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TEXT Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Output per hour in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992 Output per employed person in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992 Output in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992 Total hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992 Employment in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992 Average annual hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992 Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992 Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992 Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992 Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992 Exchange rates, 12 countries, 1950-1992. Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992 Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992 Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992 Korea: Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1992 Taiwan: Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1992 Historical, technical information: (202) 606-5654 Current data: (202) 606-7828 Media contact: (202) 606-5902 USDL: 93-348 For Release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Wednesday, August 25, 1993 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY AND UNIT LABOR COST TRENDS, 1992 The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor today reported on 1992 developments in manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour) and unit labor costs in the United States and other industrial economies. The U.S. manufacturing productivity gain of 4.6 percent in 1992 was below the gain recorded by the United Kingdom, was about the same as Sweden's increase, and exceeded the increases found in Canada and the six other European economies covered by the BLS comparative measures. The only decline in manufacturing productivity occurred in Japan. (See table A.) The United States, with a 1.5 percent decrease, was the only economy studied in which manufacturing unit labor costs, measured on a national currency basis, declined in 1992. Canadian unit labor costs were unchanged in Canadian dollars, but fell 5 percent when measured in U.S. dollars. Adjusted for changes in foreign currency values relative to the U.S. dollar, the remaining economies experienced increases from 1/2 of 1 percent in Korea to 18 percent in Japan. The 1992 measures of percent changes in manufacturing productivity, unit labor costs, and related variables for the United States, Canada, Japan, and the eight European countries for which data are available are summarized in table A.1 Table A also shows percent changes in unit labor costs for Korea and Taiwan, but comparable productivity figures are not available because adequate labor input measures have not been developed. Table B shows annual average percent changes for selected periods from 1979 for 14 economies. Indexes of the measures for the United States, Canada, Japan, and the European countries are in tables 1-14; output and unit labor cost indexes for Korea and Taiwan are in tables 15 and 16. U.S. indexes for most of the measures are not currently available prior to 1977; see box on page 11. __________ 1 Data for Germany relate to the former West Germany. - 2 - Productivity, output, and labor input The U.S. increase in manufacturing labor productivity of 4.6 percent in 1992 resulted from a 3.1 percent increase in output and a 1.4 percent decline in labor hours. The productivity increases recorded by both the United Kingdom and Sweden resulted from substantially larger reductions in labor input than in manufacturing output. Japan's 6 percent decline in productivity was largely attributable to a decline in output; labor hours were reduced by only about 1 percent. Only Korea and Taiwan had larger manufacturing output increases than the U.S. Manufacturing output fell in Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands, as well as in Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Japan. Labor input (as measured by hours worked) decreased in all of the countries except Norway, where hours worked remained unchanged. The U.S. decrease of 1.4 percent was greater than the declines of about 1 percent in Japan, Denmark, and the Netherlands, but less than those occurring in Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The greatest decreases were in Sweden--about 7-1/2 percent--and the United Kingdom--about 5-1/2 percent. Hourly compensation and unit labor costs Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing--which include wages and salaries, supplements, and employer payments for social security and other employer-financed benefit plans--rose 3 percent in the U.S. in 1992. Denmark and Norway had hourly compensation growth rates slightly lower than the U.S. rate. The remaining countries experienced increases ranging from 3-1/2 to nearly 7 percent for the year, with Italy and the United Kingdom recording the largest increases. Manufacturing unit labor costs, which reflect changes in labor productivity and hourly compensation costs, dropped 1-1/2 percent in the United States from 1991 to 1992. While the United States was the only economy studied which experienced declining unit labor costs over the year, several other countries also had very favorable unit labor cost performances. Unit labor costs were flat in Canada and Denmark and rose only between 1/2 of 1 percent and 1-1/2 percent in France, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Korea, Taiwan, and the remaining European countries (Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands) posted unit labor cost growth ranging from 3 to 7 percent. Japanese unit labor costs, reflecting declining productivity and a substantial hourly compensation cost increase, rose 11-1/2 percent. - 3 Table A. Manufacturing productivity* and labor costs in 13 countries or areas Percent change, 1991-92 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Output Hourly UNIT LABOR COSTS per EmployAverage compen- National U.S. Exchange Country hour Output Hours ment hours sation currency dollars rate (1) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------United States 4.6 3.1 -1.4 -2.1 0.7 3.0 -1.5 -1.5 --- Canada Japan Korea (2) Taiwan (2) Denmark France 4.2 -6.2 NA NA 2.6 2.9 0.5 -7.3 4.8 3.7 1.6 0.5 -3.6 -1.2 NA NA -1.0 -2.4 -4.3 1.8 NA NA -1.3 -2.6 0.8 -3.0 NA NA 0.3 0.2 4.1 4.6 NA NA 2.8 3.4 -0.0 11.5 7.0 5.7 0.2 0.5 -5.2 18.3 0.5 12.4 6.2 7.2 -5.2 6.2 -6.1 6.4 6.1 6.7 Germany (3) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden 0.6 3.7 0.8 1.8 4.7 -1.3 -0.5 -0.4 1.8 -3.1 -1.8 -4.0 -1.2 0.0 -7.4 -1.7 -3.9 -1.0 -1.0 -8.4 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 1.0 1.1 5.9 6.8 5.4 2.8 5.5 5.3 3.0 4.6 1.0 0.8 12.0 3.8 11.3 5.5 4.7 6.4 0.7 6.4 4.5 3.9 United Kingdom 5.1 -0.7 -5.6 -5.7 0.2 6.7 1.5 1.4 -0.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* Although the productivity measure relates output to the hours of persons employed in manufacturing, it does not measure the specific contributions of labor as a single factor of production. Rather, it reflects the joint effects of many influences, including new technology, capital investment, capacity utilization, energy use, and managerial skills, as well as the skills and efforts of the work force. (1) Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. (2) See technical note. (3) Data relate to the former West Germany. NA=Not Available - 4 Unit labor costs in U.S. dollars In contrast to the previous year, the currencies of most of the foreign economies appreciated relative to the U.S. dollar in 1992. Except for the United Kingdom, with essentially no change in its relative currency value, and Italy, with a lira appreciation of less than 1 percent relative to the dollar, the currencies of the European countries appreciated from about 4 to 6-1/2 percent. The Japanese yen continued to appreciate strongly for the second consecutive year, rising 6 percent relative to the dollar. Only Canada and Korea had substantial declines in relative currency values over the year, 5 percent and 6 percent, respectively. The currencies of Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, however, were down substantially by the end of the year compared with the annual average values used in this release. In evaluating competitive changes in unit labor costs, changes in relative currency values need to be taken into account. Measured