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TEXT Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Output per hour in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993 Output per employed person in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993 Output in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993 Total hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993 Employment in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993 Average annual hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993 Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993 Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993 Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993 Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993 Exchange rates, 12 countries, 1950-1993 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar) Avg. annual compensation in manufacturing, nat. currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993 Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993 Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993 Korea: Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1993 Taiwan: Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1993 Technical information (202) 606-5654 Media contact (202) 606-5902 USDL: 94-403 For Release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Wednesday, August 17, 1994 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY AND UNIT LABOR COST TRENDS, 1993 The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor today reported on 1993 developments in manufacturing productivity (output per hour) and unit labor costs in the United States and other industrial economies. Manufacturing productivity in the United States increased by 4.2 percent in 1993, its largest annual productivity increase since 1987. This rate of growth placed the United States about in the middle of the range exhibited by the 11 countries for which 1993 data are available. Sweden had the largest increase in productivity, at 9 percent, while Japan was the only country in the group to experience a decline in productivity in 1993. (See table A and chart 1.) Unit labor costs decreased 0.6 percent in the United States in 1993. Canada and the Scandinavian countries also had declines in unit labor costs when measured on a national currency basis. When adjusted for changes in foreign currency values relative to the U.S. dollar, however, Canada, Korea, Taiwan, and all the European countries studied had greater reductions in unit labor costs than the United States. Japan was the only economy in which U.S. dollar-based unit labor costs increased in 1993. The increase of nearly 18 percent was primarily the result of a sharp appreciation of the yen. (See table A and chart 2.) The 1993 measures of percent changes in manufacturing productivity, unit labor costs, and related variables for the United States, Canada, Japan, and the eight European countries for which data are available are summarized in table A on page 2. Table A also shows percent changes in unit labor costs for Korea and Taiwan, but comparable productivity figures are not available because adequate labor input measures have not been developed. Table B shows average annual percent changes for selected periods from 1979 for 14 economies, which include Belgium in addition to the 13 economies for which 1993 measures are available. Indexes of the measures for the United States, Canada, Japan, and the European countries are in tables 1-14; output and unit labor cost indexes for Korea and Taiwan are in tables 15 and 16. U.S. indexes for most of the measures are not currently available prior to 1977; see box on page 7. -2Table A. Manufacturing productivity* and labor costs in 13 countries or areas Percent change, 1992-93 Country Output per hour Output 4.2 4.8 0.5 - 0.3 0.8 3.6 - 0.6 - 0.6 --- 2.1 .6 NA NA 5.7 1.2 4.9 - 4.2 5.0 2.8 .6 - 3.2 2.8 - 3.6 NA NA - 4.8 - 4.3 .7 - 1.1 NA NA - 4.1 - 4.0 2.0 - 2.5 NA NA - .8 - .3 .4 2.7 NA NA 2.5 3.6 - 1.6 3.3 1.6 3.0 - 3.0 2.4 - 7.9 17.9 - 1.1 - 1.9 - 9.7 - 4.4 - 6.3 14.1 - 2.7 - 4.8 - 6.9 - 6.6 2.3 6.3 1.2 2.1 9.2 5.2 - 7.4 - 2.1 - 2.5 1.7 1.7 1.7 - - - 3.4 - 2.6 .0 .3 1.6 - .7 7.2 7.3 2.9 1.0 - 1.5 5.4 4.8 .9 1.7 - 1.1 - 9.8 .2 - 1.1 -21.0 - 3.8 -13.4 -32.6 -14.8 - 5.6 -21.7 - 5.4 -12.5 -25.3 -15.0 United States Canada Japan Korea (2) Taiwan (2) Denmark France Germany (3) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom - Hours 9.4 7.9 3.6 .4 6.8 3.3 Hourly Unit labor costs Employ- Average compen- National U.S. Exchange ment hours sation currency dollars rate (1) 6.3 5.4 3.6 .7 8.3 2.6 * Although the productivity measure relates output to the hours of persons employed in manufacturing, it does not measure the specific contributions of labor as a single factor of production. Rather, it reflects the joint effects of many influences, including new technology, capital investment, capacity utilization, energy use, and managerial skills, as well as the skills and efforts of the work force. (1) Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. (2) See technical note. (3) Data relate to the former West Germany. NA=Not Available. Productivity, output, and labor input The U.S. manufacturing labor productivity increase of 4.2 percent in 1993 resulted from output growth of nearly 5 percent coupled with a slight increase, 0.5 percent, in labor input (as measured by hours worked). Of the 11 countries for which data are available, only the United States and Canada recorded increases in both output and hours worked over the year. The other countries that had manufacturing productivity gains -- including Denmark, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, the countries where productivity increases exceeded that of the United States -- did so primarily by reducing labor hours. Like the United States, Canada and Korea had manufacturing output increases of about 5 percent. Five countries -- Japan, France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands -- saw output fall in 1993. The largest decline, 7-1/2 percent, occurred in Germany. The remaining economies experienced output growth of less than 3 percent. Canada, with a nearly 3 percent increase in hours worked, was the only country to record a substantial increase in labor input. Hours fell in Japan and all of the European economies. While hours in Norway declined only slightly, the other countries studied had declines greater than 3 percent. The sharpest decreases occurred in Sweden (7 percent), Italy (8 percent), and Germany (9-1/2 percent). -3****AT THIS POINT, PRINTED NEWS RELEASE CONTAINS CHART 1: PERCENT CHANGE IN MANUFACTURING OUTPUT PER HOUR, 1993 -4Hourly compensation and unit labor costs Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing -- which include wages and salaries, supplements, and employer payments for social security and other employer-financed benefit plans -- rose 3.6 percent in the United States in 1993. Only 3 of the 10 foreign countries for which data are available had larger increases -the United Kingdom, up about 5-1/2 percent, and Germany and Italy, both up more than 7 percent. At the opposite end of the spectrum, hourly compensation costs rose only 1/2 of 1 percent in Canada and 1 percent in Norway. In Sweden, employer social contributions were cut and hourly compensation costs fell 1-1/2 percent. Since U.S. productivity growth exceeded the rise in hourly compensation costs, U.S. unit labor costs fell about 1/2 of 1 percent from 1992 to 1993. Measured on a national currency basis, four other countries also experienced declines in unit labor costs over the year -- Denmark, where unit labor costs fell 3 percent, Sweden, where they fell nearly 10 percent, Canada, and Norway. In general, unit labor cost growth slowed in 1993 relative to 1992. Among the 13 economies studied,1 only France had a higher unit labor cost growth rate in 1993 than in 1992. Unit labor costs in U.S. dollars With the notable exception of Japan, the currencies of all the economies studied depreciated against the U.S. dollar in 1993. While the Japanese yen rose 14 percent relative to the U.S. dollar, the Canadian dollar fell more than 6 percent, and the European currencies depreciated 5-1/2 percent or more between 1992 and 1993. The currencies of Denmark, France, Germany, and the Netherlands depreciated between 5-1/2 and 7 percent, and the other European countries experienced much greater drops