The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
Injuries and Accident Causes in the Manufacture of Pulp and Paper A Detailed Analysis o f Hazards and o f Injury Rates for 1948 by Region, Plant Size, and Operating Departments Bulletin No. 1036 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Maurice J. Tobin , Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS E w a n C l a g u e , Com m issioner Injuries and Accident Causes in the Manufacture of Pulp and Paper Bulletin No. 1036 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR M a u r ic e J. T o b in , Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS E w a n Cla g u e , C o m m is s io n e r For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. - Price 30 cents Letter of Transmittal U nited Stat es D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , B u r e a u of L a b o r Statistics , W a sh in g to n , D . C ., A u g u st 1 , 1951. The S e c r e t a r y of Labor: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on the occurrence and causes of work injuries in the pulp and paper manufacturing industry. This report, a portion of which appeared in the September 1950 Monthly Labor Review, constitutes a part of the Bureau’s regular program of compiling work-injury information for use in accident-prevention work. The statistical analysis and the preparation of the report were performed in the Bureau’s Branch of Industrial Hazards by Frank S. McElroy, George R. McCormack, and Luther E. Stone. The specific accident-prevention suggestions were prepared by Sheldon W. Homan of the Division of Safety Standards of the Bureau of Labor Standards. E w a n C l a g u e , C om m ission er . Hon. M a u r i c e J. T obin , S ecretary o f L abor . u Contents Page The industry record___________________________________________________________________________ Estimate of injury costs______________________________________________________________________ Scope and method of survey__________________________________________________________________ Injury rates (definition of terms and procedures)________________________________________ Injury-frequency rates_______________________________________________________________ Average time charge per injury_____________________________________________________ Injury-severity rate_________________________________________________________________ Accident-cause analysis (definition of terms and procedures)____________________________ Agency of injury____________________________________________________________________ Accident ty p e_______________________________________________________________________ Unsafe condition____________________________________________________________________ Agency of accident________________________ „ ______________________________________ Unsafe act___________________________________________________________________________ The industry and its hazards_________________________________________________________________ The woodyard____________________________________________________________________________ The wood room__________________________________________________________________________ Mechanical pulping______________________________________________________________________ Sulfite process____________________________________________________________________________ Sulfate and soda processes_______________________________________________________________ Semichemical process__ _________________________________________________________________ Pulp screening and washing_____________________________________________________________ Bleaching-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Beating__________________________________________________________________________________ Paper making____________________________________________________________________________ Coating__________________________________________________________________________________ Finishing and shipping__________________________________________________________________ Rag and waste-paper pulping___________________________________________________________ Factors in the injury record__________________________________________________________________ Product comparisons____________________________________________________________________ Regional and State comparisons_________________________________________________________ Pulp plants_________________________________________________________________________ Bookpaper plants___________________________________________________________________ Fine-paper plants___________________________________________________________________ Coarse-paper plants_________________________________________________________________ Sanitary-paper stock plants_________________________________________________________ Tissue-paper plants_________________________________________________________________ Container and boxboard plants_____________________________________________________ Building-paper plants_______________________________________________________________ Interplant comparisons__________________________________________________________________ Plant size comparisons___________________________________________________________________ Safety programs--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Medical and first-aid programs__________________________________________________________ Departmental injury rates___________________________________________________________________ Production departments______________________________________________________________ Service and maintenance departments________________________________________________ Kinds of injuries experienced______________________________________________________________ Fatalities-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Permanent-total disabilities_____________________________________________________________ Permanent-partial disabilities_________________________________________________________ Temporary-total disabilities_____________________________________________________________ Medical treatment cases______________________________________________________________ h i 1 1 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 8 9 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 19 20 20 21 21 22 23 23 24 25 Contents—Continued Page Accident analysis__________________________________________________________________________ Agencies of injury and accident types________________________________________________ Agencies of injury________________________________________________________________ Accident types___________________________________________________________________ Accident causes____________________________________________________________________________ Hazardous working conditions________________________________________________________ Defective agencies________________________________________________________________ Hazardous working procedures___________________________________________________ Inadequately guarded agencies___________________________________________________ Lack of personal safety equipment_______________________________________________ Hazardous arrangements_________________________________________________________ Unsafe acts____________________________________________________________________________ Unsafe handling or unsafe use of equipment_____________________________________ Unsafe position or posture_______________________________________________________ Unsafe placing or loading________________________________________________________ Failure to secure or warn_________________________________________________________ Failure to wear personal safety equipment or proper clothing___________________ Accident prevention suggestions___________________________________________________________ Case descriptions and recommendations______________________________________________ Appendix.— Statistical tables: Injury rates: Table 1. B y type of mill_________________________________________________________ Table 2. B y geographic area, State, and type of m ill____________________________ Table 3. B y size of plant_________________________________________________________ Table 4. B y plant safety organization___________________________________________ Table 5. By operating department_______________________________________________ Table 6. Distribution of plant frequency rates by size of establishment_________ Table 7. Number of plants, employees, injuries, and days lost, by plant fre quency rates__________________________________________________________ Injury detail: Disabling injuries classified by— Table 8. Nature of injury and type of mill__________________________________ Table Part of body injured and type of m ill_____________________________ Table 10. Part of body injured and nature o f injury_______________________ Table 11. Part of body injured and department____________________________ Medical treatment cases, classified by— Table 12. Nature of injury__________________________________________________ Table 13. Part of body injured______________________________________________ Accident detail: 9. Table Table Table Table Table Table 40 41 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 47 48 48 49 Accident type and agency of injury-------------------------------------Accident type and department___________________________________ Accident type and unsafe working condition_____________________ Agency of accident and unsafe working condition________________ Unsafe working condition and department_______________________ Accident type and unsafe act_____________________________________ 50 52 53 55 56 57 Charts: Chart 1. Comparison of injury-frequency rates: Pulp and paper and all-manufac turing______________________________________________________________________ Chart 2. Disabling injury-frequency rates, by department-----------------------------------Chart 3. M ajor types of accidents_____________________________________________________ Chart 4. M ajor types of unsafe working conditions---------------------------------------------- 2 20 27 30 IV 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 25 26 26 28 29 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 Abstract Injury-frequency rates for pulp and paper manufacturing improved more rapidly than the all-manufacturing average in the 1944-49 period. In 1949 the frequency rate for pulp and paper, 16.4, was only 9 percent above the all-manufacturing rate of 15.0. This was a reduc tion of 44 percent from the 1944 rate of 29.2, which was 59 percent higher than the all manufacturing average of 18.4 in that year. Approximately 7,900 disabling injuries occurred in pulp and paper manufacturing during 1949. The economic loss, including direct and indirect costs, resulting from these injuries is estimated at about $25 million. Paper-making plants generally had lower injury rates than those exclusively engaged in making pulp. The best group rate in 1948 was 11.8 for building-paper plants. For pulp plants the corresponding average was 26.7. Comparisons among the production departments of the reporting plants indicate that injuries occur most frequently in the woodyards, which had an average frequency rate of 41.2. Woodrooms, paper-machine rooms, rag-shredding departments, groundwood mills, sulfite mills, and beater rooms all had rates of over 20. Sulfate mills, soda mills, wet rooms, bleaching departments, and converting departments had rates ranging between 10 and 20. K ag mills had the lowest production department rate, 6.8. The records show a definite inverse relationship between the frequency-rate level and plant size with the first significant break occurring at about the 250-employee level. Up to the 250-employee level, plant size variations appear to have little bearing upon the occur rence of injuries. An unusually high proportion of the plants in the pulp and paper industry maintain organized safety programs. Over 75 percent of the 534 plants surveyed reported having some form of safety program. There seemed to be a significant relationship between a plant’s injury record and the presence of a safety engineer. The development of in-plant safety programs and the maintenance of medical or first-aid programs both seem to be closely related to plant-size variations. About a fourth of all the recorded injuries resulted from contact with machines; flying particles produced 12 percent; hand tools, 9 percent; pulpwood logs, 7 percent; working surfaces, 6 percent; paper, 6 percent; and chemicals, 4 percent. Over 37 percent of the recorded accidents were cases in which workers were struck by moving, falling, or flying objects. About 14 percent of the injuries resulted from workers bumping into or striking against fixed objects. Another 14 percent resulted from workers getting caught in or between objects. Falls were responsible for 10 percent of the injuries, overexertion for 9 percent, and slips or stumbles for 5 percent. Slippery working surfaces, inadequately guarded machinery, exposure to hot or toxic materials, and improperly piled materials were the physical causes of many accidents. Manual handling of heavy materials and the absence of personal protective devices were also prominent accident causes. Outstanding among the unsafe acts which resulted in accidents were: Misuse of hand tools, improper material handling, inattention to footing or surroundings, improper piling of materials, failure to warn others when starting machinery, and failure to wear goggles where required. Accident-prevention suggestions, prepared by the Division of Safety Standards of the Bureau of Labor Standards, indicate that most accidents in the industry could be prevented through the application of very simple precautions. v Injuries and Accident Causes in the Manufacture of Pulp and Paper The Industry Record In 1949 the injury-frequency rate 1for pulp and paper manufacturing dipped to its lowest level in many years. In that year the industry average of 16.4 disabling injuries 12 for every million em ployee-hours worked was only 9 percent higher than the all-manufacturing average of 15.0. This was in sharp contrast to the wide spread between the two rates in 1944 and previous years. In 1939 the injury-frequency rate for pulp and paper manufacturing was 22.0, about 48 percent higher than the all-manufacturing rate of 14.9. During the next few years, wartime influences such as shortages of trained workers, new equipment, and repair parts, and pressure for increased pro duction caused the injury-frequency rates for most manufacturing industries to rise. The pulp and paper rate, however, rose more than the average, 1 The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries for each million employee-hours worked. See chapter on Scope and Method p. 3 for additional definitions. 2 A disabling work injury is any injury occurring in the course of and arising out of employment, which (a) results in death or any degree of perma nent physical impairment, or (b) makes the injured person unable to perform the duties of any regularly established job open and available to him, through out the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury, including Sundays, holidays, and periods of plant shut-down. and in 1944 reached 29.2. At this point it was 59 percent above the all-manufacturing average of 18.4. Since 1944, the pulp and paper rate has consistently improved, moving downward much more rapidly than did the all-manufacturing aver age. The 1949 rate of 16.4 for paper and pulp manufacturing represents a remarkable achieve ment—a reduction of 44 percent in work injuries during a period of only 5 years. Despite this praiseworthy improvement, the pulp and paper industry was still faced with a substantial work-injury problem not fully evident in the injury rates. The abstract qualities of in jury rates give injuries somewhat the status of bookkeeping entries and tend to obscure the human and economic factors constituting the fundamentals of the problem. The suffering, despair, and frustration of injured workers and their families cannot be measured. Nor can the full monetary cost of accidents be determined from any available records. It is possible, however, to approximate the economic loss arising from the injuries and thereby bring the problem into better perspective. Estimate of Injury Costs About 7,900 workers in the pulp and paper industry experienced disabling injuries in the course of employment during 1949. This repre sents 1 disabling injury for every 29 workers in the industry. Approximately 40 of these injured workers died as a result of their injuries and 10 others were totally disabled for the remainder of their lives. In addition, about 600 experienced some lesser degree of permanent physical impairment. The remaining 7,250 workers suffered no permanent ill effects, but each was injured seriously enough to require at least one full day for recovery. Although no accurate records of the costs of these injuries are available, it is apparent that they represent a tremendous economic loss which l 2 IN J U R IE S A N D A C C ID E N T C A U SE S— M A N U F A C T U R E OF P U L P A N D P A P E R SC OPE A N D M E TH O D OF S U R V E Y must be absorbed by the injured workers, their employers, and the consumers of the industry’s products. The actual time lost by the injured workers during 1949 is estimated at about 183,000 mandays. Time lost within the year, however, does not adequately measure the real work loss resulting from injuries. Many of the seriously injured workers will find their earning ability reduced for the remainder of their lives. The loss for fatally injured workers is equivalent to their total expected earnings for years in which they would have worked had their careers not been cut short. If additional allowance were made for the future effects of the deaths and permanent impairments included in the total, the economic time-loss chargeable to the injuries experienced in 1949 would amount to 825,000 man-days. Evaluated on the basis of 1949 average earnings for production workers in the industry ($59.83 a week),3 this represents a loss of about $7 million in present and future earnings. In part, this loss is covered by work men’s compensation payments financed by the employers. Because compensation payments are never equivalent to full wages, however, a consid 3 erable portion of this loss must fall upon the injured workers and their dependents. Wage losses, however, are only part of the total cost of accidents resulting in work injuries. In addition, there are payments for medical and hospital care and many indirect costs, such as damage to materials and equipment, interrupted production schedules, cost of training replacement workers, time lost by other workers stopping to offer assistance at the time of the accident, and supervisory time spent caring for the injured or reorganizing operations after the accident. Unfor tunately, the indirect costs are seldom recorded, and, as a result, cannot be determined accurately. Studies have indicated, however, that the indirect costs of injury-producing accidents for all-manu facturing average about four times the direct costs of compensation payments, plus medical and hospital expenses.84 Assuming that this ratio is approximately correct for the pulp and paper industry, the indirect cost of the injury-producing accidents in 1949 would amount to about $17 million, bringing the total costs including medical expenses to approximately $25 million. 4Industrial Accident Prevention, by H. W. Heinrich, New York, McGrawHill Book Co., 1941. 8 Monthly Labor Review, May 1950. Scope and Method of Survey The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics has compiled annual injury rates for the pulp and paper manufacturing industry each year since 1926. In recent years these surveys have included reports from nearly 500 employers, representing a total exposure of over 400 million man-hours of employment. All of the data assembled in the annual surveys are collected by mail. Reporting is entirely voluntary. In order to provide greater detail and to permit more specific analysis than is usually possible on the basis of the annual surveys, the survey was modified in 1948. The report form was enlarged and each cooperating employer was requested to report separately for each department or type of operation carried on in his plant. In addition, he was asked to describe his plant safety program and the first-aid facilities available to his employees. Usable reports were received from 966013°— 52----- 2 534 plants, employing approximately 207,000 workers, with a total exposure of over 454 million man-hours. The reporting group included 14 plants which manufacture pulp only, 281 which manufacture one or more varieties of paper, 152 which manufacture paperboard, and 87 which did not identify their principal products sufficiently to permit exact classification on this basis. In addition to supplying summary reports for use in evaluating the magnitude and general aspects of the injury problem in the industry, 106 of the cooperating plants also made their original accident records available for detailed analysis. This group of plants, employing about 80,000 workers, had a combined injury-frequency rate of 20.6. Although this was about 4 percent above the industry average, there was no indication that their hazards differed greatly from those of other plants in the industry. 4 IN J U R IE S A N D A C C ID E N T C A U SE S— M A N U F A C T U R E OF P U L P AN D P A P E R A representative of the Bureau visited each of the 106 cooperating plants, and insofar as the data were available, transcribed from their records the following items regarding each accident: (a) Place of accident; (b) occupation, age, and sex of injured worker; (c) nature of injury and part of body injured; (d) object or substance producing injury; (e) type of accident; (J) unsafe condition and/or unsafe act leading to accident; and (g) object or substance associated with the unsafe condition. In order to broaden the analysis and permit a greater degree of detail, this part of the survey was extended in some plants to cover not only disabling injuries, but also to include all injuries requiring treatment by physicians. Some 3,286 disabling injury cases and 2,960 medical cases were recorded. Injury Rates The injury-rate comparisons presented in this report are based primarily upon injury-frequency and severity rates compiled under the definitions and procedures specified in the American Standard Method of Compiling Industrial Injury Rates, as approved by the American Standards Association in 1945. These standard rates have been supplemented by an additional measure of injury severity designated as the average time charge per disabling injury. In ju ry-F req u en cy R a te s .—The injury-frequency rate represents the average number of disabling work injuries occurring in each million employeehours worked. It is computed according to the following formula: Frequency rate= Number of disabling injuries X 1,000,000 Number of employee-hours worked A verage T im e Charge P e r I n ju r y .—The relative severity of a temporary injury is measured by the number of calendar days during which the injured person is unable to work at any regularly estab lished job open and available to him, excluding the day of injury and the day on which he returns to work. The relative severity of death and per manent impairment cases is determined by reference to a table of economic time charges included in the American Standard Method of Compiling Industrial Injury Rates. These time charges, based upon an average working-life expectancy of 20 years for the entire working population, represent the average percentage of working ability lost as the result of specified impairments, expressed in unproductive days. The average time charge per disabling injury is computed by adding the days lost for each tempo rary injury and the days charged according to the standard table for each death and permanent impairment and dividing the total by the number of disabling injuries. In ju ry -S e v e rity R a te. —The injury-severity rate weights each disabling injury with its correspond ing time loss or time charge and expresses the aggregate in terms of the average number of days lost or charged per 1,000 employee-hours worked. It is computed according to the follow ing formula: _ . rate= Total days lost or charged X 1,000 Severity —— -----------------------------------—Number ot employee-hours worked Accident-Cause Analysis The accident-cause analysis procedure used in this study differs in some respects from the pro cedures specified in the American Standard Method of Compiling Industrial Accident Causes and usually followed in the Bureau’s studies. The deviations from the Standard include the intro duction of an additional analysis factor, termed the “agency of injury” and the modification of the standard definitions of some of the other fac tors. These changes permit more accurate cross classifications. A g en cy oj I n ju r y . —The standard classification provides for the selection of but one “ agency” in the analysis of each accident. By definition, this agency may be either (a) the object or substance which was unsafe and thereby contributed to the occurrence of the accident, or (b) in the absence of such an unsafe object or substance, the object or substance most closely related to the injury. Under this definition, therefore, a tabulation of “ agencies” for a group of accidents includes objects or substances which may have been inherently safe and unrelated to the occurrence of the accidents as well as those which led to the occurrence of accidents because of their condition, T H E IN D U S T R Y A N D IT S H A Z A R D S location, structure, or method of use. The de velopment of the classification “ agency of injury” represents an attempt to separate and classify separately these two agency concepts. As used in this study, the “ agency of injury” is the object, substance, or bodily reaction which actually produced the injury, selected without regard to its safety characteristics or its influence upon the chain of events constituting the accident. Accident T ype .—As used in this study, the accident type classification assigned to each acci dent is purely descriptive of the occurrence resulting in an injury and is related specifically to the agency of injury. It indicates how the injured person came into contact with or was af fected by the previously selected agency of injury. This represents a change from the standard pro cedure in two respects: First, the accident type classification is specifically related to the pre viously selected agency of injury, and second, the sequence of selecting this factor is specified. Unsafe Condition .—Under the standard defini tion, the unsafe condition indicated in the analysis is defined as the “ unsafe mechanical or physical condition of the selected agency which could have been guarded or corrected.” This implies the prior selection of the “ agency” but does not pro vide for recognition of any relationship between the unsafe condition and accident type classifica tions. Nor does the standard provide for any definite relationship between the “ agency” and the “accident type” classifications. To provide continuity and to establish direct relationships among the various analysis factors 5 to permit cross classification, the standard defini tion was modified for this study to read: “The unsafe mechanical or physical condition is the hazardous condition which permitted or occasioned the occurrence of the selected accident type.” The unsafe condition classification, therefore, was selected after the determination of the accident type classification. It represents the physical or mechanical reason for the occurrence of that par ticular accident without regard to the feasibility of guarding or correcting the unsafe condition. Elimination of the condition “which could have been guarded or corrected” is based upon the premise that statistical analysis should indicate the existence of hazards, but should not attempt to specify the feasibility of corrective measures. Agency of A ccident .—For the purpose of this study, the agency of accident was defined as “the object, substance, or premises in or about which the unsafe condition existed.” Its selection, therefore, is directly associated with the unsafe condition leading to the occurrence of the accident and not with the occurrence of the injury. In many instances the agency of injury and the agency of accident were identical. The double agency classification, however, avoids any possi bility of ambiguity in the interpretation of the “agency” tabulations. Unsafe A c t .—The unsafe act definition used in this survey is identical with the standard defini tion, i. e., “that violation of a commonly accepted safe procedure which resulted in the selected acci dent type.” The Industry and Its Hazards The pulp and paper industry, as defined for this survey, includes all plants manufacturing either pulp or paper, or both. Many of these plants also process their paper into various spe cialties, engaging in what are commonly termed finishing and converting operations. Where these finishing and converting operations are performed upon paper manufactured in the same plant, the plant has been considered as being in the pulp and paper industry. Plants engaged exclusively in finishing or converting paper manufactured in other establishments have been excluded from the survey. Many of the pulp and paper plants own timber lands and cut their own pulpwood as an integrated part of their operations. However, because the hazards of pulpwood logging were covered in a previous study 5 these operations have been ex 4 Injuries and Accident Causes in the Pulpwood Logging Industry, 1943 and 1944, Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 924. 