in U.S. dollars, Canadian unit labor costs fell 5 percent. Korea had the smallest increase, just 1/2 of 1 percent; British unit labor costs rose 1-1/2 percent; the other European countries, except Germany and the Netherlands, had increases ranging from about 4 to 7 percent; Germany, the Netherlands, and Taiwan recorded increases of 11 to 12 percent; and Japan's unit labor costs measured in U.S. dollars rose 18 percent. Trade-weighted unit labor costs The countries covered by the BLS comparative measures differ greatly in their relative importance to U.S. trade in manufactured goods. Therefore, BLS constructs two summary measures: A "competitors" index, which is the trade-weighted geometric average of the unit labor cost indexes for the other economies; and a relative index, which is the ratio of the U.S. index to the "competitors" index. The chart shows U.S. relative unit labor cost indexes on both a national currency and U.S. dollar basis over the 1979-92 period. Because 1992 data are not available for Belgium, it has been excluded from this analysis; however, Belgium accounts for only about 3 percent of the total for the 13 foreign economies. As the chart shows, U.S. relative unit labor costs, expressed on a national currency basis (i.e., unadjusted for exchange rate changes), fell between 1979 and 1992, for an overall decline of 13 percentage points. Adjusted for relative changes in currency exchange rates, however, the pattern was quite different. The U.S. dollar appreciated by 42 percent on a trade-weighted basis between 1979 and 1985, and U.S. relative unit labor costs rose 42 percentage points. The value of the U.S. dollar fell between 1985 and 1988, rose in 1989, and subsequently fell between 1989 and 1992, for an overall decline of 36 percent. Consequently, U.S. relative unit labor costs as of 1992, measured on a U.S. dollar basis, were down 62 percentage points over 1985 and by 20 percentage points over 1979. - 5 - ****Chart titled "U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs relative to 12 competitors, 1979-92" appears at this point in the printed news release. Recent exchange rate changes In the first 7 months of 1993, the currencies of Europe, Canada, Korea, and Taiwan all depreciated against the U.S. dollar relative to their 1992 averages. The Japanese yen, however, appreciated against the dollar; as of June and July of 1993, it was up by 18 percent relative to its 1992 average value. As of July 1993, the Korean won was down 3 percent relative to its 1992 average; the Canadian and Taiwanese dollars were down 6 percent; several European currencies, those of Denmark, France, Germany, and the Netherlands, were down nearly 10 percent; the British pound and the Norwegian krone were down 15 percent; and the currencies of Italy and Sweden were down 22 and 27 percent, respectively. - 6 Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-92 Average annual rates of change (1) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Country 1979-92 1979-85 1985-92 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 or area ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Output per hour United States 2.4 2.0 2.8 2.3 0.5 1.2 1.7 4.6 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 1.5 3.6 NA NA NA 1.4 2.9 2.4 3.9 NA NA 6.1 2.1 3.1 0.8 3.4 NA NA NA 0.9 2.7 0.4 5.8 NA NA 4.2 3.8 6.8 -0.4 6.9 NA NA 4.8 3.4 5.0 1.3 6.9 NA NA 2.1 1.8 1.2 0.6 4.3 NA NA 2.3 1.3 -0.1 4.2 -6.2 NA NA NA 2.6 2.9 Germany (2) 1.8 2.0 1.6 3.6 3.0 3.3 2.0 0.6 Italy 4.0 5.0 3.1 2.6 3.6 4.4 3.3 3.7 Netherlands 2.8 4.2 1.6 3.1 3.3 1.3 0.9 0.8 Norway 2.4 2.9 1.9 -0.5 5.2 2.5 0.7 1.8 Sweden 2.7 3.2 2.3 1.2 3.2 1.7 1.6 4.7 United Kingdom 4.5 4.6 4.5 5.5 4.5 2.4 4.0 5.1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Continued on next page - 7 Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-92--continued Average annual rates of change (1) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Country 1979-92 1979-85 1985-92 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 or area ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Output United States 1.4 0.7 2.0 5.3 0.8 -1.0 -2.5 3.1 Canada 0.6 1.5 -0.1 5.1 0.2 -5.1 -6.6 0.5 Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 4.7 10.0 7.3 NA 1.4 0.7 5.8 9.1 8.3 2.6 2.9 -0.4 3.8 10.9 6.5 NA 0.1 1.6 9.2 13.4 3.6 5.1 1.6 5.7 8.0 3.7 3.7 6.4 1.2 5.5 7.6 9.1 -0.2 3.6 1.2 1.9 5.8 8.9 6.6 -0.4 -0.8 -1.9 -7.3 4.8 3.7 NA 1.6 0.5 1.0 2.3 1.9 0.1 1.0 0.4 0.2 1.8 1.6 1.0 2.3 -1.0 1.6 2.7 2.1 -0.6 -0.1 1.6 3.2 7.5 3.7 -4.8 3.1 7.0 3.1 3.8 4.6 -1.6 1.2 4.3 4.5 2.0 3.3 0.7 -0.7 -0.5 2.6 -0.6 0.0 -2.1 -4.7 -5.2 -1.3 -0.5 -0.4 1.8 -3.1 -0.7 Total hours United States -1.0 -1.2 -0.8 2.9 0.3 -2.2 -4.1 -1.4 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France -0.9 1.0 NA NA NA -0.1 -2.1 -0.9 1.8 NA NA -3.3 0.8 -3.4 -0.9 0.4 NA NA NA -0.8 -1.1 4.6 3.2 NA NA 0.9 -2.1 -1.0 0.6 1.1 NA NA 1.6 -2.2 0.5 -6.3 0.6 NA NA 1.5 -0.6 0.7 -7.2 1.5 NA NA -2.6 -2.0 -1.8 -3.6 -1.2 NA NA NA -1.0 -2.4 Germany (2) -0.8 -1.8 0.0 -0.4 0.1 1.2 0.7 -1.8 Italy -1.6 -3.1 -0.4 4.8 0.2 -2.3 -3.8 -4.0 Netherlands -0.8 -2.5 0.6 0.7 1.3 2.0 -0.9 -1.2 Norway -2.2 -1.9 -2.5 -4.3 -6.5 -1.8 -2.8 0.0 Sweden -1.7 -0.9 -2.4 1.8 -2.0 -2.3 -6.2 -7.4 United Kingdom -4.0 -5.3 -2.8 1.5 -0.2 -2.8 -8.9 -5.6 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Continued on next page - 8 Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-92--continued Average annual rates of change (1) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Country 1979-92 1979-85 1985-92 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 or area ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Employment United States -1.1 -1.4 -0.9 1.8 0.4 -1.5 -3.5 -2.1 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France -0.8 1.6 NA NA NA 0.2 -1.7 -0.8 1.7 NA NA -2.7 1.0 -2.3 -0.9 1.5 NA NA NA -0.6 -1.2 4.4 2.2 NA NA -0.7 -2.2 -1.4 1.2 2.2 NA NA 2.1 -1.0 0.7 -5.2 2.2 NA NA 0.3 0.6 0.8 -7.1 3.9 NA NA -0.9 -2.3 -1.5 -4.3 1.8 NA NA NA -1.3 -2.6 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 0.0 -1.9 -0.6 -2.1 -2.1 -3.7 -1.1 -2.9 -2.1 -1.8 -1.2 -4.9 0.8 -0.9 0.7 -2.4 -2.9 -2.6 -0.2 1.2 0.8 -4.6 2.0 0.9 1.4 0.4 1.5 -7.1 -1.6 -0.1 2.9 0.1 2.0 -1.8 -3.4 -2.1 1.7 -2.7 -0.7 -3.3 -7.3 -7.2 -1.7 -3.9 -1.0 -1.0 -8.4 -5.7 Average hours United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 0.2 0.2 0.1 1.1 -0.1 -0.7 -0.6 0.7 0.0 -0.5 NA NA NA -0.3 -0.5 -0.1 0.1 NA NA -0.6 -0.3 -1.1 0.0 -1.0 NA NA NA -0.3 0.1 0.2 1.1 NA NA 1.6 0.1 0.4 -0.6 -1.1 NA NA -0.5 -1.2 -0.3 -1.2 -1.6 NA NA 1.2 -1.2 -0.1 -0.1 -2.3 NA NA -1.7 0.3 -0.3 0.8 -3.0 NA NA NA 0.3 0.2 Germany (2) -0.8 -0.7 -0.8 -0.2 -1.2 -1.7 -1.0 -0.1 Italy 0.2 -0.1 0.6 3.5 -0.2 -2.4 -1.1 -0.1 Netherlands -0.3 -0.4 -0.2 -0.1 -0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.2 Norway -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.3 0.7 -0.1 0.5 1.0 Sweden 0.5 0.4 0.5 -0.2 -0.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 United Kingdom -0.3 -0.5 -0.2 0.5 -0.1 -0.8 -1.8 0.2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Continued on next page - 9 - Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-92--continued Average annual rates of change (1) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Country 1979-92 1979-85 1985-92 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 or area ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hourly compensation(3): National currency basis United States 5.3 6.