.7 .1 -1.1 -9.1 -4.5 Total hours Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden U.K. -1.7 -1.2 -1.8 -1.5 -3.3 -3.1 -2.5 -1.9 - .8 -5.0 1.3 1.2 -3.1 - .5 - .3 -3.3 -2.2 .0 -3.7 -4.3 -3.3 - .6 -2.8 -6.4 -8.8 -4.4 -1.0 - .8 -8.3 -5.2 -6.9 -4.1 - .4 -4.7 -3.1 1.6 -3.3 3.9 5.3 .0 Continued on next page - 12 Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-94--continued Average annual rates of change (1) Country or area 1979-94 1979-85 1985-90 1990-94 1991 1992 1993 1994 United States -0.9 -1.4 -0.1 -1.0 -3.5 -1.7 0.1 1.2 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France - .5 .7 NA NA NA - .1 -2.0 - .8 1.2 NA NA -2.7 1.0 -2.3 1.1 .8 NA NA - .5 - .1 - .9 -2.1 .1 NA NA NA -1.6 -3.1 -7.1 3.2 NA NA - .9 -2.2 -1.6 -3.5 1.3 NA NA -3.8 -1.2 -3.4 .6 -2.0 NA NA -5.4 -3.7 -4.7 2.0 -2.2 NA NA NA .9 -2.6 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden U.K. - .8 -1.9 -1.0 -1.8 -2.2 -3.0 -1.1 -2.9 -2.3 -1.8 -1.2 -4.6 1.1 .3 1.4 -2.9 - .8 - .4 -2.9 -3.2 -2.1 - .6 -5.5 -3.9 1.4 -2.2 - .3 -3.3 -6.2 -7.1 -1.8 -4.3 - .8 -1.9 -9.0 -5.2 -5.9 -5.1 -4.1 - .7 -7.3 -2.6 -5.0 -1.1 -3.3 3.6 1.0 - .6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.7 -0.6 1.2 1.3 1.1 .1 - .6 NA NA NA - .1 .0 NA NA - .6 .0 - .3 NA NA .7 .6 -1.9 NA NA NA - .5 -2.1 NA NA -1.7 .2 -3.1 NA NA - .0 2.0 -2.3 NA NA -1.6 .5 .0 NA NA NA Employment Average hours United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France - .3 - .4 - .3 -1.0 - .5 .1 .0 - .1 .3 .2 .3 .2 - .8 - .8 .0 .0 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden U.K. - .8 .2 - .2 .0 .8 - .3 - - .9 1.0 - .2 - .3 .3 .0 - .9 - .1 - .1 .5 1.9 - .4 -1.3 -1.1 - .3 .5 - .2 -1.8 .7 - .1 - .2 1.1 .8 .0 -3.4 -2.0 .0 .2 2.8 - .5 .6 2.8 .0 .3 4.3 .6 .7 .1 .3 .1 .4 - .5 Continued on next page - 13 Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-94--continued Average annual rates of change (1) Country or area 1979-94 1979-85 Hourly compensation(3): 1985-90 1990-94 1991 1992 1993 1994 National currency basis United States 5.0 6.9 3.9 3.5 5.4 4.2 2.7 1.7 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 5.7 4.5 NA NA NA 6.0 7.5 8.7 4.7 NA NA 7.8 8.1 12.7 4.1 4.7 NA NA 3.9 5.4 4.5 3.4 4.1 NA NA NA 3.7 3.7 6.5 5.8 NA NA 6.3 3.9 4.9 3.9 4.2 NA NA 5.2 4.0 3.4 .3 4.5 NA NA 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.0 1.9 NA NA NA 3.0 2.6 5.6 10.6 3.7 7.4 7.8 9.2 5.9 16.7 4.9 10.0 9.6 11.5 4.9 6.9 2.1 8.1 8.4 7.6 5.9 6.4 4.0 2.9 4.2 7.9 6.7 10.6 4.7 5.6 8.9 10.4 5.3 7.4 5.2 2.6 4.6 10.2 7.4 6.7 4.6 1.0 -1.5 7.3 4.1 1.1 1.4 2.7 5.0 4.0 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden U.K. Unit labor costs: National currency basis United States 2.4 4.9 1.1 0.5 3.0 2.1 -0.8 -2.3 Canada 3.8 6.1 3.7 .6 5.7 - .3 -1.9 -1.0 Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France .2 6.1 4.7 NA 4.2 4.3 .1 9.2 7.3 5.9 5.9 9.5 - .7 6.0 3.5 5.2 5.2 1.0 1.6 1.8 2.3 NA .5 .9 .5 4.7 1.4 2.0 2.0 5.3 4.4 1.0 4.5 2.0 2.0 .3 2.6 -1.8 .9 2.4 2.4 2.8 -1.0 3.5 2.2 NA -4.2 -4.7 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden U.K. 3.3 6.3 .6 5.2 4.7 5.0 3.8 11.1 .5 6.9 6.4 7.1 2.8 4.2 .2 6.5 6.6 3.7 3.0 2.2 1.3 1.3 .0 3.5 3.0 7.1 3.6 6.1 8.9 6.4 6.7 2.3 4.8 -1.4 - .7 5.1 5.7 1.9 2.6 -1.1 -7.6 2.6 -3.0 -2.4 -5.5 1.7 - .1 - .1 Continued on next page - 14 Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-94--continued Average annual rates of change (1) Country or area 1979-94 Unit labor costs: 1979-85 1985-90 1990-94 1991 1992 1993 1994 U.S. dollar basis United States 2.4 4.9 1.1 0.5 3.0 2.1 -0.8 -2.3 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 2.8 5.4 2.6 6.8 NA 2.9 2.4 3.4 -1.4 - .9 5.5 -8.8 -5.8 -3.4 7.1 9.7 10.5 12.0 13.9 17.2 11.6 -3.3 10.9 -1.4 2.7 NA - .1 .4 7.6 8.3 1.1 2.0 .9 -1.4 1.5 -5.4 10.8 -5.1 11.2 7.6 8.2 7.0 -8.1 17.1 -4.5 -3.9 -7.3 -4.7 -4.0 -6.5 7.6 3.4 2.0 NA -2.2 -2.6 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden U.K. 4.1 1.7 1.3 2.9 .7 2.7 -4.1 -3.3 -7.6 -2.1 -5.3 -1.3 15.9 14.3 12.9 13.5 14.8 10.5 2.9 -5.1 1.3 -1.7 -6.4 - .4 .2 3.4 .8 2.2 6.6 5.4 13.5 3.0 11.6 3.0 3.2 5.0 - .2 -20.2 -2.9 -13.5 -30.9 -12.7 -1.0 -4.7 -3.4 2.3 1.0 1.9 Exchange rates (4) United States 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France -1.0 5.2 -3.3 2.1 - .9 -1.3 -1.8 -2.5 -1.5 -9.3 -1.7 -11.1 -11.0 -11.7 3.2 10.5 4.2 8.2 12.2 11.4 10.5 -3.9 9.1 -3.1 .4 .0 - .7 - .5 1.8 7.7 -3.5 .6 -2.3 -3.3 -3.5 -5.2 6.2 -6.1 6.4 6.4 6.1 6.7 -6.3 14.1 -2.7 -4.8 -7.0 -6.9 -6.6 -5.6 8.7 - .1 - .2 3.5 2.0 2.2 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden U.K. .8 -4.3 .7 -2.2 -3.8 -2.2 -7.6 -12.9 -8.0 -8.4 -11.0 -7.9 12.7 9.8 12.7 6.6 7.8 6.6 - .1 -7.1 .0 -3.0 -6.4 -3.7 -2.7 -3.5 -2.7 -3.7 -2.1 - .9 6.4 .7 6.4 4.5 3.9 - .1 -5.6 -21.7 -5.4 -12.5 -25.3 -15.0 2.0 -2.4 2.2 .6 1.0 2.0 (1) Rates of change based on the compound rate method. (2) Data relate to the former West Germany. NA = Not available. (3) Adjusted to include employment taxes that are not compensation to employees but are labor costs to employers. (4) Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. - 15 - TECHNICAL NOTE The Bureau of Labor Statistics constructs trend indexes of manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour), hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs from three basic aggregative measures--output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures refer to all employed persons, including self-employed persons and unpaid family workers, in the United States, Canada, Japan, France, Germany, Norway, and Sweden, and to all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other economies. Hours refer to hours worked in all countries. (The figures for Canada are the official measures prepared by Statistics Canada.) In general, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). However, the measures for France and Italy (beginning 1970) refer to mining and manufacturing less energy-related products; the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966; and the measures for the Netherlands exclude petroleum refining and include coal mining from 1969 to 1976. Output: In general, the output measures are value added in manufacturing (gross product originating) in constant prices from the national accounts of each country. However, output for Japan prior to 1970 and the Netherlands from 1969 to 1977 are indexes of industrial production. The national accounts measures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical to their indexes of industrial production. While methods of deriving national accounts measures differ substantially from country to country, the use of different procedures does not, in itself, connote lack of comparability--rather, it reflects differences among countries in the availability and reliability of underlying data series. Country differences in the price-base years used to measure real output, and in the frequency and method of changing price weights, also can lead to