in the values of their currencies. The British pound fell 15 percent relative to the dollar, the Italian lira dropped almost 22 percent, and the Swedish krona declined 25 percent. The currencies of Korea and Taiwan depreciated about 2-1/2 percent and 5 percent, respectively. In evaluating competitive changes in unit labor costs, it is important to take into account changes in relative currency values. The strength of the yen caused Japanese unit labor costs, measured on a U.S. dollar basis, to rise nearly 18 percent in 1993. The other economies studied, however, all experienced declines in U.S. dollar-based unit labor costs which exceeded the U.S. drop. Germany, Korea, and Taiwan had unit labor cost declines in the 1 to 2 percent range, only slightly larger than that of the United States, but the eight remaining countries had decreases ranging from about 4 percent in France and the Netherlands to 21 percent in Italy and over 32 percent in Sweden. __________ 1 As noted above, unit labor cost measures are compiled for Korea and Taiwan in addition to the 11 countries for which productivity and hourly compensation measures are computed. -5****AT THIS POINT, PRINTED NEWS RELEASE CONTAINS CHART 2: PERCENT CHANGE IN MANUFACTURING UNIT LABOR COSTS (U.S. DOLLAR BASIS), 1993. -6****AT THIS POINT, THE PRINTED NEWS RELEASE CONTAINS CHART 3: U.S. MANUFACTURING UNIT LABOR COSTS RELATIVE TO 12 COMPETITORS, 19799-93. Trade-weighted unit labor costs The countries covered by the BLS comparative measures differ greatly in their relative importance to U.S. trade in manufactured goods. Therefore, BLS constructs two summary measures: A "competitors" index, which is the trade-weighted geometric average of the unit labor cost indexes for the other economies; and a relative index, which is the ratio of the U.S. index to the "competitors" index. Chart 3 shows U.S. relative unit labor cost indexes on both a national currency and U.S. dollar basis over the 1979-93 period. Because 1993 data are not available for Belgium, it has been excluded from this analysis; however, Belgium accounts for less than 3 percent of the total trade in manufactured goods between the 13 foreign economies and the United States. U.S. relative unit labor costs, expressed on a national currency basis (i.e., unadjusted for exchange rate changes), fell gradually, with only minor interruptions, between 1979 and 1993. The overall decline amounted to 11 percentage points. Adjusted for relative changes in currency exchange rates, however, the pattern was quite different. The U.S. dollar appreciated by 42 percent on a trade-weighted basis between 1979 and 1985, and U.S. relative unit labor costs rose 41 percentage points. The value of the U.S. dollar fell between 1985 and 1988, rose in 1989, continued its decline between 1989 and 1992, and then rebounded in 1993 against all currencies except the Japanese yen. U.S. relative unit labor costs as of 1993, measured on a U.S. dollar basis, were down 56-1/2 percentage points over 1985 and 15-1/2 percentage points over 1979. The U.S. relative unit labor cost index increased 1-1/2 percentage points between 1992 and 1993, measured on a U.S. dollar basis. U.S. unit labor costs fell about 12 percentage points relative to Japan, which has a weight of nearly 26 percent in the index, and rose 7-1/2 percentage points against the tradeweighted average for the other 11 economies. -7Recent exchange rate changes After having fallen toward the end of last year, the currencies of Europe appreciated gradually through the first half of 1994, and in June all stood near their 1993 average levels. July, however, saw stronger rises in the European currencies and, as of July 1994, the currencies of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, and the Netherlands were up 5-7 percent over their 1993 averages. Unlike the European currencies, the currencies of Korea and Taiwan did not fluctuate much in value over the first 7 months of 1994. They remained at nearly the same levels as in 1993. By April, the Canadian dollar was down almost 7 percent relative to its 1993 average, but it has since leveled off. The Japanese yen continued to appreciate sharply -- its value in July was nearly 13 percent above its 1993 average level. Note on the U.S. output measures The historical real manufacturing output data for the United States are the 1987 fixed-price-weighted measures prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce for 1977 through 1991. The 1991-92 and 1992-93 percent changes in manufacturing output are based on the trend shown by the industrial production indexes published by the U.S. Federal Reserve Board. Comparable manufacturing output data currently are not available prior to 1977. The U.S. real output measures normally constructed by the Bureau of Economic Analysis are based on fixed price weights of a single year. Fixed-weighted real output series have several advantages, but, if there are major changes in relative prices over the period covered, the change in real output becomes sensitive to the choice of price weights. This issue is discussed in Robert P. Parker, "Gross Product by Industry, 1977-90," Survey of Current Business, May 1993. The article shows alternative measures of real output growth, using "benchmark-years-weighted quantity index" numbers for total gross domestic product (GDP) and for manufacturing for the years 1977-87. The 1977-87 growth rate for manufacturing output is 2.5 percent; the growth rate based on the 1987 fixed-weighted measure is 1.7 percent. BLS is considering introducing manufacturing output measures based on changing price weights for use in its productivity calculations. Most of the foreign economies link fixed-weighted measures covering various periods, but some also produce annual chain-weighted indexes. The output measures used in this article are fixed weighted, with the following exception: The measures for Norway for 1987-92 are based on relative prices of the preceding year (the 1993 measure is currently based on 1991 prices). -8- Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-93 Average annual rates of change (1) Country or area 1979-93 1979-85 1985-93 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Output per hour United States 2.5 2.0 2.9 0.6 1.8 2.0 3.7 4.2 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 1.7 3.8 NA NA NA 1.5 2.8 2.4 3.9 NA NA 6.1 2.1 3.1 1.2 3.7 NA NA NA 1.0 2.5 0.4 6.9 NA NA 4.8 3.4 5.0 2.1 6.9 NA NA 2.1 -0.1 1.5 1.5 4.8 NA NA 2.2 -0.0 0.2 3.8 -0.6 NA NA 4.3 2.1 2.2 2.1 -0.6 NA NA NA 5.7 1.2 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 1.9 4.1 2.6 2.3 3.2 4.1 2.1 5.0 4.2 2.9 3.0 4.1 1.8 3.4 1.5 1.9 3.4 4.1 3.3 3.1 3.3 5.2 3.2 3.6 4.3 3.9 1.3 2.5 1.7 1.2 3.0 3.2 1.0 0.7 1.2 3.8 -0.8 4.8 0.6 1.8 7.2 4.6 2.3 6.3 1.2 2.1 9.2 5.2 Continued on next page -9Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-93--continued Average annual rates of change (1) Country or area 1979-93 1979-85 1985-93 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Output United States 1.7 0.7 2.4 0.9 -0.4 -2.2 3.1 4.8 Canada Japan 1.2 4.5 1.5 5.8 0.9 3.6 0.9 8.0 -3.3 7.6 -5.8 6.3 0.2 -1.8 4.9 -4.2 Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 9.8 6.9 NA 1.1 0.3 9.1 8.3 2.6 2.9 -0.4 10.3 6.0 NA -0.2 0.9 4.2 3.7 6.4 1.2 5.5 9.7 -0.2 3.6 -1.0 1.9 9.1 6.6 -0.4 -1.2 -1.6 5.1 3.5 0.3 1.2 -0.8 5.0 2.8 NA 0.6 -3.2 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 0.5 2.0 1.6 0.2 1.1 0.4 0.2 1.8 1.6 1.0 2.1 -1.2 0.7 2.2 1.6 -0.3 0.3 1.5 3.4 3.8 4.6 -1.6 1.2 4.5 5.5 2.0 3.3 0.7 -0.7 -0.2 3.6 -0.2 0.5 -2.1 -5.6 -5.3 -1.5 0.2 -0.7 1.8 -0.8 -0.8 -7.4 -2.1 -2.5 1.7 1.7 1.7 Total hours United States -0.8 -1.2 -0.5 0.4 -2.2 -4.1 -0.6 0.5 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France -0.6 0.7 NA NA NA -0.4 -2.4 -0.9 1.8 NA NA -3.3 0.8 -3.4 -0.3 -0.1 NA NA NA -1.2 -1.6 0.5 1.1 NA NA 1.6 -2.2 0.5 -5.3 0.6 NA NA 1.5 -1.0 0.4 -7.2 1.5 NA NA -2.6 -1.1 -1.8 -3.5 -1.2 NA NA -3.8 -0.9 -2.9 2.8 -3.6 NA NA NA -4.8 -4.3 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom -1.4 -2.0 -1.0 -2.1 -2.1 -3.5 -1.8 -3.1 -2.5 -1.9 -0.9 -5.0 -1.1 -1.2 0.1 -2.2 -3.0 -2.4 0.1 0.7 1.3 -6.5 -2.0 0.8 1.1 -1.9 2.0 -1.8 -2.3 -1.4 0.6 -3.3 -0.5 -2.8 -6.7 -8.8 -0.7 -4.4 -1.3 0.0 -7.4 -5.2 -9.4 -7.9 -3.6 -0.4 -6.8 -3.3 Continued on next page -10Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-93--continued Average annual rates of change (1) Country or area 1979-93 1979-85 1985-93 