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 5.1 5.1 3.0 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 6.6 4.8 NA NA NA 6.3 8.0 8.7 4.7 NA NA 7.7 8.1 12.8 4.8 4.8 NA NA NA 4.7 4.1 4.4 1.7 NA NA 1.8 3.6 3.8 5.3 6.3 NA NA 5.3 5.7 5.4 7.0 7.9 NA NA 5.9 5.3 3.9 6.0 5.8 NA NA 5.7 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.6 NA NA NA 2.8 3.4 5.6 11.7 3.8 8.2 8.7 9.6 5.9 16.7 4.8 10.0 9.6 11.2 5.4 7.6 3.0 6.7 8.0 8.1 3.8 4.2 0.6 6.1 6.6 5.5 4.8 10.4 0.5 4.4 10.6 8.8 7.1 11.6 2.6 5.6 10.3 11.9 7.0 10.7 5.2 4.7 8.5 10.5 5.9 6.8 5.4 2.8 5.5 6.7 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom Unit labor costs: National currency basis United States 2.8 4.9 1.1 1.5 3.4 3.9 3.4 -1.5 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 5.0 1.1 8.2 5.2 NA 4.8 5.0 6.1 0.7 8.2 7.1 1.5 5.9 9.4 4.0 1.4 8.2 3.5 NA 3.8 1.3 4.0 -3.8 11.2 3.2 -2.3 -0.2 -2.8 5.7 -0.5 21.2 4.4 0.5 2.2 0.4 5.6 0.9 9.8 7.0 3.7 3.3 2.7 5.3 1.5 5.7 1.6 3.3 3.1 4.4 0.0 11.5 7.0 5.7 NA 0.2 0.5 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway 3.8 7.4 1.0 5.7 3.8 11.1 0.6 6.9 3.7 4.4 1.4 4.7 0.3 1.6 -2.4 6.6 1.7 6.6 -2.7 -0.8 3.7 6.9 1.3 3.0 4.9 7.1 4.3 3.9 5.3 3.0 4.6 1.0 Sweden 5.9 6.2 5.6 5.3 7.2 8.5 6.7 0.8 United Kingdom 4.8 6.3 3.5 0.0 4.1 9.3 6.2 1.5 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Continued on next page - 10 Table B. Output per hour, hourly compensation, unit labor costs, and related measures Manufacturing, 14 countries or areas, 1979-92--continued Average annual rates of change (1) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Country 1979-92 1979-85 1985-92 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 or area ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Unit labor costs: U.S. dollar basis United States 2.8 4.9 1.1 1.5 3.4 3.9 3.4 -1.5 Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark France 4.7 5.4 4.3 8.1 NA 3.7 3.2 3.4 -0.8 -1.9 5.3 -9.7 -5.8 -3.4 5.8 11.0 9.9 10.6 NA 12.5 9.3 12.0 8.5 25.0 14.5 -0.7 1.4 -2.0 9.8 -7.7 32.1 13.1 -6.2 -5.9 -6.2 7.2 -3.9 4.2 5.0 22.3 22.2 20.2 7.3 9.3 2.0 2.2 1.0 -0.3 0.7 -5.2 18.3 0.5 12.4 NA 6.2 7.2 Germany (2) Italy Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom 5.1 4.2 2.1 4.1 3.4 3.3 -4.0 -3.3 -7.5 -2.1 -5.4 -2.0 13.5 11.1 11.0 9.7 11.6 8.1 2.6 1.2 0.0 10.2 8.9 8.6 -5.0 1.2 -9.3 -6.4 1.9 -4.3 20.6 22.4 18.1 13.9 18.2 19.0 2.1 3.4 1.5 0.1 4.4 5.2 12.0 3.8 11.3 5.5 4.7 1.4 Exchange rates (4) United States Canada Japan Korea Taiwan Belgium Denmark 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.2 4.3 -3.6 2.8 -0.7 -1.1 -2.5 -1.5 -9.3 -1.7 -11.1 -11.0 1.8 9.4 1.6 6.8 9.2 8.4 7.7 12.8 12.5 11.0 1.6 1.6 3.9 -7.2 8.9 8.3 -6.7 -7.9 1.5 -4.8 -5.1 -1.9 17.9 18.3 1.8 7.7 -3.5 0.6 -2.3 -3.3 -5.2 6.2 -6.1 6.4 6.4 6.1 France -1.7 -11.7 7.8 0.9 -6.6 17.1 -3.5 6.7 Germany (2) 1.2 -7.6 9.5 2.3 -6.6 16.3 -2.7 6.4 Italy -3.0 -12.9 6.5 -0.4 -5.1 14.5 -3.5 0.7 Netherlands 1.0 -8.0 9.5 2.5 -6.8 16.5 -2.7 6.4 Norway -1.6 -8.4 4.7 3.3 -5.6 10.5 -3.7 4.5 Sweden -2.3 -11.0 5.7 3.4 -4.9 9.0 -2.1 3.9 United Kingdom -1.4 -7.9 4.5 8.6 -8.0 8.9 -0.9 -0.1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(1) Rates of change based on the compound rate method. (2) Data relate to the former West Germany. (3) Adjusted to include employment taxes that are not compensation to employees but are labor costs to employers. (4) Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. - 11 - NA = Not available. ****(The following section appears as a box in the printed news release.)**** NOTE ON THE U.S. OUTPUT MEASURES The historical data for the United States reflect revised manufacturing output measures prepared by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) of the U.S. Department of Commerce for 1977 through 1989 and new estimates for 1990. The revised output measures were released by BEA on June 10 and were used by BLS in its June 17 news release on productivity and costs in the U.S. economy. The 1990-91 and 1991-92 percent changes in manufacturing output are based on the trend shown by the industrial production indexes published by the Federal Reserve Board. Comparable manufacturing output data are not currently available prior to 1977. The U.S. real output measures constructed by BEA are based on fixed price weights of a single year. Fixed-weighted real output series have several advantages, but, if there are major changes in relative prices over the period covered, the change in real output becomes sensitive to the choice of price weights. This issue is discussed by BEA in the April 1992 issue of the Survey of Current Business in which alternative measures of real output growth are shown using "chain-type annual weighted quantity index" numbers (for total gross domestic product--GDP) and "benchmarkyears-weighted quantity index" numbers (for total GDP and for manufacturing). In manufacturing, preliminary estimates presented in the Survey article indicated that the differences in the trends since 1977 based on "benchmark-years-weighted" and "fixed-weighted" indexes can average one percentage point or more over some time periods. BLS is studying these new BEA alternative measures and will consider introducing them in future computations of manufacturing productivity. Most of the foreign economies link fixed-weighted measures covering various time periods, but some also produce annual chain-weighted indexes. The output measures used in this release are fixed weighted, with the following exception: The measures for Norway for each year from 1987 forward are based on relative prices of the preceding year. - 12 TECHNICAL NOTE The Bureau of Labor Statistics constructs trend indexes of manufacturing labor productivity (output per hour), hourly compensation costs, and unit labor costs from three basic aggregative measures---output, total labor hours, and total compensation. The hours and compensation measures refer to all employed persons, including self-employed persons and unpaid family workers, in the United States and Canada and to all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other economies. Hours refer to hours worked in all countries. (The figures for Canada in this release are the official measures prepared by Statistics Canada.) In general, the measures relate to total manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). However, the measures for France, Italy (beginning 1970), and the United Kingdom (beginning 1971) refer to mining and manufacturing less energy-related products; the measures for Denmark include mining and exclude manufacturing handicrafts from 1960 to 1966; and the measures for the Netherlands exclude petroleum refining and include coal mining from 1969 to 1976. Output: In general, the output measures are value added in manufacturing (gross product originating) in constant prices from the national accounts of each country. However, output for Japan prior to 1970 and the Netherlands from 1969 to 1977 are indexes of industrial production. The national accounts measures for the United Kingdom are essentially identical to their indexes of industrial production. While methods of deriving national accounts measures differ substantially from country to country, the use of different procedures does not, in itself, connote lack of comparability-rather, it reflects differences among countries in the availability and reliability of underlying data series. Labor Input: The total hours measures are developed from statistics of manufacturing employment and average hours. The series used for France (from 1970 forward), Norway, and Sweden are official series published with the national accounts. Where official total hours series are not available, the measures are developed by BLS using employment figures published with the national accounts, or other comprehensive employment series, and estimates of annual hours worked. For the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, the Bureau publishes only measures of unit labor costs and its components--output and total compensation. Total hours, and consequently productivity, are not computed for Korea and Taiwan because BLS has not yet developed adequate labor input series. - 13 Compensation (labor cost): The compensation measures are from the national accounts except those for Belgium, which are developed by the Bureau using statistics on employment, average hours, and hourly compensation. Compensation includes all payments in cash or kind made directly to employees plus employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs and contractual and private benefit plans. In addition, for some countries, compensation is increased to account for other significant taxes on payroll or employment (or reduced to reflect subsidies). Self-employed workers are included in the U.S. and Canadian figures by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. Current Indicators: For most countries, the measures for recent years may be based on current indicators of manufacturing output (such as industrial production indexes), employment, average hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures become available. Level Comparisons: The BLS measures are limited to trend comparisons. BLS does not prepare level comparisons of manufacturing productivity and unit labor costs because of data limitations and technical problems in comparing the levels of manufacturing output among countries. Each country measures manufacturing output in its own currency units. To compare outputs among countries, a common unit of measure--such as the U.S. dollar--is needed. Market exchange rates are not