differences in real output growth rates. See the "Note on U.S. output measures" on page 9. Labor Input: The total hours measures are developed from statistics of manufacturing employment and average hours. The series used for France (from 1970 forward), Norway, and Sweden are official series published with the national accounts. Where official total hours series are not available, the measures are developed by BLS using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive employment series, and estimates of annual hours worked. For Germany, BLS uses estimates of average hours worked developed by a research institute connected with the Ministry of Labor for use with the national accounts employment figures. For the other countries, BLS constructs its own estimates of average hours. For the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, the Bureau publishes only measures of unit labor costs and the data on output and total compensation that underlie the computations of unit labor costs. Total hours, and consequently productivity, are not computed for Korea and Taiwan because BLS has not yet developed adequate labor input series. - 16 Compensation (labor cost): The compensation measures are from the national accounts except those for Belgium, which are developed by the Bureau using statistics on employment, average hours, and hourly compensation. Compensation includes employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans, in addition to all payments made in cash or in-kind directly to employees. For France and Sweden, compensation is increased to account for other significant taxes on payroll or employment. For the United Kingdom, compensation is reduced to account for subsidies. Self-employed workers are included in the all-employed-persons measures by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. Current Indicators: The measures for recent years may be based on current indicators of output (such as industrial production indexes), employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures become available. Trade-Weighted Measures: The economies covered by the BLS measures differ greatly in their relative importance to U.S. trade in manufactured products. Therefore, BLS constructs trade-weighted measures that take account of these differences. This release updates the weights from 1980 to 1989-91. The former trade weights were derived by rescaling a series covering 21 economies that was developed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These weights were based on disaggregated 1980 trade data for manufactured goods, and took account of both bilateral trade and the relative importance of "third country" markets. Since the structure of trade can change substantially over time, it was likely that the 1980 weights no longer reflected current trade patterns among the countries studied. The new weights, for Canada, Japan, and the European countries were also obtained by rescaling a series of weights developed by the IMF based on average trade flows over the 1989-1991 period. The new IMF weights were calculated using aggregate trade data for total manufacturing. The new IMF weights do not include Korea and Taiwan. These economies may be added to the IMF weights later this year. In the meantime, in order to include Korea and Taiwan in the BLS trade-weighted measures, the 1989-91 weights for these two economies were estimated based on the change from 1980 to 1990 in the proportions of U.S. trade in manufactured goods accounted for by Korea and Taiwan relative to the group of 13 competitor economies studied. The resulting weights for Korea and Taiwan are, as expected, substantially higher than their 1980 weights. The following tabulation shows both the old and new rescaled weights for the 12 foreign economies for which the 1994 unit labor cost measures are available: Country Old Weight New Weight Country Old Weight New Weight Canada Japan Denmark France Germany Italy 19.43 25.63 0.66 8.41 14.70 5.66 24.43 29.50 0.46 5.69 11.21 4.44 Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom Korea Taiwan 2.77 0.59 2.10 12.27 3.31 4.48 2.17 0.46 1.83 8.67 5.54 5.59 - 17 Level Comparisons: The BLS measures are limited to trend comparisons. BLS does not prepare level comparisons of manufacturing productivity and unit labor costs because of data limitations and technical problems in comparing the levels of manufacturing output among countries. Each country measures manufacturing output in its own currency units. To compare outputs among countries, a common unit of measure is needed. Market exchange rates are not suitable as a basis for comparing output levels. What are needed are purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the number of foreign currency units required to buy goods and services equivalent to what can be bought with one unit of U.S. currency. PPPs are available for total gross domestic product (GDP) from the United Nations' International Comparisons Project (UNICP). However, these PPPs are derived from the expenditure side of the national accounts (consumer, business, and government final expenditures for goods and services) and not from the output side of the accounts (gross product originating by industry, or value added). Therefore, they do not provide PPPs by industry. The PPPs for total GDP are not suitable for each component industry, such as manufacturing. Some analysts have constructed "proxy PPPs" for manufacturing using selected expenditure items from the UNICP. However, since the prices used are based on consumer, business, and government final expenditures, they have a number of shortcomings: they are based on final sales values rather than industry value added or gross output; they include indirect taxes, distribution margins, and transportation costs; they include the prices of imports and exclude the prices of exports; and the prices of intermediate products, such as steel, paper, and cement, are represented only marginally and indirectly as inputs to the final products included among the selected expenditures. A different approach has been used by researchers at the International Comparisons of Output and Productivity project at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. They develop PPPs (referred to as unit value ratios or UVRs) based on ratios of producers' sales values per unit of output for matched products from country censuses of manufactures. This procedure also has shortcomings, primarily because only a portion of manufactured products can be matched and the matched products may not be adequately representative. For many products, values are reported but not quantities; for some products, there is no counterpoint in the other country; and other products can not be matched because they represent a different mix of product varieties or because of large differences in qualities. For an article based on this