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Injuries and Accident Causes in the Manufacture of Clay Construction Products a ueiaiieu Analysis oi nazarus and of Injury Rates for 1948 by Region, Plant Size, and Operating Departments Bulletin No. 1023 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR M aurice J. Tobin, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS E wan Clague, Commissioner Injuries and Accident Causes in the Manufacture of Clay Construction Products Bulletin No. 1023 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR M a u r ic e J . T o b in , Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS E w an Clague, For sale by the Superintendent o f Documents* U. S . Government Printing Office, W ashington 25, D . C. Commissioner Price 30 cents Letter of Transmittal U nited S tates D epartment of L abor, B ureau of L abor S tatistics , Washington , D. C., A pril 1 , 1951. T h e S ecretary of L abor : I have the honor to transm it herew ith a report on the occurrence and causes o f w ork injuries in the clay construction products industry. T h is report, a portion o f w hich appeared in the M arch 1950, M onthly Labor R eview , constitutes a part o f the B ureau’s regular program o f com p ilin g w ork-injury inform ation for use in accident-prevention work. T he statistical analysis and the preparation o f the report w ere perform ed in th e B ureau’s B ranch o f Ind ustrial H azards by F rank S. M cE lroy and G eorge R. M cCorm ack. T he specific accident-prevention suggestions were prepared by the staff o f the S afety Standards D ivision o f the Bureau o f Labor Standards. E w an C lague , Commissioner. H on. M aurice J. T obin , Secretary of Labor . Contents Page The industry record_____________________________________________________________ An estimate of the injury costs__________________________________________________ Scope and method of the survey_________________________________________________ The industry and its hazards____________________________________________________ Clay pits and mines________________________________________________________ Preparation departments____________________________________________________ Molding departments_______________________________________________________ Drying departments________________________________________________________ Setting departments________________________________________________________ Burning departments_______________________________________________________ Drawing and wheeling departments__________________________________________ Miscellaneous departments__________________________________________________ Factors in the injury record_______________________________ Product comparisons_______________________________________________________ Regional and State comparisons_____________________________________________ Size of plant comparisons___________________________________________________ Safety programs and first-aid facilities_______________________________________ Departmental injury rates______________________________________________________ Kinds of injuries experienced________________________________________________ Fatalities and permanent-total disabilities___________________________________ Permanent-partial disabilities--_____________________________________________ Temporary-total disabilities_________________________________________________ Medical treatment cases____________________________________________________ Accident analysis______________________________________________________________ Agencies of injury and accident types_______________________________________ ii 1 2 2 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 14 15 15 16 13 Contents—Continued Accident causes______________________________________________________________ Unsafe working conditions________________________________________________ Unsafe working procedures---------------------------------------------------------------Defective agencies___________________________________________________ Improperly guarded agencies-------------------------------------------------------------Hazardous arrangement or placement------------------------------------------------Lack of personal safety equipment-----------------------------------------------------Unsafe acts_____ _______________________________________________________ Unsafe position or posture----------------------------------------------------------------Unsafe loading, placing, and mixing---------------------------------------------------Unsafe use of equipment------------------------------------------------------------------Suggestions for the prevention of typical accidents-------------------------------------------Clay pits and mines_____________________________________________________ Preparation departments_________________________________________________ Molding departments____________________________________________________ Drying departments_____________________________________________________ Setting departments_____________________________________________________ Burning departments____________________________________________________ Drawing and wheeling departments_______________________________________ Shipping departments____________________________________________________ Maintenance departments________________________________________________ Miscellaneous departments______________________________________________ Appendix—Statistical tables: Injury-frequency and severity rates, classified by— 1. Product_________________________________________________________ 2. Geographic area, State, and product______________________________ 3. Size of plant____________________________________________________ 4. Type of safety organization______________________________________ 5. Department_____________________________________________________ 6. Distribution of plant frequency rates, by size of establishment________ Injury detail: 7. Nature of injury and extent of disability__________________________ 8. Nature of injury by product______________________________________ 9. Nature of injury by department__________________________________ 10. Part of body injured and extent of disability_____________________ 11. Part of body injured by product_________________________________ 12. Part of body injured by department_____________________________ 13. Part of body injured by nature of injury_________________________ Accident detail: 14. Accident type by agency of injury________________________________ 15. Accident type by product________________________________________ 16. Accident type by department_____________________________________ 17. Unsafe working condition by agency of accident___________________ 18. Unsafe working condition by accident type________________________ 19. Unsafe working condition by product_____________________________ 20. Unsafe working condition by department__________________________ 21. Unsafe act by accident type______________________________________ 22. Unsafe act by product----------------------------------------------------------------23. Unsafe act by department________________________________________ Charts: 1. Injury-frequency rates by department--------------------------------------------------2. Injury-frequency rates by size of plant_________________________________ 3. Major types of accidents______________________________________________ 4. Major types of unsafe conditions_______________________________________ 5. Major types of unsafe acts------------------------------------------------------------------ Page 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 28 29 29 31 31 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 iv 11 15 17 19 ill Chart 1.— Injury-Frequency Rates in the Clay Construction Products Industry, 1948 BY DEPARTMENT FREQUENCY 0 Clay 10 Mine Drawing and Storage Wheeling and Shipping Maintenance Drying Preparation Setting Clay Pit S oft-m u d Molding S tiff- m u d Molding INDUSTRY AVERAGE Power Burning D ry -p r e s s Molding Glazing Administration and Clerical UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS IV 2f0 30 40 RATE 50 60 70 80 Injuries and Accident Causes in the Manufacture of Clay Construction Products The Industry Record The injury rate for the clay construction prod ucts industry in 1949 was lower than in any year since 1940. Nevertheless, the industry’s average of 36.8 disabling1 injuries per m illion employeehours worked during 1949 was higher than for any other industry in the stone, clay, and glass group, and more than twice the all-manufacturing aver age of 15.0.12 Only 5 of the 145 listed manufactur ing industries had injury-frequency rates 3 higher than that of the clay construction products industry. Foqr of the industries with higher injury rates in 1949—logging, sawmill, planing mill, and in tegrated saw-and-planing mill—were in the highly hazardous lumbering group. The fifth— boatbuilding—was in the transportation equip ment group. In contrast, a number of manu facturing industries, commonly recognized as potentially hazardous, achieved much lower in jury records. Among these were the explosives industry, with an injury-frequency rate of 1.8; aircraft manufacturing, 4.4; motor-vehicle man ufacturing, 6.7; iron and steel manufacturing, 6.8; and cement manufacturing, 8.0. 1A disabling work injury is any injury occurring in the course of and arising out of employment, which (a) results in death or any degree of permanent-physical impairment, or (b) makes the injured person unable to perform the duties of any regularly estab lished job, which is open and available to him, throughout the hours of his regular shift on any day after the day of injury, including Sundays, holidays, and periods of plant shut-down. 2 Bureau of Labor Statistics press release, Work Injuries Decline in 1949, September 21, 1950. 8 The injury-frequency rate is the average number of disabling work injuries for each million employee-hours worked. See chap ter on Scope and Method for additional definitions. In the years before W orld War II, the injuryfrequency rate for the clay construction products industry generally fluctuated in the high 30’s, whereas the all-manufacturing rate hovered at about 15. In 1942, wartime influences—shortages of trained workers, new equipment, repair parts, etc.