6 IN J U R IE S A N D A C C ID E N T C A U SE S— M A N U F A C T U R E OF P U L P A N D P A P E R eluded from this survey. The sequence of opera tions covered in this survey, therefore, begins with the arrival of the pulp wood at the plant woodyards. The Woodyard Although practices vary among plants, most of the mills in the East, South, and Central regions receive their pulpwood in precut standard lengths. In the Northeast it is customary to field cut the logs into lengths of about 50 inches. In the South the standard length is about 63 inches, whereas operators in the Great Lakes areas cut to a length of about 100 inches. In general the pulpwood sticks in these regions are of relatively small diameter. The West Coast mills, on the other hand, commonly receive logs of full saw-timber size, approximating 40 feet in length and ranging up to 4 feet in diameter. Logs reach the mills in a variety of ways. Much of the wood is floated to the mills on rivers, lakes, or sluices in the North and West Coast areas. On the rivers and lakes, the common practice is to assemble the logs into rafts which are then towed to the mills. Barges are also used to transport the sticks in many instances. Many mills receive some or all of their wood by rail or truck. Truck deliveries are by far the most common in the South. Logs reaching the mill by water are usually floated into a mill pond where boom men direct them to a chain conveyor called a log haul, which carries them directly to the slasher saws or barker. Wood arriving by rail or by truck may be unloaded by hand or by means of a cranetype mechanism called a jammer. In manual operations the pulpwood sticks are usually trans ferred directly onto a conveyor leading to a storage pile or to the wood room for processing. With the jammer, the wood may be lifted directly from the car or truck to the pile or it may be dropped onto the conveyor. Jammers are also used to transfer logs from the storage piles to the conveyors leading into the wood rooms of the mills. Workers in the woodyards face a wide variety of hazards. Even in the highly mechanized yards a great deal of strenuous manual work is necessary. The logs are usually quite heavy and awkward to handle. Strains and sprains from overlifting are, therefore, very common. Insecure footing also leads to many injuries. Wet and slippery surfaces around the ponds present the possibility of slips or falls into the water. In the yard proper the ground is fre quently slippery with moisture or ice and is often rough and irregular because of the heavy traffic. In removing wood from cars or trucks there is always the possibility of being struck by a dropped log or that logs may roll from the vehicles onto workers on the ground. Generally, someone must work on top of the load, where he faces the possibility of falling on the irregular surfaces of the logs and the more serious hazard of having loose logs roll and carry him to the ground. Pulphooks and pickaroons are commonly used to handle the logs in manual operations. These tools have sharp points to pierce the wood, but usually a great deal of force is required to drive them home. When the points are dull or the log is not struck at the proper angle these tools may glance off and strike the user or a nearby co-worker. When not properly imbedded in the wood, they may pull out and throw the worker off balance or cause him to lose control of the log, which may then fall or roll against him or some other worker. Mechanical handling speeds the work and eliminates some of the hazards of manual opera tions. It does, however, introduce other and sometimes more serious hazards. When jammers or other types of hoisting equipment are used to lift the logs, workers on the ground are exposed to the danger of being struck by sticks falling from unbalanced loads. There is also the possibility of being struck by a swinging load which may crush the unwary worker, if he happens to be caught between it and a fixed object. In addition, there is the danger that the logs may roll or slide when released on the stack. Other mechanical hazards include the possibility of becoming caught in the conveyors and of being struck by the log trucks as they maneuver about the yard. The Wood Room The wood is usually carried by conveyor or sluice from the woodyard to the wood room, where it is reduced and prepared for pulping. In the mills of the Eastern and Central regions the T H E IN D U S T R Y A N D IT S H A Z A R D S logs are sorted by size. The smaller logs are passed directly to the barking drums, but the larger ones go first to a slasher saw. The slasher may be either a swing saw or a stationary saw. In a swing saw operation the circular saw blade is suspended at the end of an arm or bar which swings in a vertical arc from an overhead pivot. When not actually cutting, the saw blade is swung away from the cutting position and held by balance weights and chains. The log-haul conveyor moves the log in front of the saw and is stopped when it is in the proper position. The saw is then swung down to cut the log to the desired length. When the saw has been swung back, the conveyor carries the cut pieces on to the next operation. A stationary slasher may consist of one or several circular saw blades mounted in a saw table at the side of the conveyor. A section of this table slides horizontally from the conveyor to the saw. The logs are pushed from the conveyor onto this slide, which carries them against the saw or saws and returns the cut pieces to the conveyor. A typical barking drum consists of a rotating cylinder about 40 feet long and 10 feet in diameter. The cylinder is a framework of longitudinal steel slats with openings of about 3 inches between the slats. This drum is mounted on a slight angle off the horizontal. The conveyor dumps the sticks into the high end of the revolving drum where they are tumbled and rubbed against each other and against the steel slats as they work their way to the lower end. This grinding and rubbing knocks off most of the bark which falls through the openings between the slats. In some instances water is sprayed into the drum to help loosen the bark and wash it through the openings between the slats. From the barking drum the sticks again pass onto a conveyor. Here they are inspected and those requiring further barking are removed and returned to the barker. If fine paper is being made, all sticks containing knots or defects are directed to the knotters. Several types of knotters are in common use. A popular type consists of a slotted disc holding four radial knives. As the disc revolves at high speed, the knotter man pushes the stick against the knives which plane off the knot or defective portion. This equipment may also be used to remove small sections of bark which may still be adhering to the wood. 7 Another type of knotter in common use is a boring device. In this process the stick is placed under the boring tool which drills out the knotty portion. Sticks of large diameter must go to the splitter. This consists essentially of a heavy butt plate that holds one end of the log and a steam-powered shaft that drives a wedge-shaped tool against the other end. Using a single wedge, the smaller logs are split into two longitudinal sections. Larger logs are split into quarter sections by using a double wedge. As the log reaches the splitter, the splitterman stops the conveyor and, using two hooks, places the log against the butt plate and releases the steam which forces the shaft against the other end. In the West-Coast mills the wood room opera tions are performed on a more massive scale, similar to sawmill operations. Usually, the 40foot logs are carried by conveyor first to a huge swing saw. Here the logs are cut into two 20-foot lengths which then pass on to a hydraulic barker. This operation is completely enclosed and is con trolled by a barkerman from an adjoining room where he watches the process through five-ply laminated glass. The log is held by its two ends and rotated similarly to a piece of stock in the chuck of a lathe. An arm carrying a nozzle moves lengthwise over the log and directs a high pressure stream of water against it. This water jet knocks the bark off. From the hydraulic barker the logs go by con veyor to the head rig bandsaw, where they are placed upon a moving carriage. This carriage carries them repeatedly against a large bandsaw, which cuts them into long slabs about 8 inches in thickness. A transfer carriage carries these slabs, called cants, to a pair of parallel saws set about 8 inches apart, which reduce the slabs to pieces of about 8 by 8 inches. Decayed sections are cut out and removed for use as fuel. Unbarked cants from logs which bypassed the hydraulic barker are also pulled out at this point and are routed to the mechanical barker. Here they are placed, bark side up, on a carriage which carries them under a set of revolving knives. These shave off the bark. They are then returned to the conveyor, which carries them to the chipper or grinder, depending upon the type of paper to be made. Chipping prepares the wood for the first of the chemical pulping operations. This is usually a wood room activity. Grinding, on the other hand, is actually 8 IN J U R IE S A N D A C C ID E N T C A U SE S— M A N U F A C T U R E OF P U L P A N D P A P E R the first step of the mechanical pulping process rather than a preparatory operation. The chipper usually consists of a very heavy rotating disc carrying four radial knives. The disc rotates in a vertical position, but the pulpwood sticks or cants are fed to it through a chute set at a 45 degree angle. A conveyor carries the wood to the chute where it slides by gravity against the rotating disc. The revolving knives slice off chips, roughly three-eighths of an inch thick and three-fourths of an inch in length, diagonal to the grain of the wood. From the chipper a conveyor or chute carries the chips to a three-layer vibrating screen. Here the oversized chips and all dirt, dust, and under sized chips are screened out. The chips of proper size are carried by a chip belt from the screen to the chip bins above the digesters. These bins are enormous cylinders, each holding several charges of chips for its digester. Many of the hazards prevailing in the woodyard are also common to the wood room. Strains and sprains result from the handling of pulpwood. Sticks often fall from poorly imbedded pulp hooks or from conveyors, resulting in bruises and frac tures. The use of pulp hooks results in many puncture wounds. Power equipment in the wood room also presents many hazards. Shearing injuries may result from getting caught in chains, sprockets, belts or pulleys of conveyors, barking drums or saws. There is danger of being struck by chips or slivers of wood thrown from the hand barkers or chippers. The operation of hand barkers and knotters is particularly hazardous, as it is very easy to permit the fingers to slip into the knives. In the splitting operation there is the possibility of crushed hands or fingers from getting them caught between the log and the butt plate or the log and splitter head. Pieces of wood may fly from the splitter and strike the splitterman. Saws are a source of lacerations or amputations. In many wood rooms it is necessary to walk on the wood transfers or conveyors. This hazardous footing leads to falls. It is often neces sary to enter the hydraulic barker enclosure to remove logs which become fouled. Here the surface is of metal and is always wet and very slippery. Mechanical Pulping Wood pulping consists of reducing the logs to a wet fibrous mass. This is accomplished by one of five processes. One is a mechanical process in which the wood is ground into pulp. Three are chemical processes (an acid process producing sulfite pulp and two alkaline processes producing soda and sulfate pulp). The fifth process is semichemical. In the mechanical process wood arrives at the grinders in 2- or 4-foot lengths and 1 foot or less in diameter. Three types of grinders are in general use: the pocket, the magazine, and the continuous type. Regardless of type, however, the principle is the same. Each reduces the wood to a fibrous pulp by pressing it against a revolving grindstone. The stone used is from 4 to 6 feet in diameter and wide enough to accom modate a 2- or 4-foot length of wood. Formerly natural stones were used, but recently specially designed carborundum stones have been developed which are rapidly replacing the natural stones. The most widely used type is the pocket grinder. It is essentially a carborundum stone, or a series of carborundum stones, set on a large electrically- or water-powered steel shaft. Each stone is enclosed in a steel casing with three or four pockets, from which the equipment derives its name. The grinder man takes the wood from the conveyor or sluice and places it in the pockets or magazines by hand. When the pockets are full, he closes the door and hydraulic pressure pistons are released to press the logs against the stone. A constant stream of water is sprayed on the stone to keep down the heat generated by the friction and wash the pulp to the troughs below. Unlike chemical pulp, groundwood pulp contains all the wood materials, lignin and other associated constituents, as well as the cellulose fibers. This mixture results in a greater yield, but a weaker pulp. It is especially suitable for newsprint, when combined with sulfite pulp. It is used also to produce fine coated papers for books and magazines, when mixed with a small propor tion of high-grade sulfite pulp. Wood handling is the source of many injuries in the grinding room. Lifting heavy logs results T H E IN D U S T R Y A N D IT S H A Z A R D S in sprains and strains. Logs falling from con veyors or dropping from hands or pulp hooks are responsible for bruises and fractures. Picaroons glancing off or slipping out of logs result in numerous puncture wounds. In feeding wood into the pockets of the grinders, fingers may be mashed between the wood and the pocket. The floors about the grinders are often wet and littered with ground wood, constituting a slipping hazard. Hot pulp and water sometimes splash from the grinders, and result in burns. indirect heat. The cooking liquor is pumped from the bottom of the digester; forced through the heating unit; returned to the top where it begins its downward circulation through the chips, and is again pumped from the bottom. At the same time steam is admitted at the bottom to create the necessary pressure. This drawing off, reheating, and recirculating cycle is con tinuous throughout the cooking process which normally takes from 8 to 16 hours, depending upon the kind and the moisture content of the wood and the desired character of the pulp. In this process practically all of the lignin, sugars, Sulfite Process resin, mineral salts, and other constituents of Chemical processing of wood chips into pulp the wood, except the pure cellulose fibers, are consists primarily of cooking the chips under dissolved into the cooking liquor. pressure in a chemical solution which dissolves When the “cook” is finished the steam pressure or separates the lignin and other constituents of is reduced, the valve on the blowpipe is opened, the wood from its cellulose fibers. In the sulfite and the pressure in the digester blows the pulp process, primarily used on long-fibered nonresinous through the blowpipe into the blow pit, a huge woods, the cooking liquor is a solution of calcium tank holding about twice as much pulp as its bisulfite. In most mills the production of this digester. The blow pit is lined with acid-resistant liquor from the raw materials, consisting prin tile and has a perforated false bottom. The cipally of sulfur, limestone, and water, is carried perforations permit the water with which the on as an integral part of the pulping process. pulp is washed and the cooking liquor to pass, Sulfur is fired by hand or through a hopper but are too small to admit the pulp. The water into a small furnace, where it is burned in a and cooking liquor pass through an outlet in carefully controlled atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide the bottom of the blow pit to the sewer. A gas, given off by the burning sulfur, is piped off large hose is then used to thin the washed pulp through the back of the furnace, cooled by passing to a consistency that can be pumped. The through pipes submerged in water, and then thinned pulp is then pumped to the storage tanks forced into an absorption tower. These are which supply the screens. tall towers, constructed of concrete and lined The chief hazards of the sulfite mill are those with acid-resisting tile. Here the gas is absorbed associated with high temperatures, chemicals, into water, producing sulfuric acid, which in and material-handling operations. In the sul turn reacts with lime from calcium limestone to fur-burning process harmful fumes may be en make the calcium bisulfite solution. countered, and contact with the furnace or with The digester, the vessel in which the chips the pipes carrying hot gas may produce severe are cooked, is a huge upright cylinder with burns. The possibility of a dust explosion is also conical ends. Digesters are constructed of 1%- present in the sulfur house. Manual lifting and inch boiler plate and are lined with acid-resistant wheeling heavy limestone may produce strains brick. They vary in size, ranging from about or sprains and rolling or sliding limestone may 9 to 19 feet in diameter and 45 to 58 feet in height, produce hand and foot injuries. Work around producing about 8 to 25 tons of pulp each filling. the acid tower or the digester involves the pos A movable chute is used to feed the chips from sibility of contact with acids or acid fumes which the overhead chip bin to the digester. When can produce severe chemical burns. Workers the digester has been filled, the preheated cooking at the digester may be burned by steam leaking agent is pumped in and a heavy lid 18 to 24 inches from the steam lines or by contact with the hot in diameter is firmly bolted in place. All valves stock, particularly when unplugging stopped-up are closed to prevent leakage and the cooking lines. Cappers may be injured in handling the process is started. The chips are cooked by heavy digester caps and workers at the blow pit 10 IN J U R IE S A N D A C C ID E N T C A U SE S— M A N U F A C T U R E OF P U L P A N D P A P E R face the possibility of falling into the pit. This possibility is increased by the fact that the floor around the blow pit is usually wet and slippery. High atmospheric temperatures present the pos sibility of heat exhaustion and strains and sprains frequently result from handling the large hoses used in thinning the pulp. Sulfate and Soda Processes The sulfate process is used primarily in reducing long-fibered wood to pulp. The cooking liquor is a mixture of caustic soda and sodium sulfide which is obtained by reducing sodium sulfate, the chemi cal from which the process derives its name. The digester and the cooking method for sulfate pulp is similar to that for sulfite pulp except that the digester is unlined and the time for cooking is less. Pulp produced by this process has the longest fibers and makes paper of great strength. The pulp and unbleached paper made by this process is commonly known as “kraft.” Washing sulfate pulp differs considerably from the sulfite process. The pulp is blown from the digester to the wash pan, where an agitator stirs the pulp as it is washed and thinned with waste liquor. In each succeeding wash, weaker liquor is used. As little water as possible is used, since all the water in the waste liquor has to be evapo rated in the recovery process. It takes about 6 hours to wash and drain the pulp in a wash pan. The pulp is also washed in diffusers. Here the method differs somewhat, but the principle is the same. As a matter of economy, it is necessary to recover as much of the cooking liquor as possible. The weak black liquor which is separated from the pulp in the wash pan is pumped to the evapo rators in the soda recovery plant where the excess water is removed. When the liquor leaves the last stage of evapora tion it is a thick, gummy liquid. This is pumped into a rotary furnace where it is binned to a black ash composed of carbon and soda. The soda is leached from the ash in a quenching trough, causticized, and used in making fresh white liquor. The soda process is used primarily for the reduction of the short-fibered deciduous woods. The chemical used in this process is sodium hy droxide (caustic soda). The chips are cooked 6 to 8 hours under about 110 pounds of steam pressure. When the pulp is properly cooked, it is blown from the digester to the wash pan, where it is washed in about the same manner as sulfate pulp. Many of the hazards common in the sulfite mill are also found in the sulfate and soda mills. Caustic soda is the primary ingredient in the cooking liquor in the soda and sulfate processes and the possibility of serious chemical burns is the principal hazard in these departments. The recovery process is particularly hazardous. Severe temperature burns may result from bumping into the evaporators and pipes. Contact with live steam or steam lines may result in scalds or burns. There is the possibility of explosions in the evap orators or rotary furnaces. Burns from hot, black ash are not uncommon. In smelting, chunks of smelt often fall on the employee or strike his smelting rod thereby causing injury. Strains and sprains can result from handling and wheeling lime and soda ash. In the digester room the same hazards exist as in the sulfite digester room. There is, however, more danger of chemical burns because of the caustic nature of the cooking liquor. In the wash pan room hazards are similar to those in the blow pit room, except for the added hazard of exposure to caustic burns. Semichemical Process The semichemical process is more recently developed and not extensively used. In this process the chips are undercooked by one of the chemical processes and the remainder of the reduction is accomplished by mechanical treat ment. The process combines the advantages of both the mechanical and chemical processes— greater yield than chemical pulp and greater strength than mechanical pulp. The hazards in this process are primarily those of the particular chemical process used. Pulp Screening and Washing Pulp leaving the grinders in the mechanical pulp mills, the blow pit in the sulfite mills, or the wash pans or diffusers in the sulfate and soda mills, next passes through a series of screening and wash ing processes to remove any slivers, knots, dirt, or other undesired matter. Larger pieces of foreign matter are extracted as it flows through a fixed screen or through perforations in a revolving cylinder. Smaller, heavier particles of sand and T H E IN D U S T R Y A N D IT S H A Z A R D S dirt settle out of the pulp as it flows slowly through the rifflers. These are long, shallow wooden troughs, sometimes lined with felt, with low partitions or baffles spaced about a foot apart to catch the heavier materials. For the final screening the pulp flows onto a brass plate which is pierced by a number of exceedingly fine slots. A vacuum applied to the under side of this plate pulls the water and pulp through these narrow slots. The pulp is usually washed before the first screening or between the various types of screens, and again after it passed the final screen. Wash ing takes place in a dekker, a larger cylindrical framework covered with wire mesh. Slippery floors, steps, and platforms present the principal hazards in washing and screening. Water and stock frequently splash into the areas surrounding the operations thereby causing in jury-producing slips and falls. There is also the possibility of getting caught in the revolving screens or in the moving parts of the washers. The caustic still remaining in the pulp at this stage is strong enough to cause chemical burns, particularly to the eyes. Bleaching Most soda and sulfite pulps are bleached after being screened and washed, but the greater pro portion of sulfate pulp is left unbleached or only partly bleached. Sulfate pulp, having the strongest fibers, is primarily used for wrapping paper, bags, container board, or other products not requiring a white finish. Bleaching liquor is usually made at the mill from chlorine and lime. The pulp is first subjected to a chlorine bath, then to a clear water bath. This may be repeated six or more times for sulfate pulp and three times for sulfite pulp. For semibleached sulfate, no more than three bleachings are required. The principal hazards connected with bleaching are associated with the chlorine and caustic soda used in making the bleach liquor. The inhalation of chlorine results in moderate to very serious injuries, depending upon the amount inhaled. Contact with caustic soda may result in severe chemical burns. Floors in the area of the bleachers and bleach washers are often wet and slippery. ----- 3 966013°— 52 11 Beating Beating is usually considered the first step in the manufacture of paper, the processes up to this point being considered as pulping operations. The washed pulp is pumped from the bleachers and dekkers to a storage chest or directly to the beater, an oval-shaped tub with a partition extending part way down the center. On one side of the partition is a ridged beater roll which revolves against a bedplate. As the beater roll revolves in paddlewheel fashion, the pulp is drawn between it and the bedplate and circulated around the partition, passing each time around between the roll and bedplate. This fibrillates and hydrates the fibers in the pulp, the amount of fibrillation and hydration depending upon the distance of the beater roll from the bedplate. Fibrillation causes the fibers to be roughened and frayed, which helps the fibers carry more water and cohere or mat together more easily. From the beater the stock is pumped to the beater storage chest and from the storage chest to the Jordan, which further refines the pulp. The Jordan consists of a conical shell and a plug which rotates at high speed. The plug corresponds to the beater roll and the inner surface of the shell to the bedplate. The degree of refining in the Jordan can be regulated by moving the rotating plug in or out, thus changing the distance between the inner surface of the shell and outer surface of the plug. In addition to preparing the fiber, the beaters are often used as mixing vessels in which various types of pulps and other materials are combined to produce the desired grade and type of paper. The most common additives are clay, size, alum, and dye. Beaters are also used to repulp partially finished paper, which has been torn or found im perfect while going through the paper-making machines. This material, called “broke” is usually introduced into the beaters by hand. Similarly, cakes or “laps” of partially dried pulp shipped in from other mills or drawn from storage may be added to the mixture. In some instances the laps may be shredded before being introduced into the beater. Frequently, however, they are fed di rectly into the beater roll. For this operation 12 IN J U R IE S A N D A C C ID E N T C A U SE S— M A N U F A C T U R E OF P U L P A N D P A P E R the beater man uses a long paddle to guide the laps to the nip point. The floor in the beater room is frequently quite slippery because of the water and stock which may splash from the beaters. This splashed stock may also produce chemical irritations, particularly if it gets into the beater man’s eyes. In manually feeding broke, laps, or other materials, the beater man faces the possibility of falling into the tank. Tending the equipment also involves the possibility of getting ca&ght between the beater roll and the bedplate or in the power-driven gears or pulleys when they are not properly en closed. Broke-beater men often have to handle heavy rolls or slabs of broke which may cause strains and sprains. Knives used to cut slabs from rolls of broke sometimes slip, thereby inflicting lacerations. Broke is usually hauled to the broke beater room by broke cart or hand truck. Truckers may sustain sprains or strains when pushing or pulling the trucks. Paper Making After beating and refining in the beaters and Jordans, the stock is further diluted with water and pumped to the head box of the paper machine. The most widely used paper machine is the Fourdrinier. The sheet is formed on this machine in the following manner: From the head box the pulp flows onto the Fourdrinier wire, a fine wire mesh screen made in the form of an endless belt. This belt vibrates laterally as it moves forward, causing the fibers to form a matted web. As the wire carries the sheet to the presses, a dandy roll flattens and smooths out the fibers. Much of the water drains by gravity through the wire screen and still more is extracted by suction boxes, leaving a wet matted layer. The wire carries the matted layer to the first wet felt, an endless belt which carries the paper through the rolls. The presses consist of three pairs of rolls which squeeze out still more water and smooth the web. The sheet is then picked up by the second felt and carried through the second press rolls. The operation is repeated by the third set, each set squeezing out additional water. The paper car ries its own weight from the last press to the dryers. The dryer part of the Fourdrinier con sists of a series of rotating cylinders, steamheated to about 260 degrees surface temperature. The number of dryers in a unit varies. Staggered one over the other, they may extend several hundred feet. From the dryers the paper carries its own weight to the calender stack. The stack consists of a set of seven highly polished steel rolls. As the paper passes through the nips of the rolls, tremendous pressure imparts a smooth finish. As the paper leaves the stacks it is wound on a reel, then carried by crane to the finishing room, where it is reduced and packed in sizes specified by the customer or for subsequent converting processes. Paper stock runs on the wet end of the machine as almost 100 percent water. In most plants some of this water splashes or runs on the floor around the wet end of the machine presenting a slipping hazard. Steps and catwalks on the machine also become wet and slippery, and make footing hazardous. Spots of oil are also found on and about the machine. The more serious accidents m the machine room result from getting caught in the inrunning nips of rolls on the ma chine. There is danger of getting caught in the nips when taking over a