approach, see Bart van Ark, "Manufacturing prices, productivity, and labor costs in five economies," Monthly Labor Review, July 1995, pp. 56-72. Table 1. Output per hour in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1994 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1950 NA 35.5 NA NA 24.5 17.9 16.8 16.7 17.2 30.9 25.7 41.1 1955 NA 43.6 11.5 NA 26.7 22.6 25.1 23.4 21.5 36.0 28.2 44.3 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 51.6 54.4 58.2 60.3 63.2 66.1 67.6 68.9 74.0 77.9 18.5 21.0 22.0 23.8 27.0 28.1 30.8 34.9 39.0 44.7 26.2 26.5 27.9 28.9 30.8 32.3 34.5 36.5 39.7 43.4 32.4 34.3 36.0 37.2 40.2 42.2 44.3 47.6 51.9 54.0 29.6 31.5 33.6 35.4 38.2 40.9 44.3 47.0 52.0 55.3 37.1 39.0 41.7 43.5 47.2 50.1 52.1 55.3 59.9 64.2 29.3 31.6 35.0 36.0 36.3 40.5 44.0 46.2 49.8 51.6 27.3 28.8 29.6 30.7 33.4 35.5 37.7 40.4 45.1 49.4 46.4 48.0 48.0 50.5 53.3 56.5 58.9 61.1 64.8 70.8 36.0 37.9 40.8 43.2 46.9 50.4 52.6 57.1 62.3 67.2 50.3 50.3 51.5 54.2 57.8 59.5 61.4 64.3 68.9 70.6 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 96.2 96.3 94.9 76.9 82.4 86.4 91.9 93.3 90.1 96.4 101.8 102.9 103.8 50.3 53.4 59.2 64.4 65.9 68.7 73.7 77.1 81.3 87.7 47.9 50.7 56.5 62.5 65.9 68.6 75.6 79.3 84.1 88.7 57.2 61.1 66.0 72.7 75.1 82.6 85.7 87.3 88.5 92.9 58.6 62.0 64.9 69.4 71.0 73.5 78.0 82.6 86.3 90.3 66.4 68.9 73.2 77.9 80.7 84.0 90.1 92.9 96.1 100.3 54.9 56.0 60.6 65.1 69.3 67.1 76.3 78.1 83.0 91.1 54.4 57.3 62.3 69.2 75.0 73.3 81.6 85.1 90.7 95.2 73.0 75.9 80.3 85.4 89.2 88.1 90.9 90.3 91.9 97.5 68.9 71.9 75.5 81.1 84.5 85.8 87.2 85.8 88.2 95.1 72.1 75.6 80.6 86.2 87.4 86.0 89.6 90.2 91.2 91.6 1980 92.9 99.9 91.1 86.9 98.0 90.8 98.5 95.5 96.1 96.3 96.6 91.0 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 96.2 100.0 102.2 103.5 106.7 109.5 116.6 119.2 119.9 104.8 100.0 107.3 116.3 119.8 117.9 119.0 119.5 120.0 95.0 100.0 102.5 107.9 114.9 113.0 122.4 129.6 138.7 94.0 100.0 111.6 117.5 119.6 121.4 123.7 128.6 134.4 99.6 100.0 104.9 104.3 105.0 98.9 98.4 102.1 105.6 93.4 100.0 102.3 103.9 107.9 109.7 111.6 119.3 125.4 100.5 100.0 105.4 109.0 113.4 114.2 112.7 116.7 120.5 97.8 100.0 105.2 115.7 122.3 123.7 127.2 130.0 134.0 98.2 100.0 107.9 118.5 123.4 125.3 126.2 128.9 133.7 96.7 100.0 104.8 112.2 115.8 114.7 120.4 119.5 119.5 95.9 100.0 106.8 111.8 113.8 115.7 117.7 118.6 122.5 95.1 100.0 107.3 112.4 116.4 120.6 126.9 133.5 138.4 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 122.1 124.9 127.5 132.0 137.4 122.0 122.9 128.0 130.9 136.2 149.1 156.9 156.6 159.5 164.2 134.1 138.1 143.6 149.5 NA 105.5 107.5 109.6 111.2 119.5 127.6 127.1 131.1 132.3 142.4 125.6 130.1 128.5 130.5 140.0 139.3 143.8 151.0 158.0 163.8 135.4 136.8 137.4 140.0 150.2 124.5 123.8 128.9 131.6 132.9 124.0 124.0 130.6 139.2 146.3 140.1 145.3 152.3 159.2 165.7 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1995. Table 2. Output per employed person in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1994 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1950 NA 39.6 NA NA 33.1 21.9 23.0 19.0 21.2 40.6 34.9 48.2 1955 NA 46.8 12.9 NA 35.4 27.3 34.4 27.2 26.7 47.3 38.0 52.6 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 55.1 57.8 62.5 65.0 68.4 71.6 72.7 73.8 79.3 83.2 21.5 24.0 24.7 26.5 29.9 30.6 33.7 38.2 42.6 48.2 32.9 33.2 35.0 36.3 38.5 39.8 42.2 44.0 47.9 51.8 40.8 41.9 44.4 45.1 49.2 51.5 53.1 56.3 60.1 61.7 35.8 38.2 40.6 42.8 45.8 48.6 52.8 55.5 59.6 64.9 45.9 47.3 49.4 50.7 55.1 58.2 59.8 61.8 67.7 72.6 34.4 36.8 39.5 40.8 41.2 44.4 48.7 51.9 56.0 57.6 34.2 34.5 35.3 36.5 39.3 41.6 44.1 47.0 51.5 55.6 58.6 59.8 59.5 62.4 66.2 68.6 71.7 73.6 76.2 81.4 46.0 47.9 51.2 53.7 57.6 61.5 64.0 68.3 73.1 77.5 58.5 57.8 58.5 61.5 66.1 67.1 68.1 70.7 76.4 78.3 1970 1971 1972 NA NA NA 81.5 86.8 91.0 53.6 56.0 61.7 55.6 58.0 63.2 63.3 67.3 71.2 68.0 71.3 73.8 74.5 75.8 79.6 60.2 59.7 64.1 60.1 62.7 67.3 83.3 85.7 89.5 79.2 82.5 84.3 78.7 80.6 85.1 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA 99.8 99.9 97.9 96.4 97.3 92.9 99.3 105.1 106.5 106.6 66.7 65.3 66.6 73.5 77.1 81.7 88.6 68.1 70.1 69.0 77.4 80.9 85.6 90.3 74.2 78.2 83.3 86.8 87.6 87.8 92.1 77.8 78.5 78.9 83.9 88.1 91.3 95.4 84.1 85.4 86.7 95.5 96.9 99.0 102.9 69.7 71.6 68.1 77.5 78.8 83.6 91.1 73.2 76.9 73.8 82.0 85.1 89.9 93.2 94.6 97.5 95.9 96.3 94.2 93.7 97.7 88.9 91.7 91.3 91.6 89.5 89.6 95.2 92.3 90.5 88.8 93.3 94.5 95.2 95.2 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 94.6 97.9 100.0 105.0 107.9 111.3 114.1 122.1 126.3 126.9 102.2 105.9 100.0 108.7 119.1 122.6 120.6 122.6 123.5 123.1 92.0 95.2 100.0 102.7 109.1 115.9 113.3 123.2 131.8 139.5 87.1 92.0 100.0 108.8 113.9 117.6 119.5 122.8 129.8 134.9 97.8 98.2 100.0 106.3 105.4 102.6 98.8 96.1 99.8 101.9 95.9 97.4 100.0 101.9 103.6 107.0 108.9 111.6 119.7 125.5 99.8 100.5 100.0 105.1 108.7 111.3 111.2 109.1 112.8 115.0 95.7 98.0 100.0 105.2 115.7 121.2 125.7 131.6 139.3 143.3 94.6 97.2 100.0 108.0 117.0 118.7 120.0 120.2 123.8 127.6 97.0 97.5 100.0 105.2 112.5 115.6 114.4 117.1 117.2 117.8 95.6 95.5 100.0 108.1 115.2 116.4 117.8 121.4 122.1 125.7 91.5 94.1 100.0 107.6 113.7 117.7 121.7 129.0 136.4 141.2 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 128.3 130.4 134.7 141.3 148.7 125.0 125.3 130.8 136.6 142.8 147.9 152.4 147.5 146.7 151.1 136.2 137.9 143.4 146.8 NA 100.6 102.8 105.1 105.8 113.8 127.1 126.8 131.1 131.2 141.2 118.1 120.8 120.1 117.9 127.2 145.3 148.3 155.6 159.6 170.0 129.2 130.2 130.5 132.9 142.7 122.5 122.5 128.9 131.9 133.7 128.8 128.6 136.5 149.6 163.9 141.8 144.5 151.5 157.5 164.9 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1995. Table 3. Output in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1994 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1950 NA 29.1 3.1 NA 29.8 20.9 17.8 12.4 22.6 37.9 34.8 61.0 1955 NA 37.7 6.9 NA 32.8 26.0 33.8 19.1 31.0 46.4 40.3 71.7 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 NA NA NA NA NA 44.1 45.9 51.1 54.5 60.0 15.1 18.1 19.7 21.9 25.5 40.8 42.6 46.0 48.2 52.5 45.4 47.9 52.0 52.7 58.9 35.1 37.7 40.5 43.6 47.6 51.0 54.0 56.7 57.8 62.8 28.1 31.0 34.4 36.6 37.1 42.8 44.3 46.5 48.4 53.0 56.0 58.3 58.8 62.3 66.8 51.8 55.3 59.5 62.4 67.9 82.9 83.0 83.2 86.1 94.0 Japan 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA 66.0 70.3 71.8 76.6 82.0 26.5 30.0 36.0 41.6 48.4 54.2 57.4 58.1 62.1 69.5 62.7 64.0 64.7 69.7 73.5 50.0 54.6 57.2 60.4 67.6 67.5 68.7 67.1 74.1 82.8 39.0 42.6 46.8 51.2 54.5 56.7 59.8 62.1 68.0 74.6 70.3 74.5 76.9 78.8 84.5 72.7 74.8 77.2 81.2 87.6 96.7 98.4 99.1 106.0 110.1 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 104.3 108.7 109.3 78.5 83.5 90.3 100.0 103.0 96.1 103.1 106.9 111.7 115.9 55.1 57.8 63.8 71.8 69.7 67.1 73.6 76.4 79.8 86.5 76.5 80.0 86.0 93.9 97.6 90.3 97.1 97.4 98.8 101.4 75.7 77.2 83.9 88.5 89.9 87.7 91.9 92.3 92.0 97.3 72.7 77.2 80.8 87.0 88.7 86.9 92.0 96.2 98.4 101.3 87.0 87.9 90.6 96.4 95.4 91.0 98.0 99.8 101.7 106.9 58.8 59.8 63.0 