—drove the clay construction products indus try rate up to 47.1. In the following year it dropped to 42.9 and held at about this level through 1947. In 1948 it dropped to 38.6 and in 1949 fell again to 36.8. This represents a return to approximately the same level which prevailed in the prewar years. In all of these changes, the movement of the clay construction products rate closely paralleled that in the all-manufacturing rate, which also rose sharply in the early years of the war. A fter reaching a peak of 20.0 in 1943, the all-manufacturing rate gradually dropped to 17.2 in 1948 and then to 15.0 in 1949, at which point it was slightly below its 1939-40 level of 15.4 and 15.3. Injury-frequency rate comparisons serve an important purpose in showing the existence of a safety problem and in indicating its relative magnitude. The abstract qualities of frequency rates, however, give injuries somewhat the status of bookkeeping entries and tend to obscure the fundamental human and economic factors of the problem. The suffering, despair, and frustration of injured workers and their families cannot be measured. Nor can the full monetary cost of acci dents be determined from any available records. It is possible, however, to approximate the eco nomic loss arising from injuries and thereby to bring the problem into better perspective. 2 INJURIES AND ACCIDEiNT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS An Estimate of the Injury Costs In 1948, the year on which this detailed study was based, about 6,600 workers in the clay con struction products industry were disabled by onthe-job injuries. This represents about 1 disabling injury for every 13 employees in the industry. About 35 of these injured workers died as a result of their injuries and 175 others were left with some degree of permanent-physical im pairment. The remaining 6,390 suffered no permanent ill effects, but each was injured seri ously enough to require at least a full day for recuperation. Although no accurate records of the costs of these injuries are available, it is apparent that they represent a tremendous economic loss which must be absorbed by the injured workers, their employers, and ultim ately by the consumers of the industry’s products. The actual time lost by the injured workers during 1948 is estimated at about 132,000 man-days. Time lost within the year, however, does not measure adequately the real work-loss resulting from injuries. Many of the seriously injured workers w ill find their earning ability reduced for the remainder of their lives. The loss for fatally injured workers is equivalent to the total earnings expected during the years in which they would have worked if their careers had not been cut short. I f additional allowance were made for the future effects of the deaths and permanent impairments included in the total, the economic time-loss chargeable to the injuries experienced in 1948 would amount to 495,000 man-days. Evaluated on the basis of 1948 average earnings for production workers in the industry ($49.57 a week),4 this represents a loss of $ 3 ^ million in present and future earnings. In part, this loss is covered by workmen’s compensation payments financed by the employers, but since compensation payments are never equivalent to full wages, the injured workers and their dependents must bear a considerable portion of this loss. In addition to wage losses, there are payments for medical and hospital care, and many indirect costs such as damage to materials and equipment, interrupted production schedules, the cost of training replacement workers, time lost by other workers who stopped to offer assistance at the time of the accident, and supervisory time spent caring for the injured or reorganizing operations after the accident. Unfortunately, the indirect costs are seldom recorded and as a result cannot be determined accurately. However, studies5 have indicated that, for manufacturing generally, the indirect costs of injury-producing accidents aver age about four times the direct costs of compensa tion payments plus medical and hospital expenses. Assuming that this ratio is approximately correct for the clay construction products industry, the indirect costs of the injury-producing accidents in 1948 would amount to at least $1C% million, bringing the total loss to over $14 million. * * Hours and Earnings Industry Report, Bureau of Labor Statis tics, mimeographed release. BIndustrial Accident Prevention, by H. W. Heinrich, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Third Edition, 1950. Scope and Method of the Survey The Bureau of Labor Statistics has compiled annual injury rates for the clay construction prod ucts industry each year since 1926. In recent years these surveys have included reports from over 400 employers, representing a total exposure of over 80 m illion man-hours of employment. A ll of the data assembled in the annual surveys are collected by mail. Reporting is entirely voluntary. In order to provide greater detail and to permit more specific analysis than is usually possible on the basis of the annual surveys, the survey was greatly expanded in 1948. The report form was enlarged and each cooperating employer was re quested to report separately for each department or type of operation carried on in his plant. In addition he was asked to describe his plant safety program and the first-aid facilities available to his employees. Usable reports were received from 675 plants, employing approximately 53,000 work ers with a total exposure of over 107 m illion man hours. In addition to supplying summary reports for use in evaluating the magnitude and general as- SCOPE AND METHOD OF SURVEY pects of the injury problem in the industry, 133 of the cooperating plants also made their original accident records available for detailed analysis. This group of plants employed about 23,000 work ers. Their combined injury-frequency rate was 43.0. This was about 10 percent above the indus try average, but there was no indication that their hazards differed greatly from those of other plants in the industry. A Bureau of Labor Statistics representative visited each of these 133 cooperating plants, and insofar as the data were available, transcribed from their records the following items regarding each accident: Place where the accident occurred; the occupation, age, and sex of the injured worker; the nature of the injury and the part of the body injured; the object or substance which produced the injury; the type of accident; the unsafe con dition and/or the unsafe act which led to the accident; and the object or substance with which the unsafe condition was associated. In order to broaden the analysis and permit a greater degree of detail, this part of the survey was extended to cover not only disabling injuries, but also all those injuries requiring treatment by physicians. A total of 2,114 disabling injury cases and 3,568 medical cases was recorded. The injury rate comparisons presented in this report are based primarily upon injury-frequency and severity rates compiled under the definitions and procedures specified in the American Stan dard Method of Compiling Industrial Injury Rates, as approved by the American Standards Association in 1945. These standard rates have been supplemented by an additional measure of injury severity designated as the average time charge per disabling injury. Injury-Frequency Rate .—The injury-frequency rate represents the average number of disabling work injuries occurring in each million employeehours worked. It is computed according to the following form ula: Number of disabling injuries m ultiplied by 1,000,000 Frequency rate= Number of employee-hours worked Average Time Charge per Injury .—The rela tive severity of a temporary injury is measured by the number of calendar days during which the 3 injured person is unable to work at any regularly established job which is open and available to him, excluding the day of injury and the day on which he returns to work. The relative cost of death and permanent impairment cases is determined by reference to a table of economic time charges included in the American Standard Method of Compiling Industrial Injury Rates. These time charges, based upon an average working-life ex pectancy of 20 years for the entire working popu lation, represent the average percentage of working ability lost as the result of specified im pairments, expressed in unproductive days. The average time charge per disabling injury is com puted by adding the days lost for each temporary injury and the days charged according to the standard table for each death and permanent im pairment and dividing the total by the number of disabling injuries. Injury-Severity Rate .—The injury-severity rate weights each disabling injury with its correspond ing time-loss or time-charge and expresses the aggregate in terms of the average number of days lost or charged per 1,000 employee-hours worked. It is computed according to the following form ula: Total days lost or charged . _______ multiplied by 1,000________ Severity rate— jfum]3er Gf employee-hours worked The accident-cause analysis procedure used in this study differs in some respects from the procedures specified in the American Standard Method of Compiling Industrial Accident Causes, which are usually followed in the Bureau’s studies. The deviations from the Standard include the introduction of an additional analysis factor, termed the “agency of injury” and the modifica tion of the standard definitions of some of the other factors in order to permit more accurate cross classifications. Agency of Injury,—The standard classifica tion provides for the selection of only one “agency” in the analysis of each accident. By definition this agency may be either (a) the object or substance which was unsafe and thereby con tributed to the occurrence of the accident, or (b) in the absence of such an unsafe object or sub stance, the object or substance most closely related INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLATc CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS to the injury. Under this definition, therefore, a tabulation of “agencies” for a group of accidents will include objects or substances which may have been inherently safe and unrelated to the oc currence of the accidents as well as those which because of their condition, location, structure, or method of use led to the occurrence of accidents. The development of the classification “agency of injury” represents an attempt to separate and clas sify separately these two agency concepts. As used in this study the “agency of injury” is the object, substance, or bodily reaction which actually produced the injury, selected without re gard to its safety characteristics or its influence upon the chain of events constituting the accident. Accident Type .