break, cleaning off the rolls, or straightening the felt. The majority of nip accidents, however, occur while threading the stacks o f while working on the winders. Weights sometimes drop from levers and strike employees. Handling winder shafts is the source of many injuries which occur when the shafts slip from the hands of winder men or roll off the winder tables. Fingers are often mashed between shafts and winder cradles. Loose pieces of broke accumulate around the dry end of the machine and present slipping hazards. Coating In plants producing fine coated papers, coating machines are necessary. There are several types in use, a common type being a brush coating machine. In this process the coating material, consisting of a mixture of one or more mineral compounds with enough adhesive to bind it to the texture of the paper, flows on the ribbon of paper and brushes distribute the mixture evenly on both sides of the paper. As the paper leaves the machine it is passed over a series of ducts and nozzles emitting jets of hot air which hold the ribbon of coated paper in mid-air as it passes through the drying chamber. T H E IN D U S T R Y A N D IT S H A Z A R D S Some Fourdriniers have been equipped with coating units which apply the coating midway in the drying process. The paper passes through two rollers which have been evenly coated by contact with other rollers and in turn impart the coating uniformly to the paper. The paper then passes through the remaining dryers and calender stacks to the reels. Finishing and Shipping There is no clear-cut demarcation between machine-room operations and finishing-room operations, some mills performing operations in the machine room which other mills perform in the finishing room. Assuming that the machineroom operations end with the finished paper coming off the calender and being wound on the reel, the next operation would be super-calendering in the finishing room. If the paper requires more finish than can be obtained in the calender rolls, the rolls of paper are transferred by overhead cranes to the super-calenders. The super-calender stack has alternating rolls of highly polished steel and highly polished paper. After super-calendering the paper may be rewound into rolls and cut, slit, or trimmed to sizes specified by the customers* orders. As the sheet passes through the rewinder, sharp discs slit the paper into the desired widths and a knife on a revolving cylinder cuts the paper to the desired length. If paper of more exact dimensions than that cut on the cutters is re quired, it is trimmed on a guillotine trimmer. After inspection and counting, it is packaged in rolls, bundles, cartons, or otherwise as required and then stenciled for shipment. In the shipping department, towmotors or hand trucks are used to load the paper into boxcars or trucks for shipment to its destination . In the finishing room it is often necessary to thread the super-calenders by hand. This in volves the hazard of getting fingers caught in the inrunning nips, which may result in serious in juries to the tips of the fingers. Lacerations and amputations may result from accidents occurring on the cutters and trimmers. Serious accidents may result from getting caught between the rolls on the rewinder. Vehicular accidents occur fre quently in this department. Typical are those in which the employee is struck by the industrial trucks or is caught between trucks and other 13 equipment or objects. Bruised or fractured toes may result from being run over by trucks. Sprains may occur from pulling or pushing heavy loads. Strains are sustained in lifting, and feet and hands are injured by falling and rolling paper. Crane accidents are prevalent in the finishing department. These usually occur when the claws or a roll of paper on a moving crane strike the employee. Skids are also a source of many accidents. These are often stacked in piles or stood on end and fall on employees. Some have projecting slivers which cause puncture wounds. Sprains and strains may be sustained from lift ing or handling these skids. All the hazards connected with handling and moving paper in the finishing room also exist in the shipping department. Additional hazards arise in loading box cars. Many accidents occur because of dock boards slipping or truck wheels running off dock boards. In loading, rolls of paper may roll or slide down on the car loader. Rag and Waste-Paper Pulping In many plants rags and waste paper are worked over and used for paper. The rags are first sorted and buckles, buttons, and other articles removed. The rags are then weighed and passed through a revolving duster where they are thrashed free of dust, which drops through a screen at the bottom. They are then carried by conveyor to the rag cutter. The rag cutter consists of a revolving drum on which there are four cutting knives and a bedplate with cutting edge. The drum rotates at high speed and chops the rags into small pieces as they are fed to the knives by a feed roll. The chopped rags are put in a large horizontal boiler and cooked under pressure with milk of lime. After cooking, the stock is beaten and washed in a combination washer and beater. Bleaching chemicals are usually added and washed out in this machine. Further processes are about the same as for wood pulp. Old papers being reprocessed are first sorted according to the pulping process used in the original manufacture. Usually, printed paper is separated from nonprinted paper. The printed paper is soaked in chemicals which remove the ink. The paper is reduced to pulp in a hydropulper or other machine and then goes through the usual processes of washing, beating, and screening. 14 IN J U R IE S A N D A C C ID E N T C A U SE S— M A N U F A C T U R E OF P U L P AN D P A P E R In rag and waste paper processing, it is neces sary to handle large bales of rags and paper. Although most of this handling is done by me chanical equipment, lifting and handling injuries still occur. Glass and other sharp-edged mate rials are often mingled with rags and paper, causing lacerations and puncture wounds. Bales are commonly handled with hand hooks, which can inflict severe puncture wounds. Knives used to open the bales may slip, thereby causing lacera tions. There is a possibility of contracting dis eases by handling contaminated materials. The atmosphere around the cleaning and cutting operations is often very dusty. There is danger of getting caught in the conveyors or cutters and shredders. Further pulping and paper making processes are the same as those for wood and the hazards are essentially the same. Factors in the Injury Record The injury record of any plant or of any group of plants is a composite of a great many factors. The kinds of material processed; the types of proc essing performed; the safety regulations of the States in which the plants are located, and the ex tent to which those regulations are enforced; the kind of personnel employed; the size of the plants; and the extent of the safety programs carried on in the plants all have a direct bearing upon the volume of injuries experienced. In particular in stances the influence of these factors may offset each other, but in comparisons based upon large groups of operations their effects frequently can be demonstrated, as in the following breakdowns of the 1948 experience of the pulp and paper man ufacturing industry. Product Comparisons The plants engaged exclusively in manufacturing pulp had a comparatively high injury-frequency rate, 26.7. Their record also showed a relatively high incidence of fatal and permanent-impairment cases as well as a high average time loss for their temporary-total disabilities. As a result, the average time charge per disabling injury6 in these plants was 175 days and the severity rate7 was 4.7, both considerably higher than the correspond ing averages for all pulp and paper plants. (See appendix, table 1.) * The average time charge is computed by adding the days lost for each temporary-total disability to the standard time charges for fatalities and permanent disabilities, as given in Method of Compiling Industrial Injury Rates (approved by the American Standards Association, 1945), and by dividing the total by the number of disabling injuries. 7 The severity rate is the average number of days lost or charged for each 1,000 employee-hours worked. In the general group of paper-making plants, those manufacturing building paper had the lowest injury-frequency rate, 11.8. Their fatality rate, however, was above average and their average time loss per temporary-total disability was high. This gave them a high average time charge per disabling injury, 215 days. The influence of their low fre quency rate, however, held their severity rate to 2.5. In contrast, newsprint and absorbent-paper plants had injury-frequency rates of 37 and 36, respectively. Neither of these groups, however, had any death cases, and the absorbent-paper plants reported no permanent-impairment cases. Their very high frequency rates, therefore, were balanced by very good injury-severity records. The 4 groups of plants manufacturing bookpaper, coarse paper, special industrial paper, and tissue paper all had frequency rates of less than 20. The book-paper and tissue-paper plants also ranked very low in injury-severity rates. The coarse-paper and special industrial paper plants, cn the other hand, stood relatively high in the severity comparisons. Fine-paper plants had a frequency rate of 20.2, but their injury-severity rate ranked much better than average. Sanitary-paper stock plants, on the other hand, had a relatively high frequency rate, 24.8, coupled with a rather high injuryseverity. The average time charge per disabling injury for these plants was 156 days and the se verity rate was 3.9. The groundwood-paperplants similarly had high frequency and severity rates, 26.3 and 3.0, respectively; but the average time qharge per case (112 days) was not particularly high. F A C T O R S IN IN J U R Y R E C O R D For the 4 groups of paperboard plants, the injury-frequency rates were 13.6 for those manu facturing special paperboard stock; 17.5 for the building-board plants; 23.6 for the container and boxboard plants; and 34.4 for the wet machineboard plants. Injury severity tended to be high in each of these groups. The wet machine-board plants had a very high ratio of fatalities, and the special paperboard stock plants had a very high ratio of permanent-partial impairments. The most striking element in the record of the container and boxboard plants was the unusually high inci dence of permanent-total disabilities—1 in every 12 million employee-hours worked, as compared with 1 in every 95 million employee-hours for all other plants surveyed. Regional and State Comparisons Variations in injury rates among the different States and regions may reflect any one or any combination of several factors. State safety regulations and the degree to which they are enforced, the age and maintenance of plants and their equipment, and employment factors, such as the experience of available workers, all tend to influence the average level of injury rates in any area. The wide variations noted in the average rates for plants producing different types of products in the pulp and paper industry, indicate that the composi tion of the industry in any area, in terms of products, may also have much to do with the general level of injury rates in that area. For example, the highest national average frequency rates were for plants manufacturing newsprint, absorbent paper, and wet machine board. Any area in which these particular operations constitute a high pro portion of the total production, therefore, would logically be expected to have a comparatively high over-all average regardless of other factors which might influence the rate. Because of these variable internal weighting factors, the significance of comparisons among the States and regions on the basis of industry-wide averages may be questioned. The most realistic area comparisons, therefore, are those based upon specific types of production rather than upon industry totals. (See appendix, table 2.) P u lp P la n ts .—Average injury rates for plants 15 engaged exclusively in manufacturing pulp could be computed for only two States. These were widely different. In Maine, 5 pulp plants had an average frequency rate of 17.0, which was well below the national average of 26.7. In New York the average for 3 plants was 34.4. For injury severity, however, the comparison was sharply different. The Maine plants reported 1 fatality and 3 permanent impairments, which gave them an average time charge of 256 days per case and a severity rate of 4.3. The New York plants, on the other hand, reported no deaths and no permanent impairments, which held their average time charge down to 25 days per case and their severity rate to 0.9. It is interesting in this con nection to note, however, that the average time lost in temporary-total disability cases in Maine was only 17 days, whereas in New York it was 25 days. This is unusual in that the average time lost in temporary-total disabilities usually varies inversely with the frequency-rate level rather than directly as in this instance. BooJcpaper P la n ts .—Average rates for plants manufacturing bookpaper were computed for five States. The lowest frequency rates were for the Pennsylvania plants, 13.2, and the Wisconsin plants, 13.9; the highest was for the Maine plants, 29.7. In the middle range, the Michigan plants had an average of 17.4 and the New York plants an average of 17.9. The national average for bookpaper plants was 16.9. The Michigan bookpaper plants had by far the best injury-severity record. The plants in that State reported no fatalities and no permanent impairments. Their average time charge per disabling injury, therefore, was only 14 days and the severity rate was only 0.2. None of the other four State groups reported fatalities, but each had one or more cases of permanent impairments. The Maine plants, nevertheless, held the average time charge down to 27 days and the severity rate to 0.8. In contrast, the average time charge for the New York plants was 138 days and the severity rate was 2.5. F in e-P a p e r P la n ts .—Injury rates covering the manufacture of fine paper were computed for eight States. As against the national average of 20.2 for this type of plant, the frequency rates for these States covered a very wide range: 14.2 in 16 IN J U R IE S A N D A C C ID E N T C A U SE S—M A N U F A C T U R E OF P U L P AN D P A P E R Wisconsin; 14.7 in New York; 16.8 in Pennsyl vania; 22.8 in Maine; 23.8 in Massachusetts; 32.1 in Michigan; 36.4 in New Jersey; and 43.7 in Ohio. All of the injuries reported by the fine-paper plants in Massachusetts were temporary-total disabilities. Their average time charge, 17 days per case, and the severity rate, 0.4, were, therefore, very low. The only fatality reported by a finepaper plant occurred in Wisconsin. Coupled with several permanent impairments, this gave the Wisconsin plants an average time charge of 127 days and a severity rate of 1.8. In New York, however, a large proportion of relatively serious permanent impairments yielded a much higher average time charge, 220 days, and a severity rate of 3.2. In Ohio the high frequency rate forced the severity rate up to 3.3 although the average time charge, 75 days, was not unduly high. Maine, Michigan, and Pennsylvania each had relatively good severity averages. Coarse-Paper Plants.—Four State frequency rates were computed for plants manufacturing coarse paper: Louisiana, 16.4; New York, 20.7; Ohio, 25.9; and Wisconsin, 37.5. All of these, except the Louisiana rate, were well above the national average of 16.7. The high frequency rate in Wisconsin, however, was balanced by a relatively low average time charge of 20 days per case and a similarly low severity rate of 0.7. In Ohio, where the total coverage was quite small, 1 death and 3 permanent impairments in a total of only 28 reported injuries drove the average time charge up to 265 days and the severity rate to 6.9. Although the New York plants had no death cases, their high ratio of permanent impair ments gave them an average time charge of 117 days and a severity rate of 2.4. In Louisiana, the effect of a death case was balanced by a relatively low volume of permanent impairments to produce an average time charge of 111 days and a severity rate of 1.8. Sanitary-Paper Stock Plants.—State averages for plants manufacturing sanitary paper stock were available for Wisconsin and New York only. In Wisconsin the injury-frequency rate was 18.4. In New York it was 22.5. Both of these rates were lower than the national average of 24.8. Despite the inclusion of a death case in their record, the Wisconsin plants also had the better severity record. Their average time charge was 92 days and the severity rate was 1.7. The cor responding averages in New York were 274 days and 6.2. Tissue-Paper Plants.—The four-State frequency rates for tissue-paper plants showed an extremely wide variance. In Pennsylvania the frequency rate was 6.2, in Wisconsin 8.7, in New York 32.9, and in Massachusetts 84.5. For comparison, the national average was 19.7. Offsetting its very high frequency rate, Massa chusetts had the best injury-severity record among the four States. The Massachusetts plants reported no deaths and no permanent impairments, and recorded a very low average time loss for temporary injuries. Their average time charge, therefore, was only 7 days and their severity rate 0.6. The Wisconsin plants reported some permanent impairments which lifted their average time charge to 33 days per case, but the low injury frequency held their severity rate to 0.3. In Pennsylvania the average time charge, influenced by 2 relatively serious permanent impairments, was 253 days per case, and the severity rate was 1.6. The New York report included both a death and a relatively high proportion of permanent impairment cases. As a result, their average time charge was 250 days and the severity rate was 8.2. Container and Boxboard Plants.—Eleven State averages were computed for boxboard plants. As against the national average of 23.6, the lowest frequency rate in this group was 9.4 for North Carolina. The highest was 51.6 for New Jersey. California’s average rate of 18.6, Ohio’s 21.2, Michigan’s 21.7, and New York’s 23.1 were slightly below the national figure. In the higher range, Illinois had a frequency rate of 29.8, Georgia, 30.0, Connecticut, 37.3, Indiana, 41.3, and Pennsylvania, 44.9. Indiana, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Connecti cut had the most favorable injury-severity records. No deaths were reported by any of the boxboard plants in these States, and there were no perma nent impairments in the Indiana plants. The North Carolina and California plants reported no death cases, but relatively high proportions of permanent impairments. North Carolina’s aver F A C T O R S IN IN J U R Y R E C O R D age time charge was 438 days per case, higher than for any other State, but her severity rate of 4.1 was exceeded by three other States. Three deaths were reported in Michigan boxboard plants, but these cases were partially balanced by a com paratively low ratio of permanent impairments. Two deaths were reported in Ohio and one in Georgia. In Georgia, however, the death case was accompanied by 5 permanent impairments in a total of only 49 disabling injuries. This gave Georgia an average time charge of 171 days and a severity rate of 5.1. New York, with a death, a permanent-total disability, and 9 permanentpartial disabilities in a total of 142 injuries, had an average time charge of 197 days and a severity rate of 4.5. New Jersey’s very high frequency rate was accompanied by a very high severity rate, 13.8, as well as a comparatively high average time charge of 268 days per case. B u ild in g -P a p e r P la n ts .—All of the three State frequency rates computed for plants manufactur ing building paper were comparatively low in terms of the 11.8 national average. In California the average frequency rate was 5.2; in Illinois, 12.3; and in Pennsylvania, 12.5. The injury severity in the California and Illinois plants tended to be quite high in contrast to their low frequency rates. The average time charge was 346 days per case in California and 308 days in Illinois. Their severity rates were also com paratively high, 3.8 in Illinois and 1.8 in Cali fornia. The Pennsylvania plants, on the other hand, had no death or permanent impairment cases and achieved a very low average time charge of 13 days per case with an equally favorable severity rate of only 0.2. Interplant Comparisons The range of frequency rates among the report ing plants was extremely wide. Fifty-two plants had frequency rates of zero and 13 had rates of over 100. The zero-rate plants were all relatively small; only 7 had as many as 100 employees and only 1 of these had as many as 250 employees. The plants at the top of the range were also relatively small; 10 had fewer than 100 employees each, and none of the other 3 had as many as 250 employees. (See appendix, tables 3, 6, and 7.) Approximately a fourth of the reporting plants 17 had injury-frequency rates of 40 or higher. This group accounted for only about 10 percent of the total employment in the sample, but they reported nearly 30 percent of the total volume of injuries. At the other end of the range, another group of plants, also constituting approximately a fourth of the sample, had frequency rates of less than 9.0. This group of plants had 27 percent of the total employment, but reported less than 7 percent of the total volume of injuries. Approximately half of the reporting plants had frequency rates in the range between 9.0 and 40.0. These plants, accounting for about 63 percent of the total employment in the sample, reported 64 percent of the injuries. The highest concentration of plants fell in the frequency-rate range of 15 to 20. About 12 percent of the plants had rates in this narrow range. As a group they accounted for slightly more than 15 percent of the total employment and just over 13 percent of the reported injuries. Plant Size Comparisons Previous studies in other industries have shown that there is often a direct correlation between injury-frequency rates and plant size. In some instances the average frequency rate varies in versely with plant size throughout the plant size range. In other instances the very small plants have comparatively low rates, approaching the level of the rates for the large plants, with the highest rates occuring in the medium-size plants. The common finding that the larger plants tend to have lower than average frequency rates has generally been interpreted as reflecting the organ ized safety programs frequently found in those plants. The occurrence of low average rates in the very small plant group similarly has been rationalized as reflecting the close personal super vision exercised by the plant owners. The higher rates for medium-size plants in contrast have been attributed to the fact that these shops are too large for intimate supervision by top manage ment and too small to have regularly established safety departments. The breakdown of injury experience by plant size in this pulp and paper survey did not show a frequency-rate differential in favor of the very small plants. However, it did show a definite inverse relationship between the frequency-rate 18 IN J U R IE S A N D A C C ID E N T C A U SE S— M A N U F A C T U R E OF P U L P AN D P A P E R levels and plant size. In the plant-size range below 250 employees there was a striking similarity in the average frequency rates of the three size groups for which rates were computed. The plants employing fewer than 50 workers had an average rate of 31.4; those employing 50 to 99 workers had a rate of 35.4; and those employing 100 to 249 workers had a rate of 33.3. Since variations of this order are of doubtful significance, these rates, for all practical purposes, may be assumed to be identical. Up to the 250-employee level, therefore, plant size variations appear to have had little bearing upon the occurrence of injuries. Above the 250-employee level, however, there was a sharp break in the average frequency rates. For plants with 250 to 499 workers the average frequency rate dropped to 26.1, and for those with 500 to 749 workers it dropped to 17.1. With each successively larger employment step the average rate declined further, reaching its lowest level of 9.6 for plants employing 1,500 to 1,999 employees. For the very large plants at the top of the range—i. e., those employing 2,000 or more workers apiece—the average rate reversed its downward movement and rose to 16.0. This upswing in the rate reflected the experience of 4 plants in this 12-plant group—one had a rate of over 35 and 3 had rates ranging between 20 and 25. Safety Programs An unusually high proportion of the plants in the pulp and paper industry maintain organized safety programs. In large measure it is this fact which accounts for the industry’s excellent record of reducing its frequency rate so sharply during the last 5 years. Over 75 percent of the 534 plants surveyed reported that they had some form of organized safety program. Full-time safety engineers were employed in 148 plants, and in 137 of these the activities of the safety engineer were supplemented by formally organized safety committees. In the group with no full-time safety engineer there were 254 which had organized safety committees. Only 102 reported having neither safety commit tees nor safety engineers. Twenty-seven plants did not report regarding their safety activities and eight did not report on all details of their programs. (See appendix, table 4.) It is recognized that in a broad comparison covering a wide variety of plants of greatly differ ing sizes and complexities of organization, the em ployment or nonemployment of a safety engineer may simply be a reflection of the development of the individual plant safety programs rather than the controlling factor in a plant safety record. Nevertheless, it appears significant that of the 507 plants reporting on this point, the 148 with full time safety engineers had an average frequency rate of 15.3 compared with 25.5 for the 359 plants with no safety engineer. In terms of exposure (man-hours worked) death cases and permanenttotal disabilities occurred twice as frequently in the plants without safety engineers as in those employing safety specialists. Similarly, tempo rary-total disabilities occurred 70 percent more frequently in the plants with no safety engineer. The frequency of permanent-partial impairments, however, was about the same in both groups of plants. Despite their higher frequency of fatalities, the plants without safety engineers had a somewhat lower average time charge per injury than those with safety engineers. This was primarily because of their higher proportion of temporary-total dis ability cases and to a substantially lower average time-loss for those cases. The latter element em phasizes the fact that the plants employing safety engineers also generally had more elaborate medi cal departments, which in turn was an added factor tending to hold down the frequency rate for this group of plants. It is to be noted that the average employment was over 750 workers in plants having full-time safety engineers. In the group not employing safety engineers the average was slightly under 250 workers. A large proportion of the plants employing safety engineers also reported that their safety pro grams included some form of organized employee participation through safety committees. This was also reflected in the frequency rates. The 11 plants with safety engineers, but no safety com mittees, had an average frequency rate of 19.0 in contrast to the average of 15.1 for the 137 plants with both safety engineers and some form of safety committee organization. Within the latter group there appeared to be a significant correlation between injury frequency and the manner in which the safety committees F A C T O R S IN IN J U R Y R E C O R D were organized. In 12 plants, the committees were composed entirely of supervisory employees. The average frequency rate for this group was 17.5. In 110 plants, the safety committees were com posed of both supervisory and nonsupervisory employees—their average frequency rate was 15.5. In a third group of 11 plants, where the safety committee membership was limited to nonsuper visory employees, the average frequency rate was 8.9. In general, throughout these comparisons the average time charge and the severity rates of the different groups varied in the same manner as the frequency rates. The significance of these variations in the expe rience of the plants with full-time safety engineers was enhanced by an almost identical pattern of variations within the group of plants without safety engineers. Within the latter group, 102 plants had neither safety engineers nor safety committees. These plants had an average fre quency rate of 31.1, whereas the 254 plants report ing safety committees, but no safety engineer, had an average rate of 24.7. In the breakdown according to the composition of the committees, the average frequency rates were: 25.9 for 58 plants in which the committees were composed of supervisory employees; 24.6 for 178 plants where both supervisory and nonsupervisory employees served on the committees; and 22.4 for 17 plants in which only nonsupervisory employees were members of the committees. Again, the severity of injuries, as measured by the average time charge and the severity rates, in these groups of plants tended to follow the same general pattern of the frequency rates. Medical and First-Aid Programs A very large proportion of the reporting plants indicated that they maintained an organized firstaid or medical program on their premises. A similarly large proportion indicated that they required preemployment physical examinations for all new employees for the purpose of assist ing in making proper job assignments. A total of 515 plants reported on their medical and first-aid plant facilities. Of these, 383 had specially equipped first-aid rooms which were open and attended throughout the