1989 Employment 1990 1991 1992 1993 United States -1.1 -1.4 -0.8 0.4 -1.5 -3.5 -1.7 -0.3 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France -0.7 1.4 NA NA NA -0.1 -1.9 -0.8 1.7 NA NA -2.7 1.0 -2.3 -0.7 1.1 NA NA NA -0.9 -1.6 1.2 2.2 NA NA 2.1 -1.0 0.7 -5.2 2.2 NA NA 0.3 0.2 0.8 -7.1 3.8 NA NA -0.9 -1.4 -1.5 -4.2 1.8 NA NA -3.8 -1.2 -3.1 0.7 -1.1 NA NA NA -4.1 -4.0 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom -0.5 -2.0 -0.8 -2.0 -2.6 -3.2 -1.1 -2.9 -2.1 -1.8 -1.2 -4.6 -0.1 -1.3 0.2 -2.2 -3.6 -2.1 1.4 0.9 1.5 -7.1 -1.6 1.0 2.8 0.5 2.0 -1.8 -3.4 -0.7 1.6 -2.2 -0.3 -3.3 -6.6 -7.1 -1.8 -4.3 -1.1 -1.0 -9.2 -5.2 -6.3 -5.4 -3.6 -0.7 -8.3 -2.6 Average hours United States 0.2 0.2 0.3 -0.1 -0.7 -0.6 1.2 0.8 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.2 -0.7 NA NA NA -0.3 -0.5 -0.1 0.1 NA NA -0.6 -0.3 -1.1 0.3 -1.2 NA NA NA -0.3 -0.0 -0.7 -1.1 NA NA -0.5 -1.2 -0.3 -0.1 -1.6 NA NA 1.2 -1.2 -0.4 -0.1 -2.3 NA NA -1.7 0.3 -0.4 0.7 -3.0 NA NA -0.0 0.3 0.2 2.0 -2.5 NA NA NA -0.8 -0.3 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom -0.9 0.0 -0.3 -0.1 0.5 -0.4 -0.7 -0.1 -0.4 -0.1 0.4 -0.5 -1.0 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.6 -0.3 -1.2 -0.2 -0.2 0.7 -0.3 -0.1 -1.6 -2.4 0.0 -0.1 1.2 -0.8 -1.0 -1.1 -0.2 0.5 -0.1 -1.8 1.1 -0.1 -0.2 1.0 2.0 0.0 -3.4 -2.6 -0.0 0.3 1.6 -0.7 Continued on next page -11Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-93--continued Average annual rates of change (1) Country 1979-93 1979-85 1985-93 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 or area Hourly compensation(3): National currency basis United States 5.3 6.9 4.1 3.9 5.3 5.3 4.2 3.6 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 5.9 4.6 NA NA NA 6.0 7.8 8.7 4.7 NA NA 7.8 8.1 12.8 3.9 4.5 NA NA NA 4.5 4.2 3.8 6.3 NA NA 5.2 5.7 5.4 5.6 7.9 NA NA 5.9 6.2 5.3 5.7 5.8 NA NA 6.4 3.6 4.3 4.4 4.6 NA NA 4.6 3.0 3.4 0.4 2.7 NA NA NA 2.5 3.6 5.6 11.3 3.7 7.7 7.9 9.4 5.9 16.7 4.8 10.0 9.6 11.8 5.4 7.4 2.9 6.0 6.5 7.6 4.8 9.9 0.5 4.4 10.6 13.5 7.1 11.2 2.6 5.6 10.3 3.4 6.6 10.6 4.8 4.7 8.9 11.2 4.7 7.1 5.7 2.8 3.4 8.1 7.2 7.3 2.9 1.0 -1.5 5.4 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom Unit labor costs: National currency basis United States 2.7 4.9 1.1 3.3 3.5 3.3 0.5 -0.6 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 4.1 0.8 7.6 4.9 NA 4.5 4.9 6.1 0.7 8.2 7.1 1.6 5.9 9.4 2.6 0.8 7.1 3.3 NA 3.4 1.6 3.3 -0.5 20.6 4.4 0.4 2.2 0.4 3.4 0.9 9.2 7.0 3.7 6.3 3.7 4.2 0.9 5.5 1.6 4.1 3.7 4.1 0.6 5.2 6.4 4.3 0.4 0.9 1.2 -1.6 3.3 1.6 3.0 NA -3.0 2.4 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 3.6 6.9 1.1 5.2 4.5 5.1 3.8 11.1 0.6 6.9 6.4 7.4 3.5 3.9 1.4 4.0 3.0 3.4 1.4 6.6 -2.7 -0.8 7.2 9.5 2.6 7.0 1.3 3.0 8.5 2.1 3.6 7.1 3.8 3.9 7.6 7.0 5.5 2.2 5.1 1.0 -3.6 3.3 4.8 0.9 1.7 -1.1 -9.8 0.2 Continued on next page -12Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-93--continued Average annual rates of change (1) Country or area 1979-93 1979-85 1985-93 Unit labor costs: 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 U.S. dollar basis United States 2.7 4.9 1.1 3.3 3.5 3.3 0.5 -0.6 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 3.4 5.8 3.8 7.3 NA 2.9 2.8 3.4 -0.8 -1.9 5.3 -9.7 -5.8 -3.4 3.4 10.9 8.2 8.7 NA 10.0 7.7 7.4 -7.7 31.3 13.1 -6.2 -5.9 -6.2 4.9 -3.9 3.6 5.0 22.3 25.8 21.5 6.0 8.7 1.8 2.2 1.7 0.2 0.4 -4.6 11.7 -0.1 10.9 6.8 7.0 7.9 -7.9 17.9 -1.1 -1.9 NA -9.7 -4.4 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 4.4 2.1 1.6 2.7 0.1 2.5 -4.1 -3.3 -7.5 -2.1 -5.2 -1.0 11.2 6.4 9.0 6.5 4.3 5.3 -5.2 1.2 -9.3 -6.4 1.9 0.7 19.4 22.5 18.1 13.9 18.2 11.2 0.8 3.4 1.0 0.1 5.3 6.0 12.2 2.9 11.9 5.5 0.2 3.3 -1.1 -21.0 -3.8 -13.4 -32.6 -14.8 Exchange rates (4) United States 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France -0.7 4.9 -3.5 2.2 -1.2 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 -1.5 -9.3 -1.7 -11.1 -11.0 -11.7 0.7 10.0 1.0 5.3 7.0 6.3 5.9 3.9 -7.2 8.9 8.3 -6.7 -7.9 -6.6 1.5 -4.8 -5.1 -1.9 17.9 18.3 17.1 1.8 7.7 -3.5 0.6 -2.3 -3.3 -3.5 -5.2 6.2 -6.1 6.4 6.4 6.1 6.7 -6.3 14.1 -2.7 -4.8 -7.0 -6.9 -6.6 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 0.7 -4.5 0.5 -2.4 -4.2 -2.4 -7.6 -12.9 -8.0 -8.4 -11.0 -7.9 7.5 2.4 7.5 2.4 1.2 1.8 -6.6 -5.1 -6.8 -5.6 -4.9 -8.0 16.3 14.5 16.5 10.5 9.0 8.9 -2.7 -3.5 -2.7 -3.7 -2.1 -0.9 6.4 0.7 6.4 4.5 3.9 -0.1 -5.6 -21.7 -5.4 -12.5 -25.3 -15.0 (1) Rates of change based on the compound (3) Adjusted to include employment taxes rate method. (2) that are not compensation to employees but are labor costs to employers. Data relate to the former West Germany. NA = Not available. (4) Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. -13- TECHNICAL NOTE The Bureau of Labor Statistics constructs trend indexes of manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour), hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs from three basic aggregative measures---output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures refer to all employed persons, including self-employed persons and unpaid family workers, in the United States and Canada and to all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other economies. Hours refer to hours worked in all countries. (The figures for Canada in this release are the official measures prepared by Statistics Canada.) The historical data have been revised to reflect the most recent series available and may differ from previously published figures. In general, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). However, the measures for France and Italy (beginning 1970) refer to mining and manufacturing less energy-related products; the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966; and the measures for the Netherlands exclude petroleum refining and include coal mining from 1969 to 1976. Output: In general, the output measures are value added in manufacturing (gross product originating) in constant prices from the national accounts of each country. However, output for Japan prior to 1970 and the Netherlands from 1969 to 1977 are indexes of industrial production. The national accounts measures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical to their indexes of industrial production. While methods of deriving national accounts measures differ substantially from country to country, the use of different procedures does not, in itself, connote lack of comparability--rather, it reflects differences among countries in the availability and reliability of underlying data series. Labor Input: The total hours measures are developed from statistics of manufacturing employment and average hours. The series used for France (from 1970 forward), Norway, and Sweden are official series published with the national accounts. Where official total hours series are not available, the measures are developed by BLS using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive employment series, and estimates of annual hours worked. For the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, the Bureau publishes only measures of unit labor costs and the data on output and total compensation that underlie the computations of unit labor costs. Total hours, and consequently productivity, are not computed for Korea and Taiwan because BLS has not yet developed adequate labor input series. Compensation (labor cost): The compensation measures are from the national accounts except those for Belgium, which are developed by the Bureau using statistics on employment, average hours, and hourly compensation. Compensation includes all payments in cash or kind made directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans. In addition, for some countries, compensation is increased to account for other significant taxes on payroll or employment (or reduced to reflect subsidies). Self-employed workers are included in the U.S. and Canadian figures by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. -14Current Indicators: For most countries, the measures for recent years may be based on current indicators of manufacturing output (such as industrial production indexes), employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures become available. Trade-Weighted Measures: The economies covered by the BLS measures differ greatly in their relative importance to U.S. trade in manufactured products. Therefore, the Bureau constructs trade-weighted measures that take account of these differences. The trade weights used were derived by rescaling a series