70.5 75.1 70.8 81.4 84.4 88.5 97.9 80.5 82.5 85.5 91.5 95.5 88.5 94.5 95.5 98.4 100.9 88.4 91.5 95.9 101.3 106.4 104.1 104.3 102.2 99.8 102.7 91.0 91.6 92.1 98.6 104.0 104.3 104.3 98.3 95.7 101.8 110.5 109.3 111.6 121.9 120.4 112.1 114.2 116.4 117.0 116.8 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 102.0 105.0 100.0 103.2 111.3 114.0 115.2 123.5 130.0 131.2 110.7 114.8 100.0 106.5 120.2 127.0 127.9 134.1 140.9 142.1 91.5 95.7 100.0 104.3 113.2 121.2 117.9 126.5 138.2 149.3 95.7 95.6 100.0 106.3 109.9 111.8 111.9 112.2 117.7 124.9 101.7 98.4 100.0 106.7 111.7 115.3 115.3 110.6 112.3 113.6 100.6 99.0 100.0 99.9 98.7 99.1 99.1 98.9 104.6 110.3 104.7 103.6 100.0 101.5 104.6 108.4 110.1 108.1 111.5 115.4 103.1 101.1 100.0 100.8 105.4 108.9 111.5 116.3 125.0 129.7 101.1 101.2 100.0 103.2 109.1 112.1 114.8 116.4 120.8 126.3 101.7 100.7 100.0 99.3 105.0 108.8 108.8 110.8 105.5 99.0 102.2 99.1 100.0 105.8 113.4 115.9 117.4 120.1 122.9 124.5 106.7 100.1 100.0 102.1 105.9 108.9 110.3 115.5 123.6 129.1 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 130.6 128.2 130.1 136.6 145.4 136.8 127.5 128.3 134.7 143.8 160.6 170.8 167.4 163.2 164.4 126.5 126.9 127.0 123.1 NA 112.4 112.3 113.4 109.9 119.2 112.4 110.4 110.2 105.2 110.2 121.7 126.2 123.3 113.8 116.7 132.3 132.1 132.6 129.2 136.0 130.5 131.1 130.3 127.4 132.2 99.8 96.5 99.6 101.3 106.4 123.3 115.4 111.5 113.2 125.3 128.9 121.9 121.1 122.7 127.7 Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom NA: Not Available Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1995. Table 4. Total hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1994 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium 1950 87.4 82.0 NA 1955 96.6 86.5 59.9 Denmark France Germany Italy NA 121.8 116.8 105.9 74.0 131.8 122.4 135.3 148.4 NA 122.9 115.0 134.6 81.9 144.2 128.8 142.8 161.6 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 94.1 91.6 95.4 96.3 98.4 104.1 110.8 110.2 111.8 113.1 85.5 84.3 87.9 90.4 95.0 99.8 103.9 104.2 103.6 105.3 81.7 86.5 89.4 92.3 94.5 94.3 97.5 103.2 106.5 108.2 156.2 161.0 165.0 166.4 170.7 167.6 166.1 158.9 156.4 160.0 140.0 139.7 144.3 141.6 146.3 148.6 144.4 136.1 134.3 136.1 118.5 119.7 120.5 123.1 124.5 122.2 123.3 121.6 116.2 122.3 137.2 138.7 135.8 132.9 133.2 134.8 131.7 121.2 123.5 128.9 96.2 98.2 98.1 101.7 102.0 96.3 96.8 101.4 102.7 105.5 156.8 154.0 156.8 157.9 158.9 159.8 158.4 153.8 150.7 151.0 120.9 121.5 122.6 123.4 125.2 124.3 126.5 125.9 121.6 119.3 143.7 146.0 145.8 144.4 144.8 144.1 142.1 135.3 130.3 130.2 164.9 164.9 161.7 159.0 162.8 162.6 160.2 154.0 153.8 155.9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 106.5 102.6 107.2 112.6 110.2 99.3 104.0 108.4 112.9 115.1 102.1 101.4 104.5 108.8 110.3 106.6 106.9 105.0 108.6 111.6 109.6 108.3 107.8 111.5 105.7 97.6 100.0 99.2 98.2 98.6 159.9 157.6 152.1 150.3 148.0 131.6 128.5 122.9 117.4 114.3 132.3 126.5 127.0 121.8 119.7 106.2 107.3 105.8 104.0 104.7 123.9 124.5 124.6 125.3 125.0 118.3 118.0 116.5 114.1 112.1 131.1 127.4 123.8 123.7 118.2 108.3 108.7 107.4 105.8 106.6 107.0 106.8 104.0 108.3 108.4 105.6 106.7 108.2 106.6 107.4 148.1 144.1 137.2 132.2 127.3 120.7 115.8 112.2 108.5 106.0 121.1 120.6 119.4 118.7 119.3 118.2 114.8 113.1 108.6 105.3 132.0 127.3 122.0 121.6 123.0 121.5 119.7 114.6 108.5 107.1 153.3 144.6 138.5 141.4 137.8 130.4 127.5 129.0 128.3 127.5 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 109.8 109.2 100.0 101.0 107.6 106.8 105.2 106.0 109.0 109.4 110.8 109.6 100.0 99.2 103.3 106.0 108.5 112.7 117.9 118.4 100.5 100.8 100.0 101.8 104.9 105.5 104.3 103.4 106.7 107.6 110.1 101.7 100.0 95.2 93.6 93.5 92.2 90.7 91.5 93.0 103.7 98.8 100.0 101.7 107.1 109.8 116.6 112.4 110.0 107.6 110.8 105.9 100.0 97.6 95.0 91.8 90.3 88.6 87.7 88.0 106.3 103.1 100.0 96.3 96.0 95.6 96.4 95.9 95.6 95.7 108.0 103.4 100.0 95.8 91.1 89.0 90.1 91.4 96.1 96.8 105.3 103.1 100.0 95.6 92.0 90.8 91.7 92.2 93.7 94.5 105.5 104.2 100.0 94.7 93.5 94.0 94.8 92.0 88.3 82.8 105.9 103.2 100.0 99.1 101.5 101.9 101.5 102.0 103.6 101.6 117.3 105.3 100.0 95.1 94.2 93.5 91.5 91.0 92.6 93.3 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 107.0 102.7 102.0 103.5 105.8 112.2 103.7 100.3 102.9 105.6 107.7 108.8 106.9 102.3 100.1 94.3 91.9 88.4 82.3 NA 106.6 104.5 103.5 98.8 99.7 88.1 86.8 84.1 79.5 77.4 96.9 97.0 96.0 87.3 83.4 95.0 91.8 87.8 81.7 83.0 96.3 95.8 94.9 91.0 88.0 80.2 77.9 77.3 77.0 80.0 99.4 93.1 85.4 81.4 85.7 92.0 83.9 79.5 77.1 77.1 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1995. Table 5. Employment in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1994 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy 1950 81.4 73.5 NA NA 90.2 95.5 77.2 65.1 1955 89.8 80.5 53.6 NA 92.7 95.1 98.1 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 89.3 86.9 89.6 90.2 91.5 95.8 101.7 103.0 104.6 106.7 80.1 79.4 81.8 83.8 87.7 92.2 96.6 97.4 96.6 98.6 70.3 75.6 79.7 82.9 85.4 86.6 89.1 94.3 97.5 100.4 124.3 128.4 131.4 132.6 136.4 136.3 136.1 131.9 129.7 134.1 111.3 114.4 117.2 116.8 119.7 121.8 120.6 114.9 116.0 119.1 98.1 98.9 99.8 102.0 103.9 102.9 103.4 103.0 101.2 104.2 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 102.6 98.6 101.3 106.6 106.2 97.1 100.7 104.5 108.8 111.7 96.3 96.2 99.2 103.7 105.8 103.4 103.9 101.7 105.0 108.7 102.8 103.3 103.3 107.7 106.6 100.7 100.2 99.2 97.8 97.6 137.7 137.8 136.0 137.8 139.3 130.8 125.5 120.5 115.4 112.3 119.6 114.7 117.7 119.3 115.0 105.3 105.9 105.3 104.8 105.6 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 107.8 107.2 100.0 98.3 103.1 102.4 100.9 101.1 102.9 103.4 108.4 108.4 100.0 98.0 100.9 103.6 106.1 109.3 114.1 115.4 99.5 100.5 100.0 101.6 103.7 104.6 104.0 102.7 104.9 107.0 109.9 103.9 100.0 97.6 96.5 95.1 93.7 91.4 90.7 92.6 1990 1991 1992 101.9 98.3 96.6 109.4 101.7 98.1 108.6 112.1 113.5 92.9 92.0 88.6 Netherlands United Kingdom Norway Sweden 106.5 93.3 99.7 126.6 70.3 116.2 97.9 106.0 136.1 111.0 114.3 114.8 114.0 114.0 116.0 114.8 108.6 109.4 114.0 81.7 84.3 86.9 89.7 90.0 87.9 87.4 90.2 91.4 94.5 125.1 128.2 131.5 132.8 134.9 136.1 135.7 132.3 132.0 134.2 95.6 97.7 98.8 100.0 100.8 102.4 103.9 104.5 103.3 103.8 112.6 115.4 116.2 116.3 117.9 118.3 116.8 113.0 111.1 113.0 141.7 143.7 142.3 140.1 142.2 144.1 144.5 140.0 138.7 140.6 106.9 108.2 109.5 111.8 113.0 110.2 109.6 109.1 107.8 106.2 116.7 115.9 113.8 114.5 111.8 104.9 102.6 103.0 102.7 103.9 97.6 100.2 98.3 101.2 104.9 104.0 105.1 107.1 105.8 107.4 134.1 131.7 127.1 124.9 124.1 119.9 115.3 112.2 109.5 108.3 106.1 106.7 107.2 107.2 109.2 108.6 108.3 108.4 106.5 105.1 114.9 111.0 109.3 110.9 113.3 114.2 113.8 109.9 106.8 107.0 140.3 135.6 131.2 132.1 133.0 126.3 122.4 123.1 122.9 122.6 103.9 100.2 100.0 100.4 106.0 112.4 116.6 115.1 112.6 111.5 104.9 101.6 100.0 98.0 95.2 92.6 90.9 88.7 87.4 87.9 104.9 103.0 100.0 96.7 96.2 97.4 99.0 99.0 98.8 100.3 107.8 103.2 100.0 95.8 91.1 89.8 88.7 88.4 89.8 90.5 106.9 