working hours. In 174 plants the first-aid rooms were operated by ----- 4 966013°— 52 19 professional attendants; i. e., by a doctor or a registered nurse. In the other 191 plants the first-aid rooms were operated by nonprofessional attendants who in most instances had been given some first-aid training. Practically all the plants with no established first-aid rooms reported that they maintained first-aid kits on the premises. Replies relating to preemployment physical examinations were received from 491 plants, of which 340 reported that they required such exami nations. The great majority of these were plants which also maintained organized first-aid programs on the premises. In general, the existence or nonexistence of a medical or first-aid program appeared to be closely related to plant size. Plants with first-aid rooms under professional management had an average employment of over 800 workers. Those with first-aid rooms operated by non professional attend ants averaged 200 workers, and those depending upon first-aid kits averaged 130 workers. Simi larly, plants requiring 'preemployment physicals had an average of nearly 500 employees in con trast to about 125 for those not requiring such examinations. Because of this close association with plant size it is probable that injury rates for groups of plants classified on the basis of their medical and first-aid programs also reflect the influence of many other factors. Efforts were made to break down the sample to show rates for groups of plants which were similar in all respects except medical and first-aid programs. This effort, however, failed to yield significant results because of the many plant differences which had to be reconciled and the comparatively small samples available. It was impossible, therefore, to secure objective sta tistical evidence of the influence of medical and first-aid programs upon the occurrence of work injuries. It is interesting, however, to note that the average time lost in temporary-total disability cases was 14 days in the plants with no first-aid room and 18 days in those having first-aid facilities. Although injury treatment facilities on the prem ises may not actually prevent injuries, their availability apparently avoids loss of time for many minor injuries which might otherwise result in the loss of 1 or 2 days' time. 20 IN J U R IE S A N D A C C ID E N T C A U SE S— M A N U F A C T U R E OF P U L P AN D P A P E R Departmental Injury Rates Because the internal organization of the report ing plants differed greatly, many were unable to furnish complete breakdowns of their operations according to a standardized pattern. Nearly all, however, reported on some of their operations in sufficient detail to permit the inclusion of those figures in typical departmental groups. On this basis, separate injury records were compiled for 14 standard production departments or operations. (See appendix, table 5.) Production Departments Injuries were most common in the woodyards. Because of the very high frequency rate, 41.3, their severity rate, 3.3, was somewhat above average; but the average time charge per injury, 79 days, was comparatively low. The wood rooms and the paper-machine rooms had identical frequency rates, 30.1. Both of these departments had a high incidence of serious CHART 1 DISABLING INJURY - FREQU EN CY RATES IN TH E PULP A N D PAPER INDUSTRY, BY DEPARTM ENT, 1 9 4 8 FREQUENCY RATES 0 •Wood yards Yards (except wood yards) Wood rooms Paper machine rooms Ground-wood mills Beater rooms Stock rooms Rag shredding departments Maintenance departments Garages Sulfite mills Industry, average Soda mills Bleaching departments Power departments Sulfate mills Shipping departments Wet rooms Finishing departments Watchmen Rag mills Laboratories. Administration UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 10 20 30 40 50 K IN D S OF IN JU R IE S E X P E R IE N C E D injuries. Wood rooms had the highest severity rate recorded, 6.4, and their average time charge of 214 days was exceeded by only one other pro duction department. For the paper-machine rooms, the severity rate was 5.0 and the average time charge, 167 days. The rag-shredding departments, the groundwood mills, the sulfite mills, and the beater rooms all had frequency rates ranging between 20 and 30. No deaths were reported in the groundwood mills, ragshredding departments, or the sulfite mills. As a result, their severity records were relatively good, although they each had some permanent-partial impairment cases. In the beater rooms the pro portion of permanent-partial impairments was low, but the ratio of death cases was relatively high, giving them an average time charge of 125 days per injury and a severity rate of 3.3. Sulfate mills, soda mills, wet rooms, bleaching departments, finishing departments, and convert ing departments had frequency rates ranging be tween 10 and 20. The sulfate mills had a rather high proportion of death and permanent-total disability cases. The soda mills had some serious permanent-partial impairments. The wet rooms and the bleaching departments, with no death and very few permanent impairments, had outstandingly good severity records. The rag mills had the most favorable record among the production departments. They re ported no death or permanent impairment. Their 21 frequency rate was only 6.8; their severity rate 0.1; and their average time charge, only 9 days per injury. Service and Maintenance Departments The highest frequency rates in the service and maintenance group were for the yard (33.0), stockroom (25.8), plant maintenance (23.2), and garage (22.5) departments. The yard departments, how ever, had a very good severity record to balance their high frequency rate. The garage depart ments reported no death cases, but a high ratio of permanent impairments gave them a severity rate of 5.7 and an average time charge of 253 days per disabling injury. The plant maintenance depart ments had approximately 12 percent of all the reported employees, but they reported 15 percent of all the injuries—1,362. These injuries included 6 deaths, 1 permanent-total disability, 102 perma nent-partial disabilities, and 1,253 temporary-total disabilities. The power-plant departments had an average frequency rate of 18.1; the shipping departments, 17.5; and the watchmen’s department, 10.2. The lowest of the departmental, frequency rates were 5.4 for the laboratories and 1.4 for the clerical and administrative personnel. The severity rates for these two groups were quite low, but the average time charges per disabling injury were above average. Kinds of Injuries Experienced Individual case records were collected in this survey for 3,285 disabling injuries and for 2,960 injuries requiring medical attention but not re sulting in loss of time after the day of injury. The disabling cases included 12 fatalities, 2 permanent-total disabilities, 150 permanentpartial disabilities, and 3,121 temporary-total disabilities. (See appendix, tables 8 through 13.) The definitions of these several disability clas sifications as applied in this survey are as follows: (1) Fatality.—A death resulting from an indus trial injury is classified as an industrial fatality regardless of the time intervening between injury and death. (2) Permanent-Total Disability.—An injury other than death which permanently and totally incapacitates an employee from following any gainful occupation is classified as a permanenttotal disability. The loss, or the complete loss of use, of any of the following in one accident is considered permanent-total disability: (a) Both eyes; (b) One eye and one hand, or arm, or leg, or foot; (c ) Any two of the following not on the same limb: Hand, arm, foot, or leg. (3) Permanent-Partial Disability.—The com plete loss in one accident of any member or part of a member of the body, or any permanent im pairment of functions of the body or part thereof 22 IN J U R IE S A N D A C C ID E N T C A U SE S— M A N U F A C T U R E OF P U L P A N D P A P E R to any degree less than permanent-total disability is classified as permanent-partial disability, regardless of any preexisting disability of the in jured member or impaired body function. The following injuries are not classified as per manent-partial disabilities, but are classified as temporary-total, temporary-partial disabilities, or medical treatment cases, depending upon the degree of disability during the healing period: (a) Hernia, if it can be repaired; (b) Loss of fingernails or toenails; (c) Loss of teeth; (d ) Disfigurement; (e ) Strains or sprains not causing permanent limitation of motion; (/) Fractures healing completely without deformities or displacements. (4) T em p o ra ry -T o ta l D is a b ility .—Any injury not resulting in death or permanent impairment is classified as a temporary-total disability if the injured person, because of his injury, is unable to perform a regularly established job, open and available to him, during the entire time interval corresponding to the hours of his regular shift on any one or more days (including Sundays, days off, or plant shut-downs) subsequent to the date of injury. (5) M e d ic a l T reatm en t C a se .—For the purpose of this survey, any injury not resulting in death, permanent impairment, or temporary-total dis ability, but requiring treatment by a physician, is classified as a medical-treatment case. Definitions (1), (2), (3), and (4) are from the American Standard Method of Compiling Indus trial Injury Rates as approved by the American Standards Association, October 11, 1945. Defi nition (5) represents a combination of the Ameri can Standard Definitions of temporary-partial disability and medical treatment cases. Fatalities Three of the 12 reported fatalities resulted from blows on the head; 2 were electrocutions; 3 re sulted from multiple crushing injuries; 1 was a drowning; 1 resulted from a fall; and 2 resulted from burns. One of the three fatal head injuries occurred in the woodyard. In this instance a stacker was struck by a stick of pulpwood faffing from a pile. In the second case a maintenance man was struck on the head by a chunk of concrete falling from a wall which he was repairing. The third fatal head injury occurred at the slasher saw. A section of pulpwood thrown by the saw struck the sawyer in his face. One of the electrocutions occurred when a helper was attempting to change the air hose on a pre cipitator. He had cut the current on one section of the machine but had not pulled the switch for the section on which he was working. The other electrocution involved a carpenter making repairs near a 2,300-volt fine. An electrician had gone to cut off the power, but the carpenter contacted the line before it was de-energized. A woodyard laborer was crushed under the boom of a crane being used to pull a derailed freight car back onto the track. The boom cable broke under the pull and allowed the boom to fall on him. In another crushing accident, a machine tender was removing loose paper from a shaft puller. The paper caught in the nip of the winder and pulled him between the winder drum and the roll of paper, thereby crushing his chest. The third crushing fatality occurred in a vehicle accident when a lift truck operator in the receiving department backed his vehicle into the path of an oncoming highway truck. In the collision the lift truck was overturned on top of the operator. Burns from contact with hot pulp cost the life of a diffuser operator when he was caught in a “ blow-out”. In this case the diffuser had “hung up” and knowing the possibility of a blow-out, the operator was trying to dump the diffuser before it blew. He was standing in front of the diffuser door when the blow-out occurred and was covered by the hot pulp. The other case of a fatal burn occurred in the woodyard. An open bucket of gasoline became ignited and the flame threatened a nearby pile of pulpwood. An unloader attempt ing to kick the bucket away from the wood splashed the flaming gasoline over himself and set his clothes on fire. In the drowning case, a boom man was carrying a steel cable along the log boom race. Apparently the load he was carrying threw him off balance and he fell into the water. The case in which death resulted from a fall was a typical unguarded elevator accident. A hand trucker pushing a load of broke pushed his truck K IN D S OF IN J U R IE S E X P E R IE N C E D through an open elevator gate— but the elevator was at a higher floor. As the truck plunged into the open shaft, it pulled the operator with it. Permanent-Total Disabilities One of the two reported permanent-total dis abilities occurred in the course of piling logs. The injured worker was on the pile when the logs started to roll. He was thrown to the concrete floor and landed on his elbows. Both elbows were shattered, permanently depriving him of the use of his arms. The second case involved a maintenance man. He was sitting astride a conveyor preparing to tighten it when someone threw the switch, setting it in motion. Both his legs were severely mangled and were rendered permanently useless. Permanent-Partial Disabilities The 150 permanent-partial impairment cases in cluded the amputation of 4 arms, 3 hands, 66 fingers, and 3 toes; 1 loss of sight in 1 eye; and 73 cases of contusions, fractures, cuts, and strains involving some residual loss of use of a body part or function. Two of the arm amputations resulted from acci dents on paper-making machines. In one instance the employee was cleaning stock from a moving press roll, when his hand caught under the felt and his arm was pulled into the rolls. In the other case, the worker was feeding sheets into a smoothing press, when his hand caught in the nip and his arm was pulled between the rolls. In the third arm case as a worker was adjusting loose paper at the winder, the paper caught his arm and pulled it through the rewinder. The fourth arm amputation involved a maintenance man who reached inside a pulverizer to check a bearing while the machine was in operation. Two of the hand amputations resulted from workers becoming caught in the paper machine rolls. In both instances the workers were attempt ing to remove some stock which had adhered to one of the rolls. The third case involved a woodyard laborer who was on a barge acting as signal man for the crane operator who was picking up pulpwood from the barge. The crane bucket swung as it was lifted and pinned the signalman’s hand against a barge post. 23 The 66 finger-amputation cases included 57 am putations of 1 finger, 6 involving 2 fingers, and 3 involving 3 fingers. One of the 3-finger amputa tions occurred on a coating machine. The paper had broken and the operator had pulled most of it out of the machine. When he then attempted to pull off some paper sticking to one of the squeeze rolls, his fingers were pulled into the nip point. The second 3-finger amputation occurred on a parchment machine. The operator placed his hand on a moving shaft which pulled his fingers against a bearing. In the third case a trimmer operator’s foot slipped as he was feeding his machine. While off balance, his hand went under the knife. Two of the 2-finger amputations involved machine tenders; the other four involved mainte nance men. One of the machine tenders reached over the slitter roll while standing on the frame of the machine. His foot slipped and in trying to catch himself he put his hand under the cutter bar. The second operator got his fingers caught in the winder rolls while threading the machine. One of the maintenance men lost his fingers between two rolls while checking their adjustment. Another maintenance man was planing a small wedge on a jointer when the piece kicked back and his fingers slid into the blade. The third maintenance man lost two fingers when his portable electric saw slipped and struck his hand. The fourth of this group of maintenance accidents was experienced by a pipe fitter. As he was placing a heavy piece of pipe in a vertical position, it slipped and dropped on end onto his fingers. The 57 1-finger amputations occurred under various circumstances. The great majority, how ever, arose from contact with moving machinery. Ten workers were caught in conveyor mechanisms; 6 while removing materials from moving conveyors, 2 while making repairs on moving conveyors, and 2 when stopped conveyors were started with out warning. Nine others were caught in moving gears or pulleys; eight while making adjustments or repairs on their machines. Five workers each lost a finger by getting caught between moving rolls; two while threading calender rolls, two while cleaning calender rolls, and one while making a splice on a re winder. Four 1-finger amputations occurred in the use of power saws and four in the operation of jointers. While cleaning or adjusting their machines, six operators were caught between a moving part and the frame or other stationary IN J U R IE S A N D A C C ID E N T C A U SE S— M A N U F A C T U R E OF P U L P A N D P A P E R 24 part of the machine and lost a finger apiece. The other six 1-finger amputations which occurred on machines included: one case of contact with the knives of a knotter; one of striking against a knotter drill; one of getting caught by the wedge of a splitter; one of touching the knives of a hand barker; one of getting caught under the knife of a paper cutter; and one case of getting caught under a steam hammer. The 13 1-finger amputations not involving machines included 10 cases in which workers crushed their fingers between objects they were lifting or moving and other stationary objects; one in which the finger was badly burned by hot rosin; one in which the finger was caught in a closing door; and one which occurred in coupling two railroad cars. One of the toe-amputation cases occurred in the shipping department where a large gear was being moved. When the crew lost control of the gear it rolled onto the toes of one of the workers not wearing safety shoes. A somewhat similar accident involved a yard laborer. As he was placing a spare roll on a storage rack, it slipped off the rack and fell on his foot. The third toe amputation resulted from an accident in the furnace room. When a worker attempted to throw a heavy stick of wood into the furnace, it struck the side of the furnace door and fell back on his foot. The single accident causing the complete loss of an eye occurred while a worker was cleaning out a sewer pump. Pressure in the line blew waste cooking liquor directly into his eye when he loosened a connection. The 73 cases resulting in some permanent loss of use of a body member or function without complete amputation included 39 cases of severe contusions, 14 cuts or punctures, 17 fractures which failed to heal properly, and 3 serious mus cular strains. Eight of these were arm injuries; 45, hand or finger injuries; 11, foot or leg injuries; 5, eye injuries; 2, back injuries; 1, a hip injury; and 1, an ear injury. These injuries resulted from the following accidents: N u m ber o f cases 45 K in d o f accident Hand or finger injuries 16 Caught in rolls 4 Caught in pulleys or gears 2 Caught in conveyor mechanism N um ber of cases K in d of accident 2 Caught in splitter 1 Caught in jointer head 1 Struck saw blade 4 Caught in pinch points of other machines 12 Pinched or struck by objects being handled 1 Struck against post 1 Fell on staging 1 Fell on slippery floor 11 Foot or leg injuries 7 Pinched or struck by materials being handled 2 Fell into moving parts of machines 1 Fell from pile of laps 1 Struck by fork truck 8 Arm injuries 2 Caught in rolls 1 Caught in car-puller cable winch 3 Falls from elevations 1 Struck by crane bucket 1 Struck by falling motor 5 Eye injuries 2 Struck by chips from hand tools 1 Struck by piece of metal thrown by Jordan 1 Fell against pipe in walkway 1 Horseplay 2 Back injuries 1 Lifting 1 Working in strained position 1 Hip injury 1 Fell on wet floor, fractured hip 1 Ear injury, loss of hearing 1 Struck by sliding log Temporary-Total Disabilities Nearly 36 percent of the temporary-total dis abilities resulted from bruises or contusions. Another 22 percent resulted from strains or sprains; 14 percent from cuts or lacerations; and 12 percent from fractures. Temperature burns accounted for over 4 percent of the total; hernia cases for nearly 4 percent; and chemical burns for over 2 percent. Measured in terms of average time lost per case, the hernia and fracture cases were the most serious types of temporary-total injuries. In terms of total time lost to the industry, however, the cases of bruises and contusions accounted for nearly 30 percent of the time lost because of temporary-total disabilities; sprains and strains A C C ID E N T A N A L Y S IS accounted for 22 percent; fractures for 21 per cent; cuts and lacerations for over 10 percent; and hernias for 8 percent. About half the bruises and contusions were foot and leg injuries and another third were hand and arm injuries. Nearly half the strains and sprains were back injuries and 20 percent were foot in juries. Nearly hah the cuts and lacerations were hand or finger injuries; another fourth were foot or leg injuries. Forty-six percent of the fractures were foot or toe injuries; 22 percent hand or finger injuries; 9 percent leg injuries; 7 percent broken ribs; and 6 percent arm injuries. The temperature burns causing lost time occurred more or less equally to all parts of the body. Chemical burns on the other hand, were primarily eye and foot injuries. The general distribution of temporary-total disabilities indicated that 25 percent were injuries to the trunk; 24 percent, foot and toe injuries; 19 percent, hand and finger injuries; 12 percent, leg injuries; 5 percent, eye injuries; and 5 percent, arm injuries. The trunk injuries, including hernias, accounted for 34 percent of all lost time charged to temporary-total disabilities; foot and toe injuries, 23 percent; and hand and finger injuries, 14 percent. 25 Medical Treatment Cases Over 32 percent of the injuries requiring medical treatment, but not resulting in loss of time other then for treatment, were bruises or contusions. Cuts and lacerations accounted for 27 percent of the medical treatment cases; foreign bodies in the eyes, nearly 16 percent; and strains and sprains, nearly 15 percent. The medical treatment cases included a large proportion of injuries to the hand and finger, 29 percent; eye, 20 percent; foot and toe, 12 percent; leg, 7 percent; and back, 6 percent. The record indicated that in the total volume of reported eye injuries 10 required only simple medical attention without significant loss of time for every 1 result ing in a day or more of disability. For other head injuries the ratio was much lower, about 4 to 1. For injuries to the upper extremities it dropped to just over 3 to 1 and for trunk and lower ex tremity injuries, it dropped to 1.5 to 1. The exact significance of these ratios, of course, is open to some question, inasmuch as there is no way of knowing the volume of minor injuries in the various categories which might have benefited by medical treatment, but which were unreported. Accident Analysis Accident reports frequently do not show the specific reason for the occurrence of the particular events culminating in an injury. In most instances, the only available information comes from the in jured person himself, or from witnesses present at the time who may lack either the skill or the op portunity to investigate the event fully to deter mine the actual accident cause. In the analysis of a large number of accident reports, therefore, it is common to find a large proportion deficient in the one respect most important to the safety engineer. Despite these limitations, however, the analyst can draw much useful information from even the most sketchy accident description. Almost invariably the description of an accident tends to follow the normal line of thinking on the part of an interested person who hears that a friend or acquaintance has been injured. The first thought is of the injury itself. Was it a burn, a cut, a bruise, a strain, or something else? Then— what produced the injury and how did it happen? These are all descriptive facts which are usually readily apparent to the witnesses. They, there fore, loom large in the accounts of the events. The more analytical question, “ Whydidithappen?” normally arises only after the desire for descriptive information has been satisfied. It frequently goes unanswered, either because of preoccupation with the descriptive factors, or because the answer may not be readiiy apparent. The direct approach in accident analysis, there fore, is to draw from the records the various elements of information in the order in which they are usually recorded. Standing alone, these ele ments may have limited value, but when related to each other they can do much to indicate the accident-prevention activities which may be needed. The determination of the objects or 26 IN J U R IE S A N D A C C ID E N T C A U SE S—M A N U F A C T U R E OF P U L P A N D P A P E R substances most commonly producing injuries, coupled with information on how they produced the injuries, constitutes the first step toward an understanding of the accident problem. (See appendix, tables 14 and 15.) Agencies of Injury and Accident Types A gen cies o f I n ju r y .— About a fourth of all recorded injuries resulted from some form of con tact with machines or machine parts. Paper making machines, including winders and calender stacks, were involved in 5 percent of the injuries; vehicles about 5 percent; conveyors and hoisting apparatus about 3 percent; and various machine parts, including shafts and cores, about 7 percent. A large proportion of the injuries inflicted by paper-making machines resulted from workers being caught in the moving parts, primarily at the point of operation. This was also true for winders and calenders. There were also many instances in which workers were injured simply by bumping into these machines, by falling against the machines, or by being struck either by moving parts of the machines or by parts which fell from the machines. Hand trucks were involved in over half of the vehicular accidents— the others were primarily highway motor vehicles and railroad cars. The most common accidents involving hand trucks were those in which the injured workers were struck by the vehicles. There were also many cases of over-exertion in moving hand trucks and a considerable number of instances in which workers bumped into improperly parked vehicles or had parts of their bodies pinched between the vehicles and other objects. Crowded workplaces and poor traffic lay-out contributed to the occur rence of many of these accidents. About half of the injuries inflicted by conveyors and a third of those inflicted by hoisting apparatus resulted from workers becoming caught in moving parts of the equipment. The most common hoisting equipment accidents, however, were those in which the injured persons were struck by swing ing loads or by materials spilled from the loads. The injuries resulting from contact with shafts, cores, and metal machine parts occurred largely during manual handling of these items. In many instances the workers dropped them upon their feet, pinched their fingers under them as they set them down, or strained themselves in attempting to lift them. Flying particles and airborne dusts, generally unidentifiable, were responsible for about 12 per cent of the reported injuries. All of these were eye injuries and in most instances were relatively minor. Their substantial numbers and the fact that some produced severe disabilities, however, makes them an important group worthy of serious consideration in the development of a safety program. Contact with hand tools produced more than 9 percent of the reported injuries. Pulphooks were most commonly involved in these accidents, but wrenches, knives, bars, hammers, and portable power tools were each responsible for a substantial number of injuries. The pulphook injuries usu ally occurred when the hooks pulled out of the logs or glanced off and struck the users. The other hand-tool accidents were generally cases in which the tools slipped from the object to which they were being applied and struck the worker or pinched his hand against some other object. Pulpwood logs were the injury-producing agen cies in nearly 7 percent of the recorded cases. The great majority of the accidents involving pulpwood sticks were cases in which the workers dropped logs on their feet; pinched their fingers in piling the logs; were struck by logs rolling or falling from a pile; or strained themselves attempt ing to lift or move heavy logs. Working surfaces, listed as the agency of injury in about 6 percent of the recorded cases, were involved primarily in fails. Over half the acci dents in the group were cases in which the workers slipped or stumbled and fell to the surface on which they were walking or standing. Most of the others were falls from an elevation. Paper, primarily in rolls or packages, was the agency of injury in nearly 6 percent of the acci dents. In more than a third of these cases the injuries were strains or sprains from overexertion in lifting or moving the paper. Most of the others were cases in which the workers were struck by rolls of paper they dropped, or which rolled from hand trucks or other equipment, or in moving caught and pinched them against some other object. Nearly 5 percent of the reported injuries re sulted from sharp and straining movements of the body rather than from contact with any par A C C ID E N T A N A L Y S IS ticular object or substance. These were not the simple overexertion cases resulting from pushing, pulling, or lifting heavy objects— they were prac tically all cases in which the injured person Jost his balance on a slippery surface or stumbled over an object lying in his way and strained him self in his efforts to avoid falling. About half the resulting injuries were back or abdominal strains and most of the others were foot or ankle sprains. The relatively high incidence of this type of acci 27 dent implies a need for improved housekeeping, particularly pointed to the elimination of slippery and cluttered working surfaces. Chemicals were the injury-producing agents in over 4 percent of the reported cases. Chemical burns and dermatoses resulting from contact with the cooking liquors were the most common in juries. There were, however, a considerable number of internal injuries resulting from the inhalation of chemical fumes. CHART 3. MAJOR TYPES OF ACCIDENTS IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY, 1948 PERCENT OF ALL DISABLING AND MEDICAL INJURIES 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 --------- ,--------- i--------- 1--------- 1----------- 1----------1-------- OTHER UN ITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 966013° 35 r~ 40 "1 28 IN J U R IE S A N D A C C ID E N T C A U SE S— M A N U F A C T U R E OF P U L P A N D P A P E R A ccident T y p e s .