suitable as a basis for comparing output levels. What are needed are purchasing-power-parity (PPP) exchange rates, that is, the number of foreign currency units required to buy goods and services equivalent to what can be bought with one unit of U.S. currency. PPP exchange rates are available for total gross domestic product (GDP). However, these PPP exchange rates are derived from the expenditure side of the national accounts (consumer, business, and government final expenditures for goods and services) and not from the output side of the accounts (gross product originating by industry, or value added). Therefore, they do not provide PPP exchange rates by industry. The PPP exchange rates for total GDP are not suitable for each component industry, such as manufacturing. Table 1. Output per hour in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992 (Indexes: 1982=100) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------United BelDen NetherUnited Year States Canada Japan gium mark France Germany Italy lands Norway Sweden Kingdom -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1950 NA 35.5 7.6 NA 24.5 20.0 18.4 16.6 16.7 34.3 25.9 40.4 1955 NA 43.6 12.7 NA 26.7 24.5 26.6 23.2 20.9 38.0 28.4 43.6 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 51.6 54.4 58.2 60.3 63.2 66.1 67.6 68.9 74.0 77.9 18.6 21.1 22.0 23.8 27.0 28.1 30.9 35.5 40.0 46.2 24.2 24.5 25.8 26.8 28.5 29.9 32.0 33.8 36.8 40.2 32.4 34.3 36.0 37.2 40.2 42.2 44.3 47.6 51.9 54.0 31.2 33.0 35.0 36.7 39.4 42.1 45.4 48.2 53.3 56.3 38.6 40.2 42.9 44.7 48.4 51.2 53.4 56.8 61.3 65.1 29.1 31.4 34.8 35.7 36.1 40.2 43.7 45.9 49.5 51.3 26.5 27.9 28.8 29.8 32.4 34.5 36.7 39.3 43.9 48.0 47.8 49.3 49.3 51.8 54.7 58.0 60.4 62.5 66.4 72.6 36.3 38.0 40.8 43.2 46.8 50.1 52.2 56.5 61.7 66.4 49.4 49.5 50.6 53.3 56.8 58.5 60.4 63.2 67.7 69.4 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 96.3 96.4 95.0 76.9 82.4 86.4 91.9 93.3 90.1 96.4 101.8 102.9 103.8 52.0 54.8 60.5 66.1 66.9 69.6 74.6 77.9 82.3 88.8 44.3 47.0 52.3 57.8 61.1 63.5 70.0 73.4 77.9 82.2 57.2 61.1 66.0 72.7 75.1 82.6 85.7 87.3 88.5 92.9 59.6 62.8 65.5 69.9 71.3 73.8 78.1 82.6 86.2 90.1 67.0 69.6 73.9 78.5 81.2 84.5 90.5 93.1 96.3 100.2 54.6 55.6 60.3 65.2 69.8 67.4 76.5 78.2 83.3 91.1 52.9 55.7 60.6 67.3 72.9 71.3 79.3 82.7 88.1 92.9 74.5 77.2 81.4 86.4 90.0 88.6 91.4 90.8 92.2 97.7 69.2 72.1 75.7 81.3 84.7 85.9 87.2 85.7 88.1 95.1 70.9 74.3 78.5 84.1 85.5 83.7 87.3 88.1 89.3 90.3 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 92.9 96.2 100.0 102.2 103.5 106.8 109.6 116.7 119.4 120.0 99.9 104.8 100.0 107.3 116.3 119.8 117.9 119.0 119.5 119.0 92.1 95.5 100.0 101.9 106.1 112.0 110.3 119.5 126.5 135.2 87.5 94.2 100.0 110.9 115.8 117.2 118.2 120.1 125.2 131.2 98.0 99.6 100.0 104.9 104.3 105.0 98.9 98.4 102.1 105.6 90.5 93.2 100.0 102.5 104.2 108.2 110.0 112.1 119.7 125.6 98.4 100.5 100.0 105.3 108.9 112.9 113.4 111.5 115.5 119.0 95.5 97.8 100.0 105.2 115.7 122.3 123.7 127.2 130.5 135.1 93.9 97.5 100.0 106.6 115.0 118.7 120.1 120.7 124.4 128.5 96.3 96.5 100.0 105.2 112.6 116.0 114.6 120.4 119.7 125.9 96.6 96.2 100.0 107.6 113.4 114.5 116.5 118.9 120.4 124.3 89.9 94.5 100.0 108.5 114.0 118.2 122.9 130.4 137.5 143.7 1990 1991 1992 121.4 123.4 129.1 120.6 121.4 126.4 144.5 150.7 141.4 133.9 137.0 NA 107.5 108.9 111.7 127.2 127.0 130.7 122.9 125.4 126.1 141.1 145.8 151.2 130.1 131.3 132.3 129.1 130.1 132.4 126.4 128.4 134.4 147.2 153.1 161.0 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993. Table 2. Output per employed person in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992 (Indexes: 1982=100) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------United NetherUnited Year States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy lands Norway Sweden Kingdom -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1950 NA 39.6 8.1 NA 33.1 24.0 25.3 18.9 21.0 43.0 35.9 47.4 1955 NA 46.8 14.3 NA 35.4 29.2 36.5 27.0 26.3 47.9 39.1 51.7 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 55.1 57.8 62.5 65.0 68.4 71.6 72.7 73.8 79.3 83.2 21.8 24.3 24.7 26.5 29.8 30.5 33.8 38.8 43.6 49.6 30.4 30.7 32.4 33.6 35.6 36.8 39.0 40.8 44.4 47.9 40.8 41.9 44.4 45.1 49.2 51.5 53.1 56.3 60.1 61.7 37.4 39.7 42.0 44.1 47.1 49.8 54.0 56.7 60.9 66.0 47.7 48.9 50.8 52.0 56.4 59.5 61.1 63.3 69.2 73.8 34.2 36.6 39.3 40.5 40.9 44.1 48.4 51.5 55.6 57.2 33.8 34.1 34.9 36.0 38.8 41.1 43.5 46.4 50.9 54.9 57.8 58.8 58.6 61.3 65.4 67.4 70.4 72.3 74.9 80.0 47.3 49.1 52.3 54.7 58.7 62.4 65.0 69.3 74.0 78.3 57.5 56.8 57.5 60.4 65.0 66.0 66.9 69.5 75.1 76.9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 99.9 99.9 97.9 81.5 86.8 91.0 96.4 97.3 92.9 99.3 105.1 106.5 106.6 55.2 57.1 62.8 68.1 65.8 66.7 73.8 77.3 82.2 89.6 51.5 53.7 58.5 63.1 64.9 63.9 71.7 74.9 79.3 83.6 63.3 67.3 71.2 74.2 78.2 83.3 86.8 87.6 87.8 92.1 68.9 72.1 74.5 78.3 78.9 79.2 84.2 88.2 91.3 95.3 75.4 76.5 80.5 84.9 86.0 87.4 96.1 97.2 99.2 102.8 59.8 59.2 63.8 69.8 72.1 68.4 77.7 79.0 83.9 91.1 59.3 61.9 66.4 72.3 75.9 72.9 80.9 84.0 88.6 92.4 81.5 83.7 87.4 92.6 95.6 94.4 95.0 92.7 93.2 97.5 79.8 83.0 84.8 89.4 92.0 91.5 91.8 89.6 89.7 95.1 77.4 79.2 82.9 90.0 88.6 86.4 90.9 92.4 93.3 93.8 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 94.6 98.0 100.0 105.0 107.9 102.2 105.9 100.0 108.7 119.1 92.9 95.7 100.0 102.5 108.1 87.7 92.2 100.0 108.1 112.3 97.8 98.2 100.0 106.3 105.4 95.8 97.4 100.0 102.0 103.8 99.8 100.6 100.0 105.0 108.5 95.7 98.0 100.0 105.2 115.7 93.9 97.0 100.0 106.5 114.1 96.7 96.7 100.0 105.8 112.5 95.6 95.8 100.0 108.9 117.0 90.3 93.6 100.0 108.8 115.3 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 111.4 114.2 122.3 126.5 127.0 122.6 120.6 122.6 123.5 122.3 113.3 110.8 120.6 129.0 136.3 115.2 116.3 119.3 126.3 131.7 102.6 98.8 96.1 99.8 101.9 107.1 109.0 111.7 119.8 125.4 110.8 110.4 108.0 111.7 113.6 121.2 125.7 131.6 139.7 144.4 115.2 116.4 116.6 120.0 123.7 115.1 113.4 115.7 115.5 122.2 117.4 118.8 122.8 124.0 127.6 119.5 124.0 132.5 140.5 146.6 1990 127.6 122.4 143.5 136.1 102.6 126.8 115.4 147.2 125.3 125.3 131.3 149.0 1991 128.9 123.0 146.2 136.8 104.1 126.3 116.5 150.4 126.2 126.8 134.9 152.2 1992 135.8 129.1 133.0 NA 107.2 130.3 117.0 155.7 126.9 130.4 142.8 160.3 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993. Table 3. Output in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992 (Indexes: 1982=100) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------United NetherUnited Year States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy lands Norway Sweden Kingdom -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1950 NA 29.1 3.1 NA 29.8 20.9 17.6 12.3 22.6 37.9 34.9 60.6 1955 NA 37.7 6.9 NA 32.8 26.0 33.7 19.0 30.9 46.4 40.4 71.2 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 44.1 45.9 51.1 54.5 60.0 66.0 70.3 71.8 76.6 82.0 15.1 18.1 19.7 21.9 25.5 26.5 30.0 36.0 41.6 48.4 37.8 39.5 42.6 44.6 48.6 50.2 53.1 53.8 57.5 64.3 45.4 47.9 52.0 52.7 58.9 62.7 64.0 64.7 69.7 73.5 35.1 37.7 40.5 43.6 47.6 50.0 54.6 57.2 60.4 67.6 50.9 53.9 56.5 57.6 62.7 67.4 68.6 67.1 74.0 82.7 28.0 30.8 34.1 36.3 36.8 38.7 42.3 46.5 50.8 54.1 42.7 44.2 46.3 48.3 52.9 56.6 59.6 62.0 67.8 74.4 56.0 58.3 58.8 62.3 66.8 70.3 74.5 76.9 78.8 84.5 52.0 55.5 59.7 62.7 68.2 73.0 75.1 77.5 81.5 87.9 82.3 82.4 82.7 85.6 93.4 96.1 97.7 98.4 105.3 109.3 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 78.5 83.5 90.3 100.0 103.0 96.1 103.1 55.1 57.8 63.8 71.8 69.7 67.1 73.6 70.9 74.1 79.6 86.9 90.4 83.6 89.9 75.7 77.2 83.9 88.5 89.9 87.7 91.9 72.7 77.2 80.8 87.0 88.7 86.9 92.0 86.9 87.8 90.7 96.4 95.5 91.0 98.0 58.4 59.3 62.7 70.7 75.6 71.1 81.6 80.3 82.3 85.3 91.2 95.2 88.3 94.2 88.4 91.5 95.9 101.3 106.4 104.1 104.3 91.3 91.9 92.5 99.0 104.4 104.7 104.8 109.8 108.6 110.9 121.2 119.6 111.4 113.5 1977 1978 1979 104.3 108.7 109.3 106.9 111.7 115.9 76.4 79.8 86.5 90.2 91.5 93.9 92.3 92.0 97.3 96.2 98.4 101.3 99.8 101.7 106.7 84.6 88.8 97.9 95.2 97.9 101.0 102.2 99.8 102.7 98.8 96.1 102.3 115.7 116.3 116.2 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 102.0 105.0 100.0 103.2 111.3 114.0 115.2 123.5 130.1 131.2 110.7 114.8 100.0 106.5 120.2 127.0 127.9 134.1 140.9 141.2 91.5 95.7 100.0 104.3 113.2 121.2 117.9 126.5 138.2 149.3 96.4 95.8 100.0 105.6 108.4 109.6 108.9 109.0 114.6 121.9 101.7 98.4 100.0 106.7 111.7 115.3 115.3 110.6 112.3 113.6 100.6 99.0 100.0 99.9 98.7 99.1 99.1 98.9 104.6 110.3 104.7 103.6 100.0 101.3 104.3 107.9 109.4 107.3 110.7 114.2 103.1 101.1 100.0 100.8 105.4 108.9 111.5 116.3 125.0 129.7 101.5 101.5 100.0 101.9 107.9 111.1 113.8 115.4 