104.2 100.0 95.5 93.2 94.4 95.7 96.8 97.6 99.0 104.8 103.3 100.0 94.4 93.3 94.1 95.1 94.6 90.1 84.0 106.9 103.7 100.0 97.9 98.4 99.6 99.6 98.9 100.7 99.0 116.7 106.4 100.0 94.9 93.2 92.5 90.7 89.5 90.6 91.5 111.7 109.2 107.9 88.5 87.0 84.1 103.0 104.5 102.7 91.0 89.0 85.2 101.0 100.7 99.9 81.4 78.8 77.3 95.7 89.8 81.7 90.9 84.4 80.0 1993 1994 NA: 96.7 97.8 98.7 100.6 111.2 108.8 83.8 NA 103.8 104.8 80.2 78.1 96.6 91.7 80.9 80.0 95.8 92.6 76.8 79.6 75.7 76.5 77.9 77.4 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1995. Table 6. Average annual hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1994 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1950 107.4 111.6 NA NA 135.1 122.3 137.1 113.6 123.7 131.2 135.8 117.3 1955 107.5 107.5 111.8 NA 132.6 120.9 137.2 116.5 124.0 131.5 134.8 118.8 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 105.3 105.5 106.5 106.8 107.5 108.6 109.0 107.0 106.8 106.0 106.8 106.2 107.4 107.8 108.3 108.3 107.5 107.0 107.2 106.7 116.3 114.5 112.2 111.3 110.7 108.9 109.4 109.5 109.2 107.7 125.6 125.3 125.6 125.5 125.1 123.0 122.0 120.5 120.5 119.3 125.9 122.2 123.1 121.2 122.2 122.0 119.8 118.4 115.7 114.3 120.7 121.1 120.7 120.7 119.9 118.8 119.3 118.0 114.8 117.4 123.6 121.4 118.4 116.6 116.8 116.2 114.7 111.6 112.9 113.0 117.7 116.5 112.8 113.4 113.4 109.6 110.8 112.4 112.4 111.6 125.3 120.1 119.2 118.9 117.8 117.4 116.7 116.2 114.2 112.6 126.4 124.5 124.1 123.5 124.3 121.4 121.7 120.6 117.7 115.0 127.6 126.5 125.5 124.1 122.8 121.8 121.7 119.7 117.2 115.2 116.3 114.8 113.6 113.5 114.4 112.8 110.9 110.0 110.9 110.9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 103.8 104.1 105.8 105.7 103.7 102.2 103.3 103.7 103.7 103.1 106.0 105.4 105.4 104.9 104.2 103.1 102.9 103.2 103.5 102.7 106.6 104.9 104.3 103.5 99.2 96.9 99.8 100.0 100.4 101.0 116.2 114.4 111.8 109.1 106.3 100.6 102.4 102.0 101.7 101.8 110.7 110.3 107.9 102.1 104.1 100.8 101.3 100.4 99.2 99.1 115.9 115.0 113.8 112.1 110.6 107.3 107.7 106.7 105.8 105.6 112.3 109.9 108.8 108.0 105.8 103.2 106.0 104.3 103.0 102.5 109.6 106.6 105.8 107.1 103.3 101.5 101.5 101.0 100.8 100.0 110.5 109.5 107.9 105.8 102.5 100.6 100.5 100.0 99.0 97.9 114.1 113.0 111.4 110.8 109.3 108.8 106.0 104.3 101.9 100.2 115.0 114.7 111.6 109.7 108.5 106.4 105.1 104.3 101.6 100.1 109.2 106.6 105.6 107.1 103.6 103.2 104.1 104.8 104.4 104.0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 101.8 101.9 100.0 102.7 104.3 102.3 101.1 100.0 101.3 102.4 101.0 100.3 100.0 100.1 101.1 100.2 97.9 100.0 97.5 96.9 99.8 98.6 100.0 101.4 101.1 105.6 104.3 100.0 99.6 99.8 101.3 100.1 100.0 99.7 99.7 100.3 100.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.5 99.0 100.0 100.1 98.7 100.7 100.8 100.0 100.4 100.2 99.0 99.5 100.0 101.2 103.1 100.5 99.0 100.0 100.3 101.1 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 104.3 104.2 104.8 105.9 105.9 102.4 102.3 103.1 103.3 102.6 100.8 100.2 100.6 101.7 100.6 98.3 98.4 99.3 100.9 100.4 97.7 100.0 97.7 97.7 96.5 99.2 99.3 99.9 100.3 100.1 98.2 97.4 96.8 96.7 95.4 99.1 101.6 103.5 107.1 106.9 96.2 95.8 95.3 96.0 95.4 99.8 99.7 97.2 98.1 98.6 102.3 101.8 103.2 102.9 102.6 101.1 100.9 101.6 102.2 102.0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 105.1 104.4 105.7 107.0 108.2 102.5 102.0 102.2 104.3 104.9 99.2 97.1 94.2 92.0 92.0 101.6 99.8 99.8 98.2 NA 95.4 95.6 96.0 95.2 95.2 99.6 99.8 100.0 99.1 99.1 94.1 92.8 93.5 90.3 90.9 104.3 103.1 103.0 101.0 103.8 95.4 95.2 95.0 95.0 95.0 98.4 98.9 100.0 100.3 100.6 103.8 103.7 104.5 107.5 112.0 101.3 99.4 99.4 98.9 99.5 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1995. Table 7. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1994 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France* Germany Netherlands Norway Sweden* United Kingdom* 1950 NA 9.0 NA NA 4.2 2.9 5.6 2.1 4.4 4.6 4.2 3.7 1955 NA 12.7 4.8 NA 5.7 5.0 8.3 3.0 6.4 7.0 6.7 5.4 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 16.4 16.9 17.4 18.1 18.9 19.9 21.5 22.8 24.6 26.6 6.6 7.6 8.7 9.7 11.0 12.3 13.6 15.2 17.7 21.0 9.1 9.7 10.4 11.5 13.0 14.4 15.9 17.4 18.6 20.3 7.7 8.7 9.5 10.3 11.2 12.4 14.1 15.8 17.4 19.5 7.6 8.4 9.3 10.1 11.0 11.9 12.6 13.6 15.4 16.4 13.5 15.1 17.1 18.3 19.8 21.8 23.6 24.9 26.8 29.3 3.9 4.4 5.1 6.1 6.5 6.9 7.4 8.2 8.7 9.6 9.1 10.4 11.1 12.2 14.1 15.9 17.8 19.7 21.9 24.8 9.9 10.8 11.8 12.6 13.5 14.9 16.3 18.2 20.1 22.1 9.3 10.2 11.4 12.6 13.7 15.1 16.6 18.4 20.0 21.7 7.1 7.6 8.0 8.4 9.0 9.8 10.6 10.9 11.7 12.8 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 28.7 30.9 33.2 35.9 41.3 47.3 54.1 25.0 28.9 33.3 40.7 53.3 62.1 66.9 23.2 26.5 30.6 35.5 43.2 52.4 59.4 22.3 25.6 28.4 34.5 41.7 49.7 55.5 18.5 20.7 22.9 26.2 31.1 37.9 43.5 34.5 38.6 42.7 48.2 54.9 60.4 65.2 11.6 13.4 15.0 17.7 23.1 29.2 36.2 28.5 32.6 37.3 44.5 53.0 60.5 67.8 24.6 28.1 31.3 35.3 41.4 49.6 57.3 24.4 27.4 30.6 34.3 40.3 49.4 57.8 14.7 17.1 19.9 22.6 27.1 36.2 42.0 Italy 1977 1978 1979 62.8 67.9 74.4 59.9 64.4 71.0 73.8 78.7 83.7 66.3 71.5 77.9 61.4 67.6 75.6 49.5 55.7 63.1 71.2 76.7 82.3 42.9 49.4 59.8 73.6 79.7 85.6 64.2 70.9 74.7 63.2 70.4 76.0 47.3 55.0 65.1 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 83.3 91.5 100.0 102.7 106.0 111.3 115.8 118.4 123.1 127.9 78.6 90.4 100.0 106.1 111.1 116.8 121.3 125.0 130.5 135.4 89.0 95.3 100.0 102.7 105.8 110.1 115.8 118.6 120.6 128.2 86.3 95.9 100.0 106.0 114.8 122.0 127.0 130.0 132.7 139.7 83.4 91.9 100.0 106.9 113.0 120.6 123.1 134.6 139.4 147.3 72.7 84.2 100.0 110.3 119.6 129.6 135.1 140.0 145.4 153.2 89.2 94.9 100.0 105.0 110.0 116.3 121.2 126.9 131.8 138.2 70.2 84.8 100.0 117.0 134.3 150.9 157.1 166.0 172.5 189.5 90.2 93.9 100.0 104.4 108.4 114.1 118.6 122.4 122.0 123.1 81.2 90.3 100.0 110.3 120.9 132.2 145.0 165.6 175.7 183.9 84.5 93.2 100.0 110.2 119.6 131.8 142.4 151.9 161.8 179.0 78.9 91.0 100.0 106.8 114.6 125.1 135.4 149.8 159.4 174.7 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 134.7 141.9 147.9 152.0 154.5 143.0 152.3 158.2 158.7 163.5 138.3 146.2 152.4 159.3 162.3 147.5 156.8 164.9 171.2 NA 156.5 162.6 169.1 175.7 181.0 161.3 169.1 174.9 181.5 186.2 147.9 157.8 166.2 178.5 185.8 210.8 233.1 250.4 267.1 270.0 126.4 132.3 139.2 145.6 147.7 194.7 205.6 210.9 212.9 218.7 197.5 215.1 225.0 221.6 232.8 180.6 199.4 219.6 235.6 245.0 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1995. Table 8. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1994 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France* Germany Netherlands Norway Sweden* United Kingdom* 1950 NA 10.1 NA NA 5.0 5.4 3.2 4.5 3.1 4.2 5.1 6.0 1955 NA 15.9 3.3 NA 6.9 9.5 4.8 6.5 4.5 6.3 8.1 8.5 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 20.9 20.6 20.1 20.7 21.6 22.8 24.7 26.1 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.7 7.5 8.5 9.3 10.5 8.4 8.9 9.6 10.5 11.9 13.3 14.6 16.0 9.3 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5 14.9 17.0 18.9 10.2 11.3 12.5 13.6 14.8 16.0 16.9 18.2 7.9 9.1 10.4 11.1 12.1 13.2 14.3 15.2 8.6 9.5 11.2 13.2 14.1 15.1 16.0 17.7 6.4 7.6 8.2 9.1 10.5 11.8 13.1 14.6 8.9 9.7 10.7 11.4 12.2 13.5 14.7 16.4 11.3 12.4 13.9 15.2 16.7 18.4 20.2 22.4 11.5 12.3 12.9 13.4 14.3 15.7 16.9 17.2 Italy 1968 1969 NA NA 28.2 30.4 12.2 14.6 17.0 18.6 19.4 21.7 20.5 20.9 16.3 18.1 18.9 20.6 16.2 18.3 18.1 20.0 24.3 26.4 16.0 17.5 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 62.8 67.9 74.4 33.9 37.7 41.3 44.3 52.2 57.3 67.7 69.5 69.8 74.8 17.4 20.7 27.3 37.4 45.6 52.1 56.2 68.6 94.0 95.5 21.3 25.0 31.8 41.8 50.9 65.4 70.5 84.7 104.2 121.6 24.8 28.9 34.1 47.7 57.2 72.3 76.6 85.3 102.5 119.9 22.0 24.7 29.8 38.8 42.4 58.3 59.9 66.2 81.5 97.6 22.9 27.0 32.5 44.2 51.6 59.7 62.9 74.5 92.8 109.1 25.1 29.4 34.9 41.2 48.1 60.5 59.0 65.7 78.8 97.4 21.1 25.0 31.0 42.7 52.7 64.1 68.5 80.1 98.5 114.0 22.2 25.8 30.7 39.7 48.5 61.4 67.7 77.9 87.3 95.2 29.5 33.7 40.4 49.4 57.1 75.0 83.4 88.9 98.0 111.3 20.2 23.8 28.5 31.7 36.3 46.0 43.3 47.2 60.4 79.1 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 83.3 91.5 100.0 102.7 106.0 111.3 115.8 118.4 123.1 127.9 83.0 93.1 100.0 106.2 105.9 105.6 107.8 116.3 130.9 141.2 98.3 107.6 100.0 107.7 111.0 115.0 171.2 204.2 234.4 231.2 135.4 118.5 100.0 94.9 91.0 94.2 130.2 159.3 165.1 162.2 123.7 107.4 100.0 97.5 91.0 95.0 126.9 164.1 172.6 167.9 113.4 101.8 100.0 95.2 90.1 95.0 128.3 153.3 160.5 158.0 119.3 102.2 100.0 99.9 93.9 96.0 135.6 171.4 182.1 178.4 111.1 100.9 100.0 104.3 103.5 107.0 142.7 173.3 179.3 187.0 121.4 100.8 100.0 97.8 90.3 91.9 129.4 161.4 164.8 155.0 106.2 101.6 100.0 97.5 95.7 99.3 126.5 158.7 173.9 171.8 125.5 115.6 100.0 90.2 90.9 96.3 125.6 150.4 165.7 174.3 105.0 105.4 100.0 92.6 87.6 92.9 113.7 140.5 162.4 163.7 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 134.7 141.9 147.9 152.0 154.5 151.3 164.0 161.6 151.9 147.7 237.5 270.6 299.4 357.1 395.5 202.0 209.9 234.8 226.6 NA 211.0 211.9 233.7 226.0 237.6 194.8 197.1 217.4 210.8 220.9 222.2 230.7 258.4 261.9 278.2 238.1 254.3 275.1 229.8 226.9 185.4 188.8 211.5 209.3 216.9 201.0 204.5 219.1 193.6 200.1 209.5 223.3 242.7 178.6 189.6 184.3 201.6 221.9 202.4 214.7 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1995. Table 9. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1994 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1950 NA 25.3 NA NA 17.0 16.0 33.3 12.5 25.7 14.8 16.4 9.1 1955 NA 29.2 41.4 NA 21.3 22.3 33.2 12.8 30.0 19.4 23.8 12.1 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 31.9 31.0 29.9 30.0 29.9 30.1 31.8 33.1 33.3 34.1 35.5 36.4 39.7 41.0 40.6 43.9 44.1 43.7 45.4 47.0 34.9 36.5 37.3 39.7 42.1 44.5 46.0 47.5 46.8 46.9 23.8 25.3 26.3 27.7 27.7 29.3 31.7 33.2 33.5 36.2 25.7 26.6 27.7 28.6 28.8 29.2 28.6 28.9 29.7 29.7 36.4 38.8 41.1 42.0 42.0 43.4 45.3 45.0 44.7 45.6 13.4 13.8 14.6 16.9 17.8 17.2 16.8 17.7 17.5 18.5 33.3 36.1 37.4 39.8 42.4 44.7 47.1 48.7 48.5 50.3 21.3 22.5 24.7 25.0 25.3 26.4 27.7 29.8 31.0 31.2 25.8 26.9 27.9 29.1 29.2 30.0 31.5 32.2 32.0 32.3 14.2 15.2 15.6 15.5 15.5 16.5 17.2 17.0 17.0 18.1 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 65.3 70.5 78.4 37.3 37.5 38.4 39.1 44.3 52.4 56.1 58.8 62.6 68.4 49.7 54.2 56.2 63.2 80.9 90.4 90.8 95.7 96.7 95.4 48.4 52.2 54.1 56.8 65.5 76.4 78.6 83.6 85.0 87.8 39.0 42.0 43.0 47.4 55.5 60.2 64.8 70.3 76.4 81.4 31.5 33.4 35.2 37.7 43.8 51.7 55.8 59.9 64.6 69.9 51.9 56.0 58.3 61.9 68.1 71.9 72.3 76.7 79.8 82.1 21.1 23.9 24.8 27.2 33.4 43.5 47.4 54.9 59.5 65.6 52.5 56.9 59.8 64.3 70.6 82.5 83.0 86.5 87.8 89.9 33.7 37.1 39.0 41.4 46.4 56.3 63.0 71.1 77.1 76.6 35.4 38.1 40.5 42.2 47.7 57.6 66.3 73.6 79.9 79.9 20.4 22.6 24.7 26.3 31.0 42.1 46.8 52.4 60.3 71.1 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 89.7 95.1 100.0 100.5 102.4 104.2 105.8 101.6 103.2 106.7 78.7 86.3 100.0 98.9 95.5 97.6 102.9 105.0 109.2 112.8 97.8 100.4 100.0 100.2 98.1 95.8 102.4 96.8 93.1 92.4 99.4 102.0 100.0 95.0 97.7 102.0 104.7 105.1 103.1 103.9 85.1 92.2 100.0 101.9 108.3 114.9 124.5 136.8 136.5 139.5 80.1 90.1 100.0 107.9 115.2 120.2 123.2 125.5 121.8 122.2 90.6 94.4 100.0 99.7 101.0 102.6 106.2 112.6 113.0 114.6 73.5 86.8 100.0 111.2 116.1 123.4 127.1 130.5 132.6 141.4 93.8 95.6 100.0 96.8 91.5 92.5 94.6 97.0 94.6 92.1 84.3 93.5 100.0 105.2 107.8 114.2 126.4 137.5 147.1 154.0 87.5 97.2 100.0 103.2 107.0 115.8 123.1 129.0 136.4 146.1 86.7 95.8 100.0 99.5 101.9 107.5 112.3 118.0 119.4 126.2 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 110.4 113.7 116.0 115.1 112.5 117.2 123.9 123.6 121.2 120.1 92.7 93.2 97.3 99.8 98.8 110.0 113.5 114.8 114.5 NA 148.3 151.2 154.3 158.0 151.4 126.4 133.0 133.4 137.2 130.8 117.8 121.3 129.4 136.8 132.7 151.3 162.1 165.8 169.0 164.9 93.3 96.7 101.4 104.0 98.3 156.5 166.1 163.7 161.8 164.5 159.2 173.4 172.3 159.3 159.2 128.9 137.2 144.2 148.0 147.8 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1995. Table 10. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1994 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1950 NA 28.5 NA NA 20.6 30.2 19.3 27.0 18.1 13.4 20.0 14.6 1955 NA 36.6 28.7 NA 25.8 41.9 19.2 27.7 21.0 17.5 28.9 19.3 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 40.6 37.8 34.6 34.3 34.2 34.4 36.5 37.9 38.1 39.1 24.6 25.1 27.4 28.2 28.0 30.2 30.3 30.0 31.4 32.6 32.0 33.5 34.3 36.4 38.8 41.0 42.2 43.8 42.9 42.8 28.8 30.5 31.8 33.5 33.4 35.4 38.3 39.7 37.3 40.1 34.4 35.7 37.1 38.4 38.7 39.2 38.2 38.7 39.4 37.7 21.2 23.5 25.0 25.6 25.6 26.4 27.5 27.4 27.2 28.2 29.3 30.0 31.9 36.8 38.7 37.2 36.4 38.3 37.9 39.9 23.6 26.6 27.7 29.5 31.4 33.1 34.7 36.1 35.8 37.1 19.3 20.3 22.3 22.6 22.8 23.8 25.0 26.9 28.0 28.2 31.4 32.8 34.0 35.3 35.7 36.6 38.3 39.2 38.9 39.2 22.8 24.4 25.1 24.8 24.8 26.3 27.6 26.7 23.3 24.8 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 65.3 70.5 78.4 44.1 45.8 47.9 48.2 55.9 63.6 70.2 68.3 67.8 72.1 34.6 38.8 46.2 58.1 69.1 75.9 76.3 89.0 115.6 108.9 44.6 49.3 56.3 67.0 77.2 95.3 93.3 106.9 123.8 137.0 43.4 47.3 51.6 65.7 76.2 87.6 89.5 97.8 115.7 129.1 37.5 39.9 46.0 55.9 59.7 79.4 76.9 80.2 94.4 108.1 34.6 39.1 44.4 56.8 64.0 71.1 69.8 80.2 96.6 108.7 45.7 52.4 57.6 63.2 69.5 90.2 77.4 84.2 94.9 106.9 38.8 43.6 49.8 61.8 70.3 87.4 84.0 94.2 108.6 119.8 30.4 34.0 38.2 46.5 54.3 69.7 74.6 86.3 95.0 97.6 42.9 46.9 53.5 61.0 67.6 87.3 95.7 103.6 111.1 117.1 28.0 31.5 35.3 36.8 41.5 53.5 48.4 52.3 66.2 86.4 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 89.7 95.1 100.0 100.5 102.4 104.2 105.8 101.6 103.2 106.7 83.1 88.9 100.0 99.0 91.0 88.2 91.4 97.8 109.5 117.6 107.9 113.3 100.0 105.0 102.9 100.1 151.5 166.8 180.9 166.7 155.8 126.2 100.0 85.0 77.5 78.7 107.3 128.8 128.4 120.7 126.2 107.8 100.0 92.9 87.3 90.4 128.3 166.7 169.0 159.0 124.9 109.0 100.0 93.1 86.7 88.0 117.0 137.3 134.5 126.0 121.1 101.7 100.0 94.8 86.2 84.7 118.8 152.1 156.1 148.0 116.3 103.2 100.0 99.1 89.5 87.5 115.4 136.3 137.9 139.5 126.3 102.7 100.0 90.6 76.2 74.5 103.3 127.9 127.8 115.9 110.2 105.1 100.0 93.1 