—As the analysis of the reported cases moved from injuries to a determination of how the injuries occurred, it became apparent that the most common variety of injury-producing accidents encountered in the pulp and paper industry were those in which the injured persons were struck by moving, falling, or flying objects. Over 37 percent of all the recorded accidents were in this group. Next in numerical importance were the cases in which the workers struck against or bumped into objects. This group, which accounted for over 14 percent of the injuries, however, was nearly equaled by the cases in which the workers were injured by being caught in, on, or between objects. The latter group of acci dents produced 14 percent of the injuries. Next in importance, falls were responsible for 10 percent of the injuries; overexertion for 9 percent; and slips or stumbles, which did not culminate in falls, over 5 percent. About a third of the “ struck-by” accidents were cases of flying particles, generally unidentifiable, entering the eyes. The great majority of these flying-particle accidents caused only minor in juries. Much more important, in terms of the seriousness of the resulting injuries, were the cases in which workers were struck by their own hand tools or by other objects which they dropped in handling. Pulpwood logs which were thrown or fell upon workers from piles or from machines, and machine parts which fell or rolled from equipment were also involved in a considerable number of “ struck-by” accidents. Accidents in which workers were struck by vehicles were not numerous, but were important because of the relative severity of the resulting injuries. The majority of the ve hicular accidents involved hand trucks although there were a number of cases involving powered vehicles. “ Struck-by accidents” were common in all the operating departments. They were, however, of outstanding importance in the woodyards, where they constituted over 55 percent of all recorded accidents. In the wood rooms and ground wood mills about 45 percent of the injuries resulted from “ struck-by” accidents. About half of the “ striking-against” accidents were cases in which the workers bumped into plant equipment. The others were primarily cases of striking against projecting nails, or splintered edges on skids, stepping on sharp objects, or bumping into piled materials. The most serious injuries resulted from striking against moving parts of machines. All the operating departments reported a con siderable number of “ striking-against” accidents. They were most prominent, however, in the sulfite mills, where they amounted to 21 percent of all recorded accidents, in the paper-machine rooms (over 18 percent), and in the wood rooms (over 17 percent). The “ caught in, on, or between” accidents were particularly important, not only because of their volume but because they frequently caused serious injuries. Nearly half of these accidents resulted from workers being caught in the pinch points of moving machinery, and amputations were fre quently necessary. The remainder of the group consisted primarily of accidents in which fingers or toes were crushed under materials being moved manually or in which workers were pinched be tween moving objects (hand trucks, crane loads, etc.) and other fixed objects. In the papermachine rooms and in the shipping departments, one out of every five accidents fell into the “ caught in, on, or between” category. Slightly over two-thirds of the reported falls were cases in which the injured person fell only to the surface on which he had been standing. Most of these resulted from slipping or tripping on regu lar working surfaces. There were, however, many such falls on piled materials and on machines. The falls from elevations included many cases of falls from piled materials, from platforms, and from ladders. Departmentally, falls on the work ing level occurred most frequently in the beater rooms and shipping departments. Falls from ele vations were most common in the sulfite mills, the shipping departments, and the maintenance departments. The great majority of the “ overexertion” acci dents occurred in lifting, carrying, pushing, or pulling heavy objects, such as rolls of paper or sticks of pulpwood. In the finishing rooms, one in every six injuries resulted from overexertion. In the beater rooms one in every seven accidents was in this category and in the wet rooms and yard departments the ratio was one in every eight. About 80 percent of the accidents designated as slips or stumbles (not falls) were cases in which the workers lost their balance because of slipperi ness or irregularities in the working surfaces of A C C ID E N T C A U SE S their plants. The others were primarily cases of stumbling over materials lying in the workplaces. 29 These accidents were most common in the paper machine rooms and in the wet rooms. Accident Causes Modern accident analysis is based upon two premises: first, that there is an identifiable cause for every accident; and second, that when an acci dent cause is known, it is usually possible to eliminate or counteract that particular cause as the probable source of future accidents of the same character. In many instances it is true that a variety of circumstances contribute to the occur rence of an accident, and the course accident pre vention should take may seem confused because o f the multiplicity of the possible avenues of action. It is commonly accepted, however, that every acci dent may be traced to the existence of some hazard ous working condition, to the commission of an unsafe act by some individual, or to a combination o f these accident-producing factors. The sole purpose of accident analysis, as applied to large groups of cases, is to determine what specific factors within each of these two categories of accident causes are most frequently involved in the occurrence of accidents. With this knowledge available, it is then possible to plan a safety pro gram concentrating upon the elimination of these specific accident factors with assurance that suc cess in this objective should quickly lead to a substantial reduction in the volume of injuries. It must be recognized, however, that accident analysis has definite limitations. At best, it can only furnish clues as to the directions in which accident-prevention activities can most effectively be pointed. What those activities should be and how they are to be carried out must be determined by the individual in control of each safety program after his general objectives have been indicated through accident analysis. It must also be recog nized that accident analysis cannot go beyond the reported facts. In other words, the accuracy of any analysis is wholly dependent upon the accu racy and completeness of the original accident reports. In this respect, it has been consistently apparent in the Bureau’s surveys that the inade quacies of reporting seriously limit the possibilities of effective analysis. The limitations are not great in broad studies of this type, which bring a suffi cient volume of adequate reports into considera tion to support an analysis. The shortcomings are specifically at the company or establishment level where the most effective analysis can be performed only when the necessary facts are available. In general, the inadequacies of most plant reporting systems stem from the tendency to base accident records upon the legal requirements of the workmen’s compensation jurisdiction in which the plant is located. These requirements relate primarily to information about injuries with rela tively little emphasis upon how the injury occurred and even less upon why it occurred. These influ ences were strikingly apparent in the present survey. Most of the plants included in the survey were those that maintain the most extensive accident records in the industry. All of the 4,170 case records collected were readily classifiable by the nature of the injury experienced, and. over 99 percent were readily classifiable by the agency of injury and accident type. The situation was quite different in accounting for the reasons for the occurrence of accidents. Over 44 percent of the case records contained no information on which to base a conclusion concerning the existence or nonexistence of a hazardous condition to which the accidents could be related. Over 65 percent of the case records were similarly deficient in in formation relating to the commission or noncom mission of an unsafe act. Because of the rela tively large volume of adequately reported cases yielding significant classification patterns, these deficiencies in accident recording were not serious in this survey. It is evident, however, that they would present serious obstacles to effective analysis at the plant level in many establishments. In interpreting the findings relating to hazardous conditions and unsafe acts, it is essential to recog nize that these two factors are not necessarily exclusive. In other words, the analysis procedure was not directed toward the determination of a single major cause of each accident, which would have involved an exercise of analytical judgment seldom possible from the available facts. On the contrary, an effort was made to determine inde- 30 INJURIES A N D ACCIDENT CAUSES— M A N U F A C T U R E pendently for each accident whether there was a hazardous condition which contributed directly to the occurrence, and whether the event could be directly associated with an unsafe act. Because many of the reports were inadequate for the determination of one or the other of these factors, it is impossible to draw any conclusion as to whether hazardous conditions or unsafe acts were the leading cause of accidents. For the accident preventionist, however, this is a limita tion of little consequence. For his purposes, the pattern of the specific factors within each general category is of more importance than the inter relationship between the major groups of accident C H A R T 4. OF PULP AND PAPER causes. This results from the fact that his ap proach to the elimination of accident causes in the two categories necessarily must be different. The correction of hazardous working conditions usually is entirely within the powers of manage ment and can be accomplished by direct action. The avoidance of unsafe acts, on the other hand, requires cooperation and understanding by both management and workers. To achieve this under standing, management must take the lead by providing safety-minded supervision and by mak ing sure that all workers are acquainted with the hazards of their operations and are familiar with the means of overcoming them. M A J O R TYPES O F UNSAFE W O R K IN G C O N D IT IO N S IN THE PULP A N D PAPER INDUSTRY, 1948 PERCENT OF ALL DISABLING AND MEDICAL INJURIES 40 ~1 SLIPPERY FLOORS AND OTHER DEFECTIVE AGENCIES LACK OF PERSONAL S A FETY EQUIPMENT O THER U N ITED STA TES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STA TISTIC S ACCIDENT CAUSES Hazardous Working Conditions In broad general groupings, the analysis indi cated that the hazardous conditions most com monly leading to accidents in the pulp and paper industry are: defective agencies, which accounted for 34 percent of the accidents; hazardous working procedures, accounting for 23 percent of the acci dents; and inadequately guarded agencies, which accounted for 19 percent of the accidents. Of somewhat lesser importance, the lack of personal safety equipment was responsible for nearly 8 percent of the accidents, and the hazardous arrangement of materials and equipment ac counted for 6 percent. (See appendix, tables 16, 17, 18.) Defective Agencies. — Slippery working surfaces, leading to slips and falls, constituted the most common hazard in this general group. No operat ing department was entirely free of these accidents, but their greatest concentration occurred in the wet rooms, beater rooms, paper-machine rooms, and shipping departments. In the shipping de partments many of the slippery surface accidents were attributed to metal dockboards which had been worn smooth. In the operating departments, the slipperiness was most commonly ascribed to water or wet pulp which had spilled or splashed onto the floor. Sharp-edged or pointed agencies were common sources of severe cuts or abrasions. Projecting nails, wires, or bolts on machines or in dunnage or packing cases, splintered lumber, pallets, or hand tools and projecting nails or splinters on working surfaces were responsible for many injuries of this nature. H azardous W orking Procedures.— The general practice of manually lifting or moving heavy objects was the cause of more than half the acci dents associated with the general group of hazard ous working procedures. The bulk of these acci dents were cases of overexertion, resulting pri marily in strains, sprains, and hernias. There were, however, many cases in which workers dropped materials on their feet or had their fingers, toes, or other body parts pinched by objects which they were moving, simply because those objects were too bulky or too heavy to be manually controlled. About a third of these overexertion accidents 31 resulted from lifting or moving rolls or bundles of paper. The others occurred mainly in the handling of boxes or crates of supplies, shafts, cores, pulpwood logs, machine parts, and hand trucks. Depar tmentally, these accidents were most heavily concentrated in the finishing departments, shipping departments, and yard departments. Working procedures requiring exposure to hot materials, toxic or corrosive chemicals, or flying objects, and working in overly restricted quarters were responsible for over a third of the hazardous procedure accidents. Accidents resulting in chem ical burns and dermatoses were the most numerous in this group. Most of these cases involved contact with cooking liquors. The cases of temperature burns also involved primarily contact with cooking liquors. The accidents ascribed to the lack of sufficient working space were primarily cases in which workers struck against their own tools, bumped into objects protruding into the working area, or were struck by tools in the hands of nearby workers. In the chemical pulp mills, the beater rooms, and the yard and shipping departments relatively high proportions of the reported acci dents were attributed to these types of hazardous procedures. Inadequately Guarded Agencies.— In general, the accidents ascribed to inadequate guarding caused injuries of more than average severity. Their importance from the accident-prevention stand point, therefore, is greater than their number indicated. Approximately 70 percent of the accidents ascribed to inadequate guarding were cases of inadequate guarding of machines, including con veyors and hoisting equipment. The remainder were primarily related to inadequate guarding of elevated working surfaces, floor openings, and openings into tanks or bins. In most of the cases associated with machines, other than conveyors and hoisting equipment, the inadequately guarded condition occurred at the point of operation, i. e., at the point where the operator feeds material into the machine. These accident-producing situations included many in stances of inadequately guarded nip points, per mitting operators to become caught between rollers or under descending parts of machines, and of inadequately covered saws or powered wood-cut ting knives, which permitted the operators to come 32 INJURIES A N D ACCIDENT CAUSES— M A N U F A C T U R E into contact with the cutting tools. There were also some instances of inadequate guarding of gears, pulleys, and power transmitting chains which resulted in serious injuries. These cases, however, were not particularly common. Most of the accidents associated with inadequate guarding of conveyors were cases in which the lack of side rails or similar protection permitted ma terials to fall off the conveyors and strike nearby workers. Situations designated as inadequate in the guarding of working surfaces involved pri marily scaffolds or other elevated working surfaces equipped with neither railings to prevent the fall of persons nor toe boards to prevent the fall of materials. There were also a few accidents attrib utable to unfenced floor, tank, and bin openings. In the wood rooms 44 percent of the accidents were attributed to inadequate guarding; in the paper-machine rooms the percentage was 30; and in the power departments it was 21. In most of the other operating departments well over 10 percent of the accidents were associated with inadequate guarding. L ack o f Personal Safety E qu ip m en t .— The acci dent records of the pulp and paper industry are replete with cases in which it is obvious that the use of personal protective devices, such as safety shoes, impact goggles, hand leathers, gloves, aprons, or safety helmets, would have prevented or minimized injuries. Wider use of these devices in the industry is unquestionably desirable. In the great majority of cases, however, the use or nonuse of these devices has no bearing upon the occurrence of the accident itself. As accident analysis is primarily concerned with determining the factors which led to the accident, as contrasted to the injury resulting from the accident, the absence of personal protective devices is seldom indicated as a hazardous working condition. There are, however, certain types of operations involving inherent hazards which can be over come only through the use of proper protective equipment. Typical of these operations is the use of grinding wheels or other tools or equipment, which constantly throw off particles or chips, and with which the use of impact goggles is essential to avoid eye injuries. Similarly, it is generally ac cepted that the use of goggles, gloves, and other protective clothing is an essential part of the opera OF PULP A N D PAPER tions involved in mixing or handling caustics or other hazardous chemicals. Most of the accidents ascribed to the lack of personal safety equipment in this analysis oc curred in operations of the types described above. In two-thirds of the cases the deficiency was a lack of goggles. In most of the other cases it was the lack of gloves, rubber aprons, or other protective clothing required in the handling of corrosive chemicals. Nearly 65 percent of these accidents, occurred in the maintenance departments. H azardous Arrangem ents .— The hazardous ar rangements identified in this analysis are closely related to the conditions normally designated as poor housekeeping, but because they represent relatively permanent situations, they were treated separately. Improperly piled materials falling onto the workers, and improperly placed materials ob structing working areas or creating tripping hazards, constituted the most important hazards in this group. Pulpwood logs were the objects most commonly piled in hazardous fashion. Unsafe Acts For the purpose of this analysis, an unsafe act was defined as that violation of a commonly ac cepted safe procedure occasioning or permitting the occurrence of the injury-producing accident. Literally, this definition means that no personal action should be designated as unsafe unless there is a reasonable and less hazardous alternative procedure. For example, the use of an unguarded machine for which no guard was provided was classified as a hazardous condition, but not as an unsafe act. On the other hand, the failure to wear goggles on an eye-hazardous operation when such goggles had been provided was classified as an unsafe act because in this instance there was a less-hazardous alternative procedure. The analysis, however, does not imply that the alternative safe procedure was known to the person acting in an unsafe manner, nor that his unsafe act was the result of a considered choice between two possible procedures. It was apparent in many of the accidents studied in this survey'that the individual knew the safe procedure, but con sciously decided not to follow it. In other cases, ACCIDENT CAUSES circumstances indicated that the person acted unsafely simply because he did not know the alternative safe method. The first step toward the elimination of unsafe acts, therefore, is to make sure that all workers are thoroughly instructed in the safe methods of performing their duties and that they are familiar with the hazards connected with deviations from them. The second essential step is to exercise strict supervision to see that safe procedures are followed. Of the accidents attributed to unsafe acts in this survey, 48 percent resulted from unsafe han dling or unsafe use of equipment; 24 percent from assuming an unsafe position or posture; 7 percent from unsafe placing or loading; 6 percent from failing to secure or warn; and 5 percent from failure to wear safety equipment or safe clothing. (See appendix, table 19.) Unsafe H andling or Unsafe Use of Equipm ent .— The outstanding unsafe act in this general group was that of misapplying or wielding hand tools in such manner as to cause the tool to strike the operator or one of his coworkers. Pulphooks were the tools most commonly involved in these accidents, although there were many cases in volving other hand tools, such as hammers and wrenches. The group also included numerous accidents resulting from the use of hand tools or other equipment for purposes other than that for which intended. The unsafe acts associated with manual handling of materials consisted primarily of gripping objects insecurely or of taking the wrong hold on objects. The accidents resulting from gripping objects in securely most commonly were cases where the workers dropped objects on their feet. In many instances the fault lay in attempting to lift too many objects at one time or in using one hand instead of two. In other instances workers at tempted to lift irregular, slippery, or hot objects by grasping only a small section and found it impossible to hold them because they were imbalanced. Taking the wrong hold on objects was respon sible for many crushed fingers and hands. In most of these accidents the workers’ fingers or hands were pinched or crushed under or between objects they were placing or piling. 33 Unsafe P osition or Posture. — Nearly two-thirds of the unsafe acts in this group consisted simply of inattention to footing or surroundings. Failure to observe normal caution in ascending or de scending ladders or stairways, or in merely walking across floors or yards was the most common fault. Poor housekeeping was a contributing factor to some accidents in which workers slipped or stumbled over small objects on the floor. M ost commonly, however, the accidents consisted simply of the workers walking into or bumping against machines, pipes, piled materials, and other objects which should have been quite visible and avoidable. The most serious accidents in this group were those resulting from workers unnecessarily ex posing themselves to contact with moving or fall ing objects. These cases included such actions as walking or standing too close to the moving parts of machines when not actually working on the machines, standing under or in the line of move ment of crane loads, approaching the bottom of pulpwood piles while they were being broken down, and walking or standing in front of moving vehicles. Unsafe Placing or Loading. — The most common unsafe act in this group was placing of materials in insecure piles, or placing them in such fashion that they fell onto the worker. The unsafe-piling acci dents usually were cases of material falling from the piles onto the workers, but there were some in stances in which improperly piled materials shifted or tipped, causing workers on top of the piles to fall. In addition, there were some accidents ascribed to the parking of vehicles or the placing of ma terials in the workplace in such manner as to create obstructions or tripping hazards. Failure to Secure or W arn. — A wide variety of unsafe acts fell into this group. Under the general heading of failure to secure or block there were a number of cases in which machine parts were set in place but were not firmly screwed down or otherwise attached so that they came loose later and fell on the operators. Hand trucks and other vehicles were sometimes parked on grades without being properly braked or blocked to prevent their running away. In other instances maintenance men and machine operators were injured while INJURIES A N D 34 ACCIDENT CAUSES— M A N U F A C T U R E cleaning or adjusting machines because they had neglected to tag or lock the control switches to prevent the equipment from being started. The unsafe acts classified as “ failure to warn” were primarily cases in which machinery was started without notice to other workers who were working on or close to the equipment. There were also a number of cases in which workers threw materials from vehicles or piles without warning others below to stand clear. OF PULP AND PAPER Failure To W ea r Personal Safety E quipm ent or P roper Clothing .— More than half the unsafe acts included in this group consisted of failure to wear goggles which had been provided for use in operations presenting extensive eye hazards. The others consisted primarily of failure to wear gloves, aprons, or face masks provided for use when working with hazardous chemicals, and of wearing loose clothing, particularly loose sleeves and neckties, while working on moving machinery. Accident Prevention Suggestions To illustrate the general types of accident problems in the pulp and paper industry, a number of typical accidents were selected for detailed study. These accidents were analyzed by a member of the Division of Safety Standards of the Bureau of Labor Standards of the United States Department of Labor and suggestions were made to indicate how these accidents might have been prevented. The purpose of this portion of the report is not to make all-inclusive recommendations, nor to propound authoritative safety rules for the industry, but to point out that there is a simple approach to the prevention of nearly every type of accident. Many safety engineers, no doubt, would attack the problems involved in these accidents in different ways and would achieve equally good results. The method of prevention, however, is of secondary importance as long as it accomplishes its purpose. Brief descriptions of the selected accidents accompanied by the recommendations of the Bureau of Labor Standards’ safety specialist for the prevention of such accidents are given on the following pages. €ase Descriptions and Recommendations 2. An employee was unloading lime from a rail road car. Lime dust mixed with prespiration, resulted in burns on the employee’s ankles. W orkers who handle or m ix lime should wear clothing which will cover as much o f the body as possible (long sleeves, boots, gloves, goggles, etc.) to m inim ize contact with the lim e. 3. A jammer (crane with grapple bucket) was being used to unload pulpwood logs from a gondola car. When the operator opened the bucket, a log fell and struck an employee working on the pile of logs. The usual precaution o f not permitting men to work under a suspended load was not customarily observed in this plant and the inevitable happened. M e n should never be permitted to work under a sus pended load, particularly when the load is carried by a grapple bucket. Logs often fa ll fr o m the bucket even when the bucket is not opened. 4. An employee was helping to carry a large log. When his co-workers dropped the log, a knot in the log scraped the employee’s chest. M e n doing work o f this sort should be carefully trained in safe lifting and carrying methods. This is particularly true f o r a two or more, m an carry. L eft to themselves, f e w m en will develop safe methods 1. An employee was hauling bundles of news o f lifting. paper from a boxcar at night. In the dark, he 5. While unloading wood from a railroad car, misjudged his distance and one wheel of the truck an employee dropped a log on his foot. The log missed the plate. The truck jerked, causing him was slippery owing to snow and ice. to strain his shoulder. This is an obvious case o f inadequate yard light in g. Logs were being unloaded by hand and hazards caused by ice and snow are difficult to control. A ACCIDENT PREVENTION SUGGESTIONS mechanical means o f unloading logs is probably the best w a y to control accidents o f this typ e. the in ju r y . 6. A wood handler was moving logs with a picaroon from a pile onto a conveyor. His picaroon slipped from a log and struck his foot. Investigation revealed that the picaroon was not Picaroon points should be kept sharp at all times so that the point can easily penetrate the log . 7. An employee was unloading pulp wood from a railroad car. When he attempted to throw a log from the car, it struck the side of the car, fell back and struck him on the foot. The fa ct that pulpwood was being thrown fr o m the car indicates a basic error in handling material . M aterial as bulky and heavy as pulpwood should not be handled in such a w a y that the em ployee would be required to lift it over the side o f the car . S afety shoes might have avoided or m inim ized 8. While unloading logs from a railroad car, an employee tripped in a hole in the floor, lost his balance, and dropped a stick of pulpwood on his foot. Investigation shows that the car was a boxcar owned b y a com m on carrier. The car, o f course, was not done. The This em ployee unloading the car should have made tem porary repairs by covering the hole. S a fety shoes might have avoided or m inim ized I n this case annealing was not ex pertly done. 11. As an employee was walking past a pile of stored pulpwood, one log slid from the pile, and struck and fractured his leg. Regular walkways adjacent to piled materials which m a y slide or roll should be protected b y a barrier guard or should be elevated so that sliding materials m ay pass under the walking surface. 