—As used in this study the ac cident type classification assigned to each accident is purely descriptive of the occurrence which re sulted in an injury and is related specifically to the agency of injury. It indicates how the in jured person came into contact with or was af fected by the previously selected agency of injury. This represents a change from the standard pro cedure in two respects: First, in that the accident type classification is specifically related to the previously selected agency of injury; and second, that the sequence of selecting this factor is specified. Unsafe Condition .—Under the standard defini tion the unsafe condition indicated in the analysis is defined as the “unsafe mechanical or physical condition of the selected agency which could have been guarded or corrected.” This implies the prior selection of the “agency” but does not pro vide for recognition of any relationship between the unsafe condition and accident type classifi cations. Nor does the standard provide for any definite relationship between the “agency” and the “accident type” classifications. To provide continuity and to establish direct re lationships among the various analysis factors so as to permit cross classification, the standard defi nition was modified for this study to read: “The unsafe mechanical or physical condition is the hazardous condition which permitted or occa sioned the occurrence of the selected accident type.” The unsafe condition classification, there fore, was selected after the determination of the accident type classification and represents the physical or mechanical reason for the occurrence of that particular accident without regard to the feasibility of guarding or correcting the unsafe condition. Elimination of the condition “which could have been guarded or corrected” is based upon the prem ise that statistical analysis should indicate the ex istence of hazards, but should not attempt to specify the feasibility of corrective measures. Agency of Accident.—For the purpose of this study, the agency of accident was defined as “the object, substance, or premises in or about which the unsafe condition existed.” Its selection, therefore, is directly associated with the unsafe condition which led to the occurrence of the acci dent and not with the occurrence of the injury. In many instances, the agency of injury and the agency of accident were found to be identical. The double agency classification, however, avoids any possibility of ambiguity in the interpretation of the “agency” tabulations. Unsafe A ct .—The unsafe act definition used in this survey was identical with the standard defini tion, i. e., “that violation of a commonly accepted safe procedure which resulted in the selected ac cident type.” The Industry and Its Hazards The clay construction products industry in cludes a wide variety of plants manufacturing many different construction items. Their more common products include structural brick, struc tural tile, floor and wall tile, sewer pipe, and re fractories. In general, the processes employed in making these products are very similar—wet clay is molded into the desired shape and then baked so that it w ill retain that shape. A ll of the plants in the industry, therefore, have certain similari ties. Production methods, however, differ widely be tween plants. Each type of product requires some specialized equipment. As a result, most plants tend to concentrate on one or two particular kinds of products. These product differences and wide THE INDUSTRY AND ITS HAZARDS 5 differences in plant size result in very divergent organizational patterns. A s a general rule, how ever, each plant has at least three basic depart mental units. Preparation departments process the clay; molding departments shape it into the desired forms, and burning departments fuse it permanently into those forms. Other operations, such as setting, drawing, wheeling, and sorting, may be included in these basic departments or, in the larger establishments, may be set up as sepa rate departments. Less common operations, such as glazing and model making, are sometimes organized as departments and most plants oper ate their service and maintenance activities as separate departments. down as in coal mining. Loading the brokendown materials into the mine cars is usually a hand operation in clay mines. The hazards faced by clay miners are much the same as those en countered by coal miners, except that clay mines tend to be less “gassy” and less likely to have explosive-dust concentrations than coal mines. The possibility of serious explosions is, therefore, minimized in clay mining, but the hazards of blasting, or roof falls, of working on irregular and slippery surfaces, of contact with the mine cars, and of overexertion in handling heavy materials are ever present. Clay Pits and Mines In preparation departments conveyors carry the raw clay to hoppers from which it is fed into grinders or granulators. A common form of grinder consists of a large, heavy plate which rotates under a pair of pressure rolls. The clay is fed onto the plate in batches and is carried under the rolls as the plate rotates. The crushed ma terial is scraped from the plate into a bucket con veyor which carries it to a series of screens which pass the properly sized particles and return the oversized particles for regrinding. In some in stances the revolving plate in the grinder is itself a screen through which the particles drop as they are ground to size. Granulators resemble grinders but are supple mented by a series of revolving knives which break up the larger lumps of clay before the material reaches the crushing rolls. In brick, sewer pipe, and structural tile plants the ground clay is conveyed directly from the screens to the molding department. In floor and wall tile plants, however, the ground clay must first be mixed with talc and other ingredients. This is done in an agitator where the various ma terials are thoroughly mixed in water. The thick liquid mixture is then pumped into the tank of a drying machine. An endless wire blanket moves through this tank, picking up a thin layer of the material which it carries over a steamheated drum. As the blanket leaves the drum, a blade scrapes off the dried material, which drops onto a conveyor to be carried to another grinding Nearly three-fourths of the cooperating plants indicated that they operate their own clay pits or mines adjacent to their plants. In most instances these are open-pit operations, although a substan tial volume of production comes from under ground workings. In pit operations where the clay is soft, power shovels are used to dig the material and to load it directly into trucks or narrow-gage railway cars for delivery to the plants. These soft-clay pits commonly have sloping sides, so that the hazard of falling material is not great. The workers are, however, exposed to mechanical haz ards in operating the equipment and to traffic hazards associated with the haulage vehicles. The pit surfaces, moreover, may be very irregular and slippery when wet, presenting many possibilities for falls. Where the clay is hard and shalelike, pit opera tions present much the same hazards as are en countered in stone quarrying. These pits frequently have a vertical working face where the material is blasted down or cut down mechan ically. This work, therefore, involves blasting hazards and the possibility of injury from falling material as well as the hazards associated with power-shovel and trucking operations. Most clay mines are drift mines. Generally their operations are very similar to those in coal m ining; in fact, coal and clay are sometimes taken from the same workings. Common practice at the mine face is to undercut the clay and blast it 942570-51- 2 Preparation Departments and screening process. 6 INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS A fter grinding, the pulverized materials are carried by conveyor to storage bins or directly to the hoppers of m ixing or molding machines. The atmosphere in the preparation departments is generally quite dusty, particularly in the older structural brick plants. W ithin the industry this dust is a recognized source of discomfort and eye irritation, but because of its low silica content, it is not considered to be particularly hazardous. J. J. Bloomfield, Sanitary Engineer Director, D i vision of Industrial Hygiene, Public Health Service, however, has written, “Many dusts are now recognized as dangerous, and, in the extreme, it may even be doubted whether any dust can be treated as harmless.” 