covering 21 economies that was developed by the International Monetary Fund. These weights are based on disaggregated 1980 trade data for manufactured goods, and take account of both bilateral trade and the relative importance of "third country" markets. The following are rescaled weights for the 12 economies for which the 1993 unit labor cost measures are available: Country Weight Country Weight Country Canada Japan Denmark France 19.43 25.63 0.66 8.41 Germany Italy Norway Netherlands 14.70 5.66 0.59 2.77 Sweden United Kingdom Korea Taiwan Weight 2.10 12.27 3.31 4.48 The weights given to Korea and Taiwan would be larger based on more current weights. Level Comparisons: The BLS measures are limited to trend comparisons. BLS does not prepare level comparisons of manufacturing productivity and unit labor costs because of data limitations and technical problems in comparing the levels of manufacturing output among countries. Each country measures manufacturing output in its own currency units. To compare outputs among countries, a common unit of measure--such as the U.S. dollar--is needed. Market exchange rates are not suitable as a basis for comparing output levels. What are needed are purchasing-power-parity (PPP) exchange rates, that is, the number of foreign currency units required to buy goods and services equivalent to what can be bought with one unit of U.S. currency. PPP exchange rates are available for total gross domestic product (GDP). However, these PPP exchange rates are derived from the expenditure side of the national accounts (consumer, business, and government final expenditures for goods and services) and not from the output side of the accounts (gross product originating by industry, or value added). Therefore, they do not provide PPP exchange rates by industry. The PPP exchange rates for total GDP are not suitable for each component industry, such as manufacturing. Table 1. Output per hour in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993 (Indexes: 1982=100) United Nether- United States Canada 1950 NA 35.5 7.6 NA 24.5 20.0 1955 NA 43.6 12.7 NA 26.7 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 51.6 54.4 58.2 60.3 63.2 66.1 67.6 68.9 74.0 77.9 18.6 21.1 22.0 23.8 27.0 28.1 30.9 35.5 40.0 46.2 24.2 24.5 25.8 26.8 28.5 29.9 32.0 33.8 36.8 40.2 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 96.2 96.3 94.9 76.9 82.4 86.4 91.9 93.3 90.1 96.4 101.8 102.9 103.8 52.0 54.8 60.5 66.1 66.9 69.6 74.6 77.9 82.3 88.8 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 92.9 96.2 100.0 102.2 103.5 106.7 109.5 116.6 119.2 119.9 99.9 104.8 100.0 107.3 116.3 119.8 117.9 119.0 119.5 120.0 1990 1991 1992 1993 122.1 124.5 129.1 134.5 122.6 124.4 129.1 131.8 NA: Year Not Available Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy lands Norway Sweden Kingdom 18.6 16.6 16.7 34.3 25.8 41.1 24.5 26.6 23.2 20.9 38.0 28.3 44.3 32.4 34.3 36.0 37.2 40.2 42.2 44.3 47.6 51.9 54.0 31.2 33.0 35.0 36.7 39.4 42.1 45.4 48.2 53.3 56.4 38.6 40.3 43.1 44.8 48.5 51.3 53.4 56.8 61.3 65.2 29.1 31.4 34.8 35.7 36.1 40.2 43.7 45.9 49.5 51.3 26.5 27.9 28.8 29.8 32.4 34.5 36.7 39.3 43.9 48.0 47.8 49.3 49.3 51.8 54.7 58.0 60.4 62.5 66.4 72.6 36.2 37.9 40.7 43.1 46.6 50.0 52.0 56.4 61.5 66.2 50.3 50.3 51.5 54.2 57.8 59.5 61.4 64.3 68.9 70.6 44.3 47.0 52.3 57.8 61.1 63.5 70.0 73.4 77.9 82.2 57.2 61.1 66.0 72.7 75.1 82.6 85.7 87.3 88.5 92.9 59.6 62.8 65.5 69.9 71.3 73.8 78.1 82.6 86.2 90.1 67.1 69.6 73.8 78.4 81.1 84.5 90.5 93.1 96.3 100.4 54.6 55.6 60.3 65.2 69.8 67.4 76.5 78.2 83.3 91.1 52.9 55.7 60.6 67.3 72.9 71.3 79.3 82.7 88.1 92.9 74.5 77.2 81.4 86.4 90.0 88.6 91.4 90.8 92.2 97.7 69.0 71.9 75.5 81.1 84.4 85.6 86.9 85.5 87.9 94.8 72.1 75.6 80.6 86.2 87.4 86.0 89.6 90.2 91.2 91.6 92.1 95.5 100.0 101.9 106.1 112.0 110.3 119.5 126.5 135.2 87.5 94.2 100.0 110.9 115.8 117.2 118.2 120.1 125.2 131.2 98.0 99.6 100.0 104.9 104.3 105.0 98.9 98.4 102.1 105.6 90.5 93.2 100.0 102.6 104.3 108.2 110.0 112.1 119.7 125.7 98.5 100.4 100.0 105.5 109.2 113.4 114.1 112.3 116.4 120.2 95.5 97.8 100.0 105.2 115.7 122.3 123.7 127.2 130.0 134.0 93.9 97.5 100.0 106.6 115.0 118.7 120.1 120.7 124.4 128.5 96.3 96.5 100.0 105.2 112.6 116.0 114.6 120.4 119.7 125.9 96.3 96.3 100.0 106.9 112.0 113.2 115.2 117.6 119.0 122.8 91.0 95.1 100.0 107.3 112.4 116.4 120.6 126.9 133.5 138.4 144.5 151.4 150.5 149.6 133.9 136.9 142.7 NA 105.5 105.5 107.7 113.9 127.6 127.8 130.7 132.3 125.4 129.2 128.2 131.1 139.3 143.8 150.8 160.3 130.1 131.4 132.2 133.8 129.1 130.1 132.4 135.2 124.9 126.5 135.5 147.9 140.1 145.5 152.2 160.1 Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994. Table 2. Output per employed person in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Italy Netherlands Norway 1950 NA 39.6 8.1 NA 33.1 24.0 25.6 18.9 21.0 43.0 35.8 48.2 1955 NA 46.8 14.3 NA 35.4 29.2 36.6 27.0 26.3 47.9 39.0 52.6 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 55.1 57.8 62.5 65.0 68.4 71.6 72.7 73.8 79.3 83.2 21.8 24.3 24.7 26.5 29.8 30.5 33.8 38.8 43.6 49.6 30.4 30.7 32.4 33.6 35.6 36.8 39.0 40.8 44.4 47.9 40.8 41.9 44.4 45.1 49.2 51.5 53.1 56.3 60.1 61.7 37.4 39.7 42.0 44.1 47.1 49.8 54.0 56.7 60.9 66.0 47.8 49.0 51.0 52.3 56.6 59.6 61.2 63.3 69.2 73.8 34.2 36.6 39.3 40.5 40.9 44.1 48.4 51.5 55.6 57.2 33.8 34.1 34.9 36.0 38.8 41.1 43.5 46.4 50.9 54.9 57.8 58.8 58.6 61.3 65.4 67.4 70.4 72.3 74.9 80.0 47.2 48.9 52.2 54.6 58.6 62.2 64.8 69.0 73.8 78.0 58.5 57.8 58.5 61.5 66.1 67.1 68.1 70.7 76.4 78.3 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 99.8 99.9 97.9 81.5 86.8 91.0 96.4 97.3 92.9 99.3 105.1 106.5 106.6 55.2 57.1 62.8 68.1 65.8 66.7 73.8 77.3 82.2 89.6 51.5 53.7 58.5 63.1 64.9 63.9 71.7 74.9 79.3 83.6 63.3 67.3 71.2 74.2 78.2 83.3 86.8 87.6 87.8 92.1 68.9 72.1 74.5 78.3 78.9 79.2 84.2 88.2 91.3 95.3 75.5 76.5 80.4 84.8 85.9 87.3 96.1 97.3 99.2 103.0 59.8 59.2 63.8 69.8 72.1 68.4 77.7 79.0 83.9 91.1 59.3 61.9 66.4 72.3 75.9 72.9 80.9 84.0 88.6 92.4 81.5 83.7 87.4 92.6 95.6 94.4 95.0 92.7 93.2 97.5 79.6 82.7 84.6 89.1 91.8 91.2 91.5 89.4 89.4 94.9 78.7 80.6 85.1 92.3 90.5 88.8 93.3 94.5 95.2 95.2 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 94.6 97.9 100.0 105.0 107.9 111.3 114.1 122.1 126.3 102.2 105.9 100.0 108.7 119.1 122.6 120.6 122.6 123.5 92.9 95.7 100.0 102.5 108.1 113.3 110.8 120.6 129.0 87.7 92.2 100.0 108.1 112.3 115.2 116.3 119.3 126.3 97.8 98.2 100.0 106.3 105.4 102.6 98.8 96.1 99.8 95.8 97.4 100.0 102.0 103.8 107.1 109.0 111.7 119.8 99.8 100.5 100.0 105.2 108.8 111.3 111.1 108.8 112.5 95.7 98.0 100.0 105.2 115.7 121.2 125.7 131.6 139.3 93.9 97.0 100.0 106.5 114.1 115.2 116.4 116.6 120.0 96.7 96.7 100.0 105.8 112.5 115.1 113.4 115.7 115.5 95.3 95.8 100.0 108.2 115.6 116.0 117.4 121.4 122.6 91.5 94.1 100.0 107.6 113.7 117.7 121.7 129.0 136.4 Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany United Sweden Kingdom 126.9 123.1 136.3 131.7 101.9 125.4 114.8 143.3 123.7 122.2 126.1 141.2 1990 1991 1992 1993 128.3 130.0 136.4 143.3 125.6 127.3 133.2 138.7 143.5 146.9 141.6 137.2 136.1 136.8 142.6 NA 100.6 100.9 103.4 108.4 126.8 126.6 129.7 130.8 117.8 120.1 120.4 119.0 145.3 148.3 155.3 160.8 125.3 126.3 126.8 128.3 125.3 126.8 130.4 133.5 129.7 131.2 143.4 159.0 141.8 144.6 151.3 158.1 NA: 1989 Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994. Table 3. Output in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Italy Netherlands Norway 1950 NA 29.1 3.1 NA 29.8 20.9 17.8 12.3 22.6 37.9 34.8 61.0 1955 NA 37.7 6.9 NA 32.8 26.0 33.8 19.0 30.9 46.4 40.3 71.7 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 44.1 45.9 51.1 54.5 60.0 66.0 70.3 71.8 76.6 82.0 15.1 18.1 19.7 21.9 25.5 26.5 30.0 36.0 41.6 48.4 37.8 39.5 42.6 44.6 48.6 50.2 53.1 53.8 57.5 64.3 45.4 47.9 52.0 52.7 58.9 62.7 64.0 64.7 69.7 73.5 35.1 37.7 40.5 43.6 47.6 50.0 54.6 57.2 60.4 67.6 51.0 54.0 56.7 57.8 62.8 67.5 68.7 67.1 74.1 82.8 28.0 30.8 34.1 36.3 36.8 38.7 42.3 46.5 50.8 54.1 42.7 44.2 46.3 48.3 52.9 56.6 59.6 62.0 67.8 74.4 56.0 58.3 58.8 62.3 66.8 70.3 74.5 76.9 78.8 84.5 51.8 55.3 59.5 62.5 68.0 72.8 74.9 77.3 81.3 87.7 82.9 83.0 83.2 86.1 94.0 96.7 98.4 99.1 106.0 110.1 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 104.3 108.7 109.3 78.5 83.5 90.3 100.0 103.0 96.1 103.1 106.9 111.7 115.9 55.1 57.8 63.8 71.8 69.7 67.1 73.6 76.4 79.8 86.5 70.9 74.1 79.6 86.9 90.4 83.6 89.9 90.2 91.5 93.9 75.7 77.2 83.9 88.5 89.9 87.7 91.9 92.3 92.0 97.3 72.7 77.2 80.8 87.0 88.7 86.9 92.0 96.2 98.4 101.3 87.0 87.9 90.6 96.4 95.4 91.0 98.0 99.8 