12. An employee was wearing gloves while drilling knots from pulpwood. When the gloves caught in the drill his finger was pulled against the bit. Gloves should never be worn when operating a drill . 13. An employee was placing wood in the chipper. A chip flew from the machine and struck his eye. A the in ju ry. should have been repaired b y the railroad. A nn ealin g should never be done except by an expert. Safety shoes might have avoided or m inim ized sharp. broke off. 35 screen should have been provided which would protect the operator against fly in g chips. Individual eye protection , either goggles or a fa ce shield, should also have been provided. 14. An employee was barking logs with a hand barker. As he was pushing a stick of pulpwood against the knives, the log slipped and his hand struck the knives. H an d barking o f logs is always dangerous. mechanical feed and turn-over device is A usually practicable to eliminate the need fo r the operator to the in ju r y . feed the logs against the knives by hand. 9. While unloading pulpwood, an employee was injured when a splinter from a log punctured his finger. 15. An employee was using an axe to remove pieces of bark remaining on logs after they had passed through the barking drum. His axe struck a knot, glanced from the log, and hit his leg. W h en handling pulpwood logs, gloves or other type o f hand protection should be used . A 10. An employee was using a picaroon to move pulpwood logs. When the point of the picaroon snapped off, the employee lost his balance and fell on the log. Investigation been badly bent. and then disclosed the picaroon had I n restraightening, it was heated reforged. and sharpening, that In annealing after bending it became brittle and the point high in ju ry rate is characteristic o f axe work unless the m en are trained in the safe use o f the axe. Through training, however , such injuries can be eliminated. The grip , the stance , the swing, and the return m ust all be correct and properly coordi nated . 16. An employee was wearing gloves while using a disc-type barker. A knot on a log caught his glove and pulled his hand into the barker. 36 INJURIES A N D ACCIDENT CAUSES— M A N U F A C T U R E This appears to he another instance where the wearing o j gloves created a hazard in a particular operation. H a n d protectors , i f needed , should he o f a type that will pull fr e e i f caught. 17. An employee was using a bar to free logs in the chipper. When a second worker threw a log into the chipper, it struck the bar, causing the bar to strike the injured employee’s head. Chippers are hazardous machines. Safe operat OF PULP AND PAPER brought to cooking pressure, the charge backed up into the acid line. When the acid feed line to a second digester was opened during the charging operation, the pressure on the line caused a blow out of chips, acid, and gas. An employee was severely burned. Obviously the workers on the first shift should have closed the feedline valve. The second-shift super visor , however , should have checked the equipment before putting it into operation to make sure that in g methods should he developed and the operators everything was in proper condition. carefully trained to follow them. should be a standard procedure in connection with I n this case the chipper should have been shut down in order to fr e e it. 18. The employee was pulling logs out of a conveyor. His pulp hook slipped from a log and the log fell on his foot. Investigation o f this accident showed that the p u lp hook was dull. Pulphooks should he kept sharp so that the p oin t can penetrate the log. Safety shoes might have avoided or m inim ized the in ju ry. Such a check the operation o f a n y pressure vessel. A type o f valve with readily a high-rising spindle which shows whether the valve is open or closed facilitates in spection. 22. An employee entered the bleach house to shut off the chlorine line and inhaled chlorine gas escaping from a leaking flange. I n this case the line was being shut off to perm it repair o f the leaking flange. I t was know n , there- 19. An employee was cleaning under the chip conveyor. The belt caught his broom and pulled his hand between the belt and roller. fo r e , that gas was escaping and the em ployee should I f the guarding is not adeguate to prevent contact 23. An employee was holding a two-wheeled truck onto which a frozen bale of pulp was being tipped. As the bale fell onto the truck, the truck jerked, straining employee’s shoulder. H andling two-wheeled trucks is hazardous , par with the belt} the conveyor should be shut down while cleaning around it. 2 0 . A rag cooker was making a bleach by mixing chlorine gas, lime, and water. Despite the fact that he was wearing a canister mask approved for chlorine protection, he inhaled some of the gas. On investigation, it was found that the canister had been in use longer than recommended by the manufacturer. have worn a suitable gas mask. ticularly i f the objects handled are bulky and heavy. On all such work , safe methods suited to the condi tions involved should be worked out and all the m en thoroughly trained in their use. I n this case the basic rule calling f o r the handled object to be always kept under control was violated. The effective life o f a canister is definitely limited a nd the manufacturer’s recommendations f o r replace m ent should he followed strictly. F or this purpose an accurate record should he maintained f o r each canister showing both its age and the time it has been worn. A regular checking procedure should 24. An employee was opening a valve on the leacher with a pipe wrench. The pipe he was using for additional leverage slipped off the wrench, causing the employee to fall. he The em ployee had placed a 2-foot section o f p ip e developed and maintained to insure that replace over the wrench handle to get additional leverage. ments are made within the specified time limits. Extending the wrench handle is always dangerous and only a type of extension which can be securely 21. Workers on one shift completed the charging of a digester and left it for the next shift, presumably ready for the “ cook.” However, they neglected to close the valve on the acid line leading into the digester, although they had closed the main acid-line valve. As the digester was locked into the handle should be used. 2 5 . While an employee was mixing lime in mixing bin, some lime splashed in his eye. W orkers who handle or m ix lime a should wear clothing that covers as much o f the body as possible ACCIDENT PREVENTION SUGGESTIONS 37 (long sleeves , boots , gloves , etc.) in order to m inim ize must lift heavy objects should be trained in safe contact lifting methods. with the lim e. Tight-fitting goggles are essential for eye 'protection in this operation. 26. An employee was standing in a broke cart pulling broke from a chute. Because of insuffi cient head room, be had to work in a half-standing, half-squatting position. He strained his abdomen. The broke chute should never discharge into a 32. An employee was wiping moisture from a V-belt to prevent it from slipping. His fingers were caught by the belt and pulled into the pulley. A belt compound which would prevent slipping should be used instead o f attempting to w ipe away the moisture. P u lleys should be guarded. location with head room insufficient f o r the employee to stand erect. 27. While pushing broke into the broke hole, an employee lost his balance and fell into the pit. In some plants a railing is placed around the broke hole to prevent accidents o f this kind. A 28. While walking across a wet floor, an em ployee slipped and fell, striking his head against a paper machine. Adequate drainage facilities will go a long w ay toward eliminating slipperiness owing to wet floors. Rubber soled shoes would also help to prevent fa lls. W h en floors are laid or resurfaced , a high-friction floor surface sloping gently to drainage channels can be provided. shaft should catch pail o f some kind should be installed under the bearing so that grease could not drip on the floor. I n this instance the grease should have been cleaned u p immediately. 34. An employee was applying a stick dressing to a belt at the in-running side of a pulley. The stick adhered to the belt and pulled the employee’s hand into the pulley. W h en a stick dressing is applied , it should be done at the out-running side o f the pulley. 29. While an employee was setting slitters, the shaft rolled off the saw-horses and struck him on the foot. The 33. Some excess grease fell to the floor as an employee was wiping the bearings of a machine. Later, he slipped in the grease and grabbed a hot condensate line to keep from falling. He burned his hand. have been securely blocked. S om e shops use special horses which hold the shafts securely yet permit them to be easily turned over b y 35. An employee was trucking pulp to the beater. When a wheel of his truck hit a hole in the concrete floor, the truck jerked, straining the employee’s back. P oor housekeeping is indicated. hand. The in-running side o f pulleys should be guarded. The hole in the concrete flo o r should have been repaired as soon as 30. An employee attempted to thread paper through the dryer rolls by hand. His hand was caught and pulled between the rolls. Feeding A paper into rolls is always dangerous. blast o f air on a feeder belt would eliminate the it was noticed. 36. An employee was cutting a metal strap from a bale of pulp. As it was severed, the strap flew back, striking the employee’s eyes. a This operation should be performed by standing mechanical device cannot be used , a rounded stick to the left o f the cut, holding the band with the left is sometimes used or the paper is thrown into the hand and the cutter with the right. pinch point. o f the band w ill then move aw ay fr o m the worker necessity o f getting close to the rolls. W h en The fr e e end when it is cut. 31. As an employee attempted to pick up a 200-pound roll of paper, he strained his back. N o one should attempt to lift a 200-p ou n d roll o f paper. Either a mechanical lifting device should be used , or the em ployee should get help. A ll who E ven when performed with the greatest care , this is a hazardous operation. The possibility o f ex periencing serious eye injuries or severe fa ce cuts dictates that fa ce shields , or goggles as a m in im u m , should always be worn on this work. INJURIES A N D 38 ACCIDENT CAUSES— .MANUFACTURE 37. While loading rolls of paper into a railroad car, an employee was injured when the steel loading platform to the car slipped and fell between the car and the loading dock. helmet. OF PULP AND PAPER H e raised the helmet to knock off the slag and a piece o f the slag penetrated the eye. No goggles were worn under the helmet; i f they had been worn this in ju ry would have been avoided. Car-loading platforms should be so designed that they cannot slip out o f place during the loading operation . 38. An employee attempted to walk across a steel plate into a boxcar. The plate was worn and slippery owing to extended use. The em ployee slipped and fell between the car and the loading platform. Car-loading plates should be o f material that does not readily wear smoothy or the surface should 44. As a carpenter was using a circular saw, a board he was cutting kicked back and struck him on the chest. Investigation disclosed the saw to have been eguipped with a hood but not with kick-back dogs or a spreader. The board was warped and kicked back when forced through the saw. A spreader would have prevented the accident; kick-back dogs on the saw guard would probably have prevented it. be periodically roughened to prevent slipperiness, 39. While an employee was loading a boxcar, a locomotive bumped the car, throwing the worker to the floor of the car. W arning signs should have been placed on the spur track to warn the locomotive engineer that the car was 45. Liquor in the pipe of an evaporator sprayed the face of a pipe fitter, as he was removing a valve. E m p loyees working with p ip e lines carrying steam , hot liquids , or hazardous chemicals should be provided with , and be required to wear , tight-fitting goggles or fa ce shields. Full fa ce protection is in u se. usually preferable. 40. While a maintenance worker was repairing a paper machine, another employee was cleaning it with an air hose. Some foreign particles en tered the maintenance worker’s eye. 46. A machinist was turning a piece of metal on a lathe. A small particle flew from the lathe and lodged in his eye. Extrem e care must be used when using an air hose fo r a n y p u rp ose , particularly in cleaning where dust or dirt m a y be blown toward another worker. 41. A pipe fitter was standing on a pipe repair ing a leak in a 6-inch steam line in the caustic room. When his foot slipped off the pipe, he stepped into the hot water from the steam and burned his foot. P ip e s are fo r the purpose o f transporting material and not to stand on. A secure footin g fo r the p ip e fitters would have avoided this accident. 42. An employee left a 25-pound wrench on a nut which he had just tightened. Later, as he walked by, he knocked the wrench from the nut. The wrench fell on his foot. A fte r a wrench is used , it should always be removed fr o m the nut and returned to the tool box or work bench . This type o f work obviously calls fo r eye protec tion. Face shields are often preferred to goggles. 47. An employee carrying an angle iron up a ladder, lost his balance and fell, straining his side. The angle iron weighed about 8 5 pounds. Instead o f being carried up the ladder, it should have been hauled up with a rope. 48. A stick of pulp wood fell from a conveyor while a janitor was cleaning under it, and struck him on the head. I f work o f a n y kind is permitted under an open conveyor , a shield guard should be placed under the conveyor to catch materials falling fr o m it. 49. A painter was burned by the current in noninsulated wires, when his steel-banded brush touched them. N o work should be perform ed within contact dis tance o f noninsulated wires until they have been de 43. Some chips lodged in the eye of a welder who was knocking hot slag from his weld. Investigation disclosed that this m an was doing electric welding, his eyes being protected by a welder’s energized. Arrangem ents should have been made to lock the switch in open position and the key given to the painter so that no one else could close the switch while he was working around the wires. ACCIDENT PREVENTION SUGGESTIONS 39 50. A mason was working in the blow pit of a charge o f the equipment. M a so n s and other service digester. The digester was not operating and or maintenance workers , however , should be required the acid line feeding into it had been closed, to n otify the operating supervisor whenever they are hut the discharge line leading from the digester going to work on or about the equipment and to ask had been left open. Someone opened the acid that a n y necessary precautions be taken. line and allowed some acid to flow into the digester. 51. A small particle of concrete lodged in the Fumes from the acid seeped into the pit through eye of a foreman watching jackhammer workers the open discharge line and the mason was break a concrete floor. overcome. The injured forem a n was fr o m another depart Both the acid line and the discharge line should ment and should not have been there. This is a good have been locked shut, or a guard posted before the illustration m ason was permitted to enter the p it . This should around any operation where there is a fly in g particle the responsibility o f the operating supervisor in hazard, whether or not actually working in the area. be o f the necessity f o r wearing goggles Appendix.—Statistical Tables T a b le 1.—Work-injury rates for 534 pulp and paper mills, classified by type of mill and by extent o f disability, 1948 Frequency rates of 2_ Number of disabling injuries Type of mill Total *______________________ Paper mills : Absorbent paper. _ ____ Book paper _ __ Building paper__________ Coarse paper____________ Fine paper_______ ______ Groundwood p ap er___ _ Newsprint______ ___ Sanitary paper s t o c k -----Special industrial paper__ Tissue paper _______ Paperboard mills : Building board___________ Container and boxboard___ Special paperboard stock, _ Wet machine b o a rd ,____ Pulp mills___ ____ ______ _ Num Employeehours ber of Number worked estab of em lish ployees (thou Total sands ) ments 534 207,309 454,207 9,012 g 31 41 43 72 659 29, 609 12, 296 29,838 22, 935 3,731 3,470 4,884 1,197 12, 019 1,417 51 65, 639 1,110 26, 625 315 64, 271 1,073 50, 856 1,026 8,320 219 293 7, 917 243 9,807 44 2,481 25,844 510 6, 536 14,841 259 72, 722 1, 713 89 6, 533 1,366 47 4,748 127 11 6 24 6 39 15 85 10 12 14 33, 796 2, 988 619 2,058 Resulting in- Death or per manenttotal dis ability 1 Perma nentpartial disabil ity (10) 55 510 4 ( 1) 2 49 29 79 42 1 10 8 2 1 1 ( 1) 1 (6) 20 1 Figures in parentheses indicate the number of permanent-total disability cases included. 2 The frequency rate is the average number of disabling injuries per million hours worked. A disabling work injury is one which results in (a) death, or (b) any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (c) renders the injured unable to work at any regularly established job open and avail40 2 2 5 19 30 27 79 25 2 7 Severity Average num ber of days lost Deaths or charged Per Tem and per— All Se poraryperma manentdis ver nentpartial total Tempo abling Tem ity disa disa Disa raryinjuries total disa bilities bilities bling porary- rate * total total bilities in disabil disa jury bility ity 8 ,447 19.8 51 1,061 282 986 982 208 288 36.0 16.9 11.8 16.7 20.2 222 43 479 26.3 37.0 24.8 17.7 19.7 231 1, 614 64 43 118 17.5 23.6 13.6 34.4 26.7 0.1 1.1 .2 .1 1.1 1.2 .8 1.2 .6 18.6 123 18 16 71 215 163 85 1.2 36.0 16.2 10.5 15.4 19.4 25.0 36.4 22.7 17.3 18.5 16 17 24 25 16 19 18 15 16 13 .3 1.8 1.1 15.6 22.2 1.5 .4 3.8 1.5 1.5 9.8 31.4 24.8 213 137 296 280 175 .7 (s) .1 .2 .4 (1 *5) 2 .1 1.9 112 30 156 152 95 15 15 12 13 24 2.4 .6 1 .2 2 .6 2.7 1.7 3.0 1.1 3.9 2.7 1.9 3.7 3.2 4.0 9.6 4.7 able to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury. 3 The severity rate is the average number of days lost per thousand hours worked. 4 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data* 8 Less than 0.05. A P P E N D I X — STATISTICAL T A B L E S T a b l e 41 2 .— W ork-inju ry rates for 534 pulp and paper m ills, classified b y geographic area, State, type o f m ill, and extent of disability, 1948 Frequency rates o f :2_ Number of disabling injuries Geographic area, State, and type of mill Num Employeehours ber of Number worked estab of em (thou lish ployees Total sands) ments Resulting in Death or per manenttotal dis ability 1 Perma nentpartial disabil ity Severity Average num ber of days lost Deaths or charged and Per Tem per— All Se perma manentporarydis ver nenttotal partial abling ity total disa Disa Tem Tempo injuries disa rarydisa bilities bilities bling porary- rate 3 bilities total total in disabil disa jury bility ity Total, all areas_______________ 534 207,309 454,207 9,012 (10) 55 510 8,447 19.8 0.1 1.1 18.6 123 18 2.4 New England area: Total4___ 119 34,828 77,782 2,115 6 45 2,064 27.2 .1 .6 26.5 53 16 1.4 4 5 25 3 3 9 5, 622 ' 923 6, 233 1,273 2,009 M91 13,011 2,339 1?' 040 2,804 4, 596 3,329 377 53 305 95 223 213 5 372 52 301 92 26 27 24 118 23 29 .8 !6 .2 1.2 28. 6 22. 3 23.1 32.8 48.3 62.8 13 .4 .4 .4 .3 .7 Paper mills : Book paper _ _ __ Coarse paper _ _ _ _ Fine paper Gronndwood paper___ Newsprint _______ Tissue paper__ ______ Paperboard mills : Container and box- Special paperboard stock___ ___ __ Pulp mills__ __________ Connecticut : Total 4____ ___ Paperboard mills Container and box board _____ - : 4 209 29.0 22.7 23.4 33.9 48.5 64.0 1 4 1 2 1 222 2,876 111 2 109 38.6 .7 37.9 42 16 1.6 882 989 1,955 2,353 28 40 1 3 14.3 17.0 .4 .5 1.3 13.8 15.3 22 256 12 1 27 36 17 3 4.3 15 3,335 7,059 237 1 12 224 33.6 .1 1.7 31.8 87 16 2.9 1 88 37.3 .4 36.9 33 13 1 .2 2 22 943 26.3 .6 25.6 51 15 1.3 5 4 361 116 29.7 .4 29.3 13 1.3 48.3 15.3 27 36 23 256 12 20 .8 ‘g l" i .2 28.4 31 17 .9 23.8 84.5 17 7 17 7 .4 123 17 2.5 1,181 2,386 89 15,924 36,703 967 3 4 3 5 5,292 2,348 2,009 989 12,338 5,254 4,596 2,353 366 223 40 1 3 222 36 48.5 17.0 Massachusetts : Total 4______ Paper mills : Fine paper___________ Tissue paper_________ 54 9,926 21,453 613 1 4 608 28.6 21 4 3,885 551 7,786 1,254 185 106 185 106 23.8 84.5 New Hampshire : Total--------- 19 3, 912 8,182 165 159 20.2 3, 711 115 120 1 .1 22.8 2 4 3 112 31.0 ( 2)10 150 1,693 21.3 201 82 245 90 16.6 14.6 17. 7 29.4 .8 .2 .4 ( 5) 17 4.3 .6 .5 19.5 -f .8 30.2 30 16 .9 1.7 19.5 162 18 3.5 1.4 1.4 122 138 109 271 16 25 2.0 2.0 3.7 15. 2 13.2 16 7 25.4 2.0 18.8 15.5 2.3 Vermont : Total....................... 7 1,479 147 39.220 8 8 6,077 2, 946 6, 469 1,631 13,231 6,236 14, 720 3,538 220 16 14 91 260 104 1 19 9 15 13 3 19 929 3,623 1,867 8,201 36 144 1 1 16 35 127 19.3 17.6 4 590 1,291 30 3 27 23.2 20 9,844 1,192 323 41 (1) 3 24 296 41 32.8 34.4 .3 2 32 257 21.4 .1 1 45 36.4 86,803 1,853 22.0 .2 Middle Atlantic area: Total 4__ : 1.9 1.1 1,411 3 Paper mills : Book paper__________ Coarse paper ___ _ Fine paper. _____ Sanitary paper stock. _ Special in d u stria l paper.. _ _ _ __ Tissue paper ______ Paperboard mills Building board. __ Container and boxboard____ _ . . . Pulp mills______________ 6 4.0 20 10 6 23 : 15 16 4 5 Maine Total 4______________ Paper mills Book paper__________ Fine paper. ______ . Newsprint__________ Pulp mills_______________ : 22 .3 20 17 19 8.0 182 250 16 14 3.5 20.9 221 12 5.1 2.4 30.1 34.4 184 25 14 25 6.0 2.4 18.9 225 20 4.8 .8 35.6 80 15 2.9 13.8 1 0 .5 .1 4.4 3 4,409 512 New Jersey : Total 4_________ Paper mills : Fine paper. ____ _ Paperboard mills : Container and boxboard_____________ 25 6,271 13,580 291 3 622 1,265 46 3 1,016 2,191 113 i 14 98 51.6 .5 6.4 44.7 268 14 New York : Total 4__________ Paper mills : Book p a p e r._______ Coarse paper____ _ Fine paper. ______ Sanitary paper stock. _ Tissue paper Paperboard mills : Container and boxboard____ ________ Pulp mills______________ 80 20,984 47,155 1,075 (1) 5 106 964 22.8 .1 2.2 20.5 177 18 4.0 5 4,429 1, 651 2,262 1,324 1,445 9,735 3, 286 5, 460 2,890 3, 555 174 18 68 80 65 117 6 12 10 156 62 16.1 18.9 12. 5 19 0 28.7 138 117 15 17 220 274 250 21 2. 5 2. 4 3. 2 6. 2 2,804 512 6,137 1.192 142 41 21.3 34.4 197 25 See footnotes at end of table. 6 6 11 11 10 3 1 14 102 17.9 20.7 14.7 22.5 32.9 (1) 2 9 131 41 23.1 34.4 68 55 1.8 1.8 2.2 .3 3.5 3.9 .3 1.5 .9 18 13 8.2 15 25 4.5 .9 42 T INJURIES A N D a b le ACCIDENT CAUSES— M A N U F A C T U R E OF PULP AND PAPER 2.—Work-injury rates for 534 pulp and paper mills, classified by geographic area, State, type of mill, and extent of disability, 1948—Continued Number of disabling injuries Geographic area, State, and type of mill Pennsylvania : Total 4_______ Paper mills : Book paper__________ Building paper______ Fine paper *__________ Tissue paper________ Paperboard mills : Container and boxboard_____________ East North Central area: Total 4___ _______________ Paper mills: Book paper________ _ Coarse paper_____ _ Fine paper_______ _ Sanitary paper stock. _ Tissue paper. ______ Paperboard mills : Container and boxboard............... ........ Num Employeeber of Number hours estab of em worked ployees lish (thou ments sands ) Total 42 11,965 26,067 487 3 3 7 5 1,648 710 3,585 2,050 3,496 1, 521 7', 994 4; 369 46 19 134 27 7 589 1, 516 68 146 57,805 13 21,200 8 9,275 2; 780 8,103 2,741 5,828 5, 948 18,446 5,224 11, 786 361 152 425 96 118 10 27 6 126,942 2,429 Resulting in Frequency rates of2— Average num ber of days lost Deaths or charged and Per Tem per— All Se perma manentporarydis ver nentpartial total Tempo abling Tem ity total disa Disa disa raryinjuries disa bilities bilities bling porary- rate 3 total total bilities in disabil disa jury ity bility Death or per manenttotal dis ability 1 Perma nentpartial disabil ity (1) 3 12 472 18.7 1 2 2 45 19 132 25 13.2 12.5 16.8 1 _________ (1) 14 1 1 1 Severity .5 18.1 90 17 1.7 .3 .8 6.2 61 13 53 253 22 .3 .5 12.9 12.5 16. 5 5.7 67 44.9 .7 44.2 97 2,318 19.1 .8 12 7 15 5 5 349 144 409 90 113 17.0 25.6 23.0 18.4 22 756 22.8 .2 .6 22.0 78 13 1.8 8 163 20.4 .2 .9 19.3 145 15 3.0 3 35 12.3 .3 .9 11.0 308 15 3.8 3 2 99 29.8 .9 28.9 24 15 .7 78 30.8 .8 30.0 113 13 3.5 52 41.3 41.3 10 10 .4 24 821 23.7 .7 22.9 63 14 1.5 5 106 209 17.4 32.1 .7 17.4 31. 4 14 28 14 13 .9 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2 10.0 .6 1.2 .8 1.0 .4 17 .2 ’9 1*6 18 14 .8 18.2 96 16 1.8 16.4 24.2 62 137 71 92 29 18 14 14 15 17 22.1 17.2 9.6 13 21 10 1.6 3.5 1.7 .3 32 15,463 34, 455 784 Illinois : Total 4...................... Paper mills : Building paper_______ Paperboard mills : Container and boxboard___________ . . 16 3,839 8,483 173 6 2 8 1,508 3,178 39 1 4 1,526 3,417 102 Indiana : Total 4____________ Paperboard mills : Container and boxboard_____________ 9 1,175 2,595 80 5 574 1,258 52 Michigan : Total 4................ Paper mills Book paper_______ Fine paper__________ Paperboard mills Container and boxboard_____ ________ 36 15, 849 35, 739 848 4 9 2, 681 2,736 6, 105 6,669 106 214 11 8,052 17, 775 386 3 6 377 21.7 .2 .3 21.2 65 13 1.4 Ohio: T otal 4....................... . Paper mills Coarse paper_________ Fine paper__ _ _ __ Paperboard mills Container and boxboard___ __________ 40 13,187 29,672 551 ( 1) 6 26 520 18.6 .2 .9 17.5 114 18 2.1 4 4 483 590 1,083 1,326 28 58 1 3 24 56 25.9 43.7 .9 2.8 1.5 42. 2 22.2 265 75 13 15 6.9 3.3 11 4,318 9,786 207 2 11 194 21.2 .2 1.1 19.9 104 13 2.2 _ Wisconsin : Total 4........ . Paper mills : Book paper__________ Coarse paper_________ Fine paper___________ Sanitary paper stock._ Tissue paper_________ 46 23, 755 50, 454 777 4 37 736 15.4 .1 .7 14.6 107 17 1.7 7 3 13 13,194 2,350 10,185 5,224 10, 705 183 11 1 145 96 93 1 1 172 87 137 90 .5 8.2 127 92 33 19 13 16 15 17 1.4 .7 1.8 1.0 13.1 37.1 13.4 17.2 88 13.9 37.5 14.2 18.4 8.7 104 6 6 5,804 1,123 4, 663 2,741 5,369 1.7 .3 13 6,754 16,726 315 ( 1) 2 24 289 18.8 .1 1.4 17.3 138 17 2.6 .8 30.9 31 13 a) 2 .1 1.4 16.1 145 18 : : : : West North Central area: Total4___________________ Paperboard mills : Container and boxboard— ............ . Minnesota : Total___________ See footnotes at end of table. 3 88 2 7 5 5 4 1,684 3,914 124 3 121 31.7 9 6,172 14, 891 262 21 239 17.6 .1 .8 .4 .1 .2 .7 20 .2 1.0 2.6 A P P E N D I X — STATISTICAL T A B L E S 43 T able 2 .— W ork-inju ry rates for 534 pulp and paper m ills, classified b y geographic area, State, type of m ill, and extent of disability, 1948— Continued Number of disabling injuries Geographic area, State, and type of mill South Atlantic area: Total 4„_ Paper mills : Bnolr paper Coarse paper_________ Fine paper Paperboard mills : Container and boxboard_____ ____ ___ Num Employeehours ber of Number worked estab of em (thou lish ployees sands) Total ments 47 30,416 4 9 3 7,126 9; 637 1, 579 63,753 1,015 Resulting in Death or per manenttotal dis ability 1 Perma nentpartial disabil ity Frequency rates of2— Severity Average num ber of days lost Deaths or charged Per Tem and per— All Se perma manent- porarydis ver nentpartial total Tempo abling Tem ity disa disa Disa raryinjuries total disa bilities bilities bling porary- rate 3 total total bilities in disabil disa jury bility ity a) 7 109 899 15.9 .1 1.7 14.1 184 19 2.9 14, 772 20; 510 3,358 131 388 34 4 8 32 7 123 352 27 8.9 18.9 10.1 .2 .5 1.6 2.1 8.4 17.1 8.0 70 189 431 26 18 19 .6 3.6 4.4 10 5,059 9.696 164 (1) 2 17 145 16.9 .2 1.8 14.9 184 15 3.1 Florida : Total______ ____ ___ 5 3, 768 8,089 101 3 17 81 12.5 .4 2.1 10.0 334 26 4.2 Georgia : Total 4_ __________ Paperboard mills : Container and boxboard______________ 8 6,729 12,805 307 1 20 286 24.0 .1 1.6 22.3 145 14 3.5 3 1,405 1, 634 49 1 .6 3.1 26.3 171 10 5.1 Maryland : Total 4 2,347 5,234 63 1.3 10. 7 144 21 1.7 North Carolina : Total 4_____ Paperboard mills : Container and boxboard—. 8 6,313 13,023 144 .1 1.2 9.8 250 20 2.8 3 1,429 2,879 27 South Carolina : Total_______ 3 4,482 9,830 Virginia: Total_______ ____ _ 11 5,859 East South Central area: Total 4___________________ 15 12,487 Paperboard mills : Container and boxboard____________ 5 43 30,0 7 56 12.0 1 15 128 11.1 5 22 9.4 1.7 7.7 438 15 4.1 135 (1) 1 30 104 13.7 .1 3.1 10.5 262 23 3.6 12, 793 219 1 16 202 17.1 .1 1.3 15.7 119 20 2.0 27,218 354 (4) 5 38 311 13.0 .2 1.4 11.4 272 20 3.5 17.5 3 827 1,746 61 (3) 4 4 53 34.9 2.3 2.3 30.3 500 14 Alabama: Total....... ................ 4 4,059 8,402 104 (3) 3 14 87 12.4 .4 1.7 10.3 432 25 5.3 M ississippi: Total 4 4,975 10,957 182 17 165 16.6 1.6 15.0 134 16 2.2 Tennessee: Total___________ 7 3,453 7, 859 68 (1) 2 7 59 8.7 .3 .9 7.5 399 26 3.4 West South Central area: Total4___________________ 12 8,791 19,522 359 2 16 341 18.4 .1 .8 17.5 97 23 1.8 4 5 793 6,057 1,766 13,390 50 243 2 14 50 227 28.3 18.1 .1 1.0 28.3 17.0 9 121 9 29 .3 2.2 Paper mills : Building p a p e r ,___ _ Coarse paper. _ ____ Arkansas : Total____________ : _ Louisiana Total 4___________ Paper mills : _____ Coarse paper. : Total______________ Pacific area: Total4_________ Texas Paper mills : Building paper. _____ Coarse paper_________ Paperboard mills : Container and boxboard______________ 3 2,170 4,863 102 1 9 92 21.0 .2 1.9 18.9 135 27 2.8 4 4,448 9,817 146 1 5 140 14.9 .1 .5 14.3 108 30 1.6 3 3,920 8, 593 141 1 5 135 16.4 .1 .6 15.7 111 30 1.8 5 2,173 4,843 111 2 109 22.9 .4 22.5 48 9 1.1 32 16,522 34,379 509 4 28 477 14.8 .1 .8 13.9 138 27 2.0 5 3 1, 763 3,032 3, 716 6,437 21 60 1 1 1 6 19 53 5.7 9.3 .3 .2 .3 .9 5.1 8.2 319 285 21 79 1.8 2.7 1.1 7 4,351 8,887 115 4 111 12.9 .5 12.4 81 27 California : Total 4___________ Paper mills : Building paper. ___ Paperboard mills : Container and boxboard---------- . 