119.7 125.2 101.7 100.7 100.0 99.3 105.0 108.8 108.8 110.8 105.5 103.8 102.7 99.6 100.0 106.5 115.0 117.1 118.5 121.4 125.1 126.5 106.1 99.8 100.0 102.9 106.8 109.6 111.1 116.9 125.1 130.5 1990 129.8 134.0 160.6 126.4 115.0 112.4 119.3 132.3 129.3 104.5 125.7 129.8 1991 126.7 125.1 170.0 125.9 114.0 110.2 122.5 131.5 129.4 102.3 119.8 123.0 1992 130.6 125.7 157.6 NA 115.9 110.8 120.9 130.9 128.8 104.2 116.1 122.1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NA: Not Available Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993. Table 4. Total hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992 (Indexes: 1982=100) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------United NetherUnited Year States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy lands Norway Sweden Kingdom -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1950 87.3 82.0 40.7 NA 121.8 104.4 95.4 74.0 135.2 110.6 134.9 150.0 1955 96.5 86.5 54.3 NA 122.9 106.2 126.9 81.9 147.9 122.0 142.5 163.3 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 94.0 91.5 95.3 96.3 98.3 104.0 110.8 110.1 111.7 113.1 85.5 84.3 87.9 90.4 95.0 99.8 103.9 104.2 103.6 105.3 81.2 86.0 89.4 92.3 94.6 94.3 97.1 101.5 104.1 104.8 156.2 161.0 165.0 166.4 170.7 167.6 166.1 158.9 156.4 160.0 140.0 139.7 144.3 141.6 146.3 148.6 144.4 136.1 134.3 136.1 112.6 114.4 115.7 118.9 120.8 118.6 120.1 118.6 113.2 120.0 131.9 134.1 131.6 128.9 129.5 131.7 128.6 118.1 120.9 126.9 96.2 98.2 98.1 101.7 102.0 96.3 96.8 101.4 102.7 105.5 160.9 158.0 160.9 162.0 163.0 163.9 162.5 157.8 154.6 154.9 117.3 118.3 119.4 120.4 122.1 121.3 123.4 122.9 118.5 116.4 143.3 146.0 146.4 145.1 145.9 145.6 143.9 137.1 132.1 132.4 166.6 166.7 163.4 160.7 164.5 164.3 161.9 155.7 155.5 157.6 1970 106.5 102.1 105.9 159.9 132.3 122.0 129.7 107.0 152.0 118.6 131.9 154.9 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 102.5 107.1 112.6 110.1 99.2 104.0 108.3 112.8 115.0 101.4 104.5 108.8 110.3 106.6 106.9 105.0 108.6 111.6 105.6 105.4 108.6 104.1 96.4 98.7 98.2 97.0 97.4 157.6 152.1 150.3 148.0 131.6 128.5 122.9 117.4 114.3 126.5 127.0 121.8 119.7 106.2 107.3 105.8 104.0 104.7 123.0 123.5 124.5 124.4 117.8 117.8 116.5 114.2 112.4 126.2 122.8 122.9 117.6 107.7 108.3 107.2 105.6 106.5 106.8 104.0 108.3 108.4 105.6 106.7 108.2 106.6 107.4 147.9 140.7 135.6 130.6 123.8 118.8 115.1 111.1 108.7 118.6 117.8 117.3 118.3 117.4 114.1 112.6 108.3 105.1 127.5 122.1 121.8 123.3 121.9 120.1 115.2 109.0 107.6 146.1 141.3 144.0 139.9 133.1 129.9 131.3 130.2 128.8 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 109.8 109.2 100.0 101.0 107.5 106.7 105.1 105.9 109.0 109.3 110.8 109.6 100.0 99.2 103.3 106.0 108.5 112.7 117.9 118.6 99.3 100.2 100.0 102.4 106.6 108.2 106.9 105.8 109.3 110.4 110.1 101.7 100.0 95.2 93.6 93.5 92.2 90.7 91.5 93.0 103.7 98.8 100.0 101.7 107.1 109.8 116.6 112.4 110.0 107.6 111.2 106.2 100.0 97.4 94.7 91.6 90.0 88.3 87.4 87.8 106.3 103.1 100.0 96.2 95.8 95.6 96.5 96.2 95.8 95.9 108.0 103.4 100.0 95.8 91.1 89.0 90.1 91.4 95.8 96.0 108.1 104.1 100.0 95.6 93.8 93.6 94.8 95.6 96.2 97.4 105.5 104.3 100.0 94.3 93.2 93.8 94.9 92.1 88.1 82.5 106.3 103.5 100.0 99.0 101.4 102.2 101.7 102.1 103.9 101.8 118.1 105.6 100.0 94.8 93.7 92.8 90.4 89.7 91.0 90.8 1990 106.9 111.1 111.2 94.4 106.9 88.4 97.1 93.7 99.4 80.9 99.5 88.2 1991 102.6 103.1 112.8 91.9 104.7 86.8 97.7 90.2 98.5 78.6 93.3 80.4 1992 101.2 99.4 111.5 NA 103.7 84.7 95.9 86.6 97.4 78.7 86.3 75.9 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993. Table 5. Employment in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992 (Indexes: 1982=100) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------United NetherUnited Year States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy lands Norway Sweden Kingdom -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1950 81.3 73.5 37.9 NA 90.2 87.2 69.5 65.1 107.6 88.0 97.3 127.9 1955 89.8 80.5 48.2 NA 92.7 89.1 92.4 70.3 117.4 96.9 103.5 137.6 1960 1961 1962 89.3 86.8 89.5 80.1 79.4 81.8 69.2 74.7 79.5 124.3 128.4 131.4 111.3 114.4 117.2 94.0 95.0 96.3 106.6 110.3 111.2 81.7 84.3 86.9 126.4 129.5 132.9 96.9 99.2 100.4 109.9 113.1 114.1 143.2 145.2 143.8 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 90.2 91.5 95.8 101.6 102.9 104.6 106.7 83.8 87.7 92.2 96.6 97.4 96.6 98.6 82.8 85.5 86.8 88.9 92.7 95.4 97.6 132.6 136.4 136.3 136.1 131.9 129.7 134.1 116.8 119.7 121.8 120.6 114.9 116.0 119.1 98.9 101.1 100.3 101.0 100.8 99.2 102.4 110.6 111.0 113.4 112.3 106.0 107.0 112.1 89.7 90.0 87.9 87.4 90.2 91.4 94.5 134.2 136.3 137.5 137.1 133.6 133.3 135.5 101.6 102.1 104.2 105.8 106.3 105.1 105.7 114.5 116.2 116.9 115.6 111.9 110.1 112.3 141.6 143.7 145.6 146.0 141.5 140.2 142.1 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 102.5 98.5 101.2 106.5 106.2 97.1 100.6 104.4 108.8 111.6 96.3 96.2 99.2 103.7 105.8 103.4 103.9 101.7 105.0 108.7 99.9 101.2 101.6 105.5 105.9 100.6 99.8 98.9 97.2 96.6 137.7 137.8 136.0 137.8 139.3 130.8 125.5 120.5 115.4 112.3 119.6 114.7 117.7 119.3 115.0 105.3 105.9 105.3 104.8 105.6 105.4 107.1 108.6 111.1 112.5 109.8 109.2 109.0 107.8 106.2 115.2 114.8 112.7 113.6 111.0 104.2 102.0 102.6 102.5 103.8 97.6 100.2 98.3 101.2 104.9 104.0 105.1 107.1 105.8 107.4 135.4 133.0 128.4 126.2 125.4 121.1 116.4 113.3 110.5 109.3 108.5 109.4 109.7 109.5 111.3 110.3 109.8 110.2 107.1 105.3 114.4 110.8 109.0 110.8 113.4 114.4 114.2 110.2 107.2 107.5 141.8 137.0 133.8 134.6 135.1 128.9 124.8 125.2 124.7 123.9 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 107.8 107.2 100.0 98.3 103.1 102.3 100.9 101.0 102.8 103.3 108.4 108.4 100.0 98.0 100.9 103.6 106.1 109.3 114.1 115.4 98.5 100.0 100.0 101.8 104.7 106.9 106.4 104.9 107.2 109.5 109.9 103.9 100.0 97.6 96.5 95.1 93.7 91.4 90.7 92.6 103.9 100.2 100.0 100.4 106.0 112.4 116.6 115.1 112.6 111.5 105.0 101.6 100.0 97.9 95.1 92.5 90.8 88.5 87.3 87.9 104.9 103.0 100.0 96.6 96.1 97.4 99.1 99.3 99.1 100.5 107.8 103.2 100.0 95.8 91.1 89.8 88.7 88.4 89.4 89.8 108.1 104.7 100.0 95.7 94.5 96.5 97.8 98.9 99.7 101.2 105.2 104.1 100.0 93.8 93.3 94.5 95.9 95.8 91.4 84.9 107.4 104.0 100.0 97.8 98.3 99.7 99.7 98.8 100.9 99.2 117.5 106.6 100.0 94.6 92.6 91.7 89.6 88.2 89.0 89.0 1990 101.8 109.5 112.0 92.9 112.1 88.6 103.4 89.9 103.2 83.4 95.8 87.1 1991 98.2 101.7 116.3 92.0 109.5 87.3 105.1 87.5 102.5 80.7 88.8 80.8 1992 96.2 97.4 118.4 NA 108.1 85.0 103.3 84.0 101.5 79.9 81.3 76.2 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993. Table 6. Average annual hours in manufacturing, 12 countries, 1950-1992 (Indexes: 1982=100) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------United NetherUnited Year States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy lands Norway Sweden Kingdom -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1950 107.4 111.6 107.4 NA 135.1 119.8 137.3 113.6 125.7 125.7 138.7 117.3 1955 107.5 107.5 112.6 NA 132.6 119.1 137.4 116.5 126.0 126.0 137.7 118.8 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 105.3 105.5 106.5 106.8 107.5 108.6 109.0 107.0 106.8 106.0 106.8 106.2 107.4 107.8 108.3 108.3 107.5 107.0 107.2 106.7 117.3 115.2 112.5 111.4 110.7 108.6 109.3 109.4 109.1 107.4 125.6 125.3 125.6 125.5 125.1 123.0 122.0 120.5 120.5 119.3 125.9 122.2 123.1 121.2 122.2 122.0 119.8 118.4 115.7 114.3 119.8 120.4 120.1 120.3 119.5 118.3 118.9 117.7 114.1 117.2 123.8 121.6 118.3 116.5 116.6 116.2 114.6 111.4 112.9 113.2 117.7 116.5 112.8 113.4 113.4 109.6 110.8 112.4 112.4 111.6 127.2 122.0 121.1 120.7 119.6 119.2 118.6 118.0 116.0 114.3 121.1 119.2 118.8 118.5 119.6 116.3 116.7 115.7 112.8 110.2 130.3 129.1 128.2 126.7 125.6 124.5 124.5 122.5 120.0 117.9 116.3 114.8 113.6 113.5 114.4 112.8 110.9 110.0 110.9 110.9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 103.9 104.1 105.8 105.7 103.7 102.2 103.3 103.7 103.7 103.1 106.0 105.4 105.4 104.9 104.2 103.1 102.9 103.2 103.5 102.7 106.1 104.3 103.8 103.0 98.4 95.8 98.9 99.2 99.8 100.9 116.2 114.4 111.8 109.1 106.3 100.6 102.4 102.0 101.7 101.8 110.7 110.3 107.9 102.1 104.1 100.8 101.3 100.4 99.2 99.1 115.7 114.9 113.7 112.1 110.5 107.3 107.8 106.9 106.0 105.8 112.5 110.0 108.9 108.2 105.9 103.4 106.2 104.5 103.0 102.6 109.6 106.6 105.8 107.1 103.3 101.5 101.5 101.0 100.8 100.0 112.2 111.2 109.6 107.5 104.1 102.2 102.0 101.6 100.6 99.4 109.3 108.4 107.3 107.2 106.3 106.5 103.9 102.1 101.1 99.8 115.3 115.1 112.0 109.9 108.7 106.5 105.2 104.5 101.7 100.1 109.2 106.6 105.6 107.1 103.6 103.2 104.1 104.8 104.4 104.0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 101.8 101.9 100.0 102.7 104.3 104.3 104.3 104.8 105.9 105.9 102.3 101.1 100.0 101.3 102.4 102.4 102.3 103.1 103.3 102.7 100.8 100.2 100.0 100.6 101.8 101.2 100.4 100.9 102.0 100.8 100.2 97.9 100.0 97.5 96.9 98.3 98.4 99.3 100.9 100.4 99.8 98.6 100.0 101.4 101.1 97.7 100.0 97.7 97.7 96.5 105.8 104.5 100.0 99.5 99.6 99.0 99.1 99.7 100.1 99.8 101.4 100.1 100.0 99.7 99.7 98.1 97.4 96.9 96.7 95.5 100.3 100.