6 Aside from its possible physiological hazards, this dust creates a sub stantial housekeeping problem, particularly where it settles and becomes caked on floors or stairways. When even slightly moist, such areas may become very slippery and lead to serious falls. Me chanical hazards are also very prevalent in these departments. Unguarded belts, pulleys, and gears on machines and conveyors appeared to be the rule rather than the exception. Molding Departments M olding operations fall into three general clas sifications, soft-mud, stiff-mud, and dry-press, depending upon the moisture content of the m ix ture. Structural brick is usually produced by either the soft-mud or the stiff-mud process, sewer pipe by the stiff-mud process, and refractories, floor, and wall tile by the dry-press process. In the soft-mud and stiff-mud processes the pre pared clays are mixed with water in a machine called a pug mill. From the pug m ill the wet clay usually passes into a de-airing machine which compacts the mixture. Generally, the pug mill, the de-airing machine, and the molding machine are in tandem and are operated as a unit. Bricks, molded by the soft-mud process, are pressed by machine into molds containing forms for 9 or 10 bricks. The filled mold is taken from the machine, turned over on a pallet and removed, 6 Industrial Hygiene, A series of lectures on principles and practices (p. 73), by J. J. Bloomfield, Sanitary Engineer Director, Division of Industrial Hygiene, Public Health Service, Federal Security Agency, Washington, D. C. (1950). leaving the soft bricks on the pallet. The pallets are then loaded onto dryer cars for transfer to the drying department. Much of this work, par ticularly in the older plants, is done by hand. Some plants, however, have an automatic molding machine which performs all of these operations mechanically, delivering the loaded pallets onto dryer cars by conveyor. In molding bricks or structural tile by the stiffmud process, the wet clay is forced through a die on a machine called an auger. A s the ribbon of clay leaves the machine, it moves slowly on a con veyor past a cutter which slices off the bricks or tiles in predetermined sizes. The formed bricks or tiles are then removed from the conveyor by hand and are piled on dryer cars. Sewer pipe is also extruded, but in a different manner. The pipe-molding machine operates vertically, pressing out one length of pipe on each down stroke of its piston. A bell-shaped die, held against the bottom of the cylinder by chained counter weights, catches the first clay extruded and shapes it into the bell end of the pipe section. When the die becomes full, it is carried down, away from the cylinder on the end of the extruded section of pipe. A t the end of the stroke, the extruded pipe is cut free from the cylinder and lifted out of the die by hand. The operating crew on a pipe press usually consists of five men. The operator controls the piston. The leverman lubricates the die before each stroke and locks it to the bottom of the cylinder. The transfer man removes the extruded section of pipe from the machine and places it in a trimming box where the trimmer cuts it to exact size and evens up any rough edges. The fifth member of the crew is clean-up man, who gathers up the loose pieces of clay and removes them from the working area. Hand truckers move the pipe sections to the dry ing room. Befractories and floor and wall tile are usually molded by the dry-press method. Except for the consistency of the material, this process is very similar to the soft-mud process. The raw ma terials are dropped into a mold and pressed into shape by the descending ram of the press. W ith the exception of some irregular refractory shapes, practically all molding is now done by THE INDUSTRY AND ITS HAZARDS machine. There are, therefore, many machine hazards in these departments. Unguarded gears, belts, and pulleys are rather common. The vari ous presses also present serious point-of-operation hazards which are seldom adequately guarded. Industrial type hand trucks or push cars oper ating on rails are used to move the “green” prod ucts from the molding department to the drying department. A ll of these trucking operations present some hazards. The trucks sometimes bump into workers; workers bump into the trucks; materials fall from the trucks; and the operators may be injured from over exertion in moving the loaded equipment. Rough floors and slippery spots resulting from spilled clay frequently con tribute to accidents in these operations. In some of the larger brick plants, mechanical transfer cars are used to move the dryer and kiln cars. Electrically powered cars operate on a track running past the molding, drying, and burning departments. This track is laid in a pit so that the beds of the transfer cars come flush with the working surface of the plant. Tracks set in or on the plant floor at right angles to the transfer track carry the dryer or kiln cars from the work ing areas to the transfer cars, and matching tracks on the transfer cars permit them to be pushed onto or off the transfer cars without lifting. This procedure facilitates handling the materials and eliminates many of the hazards associated with strictly hand trucking. It does, however, intro duce additional hazards. The pit in which the transfer cars operate is relatively shallow. Never theless, it creates the possibility of serious falls. The tracks on which the dryer and kiln cars move through the working area frequently constitute tripping hazards, and because those tracks are frequently uneven and out of level, unblocked cars may drift unexpectedly and bump into nearby workers. These track irregularities also lead to many pinched fingers when workers are coupling or uncoupling the cars. Hazards associated with poor housekeeping are less common in the molding departments than in some of the other plant areas. The chief problem of this nature is created by the small bits of wet clay which fall on the floor near the molding operations, particularly around the sewer-pipe presses. 7 Drying Departments Green products molded by the soft-mud or stiffmud process are usually too wet and soft to with stand piling or extensive handling. They must, therefore, be partially dried and hardened before they are put through the final burning. This is accomplished in drying ovens or drying rooms where hot air is passed over them to extract the moisture. Products molded by the dry-press process, such as refractories or floor and wall tiles, seldom require drying before being burned. In structural brick plants the dryer cars, on which the palletized bricks were placed after molding, are pushed into drying ovens, where they remain for several hours. The dryer cars are then moved to the kilns, where they are unloaded. In sewer-pipe plants the green sections of pipe are usually placed upright on the drying-room floor. This floor is usually made of planks laid over steam pipes, with narrow openings between each row of planks. H eat from the steam pipes rises through the sewer pipe sections to dry them. The most prominent hazards in the drying departments are associated with the trucking op erations. In most instances, the trucks or dryer cars are moved entirely by hand. The possibility of overexertion injuries in this work is increased by frequently uneven and sometimes slippery floors. Where the dryer cars operate on rails, the rails present additional tripping hazards. The possibility of burns or heat exhaustion is also a hazard factor in this work, particularly when it is necessary to enter the drying tunnels to remove the dryer cars. In some plants the latter hazard has been largely overcome by providing pulleys and cables for pulling the cars from the tunnels. Power for this operation is sometimes supplied by the transfer cars. These cables, which are located just above the floor, constitute another tripping hazard. Setting Departments W hen the dried products reach the kilns, the first operation is to remove them from the hand trucks or dryer cars and to pile them in the kilns or on kiln cars for the final burning. This is called setting. When periodic kilns are used, the mate 8 INJURIES AND ACCIDE NT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS rials are piled directly on the kiln floor. Where tunnel kilns are used, the products are piled on cars which move through the kilns on rails. The objective in piling the materials for burning is to expose as much as possible of their surface to the heat. Bricks, therefore, are piled on edge with open spaces around each unit. Floor and wall tiles are placed in containers called saggers, which hold them apart. Sewer-pipe sections usu ally are placed on end, and generally are piled three high. Setting bricks in periodic kilns usually is a two-man operation. One worker, the tosser, re moves the bricks from the dryer car and tosses them to the setter, who places them in the pile. In loading kiln cars, the setter commonly works alone because the piles are low enough to permit him to work from the floor. In setting heavy sewer pipe, two men usually are necessary—oc casionally portable motor driven hoists are used because of the weight involved. The outstanding hazards encountered in setting operations are those associated with manual han dling of material. Sewer pipes, structural tiles, and refractory shapes frequently are quite heavy and may be very awkward to hold. There are, therefore, many possibilities for the occurrence of strains, sprains, and crushed fingers and toes. Most of the products, regardless of their weight, are rough and may have sharp edges to inflict cuts or scratches. Great physical effort is some times necessary in moving the loaded cars and hand trucks, particularly inside the periodic kilns where the floor may be very irregular because of its exposure to the intense heat. Loose sand used in piling bricks presents an eye hazard and fre quently makes the working surfaces slippery. Steel runways, often used for access to the kilns, also tend to become worn and slippery. In addi tion, kilns in which glazed materials have been burned may have sharp projecting pieces of fused glaze attached to their floors, walls, and roofs. Contact with these projections can produce severe abrasions. Setters, piling bricks in the periodic kilns, cus tomarily stand on the piles to set the upper layers. A s the piles are loose, they constitute a very un stable working surface and present many possi bilities of falls. The setter also faces the pos sibility of being struck by the bricks thrown to him by the tosser. The tosser, in turn, is ex posed to being struck by material falling from the pile or by a brick which the setter failed to catch. Burning Departments There are two basic types of kilns w ith many variations within each type. Periodic kilns are loaded and sealed while cool—then the fires are started and the required heat maintained, usually for a period of 6 or 7 days—after which they are cooled down and the burned products removed. Periodic kilns may be either round or rectangular. W hen less than a full load of materials is to be burned in a rectangular kiln, a temporary wall is customarily built inside the kiln to avoid having to heat the entire area. Many of the periodic kilns are heated by coal which is hand-fired through openings located at intervals around the outside wall. Fire boxes inside the openings are so located that the draft pulls