9 3, 797 8,002 99 1 5 93 12.4 .1 .6 11.7 145 18 1.8 4 1,746 3, 686 19 1 1 17 5.2 .3 .3 4.6 346 16 1.8 3 1,778 3,701 69 4 65 18.6 Oregon : Total____ 6 2,534 5,330 93 ________ 1 92 17.4 ______ Washington : Total. 17 10,191 21,047 22 292 317 1 Figures in parentheses indicate the number of permanent-total dis ability cases included. 2 The frequency rate is the average number of disabling injuries per million hours worked. A disabling work injury is one which results in (a) death, or (b) any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (c) renders the injured unable to work at any regularly established job open and available 3 15.1 .1 1.1 17.5 110 20 .2 17.2 28 20 .5 1.0 14.0 168 32 2.5 2.1 to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury. 3 The severity rate is the average number of days lost per thousand hours worked. 4 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. 6 Less than 0.05. INJURIES A N D 44 T a ble ACCIDENT CAUSES— M A N U F A C T U R E Average number of employees EmployeeNum ber of Number hours estab of em worked lish (thou ployees Total sands) ments Total______________________ 534 207,309 1 to 49______________________ 50 to 99_____________________ 100 to 249____________________ 250 to 499____________________ 500 to 749____________________ 750 to 999____________________ 1,000 to 1,499________________ 1,500 to 1,999________________ 2,000 and over___ __________ 76 89 148 91 50 29 24 15 12 2,354 6,470 24, 536 32,110 30,344 25, 236 29,080 25.193 31,986 %Frequency rates o f 5 Resulting in Severity Average num ber of days lost Deaths or charged and Per per— Tem All Seperma manent porarydis ver abling nent- partial total ity Tem disa disa injuries total rate* disa bilities bilities Disa bling porarybilities total in disa jury bility Death or per manenttotal dis ability 1 Perma nentpartial disabil ity Tempo rarytotal disabil ity 454, 207 9,012 (10) 55 510 8,447 19.8 0.1 1.1 18.6 123 18 2.4 166 507 1,835 1,854 1,116 876 1,018 528 1,112 1 4 (6) 19 (2) 9 (1) 6 (1) 5 (1) 7 4 12 16 75 94 80 51 70 70 42 153 487 1, 741 1,751 1,030 820 941 454 1,070 31.4 35.4 33.3 26.1 17.1 16.0 15.9 9.6 16.0 .2 .3 .3 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 2.3 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.2 .9 1.1 1.3 .6 28.9 34.0 31.6 24.7 15.8 15.0 14.7 8.2 15.4 182 98 130 120 123 116 138 185 82 14 13 17 17 16 17 23 20 19 5.7 3.5 4.3 3.1 2.1 1.9 2.2 1.8 1.3 5, 293 14,312 55,104 71,061 65,351 54, 705 63,975 55,073 69,333 1 Figures in parentheses indicate the number of permanent-total disability cases included. 2 The frequency rate is the average number of disabling injuries per million hours worked. A disabling work injury is one which results in (a) death, or (b) any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (c) a ble PAPER 3.—Work-injury rates for 534 pulp and paper mills, classified by size of plant and by extent of disability, 1948 Number of disabling injuries T OF PULP AND renders the injured unable to work at any regularly established job open and available to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury. 3The severity rate is the average number of days lost per thousand hours worked. 4.—Work-injury rates for 507 pulp and paper mills, classified by kind of safety organization and by extent of disability, 1948 Number of disabling injuries Safety organizations Establishments employing full-time safety engineers 4__ And with safety COm m i t.t.pp.S 4 Composed of nonsupervisory em ployees ........... .. Composed of super visory employees___ Composed of both supervisory and nonsupervisory em ploy APS But without safety com mittees .... Establishments without full time safety engineers 4....... But with safety com m i t , t.PP.S 4 _________ Composed of non supervisory em ploy prs ......... _ . Composed of super visory employees___ Composed of both supervisory and nonsupervisory em ployees____________ And without safety com mittees________________ Num Employeeber of Number hours estab of em worked lish (thou ployees Total sands) ments Severity Average num ber of days lost Deaths or charged and Per Tem per— All Se perma manentporarydis ver nentpartial total abling ity Tempo injuries total disa Tem rate1 disa 3 2 rarydisa bilities bilities Disa bling porarytotal bilities total in disabil disa jury ity bility Resulting in— Death or per manenttotal dis ability 1 Perma nentpartial disabil ity 148 112,919 247, 805 3,784 (3) 24 272 3,488 15.3 0.1 1.1 14.1 142 20 2.2 137 108,366 238,107 3,600 (2) 20 262 3,318 15.1 .1 1.1 13.9 141 20 2.1 .6 8.3 135 24 1.2 .1 1.5 15.9 197 18 3.4 11 9,740 21,315 189 13 176 8.9 12 11,198 24, 227 424 2 37 385 17.5 110 85,039 187, 216 2, 905 (1) 17 209 2, 679 15.5 .1 1.1 14.3 134 20 2.1 11 4, 553 184 (1) 4 10 170 19.0 .4 1.0 17.6 176 16 3.3 359 87,692 191, 595 4,885 (7) 30 226 4, 629 25.5 .2 1.2 24.1 111 16 2.8 254 76,300 166,700 4,118 (7) 27 200 3,891 24.7 .2 1.2 23.3 115 16 2.8 9, 698 17 4,947 11,341 254 1 10 243 22.4 .1 .9 21.4 80 15 1.8 58 14,714 31,652 821 (1) 5 46 770 25.9 .2 1.5 24.2 116 15 3.0 123,185 3,032 (6) 21 144 2, 867 24.6 .2 1.2 23.2 119 16 2.9 3 25 725 31.1 .1 1.0 30.0 85 16 2.6 178 56,371 102 11,084 24,184 753 1 Figures in parentheses indicate the number of permanent-total disability cases included. 2 The frequency rate is the average number of disabling injuries per million hours worked. A disabling work injury is one which results in (a) death, or (b) any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (c) renders the injured unable to work at any regularly established job open Frequency rates o f :2___ and available to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury. 3 The severity rate is the average number of days lost perthousand hours worked. * Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data, A P P E N D I X — STATISTICAL T A B L E S T able 5 .— W ork injury rates for 534 pulp and paper m ills, classified b y departm ent and by extent of disability, 1948 Number of disabling injuries Num Employeeber of Number hours estab of em worked lish ployees (thou Total ments sands) Department Total 1 *4..................... ................. 2 Production departments : Woodyards--------- -----------Wood rooms____________ Rag shredding ...... Groundwood mills_______ fhdfit.A m ills Sulfate mills....................... finds, m ills Rag m ills W e t. rnnms Bleaching_______________ Beater rooms____________ Paper machine rooms____ Finishing________________ Converting--------- -----------Service departments : Administrative and cleri cal ___________________ Garage__________________ Laboratory______________ Plant maintenance_______ Power plants___________ Shipping Stock room______________ Watchmen __________ _ Yard................... ............... Resulting in Death or per manenttotal dis ability 1 Perma nentpartial disabil ity a ble Frequency rates o f1 Severity Average num ber of days lost Deaths or charged and Per Tem per— All Se perma manentporarydis ver nentpartial total ity abling Tempo injuries Tem total disa disa rate * rarydisa bilities bilities Disa bling porarytotal bilities total in disabil disa jury ity bility 534 207,309 454,207 9,012 (10) 55 510 8,447 19.8 0.1 1.1 18.6 123 18 2.4 132 115 30 72 57 29 11 8 66 87 401 456 335 156 5,193 4, 725 502 2,436 2,460 3, 549 732 866 1,638 1, 529 10, 078 23.847 23, 475 27,196 469 11,368 309 10, 281 1,054 27 5, 403 157 114 5,411 7,602 137 1,664 33 1,904 13 62 3, 716 68 3, 479 596 22, 508 53, 702 1. 619 50, 271 831 972 57,098 2 5 14 28 2 7 6 6 2 41.3 30.1 25.6 29.1 21.1 18.0 19.8 6.8 16.7 19.5 26.5 30.1 16.5 17.0 0.2 .5 1.2 2.7 1.9 1.3 1.1 .8 1.2 3 2 13 117 40 51 453 276 25 150 108 127 31 13 59 66 575 1,489 790 919 79 214 71 58 72 265 196 9 55 22 125 167 94 83 15 20 17 18 18 22 21 9 22 14 18 18 18 14 3.3 6.4 1.8 1.7 1.5 4.8 3.9 .1 .9 .4 3.3 5.0 1.6 1.4 431 104 242 446 411 116 230 292 150 20, 636 723 3,141 25, 664 7, 892 2,660 1,749 1, 623 3, 558 59 43,293 37 1,645 36 6,677 58, 637 1,362 18, 237 330 6,012 105 107 4,147 36 3, 543 256 7,757 4 4 2 102 18 5 2 1 6 54 33 34 1,253 310 100 103 34 250 1.4 22.5 5.4 23.2 18.1 17.5 25.8 10.2 33.0 268 253 144 128 127 102 133 205 53 22 17 12 20 20 15 16 26 19 .4 5.7 .8 3.0 2.3 1.8 3.4 2.1 1.8 (2) 4 (1) 8 (4) 13 (1) 1 2 1 (1) 7 2 2 1 .4 .2 .8 .6 .6 2.2 .8 .9 39.9 26.9 23.7 27.8 20.0 16.7 18.6 6.8 15.9 18.9 25.5 27.7 15.7 16.1 .1 .1 .1 2.4 .3 1.7 1.0 .8 .5 .3 .8 1.3 20.1 5.1 21.4 17.0 16.7 24.8 9.6 32.2 .5 0 0 0 .5 .3 open and available to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury. 3The severity rate is the average number of days lost per thousand hours worked. 4 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. 3 Less than 0.05. 1 Figures in parentheses indicate the number of permanent-total disability cases included. 2 The frequency rate is the average number of disabling injuries per million hours worked. A disabling work injury is one which results in (a) death, or (b) any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (c) renders the injured unable to work at any regularly established job T 45 6.—Distribution of wor^-injury-frequency rates for 534 pulp and paper mills by size of plant, 1948 Average numDer of employees Number oi es tablish ments Total________________ -1-49____________________ 50-99___________________ 100-249_________________ 250-499_________________ 500-749 _______ 750-999 - ___ 1 000-1 499 1 500-1 999 9 000 a n d o v e r Number of establishments with frequency rates of 3 1-4 0 534 52 76 89 148 91 50 29 24 15 12 34 11 6 1 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-99 100 and over 44 37 31 42 35 24 18 13 3 5 12 9 7 3 4 1 4 7 12 11 2 1 2 6 12 5 3 2 5 9 13 12 3 3 9 17 6 5 7 10 1 6 5 6 1 5 6 3 28 57 49 63 41 5 4 11 3 1 3 1 2 12 9 9 5 5 6 7 2 1 4 10 10 6 8 6 1 3 2 6 22 12 7 4 5 3 2 4 3 11 10 6 3 1 1The frequency rate is the average number of disabling injuries per million hours worked. A disabling work injury is one which results in (a) death, or (b ) any degree of permanent physical impairment, or 3 1 1 (c) renders the injured unable to work at any regularly established job open and available to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury. INJURIES A N D 46 T a ble ACCIDENT CAUSES— M A N U F A C T U R E OF PULP AND PAPER 7 .— N u m b e r o f e s t a b lis h m e n ts , e m p lo y e e s , in ju r ie s , a n d d a y s lo s t in 5 3 4 p u lp a n d p a p e r m ills , c la s s ifie d b y in ju r y - f r e q u e n c y r a t e s , 1 9 4 8 Establishments Frequency rates of establishments 1 Cumulative Number 100 and over. 90-99_______ 80-89_______ 75-79_______ 70-74........... 65-69_______ 60-64........ 55-59........ 50-54______ 45-49______ 40-44______ 35-39______ 30-34...____ 25-29........ . 20-24______ 15-19______ 10-14______ 9........ .......... 8______ 7________ 6______ 5__________ 4_________ 3__________ 1 and 2____ 0__________ Employees Number Percent 13 18 21 25 31 42 55 68 90 106 132 163 200 244 285 348 397 406 417 427 438 454 464 476 482 534 2.4 3.4 3.9 4.7 5.8 7.9 10.3 12.7 16.9 19.9 24.7 30.5 37.5 45.7 53.4 65.2 74.3 76.0 78.1 80.0 82.0 85.0 86.9 89.1 90.3 100.0 13 5 3 4 6 11 13 13 22 16 26 31 37 44 41 63 49 9 11 10 11 16 10 12 6 52 Injuries Cumulative Number Number 852 553 441 194 938 1,072 2,884 2,022 3,388 2, 791 5,988 9,897 8, 579 18,766 23, 212 32, 294 32,014 5,375 6, 503 7, 239 9,634 8,378 5,209 9, 765 6,240 3,081 Percent 852 1, 405 1,846 2,040 2,978 4,050 6,934 8,956 12,344 15,135 21,123 31,020 39, 599 58,365 81, 577 113,871 145,885 151, 260 157, 763 165,002 174, 636 183,014 188, 223 197, 988 204, 228 207,309 1The frequency rate is the average number of disabling injuries per million hours worked. A disabling work injury is one which results in (a) death, or (b) any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (c) renders T a ble Number .4 .7 .9 1.0 1.4 2.0 3.3 4.3 6.0 7.3 10.2 15.0 19.1 28.2 39.4 54.9 70.4 73.0 76.1 79.6 84.2 88.3 90.8 95.5 98.5 100.0 278 113 86 36 156 151 406 255 382 291 522 844 619 1,071 1,118 1,199 799 111 112 105 129 93 46 63 27 Days lost Cumulative Cumulative Number Number Percent 278 391 477 513 669 820 1,226 1,481 1,863 2,154 2, 676 3, 520 4,139 5, 210 6,328 7, 527 8,326 8, 437 8, 549 8, 654 8,783 8, 876 8, 922 8, 985 9,012 9,012 3.1 4.3 5.3 5.7 7.4 9.1 13.6 16.4 20.7 23.9 29.7 39.1 45.9 57.8 70.2 83.5 92.4 93.6 94.9 96.0 97.5 98.5 99.0 99.7 100.0 100.0 Number 19,082 12,083 1,363 2,687 18, 651 40,791 17, 252 19,110 54,141 28, 737 51,980 79, 225 52,463 102,448 103, 552 120, 655 132,162 51, 565 57,152 18,874 39, 651 36, 111 22, 656 12, 556 16,478 Percent 19,082 31,165 32, 528 35,215 53, 866 94, 657 111, 909 131,019 185,160 213, 897 265,877 345,102 397, 565 500,013 603, 565 724,220 856,382 907, 947 965,099 983,973 1,023,624 1,059,735 1,082,391 1,094, 947 1, 111, 425 1, 111, 425 1.7 2.82.9 3.2 4.8. 8. & 10.1 11.8 16.7 19.2 23.9 31.1 35.8 45.9 54.3 65.2 77.1 81.7 86.8 88.5 92.1 95.3 97.4 98.5 100.9 109.9 the injured unable to work at any regularly established job open and available to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury. 8 .— D i s a b l i n g w o r k i n j u r i e s i n 1 0 6 p u l p a n d p a p e r m i l l s , c l a s s i f i e d b y n a t u r e o f i n j u r y a n d b y t y p e o f m ill, 1 9 4 8 Type of mill Nature of injury Total number of injuries 1 Book-paper mills Coarsepaper mills Container and boxboard mills Fine-paper mills Groundwood-paper mills Newsprint mills Pulp mills Sanitarypaper mills Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent 2 ber ber cent ber cent cent ber ber cent cent ber cent ber ber cent cent Total_____________________ 3,286 100.0 615 100.0 729 100.0 172 100.0 360 100.0 121 100.0 390 100.0 205 100.0 164 100.9 Amputations. ...................... 76 Bruises, contusions_______ 1,162 Bums, scalds (except chem ical)______ ______ _______ 139 Chemical bum s___________ 72 Cuts, lacerations, punctures. 462 Foreign bodies, not else where classified_________ 70 Fractures. _ _____________ 393 Hernias__________________ 116 Industrial diseases.......... . 55 Strains, sprains (except hernias)._______________ 700 Welder’s flash...................... 13 Other____________________ 27 Unclassified; insufficient 1 data__ _________________ 2.3 35.4 14 252 2.3 40.9 23 218 3.2 30.0 4 72 2.3 41.9 6 114 1.7 31.6 2 43 1.7 35.4 4 167 1.0 42.7 4 56 2.0 27.4 6 52 3.7 31.7 4.2 2.2 14.1 22 14 85 3.6 2.3 13.8 54 24 75 7.4 3.3 10.3 9 2 17 5.2 1.2 9.9 6 9 58 1.7 2.5 16.1 6 1 21 5.0 .8 17.4 8 7 58 2.1 1.8 14.9 5 9 37 2.4 4.4 18.0 10 1 29 6.1 .9 17.7 2.1 12.0 3.5 1.7 19 57 15 10 3.1 9.3 2.4 1.6 14 121 47 12 1.9 16.6 6.4 1.6 17 4 1 9.9 2.3 .6 13 49 4 13 3.6 13.6 1.1 3.6 2 15 1 3 1.7 12.4 .8 2.5 8 26 8 1 2.1 6.7 2.1 .3 22 16 5 10.7 7.8 2.4 6 16 4 5 3 7 9.8 2.4 3.0 21.3 .4 .8 124 2 1 20.2 .3 .2 125 6 10 17.1 .8 1.4 41 23.8 23.9 .6 21.5 .8 103 26.3 44 1 6 21.5 5 2.9 34 20.7 2.9 86 2 26 1 5 1 Includes figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. 2 Percents are based on classified cases only. 1 ~ A P P E N D I X — STATISTICAL T A B L E S T a ble 47 9.—Disabling work injuries in 106 pulp and paper mills, classified by part of body injured and by type of mill, 1948 Type of mill Total number of injuries 1 Book-paper mills Part o Ibody injured Coarsepaper mills Container and boxboard mills Fine-paper mills Groundwood-paper mills Newsprint mills Pulp mills Sanitarypaper mills Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber ber ber cent 2 ber cent cent ber cent Total_____________________ 3,286 100.0 615 100.0 729 100.0 172 100.0 360 100.0 121 100.0 390 100.0 Head. ___________________ Eye__________________ Brain and slnill Other___ ____________ 333 177 48 108 10.1 5.3 1.5 3.3 57 36 3 18 9.3 5.9 .5 2.9 96 49 28 19. 13.2 6.8 3.8 2.6 11 2 5 4 6.4 1.2 2.9 2.3 42 32 11.7 8.9 12 7 9.9 5.8 10 2.8 5 4.1 30 11 3 16 7.7 2.8 .8 4.1 29 14 7 8 14.1 12 6.8 8 3.4 _ __ 3.9 Trunk________ ____ ______ Chest (lungs), ribs, etc. Back.. ______________ Abdomen_____________ Hip or pelvis Shoulder_____ ________ Other 799 111 391 173 41 81 2 24.3 3.4 11.8 5.3 1.2 2.5 .1 129 23 53 24 10 19 21.0 3.7 8.7 3.9 1.6 3.1 173 19 65 62 12 15 23.7 2.6 8.9 8.5 1.6 2.1 51 4 32 8 29.7 2.3 18.6 4.7 26.4 6.6 18.2 .8 38 3 17 9 .8 26.4 4.4 15.4 3.3 .5 2.8 29.3 3.9 14.7 10.2 1 103 17 60 13 2 11 60 8 30 21 4.1 1 .8 7 1 20.6 3.6 11.4 2.5 1.7 1.1 .3 32 8 22 1 7 74 13 41 9 6 4 Upper extremities......... ...... Arm__________________ Hand_________________ Finger________________ 886 169 259 458 27.0 5.1 7.9 14.0 165 29 44 92 26.8 4.7 7.2 14.9 178 38 46 94 24.4 5.2 6.3 12.9 47 10 13 24 27.3 5.8 7.6 13.9 95 17 33 45 26.4 4.7 9.2 12.5 40 10 15 15 33.1 8.3 12.4 12.4 117 17 36 64 30.0 4.4 9.2 16.4 46 8 12 26 22.4 3.9 5.9 12.6 37 12 12 13 22.6 7.3 7.3 Lower extremities_________ 1,125 378 Leg__________ _______ _ 545 Foot______________ ___ 202 Toe-------------------- -------- 34.3 11.5 16.6 6.2 243 85 117 41 39.5 13.8 19.0 6.7 236 77 129 30 32.4 10.6 17.7 4.1 44 20 16 8 25.6 11.6 9.3 4.7 133 48 60 25 36.9 13.3 16.7 6.9 34 7 18 9 28.1 5.8 14.9 7.4 131 47 64 20 33.6 12.1 16.4 5.1 61 26 25 10 29.8 12.7 12.2 4.9 70 23 30 17 42.6 14.0 18.2 10.4 141 4.3 21 3.4 46 6.3 19 11.0 16 4.4 3 2.5 9 2.3 9 4.4 7 4.3 Body, g e n e r a l.------ --------Unclassified; data insufficient a b le 164 100.0 1 j 7.3 4.9 2 to! i 100.0 23.2 1.8 10.4 5.5 1.2 4.3 8 .0 2 i Includes figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. T 205 2 Percents are based on classified cases only. 10.—Disabling work injuries in 106 pulp and paper mills, classified by part of body injured and nature of injury, 1948 Nature of injury Part of body injured Total number of in Ampu Bruises Burns, Chem Cuts and ical juries ta and con tions tusions scalds burns lacera tions For Frac eign Hernias bodies tures Indus trial diseases 1,162 139 72 462 70 393 Head___________ Eye------------Brain or skull. Other_______ 333 177 48 108 74 12 28 34 23 8 36 32 70 70 19 15 4 80 32 16 32 Trunk___________________ Chest Qungs), ribs, etc. Back.___ ____________ Abdomen_____________ Hip or pelvis_________ Shoulder_____________ Other________________ 799 194 55 57 18 26 36 2 6 2 2 2 3 1 2 7 3 1 49 26 10 3 4 9 73 4 3 66 334 73 91 170 32 18 12 2 5 1 4 256 26 73 157 108 23 31 54 3 528 209 210 109 41 15 26 18 6 12 118 60 50 8 216 34 102 80 1 32 36 10 1 1 46 Total 3,286 111 891 173 41 81 2 Upper extremities. Arm_________ Hand-----------Einger----------- 886 Lower extremities. Leg--------------Foot_________ Toe__________ 1,125 378 545 169 259 458 202 Body, general__________________ 141 Unclassified; insufficient data___ 2 76 3 1 116 4 15 Strains Weld er’s Other and sprains flash 55 700 13 27 2 7 1 13 13 9 9 2 6 423 23 319 37 8 36 1 1 6 1 5 71 23 39 9 1 1 199 54 144 1 1 116 116 1 1 15 1 Un classi fied; in suffi cient data 1 INJURIES A N D 48 T able ACCIDENT CAUSES— M A N U F A C T U R E OF PULP AND PAPER 1 1 — Percentage distribution of disabling work injuries in 106 pulp and paper m ills, classified b y departm ent and b y part of body injured, 1948 Percentage distribution by part of body injured Department Total *________ Woodyard_____ Wood room____ Pulp m ills........ Wet rooms_____ Beater rooms. __ Paper machine rooms........... . Finishing........... Shipping .......... Yard................ . Maintenance___ Power------------- Total num ber of inju ries 3,286 Head Trunk Lower extremities Brain Ab Hip Chest, Total Eye or Other Total ribs, Back do or Shoul Other Total Arm Hand Fin Total Leg ger skull etc. men pelvis der 10.1 5.3 1.5 3.3 359~ 8.1 233 9.0 334 15.0 64 1.9 204 8.3 .6 3.0 9.3 1.9 3.9 2.8 3.4 1.5 4.7 2.6 4.2 558 388 119 159 692 93 Upper extremities 6.1 5.9 6.7 6.3 16.2 14.0 2.8 3.8 4.2 1.9 11.3 4.3 "IT 1.1 .5 .8 .6 1.3 2.2 24.3 3.4 11.8 5.3 1.2 2.5 21.4 23.2 19.2 40.7 ~2.9_ 33.4 4.7 1.3 1.2 5.6 3.4 10.0 11.1 10.5 14.7 18.7 3.1 5.2 4.2 14.8 7.8 1.4 1.3 .6 3.7 2.0 3.0 3.6 6.7 3.1 3.8 4.3 10.2 11.6 16.9 13.8 11.9 12.9 4.5 7.5 4.2 6.3 4.2 11.8 1.4 1.8 .8 22 3.9 .4 2. 7 1.9 1.5 .......... 1.3 .2 1.6 6.7 5.7 1.7 3.2 — 2.2 1.6 1.7 3.8 3.6 7.5 20.6 26.1 35.3 28.9 22.5 32.2 _ .9 ' ...... 0.1 Foot Body, gen Toe eral 27.0 5.1 7.9 14.0 34.3 11.5 16.6 6.2 20 9 30l 0 21. 0 14.8 23.5 28 2.6 3 9 5.6 7.8 7.0 7.3 7.8 11 1 10. u ZO. Z 13.7 10.5 OK O 17.2 Q. O A O O I1*7 t. Z A. O K 4 1 OR IZ. o 8.3 9.3 3.7 7.4 A Q oC iO« 36.1 32 2 3L5 31.4 16.2 13.0 9.8 7.4 5.4 11.1 3.4 41.4 33.3 16.8 23.9 23.7 18.3 7.7 4.9 2.5 5.0 6.4 2.2 12.7 10.3 6.9 6.9 5.2 3.2 21.0 18.1 8.4 12.0 12.1 12.9 29.7 34.2 40.4 35.9 31.1 25.8 8.6 10.9 16.8 8.8 9.4 11.8 14.6 14.8 20.2 17. 7 16.8 9.7 6.5 8.5 3.4 9.4 4.9 4.3 2.2 .5 .8 5.0 6.5 9.7 5.5 2o !l nil 5.2 4.3 Q .O 1.7 1 Includes figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. T a ble 1 2 — D is a b lin g in ju r y a n d m e d ic a l t r e a t m e n t c a s e s in 5 1 n a tu r e o f in ju r y , 19 4 8 Total number of injuries Nature of injury Number Total_________ ________________ Amputations____________________________ Bruises, contusions_____________________________ Bums, scalds (except chemical)___________________ Chemical b u m s..____ ______________________________ Cuts, lacerations, p unctures____ _________________ Foreign bodies, not elsewhere classified- __ ________ Fractures__________________________ _________ Hernias___ _____ ________ __________ Industrial diseases_________________________________ Strains, sprains (except hernias)___________ _ __ Welder’s flash___________ __ ____ . ___ ______ Other.___________ _______ Percent Number of disabling injuries 1 Number Percent 4,170 100.0 1,209 100.0 33 1,370 139 100 954 481 233 67 60 674 21 38 .8 32.9 3.3 2.4 22.9 11.5 5.6 1.6 1.4 16.2 .5 .9 33 412 62 29 152 18 148 67 25 243 4 16 2. 7 34.2 5.1 2.4 12.6 1.5 12.2 5.5 2.1 20.1 .3 1.3 1A disabling work injury is one which results in (a) death, or (b) any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (c) renders the injured unable to work at any regularly established job open and available to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury. p u lp a n d p a p e r m ills , c la s s ifie d b y Number of medical injuries 2 Number Percent Average number of medical in juries per disabling injury 2,961 100.0 2.4 958 77 71 802 463 85 32.3 2. 6 2.4 27.1 15.6 2.9 2.3 1.2 2.4 5.3 25.7 .6 35 431 17 22 1.2 14^6 .6 .7 4*3 1.4 1.8 1.4 2 A medical injury is one which does not result in death, permanent impairment, or temporary disability but requires treatment by a physician or surgeon. 49 A P P E N D I X — STATISTICAL T A B L E S T a b le 1 3 .— D is a b lin g i n ju r y and m e d ic a l t r e a t m e n t c a s e s in 5 1 p a r t o f b o d y in ju r e d , 19 4 8 Total number of injuries Part of body injured Number Percent p u lp and Number of disabling injuries 1 Number Percent p a p e r m ills , c la s s ifie d b y Number of medical injuries 2 Number Percent Average number of medical in juries per disabling injury Total___________ __________________ __________ _ _ _ 4,170 100.0 1,209 100.0 2,961 100.0 2.4 H ea d _____________________________________________ Eye___________________________________________ Brain and skull_____________ _____ _________ ___ Other__________________________________________ 978 647 141 190 23.5 15.5 3.4 4.6 124 59 29 36 10.3 4.9 2.4 3.0 854 588 112 154 28.8 19.8 3.8 5.2 6.9 10.0 3.9 4.3 Trunk___________________________________________ _ Chest (lungs) ribs, etc________ _ __________ _ __ Back__________________________________ ______ Abdomen______________________________________ Hip or p e lv is ,__________________ ___________ Shoulder,,, _____________________ _____ _ _ ,_ Other__________ _ _ _____________________ 778 139 339 178 37 79 6 18.7 3.3 8.2 4.3 .9 1.9 .1 313 33 147 89 13 30 1 25.9 2.7 12.1 7.4 1.1 2.5 .1 465 106 192 89 24 49 5 15.7 3.6 6.4 3.0 .8 1.7 .2 1.5 3.2 1.3 1.0 1.8 1.6 5.0 Upper extremities_______ ________ ____ ____ ______ _ Arm____________ ________ _________________ Hand_______ _ ________ , , ___ Finger______ __________________________________ 1,354 233 383 738 32.4 5.6 9.2 17.6 318 69 91 158 26.3 5.7 7.5 13.1 1,036 164 292 580 35.0 5.5 9.9 19.6 3.3 2.4 3.2 3.7 Lower extremities________ _ __ _ ________ _ Leg,---------------------------------------------------------------Foot____________ ______ ____________ , _ Toe____________________________________________ 940 337 428 175 22.5 8.1 10.2 4.2 381 129 184 68 31.5 10.7 15.2 5.6 559 208 244 107 18.9 7.0 8.3 3.6 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.6 Body, general, ___ _______ 120 2.9 73 6.0 47 1.6 .6 _______ _____________ 1A disabling work injury is one which results in (a) death, or (b) any degree of permanent physical impairment, or (c) renders the injured unable to work at any regularly established job open and available to him, throughout the hours corresponding to his regular shift on any day after the day of injury. a 2 A medical injury is one which does not result in death, permanent impairment, or temporary disability but requires treatment by physician or surgeon. T able 14.— D istribution of 4 ,1 7 0 disabling injury and medical treatm ent cases reported b y 51 pulp and paper m ills, classified by accident type and agency of injury, 1948 o Or Agency of injury Total : Number................ ........................ Percent 2........................................ 4,170 100.0 475 11.5 462 11.2 391 9.4 283 6.8 243 5.9 231 5.6 199 4.8 Struck by : Total_____________________ Flying or thrown objects : Total____ Particles............... ........................ Other.......... ............................... . Falling objects : Total_____ ____ ___ From hands of workers...... ......... From equipment______________ From other sources____________ Hand-operated or -wielded objects__ Mechanically powered equipment___ Rolling objects____________________ Other objects.................................. . 1, 557 ' 638 513 125 506 208 148 150 303 45 16 49 475 475 475 33 9 294 17 172 34 1 60 2 51 1 9 11 1 9 1 17 25 9 8 8 244 3 34 132 54 34 44 2 37 15 17 5 13 1 8 2 4 2 30 12 5 1 3 3 176 4.2 89 6 1 5 74 35 22 17 4 5 107 2.6 93 2.2 91 2.2 86 2.1 68 1.6 53 1.3 45 1.1 641 15.5 27 42 14 31 7 33 1 38 34 1 1 22 18 7 19 7 4 8 2 1 29 14 3 12 144 22 9 13 91 41 18 32 8 4 14 24 8 1 15 3 33 31 28 3 1 3 1 1 2 20 31 4 19 65 63 1 1 122 119 94 2 9 7 23 4 19 83 53 2 1 1 1 51 42 72 4 1 1 1 6 1 5 9 Caught in, on, or between : Total. ........... Moving parts of equipment : Total. _ Points-of-operation_____________ Gears, pulleys, etc_____________ Other parts................................... Objects being lifted or placed_______ Rolling or falling objects..................... Wheeled equipment and other objects_______ ____ ______________ Hand tools and other objects. ........... Other objects________ ____ ________ 583 245 125 69 51 128 74 198 188 123 33 32 3 1 48 1 1 23 2 1 9 11 48 46 42 1 2 3 44 Overexertion—due to: Total........ ........... Lifting objects______________ ______ Pulling objects____________________ Other operations__________________ 377 235 63 79 10 1 4 27 2 9 16 See footnotes at end of table. 18 1 2 1 13 2 1 10 4 2 1 6 11 1 47 1 1 19 25 2 51 1 1 1 1 62 19 12 6 14 3 14 62 3 2 1 13 1 5 57 8 44 2 51 6 4 6 2 2 1 8 22 27 10 6 1 12 9 6 1 16 3 1 3 15 2 1 13 1 9 5 34 3 68 20 21 13 23 20 9 4 16 4 2 1 11 9 24 9 1 1 45 3 1 40 27 2 11 1 97 63 16 18 27 H 8 8 23 22 I 18 1 1 22 3 1 6 6 127 4 3 7 1 1 4 1 38 3 2 21 52 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 3 6 1 2 14 13 6 1 6 36 32 2 2 18 12 5 1 5 1 4 2 1 1 2 1 1 68 49 10 9 2 1 I P A P E R 36 13 3 1 1 I 2 A N D 18 10 16 1 18 P U L P 166 159 1 17 1 16 O F 607 1 34 21 11 2 3 C A U S E S — M A N U F A C T U R E 1 126 3.0 306 1 17 6 2 182 4.4 Unclas Wire sified; and Other insuffi cables cient data A C C I D E N T 13 1 191 4.6 Chips Shells Hoist- Con and ingand splin cores appa- vey ors ters ratus A N D Striking against : Total. ............... ........... Bumping into or against equip ment : Total____________________ Moving parts of powered equip ment________ _______________ Other parts of powered equip ment________________________ Other equipment______________ Rubbing against or striking slivers, splinters, etc_____ ____ __________ Stepping on objects________________ Striking -against projecting nails, wires, etc_______________________ Striking against materials__________ Striking against other objects_______ Pulp- Work Con For ing Ve Bodily Metal Chem Lum Pipes Ma Hand wood and tain eign sur Paper hicles mo parts icals ber piping logs tion bodies chines 1 tools ers faces INJURIES Accident type Total num ber of acci dents T able 1 4 .— D istribu tion o f 4 ,1 7 0 disabling injury and m edical treatm ent cases reported b y 51 pulp and paper m ills, classified b y accident type and agency of injury, 1948— Continued Agency of injury Accident type jLorcu num ber of acci dents Work For Con Ma Hand Pulping Paper Ve Bodily Chem Lum Pipes eign wood sur and mo Metal tain hicles tion parts icals ber piping bodies chines 1 tools logs ers faces 294 181 111 70 28 85 25 21 15 6 2 2 Slips and stumbles (not falls): Total____ Slips: Total........................................... On floors______________________ On other surfaces______________ Stumbles_____________ _________ __ 231 182 91 91 49 17 16 7 9 1 Inhalation, absorption: Total................... Absorption resulting in: Total______ Chemical burns............... ............ Dermatoses___________________ Other injuries_________________ Inhalation___ _____________________ 193 163 98 32 33 30 Contact with extreme temperatures: Total. ____________________________ Hot liquids________________________ Hot solids_________________________ Other_____________________________ 128 45 34 49 7 1 3 7 1 3 Falls—to lower levels: Total........ ........... From platforms, gangways, etc_____ From ladders______________________ From other elevations______________ 122 33 24 65 6 1 3 2 5 1 62 Unclassified; insufficient data__________ 16 1 22 6 2 4 2 14 133 84 66 18 12 37 3 2 2 2 2 8 7 2 6 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 83 21 20 42 1 1 1Includes paper machines, winding reels, calender stocks, etc., but excludes hoisting apparatus, vehicles, and electrical equipment. 18 9 9 1 8 10 8 2 6 2 148 112 66 46 36 6 3 2 1 1 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 6 5 4 1 1 43 61 35 16 19 8 18 1 1 2 1 1 28 25 8 17 3 1 1 1 27 26 1 4 21 1 1 5 6 2 5 6 1 1 1 3 9 9 1 18 1 6 3 1 9 1 1 8 5 4 1 3 156 128 97 19 12 28 16 1 1 1 2 Unclas Wire sified; and Other insuffi cables cient data 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 29 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 88 10 49 11 3 1 1 8 18 1 2 Percentages are based on classified cases only. 1 1 15 T A B L E S Other... 