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.1 101.6 103.5 107.1 106.9 100.0 99.5 100.0 99.9 99.2 97.0 96.9 96.6 96.5 96.3 100.4 100.1 100.0 100.5 99.9 99.3 99.0 96.1 96.4 97.1 99.0 99.5 100.0 101.2 103.2 102.5 101.9 103.2 103.0 102.7 100.5 99.0 100.0 100.3 101.1 101.1 100.9 101.6 102.2 102.0 1990 105.1 101.5 99.3 101.6 95.4 99.7 93.9 104.3 96.3 97.0 103.9 101.3 1991 104.4 101.4 97.0 99.9 95.6 99.4 92.9 103.1 96.1 97.5 105.1 99.4 1992 105.2 102.1 94.1 NA 96.0 99.7 92.8 103.0 95.9 98.5 106.2 99.6 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993. Table 7. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992 (Indexes: 1982=100) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------United BelDenNetherUnited Year States Canada Japan gium mark France Germany Italy lands Norway Sweden Kingdom -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1950 NA 9.0 2.7 NA 4.2 2.8 5.6 2.1 4.3 4.6 4.2 3.8 1955 NA 12.7 4.8 NA 5.7 5.0 8.3 3.0 6.3 7.0 6.7 5.4 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 16.4 16.9 17.4 18.1 18.9 19.9 21.5 22.8 24.6 26.6 6.6 7.6 8.7 9.7 11.0 12.3 13.6 15.2 17.7 21.0 9.1 9.7 10.4 11.5 13.0 14.4 15.9 17.4 18.6 20.3 7.7 8.7 9.5 10.3 11.2 12.4 14.1 15.8 17.4 19.5 7.5 8.3 9.2 10.0 10.8 11.8 12.4 13.4 15.2 16.1 13.5 15.1 17.1 18.3 19.8 21.8 23.6 24.9 26.8 29.3 3.9 4.4 5.1 6.1 6.5 6.9 7.4 8.2 8.7 9.6 8.9 10.1 10.8 11.9 13.8 15.5 17.3 19.2 21.4 24.2 9.9 10.8 11.8 12.6 13.5 14.9 16.3 18.2 20.1 22.1 9.3 10.2 11.4 12.6 13.7 15.1 16.6 18.4 20.0 21.7 7.2 7.7 8.1 8.5 9.0 9.9 10.7 11.0 11.8 12.9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 62.8 67.9 74.4 28.7 30.9 33.2 35.9 41.3 47.3 54.1 59.9 64.4 71.0 25.0 28.9 33.3 40.7 53.3 62.1 66.9 73.8 78.7 83.7 23.2 26.5 30.6 35.5 43.2 52.4 59.4 66.3 71.5 77.9 22.3 25.6 28.4 34.5 41.7 49.7 55.5 61.4 67.6 75.6 18.1 20.4 22.5 25.9 30.9 37.9 43.5 49.4 55.7 63.1 34.5 38.6 42.7 48.2 54.9 60.4 65.2 71.2 76.7 82.3 11.6 13.4 15.0 17.7 23.1 29.2 36.2 42.9 49.4 59.8 27.8 31.8 36.3 43.4 51.6 59.0 66.1 71.8 77.9 84.0 24.6 28.1 31.3 35.3 41.4 49.6 57.3 64.2 70.9 74.7 24.4 27.4 30.6 34.3 40.3 49.4 57.9 63.2 70.5 76.0 14.9 17.2 19.9 22.6 27.1 36.1 41.8 47.2 55.1 65.6 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 83.3 91.5 100.0 102.7 105.9 111.2 115.8 118.4 123.0 127.9 78.6 90.4 100.0 106.1 111.1 116.8 121.3 125.0 130.5 137.4 89.0 95.3 100.0 102.7 105.8 110.1 115.8 118.6 120.6 128.2 86.3 95.9 100.0 106.0 114.8 121.6 126.3 128.8 131.2 138.1 83.4 91.9 100.0 106.9 113.0 120.6 123.1 134.6 139.4 147.3 72.7 84.2 100.0 110.3 119.7 129.7 135.1 140.2 145.5 153.3 89.2 94.9 100.0 105.0 110.0 116.3 121.2 126.9 131.8 138.2 70.2 84.8 100.0 117.0 134.3 150.9 157.1 166.0 173.1 191.1 88.5 93.5 100.0 104.5 106.6 111.5 115.4 118.8 119.5 120.1 81.2 90.3 100.0 110.3 120.9 132.2 145.0 165.6 175.7 183.4 84.5 93.4 100.0 110.1 119.5 131.7 142.3 151.8 161.8 179.0 79.8 91.4 100.0 106.9 114.6 124.2 133.7 142.0 149.8 162.9 1990 134.4 146.9 138.3 146.3 155.1 159.3 148.0 213.3 123.3 193.7 197.5 182.4 1991 141.2 155.8 146.3 154.6 161.9 166.1 158.3 236.1 129.7 202.8 214.2 201.4 1992 145.5 162.2 153.0 NA 166.4 171.7 167.7 252.2 136.7 208.4 226.0 214.9 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993. Table 8. Hourly compensation in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992 (Indexes: 1982=100) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------United BelDenNetherUnited Year States Canada Japan gium mark France Germany Italy lands Norway Sweden Kingdom -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1950 NA 10.1 1.9 NA 5.0 5.3 3.2 4.5 3.0 4.2 5.1 6.0 1955 NA 15.9 3.3 NA 6.9 9.3 4.8 6.5 4.4 6.3 8.1 8.6 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 20.9 20.6 20.1 20.7 21.6 22.8 24.7 26.1 28.2 30.4 4.5 5.3 6.0 6.7 7.5 8.5 9.3 10.5 12.2 14.6 8.4 8.9 9.6 10.5 11.9 13.3 14.6 16.0 17.0 18.6 9.3 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5 14.9 17.0 18.9 19.4 21.7 10.1 11.1 12.3 13.4 14.5 15.8 16.7 17.9 20.2 20.5 7.9 9.2 10.4 11.1 12.1 13.2 14.3 15.2 16.3 18.1 8.6 9.5 11.2 13.2 14.1 15.1 16.0 17.7 18.9 20.6 6.3 7.4 8.0 8.8 10.2 11.5 12.8 14.2 15.8 17.9 8.9 9.7 10.7 11.4 12.2 13.5 14.7 16.4 18.1 20.0 11.3 12.4 13.9 15.2 16.7 18.4 20.2 22.4 24.3 26.4 11.6 12.4 13.0 13.6 14.4 15.8 17.1 17.3 16.2 17.6 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 62.8 67.9 74.4 33.9 37.7 41.3 44.3 52.2 57.3 67.7 69.5 69.8 74.8 17.4 20.7 27.3 37.4 45.6 52.1 56.2 68.6 94.0 95.5 21.3 25.0 31.8 41.8 50.9 65.4 70.5 84.7 104.2 121.6 24.8 28.9 34.1 47.7 57.2 72.3 76.6 85.3 102.5 119.9 21.6 24.4 29.4 38.4 42.1 58.2 59.9 66.1 81.4 97.5 22.9 27.0 32.5 44.2 51.6 59.7 62.9 74.5 92.8 109.1 25.1 29.4 34.9 41.2 48.1 60.5 59.0 65.7 78.8 97.4 20.6 24.3 30.2 41.7 51.4 62.5 66.8 78.2 96.3 111.9 22.2 25.8 30.7 39.7 48.5 61.4 67.7 77.9 87.3 95.2 29.6 33.7 40.4 49.5 57.2 75.0 83.5 88.9 98.0 111.4 20.4 24.0 28.4 31.7 36.3 45.9 43.1 47.2 60.5 79.7 1980 83.3 83.0 98.3 135.4 123.7 113.3 119.3 111.1 119.1 106.2 125.6 106.1 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 91.5 100.0 102.7 105.9 111.2 115.8 118.4 123.0 127.9 93.1 100.0 106.2 105.9 105.6 107.8 116.3 130.9 143.2 107.6 100.0 107.7 111.0 115.0 171.2 204.2 234.4 231.2 118.5 100.0 94.9 91.0 93.8 129.4 157.9 163.3 160.4 107.4 100.0 97.5 91.0 95.0 126.9 164.1 172.6 167.9 101.8 100.0 95.3 90.2 95.0 128.4 153.4 160.6 158.1 102.2 100.0 99.9 93.9 96.0 135.6 171.4 182.1 178.4 100.9 100.0 104.3 103.5 107.0 142.7 173.3 179.9 188.5 100.4 100.0 97.8 88.8 89.7 125.9 156.7 161.4 151.2 101.6 100.0 97.5 95.7 99.3 126.5 158.7 173.9 171.3 115.9 100.0 90.2 90.8 96.2 125.5 150.3 165.7 174.3 105.9 100.0 92.7 87.7 92.2 112.2 133.2 152.6 152.7 1990 134.4 155.5 237.5 200.4 209.0 192.4 222.2 241.0 180.8 200.0 209.5 186.1 1991 141.2 167.8 270.8 207.0 211.0 193.5 231.4 257.5 185.2 201.7 222.4 203.7 1992 145.5 165.7 300.6 NA 230.0 213.5 260.6 277.1 207.7 216.6 243.7 217.1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993. Table 9. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992 (Indexes: 1982=100) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------United BelDenNetherUnited Year States Canada Japan gium mark France Germany Italy lands Norway Sweden Kingdom -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1950 NA 25.3 35.5 NA 17.0 14.2 30.3 12.6 25.8 13.4 16.3 9.3 1955 NA 29.2 37.5 NA 21.3 20.3 31.4 12.9 30.1 18.4 23.6 12.4 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 31.9 31.0 29.9 30.0 29.9 30.1 31.8 33.1 33.3 34.1 35.3 36.2 39.7 41.0 40.7 43.9 44.0 42.9 44.4 45.5 37.7 39.4 40.3 42.8 45.5 48.0 49.7 51.3 50.5 50.6 23.8 25.3 26.3 27.7 27.7 29.3 31.7 33.2 33.5 36.2 24.0 25.1 26.2 27.2 27.5 27.9 27.4 27.8 28.5 28.6 35.0 37.6 40.0 40.9 40.9 42.5 44.3 43.9 43.7 45.0 13.5 13.9 14.7 17.0 18.0 17.3 16.9 17.8 17.6 18.6 33.4 36.2 37.5 39.9 42.5 44.8 47.2 48.9 48.7 50.5 20.6 21.9 24.0 24.4 24.7 25.7 27.0 29.1 30.2 30.5 25.7 26.8 27.9 29.2 29.3 30.2 31.8 32.5 32.4 32.7 14.6 15.6 16.0 15.9 15.9 16.9 17.7 17.4 17.4 18.6 1970 1971 NA NA 37.3 37.5 48.0 52.8 52.2 56.4 39.0 42.0 30.4 32.5 51.4 55.5 21.3 24.1 52.7 57.1 33.0 36.5 35.2 38.0 21.0 23.1 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA 65.2 70.4 78.4 38.4 39.1 44.3 52.4 56.1 58.8 62.6 68.4 55.0 61.6 79.7 89.3 89.7 94.7 95.6 94.3 58.5 61.3 70.8 82.5 84.9 90.3 91.8 94.8 43.0 47.4 55.5 60.2 64.8 70.3 76.4 81.4 34.4 37.1 43.4 51.3 55.6 59.8 64.6 70.0 57.8 61.5 67.6 71.5 72.0 76.6 79.6 82.2 24.9 27.1 33.1 43.3 47.3 54.8 59.3 65.6 60.0 64.5 70.8 82.8 83.3 86.8 88.4 90.4 38.5 40.9 46.1 55.9 62.7 70.8 76.9 76.5 40.4 42.2 47.6 57.6 66.3 73.7 80.0 79.9 25.3 26.9 31.7 43.2 47.8 53.6 61.7 72.7 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 89.6 95.1 100.0 100.4 102.4 104.2 105.7 101.5 103.0 106.6 78.7 86.3 100.0 98.9 95.5 97.6 102.9 105.0 109.2 115.4 96.7 99.8 100.0 100.8 99.7 98.4 104.9 99.2 95.4 94.8 98.7 101.7 100.0 95.6 99.1 103.8 106.9 107.3 104.8 105.3 85.1 92.2 100.0 101.9 108.3 114.9 124.5 136.8 136.5 139.5 80.3 90.3 100.0 107.6 114.9 119.9 122.8 125.1 121.6 122.0 90.6 94.4 100.0 99.7 101.1 103.0 106.9 113.8 114.1 116.1 73.5 86.8 100.0 111.2 116.1 123.4 127.1 130.5 132.6 141.4 94.2 95.9 100.0 98.1 92.7 93.9 96.1 98.4 96.0 93.5 84.3 93.6 100.0 104.8 107.4 114.0 126.5 137.6 