the flames and heat over and through the piled materials. Oil- or gas-fired periodic kilns are common in some areas. Continuous kilns are held constantly at burning temperature and the materials are moved in and out of the heat on rail cars. In the tunnel kiln, the most common type of continuous operation, the heat is applied at the center and the temper ature diminishes toward each end. Most of these kilns are gas- or oil-fired. The loaded kiln cars are pushed into the entrance of the tunnel and progress through the heat by being pushed for ward as new cars are added to the line. A t the exit, workmen must enter part way into the kiln in order to uncouple and pull out the cars. This involves exposure to relatively high temperatures even though the cars at this point are well away from the intense heat generated at the center of the tunnel. Occasionally in these operations the pile of brick on a car may collapse inside the tunnel. When this happens, it may be necessary for the workers to put on asbestos clothing and enter the hot kiln to clear the obstructions. The greatest hazards in the burning department FACTORS IN INJURY RECORD are the possibility of burns from contacting hot objects and of heat exhaustion from entering hot atmospheres. Drawing and Wheeling Departments A fter the products have been burned, they are transported to storage piles, usually by wheel barrow or hand truck. Transferring the materials from the kiln cars or from the piles in the periodic kilns to the hand trucks and piling in the storage yards are hand operations. The products are still hot at this stage and the air around them may be very warm from their radiant heat. The chief hazards, therefore, consist of exposure to heat and hot objects, falls from the piled materials, slips on loose sand or broken pieces of burnt clay, cuts from the sharp edges of broken products, and overexertion in handling the materials. 9 Miscellaneous Departments Many clay products are given a glaze finish. In most instances the liquid glaze is applied to the unburned products mechanically. However, it may be applied manually with a spray gun. In the latter operation, the workers must wear face shields and respirators and must contend with wet and slippery floors. The final operation in floor and wall-tile plants is to sort the tile by color and by quality. In this work it is often necessary to break apart tiles which became fused in the burning. W hen the tiles part, small chips may fly, thereby creating a considerable eye hazard. Kef ractories, generally, are finished to fine toler ances by grinding on an emery wheel. In these operations flying particles create an extreme eye hazard. Factors in the Injury Record The injury record of any plant or of any group of plants is a composite of a great many factors. The kinds of material processed; the types of processing performed; the safety regulations of the States in which the plants are located, and the extent to which those regulations are enforced; the kind of personnel employed; the size of the plants; and the extent of the safety programs car ried on in the plants all have a direct bearing upon the volume of injuries experienced. In particu lar instances, the influence of these factors may offset each other, but in comparisons based upon large groups of operations their effects frequently can be demonstrated, as in the following break downs covering 1948 experience in the clay con struction products industry. Product Comparisons Although some plants in the industry manu facture a variety of clay products, the majority are highly specialized, concentrating their activi ties upon a single type of product. Therefore, the reports received in the survey were classified into eight specific product groups, each representing plants engaged in substantially similar operations. The wide variations in the injury-frequency rates of these groups indicate significant differ ences in the degree of hazard associated with the different types of production. Three groups had rates of over 50; one had a rate of 46; two had rates between 30 and 40; and two had rates be tween 20 and 30. The most hazardous group, plants manufacturing sewer pipe, had a rate of 53.7, closely followed by the drain-tile group with a rate of 51.6, and by the unglazed-structural-tile plants with a rate of 50.8. In each of these three groups of plants, one in every nine employees ex perienced a disabling injury during 1948. Structural-brick plants, comprising the largest segment of the industry, had an average injuryfrequency rate of 46. In these plants, 1 in every 11 employees suffered a disabling injury during the year. The relatively small group of plants manufac turing terra-cotta products had an average fre quency rate of 38.1, and the larger group of clay-refractory plants had an average rate of 32.6. Two groups—glazed-structural-tile plants, and roofing, floor, and wall-tile plants—had the lowest 10 INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS injury rates, averaging 25.4 and 24.0, respectively. Even the safest group of clay construction prod ucts plants showed a substantially higher inci dence of injuries than prevailed in manufacturing generally. The severity of the injuries in the various groups of plants followed a somewhat different pattern. The terra-cotta plants, with 1 death and 2 permanent impairments among the 51 reported injuries, had the highest ratio of serious injuries. A s a result, this group had the highest frequency rate for deaths and permanent impairments, 2.2; the highest severity rate, 5.6; and the highest average time charge per case, 146 days, among all of the plant groups. Structural-brick plants also had a high propor tion of serious injuries, giving them a frequency rate of 1.6 for fatalities and permanent impair ments, a severity rate of 4.3, and an average time charge of 93 days per disabling injury. Eleven of the 19 fatalities reported in the entire survey occurred in structural-brick plants. In contrast to the relatively high injury severity prevailing in the other types of plants, the roofing, floor, and wall-tile plants and the glazed-structural-tile plants reported no fatalities and very few permanent impairments. The glazed-struc tural-tile plants had a serious-injury frequency rate of only 0.4, a severity rate of only 0.5, and a low average time charge of 22 days per case. Complimenting their low over-all injury-fre quency rate, the roofing, floor, and wall-tile plants had a frequency rate for serious injuries of 0.2, a severity rate of 0.4, and a very low average time charge of only 16 days per case. Regional and State Comparisons Variations in injury rates between geographic areas may reflect any one or a combination of sev eral factors. State safety laws and the degree to which they are enforced, the age and maintenance o f plants and their equipment, and employment factors, such as the experience of available workers, all tend to influence the average level of injury rates in any area. Because of the wide variations in injury ex perience by type of product, the composition of the industry within the various areas may exercise an important influence upon the industry-wide frequency-rate averages for particular areas. For this reason, regional and State comparisons in the clay construction products industry are more significant when based on a specific type of plant rather than on industry totals. Average frequency rates for structural-brick plants were computed for each of the 9 regions and for 16 States. Four of the regional averages were above 50—Middle Atlantic, 61.6; W est North Central, 58.7; New England, 54.5; and W est South Central, 51.7. Four others were above 30—East North Central, 44.2; Rocky Mountain, 38.6; East South Central, 35.7; and Pacific, 33.9. The lowest was 29.7 for the South A tlantic region. In dividual State averages ranged from a high of 69.0 for the New Jersey brick plants to a low of 15.6 for the plants reporting from North Carolina. New York, Texas, Pennsylvania, and Illinois all had rates above 50, whereas W est Virginia, A la bama, and South Carolina had rates below 30. Five regional and four State average frequency rates were computed for clay refractories. The highest regional rate was 40.8, for the Middle Atlantic region—the lowest, 21.7, for the W est North Central region. Pennsylvania had the high est of the State averages, 42.2, followed by A la bama, 36.3, New Jersey, 33.9, and Ohio, 25.3. For the other groups of plants, the distribution was very thin and relatively few regional or State rates could be computed. Because of their limited number, comparisons based upon these averages do not appear to be significant. Size of Plant Comparisons Previous studies in other industries have indi cated that a direct correlation often exists between injury-frequency rates and plant size, as measured by employment. The very small plants and the large plants commonly have lower average fre quency rates than those prevailing in the mediumsize plants. Presumably this is due to close supervision by the owners in the small plants and to the existence of organized safety programs in the large plants. The higher rates for mediumsize plants apparently reflect the fact that these shops are too large for intimate supervision by top management and too small to have regularly es tablished safety departments. Small and medium-size plants predominate in FACTORS IN INJURY RECORD the clay construction products industry. Of the 675 plants reporting in the survey, 160 employed fewer than 25 workers apiece and 486 others em ployed fewer than 250 workers. Only 1 of the participating plants reported as many as 1,000 employees. Nevertheless, the frequency rates in this industry closely followed the general pattern observed in other industries. In the entire reporting group, the lowest average frequency rate was 26.3 for the plants employing 250 or more workers. The very small plants, employing fewer than 25 workers apiece, had an average rate of 33.6. A ll of the size groups rang ing from 25 to 250 employees had rates of over 40. It was significant that the 29 largest plants, representing over 33 million man-hours of expo sure, did not report a single death or permanenttotal disability. As a result, this group had a relatively low severity