101.7 106.9 58.4 59.3 62.7 70.7 75.6 71.1 81.6 84.6 88.8 97.9 80.3 82.3 85.3 91.2 95.2 88.3 94.2 95.2 97.9 101.0 88.4 91.5 95.9 101.3 106.4 104.1 104.3 102.2 99.8 102.7 91.1 91.7 92.2 98.7 104.1 104.4 104.4 98.5 95.8 102.0 110.5 109.3 111.6 121.9 120.4 112.1 114.2 116.4 117.0 116.8 Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany United Sweden Kingdom 102.0 105.0 100.0 103.2 111.3 114.0 115.2 123.5 130.0 131.2 110.7 114.8 100.0 106.5 120.2 127.0 127.9 134.1 140.9 142.1 91.5 95.7 100.0 104.3 113.2 121.2 117.9 126.5 138.2 149.3 96.4 95.8 100.0 105.6 108.4 109.6 108.9 109.0 114.6 121.9 101.7 98.4 100.0 106.7 111.7 115.3 115.3 110.6 112.3 113.6 100.6 99.0 100.0 99.9 98.7 99.1 99.1 98.9 104.6 110.3 104.7 103.6 100.0 101.5 104.6 108.4 110.1 108.1 111.5 115.4 103.1 101.1 100.0 100.8 105.4 108.9 111.5 116.3 125.0 129.7 101.5 101.5 100.0 101.9 107.9 111.1 113.8 115.4 119.7 125.2 101.7 100.7 100.0 99.3 105.0 108.8 108.8 110.8 105.5 103.8 102.4 99.7 100.0 105.8 113.6 115.7 117.1 120.0 123.7 125.1 106.7 100.1 100.0 102.1 105.9 108.9 110.3 115.5 123.6 129.1 1990 1991 1992 1993 130.6 127.8 131.7 138.0 137.5 129.5 129.8 136.1 160.6 170.8 167.7 160.7 126.4 125.9 126.3 NA 112.4 111.1 112.5 113.2 112.4 110.6 109.8 106.3 121.7 126.0 124.1 114.9 132.3 132.1 132.4 129.6 129.3 129.9 129.0 125.8 104.5 102.3 104.2 105.9 124.3 117.4 116.5 118.5 128.9 122.0 121.0 123.1 NA: 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Not Available Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994. Table 4. Total hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Italy Netherlands Norway 1950 87.4 82.0 40.7 NA 121.8 104.4 95.4 74.0 135.2 110.6 134.9 148.4 1955 96.6 86.5 54.3 NA 122.9 106.2 126.9 81.9 147.9 122.0 142.5 161.6 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 94.1 91.6 95.4 96.3 98.4 104.1 110.8 110.2 111.8 113.1 85.5 84.3 87.9 90.4 95.0 99.8 103.9 104.2 103.6 105.3 81.2 86.0 89.4 92.3 94.6 94.3 97.1 101.5 104.1 104.8 156.2 161.0 165.0 166.4 170.7 167.6 166.1 158.9 156.4 160.0 140.0 139.7 144.3 141.6 146.3 148.6 144.4 136.1 134.3 136.1 112.5 114.3 115.7 118.8 120.7 118.6 120.1 118.6 113.1 120.0 131.9 134.1 131.6 128.9 129.5 131.7 128.6 118.1 120.9 126.9 96.2 98.2 98.1 101.7 102.0 96.3 96.8 101.4 102.7 105.5 160.9 158.0 160.9 162.0 163.0 163.9 162.5 157.8 154.6 154.9 117.3 118.3 119.4 120.4 122.1 121.3 123.4 122.9 118.5 116.4 143.3 146.0 146.4 145.1 145.9 145.6 143.9 137.1 132.1 132.4 164.9 164.9 161.7 159.0 162.8 162.6 160.2 154.0 153.8 155.9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 106.5 102.6 107.2 112.6 110.2 102.1 101.4 104.5 108.8 110.3 105.9 105.6 105.4 108.6 104.1 159.9 157.6 152.1 150.3 148.0 132.3 126.5 127.0 121.8 119.7 122.0 122.9 123.5 124.5 124.3 129.7 126.2 122.8 122.9 117.6 107.0 106.8 104.0 108.3 108.4 152.0 147.9 140.7 135.6 130.6 118.6 118.6 117.8 117.3 118.3 131.9 127.5 122.1 121.8 123.3 153.3 144.6 138.5 141.4 137.8 Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany United Sweden Kingdom 99.3 104.0 108.4 112.9 115.1 106.6 106.9 105.0 108.6 111.6 96.4 98.7 98.2 97.0 97.4 131.6 128.5 122.9 117.4 114.3 106.2 107.3 105.8 104.0 104.7 117.7 117.8 116.5 114.2 112.4 107.7 108.3 107.2 105.6 106.5 105.6 106.7 108.2 106.6 107.4 123.8 118.8 115.1 111.1 108.7 117.4 114.1 112.6 108.3 105.1 121.9 120.1 115.2 109.0 107.6 130.4 127.5 129.0 128.3 127.5 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 109.8 109.2 100.0 101.0 107.6 106.8 105.2 106.0 109.0 109.4 110.8 109.6 100.0 99.2 103.3 106.0 108.5 112.7 117.9 118.4 99.3 100.2 100.0 102.4 106.6 108.2 106.9 105.8 109.3 110.4 110.1 101.7 100.0 95.2 93.6 93.5 92.2 90.7 91.5 93.0 103.7 98.8 100.0 101.7 107.1 109.8 116.6 112.4 110.0 107.6 111.2 106.2 100.0 97.4 94.6 91.5 90.0 88.3 87.4 87.8 106.3 103.1 100.0 96.2 95.8 95.6 96.5 96.2 95.8 95.9 108.0 103.4 100.0 95.8 91.1 89.0 90.1 91.4 96.1 96.8 108.1 104.1 100.0 95.6 93.8 93.6 94.8 95.6 96.2 97.4 105.5 104.3 100.0 94.3 93.2 93.8 94.9 92.1 88.1 82.5 106.3 103.5 100.0 99.0 101.4 102.2 101.7 102.1 103.9 101.8 117.3 105.3 100.0 95.1 94.2 93.5 91.5 91.0 92.6 93.3 1990 1991 1992 1993 107.0 102.6 102.0 102.6 112.2 104.1 100.5 103.3 111.2 112.8 111.4 107.4 94.4 92.0 88.5 NA 106.6 105.3 104.4 99.4 88.1 86.5 84.0 80.4 97.0 97.6 96.9 87.7 95.0 91.8 87.8 80.8 99.4 98.9 97.6 94.0 80.9 78.6 78.7 78.4 99.5 92.8 85.9 80.1 92.0 83.9 79.5 76.9 NA: 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994. Table 5. Employment in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada 1950 81.4 73.5 37.9 NA 90.2 87.2 1955 89.8 80.5 48.2 NA 92.7 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 89.3 86.9 89.6 90.2 91.5 95.8 101.7 80.1 79.4 81.8 83.8 87.7 92.2 96.6 69.2 74.7 79.5 82.8 85.5 86.8 88.9 124.3 128.4 131.4 132.6 136.4 136.3 136.1 111.3 114.4 117.2 116.8 119.7 121.8 120.6 Japan Belgium Denmark Italy Netherlands Norway 69.5 65.1 107.6 88.0 97.3 126.6 89.1 92.4 70.3 117.4 96.9 103.5 136.1 94.0 95.0 96.3 98.9 101.1 100.3 101.0 106.6 110.3 111.2 110.6 111.0 113.4 112.3 81.7 84.3 86.9 89.7 90.0 87.9 87.4 126.4 129.5 132.9 134.2 136.3 137.5 137.1 96.9 99.2 100.4 101.6 102.1 104.2 105.8 109.9 113.1 114.1 114.5 116.2 116.9 115.6 141.7 143.7 142.3 140.1 142.2 144.1 144.5 France Germany United Sweden Kingdom 103.0 104.6 106.7 97.4 96.6 98.6 92.7 95.4 97.6 131.9 129.7 134.1 114.9 116.0 119.1 100.8 99.2 102.4 106.0 107.0 112.1 90.2 91.4 94.5 133.6 133.3 135.5 106.3 105.1 105.7 111.9 110.1 112.3 140.0 138.7 140.6 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 102.6 98.6 101.3 106.6 106.2 97.1 100.7 104.5 108.8 111.7 96.3 96.2 99.2 103.7 105.8 103.4 103.9 101.7 105.0 108.7 99.9 101.2 101.6 105.5 105.9 100.6 99.8 98.9 97.2 96.6 137.7 137.8 136.0 137.8 139.3 130.8 125.5 120.5 115.4 112.3 119.6 114.7 117.7 119.3 115.0 105.3 105.9 105.3 104.8 105.6 105.4 107.1 108.6 111.1 112.5 109.8 109.2 109.0 107.8 106.2 115.2 114.8 112.7 113.6 111.0 104.2 102.0 102.6 102.5 103.8 97.6 100.2 98.3 101.2 104.9 104.0 105.1 107.1 105.8 107.4 135.4 133.0 128.4 126.2 125.4 121.1 116.4 113.3 110.5 109.3 108.5 109.4 109.7 109.5 111.3 110.3 109.8 110.2 107.1 105.3 114.4 110.8 109.0 110.8 113.4 114.4 114.2 110.2 107.2 107.5 140.3 135.6 131.2 132.1 133.0 126.3 122.4 123.1 122.9 122.6 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 107.8 107.2 100.0 98.3 103.1 102.4 100.9 101.1 102.9 103.4 108.4 108.4 100.0 98.0 100.9 103.6 106.1 109.3 114.1 115.4 98.5 100.0 100.0 101.8 104.7 106.9 106.4 104.9 107.2 109.5 109.9 103.9 100.0 97.6 96.5 95.1 93.7 91.4 90.7 92.6 103.9 100.2 100.0 100.4 106.0 112.4 116.6 115.1 112.6 111.5 105.0 101.6 100.0 97.9 95.1 92.5 90.8 88.5 87.3 87.9 104.9 103.0 100.0 96.6 96.1 97.4 99.1 99.3 99.1 100.5 107.8 103.2 100.0 95.8 91.1 89.8 88.7 88.4 89.8 90.5 108.1 104.7 100.0 95.7 94.5 96.5 97.8 98.9 99.7 101.2 105.2 104.1 100.0 93.8 93.3 94.5 95.9 95.8 91.4 84.9 107.4 104.0 100.0 97.8 98.3 99.7 99.7 98.8 100.9 99.2 116.7 106.4 100.0 94.9 93.2 92.5 90.7 89.5 90.6 91.5 1990 1991 1992 1993 101.9 98.3 96.6 96.3 109.5 101.7 97.4 98.2 112.0 116.2 118.4 117.1 92.9 92.0 88.6 NA 111.7 110.1 108.8 104.4 88.7 87.4 84.6 81.3 103.3 104.9 103.1 96.6 91.0 89.0 85.2 80.6 103.2 102.9 101.7 98.0 83.4 80.7 79.9 79.4 95.8 89.5 81.2 74.5 90.9 84.4 80.0 77.9 NA: 1967 1968 1969 Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994. Table 6. Average annual hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1993 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada 1950 107.4 111.6 Japan Belgium Denmark 107.4 NA 135.1 France Germany 119.8 137.3 Italy Netherlands Norway 113.6 125.7 125.7 United Sweden Kingdom 138.7 117.3 107.5 107.5 112.6 NA 132.6 119.1 137.4 116.5 126.0 126.0 137.7 118.8 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 105.3 105.5 106.5 106.8 107.5 108.6 109.0 107.0 106.8 106.0 106.8 106.2 107.4 107.8 108.3 108.3 107.5 107.0 107.2 106.7 117.3 115.2 112.5 111.4 110.7 108.6 109.3 109.4 109.1 107.4 125.6 125.3 125.6 125.5 125.1 123.0 122.0 120.5 120.5 119.3 125.9 122.2 123.1 121.2 122.2 122.0 119.8 118.4 115.7 114.3 119.8 120.3 120.0 120.2 119.4 118.3 118.9 117.6 114.1 117.2 123.8 121.6 118.3 116.5 116.6 116.2 114.6 111.4 112.9 113.2 117.7 116.5 112.8 113.4 113.4 109.6 110.8 112.4 112.4 111.6 127.2 122.0 121.1 120.7 119.6 119.2 118.6 118.0 116.0 114.3 121.1 119.2 118.8 118.5 119.6 116.3 116.7 115.7 112.8 110.2 130.3 129.1 128.2 126.7 125.6 124.5 124.5 122.5 120.0 117.9 116.3 114.8 113.6 113.5 114.4 112.8 110.9 110.0 110.9 110.9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 103.8 104.1 105.8 105.7 103.7 102.2 103.3 103.7 103.7 103.1 106.0 105.4 105.4 104.9 104.2 103.1 102.9 103.2 103.5 102.7 106.1 104.3 103.8 103.0 98.4 95.8 98.9 99.2 99.8 100.9 116.2 114.4 111.8 109.1 106.3 100.6 102.4 102.0 101.7 101.8 110.7 110.3 107.9 102.1 104.1 100.8 101.3 100.4 99.2 99.1 115.7 114.8 113.7 112.0 110.5 107.3 107.8 106.8 106.0 105.8 112.5 110.0 108.9 108.2 105.9 103.4 106.2 104.5 103.0 102.6 109.6 106.6 105.8 107.1 103.3 101.5 101.5 101.0 100.8 100.0 112.2 111.2 109.6 107.5 104.1 102.2 102.0 101.6 100.6 99.4 109.3 108.4 107.3 107.2 106.3 106.5 103.9 102.1 101.1 99.8 115.3 115.1 112.0 109.9 108.7 106.5 105.2 104.5 101.7 100.1 109.2 106.6 105.6 107.1 103.6 103.2 104.1 104.8 104.4 104.0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 101.8 101.9 100.0 102.7 104.3 104.3 104.2 104.8 105.9 105.8 102.3 101.1 100.0 101.3 102.4 102.4 102.3 103.1 103.3 102.6 100.8 100.2 100.0 100.6 101.8 101.2 100.4 100.9 102.0 100.8 100.2 97.9 100.0 97.5 96.9 98.3 98.4 99.3 100.9 100.4 99.8 98.6 100.0 101.4 101.1 97.7 100.0 97.7 97.7 96.5 105.8 104.5 100.0 99.4 99.5 98.9 99.1 99.7 100.1 99.8 101.4 100.1 100.0 99.7 99.7 98.1 97.4 96.9 96.7 95.5 100.3 100.