85.3 85.8 110.3 131.7 145.5 143.8 130.0 120.5 100.0 84.5 81.3 84.6 108.5 127.7 139.7 142.2 115.4 110.9 100.0 86.3 77.9 79.8 94.3 110.7 121.6 118.3 1990 1991 110.4 113.7 124.0 133.5 159.3 172.5 150.6 152.0 200.0 197.1 152.7 155.0 176.9 177.3 170.9 176.8 136.9 138.0 161.5 165.2 168.9 180.1 131.6 138.7 1992 1993 1994 NA: 116.0 115.1 112.5 126.2 116.0 108.5 191.2 223.8 240.8 163.5 151.6 NA 213.3 203.3 198.8 165.8 159.3 155.1 201.2 200.8 198.7 182.1 145.4 138.5 154.0 149.5 144.4 170.1 147.2 150.6 185.8 128.4 129.6 145.7 127.1 129.6 Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1995. Table 11. Exchange rates, 12 countries, 1950-1994 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar) (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1950 100.0 112.9 69.2 NA 120.9 188.0 57.9 216.8 70.1 90.5 121.5 160.2 1955 100.0 125.2 69.2 NA 120.8 187.9 57.7 216.6 70.1 90.4 121.5 159.7 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 127.3 121.9 115.5 114.4 114.4 114.5 114.6 114.4 114.6 114.6 69.2 69.0 69.0 68.9 68.8 68.9 68.7 68.8 69.1 69.5 91.8 91.8 92.0 91.8 92.0 92.2 91.9 92.1 91.7 91.3 121.0 120.8 120.9 120.9 120.7 120.7 120.8 119.5 111.5 111.0 134.1 134.1 134.3 134.2 134.2 134.2 133.9 133.7 132.8 127.0 58.2 60.5 60.7 60.9 61.1 60.8 60.7 60.9 60.8 61.9 218.0 218.0 218.1 217.8 216.8 216.7 216.8 216.9 217.2 215.8 70.8 73.6 74.2 74.2 74.1 74.2 73.8 74.2 73.8 73.7 90.5 90.4 90.5 90.3 90.2 90.3 90.3 90.3 90.4 90.4 121.6 121.6 121.9 121.1 122.0 121.8 121.6 121.7 121.6 121.5 160.6 160.3 160.6 160.2 159.7 159.9 159.8 157.3 136.9 136.7 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 118.3 122.2 124.6 123.4 126.2 121.3 125.2 116.2 108.3 105.4 69.5 71.7 82.2 91.9 85.4 83.9 84.0 93.0 119.5 114.2 92.2 94.3 104.0 117.9 117.7 124.8 118.7 127.8 145.6 156.1 111.3 112.7 120.0 138.5 137.2 145.5 138.1 139.0 151.5 158.6 119.0 119.4 130.4 148.3 136.2 153.7 137.8 133.9 146.2 154.6 66.6 69.8 76.2 91.7 94.0 98.9 96.5 104.6 121.1 132.5 215.9 219.0 232.0 232.8 208.1 207.5 163.1 153.4 159.5 162.9 73.9 76.5 83.2 96.1 99.6 105.9 101.1 108.9 123.7 133.2 90.3 91.7 98.0 112.4 117.0 123.8 118.3 121.3 123.2 127.5 121.2 123.1 132.1 144.3 141.8 151.7 144.3 140.6 139.1 146.6 137.1 139.8 143.1 140.2 133.9 127.1 103.2 99.8 109.7 121.4 1980 1981 1982 1983 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.6 103.0 100.0 100.2 110.4 112.9 100.0 104.8 156.8 123.6 100.0 89.5 148.2 116.9 100.0 91.2 155.9 121.0 100.0 86.3 133.8 107.7 100.0 95.1 158.3 118.9 100.0 89.1 134.6 107.4 100.0 93.6 130.8 112.4 100.0 88.4 148.6 124.0 100.0 81.9 133.1 115.8 100.0 86.7 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 95.3 90.4 88.8 93.1 100.3 104.2 104.9 104.4 147.9 172.2 194.3 180.4 79.3 77.2 102.5 122.5 124.5 116.2 80.6 78.7 103.1 121.9 123.8 114.0 75.3 73.3 95.0 109.4 110.4 103.1 85.3 82.5 111.9 135.0 138.2 129.1 77.1 70.9 90.8 104.4 104.0 98.7 83.3 80.5 109.1 131.9 135.1 125.9 79.1 75.1 87.3 95.8 99.0 93.4 76.0 73.0 88.2 99.0 102.4 97.3 76.5 74.2 84.0 93.8 101.9 93.7 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.8 107.7 102.1 95.7 90.3 171.8 185.1 196.5 224.2 243.7 137.0 133.9 142.4 132.4 137.0 134.8 130.3 138.2 128.6 131.3 120.8 116.5 124.3 116.1 118.6 150.2 146.2 155.5 146.8 149.7 113.0 109.1 109.9 86.0 84.0 146.7 142.7 151.9 143.8 146.9 103.2 99.5 103.9 90.9 91.5 106.1 103.8 107.9 80.6 81.4 102.1 101.1 101.0 85.9 87.6 NA: Not Available Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1995. Table 12. Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1994 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France* Germany Netherlands Norway Sweden* United Kingdom* 1950 NA 10.0 NA NA 5.6 3.5 7.7 2.4 5.5 6.0 5.7 4.4 1955 NA 13.7 5.3 NA 7.6 6.1 11.4 3.5 8.0 9.2 9.0 6.4 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 17.6 17.9 18.7 19.5 20.4 21.6 23.1 24.4 26.4 28.4 7.6 8.8 9.8 10.9 12.1 13.4 14.9 16.7 19.4 22.6 11.5 12.1 13.0 14.4 16.2 17.7 19.4 20.9 22.4 24.3 9.7 10.6 11.7 12.5 13.6 15.1 16.9 18.7 20.1 22.3 9.2 10.2 11.2 12.2 13.2 14.2 15.1 16.1 17.7 19.3 16.7 18.4 20.3 21.3 23.1 25.3 27.1 27.8 30.2 33.1 4.6 5.1 5.8 6.9 7.3 7.6 8.2 9.2 9.8 10.7 11.4 12.5 13.2 14.5 16.6 18.6 20.7 22.9 25.0 28.0 12.5 13.4 14.7 15.6 16.8 18.1 19.8 21.9 23.6 25.4 11.9 12.9 14.3 15.6 16.8 18.4 20.2 22.0 23.4 25.0 8.3 8.8 9.1 9.5 10.2 11.1 11.7 12.0 13.0 14.2 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 65.1 70.4 30.4 32.5 35.0 37.7 43.1 48.7 55.7 61.8 66.7 26.6 30.3 34.7 42.1 52.9 60.2 66.8 73.8 79.0 26.9 30.3 34.2 38.7 45.9 52.7 60.8 67.6 72.8 24.7 28.3 30.6 35.2 43.4 50.1 56.2 61.6 67.1 21.4 23.8 26.0 29.3 34.4 40.7 46.8 52.8 59.0 38.7 42.4 46.4 52.1 58.1 62.4 69.1 74.3 79.0 12.7 14.3 15.9 18.9 23.9 29.6 36.8 43.3 49.7 31.5 35.7 40.2 47.0 54.3 60.9 68.1 73.6 78.9 28.0 31.8 34.9 39.1 45.3 53.9 60.7 67.0 72.3 28.0 31.4 34.1 37.6 43.7 52.5 60.8 65.9 71.6 16.1 18.2 21.0 24.2 28.1 37.4 43.7 49.6 57.4 Italy 1979 76.7 72.9 84.6 79.3 74.9 66.6 84.4 59.8 83.8 74.8 76.0 67.7 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 84.8 93.2 100.0 105.5 110.5 116.0 120.7 124.1 130.4 135.4 80.4 91.4 100.0 107.4 113.7 119.6 124.1 128.8 134.8 138.9 89.9 95.6 100.0 102.8 107.0 111.0 116.0 119.3 122.7 128.9 86.5 93.9 100.0 103.4 111.3 120.0 125.0 129.0 133.9 140.2 83.3 90.5 100.0 108.4 114.2 117.8 123.1 131.5 136.2 142.2 76.8 87.8 100.0 109.9 119.4 128.5 134.2 140.0 145.8 153.3 90.4 94.9 100.0 104.7 109.8 114.2 118.1 122.9 127.5 131.9 70.3 85.0 100.0 117.0 134.3 149.6 159.7 171.8 184.7 202.6 88.8 92.9 100.0 104.6 107.0 109.8 113.5 116.6 117.1 117.5 81.7 91.1 100.0 110.7 121.2 132.0 144.6 161.1 172.3 181.4 83.6 92.8 100.0 111.5 123.3 134.8 145.1 156.7 166.6 183.7 79.3 90.2 100.0 107.1 115.9 126.6 136.7 152.2 162.8 178.2 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 141.6 148.2 156.3 162.6 167.2 146.5 155.3 161.7 165.6 171.5 137.1 142.1 143.5 146.4 149.3 149.8 156.5 164.6 168.2 NA 149.3 155.5 162.3 167.2 172.3 160.6 168.7 174.9 180.0 184.6 139.1 146.5 155.4 161.2 168.9 219.9 240.4 257.9 269.7 280.2 120.6 125.9 132.2 138.2 140.2 191.7 203.4 211.0 213.5 220.0 205.0 223.0 235.2 238.2 260.8 182.9 198.2 218.4 233.1 243.8 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1995. Table 13. Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1994 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1950 NA 39.4 NA NA 31.9 23.0 15.7 22.4 20.3 31.4 29.7 36.3 1955 NA 49.5 23.2 NA 35.5 31.0 21.3 26.0 25.1 35.1 35.9 39.7 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 58.1 59.1 60.2 61.6 63.0 64.9 67.6 69.3 71.7 74.1 29.5 32.6 34.8 36.2 39.2 41.0 43.0 46.3 51.1 57.6 29.3 30.7 32.5 35.2 38.1 40.7 43.1 45.8 47.7 50.3 43.1 46.5 47.4 48.9 51.0 53.2 56.7 59.1 60.2 65.5 35.0 37.5 39.6 41.1 43.2 45.8 47.2 49.4 53.9 55.3 31.5 34.5 38.0 39.3 41.6 44.2 46.4 48.3 51.2 54.9 29.9 32.2 36.1 39.8 40.0 41.1 42.9 46.3 48.8 52.1 31.3 35.3 36.8 39.3 43.0 46.3 49.1 52.6 56.4 59.6 43.4 46.2 48.1 50.1 50.7 53.7 56.8 60.8 64.7 69.2 41.5 44.6 47.5 51.0 53.8 56.5 58.1 61.8 65.9 69.2 46.5 48.1 48.5 49.7 51.4 53.6 55.8 57.2 58.7 60.4 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 100.0 100.4 98.9 77.4 81.1 83.1 83.7 86.8 89.6 95.3 97.7 96.5 97.5 63.6 69.3 76.0 83.2 88.5 92.3 90.8 92.6 94.8 97.2 55.1 60.5 66.2 71.8 77.6 83.4 86.6 90.3 93.3 97.2 70.1 76.2 79.2 87.9 92.3 100.4 102.8 102.3 102.5 104.5 59.4 62.9 65.4 69.7 72.8 79.3 82.9 86.1 88.8 90.9 62.6 66.7 70.0 74.1 78.9 81.9 84.6 89.4 93.8 97.0 60.3 66.3 70.3 74.9 82.0 88.3 94.1 93.3 95.6 100.0 65.5 69.6 73.8 81.5 88.5 91.8 94.5 96.2 100.0 103.1 69.5 75.0 77.8 81.7 87.6 93.8 99.3 102.1 104.2 104.8 72.6 75.3 79.3 82.0 87.9 98.3 103.9 101.2 104.5 105.6 65.3 68.9 74.9 78.0 80.5 86.8 86.4 83.8 89.6 93.4 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 97.5 97.1 100.0 99.5 98.4 99.8 102.0 100.6 100.4 99.5 97.9 100.2 100.0 100.3 100.6 101.8 101.6 100.2 100.5 99.4 96.0 97.9 100.0 100.8 101.6 103.6 108.2 110.8 111.9 116.3 101.0 104.2 100.0 98.5 100.3 101.6 104.4 105.2 106.1 108.4 102.6 101.2 100.0 100.0 99.4 101.4 99.8 105.0 104.0 104.8 92.2 94.2 100.0 100.7 101.6 103.9 105.4 106.0 107.2 109.0 99.9 99.9 100.0 101.8 104.1 107.9 112.7 117.9 121.1 123.3 96.9 98.7 100.0 101.8 105.6 109.3 107.2 108.3 107.2 110.5 102.0 99.5 100.0 101.6 102.2 105.2 109.1 113.2 112.0 111.6 102.7 100.6 100.0 101.7 105.0 108.6 111.1 116.4 116.1 116.2 103.0 101.5 100.0 99.2 100.1 102.6 106.2 108.6 110.6 115.4 96.1 99.6 100.0 102.2 104.2 107.3 112.3 119.2 120.9 122.9 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 99.5 100.5 101.7 101.5 100.6 100.1 101.0 103.3 101.8 104.7 121.7 124.6 127.7 131.7 133.3 110.6 113.8 116.9 118.1 NA 108.6 110.1 112.1 115.1 116.2 111.2 112.8 114.0 115.9 117.0 128.6 132.5 134.2 138.8 140.3 115.9 120.3 122.6 125.4 122.1 112.0 112.7 114.5 117.3 115.1 118.2 120.7 120.9 119.3 120.9 114.4 114.2 117.1 112.0 115.1 116.1 121.1 128.6 135.8 137.8 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1995. Table 14. Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1994 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1950 NA 43.9 NA NA 43.0 28.2 21.6 25.4 25.1 41.2 40.3 42.6 1955 NA 53.2 25.9 NA 47.1 37.5 29.2 30.3 31.2 46.2 48.3 47.1 1960 NA 62.0 34.3 36.8 54.3 42.3 39.0 35.2 39.2 54.8 53.0 54.1 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 62.7 64.7 66.4 68.2 70.3 72.7 74.2 76.9 79.1 37.3 39.1 40.2 43.4 44.6 47.0 50.7 55.9 62.1 38.5 40.8 44.1 47.7 50.0 52.6 55.1 57.5 60.0 56.8 58.3 59.3 62.3 64.9 67.9 70.0 69.7 74.8 45.4 47.8 49.6 51.8 54.4 56.3 58.4 61.9 64.9 41.9 45.0 45.9 48.6 51.4 53.2 53.8 57.8 62.1 37.5 40.7 45.1 45.4 45.1 47.5 52.0 54.8 58.2 42.4 43.9 46.7 50.6 54.4 57.3 61.1 64.4 67.0 57.5 59.7 61.9 63.0 65.2 69.1 73.3 76.2 79.6 56.4 59.6 63.3 66.0 68.8 70.8 74.0 77.2 79.7 55.3 55.1 56.4 58.8 60.5 61.9 62.9 65.1 67.0 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 103.7 104.2 102.0 82.0 85.4 87.6 87.8 90.5 92.3 98.1 100.9 99.9 100.1 67.9 72.7 79.2 86.1 87.8 89.4 90.6 92.6 95.2 98.2 64.0 69.2 74.1 78.3 82.5 83.9 88.7 92.1 94.9 98.9 77.6 84.0 85.4 89.8 96.1 101.2 104.2 102.8 101.7 103.6 68.9 72.4 74.4 78.1 80.5 85.2 89.3 91.9 94.0 96.0 70.3 73.3 76.2 80.1 83.5 84.5 89.7 93.2 96.6 99.5 66.1 70.6 74.4 80.2 84.7 89.6 95.5 94.3 96.3 100.0 72.4 76.2 79.6 86.2 90.8 92.4 94.9 96.2 99.1 100.9 79.4 84.7 86.7 90.5 95.7 102.1 105.2 106.5 106.3 104.9 83.5 86.3 88.5 89.9 95.3 104.5 109.3 105.6 106.2 105.7 71.3 73.5 79.1 83.5 83.4 89.6 89.9 87.9 93.6 97.1 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 99.3 98.9 100.0 102.2 102.6 104.1 106.3 105.4 106.3 105.3 100.2 101.3 100.0 101.6 103.0 104.2 103.9 103.3 103.9 102.0 96.9 98.2 100.0 101.0 102.7 104.5 108.5 111.4 113.8 117.0 101.3 102.0 100.0 96.0 97.2 99.9 102.8 104.5 107.1 108.8 102.4 99.7 100.0 101.4 100.5 99.0 99.8 102.5 101.6 101.2 97.4 98.2 100.0 100.3 101.4 103.0 104.7 105.9 107.5 109.1 101.2 100.0 100.0 101.4 103.8 105.9 109.8 114.1 117.1 117.7 97.1 98.9 100.0 101.8 105.6 108.3 109.0 112.1 114.8 118.1 100.4 98.4 100.0 101.8 100.9 101.2 104.5 107.8 107.5 106.5 103.4 101.4 100.0 102.1 105.2 108.4 110.8 113.2 113.8 114.6 102.0 101.0 100.0 100.4 103.2 104.9 108.2 112.0 113.8 118.4 96.6 98.6 100.0 102.5 105.4 108.5 113.3 121.1 123.5 125.4 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 104.5 105.0 107.5 108.6 108.9 102.6 103.0 105.6 106.2 109.8 120.7 121.0 120.2 121.1 122.6 112.4 113.6 116.7 116.0 NA 103.5 105.3 107.6 109.5 110.6 110.7 112.6 114.0 114.9 116.0 120.9 123.0 125.5 125.4 127.5 120.9 124.1 126.3 126.7 126.7 106.8 107.3 108.7 111.3 109.3 116.3 119.4 120.9 119.6 121.6 118.8 118.4 122.4 120.3 128.9 117.6 120.4 127.8 134.3 137.1 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to employees (wage and salary earners) in Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, and to all employed persons (employees and self-employed workers) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1995. Table 15. Korea: Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1994 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year Output 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 19.5 23.1 26.4 34.1 40.0 44.0 55.6 64.1 78.3 86.3 84.9 93.5 100.0 115.3 129.7 143.2 171.0 204.5 232.6 242.5 266.0 290.2 304.9 320.2 353.4 Compensation 3.0 3.8 4.8 7.4 10.6 13.6 21.4 28.8 41.8 56.0 69.9 88.6 100.0 122.6 148.5 157.7 186.8 237.7 302.8 336.8 393.0 448.9 476.5 491.5 561.1 Unit Labor Costs National U.S. currency dollar basis basis 15.5 16.5 18.2 21.6 26.4 31.0 38.5 44.9 53.3 64.9 82.4 94.8 100.0 106.3 114.5 110.2 109.2 116.3 130.2 138.9 147.7 154.7 156.3 153.5 158.8 36.6 34.7 33.9 39.6 47.8 46.8 58.2 67.8 80.5 98.0 99.1 101.8 100.0 100.2 103.8 92.6 90.6 103.3 130.1 151.2 152.6 154.2 146.4 139.8 144.5 Exchange rate* 235.4 210.6 186.1 183.5 180.8 151.1 151.1 151.1 151.1 151.1 120.4 107.4 100.0 94.2 90.7 84.0 82.9 88.9 99.9 108.9 103.3 99.7 93.7 91.1 91.0 *Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1995. Table 16. Taiwan: (Indexes: 1982=100) Year Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1994 Output Compensation Unit Labor Costs National U.S. currency dollar basis basis Exchange rate* 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 27.0 32.9 39.7 46.6 44.1 46.0 56.4 63.6 76.8 82.8 91.0 97.9 100.0 111.5 127.7 131.9 151.9 171.8 179.0 185.6 184.8 197.2 203.6 208.7 221.4 8.1 10.3 12.6 17.2 24.5 26.0 33.0 38.8 47.1 57.8 73.4 91.7 100.0 109.3 130.5 140.4 167.7 189.2 202.3 219.0 233.9 253.1 273.2 282.5 306.3 29.9 31.5 31.8 36.9 55.6 56.6 58.5 61.0 61.4 69.8 80.7 93.6 100.0 98.0 102.2 106.5 110.4 110.1 113.0 118.0 126.6 128.3 134.2 135.4 138.4 29.3 30.8 31.1 37.7 57.3 58.2 60.2 62.8 64.9 75.7 87.6 99.4 100.0 95.7 101.0 104.5 114.2 135.8 154.6 174.8 183.9 187.6 208.7 200.5 204.5 97.8 97.8 97.8 102.3 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 105.6 108.5 108.6 106.2 100.0 97.7 98.8 98.2 103.4 123.3 136.9 148.2 145.3 146.2 155.5 148.1 147.8 *Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 1995.