rate, 1.1, and a low average time charge per case, 43 days. Some deaths were reported in each of the other plant-size groups, giving them all substantially less favorable injuryseverity records. The least favorable record in this respect was that of the very small plants, which reported three deaths and one permanenttotal disability, with a total exposure of only 3.6 million man-hours. The severity rate for the small-plant group was 9.0 and the average time charge per disabling injury was 267 days. W ithin the different product groups, the plantsize frequency-rate pattern was not consistent, probably because the number of plants in some of the groups was insufficient to average out the outstanding records of particular plants. The clay refractories and the structural-tile groups, however, conformed to the general pattern. In the structural-brick group, the very small plants had the lowest average frequency rate, but the large plants had a rate considerably higher than those of some of the medium-size plants. Although these averages suggest that plant size exercises a significant influence upon the develop ment of safety programs and thereby upon the general level of injury-frequency rates, it is im portant to recognize that plant size is far from being the controlling factor in safety. This is emphasized by the distribution of individual plant frequency rates within the different plantsize groups. For example, over 30 percent of the reporting plants operated throughout the year 11 without a single disabling injury. Most of these were small plants, but this select group included some plants from every size classification except the 250 employees and over group. In addition, there were some plants in every size group which had injury-frequency rates of less than 20. A t the other extreme, at least one plant in every size group had a rate of over 90, and in all groups, except 250 employees and over, one or more rates were over 125. C h a r t 2.— I n j u r y - F r e q u e n c y R a t e s in t h e C l a y Construction Products Industry, 1948 BY SIZE OF PLANT FREQUENCY RATE Safety Programs and First-Aid Facilities Relatively few plants in this industry have organized safety programs. Of the 650 plants which furnished details on their safety activities, only 21 employed full-time safety engineers and less than a third had organized safety committees. The influence of plant size upon the develop ment of formal safety programs was strikingly apparent in the analysis of these plant records. The 21 plants which employed full-tim e safety engineers had an average employment of over 300 workers per establishment. Those which had organized safety committees but no full-time safety engineer averaged about 100 employees per plant, whereas those which had neither averaged only about 50 workers per plant. Plant size obviously is a major factor in determining how a plant can organize its safety program. 12 INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS The experience of these plants constitutes strong evidence of the value of organized in-plant safety activities. The 442 plants which had neither safety engineers nor safety committees had an average frequency rate of 45.3. The group of 187 plants, which had safety committees but no safety engineers, had an average rate of 36.7. In contrast, the 21 plants employing safety engineers had an average frequency rate of 18.5, whereas the 17 which had both safety engineers and safety committees had a rate of 17.0. Most of these differences in injury-frequency rates were accounted for by differences in the relative volume of temporary-total disabilities. This circumstance tends to support the possible conclusion that “disability control” entirely apart from “accident control” is important in deter mining the general level of injury-frequency rates in particular plants or groups of plants. This theory, in brief, is that the larger establishments, which can maintain treatment facilities on their premises and can offer a wider choice of tempo rary job assignments to partially disabled workers, will, as a result, be able to keep many in juries from becoming “lost-time” cases. In a plant without such facilities, similar injuries may result in lost time because the treatments must be given outside the plant or because there are no available jobs which partially disabled workers can perform. As the standard frequency rate is based upon lost-time cases, the latter type of plant may have a higher rate even though its actual injuries are comparable in number and nature with those of its larger competitor. Departmental Injury Rates The extent to which details were available con cerning the injury experience of workers in par ticular operations varied greatly among the reporting plants. In many small plants, and also in some large plants, there was very little depart mentalization. Workers commonly moved from one job to another as the need arose, and no records were kept of the tim e spent on particular opera tions. For these plants only plant-wide figures were available. In others, it was found that vary ing combinations of operations had been included in single departmental units, which limited the possibilities for detailed comparison. Practically all of the plants, however, were able to provide specific information for some of the standard op erations. The departmental comparisons, there fore, are based upon the experience of those plants which could supply comparable details for sepa rate operations and exclude the experience of plants from which these details could not be obtained. Clay-mining operations had the highest of the departmental injury-frequency rates, 74.5. Next in line were the drawing and wheeling departments, with a rate of 60.3 and the storage and shipping departments, with a rate of 55.3. The high-fre quency rates in these departments, however, were offset by their relatively small numbers of serious injuries. In clay mining, the average time charge per disabling injury was 36 days, just about half the industry average of 75 days. In storage and shipping, the average time charge was 29 days and in the drawing and wheeling departments it was only 12 days. The plant maintenance departments had a highfrequency rate of 53.5 as well as a relatively high incidence of serious injuries. As a result, the severity rate for these departments was 5.0 and the average time charge was 93 days per case. Four departmental groups had frequency rates ranging between 40 and 50. These included the drying rooms, 47.7; the preparation departments, 47.3; the setting departments, 42.8; and the clay pits, 42.1. The setting departments had a some what better than average severity record, but the other three groups had very unfavorable severity records. In the clay pits there were 3 fatalities, 1 permanent-total disability, and 6 permanentpartial disabilities among 121 reported injuries. As a result, the clay pits had the highest severity rate, 11.4, and the second highest average time charge, 271 days, recorded for any of the depart mental classifications. In the preparation depart ments, 2 deaths, 1 permanent-total disability, and 11 permanent-partial disabilities in a total o f 229 reported injuries gave the department a severity rate of 8.0 and an average time charge KINDS OF INJURIES €>l 169 days. The drying rooms* with 1 death and 3 permanent-partial disabilities in 80 cases, had a severity rate of 5.1 and an average time charge of 107 days per case. Of the three general types of molding—dry press, stiff-mud, and soft-mud—the dry-press op erations were the least hazardous. For this opera tion the frequency rate was 22.1 in contrast to rates of 38.7 for stiff-mud molding and 40.8 for soft-mud molding. The stiff-mud departments also had an adverse severity record. W ith 3 fatalities and 9 13 permanent-partial disabilities in 315 injuries, they had a severity rate of 4.0 and an average time charge of 104 days per case. In the lower frequency rate range the power departments had a rate of 28.6; the burning de partments, 27.1; the glazing departments, 14.2; and the clerical and administrative departments a rate of 3.0. In this group the burning and power departments had very poor severity records, whereas the glazing departments had an excellent severity record. Kinds of Injuries Experienced The 5,682 injury cases, which were examined in detail, included 6 deaths, 6 permanent-total dis abilities, 55 permanent-partial disabilities, 2,047 temporary-total disabilities, and 3,568 injuries which required medical attention but did not re sult in loss of time after the day of injury. These cases represented all of the injuries for which records were available in the 133 plants cooperat ing in this phase of the survey. No information could be obtained regarding the presumably much larger group of minor injuries which either re ceived no treatment at all or were given only onthe-spot first aid. Definitions of the various classifications of dis abilities are as follows: (1) D eath . —A fatality resulting from an industrial injury is classified as an industrial death regardless of the time intervening between injury and death. (2) P erm a n en t-to ta l d isa b ility. —An injury other than death which permanently and totally incapa citates an employee from following any gainful occu pation shall be classified as a permanent-total disability. The loss, or the complete loss of use, of any of the following in one accident shall be consid ered permanent-total disability: (a) Both eyes; (b) One eye and one hand, or arm, or leg, or foot; (c) Any two of the following not on the same limb: Hand, arm, foot, or leg. (3) P erm an en t-partial d isa b ility. —The complete loss in one accident of any member or part of a mem ber of the body, or any permanent impairment of functions of the body or part thereof to any degree less than permanent-total disability shall be classified as permanent-partial disability, regardless of any pre existing disability of the injured member or impaired body function. The following injuries shall not be classified as permanent-partial disabilities, but shall be classified http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ 942570— 51------ 3 Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis as temporary-total, temporary-partial disabilities, or medical treatment cases, depending upon the degree of disability during the healing period: (a ) Hernia, if it can be repaired; (b ) Loss of fingernails or toenails; (c) Loss of teeth; (d ) Disfigurement; (e ) Strains or sprains which do not cause perma nent limitation of motion; (/) Fractures which heal completely without de formities or displacements. (4) T em p o ra ry-to ta l d isa b ility .