146.7 145.6 87.5 97.1 100.0 102.3 105.3 115.0 122.2 127.7 134.4 144.1 88.7 96.8 100.0 98.6 100.5 105.1 108.8 108.9 108.9 113.4 1990 110.7 121.8 95.7 109.2 144.2 125.3 120.3 151.2 94.7 150.0 156.3 123.9 1991 114.4 128.4 97.1 112.9 148.7 130.7 126.3 161.9 98.8 155.8 166.8 131.6 1992 112.7 128.3 108.3 NA 148.9 131.4 133.0 166.8 103.3 157.4 168.1 133.5 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993. Table 10. Unit labor costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992 (Indexes: 1982=100) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------United BelDenNetherUnited Year States Canada Japan gium mark France Germany Italy lands Norway Sweden Kingdom -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1950 NA 28.5 24.6 NA 20.6 26.6 17.6 27.2 18.1 12.1 19.8 15.0 1955 NA 36.6 26.0 NA 25.8 38.2 18.1 27.9 21.1 16.6 28.7 19.8 1960 1961 1962 1963 NA NA NA NA 40.6 37.8 34.6 34.3 24.4 25.0 27.4 28.3 34.6 36.2 37.0 39.3 28.8 30.5 31.8 33.5 32.2 33.6 35.1 36.5 20.4 22.8 24.3 24.9 29.5 30.2 32.2 37.1 23.7 26.7 27.8 29.6 18.7 19.8 21.7 22.0 31.2 32.6 34.0 35.3 23.4 25.0 25.7 25.5 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA 34.2 34.4 36.5 37.9 38.1 39.1 28.0 30.3 30.2 29.5 30.7 31.6 41.9 44.3 45.6 47.3 46.3 46.2 33.4 35.4 38.3 39.7 37.3 40.1 36.9 37.4 36.7 37.1 37.8 36.3 25.0 25.8 26.9 26.7 26.6 27.8 38.9 37.4 36.7 38.6 38.2 40.2 31.5 33.3 34.8 36.2 35.9 37.2 22.3 23.2 24.4 26.3 27.3 27.6 35.8 36.8 38.6 39.6 39.3 39.8 25.4 27.0 28.3 27.4 23.8 25.4 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 65.2 70.4 78.4 44.1 45.8 47.9 48.2 55.9 63.6 70.2 68.3 67.8 72.1 33.4 37.9 45.2 56.6 68.1 74.9 75.4 88.1 114.2 107.6 48.2 53.2 60.8 72.3 83.3 102.9 100.7 115.4 133.7 148.0 43.4 47.3 51.6 65.7 76.2 87.6 89.5 97.8 115.7 129.1 36.2 38.8 44.9 55.0 59.1 78.8 76.7 80.1 94.4 108.2 34.2 38.8 44.0 56.4 63.6 70.7 69.5 80.1 96.4 108.9 46.0 52.9 57.8 63.1 69.0 89.8 77.2 84.1 94.6 106.9 38.9 43.7 49.9 62.0 70.5 87.7 84.2 94.5 109.3 120.4 29.8 33.4 37.7 46.0 53.9 69.2 74.1 85.9 94.7 97.5 42.7 46.8 53.4 60.8 67.5 87.3 95.7 103.7 111.2 117.2 28.7 32.3 36.2 37.7 42.5 54.9 49.4 53.5 67.7 88.3 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 89.6 95.1 100.0 100.4 102.4 104.2 105.7 101.5 103.0 106.6 83.1 88.9 100.0 99.0 91.0 88.2 91.4 97.8 109.5 120.3 106.7 112.6 100.0 105.7 104.6 102.7 155.2 170.8 185.3 171.1 154.7 125.8 100.0 85.6 78.6 80.1 109.5 131.4 130.5 122.3 126.2 107.8 100.0 92.9 87.3 90.4 128.3 166.7 169.0 159.0 125.2 109.2 100.0 92.9 86.5 87.8 116.7 136.9 134.2 125.8 121.2 101.7 100.0 94.8 86.2 85.0 119.5 153.7 157.7 149.9 116.3 103.2 100.0 99.1 89.5 87.5 115.4 136.3 137.9 139.5 126.8 103.0 100.0 91.8 77.2 75.6 104.8 129.8 129.8 117.7 110.2 105.2 100.0 92.7 85.0 85.7 110.4 131.8 145.2 136.0 130.0 120.4 100.0 83.8 80.0 84.0 107.7 126.4 137.6 140.2 118.1 112.1 100.0 85.5 76.9 78.0 91.3 102.2 111.0 106.2 1990 110.7 128.9 164.4 149.6 194.4 151.3 180.8 170.8 138.9 154.9 165.8 126.5 1991 114.4 138.3 179.7 151.2 193.8 152.3 184.6 176.6 141.0 155.0 173.1 133.0 1992 112.7 131.1 212.7 NA 205.9 163.3 206.7 183.3 157.0 163.5 181.3 134.9 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993. Table 11. Exchange rates, 12 countries, 1950-1992. (Value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar) (Indexes: 1982=100) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------United BelDenNetherUnited Year States Canada Japan gium mark France Germany Italy lands Norway Sweden Kingdom -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1950 100.0 112.9 69.2 NA 120.9 188.0 57.9 216.8 70.1 90.5 121.5 160.2 1955 100.0 125.2 69.2 NA 120.8 187.9 57.7 216.6 70.1 90.4 121.5 159.7 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 127.3 121.9 115.5 114.4 114.4 114.5 114.6 114.4 114.6 114.6 69.2 69.0 69.0 68.9 68.8 68.9 68.7 68.8 69.1 69.5 91.8 91.8 92.0 91.8 92.0 92.2 91.9 92.1 91.7 91.3 121.0 120.8 120.9 120.9 120.7 120.7 120.8 119.5 111.5 111.0 134.1 134.1 134.3 134.2 134.2 134.2 133.9 133.7 132.8 127.0 58.2 60.5 60.7 60.9 61.1 60.8 60.7 60.9 60.8 61.9 218.0 218.0 218.1 217.8 216.8 216.7 216.8 216.9 217.2 215.8 70.8 73.6 74.2 74.2 74.1 74.2 73.8 74.2 73.8 73.7 90.5 90.4 90.5 90.3 90.2 90.3 90.3 90.3 90.4 90.4 121.6 121.6 121.9 121.1 122.0 121.8 121.6 121.7 121.6 121.5 160.6 160.3 160.6 160.2 159.7 159.9 159.8 157.3 136.9 136.7 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 118.3 122.2 124.6 123.4 126.2 121.3 125.2 116.2 108.3 105.4 69.5 71.7 82.2 91.9 85.4 83.9 84.0 93.0 119.5 114.2 92.2 94.3 104.0 117.9 117.7 124.8 118.7 127.8 145.6 156.1 111.3 112.7 120.0 138.5 137.2 145.5 138.1 139.0 151.5 158.6 119.0 119.4 130.4 148.3 136.2 153.7 137.8 133.9 146.2 154.6 66.6 69.8 76.2 91.7 94.0 98.9 96.5 104.6 121.1 132.5 215.9 219.0 232.0 232.8 208.1 207.5 163.1 153.4 159.5 162.9 73.9 76.5 83.2 96.1 99.6 105.9 101.1 108.9 123.7 133.2 90.3 91.7 98.0 112.4 117.0 123.8 118.3 121.3 123.2 127.5 121.2 123.1 132.1 144.3 141.8 151.7 144.3 140.6 139.1 146.6 137.1 139.8 143.1 140.2 133.9 127.1 103.2 99.8 109.7 121.4 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 105.6 103.0 100.0 100.2 95.3 90.4 88.8 93.1 100.3 104.2 110.4 112.9 100.0 104.8 104.9 104.4 147.9 172.2 194.3 180.4 156.8 123.6 100.0 89.5 79.3 77.2 102.5 122.5 124.5 116.2 148.2 116.9 100.0 91.2 80.6 78.7 103.1 121.9 123.8 114.0 155.9 121.0 100.0 86.3 75.3 73.3 95.0 109.4 110.4 103.1 133.8 107.7 100.0 95.1 85.3 82.5 111.9 135.0 138.2 129.1 158.3 118.9 100.0 89.1 77.1 70.9 90.8 104.4 104.0 98.7 134.6 107.4 100.0 93.6 83.3 80.5 109.1 131.9 135.1 125.9 130.8 112.4 100.0 88.4 79.1 75.1 87.3 95.8 99.0 93.4 148.6 124.0 100.0 81.9 76.0 73.0 88.2 99.0 102.4 97.3 133.1 115.8 100.0 86.7 76.5 74.2 84.0 93.8 101.9 93.7 1990 100.0 105.8 171.8 137.0 134.8 120.8 150.2 113.0 146.7 103.2 106.1 102.1 1991 100.0 107.7 185.1 133.9 130.3 116.5 146.2 109.1 142.7 99.5 103.8 101.1 1992 100.0 102.1 196.5 142.4 138.2 124.3 155.5 109.9 151.9 103.9 107.9 101.0 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993. Table 12. Average annual compensation in manufacturing, national currency basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992 (Indexes: 1982=100) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------United BelDenNetherUnited Year States Canada Japan gium mark France Germany Italy lands Norway Sweden Kingdom -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1950 NA 10.0 2.9 NA 5.6 3.4 7.7 2.4 5.4 5.8 5.9 4.4 1955 NA 13.7 5.4 NA 7.6 5.9 11.5 3.5 7.9 8.8 9.2 6.4 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 17.6 17.9 18.7 19.5 20.4 21.6 23.1 24.4 26.4 28.4 7.7 8.8 9.8 10.9 12.1 13.4 14.9 16.7 19.3 22.6 11.5 12.1 13.0 14.4 16.2 17.7 19.4 20.9 22.4 24.3 9.7 10.6 11.7 12.5 13.6 15.1 16.9 18.7 20.1 22.3 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 12.9 13.9 14.8 15.8 17.3 18.9 16.7 18.4 20.3 21.3 23.1 25.3 27.1 27.7 30.2 33.2 4.6 5.1 5.8 6.9 7.3 7.6 8.2 9.2 9.8 10.7 11.3 12.3 13.1 14.4 16.5 18.4 20.5 22.7 24.8 27.7 11.9 12.9 14.1 15.0 16.1 17.3 19.0 21.0 22.6 24.4 12.1 13.2 14.6 16.0 17.2 18.9 20.6 22.5 23.9 25.6 8.4 8.8 9.2 9.6 10.3 11.1 11.8 12.1 13.1 14.3 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 65.1 70.4 76.7 30.4 32.5 35.0 37.7 43.1 48.7 55.7 61.8 66.7 72.9 26.5 30.2 34.5 41.9 52.5 59.5 66.1 73.2 78.5 84.5 26.9 30.3 34.2 38.7 45.9 52.7 60.8 67.6 72.8 79.3 24.7 28.3 30.6 35.2 43.4 50.1 56.2 61.6 67.1 74.9 21.0 23.4 25.6 29.0 34.2 40.6 46.9 52.8 59.0 66.7 38.8 42.4 46.5 52.2 58.2 62.5 69.2 74.4 79.0 84.5 12.7 14.3 15.9 18.9 23.9 29.6 36.8 43.3 49.7 59.8 31.2 35.4 39.8 46.6 53.8 60.3 67.4 72.9 78.3 83.5 26.9 30.5 33.6 37.9 44.0 52.8 59.5 65.6 71.7 74.5 28.1 31.5 34.3 37.7 43.8 52.7 60.9 66.1 71.7 76.1 16.2 18.3 21.0 24.2 28.1 37.3 43.5 49.5 57.5 68.2 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 84.8 93.2 100.0 105.5 110.5 116.0 120.7 124.1 130.4 135.4 80.4 91.4 100.0 107.4 113.7 119.6 124.1 128.8 134.8 141.1 89.8 95.5 100.0 103.3 107.7 111.5 116.3 119.6 123.0 129.3 86.5 93.9 100.0 103.4 111.3 119.6 124.3 127.9 132.4 138.7 83.3 90.5 100.0 108.4 114.2 117.8 123.1 131.5 136.2 142.2 76.9 88.0 100.0 109.7 119.2 128.3 133.9 139.7 145.6 153.0 90.5 95.0 100.0 104.7 109.7 114.1 118.0 122.9 127.4 131.9 70.3 85.0 100.0 117.0 134.3 149.6 159.7 171.8 185.3 204.2 88.5 93.0 100.0 104.4 105.8 108.1 111.8 114.8 115.3 115.7 81.5 90.5 100.0 110.8 120.8 131.2 143.5 159.2 169.4 178.0 83.6 93.0 100.0 111.4 123.3 135.0 145.1 156.7 166.7 183.8 80.2 90.6 100.0 107.2 115.9 125.6 134.9 144.3 153.0 166.2 1990 141.2 149.1 137.3 148.7 147.9 158.8 138.9 222.5 118.7 187.9 205.1 184.6 1991 147.5 157.9 142.0 154.4 154.9 165.1 147.1 243.5 124.7 197.6 225.0 200.3 1992 153.0 165.6 144.0 NA 159.7 171.2 155.6 259.8 131.1 205.3 240.0 214.