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.1 101.6 103.5 107.1 106.9 100.0 99.5 100.0 99.9 99.2 97.0 96.9 96.6 96.5 96.3 100.4 100.1 100.0 100.5 99.9 99.3 99.0 96.1 96.4 97.1 99.0 99.5 100.0 101.2 103.2 102.5 101.9 103.2 103.0 102.7 100.5 99.0 100.0 100.3 101.1 101.1 100.9 101.6 102.2 102.0 1990 1991 1992 1993 105.1 104.4 105.7 106.5 102.5 102.4 103.1 105.2 99.3 97.0 94.1 91.8 101.6 99.9 99.9 NA 95.4 95.6 96.0 95.2 99.4 99.0 99.2 98.9 93.9 93.0 94.0 90.8 104.3 103.1 103.0 100.3 96.3 96.1 95.9 95.9 97.0 97.5 98.5 98.7 103.8 103.7 105.8 107.4 101.3 99.4 99.4 98.7 NA: 1955 Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994. Table 7. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Italy Netherlands 1950 NA 9.0 2.7 NA 4.2 2.8 5.6 2.1 4.3 4.6 4.2 3.7 1955 NA 12.7 4.8 NA 5.7 5.0 8.3 3.0 6.3 7.0 6.7 5.3 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 16.4 16.9 17.4 18.1 18.9 19.9 21.5 22.8 24.6 26.6 6.6 7.6 8.7 9.7 11.0 12.3 13.6 15.2 17.7 21.0 9.1 9.7 10.4 11.5 13.0 14.4 15.9 17.4 18.6 20.3 7.7 8.7 9.5 10.3 11.2 12.4 14.1 15.8 17.4 19.5 7.5 8.3 9.2 10.0 10.8 11.8 12.4 13.4 15.2 16.1 13.5 15.1 17.1 18.3 19.8 21.8 23.6 24.9 26.8 29.3 3.9 4.4 5.1 6.1 6.5 6.9 7.4 8.2 8.7 9.6 8.9 10.1 10.8 11.9 13.8 15.5 17.3 19.2 21.4 24.2 9.9 10.8 11.8 12.6 13.5 14.9 16.3 18.2 20.1 22.1 9.3 10.2 11.4 12.6 13.7 15.1 16.6 18.4 20.0 21.7 7.1 7.6 8.0 8.3 8.9 9.7 10.5 10.9 11.6 12.7 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 62.8 67.9 74.4 28.7 30.9 33.2 35.9 41.3 47.3 54.1 59.9 64.4 71.0 25.0 28.9 33.3 40.7 53.3 62.1 66.9 73.8 78.7 83.7 23.2 26.5 30.6 35.5 43.2 52.4 59.4 66.3 71.5 77.9 22.3 25.6 28.4 34.5 41.7 49.7 55.5 61.4 67.6 75.6 18.1 20.4 22.5 25.9 30.9 37.9 43.5 49.4 55.7 63.1 34.5 38.6 42.7 48.2 54.9 60.4 65.2 71.2 76.7 82.3 11.6 13.4 15.0 17.7 23.1 29.2 36.2 42.9 49.4 59.8 27.8 31.8 36.3 43.4 51.6 59.0 66.1 71.8 77.9 84.0 24.6 28.1 31.3 35.3 41.4 49.6 57.3 64.2 70.9 74.7 24.4 27.4 30.6 34.3 40.3 49.4 57.8 63.2 70.4 76.0 14.7 17.0 19.8 22.5 26.9 36.0 41.7 47.0 54.7 64.8 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 83.3 91.5 100.0 102.7 106.0 111.3 115.8 118.4 123.1 127.9 78.6 90.4 100.0 106.1 111.1 116.8 121.3 125.0 130.5 135.4 89.0 95.3 100.0 102.7 105.8 110.1 115.8 118.6 120.6 128.2 86.3 95.9 100.0 106.0 114.8 122.0 127.0 130.0 132.7 139.6 83.4 91.9 100.0 106.9 113.0 120.6 123.1 134.6 139.4 147.3 72.7 84.2 100.0 110.4 119.8 129.7 135.2 140.2 145.5 153.3 89.2 94.9 100.0 105.0 110.0 116.3 121.2 126.9 131.8 138.2 70.2 84.8 100.0 117.0 134.3 150.9 157.1 166.0 172.5 189.5 88.5 93.5 100.0 104.5 106.6 111.5 115.4 118.8 119.5 120.1 81.2 90.3 100.0 110.3 120.9 132.2 145.0 165.6 175.7 183.4 84.5 93.2 100.0 110.2 119.6 131.8 142.4 151.9 161.8 179.0 78.5 90.8 100.0 107.1 115.4 126.4 133.8 145.9 153.1 173.7 1990 1991 134.7 141.9 143.0 151.1 138.3 146.2 147.8 157.2 156.5 162.2 161.5 168.5 147.9 157.7 210.8 233.1 123.3 129.2 193.7 202.8 197.5 215.1 179.6 199.6 Japan Belgium Denmark France* Germany United Norway Sweden* Kingdom* 1992 1993 147.9 153.3 157.8 158.4 153.0 157.1 164.6 NA 167.2 171.4 174.3 180.5 165.1 176.9 249.7 267.9 136.6 140.5 208.4 210.4 222.3 219.0 215.8 227.4 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994. Table 8. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Italy Netherlands 1950 NA 10.1 1.9 NA 5.0 5.3 3.2 4.5 3.0 4.2 5.1 6.0 1955 NA 15.9 3.3 NA 6.9 9.4 4.8 6.5 4.4 6.3 8.1 8.5 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 20.9 20.6 20.1 20.7 21.6 22.8 24.7 26.1 28.2 30.4 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.7 7.5 8.5 9.3 10.5 12.2 14.6 8.4 8.9 9.6 10.5 11.9 13.3 14.6 16.0 17.0 18.6 9.3 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5 14.9 17.0 18.9 19.4 21.7 10.1 11.1 12.3 13.4 14.6 15.8 16.7 17.9 20.2 20.5 7.9 9.2 10.4 11.1 12.1 13.2 14.3 15.2 16.3 18.1 8.6 9.5 11.2 13.2 14.1 15.1 16.0 17.7 18.9 20.6 6.3 7.4 8.0 8.8 10.2 11.5 12.8 14.2 15.8 17.9 8.9 9.7 10.7 11.4 12.2 13.5 14.7 16.4 18.1 20.0 11.3 12.4 13.9 15.2 16.7 18.4 20.2 22.4 24.3 26.4 11.4 12.2 12.8 13.4 14.2 15.6 16.8 17.1 15.9 17.4 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 62.8 67.9 74.4 33.9 37.7 41.3 44.3 52.2 57.3 67.7 69.5 69.8 74.8 17.4 20.7 27.3 37.4 45.6 52.1 56.2 68.6 94.0 95.5 21.3 25.0 31.8 41.8 50.9 65.4 70.5 84.7 104.2 121.6 24.8 28.9 34.1 47.7 57.2 72.3 76.6 85.3 102.5 119.9 21.6 24.4 29.4 38.4 42.1 58.2 59.9 66.1 81.4 97.5 22.9 27.0 32.5 44.2 51.6 59.7 62.9 74.5 92.8 109.1 25.1 29.4 34.9 41.2 48.1 60.5 59.0 65.7 78.8 97.4 20.6 24.3 30.2 41.7 51.4 62.5 66.8 78.2 96.3 111.9 22.2 25.8 30.7 39.7 48.5 61.4 67.7 77.9 87.3 95.2 29.5 33.7 40.4 49.4 57.1 75.0 83.4 88.9 98.0 111.3 20.1 23.7 28.3 31.6 36.1 45.8 43.1 46.9 60.0 78.7 1980 1981 1982 83.3 91.5 100.0 83.0 93.1 100.0 98.3 107.6 100.0 135.4 118.5 100.0 123.7 107.4 100.0 113.3 101.8 100.0 119.3 102.2 100.0 111.1 100.9 100.0 119.1 100.4 100.0 106.2 101.6 100.0 125.5 115.6 100.0 104.4 105.1 100.0 Japan Belgium Denmark France* Germany United Norway Sweden* Kingdom* 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 102.7 106.0 111.3 115.8 118.4 123.1 127.9 106.2 105.9 105.6 107.8 116.3 130.9 141.2 107.7 111.0 115.0 171.2 204.2 234.4 231.2 94.9 91.0 94.2 130.2 159.3 165.1 162.2 97.5 91.0 95.0 126.9 164.1 172.6 167.9 95.3 90.2 95.0 128.4 153.4 160.6 158.1 99.9 93.9 96.0 135.6 171.4 182.1 178.4 104.3 103.5 107.0 142.7 173.3 179.3 187.0 97.8 88.8 89.7 125.9 156.7 161.4 151.2 97.5 95.7 99.3 126.5 158.7 173.9 171.3 90.2 90.9 96.3 125.6 150.4 165.7 174.3 92.9 88.2 93.8 112.3 136.9 156.0 162.8 1990 1991 1992 1993 134.7 141.9 147.9 153.3 151.2 162.8 161.2 151.5 237.5 270.6 300.5 352.2 202.5 210.5 234.3 NA 211.0 211.4 231.0 220.5 195.1 196.3 216.6 209.5 222.2 230.5 256.7 259.6 238.1 254.3 274.4 230.5 180.8 184.4 207.5 202.0 200.0 201.7 216.6 191.4 209.5 223.3 239.8 176.5 183.3 201.8 218.1 195.4 NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994. Table 9. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Italy Netherlands Norway 1950 NA 25.3 35.5 NA 17.0 14.2 30.0 12.6 25.8 13.4 16.4 9.1 1955 NA 29.2 37.5 NA 21.3 20.3 31.3 12.9 30.1 18.4 23.7 12.0 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 31.9 31.0 29.9 30.0 29.9 30.1 31.8 33.1 33.3 34.1 35.3 36.2 39.7 41.0 40.7 43.9 44.0 42.9 44.4 45.5 37.7 39.4 40.3 42.8 45.5 48.0 49.7 51.3 50.5 50.6 23.8 25.3 26.3 27.7 27.7 29.3 31.7 33.2 33.5 36.2 24.0 25.1 26.2 27.2 27.5 27.9 27.4 27.8 28.5 28.6 34.9 37.5 39.8 40.8 40.8 42.4 44.2 43.8 43.7 44.9 13.5 13.9 14.7 17.0 18.0 17.3 16.9 17.8 17.6 18.6 33.4 36.2 37.5 39.9 42.5 44.8 47.2 48.9 48.7 50.5 20.6 21.9 24.0 24.4 24.7 25.7 27.0 29.1 30.2 30.5 25.7 26.9 28.0 29.2 29.4 30.3 31.9 32.6 32.4 32.8 14.1 15.1 15.5 15.4 15.4 16.4 17.2 16.9 16.9 18.0 1970 1971 1972 1973 NA NA NA NA 37.3 37.5 38.4 39.1 48.0 52.8 55.0 61.6 52.2 56.4 58.5 61.3 39.0 42.0 43.0 47.4 30.4 32.5 34.4 37.1 51.4 55.4 57.8 61.6 21.3 24.1 24.9 27.1 52.7 57.1 60.0 64.5 33.0 36.5 38.5 40.9 35.3 38.1 40.5 42.3 20.3 22.4 24.5 26.1 Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany United Sweden Kingdom NA NA NA 65.3 70.5 78.4 44.3 52.4 56.1 58.8 62.6 68.4 79.7 89.3 89.7 94.7 95.6 94.3 70.8 82.5 84.9 90.3 91.8 94.8 55.5 60.2 64.8 70.3 76.4 81.4 43.4 51.3 55.6 59.8 64.6 70.0 67.7 71.5 72.0 76.5 79.6 82.0 33.1 43.3 47.3 54.8 59.3 65.6 70.8 82.8 83.3 86.8 88.4 90.4 46.1 55.9 62.7 70.8 76.9 76.5 47.7 57.7 66.5 73.9 80.1 80.1 30.8 41.9 46.6 52.1 60.0 70.7 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 89.7 95.1 100.0 100.5 102.4 104.2 105.8 101.6 103.2 106.7 78.7 86.3 100.0 98.9 95.5 97.6 102.9 105.0 109.2 112.8 96.7 99.8 100.0 100.8 99.7 98.4 104.9 99.2 95.4 94.8 98.7 101.7 100.0 95.6 99.1 104.1 107.5 108.2 106.0 106.5 85.1 92.2 100.0 101.9 108.3 114.9 124.5 136.8 136.5 139.5 80.3 90.3 100.0 107.6 114.9 119.9 122.8 125.1 121.6 122.0 90.6 94.5 100.0 99.5 100.8 102.6 106.3 113.0 113.3 114.9 73.5 86.8 100.0 111.2 116.1 123.4 127.1 130.5 132.6 141.4 94.2 95.9 100.0 98.1 92.7 93.9 96.1 98.4 96.0 93.5 84.3 93.6 100.0 104.8 107.4 114.0 126.5 137.6 146.7 145.6 87.7 96.8 100.0 103.1 106.8 116.4 123.7 129.2 136.0 145.7 86.3 95.5 100.0 99.9 102.6 108.6 110.9 115.0 114.7 125.5 1990 1991 1992 1993 110.4 114.0 114.6 114.0 116.7 121.5 122.2 120.2 95.7 96.6 101.6 105.0 110.4 114.9 115.3 NA 148.3 153.8 155.1 150.5 126.6 131.8 133.3 136.5 117.9 122.1 128.8 135.0 151.3 162.1 165.6 167.2 94.7 98.3 103.3 105.1 150.0 155.8 157.4 155.7 158.1 170.1 164.1 148.0 128.2 137.2 141.8 142.1 NA: 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Source: Table 10. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993 1982=100) Year United States Canada 1950 NA 28.5 24.6 NA 20.6 26.6 1955 NA 36.6 26.0 NA 25.8 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 NA NA NA NA NA NA 40.6 37.8 34.6 34.3 34.2 34.4 24.4 25.0 27.4 28.3 28.0 30.3 34.6 36.2 37.0 39.3 41.9 44.3 28.8 30.5 31.8 33.5 33.4 35.4 Japan Belgium Denmark Italy Netherlands Norway 17.4 27.2 18.1 12.1 19.9 14.5 38.2 18.1 27.9 21.1 16.6 28.8 19.2 32.2 33.6 35.1 36.5 36.9 37.4 20.3 22.7 24.2 24.8 24.9 25.8 29.5 30.2 32.2 37.1 38.9 37.4 23.7 26.7 27.8 29.6 31.5 33.3 18.7 19.8 21.7 22.0 22.3 23.2 31.3 32.7 34.1 35.4 35.9 36.9 22.7 24.2 24.9 24.7 24.6 26.2 France Germany United Sweden Kingdom NA NA NA NA 36.5 37.9 38.1 39.1 30.2 29.5 30.7 31.6 45.6 47.3 46.3 46.2 38.3 39.7 37.3 40.1 36.7 37.1 37.8 36.3 26.9 26.7 26.6 27.8 36.7 38.6 38.2 40.2 34.8 36.2 35.9 37.2 24.4 26.3 27.3 27.6 38.8 39.7 39.4 39.9 27.4 26.6 23.1 24.6 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 65.3 70.5 78.4 44.1 45.8 47.9 48.2 55.9 63.6 70.2 68.3 67.8 72.1 33.4 37.9 45.2 56.6 68.1 74.9 75.4 88.1 114.2 107.6 48.2 53.2 60.8 72.3 83.3 102.9 100.7 115.4 133.7 148.0 43.4 47.3 51.6 65.7 76.2 87.6 89.5 97.8 115.7 129.1 36.2 38.8 44.9 55.0 59.1 78.8 76.7 80.1 94.4 108.2 34.2 38.7 44.0 56.4 63.7 70.7 69.5 80.1 96.4 108.6 46.0 52.9 57.8 63.1 69.0 89.8 77.2 84.1 94.6 106.9 38.9 43.7 49.9 62.0 70.5 87.7 84.2 94.5 109.3 120.4 29.8 33.4 37.7 46.0 53.9 69.2 74.1 85.9 94.7 97.5 42.8 46.9 53.5 61.0 67.7 87.5 95.9 103.9 111.5 117.5 27.9 31.4 35.1 36.6 41.3 53.2 48.1 52.0 65.8 85.9 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 89.7 95.1 100.0 100.5 102.4 104.2 105.8 101.6 103.2 106.7 83.1 88.9 100.0 99.0 91.0 88.2 91.4 97.8 109.5 117.6 106.7 112.6 100.0 105.7 104.6 102.7 155.2 170.8 185.3 171.1 154.7 125.8 100.0 85.6 78.6 80.3 110.2 132.6 131.9 123.7 126.2 107.8 100.0 92.9 87.3 90.4 128.3 166.7 169.0 159.0 125.2 109.2 100.0 92.9 86.5 87.8 116.7 136.9 134.2 125.8 121.2 101.7 100.0 94.6 86.0 84.6 118.9 152.6 156.5 148.3 116.3 103.2 100.0 99.1 89.5 87.5 115.4 136.3 137.9 139.5 126.8 103.0 100.0 91.8 77.2 75.6 104.8 129.8 129.8 117.7 110.2 105.2 100.0 92.7 85.0 85.7 110.4 131.8 145.2 136.0 130.3 120.0 100.0 84.4 81.1 85.0 109.0 127.9 139.2 141.9 114.8 110.6 100.0 86.6 78.5 80.6 93.1 107.9 116.8 117.6 1990 1991 1992 1993 110.4 114.0 114.6 114.0 123.4 130.9 124.8 115.0 164.4 178.7 199.7 235.4 151.2 153.8 164.2 NA 200.0 200.4 214.4 193.6 152.9 153.6 165.7 158.4 177.1 178.5 200.3 198.1 170.9 176.8 182.0 143.8 138.9 140.3 157.0 151.0 154.9 155.0 163.5 141.6 167.7 176.6 176.9 119.3 130.8 138.7 143.3 122.0 NA: 1966 1967 1968 1969 Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Source: Table 11. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994. Exchange rates, 12 countries, 1950-1993 (Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar) 1982=100) Year United States Canada 1950 100.0 112.9 Japan Belgium Denmark 69.2 NA 120.9 France Germany 188.0 57.9 Italy Netherlands Norway 216.8 70.1 90.5 United Sweden Kingdom 121.5 160.2 100.0 125.2 69.2 NA 120.8 187.9 57.7 216.6 70.1 90.4 121.5 159.7 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 127.3 121.9 115.5 114.4 114.4 114.5 114.6 114.4 114.6 114.6 69.2 69.0 69.0 68.9 68.8 68.9 68.7 68.8 69.1 69.5 91.8 91.8 92.0 91.8 92.0 92.2 91.9 92.1 91.7 91.3 121.0 120.8 120.9 120.9 120.7 120.7 120.8 119.5 111.5 111.0 134.1 134.1 134.3 134.2 134.2 134.2 133.9 133.7 132.8 127.0 58.2 60.5 60.7 60.9 61.1 60.8 60.7 60.9 60.8 61.9 218.0 218.0 218.1 217.8 216.8 216.7 216.8 216.9 217.2 215.8 70.8 73.6 74.2 74.2 74.1 74.2 73.8 74.2 73.8 73.7 90.5 90.4 90.5 90.3 90.2 90.3 90.3 90.3 90.4 90.4 121.6 121.6 121.9 121.1 122.0 121.8 121.6 121.7 121.6 121.5 160.6 160.3 160.6 160.2 159.7 159.9 159.8 157.3 136.9 136.7 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 118.3 122.2 124.6 123.4 126.2 121.3 125.2 116.2 108.3 105.4 69.5 71.7 82.2 91.9 85.4 83.9 84.0 93.0 119.5 114.2 92.2 94.3 104.0 117.9 117.7 124.8 118.7 127.8 145.6 156.1 111.3 112.7 120.0 138.5 137.2 145.5 138.1 139.0 151.5 158.6 119.0 119.4 130.4 148.3 136.2 153.7 137.8 133.9 146.2 154.6 66.6 69.8 76.2 91.7 94.0 98.9 96.5 104.6 121.1 132.5 215.9 219.0 232.0 232.8 208.1 207.5 163.1 153.4 159.5 162.9 73.9 76.5 83.2 96.1 99.6 105.9 101.1 108.9 123.7 133.2 90.3 91.7 98.0 112.4 117.0 123.8 118.3 121.3 123.2 127.5 121.2 123.1 132.1 144.3 141.8 151.7 144.3 140.6 139.1 146.6 137.1 139.8 143.1 140.2 133.9 127.1 103.2 99.8 109.7 121.4 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.6 103.0 100.0 100.2 95.3 90.4 88.8 93.1 100.3 104.2 110.4 112.9 100.0 104.8 104.9 104.4 147.9 172.2 194.3 180.4 156.8 123.6 100.0 89.5 79.3 77.2 102.5 122.5 124.5 116.2 148.2 116.9 100.0 91.2 80.6 78.7 103.1 121.9 123.8 114.0 155.9 121.0 100.0 86.3 75.3 73.3 95.0 109.4 110.4 103.1 133.8 107.7 100.0 95.1 85.3 82.5 111.9 135.0 138.2 129.1 158.3 118.9 100.0 89.1 77.1 70.9 90.8 104.4 104.0 98.7 134.6 107.4 100.0 93.6 83.3 80.5 109.1 131.9 135.1 125.9 130.8 112.4 100.0 88.4 79.1 75.1 87.3 95.8 99.0 93.4 148.6 124.0 100.0 81.9 76.0 73.0 88.2 99.0 102.4 97.3 133.1 115.8 100.0 86.7 76.5 74.2 84.0 93.8 101.9 93.7 1990 1991 1992 1993 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.8 107.7 102.1 95.7 171.8 185.1 196.5 224.2 137.0 133.9 142.4 132.4 134.8 130.3 138.2 128.6 120.8 116.5 124.3 116.1 150.2 146.2 155.5 146.8 113.0 109.1 109.9 86.0 146.7 142.7 151.9 143.8 103.2 99.5 103.9 91.0 106.1 103.8 107.9 80.6 102.1 101.1 101.0 85.9 NA: 1955 Not Available Source: Table 12. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994. Avg. annual compensation in manufacturing, nat. currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993 (Indexes: 1982=100) Year United States Canada Italy Netherlands 1950 NA 10.0 2.9 NA 5.6 3.4 7.7 2.4 5.4 5.8 5.9 4.4 1955 NA 13.7 5.4 NA 7.6 5.9 11.5 3.5 7.9 8.8 9.2 6.3 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 17.6 17.9 18.7 19.5 20.4 21.6 23.1 24.4 26.4 28.4 7.7 8.8 9.8 10.9 12.1 13.4 14.9 16.7 19.3 22.6 11.5 12.1 13.0 14.4 16.2 17.7 19.4 20.9 22.4 24.3 9.7 10.6 11.7 12.5 13.6 15.1 16.9 18.7 20.1 22.3 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 12.9 13.9 14.8 15.8 17.3 18.9 16.7 18.4 20.3 21.3 23.1 25.3 27.1 27.7 30.2 33.2 4.6 5.1 5.8 6.9 7.3 7.6 8.2 9.2 9.8 10.7 11.3 12.3 13.1 14.4 16.5 18.4 20.5 22.7 24.8 27.7 11.9 12.9 14.1 15.0 16.1 17.3 19.0 21.0 22.6 24.4 12.1 13.2 14.6 15.9 17.2 18.8 20.6 22.5 23.9 25.6 8.3 8.7 9.1 9.5 10.2 11.0 11.7 11.9 12.9 14.1 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 65.1 70.4 76.7 30.4 32.5 35.0 37.7 43.1 48.7 55.7 61.8 66.7 72.9 26.5 30.2 34.5 41.9 52.5 59.5 66.1 73.2 78.5 84.5 26.9 30.3 34.2 38.7 45.9 52.7 60.8 67.6 72.8 79.3 24.7 28.3 30.6 35.2 43.4 50.1 56.2 61.6 67.1 74.9 21.0 23.4 25.6 29.0 34.2 40.6 46.9 52.8 59.0 66.7 38.8 42.4 46.5 52.2 58.2 62.5 69.2 74.4 79.0 84.5 12.7 14.3 15.9 18.9 23.9 29.6 36.8 43.3 49.7 59.8 31.2 35.4 39.8 46.6 53.8 60.3 67.4 72.9 78.3 83.5 26.9 30.5 33.6 37.9 44.0 52.8 59.5 65.6 71.7 74.5 28.1 31.5 34.3 37.7 43.8 52.6 60.8 66.0 71.6 76.0 16.0 18.1 20.9 24.1 27.9 37.2 43.4 49.3 57.1 67.3 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 84.8 93.2 100.0 105.5 110.5 116.0 120.7 124.1 130.4 135.4 80.4 91.4 100.0 107.4 113.7 119.6 124.1 128.8 134.8 138.9 89.8 95.5 100.0 103.3 107.7 111.5 116.3 119.6 123.0 129.3 86.5 93.9 100.0 103.4 111.3 120.0 125.0 129.0 133.9 140.2 83.3 90.5 100.0 108.4 114.2 117.8 123.1 131.5 136.2 142.2 76.9 88.0 100.0 109.7 119.2 128.3 133.9 139.7 145.6 153.0 90.5 95.0 100.0 104.7 109.7 114.1 118.0 122.9 127.4 131.9 70.3 85.0 100.0 117.0 134.3 149.6 159.7 171.8 184.7 202.6 88.5 93.0 100.0 104.4 105.8 108.1 111.8 114.8 115.3 115.7 81.5 90.5 100.0 110.8 120.8 131.2 143.5 159.2 169.4 178.0 83.6 92.8 100.0 111.5 123.4 135.1 145.2 156.8 166.7 183.8 78.9 89.9 100.0 107.4 116.7 127.9 135.0 148.3 156.4 177.2 1990 1991 1992 1993 141.6 148.2 156.3 163.3 146.5 154.7 162.7 166.7 137.3 141.9 144.0 144.1 150.2 157.1 164.4 NA 149.3 155.2 160.4 163.2 160.5 166.9 172.9 178.5 138.9 146.6 155.1 160.7 219.9 240.4 257.3 268.8 118.7 124.1 131.0 134.8 187.9 197.6 205.3 207.8 205.1 223.1 235.2 235.3 181.8 198.4 214.6 224.5 Japan Belgium Denmark France* Germany United Norway Sweden* Kingdom* NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: Table 13. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994. Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993 1982=100) Year United States Canada Italy Netherlands Norway 1950 NA 39.4 17.9 NA 31.9 22.9 15.7 22.4 19.8 31.4 29.7 36.1 1955 NA 49.5 23.2 NA 35.5 30.9 21.3 26.0 24.5 35.1 35.9 39.5 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 58.1 59.1 60.2 61.6 63.0 64.9 67.6 69.3 71.7 74.1 29.5 32.6 34.8 36.2 39.2 41.0 43.0 46.3 51.1 57.6 29.3 30.7 32.5 35.2 38.1 40.7 43.1 45.8 47.7 50.3 43.1 46.5 47.4 48.9 51.0 53.2 56.7 59.1 60.2 65.5 34.9 37.3 39.4 41.0 43.1 45.6 47.0 49.3 53.7 55.1 31.5 34.5 38.0 39.3 41.6 44.2 46.4 48.3 51.2 54.9 29.9 32.2 36.1 39.8 40.0 41.1 42.9 46.3 48.8 52.1 30.5 34.4 35.9 38.3 41.9 45.2 47.9 51.3 55.0 58.1 43.4 46.2 48.1 50.1 50.7 53.7 56.8 60.8 64.7 69.2 41.5 44.6 47.5 51.0 53.8 56.5 58.1 61.8 65.9 69.2 46.3 47.9 48.2 49.4 51.1 53.3 55.5 56.8 58.3 60.1 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 100.0 100.4 98.9 77.4 81.1 83.1 83.7 86.8 89.6 95.3 97.7 96.5 97.5 63.6 69.3 76.0 83.2 88.5 92.3 90.8 92.6 94.8 97.2 55.1 60.5 66.2 71.8 77.6 83.4 86.6 90.3 93.3 97.2 70.1 76.2 79.2 87.9 92.3 100.4 102.8 102.3 102.5 104.5 59.2 62.8 65.2 69.5 72.7 79.3 82.9 86.0 88.7 90.9 62.6 66.7 70.0 74.1 78.9 81.9 84.6 89.4 93.8 97.0 60.3 66.3 70.3 74.9 82.0 88.3 94.1 93.3 95.6 100.0 63.9 67.9 71.9 79.5 86.3 89.5 92.1 93.8 97.8 101.2 69.5 75.0 77.8 81.7 87.6 93.8 99.3 102.1 104.2 104.8 72.6 75.3 79.3 82.0 87.9 98.3 103.9 101.2 104.5 105.6 65.0 68.5 74.5 77.5 80.0 86.4 85.9 83.3 89.1 92.9 1980 1981 1982 97.5 97.1 100.0 97.9 100.2 100.0 96.0 97.9 100.0 101.0 104.2 100.0 102.6 101.2 100.0 92.2 94.2 100.0 99.9 99.9 100.0 96.9 98.7 100.0 100.0 99.1 100.0 102.7 100.6 100.0 103.0 101.5 100.0 95.6 99.3 100.0 Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany United Sweden Kingdom 99.5 98.4 99.8 102.0 100.6 100.4 99.5 100.3 100.6 101.8 101.6 100.2 100.5 99.4 100.8 101.6 103.6 108.2 110.8 111.9 116.3 98.5 100.3 101.6 104.4 105.2 106.1 108.4 100.0 99.4 101.4 99.8 105.0 104.0 104.8 100.7 101.7 103.9 105.5 106.1 107.3 109.1 101.8 104.1 107.9 112.7 117.9 121.1 123.3 101.8 105.6 109.3 107.2 108.3 107.2 110.5 101.7 100.4 102.7 106.2 109.9 109.7 108.9 101.7 105.0 108.6 111.1 116.4 116.1 115.8 99.2 100.1 102.6 106.2 108.6 110.6 115.4 102.5 104.9 108.4 110.9 116.1 116.1 122.2 1990 1991 1992 1993 99.5 100.5 101.7 102.4 100.1 100.2 103.1 101.6 121.7 124.6 128.2 129.8 110.9 114.1 116.6 NA 108.6 109.8 110.9 112.3 111.3 112.4 113.6 115.2 128.6 132.4 133.3 137.6 115.9 120.3 122.3 125.8 109.2 110.1 112.3 113.2 117.6 119.0 119.5 117.9 114.4 114.2 115.7 110.6 115.5 121.2 126.3 131.1 NA: 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Source: Table 14. (Indexes: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994. Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1993 1982=100) Year United States Canada Italy Netherlands Norway 1950 NA 43.9 19.2 NA 43.0 27.5 21.6 25.4 24.9 39.5 41.2 42.3 1955 NA 53.2 26.1 NA 47.1 36.8 29.3 30.3 30.9 44.2 49.4 46.9 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 62.0 62.7 64.7 66.4 68.2 70.3 72.7 74.2 76.9 79.1 34.6 37.5 39.2 40.3 43.4 44.5 46.9 50.7 55.8 61.9 36.8 38.5 40.8 44.1 47.7 50.0 52.6 55.1 57.5 60.0 54.3 56.8 58.3 59.3 62.3 64.9 67.9 70.0 69.7 74.8 41.8 44.9 47.4 49.3 51.5 54.0 55.9 58.0 61.3 64.5 39.0 42.0 45.0 45.8 48.5 51.4 53.2 53.7 57.8 62.2 35.2 37.5 40.7 45.1 45.4 45.1 47.5 52.0 54.8 58.2 38.8 42.0 43.5 46.2 50.1 53.9 56.7 60.5 63.8 66.4 52.5 55.1 57.2 59.4 60.6 62.5 66.3 70.3 73.0 76.3 54.2 57.5 60.9 64.6 67.5 70.3 72.4 75.7 79.0 81.5 53.8 55.0 54.8 56.1 58.4 60.1 61.5 62.5 64.7 66.6 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 NA NA NA NA NA 82.0 85.4 87.6 87.8 90.5 67.5 72.3 78.9 85.7 87.1 64.0 69.2 74.1 78.3 82.5 77.6 84.0 85.4 89.8 96.1 68.5 72.1 74.2 77.9 80.4 70.4 73.3 76.2 80.2 83.6 66.1 70.6 74.4 80.2 84.7 71.7 75.5 78.8 85.4 89.9 76.0 81.3 83.5 87.6 93.1 83.7 86.7 88.9 90.1 95.5 70.9 73.1 78.7 83.0 82.9 Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany United Sweden Kingdom NA NA 103.7 104.2 102.0 92.3 98.1 100.9 99.9 100.1 88.4 89.8 91.9 94.6 98.1 83.9 88.7 92.1 94.9 98.9 101.2 104.2 102.8 101.7 103.6 85.0 89.3 91.9 94.0 96.1 84.6 89.8 93.4 96.6 99.5 89.6 95.5 94.3 96.3 100.0 91.5 94.0 95.3 98.4 100.6 99.9 103.2 104.3 105.4 104.6 104.7 109.3 105.9 106.3 105.7 89.1 89.4 87.4 93.0 96.6 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 99.3 98.9 100.0 102.2 102.6 104.1 106.3 105.4 106.3 105.3 100.2 101.3 100.0 101.6 103.0 104.2 103.9 103.3 103.9 102.0 96.8 98.2 100.0 101.4 103.4 104.9 108.7 111.7 114.1 117.3 101.3 102.0 100.0 96.0 97.2 99.9 102.8 104.5 107.1 108.8 102.4 99.7 100.0 101.4 100.5 99.0 99.8 102.5 101.6 101.2 97.6 98.4 100.0 100.1 101.3 102.8 104.5 105.7 107.4 108.9 101.3 100.0 100.0 101.4 103.7 105.9 109.7 114.2 117.0 117.7 97.1 98.9 100.0 101.8 105.6 108.3 109.0 112.1 114.8 118.1 100.0 98.5 100.0 101.6 99.7 99.7 102.9 106.1 105.8 104.9 103.1 100.7 100.0 102.2 104.9 107.8 110.0 111.9 111.9 112.4 102.0 101.0 100.0 100.5 103.3 105.1 108.3 112.1 113.9 118.4 96.1 98.3 100.0 102.8 106.1 109.6 111.9 118.0 118.7 124.7 1990 1991 1992 1993 104.5 105.0 107.5 109.1 102.6 102.6 106.3 107.0 120.8 120.9 120.6 119.1 112.7 114.0 116.5 NA 103.5 105.1 106.4 106.9 110.6 111.3 112.7 113.9 120.8 123.1 125.2 124.9 120.9 124.1 126.0 126.3 105.2 105.8 107.8 108.6 114.0 116.0 117.6 116.4 118.8 118.5 122.4 118.9 116.9 120.5 125.6 129.4 NA: 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994. Table 15. Korea: Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1993 (Indexes: 1982=100) Unit Labor Costs Year Output Compensation 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 20.2 23.8 27.0 34.8 40.4 45.2 55.9 3.1 3.9 4.9 7.4 10.7 13.8 21.6 National currency basis 15.2 16.2 18.0 21.4 26.5 30.4 38.6 U.S. dollar basis 35.7 34.1 33.4 39.3 47.9 46.0 58.4 Exchange rate* 235.4 210.6 186.1 183.5 180.8 151.1 151.1 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 64.3 77.8 85.9 85.3 93.7 100.0 115.4 135.4 145.0 171.6 203.7 231.1 240.9 264.3 288.3 303.0 318.1 29.1 42.1 56.5 70.6 89.1 100.0 121.9 144.0 152.9 178.5 222.7 280.9 353.0 423.1 486.9 544.2 580.8 45.2 54.1 65.8 82.8 95.1 100.0 105.6 106.3 105.4 104.0 109.3 121.5 146.5 160.1 168.9 179.6 182.6 68.3 81.8 99.3 99.7 102.1 100.0 99.6 96.4 88.6 86.3 97.2 121.5 159.5 165.3 168.3 168.2 166.3 151.1 151.1 151.1 120.4 107.4 100.0 94.2 90.7 84.0 82.9 88.9 99.9 108.9 103.3 99.7 93.7 91.1 *Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994. Table 16. Taiwan: (Indexes: 1982=100) Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1993 Unit Labor Costs Year Output Compensation 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 26.9 32.8 39.4 46.1 43.6 45.7 55.8 63.0 75.7 81.6 90.2 8.1 10.3 12.6 17.2 24.5 26.0 33.0 38.8 47.1 57.8 73.4 National currency basis 30.0 31.6 32.0 37.2 56.3 57.0 59.0 61.6 62.3 70.8 81.4 U.S. dollar basis 29.3 30.9 31.3 38.1 58.0 58.7 60.8 63.4 65.8 76.8 88.4 Exchange rate* 97.8 97.8 97.8 102.3 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 105.6 108.5 108.6 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 97.6 100.0 110.8 126.8 131.5 152.5 172.0 178.2 184.8 184.4 196.5 203.3 208.9 91.7 100.0 109.3 130.5 140.4 167.7 189.2 202.3 219.0 233.9 253.1 273.2 289.3 93.9 100.0 98.6 102.9 106.8 109.9 110.0 113.5 118.5 126.9 128.8 134.4 138.4 99.7 100.0 96.3 101.7 104.8 113.7 135.6 155.3 175.6 184.4 188.4 209.0 205.0 106.2 100.0 97.7 98.8 98.2 103.4 123.3 136.9 148.2 145.3 146.2 155.5 148.1 *Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1994.