—An injury which does not result in death or permanent impairment shall be classified as a temporary-total disability if the injured person, because of his injury, is unable to perform a regularly established job, which is open and available to him, during the entire time interval cor responding to the hours of his regular shift on any one or more days (including Sundays, days off, or plant shut-downs) subsequent to the date of injury. (5) M edical trea tm en t case.—For the purpose of this survey, any injury which did not result in death, permanent impairment, or temporary-total disability, but which required treatment by a physician was clas sified as a medical-treatment case. Definitions (1), (2), (3), and (4) are from the American Standard Method of Compiling Industrial Injury Rates as approved by the American Standards Association, October 11, 1945. Definition (5) repre sents a combination of the American Standard defi nitions of temporary-partial disability and medical treatment cases. Fatalities and Permanent-Total Disabilities Three of the six reported fatalities resulted from head injuries; one was an electrocution; one was a case of suffocation under a clay slide; and one was a case of multiple injuries experienced in a boiler explosion. One of the three fatal head injuries occurred when a clay pit tractor over- 14 INJURIES AND ACCIDEINT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS turned and fell on its driver. In a second pit accident a planer operator was struck by falling shale and thrown against the planer. H is skull was fractured by contact with the planer, not by the impact of the shale. The third head-injury fatality was a member of a sewer-pipe press crew. H e was cleaning the die when the clay in the cylinder dropped out, striking him and throwing him head first against the die. The electrocuted worker was a car puller in the drying department. H e received his fatal shock while using an un grounded portable electric hoist. The suffocation case occurred when a molder entered a clay bin to loosen the clay. The pile slid over and he was caught under the material. A ll of the six permanent-total disabilities were silicosis cases of which four were reported in one plant. Four of the disabled workers were press room employees, one was a kiln man, and one was a dryer man. Each of these workers had compara tively long service in the industry. The youngest of the group was 41 years old; all of the others were over 50. The insidious nature of silicosis is emphasized by the fact that these six permanenttotal disabilities were the only silicosis cases reported. Permanent-Partial Disabilities The 55 permanent-partial impairment cases in cluded 23 finger amputations, 8 toe amputations, 1 enucleation of 1 eye, and 28 cases of contusions, cuts, fractures, and strains involving some residual loss of use of a body part or function. O f the 28 finger amputations, only 1 involved more than 1 finger. In this case a pipe-press tripper lost four fingers when the key worked out of the brake wheel, allowing the die to move while he was closing the knife. Thirteen of the single finger amputations occurred in the opera tion or repair of powered machinery. Four of these cases were press accidents and three were conveyor accidents; the others involved a dryer, a grinder, a gasoline engine, a compressor, an elevator, and a fan. Eight of these machine acci dents occurred while the machines were being cleaned, adjusted, or repaired. The nine finger amputations which did not oc cur on machines included two experienced in mov ing or coupling plant cars and two cases in which theFRASER workers’ fingers were caught in freight-car Digitized for doors. The others occurred in the use of a chain hoist, repairing a truck, clearing a mud chute by hand, wheeling brick, and closing a window. Two of the toe amputations occurred when plant cars ran over the workers’ feet. The other occurred when the jack supporting a trailer slipped and dropped the unit on the worker’s foot as he was coupling the trailer to a tractor. The 28 loss-of-use cases included 10 finger in juries, 7 arm and wrist injuries, 2 toe injuries, 5 foot and leg injuries, 2 hip injuries, 1 back injury, and 1 eye injury. Four of the permanent arm injuries, four of the finger injuries, one of the leg injuries, and one of the toe injuries occurred when the workers were caught in moving ma chinery. The permanent back injury, both of the hip injuries, one leg injury, and two wrist injuries resulted from falls. Falling materials produced five of the permanent finger injuries and three of the foot injuries. The loss-of-vision case occurred when a nail flew into the worker’s eye as he struck it with a hammer. In another case a seemingly minor injury developed into a permanent arm impairment. The employee struck his elbow on a part of a machine when the wrench he was using slipped. Another worker slipped as he was climb ing down from a power shovel and grabbed a latch to avoid falling. H is ring caught on the latch and he lost the entire use of the ring finger. A broken ankle, which developed into a permanent impair ment, occurred when a lift truck moved unex pectedly and caught the foot of a worker who was adjusting the truck load. Temporary-Total Disabilities Nearly 80 percent of the temporary-total dis abilities were strains or sprains. Another 80 per cent were bruises or contusions; 16 percent were cuts or lacerations; and 11 percent were fractures. Hernia cases accounted for over 3 percent of the total, and burns accounted for more than 2 per cent. In general, the hernia cases and the frac tures were the most serious of the temporary-total disabilities. About half of the strains and sprains were back cases. Most of the remainder were ankle, leg, wrist, and shoulder sprains. The high incidence of these injuries reflects the large volume of man ual material-handling prevailing in the industry 15 ACCIDENT ANALYSIS and the irregular working surfaces so common in structural-clay products plants. More than half of the disabling bruises and contusions were injuries to the lower extremities. The majority of these cases were foot and toe injuries produced by dropped or falling mate rials. More general use of safety shoes m ight well have avoided the occurrence of many of these in juries. Disabling bruises to hands and fingers were also very common in all branches of the industry. Most of these occurred in material handling operations. Over half of the disabling cuts and lacerations were hand or finger injuries, most of which occurred while handling sharp-edged or rough materials. Foot and leg cuts were relatively common and there were also a considerable num ber of lacerations to the head and to the eyes. As a group, these cases suggest that more general use of protective gloves, safety shoes, and goggles m ight materially reduce the volume of injuries in the industry. Nearly a third of the fracture cases consisted of broken toes, most of which might have been avoided if the workers had been wearing safety shoes. Foot fractures, finger fractures, and rib fractures also were very common. Medical Treatment Cases and 18 percent were treatments for strains or sprains. In the aggregate, eye and finger injuries each constituted 22 percent of the medical treatment cases. The great majority of the eye injuries were produced by dust or flying particles of sand, shale, or burned clay. Many of these particles were wind-borne. Others were thrown off by the grinders, mixers, and material-handling equip ment. There were, however, a considerable num ber of cuts and contusions to the eyes, which were produced by heavier flying materials, and a num ber of eye burns produced by contact with hot substances or chemicals. The finger injuries re quiring medical treatment were primarily cuts and bruises. Chart 3.— Major Types of Accidents in the Clay Construction Products Industry, 1948 PERCENT Of ALL OlBABLtNB ANO HEOfCAL WJURlCB V STRUCK BY F LY IN G P A R T IC LE S O V E R E X E R T IO N STRIKING A GAIN ST O B JE C T S Nearly 30 percent of the injuries, which required medical treatment but did not result in the loss of time other than for treatment, were bruises or contusions. Most of these affected hands, fingers, feet, legs, or toes. Cuts and lacerations, two-thirds of which were hand or finger injuries, accounted for 26 percent of the medical treatment cases. Nineteen percent of the medical treatments were for the removal of foreign bodies from the eye, FA LLS UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT Of LABOR BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS Accident Analysis Accident reports frequently are very deficient in indicating specifically the reason for the oc currence of the particular events which culmi nated in an injury. In most instances, the only available information comes from the injured person himself, or from witnesses who merely happened to be present at the time and who lack either the skill or the opportunity to fully investi gate the event in order to determine the actual accident cause. In the analysis of a large number of accident reports, therefore, it is common to find a high proportion which are deficient in the one respect most important to the safety engineer. Despite these limitations, however, the analyst 16 INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS can draw a great deal of useful information from even the most sketchy accident description. Almost invariably an accident description tends to follow the normal line of thinking on the part of an interested person who hears that a friend or acquaintance has been injured. The first thought is of the injury itself. W as it a burn, a cut, a bruise, a strain, or something else ? Then, what produced the injury and how did it happen? These are all descriptive facts which are usually readily apparent to the witnesses. They, therefore, loom