3 2 1 1 Con vey ors A P P E N D I X — STATISTICAL Falls—on same level: Total___ _________ Resulting from slips: Total................ On floors______________________ On other surfaces______________ Resulting from stumbles___________ Other.. _ n ____ ____________________ Chips Shells Hoistingand and appasplin cores ratus ters C* INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF PULP AND PAPER 52 T able 15.—Percentage distribution of 4,170 disabling and medical treatment cases reported by 51 pulp and paper mills, by type of accident and by department, 1948 Department Total number of acci Wooddents 1 yard Accident type Total__________ ___________________ _________ Wood room Pulp mill Wet room Beater room Paperma Finish Ship ing chine ping room Yard Main tenance Power 2 4,170 2 407 2 221 2 322 2 81 2 270 2 692 2288 3160 2 240 *1,191 2 145 Struck by : Total_______________________________ Flying or thrown objects : Total. __ _________ Particles____ . . . _______ ______________ Other_______ __ ________ _ _________ Falling objects: Total______________________ From hands of workers___________________ From equipment_________ _______ .. From other sources. __ __________________ Hand-operated or -wielded objects____________ Mechanically powered equipment_____________ Rolling objects_____ _. 2_ * _ ______________ Other objects________________________________ 37.5 15.3 12.3 3.0 55.8 10.6 6.4 4.2 9.1 4.7 33.2 10.2 7.8 2.4 14.1 8.8 19.9 8.6 1.2 43.7 26.7 23.2 3. 5 10! 5 4.5 3.1 2.9 4.6 2.1 4 1.2 1.0 .9 .5 .5 35.7 11.8 10.1 1.7 15'. 1 7.1 3.8 4.2 5.0 1.1 6.2 .6 32.7 8.8 6.3 2. 5 13! 8 7.5 3.1 3.1 5.0 1.9 19 l! 3 36.2 16.8 16.1 22.6 24.0 6.7 3.4 3.3 5.2 1.5 29.3 9.2 7.5 1.7 5.0 3.6 3.6 7.3 28.4 10.3 8.4 1. 9 10.7 3.5 4.1 3.1 29.7 16.1 16.1 12.2 44.3 18.9 8.6 10.3 14.9 4.1 6.3 4.5 .8 3 !8 Striking against : Total__________________________ Bumping into or against equipment : Total-----Moving parts of powered equipment_______ Other parts of powered equipment________ Other equipment________________________ Rubbing against or striking slivers, splinters, etc.. ___________________________ ______ Stepping on objects__ _ _____ ____ ___ ___ Striking against projecting nails, wires, etc------Striking against materials__________ _________ Striking against other objects_________________ 14.6 7.4 8.8 17.6 12.6 13.0 3.7 Caught in, on, or between : Total___ ____________ Moving parts of equipment : Total______ _ . . Points-of-operation___ ___ _____ _____ _ Gears, pulleys, etc_______ ______ _______ Other parts . __________________ Objects being lifted or placed_________________ Rolling or falling objects___________ ____ _____ Wheeled equipment and other objects____ ____ Hand tools and other objects_____________ Other objects_______________________________ Overexertion—due to : Total_____________________ Lifting objects_______________________________ Pulling objects______________________________ Other operations____ _____ ____ ________ _____ .4 .5 1.1 2.6 9.9 .7 5.5 3.9 1.6 6.8 .7 ,1 1.5 16.1 7.5 16.7 9.3 .7 3.7 4.9 18.6 13.0 4.2 6.5 2.3 14.6 7.0 .6 .4 3.6 2.4 1.3 1.9 1.3 2.0 2.2 2 .6 2.9 .4 .4 2.8 1.0 3.8 1.3 2. 5 .6 3*8 2.5 1.3 1.7 2^0 1.2 5 1.9 11.2 2.9 2.9 1.2 .7 4.5 5.3 1.4 2.0 1.0 1.4 .3 1.2 1.2 2.5 3.7 1.5 .7 3.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 11.1 6.2 6.2 11.9 4.1 .4 21.5 14.9 1.1 2.6 2.2 1.1 .9 3.2 3.8 .7 1.2 2.0 2.0 .9 2.3 14.0 5.8 2.9 1.7 9.1 2.9 15.8 7.1 1.9 1.2 1.0 3.1 1.5 1.8 1.2 1.1 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.7 3.9 1.4 4.1 1.4 .9 .9 1.4 9.1 5.7 1.5 1.9 8.6 5.4 8.1 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.8 3.7 1.9 2.5 Falls—on .same level : Total______________________ Resulting from slips : Total------ ----- --------On floors_______ _____________________ On other surfaces________________________ Resulting from stumbles__________ _________ Other ____ ___ _____ ___ _____ ________ 7.1 4.4 2.7 1.7 .7 7.4 3.5 7.7 4.1 .2 1.8 6.9 3.5 2.3 3.6 3.4 Slips and stumbles (not falls) : Total-------------------Slips : Total_____________________ _ ______ --------------------------------On floors----------On other surfaces------------------------------------Stumbles___ __ ________________________ - 5.6 4.4 3.6 3.6 1.4 3.4 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.2 1.2 1.8 1.8 5.9 .5 3.3 .7 3.2 3.9 2.9 .5 2.4 2.3 2.2 1.0 .3 1.9 3.4 6.5 3.2 1.7 .9 .9 .6 .9 .9 1.2 1.8 1.2 .6 1.6 4.6 3.9 2.3 Contact with extreme temperatures : Total. ........... Hot liquids____ ____ _ _____________________ Hot solids___ _______ _______________ ________ Other_________ __________ _________________ 3.1 1.1 .8 1.2 .5 Falls—to lower levels : Total___ ____________ ____ From platforms, gangways, etc________________ From ladders_______________________________ From other elevations___ __________ _______ 2.9 3.2 .8 .6 .2 1.5 3.0 1.4 1.9 Other__________ _ 1.5 1.5 .5 .3 .7 .8 .8 3.2 3.2 .5 1.8 .5 .7 .9 7.5 .6 Inhalation, absorption : Total____________________ Absorption resulting in : Total.____ __________ Chemical burns__________________________ Dermatoses______ _______________________ Other injuries___________________ ________ Inhalation__ _______________________ ________ 1.2 1.2 19.3 14.6 11.8 2.2 .6 1Includes data not shown separately because of insufficient space. .5 .9 10.8 1.0 1.4 1.4 2.5 1.5 1.4 .3 .6 2.1 6.3 1.7 .8 7*5 11.7 3.8 1.5 1*8 ’5 3! 3 10.4 5.0 2.9 1.4 *7 2A .6 1.7 2.1 'a .7 10.4 4.8 1.4 4.2 2.8 .7 12.3 7.3 2.5 2.5 14.1 9.6 6.3 1.3 8.6 12.6 7.4 7.7 6.2 1.2 1.2 6.6 1.1 7.4 7.4 6.2 1.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.9 3.0 7.1 5.2 4.0 1.2 1. 2 .7 16.4 9.1 4.2 3.1 11.3 5.6 1.9 3.8 12.2 6.1 10.5 .4 1.3 4.2 1.3 7.3 4.6 4.3 .3 .3 2.4 10.1 6.7 3.8 1.3 2.5 4.2 2.9 1.7 3^8 2.9 6.6 6.3 5.0 3.7 1.3 1.3 5.5 4.7 1.7 3.0 .6 .6 5.5 5.1 3.0 1.7 ;4 6.5 3.6 2.9 1. 7 5.9 3.8 4.8 3.3 1.0 1.0 .8 .1 .1 .7 .7 .4 .3 .5 6.1 1.8 1.4 2.2 3.7 1.2 3.0 .4 .4 2.5 2.2 !i .8 3.3 .6 2.5 29 3.4 13 L3 8.2 .4 1.5 8.6 2.4 6 .6 6.3 5.6 3.7 1.9 .7 1.1 1.8 3.3 1.5 2 .6 .9 1.1 .6 #7 .7 18.9 2.5 1.1 2.0 5.5 .6 2.4 1.7 3.3 1.4 8.3 5.5 21.4 1.3 .7 2 1 8.2 2.6 14.0 6.3 1.5 2.8 9.7 1.0 .3 1.2 3.8 L3 7 8.Z 1.4 4.1 18.1 7.4 4.3 .6 1.2 1.2 10.9 5.0 2.5 3.4 .3 1.0 3.0 .4 2.5 4.7 .5 4.3 3.8 3.1 3.1 1.7 1.5 14.0 6.9 .3 1.9 4.7 1.6 6.0 2.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 6.2 11.0 .6 1.2 1.0 . . . ________________________ 4.9 2.5 2.1 .7 8.8 3.8 5.7 2.5 3.2 .6 .6 .7 .4 .3 .8 19 .6 1.2 .3 L0 4.7 3.2 1.4 .7 7.6 4.1 3.4 .7 7 2.8 6.9 6.9 2.8 1.8 1.5 4.1 5.6 4.8 2 .5 4.2 4.2 1.4 ’4 2.1 #7 ’4 1*9 [s .4 3.2 .4 1*3 [s 1.4 t. 2 4.2 1 1. A 4 1.1 9.7 2.1 1.5 1.4 1.1 5.0 2.5 1.7 .4 4.1 .6 .3 2.5 1.3 L4 2 .1 .4 2.7 2.1 3Number of accidents included. 1.0 1.1 l! 6 7 T able 16.— D istribution of 4 ,17 0 disabling injury and m edical treatm ent cases reported b y 51 pulp and paper m ills classified by accident type and b y unsafe working condition, 1948 Unsafe working conditions Accident type Defective agencies Total num ber of acci dents T ota l1 Slip pery Lack of personal safety equipment Improperly guarded agencies Hazard ous working Lack of Project Hid proce point-ofing nails, dures den Total i operawires, defects tion etc. guards Lack of guard rails, toeboards, etc. Lack of power trans mission guards Total i Gog gles Hazardous arrangement Un safely T ota l1 stored or piled Lack Poor nec house of essary keep equip ing ment 4,170 795 300 88 80 542 452 228 99 43 179 136 148 87 106 48 Struck by : Total__________________ Flying or thrown objects : Total. _ Particles___________________ Other............ ................. . . . _ Falling objects : T otal.................. From hands of workers______ From equipment____________ From other sources_________ Hand-operated or -wielded objects. Mechanically powered equipment. Rolling objects............... ................ Other objects................. ................ 1,557 '638 513 125 . 506 208 148 150 303 45 16 49 147 46 21 25 68 24 31 13 16 9 21 3 91 41 7 34 40 39 32 6 26 5 28 7 1 6 21 104 104 103 1 102 102 101 1 103 1 72 1 16 5 5 1 1 1 97 1 68 5 2 2 37 3 1 8 5 5 3 3 20 1 19 78 1 10 58 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 2 2 4 1 8 2 122 18 3 15 54 40 10 4 29 9 4 8 1 1 16 16 31 20 11 9 7 2 1 1 17 17 1 13 8 249 58 1 1 13 1 2 3 178 1 2 11 1 2 2 1 76 88 80 3 30 69 3 2 2 11 68 65 1 1 49 48 122 119 17 12 6 4 18 1 10 83 53 66 48 51 42 72 38 10 12 Caught in, on, or between : Total____ Moving parts of equipment : Total................................ ........... Points-of-operation............... Gears, pulleys, etc.................. Other parts............................. Objects being lifted or placed____ Rolling or falling objects_________ Wheeled equipment and other objects................. ........................ Hand tools and other objects........ Other objects................. .............. 583 52 6 245 125 69 51 128 74 18 3 2 13 13 4 1 48 46 42 8 3 6 Overexertion—due to : Total............. Lifting objects____ ______________ Pulling objects............. .............. . Other operations............. .............. 377 235 63 79 17 3 5 9 14 1 3 7 3 30 6 2 1 4 2 2 1 4 3 1 9 2 1 48 2 1 4 3 30 2 969 422 379 43 242 140 50 52 252 15 7 31 3 204 2 1,864 58 607 306 1 2 36 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 8 2 1 52 193 5 5 17 13 6 3 8 226 169 33 24 1 3 5 1 119 5 178 116 45 17 116 116 3 3 1 3 1 8 1 1 41 4 13 9 2 1 3 4 1 1 41 41 3 2 5 1 2 9 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 267 1 42 6 21 15 95 44 1 1 1 1 15 44 1 4 1 2 2 I b ft T A B L E S Striking against : Total_____ ________ Bumping into or against equip ment : Total____ _____________ Moving parts of powered equipment..... ...................... Other parts of powered equipment..... ........... ........... Other equipment............... . Rubbing against or striking slivers, splinters, etc__________ Stepping on objects_____________ Striking against projecting nails, wires, etc__________________ Striking against materials_______ Striking against other objects....... 3 1 1 Unclas sified; insuffiient data -STATISTICAL Total_________________ ____ ________ Other 29 38 19 129 63 23 43 See footnotes at end of table. Or co T able 1 6 .— D istribu tion o f 4 ,1 7 0 disabling injury and m edical treatm ent cases reported b y 51 pulp and paper m ills classified by accident type and b y unsafe working condition, 1948— Continued Ox Unsafe working conditions Total i Slip pery 161 143 97 46 3 15 138 135 93 42 3 2 2 2 3 1 2 Slips and stumbles (not falls) : Total. Slips : Total_________ ________ On floors______________ _____ On other surfaces___________ Stumbles_______________________ 231 182 91 91 49 125 121 71 50 4 112 112 69 43 ____ Inhalation, absorption : Total Absorption resulting in : Total__ Chemical burns __ __ _ Dermatoses __________ _____ Other injuries___ ___ _____ Inhalation________ ____________ 193 163 98 32 33 30 29 19 19 16 13 13 10 3 Contact with extreme temperatures : Total____________________________ Hot liquids_____________________ Hot solids________________ _____ Other............................................... 128 45 34 49 24 13 2 9 32 15 6 11 Other........................... 62 4 Unclassified; insufficient data_______ 16 13 4 3 6 1Includes data not shown separately because of insufficient space. 14 5 1 4 1 8 22 4 21 4. 5 1 1 4 3 15 4 3 14 3 1 7 7 2 5 4 1 3 4 1 3 3 4 52 49 30 17 2 3 12 12 1 11 11 11 11 29 13 3 13 25 12 9 4 1 8 5 2 1 6 3 2 1 32 5 8 19 3 4 4 1 1 1 1 14 11 1 1 26 10 7 3 8 8 4 2 4 1 2 1 1 2 41 11 8 3 30 9 9 1 8 51 47 30 6 11 4 31 31 21 1 1 10 1 5 3 1 5 3 1 3 23 5 2 4 18 2 4 2 1 1 1 11 2 1 3 3 3 1 9 15 15 58 15 5 10 9 34 40 32 9 23 8 34 30 14 9 7 4 29 7 14 8 3 2 1 17 5 3 1 3 1 12 2 24 3 8 13 1 49 16 A N D P A P E R 4 Un safely Total i stored or piled P U L P 122 33 24 65 10 6 Gog gles Unclas sified; insuffi cient data O F Falls—to lower levels : Total________ From platforms, gangways, etc___ From ladders _ From other elevations...... ........... . 3 1 1 1 Total i Other C A U S E S — M A N U F A C T U R E 294 181 111 70 28 85 Lack of power trans mission guards Lack Poor nec house of essary keep equip ing ment A C C I D E N T Falls—on same lev el: Total_________ Resulting from slips : T o t a l____ On floors....... _ ___ On other surfaces___________ Resulting from stumbles. _ ____ Other.................. . . . ....................... Lack of guard rails, toeboards, etc. Hazardous arrangement A N D Project ing nails, Hid den wires, defects etc. Hazardous working Lack of proce point-ofdures Total i operation guards Lack of personal safety equipment INJURIES Accident type Improperly guarded agencies Defective agencies Total num ber of acci dents T able 17.— Distribution of 4 ,170 disabling injury and medical treatment cases reported by 51 agency of accident and b y unsafe working conditions, 1948 pulp and paper mills, classified by Unsafe working conditions Agency of accident Total i Slip pery Hazard ous working Lack of proce Project point-ofdures ing nails, Hid Total i den operawires, defects tion etc. guards 4,170 795 300 88 80 542 452 Working surfaces________________ __ Floors______________ ________ Yards___ _ __ ___ _ __ Platforms, scaffolds__ Other surfaces__________ _______ 440 317 65 37 21 288 216 37 24 11 237 187 29 13 8 6 5 1 5 1 4 2 3 1 2 42 24 2 8 8 Machines 2________ ______________ Paper machines _ __ __ ______ Winding reels__ __ _________ Other machines __ __ ______ 435 80 68 287 79 26 9 44 12 7 6 2 5 4 9 3 1 5 26 5 4 17 Paper......................... ...... ............ ________ Rolls______________ ________ Bales, reams___ ____ Other paper_______ _________ ___ 155 79 45 31 4 2 1 1 Hand tools________ __ _______ _______ H a m m e rs.___ Other hand tools_______ _______ 133 31 102 44 7 37 Chemicals Cooking liquors__ __ __ Lime______ __ . . . _______ Other chemicals ......................... 108 30 26 52 Vehicles. ........... Railway vehicles Hand trucks Motor vehicles _______ _ ____ 1 Lack of power trans mission guards 99 43 12 6 6 12 4 8 179 216 28 47 141 3 3 23 2 1 20 36 36 12 12 60 19 41 49 10 16 23 26 6 10 10 2 Pulpwood logs 95 4 1 1 30 6 Lumber. 94 72 4 52 9 3 Containers............... ........ ................ . 68 12 42 2 2 Conveyors....... .......................... 65 8 3 1 8 46 31 Metal parts, not elsewhere classified. _ 58 13 4 1 31 Pines and piping. 52 27 Hoisting apparatus 54 25 48 14 36 9 1 Boilers and pressnrp. v p .s s p .1s Shafts and corps Steps, stairs Other agencies Unclassiflp.d; insufficient. dn.t.a 1 31 25 20 130 6 1,872 1 1 Includes data not shown separately because of insufficient space. 9 4 1 18 8 1 17 11 4 1 1 1 91 2 17 2 2 1 1 11 4 1 6 9 6 3 2 1 1 1 10 1 10 6 3 2 1 2 1 1 53 53 9 3 12 8 11 1 9 2 1 1 9 4 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 7 1,864 4 3 1 2 2 4 2 47 36 2 3 25 25 48 98 71 26 8 6 2 1 1 12 Unclas sified; Other insuffi cient data 106 1 1 1 10 1 6 9 328 6 1 3 2 10 1 10 8 2 62 20 42 4 2 1 1 4 8 1 4 3 87 35 1 12 10 8 2 35 1 12 148 1 40 22 7 11 ____ 136 Un safely Total i stored or piled Lack Poor nec house of essary keep equip ing ment 1 98 41 34 23 2 Gog gles 4 4 48 20 10 18 34 10 20 4 Total 1 34 24 2 7 1 136 66 41 29 1 2 272 38 53 181 228 Lack of guard rails, toeboards, etc. Hazardous arrangement A P P E N D I X — STATISTICAL TABLES Total........... ........................................... 2 Lack of personal safety equipment Improperly guarded agency Defective agency Total num ber of acci dents 17 9 25 2 2 1 2 9 2 3 10 2 6 1,864 2 Includes paper machines, winding reels, calender stacks, etc., but excludes hoisting apparatus, vehicles and electrical equipment. INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF PULP AND PAPER 56 T 18.—Percentage distribution of 4,170 disabling and medical treatment cases reported by 51 pulp and paper mills, by unsafe working condition and department in which accidents occurred, 1948 able Department Unsafe working condition xotai number of ac cidents 1 Woodyard Wood room Pulp mill Wet room Beat er room Paperma Finish Ship chine ing ping room Yard Main te nance Power Total___________________________________________ 2 4,170 2 407 2 221 2322 2 81 2 270 2 692 2 288 2160 2 240 21, 191 2 145 Defective agency________________________________ Slippery_________ ________________________ Projecting nails, wires, e t c . __________________ Hidden defects_ ____ _ _ _ __________ Projecting splinters, slivers, etc ________ __ Improperly designed or constructed__________ Sharp-edged- _ _______ _________ __ Loose___ _______ _ ________ Rough or uneven. _ ___________ ____ ___ ___ Other defects ______________________________ 34.4 12.9 3.8 3.5 2.9 26.6 9.3 4.1 1.5 27.2 2.4 1.6 35.3 10.5 5.3 4.7 3* 7 1. 5 .5 44.0 17.0 3.2 3.2 5.4 6.5 37.4 14.6 2.4 8.4 1.0 32.9 14.3 2.4 3.0 4.8 2.8 32.3 16.8 2.5 3.1 1.9 2. 5 35.6 16.3 2.6 53.2 28.7 10.3 35.8 11.2 32.4 9.6 1.1 4.8 2. 6 1*9 !3 5.2 1 .2 Hazardous working procedure ________ ______ Manual lifting or moving of heavy loads___ ____ Working with or around dangerous materials___ Other________ ____________________________ 7.5 7.2 2.0 4.1 1.2 1.6 4.2 4.4 2.3 2.3 .5 4.6 3.1 .8 2 .6 1.1 1.6 1.1 3.2 6.3 4.1 3.7 23.5 13.0 5.0 5.5 19.9 15.2 7.2 16.3 10.2 2.0 9.1 7.2 29.6 5.8 17.5 6.3 Improperly guarded agency______________________ Lack of point-of-operat on guards_______ „ __ Lack of toe-boards, guard-rails, etc________ __ Lack of power-transmission guards_________ _ Other _______________________ _________ _ 19.6 9.8 4.3 1.9 3.6 16.8 44.8 28.8 10.4 4.8 14.8 16.3 2 .6 10.2 6.1 Lack of personal safety equipm ent__ ____________ Goggles. _____ _______ _ _______ _ _ Other______ _ ____ ______ ________ 7.8 5.9 1.9 3.6 1. 5 Hazardous arrangement. _ _____________________ Unsafely stored or piled. __ __ __________ _ Unsafely placed. _ _____ __ _ __________ Other_______________ ____ ________ 6.4 3.8 6.4 4.8 2.6 1.8 .8 24.0 23.0 .5 .5 .8 .8 1.1 1.2 .5 5*4 1.2 Poor housekeeping_______________________________ 4.6 6.6 .8 4.8 4.1 5.6 4.7 3.0 Lack of necessary equipment________________ _____ 2.1 1.0 2.4 1.6 2.0 .6 1.2 1.8 Other__ _______________________________________ 1.6 1.5 6.3 6.1 1.9 .7 1.7 1.4 1.3 4.1 1.0 8.2 2.6 2.0 10.8 2.0 2.0 2.1 Includes data not shown separately because of insufficient space. .8 .8 .8 3.2 1.6 1.6 8.5 2.0 1.2 .6 2.0 4.1 1.1 2.6 7.9 5.8 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.0 2.2 10.9 3.1 1.6 2 .3 L6 !8 1 6 2.8 2.4 6.5 3.1 33.5 15.5 13.0 5.0 22.7 15.4 32.9 25.1 3.0 4.8 36.5 23.6 3.2 9.7 35.2 21.9 9.4 3.9 16.9 9.9 12.4 1.9 4.9 1.9 3.7 30.4 23.2 .9 .7 5. 6 19.2 9.7 6.3 10.8 1.2 1.1 3.2 4.8 2. 4 5.4 .8 1.6 2.2 1. 6 17.2 8.5 3.2 5.6 ]. 9 3.7 2.8 .6 8.1 3. 8 1.9 3.1 .5 1.8 1.8 .6 1 8 10.8 2.1 5.2 1.9 .9 .2 1.2 2 Number of accidents included. 4.2 1.8 3* 7 19.3 8.5 4.8 6 .0 21.7 4.8 7.2 1. 2 8. 5 5. 5 3^9 1. 6 18.6 16* 3 2.3 7.0 4. 6 .8 1. 6 3.7 1*0 2*2 .5 2.4 2.4 6.5 6.3 4.2 2.4 2.2 3.9 3.1 2.4 1.0 3.6 .6 9.6 3.0 2.8 1. 2 L8 1.1 i!i 6.0 3’ 5 2. 4 7. 2 2 *4 T able 1 9 .— D istribu tion of 4 ,1 7 0 disabling injury and m edical treatm ent cases reported b y 51 pulp and paper m ills, classified by accident type and unsafe act, 1948 Unsafe acts Accident type Total number of ac cidents Using unsafe equipment or equipment unsafely Using equip ment unsafely Total i Grip ping objects inse Total i Hand tools curely All types 1___ ____ _____ _____________ 4,170 697 412 358 Struck by : Total.............. ........... .......... Flying or thrown objects : Total__ Particles.................................... Other................. ................. ...... Falling objects : Total..... ................ From hands of workers_______ From equipment_____ ________ From other sources. ................. Hand-operated or -wielded objects.. Mechanically powered equipment.. Rolling objects____ ______________ Other objects.______ _______ _____ 1,557 638 513 125 506 208 148 150 303 45 16 49 397 15 6 9 133 115 11 7 230 7 2 10 285 13 6 7 37 29 6 2 225 2 1 7 262 11 5 6 29 2ST 81 43 31 107 84 92 75 45 32 30 2, 736 12 1 17 2 61 3 58 3 46 11 8 7 10 6 1 2 14 7 3 4 3 50 8 19 23 2 1 1 4 3 48 7 18 23 2 1 1 3 11 25 1 16 8 6 1 2 1 41 40 40 7 6 2 2 5 2 1 1 3 935 544 466 78 276 71 98 107 52 29 10 24 356 142 2 54 10 2 6 1 1 4 2 1 1 2 Operat Unclas ing or sified; work Other insuffi ing at cient unsafe data speed Expo sure to mov ing equip ment 103 10 19 10 4 5 13 5 1 6 Repair ing (etc.) equip mentmoving, charged, under pressure Inat ten tion to foot ing 98 2 2 1 1 Failure wear Fail to ure to proper safety secure equip Expo or warn ment sure to Total i Unsafe or plac fall clothing ing ing objects 6 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 71 38 29 17 5 147 135 5 6 5 4 2 7 6 9 7 353 57 35 26 12 3 118 110 1 6 4 3 2 1 4 2 4 114 65 4 2 10 4 122 119 26 27 15 18 49 59 49 57 83 53 4 51 42 72 5 5 2 1 Caught in, on, or between : T otal......... Moving parts of equipment : Total. Points-of-operation____ ____ _ Gears, pulleys, etc___________ Other parts................... ......... Objects being lifted or placed_____ Rolling or falling objects__________ Wheeled equipment and other ob jects. ________________ _________ Hand tools and other objects........... Other o b j e c t s __________________ 583 245 125 69 51 128 74 174 26 6 16 4 78 19 56 11 2 8 1 2 3 48 46 42 7 35 9 5 34 1 34 1 Overexertion—due to : Total_________ Lifting objects................. ............ Pulling objects.................... ............ Other operations_______________ 377 235 63 79 19 5 3 11 9 8 1 8 1 7 3 Falls—on same level : Total__________ Resulting from slips : Total............ On floors............ ........ ................ On other surfaces________ ____ Resulting from stumbles____ ____ Other. .................................... ........... 294 181 111 70 28 85 17 14 14 3 17 14 14 3 1........... See footnotes at end o f table. 11 15 6 6 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 40 2 2 13 1 1 93 7 1 2 6 6 6 3 1 1 9 18 1 7 17 6 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 7 14 3 9 5 1 2 2 1. 1 19 12 2 5 26 12 5 7 8 6 2 1 1 18 9 2 7 7 2 25 14 6 3 5 14 11 11 4 10 2 6 2 6 1 2 1 2 19 12 4 3 2 1 4 4 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 43 2 45 26 79 51 1 1 4 12 1 1 6 1 4 1 2 1 57 15 6 3 6 12 11 6 1 68 8 2 31 12 2 3 7 1 10 6 6 5 2 3 1 2 18 17 5 8 4 2 6 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 49 25 35 ft T A B L E S 607 306 Ig STATISTICAL Striking against : Total______________ Bumping into or against equip ment : Total___________________ Moving parts of powered equipment____ ____ ________ Other parts of powered equip ment___ ____ _________ ____ Other equipment...................... Rubbing against or striking slivers, splinters, etc___________ Stepping on objects_______ _______ Striking against projecting nails, wires, e t c ...................................... Striking against materials____ ____ Striking against other objects.......... 1 218 2 1 1 Inat Taking ten wrong Total i tion hold of to sur objects round ings 142 2 87 82 2 3 3 4 Unsafe loading, placing, etc. Taking unsafe position or posture 282 167 102 36 29 33 28 20 8 26 1 2 1 1 1 1 106 1 2 1 1 4 4 317 205 53 59 242 168 62 18 56 Or T able 1 9 .— D istribution o f 4 ,1 7 0 disabling injury and medical treatm ent cases reported b y 51 pulp and paper m ills, classified by accident type and unsafe act, 1948— Continued Or 00 Unsafe acts Total number of ac cidents Using equip ment unsafely Total i Inhalation, absorption : T otal.............. Absorption resulting in : Total___ Chemical burns___________ _ Dermatoses____________ _____ Other injuries____ ___________ Inhalation... ____________________ 193 163 98 32 33 30 2 2 2 Contact with extreme temperatures : Total........ ...................... ........... __ Hot liquids____________ _________ Hot solids... ____________________ Other___________________________ 128 45 34 49 7 1 2 4 1 1 Falls—to lower levels : Total_________ From platforms, gangways, etc____ From ladders______ ______________ From other elevations____________ 122 33 24 65 5 4 2 3 1 3 3 Other_____ _________________ ________ 62 4 3 2 Unclassified; insufficient data. __ 16 1 30 23 5 18 7 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 3 1 2 3 7 2 4 1 3 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 14 13 6 1 6 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 2 1 1 10 1 4 5 7 2 2 1 1 1 4 3 2 2 1 1 6 3 2 1 3 15 5 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 191 154 83 71 37 8 8 2 6 158 133 83 25 25 25 100 38 23 39 2 1 2 2 2 100 29 18 53 1 43 O E P U L P A N D P A P E R !. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: ! 95 2 3 1 1 2 4 1Includes data not shown separately because of insufficient space. to 28 23 5 18 5 Expo sure Expo to sure to mov fall ing ing equip objects ment Repair Unclas ing (etc.) Operat sified; ing or equip work Other insuffi mentcient moving, ing at data charged, unsafe under speed pressure C A U S E S — M A N U F A C T U R E 231 182 91 91 49 Inat ten tion to foot ing Failure to wear Fail proper ure to safety secure Unsafe or warn equip ment or Total i plac clothing ing A C C I D E N T Slips and stumbles (not fa lls): Total. _ Slips : Total........ .............. .............. On floors.................... ................ On other surfaces....................... Stumbles...................................... ..... Inat Taking ten wrong Total i tion hold of to sur round objects ings Unsafe loading, placing, etc. A N D Grip ping objects Hand inse T otal1 tools curely Taking unsafe position or posture I N J U RIES Accident type Using unsafe equipment or equipment unsafely OTHER REPORTS ON INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS AND WORKING CONDITIONS A n n u a l R e p o r t s o n W o r k Injuries: A collection of basic industrial injury data for each year, presenting national average injury-frequency and severity rates for each of the major industries in the United States. Individual establishments may evaluate their own injury records by comparison with these data. Bulletin N o . Pr i c e Bulletin N o . Price 1025 975 945 921 889 849 802 758 1 Work Injuries in the United States During 1949_____________________________________________ 20 cents Work Injuries in the United States During 1948_____________________________________________ 15 cents Work Injuries in the United States During 1947_____________________________________________ 15 cents Work Injuries in the United States During 1946__________________________ ^_________________ 10 cents Work Injuries in the United States During 1945_____________________________________________ 10 cents Work Injuries in the United States During 1944_____________________________________________ 10 cents Work Injuries in the United States During 1943______________________________________________ 10 cents Work Injuries in the United States During 1942______________________________________________ 10 cents Q u a r t e r l y a n d M o n t h l y R e p o r t s o n W o r k I n juries i n M a n u f a c t u r i n g : Press releases presenting in jury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries, by month and by quarter. Issued monthly from January 1943 to September 1944, and quarterly thereafter. For free distribution upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Also appears in Monthly Labor Re Tiew. Injuries a n d A c c i d e n t C a u s e s : Intensive studies of the frequency and severity of work injuries, the kinds of injuries, types and causes of accidents in selected major industries: 1023 1004 962 949 924 884 855 839 834 805 Injuries and Accident Causes in the Manufacture of Clay ConstructionProducts________________ 30 cents Work Injuries in Construction, 1948-49_____________________________________________________ 25 cents Injuries and Accident Causes in Textile Dyeing and Finishing__________________________________ 45 cents Injuries and Accident Causes in Fertilizer Manufacturing_____________________________________ 20 cents Injuries and Accident Causes in the Pulpwood-Logging Industry, 1943 and1944________________ 10 cents Injuries and Accident Causes in the Brewing Industry, 1944__________________________________ 15 cents Injuries and Accident Causes in the Slaughtering and Meat-PackingIndustry, 1943______________ 15 cents Fatal Work Injuries in Shipyards, 1943 and 1944____________________________________________ 10 cents Shipyard Injuries, 1944____________________________________________________________________ 5 cents Injuries and Accident Causes in the Foundry Industry, 1942__________________________________ 15 cents Reprint Serial N o . R. R. R. R. R. R. R. 1737 1680 1666 1652 1639 1630 1582 Work Injuries to Women in Shipyards, 1943-44___________________________________________ Importance of Minor Injuries in Shipyards_______________________________________________ Basic Accident Factors in Shipyards_____________________________________________________ Shipyard Injuries During 1943__________________________________________________________ Chemical Poisoning in Shipyards________________________________________________________ Causes of Crane Accidents in Shipyards__________________________________________________ Causes and Prevention of Injuries from Falls in Shipyards_________________________________ (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Other Publications Bulletin N o . Price 923 Performance of Physically Impaired Workers in Manufacturing Industries___________________ 55 cents 917 Hours of Work and Output_____________________________________________________________ 35 cents 869 Workmen’s Compensation and the Protection of Seamen__________________________________ 20 cents Reprint Serial N o . R. 1936 Illness Absenteeism in Manufacturing Plants, 1947________________________________________ (2) R. 1931 Joint Production Committees, January 1948______________________________________________ (2) R. 1928 Absenteeism and Injury Experience of Older Workers_____________________________________ (2) 1 For sale by Superintendent of Documents at prices indicated. How to order publications: Address your order to the Superintendent of Documents, Govern ment Printing Office, Washington 25 D. C., with remittance in check or money order. Currency is sent at sender’s risk. Postage stamps not acceptable. * Free upon request to: Industrial Hazards Branch, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington 25, D. C.
@FedFRASER