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. * Compensation adjusted to include changes in employment taxes that are not compensation to employees, but are labor costs to employers. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993. Table 13. Real hourly compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992 (Indexes: 1982=100) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------United BelDenNetherUnited Year States Canada Japan gium mark France Germany Italy lands Norway Sweden Kingdom -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1950 NA 39.4 17.9 NA 31.9 22.6 15.7 22.4 19.8 31.4 29.7 36.6 1955 NA 49.5 23.2 NA 35.5 30.5 21.3 26.0 24.5 35.1 35.9 40.0 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 58.1 59.1 60.2 61.6 63.0 64.9 67.6 69.3 71.7 74.1 29.5 32.6 34.8 36.2 39.2 41.0 43.0 46.3 51.1 57.6 29.3 30.7 32.5 35.2 38.1 40.7 43.1 45.8 47.7 50.3 43.1 46.5 47.4 48.9 51.0 53.2 56.7 59.1 60.2 65.5 34.4 36.8 38.8 40.4 42.4 44.9 46.3 48.5 52.9 54.2 31.5 34.5 38.0 39.3 41.6 44.2 46.4 48.3 51.2 54.9 29.9 32.2 36.1 39.8 40.0 41.1 42.9 46.3 48.8 52.1 30.5 34.4 35.9 38.3 41.9 45.2 47.9 51.3 55.0 58.1 43.4 46.2 48.1 50.1 50.7 53.7 56.8 60.8 64.7 69.2 41.5 44.6 47.5 51.0 53.8 56.5 58.1 61.8 65.9 69.2 46.9 48.5 48.9 50.1 51.8 54.0 56.2 57.6 59.2 60.9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 100.0 100.4 98.9 77.4 81.1 83.1 83.7 86.8 89.6 95.3 97.7 96.5 97.5 63.6 69.3 76.0 83.2 88.5 92.3 90.8 92.6 94.8 97.2 55.1 60.5 66.2 71.8 77.6 83.4 86.6 90.3 93.3 97.2 70.1 76.2 79.2 87.9 92.3 100.4 102.8 102.3 102.5 104.5 58.3 62.0 64.5 68.9 72.4 79.2 82.9 86.0 88.7 90.9 62.6 66.7 70.0 74.1 78.9 81.9 84.6 89.4 93.8 97.0 60.3 66.3 70.3 74.9 82.0 88.3 94.1 93.3 95.6 100.0 63.9 67.9 71.9 79.5 86.3 89.5 92.1 93.8 97.8 101.2 69.5 75.0 77.8 81.7 87.6 93.8 99.3 102.1 104.2 104.8 72.6 75.3 79.3 82.0 87.9 98.3 103.9 101.2 104.5 105.6 65.9 69.5 74.8 78.0 80.6 86.7 86.0 83.8 89.8 94.1 1980 1981 1982 1983 97.5 97.1 100.0 99.5 97.9 100.2 100.0 100.3 96.0 97.9 100.0 100.8 101.0 104.2 100.0 98.5 102.6 101.2 100.0 100.0 92.2 94.2 100.0 100.7 99.9 99.9 100.0 101.8 96.9 98.7 100.0 101.8 100.0 99.1 100.0 101.7 102.7 100.6 100.0 101.7 103.0 101.5 100.0 99.2 97.1 100.0 100.0 102.3 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 98.4 99.8 102.0 100.6 100.4 99.5 100.6 101.8 101.6 100.2 100.5 100.8 101.6 103.6 108.2 110.8 111.9 116.3 100.3 101.3 103.8 104.3 105.0 107.2 99.4 101.4 99.8 105.0 104.0 104.8 101.7 103.9 105.4 106.0 107.3 109.1 104.1 107.9 112.7 117.9 121.1 123.3 105.6 109.3 107.2 108.3 107.6 111.4 100.4 102.7 106.2 109.9 109.7 108.9 105.0 108.6 111.1 116.4 116.1 115.8 100.1 102.6 106.2 108.6 110.6 115.4 104.3 106.4 110.8 113.0 113.6 114.7 1990 99.2 102.9 121.7 109.8 107.5 109.8 128.6 117.3 109.2 117.6 114.4 117.2 1991 100.0 103.3 124.7 112.2 109.6 110.8 132.9 121.8 110.6 119.0 114.2 122.3 1992 100.1 106.0 128.2 NA 110.4 111.9 135.3 123.5 112.4 119.5 118.2 125.8 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993. Table 14. Real average annual compensation in manufacturing, CPI basis, 12 countries, 1950-1992 (Indexes: 1982=100) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------United BelDenNetherUnited Year States Canada Japan gium mark France Germany Italy lands Norway Sweden Kingdom -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1950 NA 43.9 19.2 NA 43.0 27.1 21.6 25.4 24.9 39.5 41.2 42.9 1955 NA 53.2 26.1 NA 47.1 36.3 29.3 30.3 30.9 44.2 49.4 47.5 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 62.0 62.7 64.7 66.4 68.2 70.3 72.7 74.2 76.9 79.1 34.6 37.5 39.2 40.3 43.4 44.5 46.9 50.7 55.8 61.9 36.8 38.5 40.8 44.1 47.7 50.0 52.6 55.1 57.5 60.0 54.3 56.8 58.3 59.3 62.3 64.9 67.9 70.0 69.7 74.8 41.2 44.3 46.6 48.5 50.7 53.1 55.1 57.1 60.4 63.6 39.0 42.0 45.0 45.8 48.5 51.4 53.2 53.7 57.8 62.2 35.2 37.5 40.7 45.1 45.4 45.1 47.5 52.0 54.8 58.2 38.8 42.0 43.5 46.2 50.1 53.9 56.7 60.5 63.8 66.4 52.5 55.1 57.2 59.4 60.6 62.5 66.3 70.3 73.0 76.3 54.2 57.5 60.9 64.6 67.5 70.3 72.4 75.7 79.0 81.5 54.6 55.7 55.5 56.9 59.2 61.0 62.3 63.4 65.6 67.6 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 82.0 85.4 87.6 87.8 90.5 92.3 98.1 67.5 72.3 78.9 85.7 87.1 88.4 89.8 64.0 69.2 74.1 78.3 82.5 83.9 88.7 77.6 84.0 85.4 89.8 96.1 101.2 104.2 67.4 71.2 73.4 77.2 80.0 84.9 89.3 70.4 73.3 76.2 80.2 83.6 84.6 89.8 66.1 70.6 74.4 80.2 84.7 89.6 95.5 71.7 75.5 78.8 85.4 89.9 91.5 94.0 76.0 81.3 83.5 87.6 93.1 99.9 103.2 83.7 86.7 88.9 90.1 95.5 104.7 109.3 71.9 74.1 79.0 83.5 83.5 89.4 89.6 1977 1978 1979 103.7 104.2 102.0 100.9 99.9 100.1 91.9 94.6 98.1 92.1 94.9 98.9 102.8 101.7 103.6 91.9 94.0 96.1 93.4 96.6 99.5 94.3 96.3 100.0 95.3 98.4 100.6 104.3 105.4 104.6 105.9 106.3 105.7 87.8 93.8 97.8 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 99.3 98.9 100.0 102.2 102.6 104.1 106.3 105.4 106.3 105.3 100.2 101.3 100.0 101.6 103.0 104.2 103.9 103.3 103.9 103.5 96.8 98.2 100.0 101.4 103.4 104.9 108.7 111.7 114.1 117.3 101.3 102.0 100.0 96.0 97.2 99.6 102.2 103.6 105.9 107.6 102.4 99.7 100.0 101.4 100.5 99.0 99.8 102.5 101.6 101.2 97.6 98.4 100.0 100.1 101.3 102.8 104.5 105.7 107.4 108.9 101.3 100.0 100.0 101.4 103.7 105.9 109.7 114.2 117.0 117.7 97.1 98.9 100.0 101.8 105.6 108.3 109.0 112.1 115.2 119.1 100.0 98.5 100.0 101.6 99.7 99.7 102.9 106.1 105.8 104.9 103.1 100.7 100.0 102.2 104.9 107.8 110.0 111.9 111.9 112.4 102.0 101.0 100.0 100.5 103.3 105.1 108.3 112.1 113.9 118.4 97.6 99.1 100.0 102.6 105.4 107.6 111.8 114.9 116.1 117.0 1990 104.3 104.4 120.8 111.6 102.6 109.4 120.8 122.3 105.2 114.0 118.8 118.7 1991 104.5 104.7 121.0 112.1 104.9 110.1 123.5 125.7 106.3 116.0 120.0 121.6 1992 105.3 108.2 120.6 NA 105.9 111.5 125.6 127.2 107.8 117.6 125.6 125.3 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NA: Not Available Note: The data relate to all employed persons (wage and salary earners and self-employed workers) in the United States and Canada, and all employees (wage and salary earners) in the other countries. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993. Table 15. Korea: Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1992 (Indexes: 1982=100) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------UNIT LABOR COSTS National U.S. currency dollar Exchange Year Output Compensation basis basis rate* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1970 20.2 3.1 15.2 35.7 235.4 1971 23.8 3.9 16.2 34.1 210.6 1972 27.0 4.9 18.0 33.4 186.1 1973 34.8 7.4 21.4 39.3 183.5 1974 40.4 10.7 26.5 47.9 180.8 1975 45.2 13.8 30.4 46.0 151.1 1976 55.9 21.6 38.6 58.4 151.1 1977 64.3 29.1 45.2 68.3 151.1 1978 77.8 42.1 54.1 81.8 151.1 1979 85.9 56.5 65.8 99.3 151.1 1980 85.3 70.6 82.8 99.7 120.4 1981 93.7 89.1 95.1 102.1 107.4 1982 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1983 115.4 121.9 105.6 99.6 94.2 1984 135.4 144.0 106.3 96.4 90.7 1985 145.0 152.9 105.4 88.6 84.0 1986 171.6 178.5 104.0 86.3 82.9 1987 203.7 222.7 109.3 97.2 88.9 1988 231.1 280.9 121.5 121.5 99.9 1989 239.7 353.2 147.3 160.4 108.9 1990 261.4 422.9 161.8 167.1 103.3 1991 284.6 486.9 171.1 170.5 99.7 1992 298.4 546.3 183.1 171.5 93.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------*Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar. Source: Table 16. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993. Taiwan: Output and unit labor costs, all employees in manufacturing, 1970-1992 (Indexes: 1982=100) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------UNIT LABOR COSTS National U.S. currency dollar Exchange Year Output Compensation basis basis rate* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 26.9 32.8 39.4 46.1 43.6 45.7 55.8 63.0 75.7 81.6 90.2 97.6 100.0 110.8 126.8 131.5 152.5 8.1 10.3 12.6 17.2 24.5 26.0 33.0 38.8 47.1 57.8 73.4 91.7 100.0 109.3 130.5 140.4 167.7 30.0 31.6 32.0 37.2 56.3 57.0 59.0 61.6 62.3 70.8 81.4 93.9 100.0 98.6 102.9 106.8 109.9 29.3 30.9 31.3 38.1 58.0 58.7 60.8 63.4 65.8 76.8 88.4 99.7 100.0 96.3 101.7 104.8 113.7 97.8 97.8 97.8 102.3 103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 105.6 108.5 108.6 106.2 100.0 97.7 98.8 98.2 103.4 1987 172.0 189.2 110.0 135.6 123.3 1988 178.2 202.3 113.5 155.3 136.9 1989 184.8 219.0 118.5 175.6 148.2 1990 184.4 233.9 126.9 184.4 145.3 1991 196.5 253.1 128.8 188.4 146.2 1992 203.8 277.5 136.2 211.8 155.5 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------*Value of foreign currency relative to U.S. dollar. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1993.