large in the accounts of the events. The more analytical question—why did it happen—normally arises only after the desire for descriptive information has been satisfied. It frequently goes unanswered, either because of preoccupation: w ith the descriptive factors, or because the answer may not be readily apparent. The direct approach in accident analysis, there fore, is to draw from the records the various ele ments of information in the order in which they are usually recorded. Standing alone, these elements may have lim ited value, but when related to each other they can do much to indicate the accident prevention activities which may be needed. The determination of the objects or sub stances which most commonly produce injuries, coupled with information as to how they produced the injuries, constitutes the first step toward an understanding of the accident problem. Agencies of Injury and Accident Types The most common variety of injuries encoun tered in the clay construction products industry arises not from physical contact with some partic ular object or substance, but from bodily motions or misuse of the body. Approximately one in every five of the recorded injuries was in this category. Four-fifths of the accidents in this group were simple cases of overexertion, primarily in lifting, carrying, or pushing objects. Manual material handling, therefore, is indicated as the industry’s chief source of injuries. Most of the other accidents in the bodily motion group were cases in which the injured persons slipped or stumbled and wrenched or strained themselves in attempting to regain their balance. Most acci dents of this nature reflect poor housekeeping conditions and poorly maintained working surfaces. Plant products, the bricks, tiles, and sewer pipes made in the industry, were the second most com mon agencies of injury. One in every seven of the reported injuries arose from contact with these product items. A large majority of these accidents were cases in which the products fell on workers, from their own hands, from piles, or from loaded vehicles. Again the record points to manual material handling and to poor house keeping as the leading source of injuries in the industry. Vehicles were the third most common injury producers, accounting for about 1 in every 9 injuries. The most frequent accidents of this kind were those in which the injured person or some part of his body was caught and pinched between two vehicles or between a vehicle and some other object. There was also a large number of accidents in which the injured persons were simply struck by moving vehicles, and a considerable number in which the injured persons bumped into vehicles. Crowded work spaces and poor traffic lay-out generally are the primary reasons for accidents of these types. F lying particles, dusts, bits of clay, and chips from broken products ranked fourth among the agencies of injury. A ll of the injuries in this group were eye cases and most of them were rela tively minor. Their substantial numbers and the fact that many did produce severe disabilities em phasize the need for an expanded eye-protection program in the industry. Ranking fifth among the agencies of injury, machines produced about 1 in every 13 of the re ported injuries. About a third of the accidents in this group were cases in which the workers were struck by objects thrown off by machines, particu larly chips and flying particles emanating from grinders. A fourth of the group consisted of cases in which the injured workers bumped into the machines. The prevalence of these accidents again points to the need for better plant lay-out to provide more clear working space. Another fourth of the machine-inflicted injuries arose from the workers becoming caught in, on, or between moving machine parts. This group of accidents generally produced the most severe injuries. 17 ACCIDENT CAUSES Point-of-operation cases were common, but were considerably outnumbered by injuries arising from contact with gears, belts, pulleys, and other moving machine parts. This record strongly points to a need for an improved program of ma chine guarding. Other items ranking high as injury producers include hand tools, working surfaces, lumber, chemicals, pallets or skids, containers, and con veyors. The hand tool accidents were mostly cases in which the workers were struck by the tools or by chips of material thrown off by the tools. Those in which the injuries were inflicted by lum ber, containers, pallets, and skids were generally cases in which the objects fell or were dropped on the workers, or pinched their fingers in piling operations. The chemical injuries were mostly burns or dermatoses resulting from the splashing of chemicals on the workers. Injuries inflicted by conveyors resulted primarily from workers be coming caught in moving parts and generally tended to be quite serious. The injuries experi enced through contact with working surfaces generally resulted from falls. Falls produced about 1 in every 13 of the re corded injuries. Falls on the same level were most common, but falls from one level to another produced the more severe injuries. Slips and stumbles which just missed being actual falls were nearly as common as falls in producing injuries. Chart 4.— Major Types of Unsafe Working Condi tions in the Clay Construction Products Industry, 1948 PERCENT OP ALL DISABLING AND MEDICAL INJURIES O 5 r n /jg J C fc LACK t= = T 10 T 15 T 20 T 25 1 of suffic ient help in l iftin g operations LA C K O F P E R S O N A L S A F E T Y EQ U IP M EN T OTHER UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OP LABOR BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS Accident Causes Modern accident prevention is based upon two premises—first, that there is an identifiable cause for every accident; and second, that when an ac cident cause is known, it is generally possible to eliminate or to counteract that particular cause as the probable source of future accidents of the same character. In many instances, it is true that a variety of circumstances contribute to the occurrence of an accident, and the line which accident prevention should take may seem con fused because of the m ultiplicity of the possible courses of action. It is generally recognized, however, that every accident may be traced to some unsafe working condition, to the commis sion of an unsafe act by some individual, or to a combination of these accident-producing factors. In the analysis of individual accidents for the pur pose of establishing an effective safety program, therefore, it is essential to give particular atten tion to the identification of these elements in the chain of circumstances leading to the accidents. Concentration upon the elimination of the unsafe conditions and practices identified by such analy sis, with emphasis upon the elimination of the elements which are found to have contributed to many accidents, w ill almost invariably result in improved safety records. The correction of unsafe working conditions generally is entirely within management’s powers. The avoidance of unsafe acts, on the other hand, requires cooperation and understanding by both management and workers. Management must take the lead, however, by providing safetyminded supervision and by making sure that all 18 INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS workers are acquainted with the hazards of their operations and are fam iliar with the means of overcoming them. Unsafe Working Conditions A great majority of the unsafe working con ditions revealed by the analysis fell into four general groups: Unsafe working procedures (re sponsible for 37 percent of the accidents); defective agencies (25 percent); improperly guarded agencies (12 percent); and hazardous arrangement or placement (11 percent). Unsafe Working Procedures.—More than half of the accidents caused by unsafe procedures were directly due to the lack of sufficient help in lifting or moving heavy objects. These were primarily cases of overexertion in lifting or turning heavy product items, such as sewer pipes, or in pushing and pulling loaded vehicles, particularly dryer and kiln cars. O verlifting was also responsible for many of the accidents in which workers drop ped heavy objects on their feet or crushed their fingers as they attempted to set the objects down. These unsafe procedures were particularly im portant sources of injury in the sewer pipe plants where they were responsible for one in every four accidents. In general, the practice of overlifting was most common in the drying, setting, finishing, and yards departments. The necessity of manually handling sharp-edged and rough objects was also a prime source of acci dents. Many clay products develop sharp edges or rough surfaces in the normal course of manu facturing. The injuries attributable to these haz ards commonly consist of cuts or lacerations on the hands, and most commonly occur in piling and unpiling operations. Greater use of gloves or hand leathers probably would reduce the volume of these accidents, but these protective devices may themselves create additional and more serious haz ards when used around moving machinery. Acci dents resulting from handling sharp-edged mate rials were particularly common in the sewer pipe plants. Departm ental^, they tended to be con centrated in the drawing and wheeling depart ments. The practice of tossing bricks to setters resulted in a considerable volume of accidents in the setting departments of the brick plants. In this opera tion, the setter usually stands upon the partially completed pile of bricks and catches the bricks which are thrown to him by the tosser standing below. The setters were most commonly injured by being struck by the thrown bricks. Tossers were frequently struck by bricks which fell back when the setter failed to catch them. The tossers, however, also experienced a number of strains from overexertion in throwing the materials. Defective Agencies.—Poorly designed, poorly constructed, and poorly maintained equipment constituted the outstanding hazards involved in defective agencies. Because of defective track ways, dryer and kiln cars frequently jumped the tracks and struck nearby workers, or drifted to gether to pinch or crush workmen who were try ing to move them. In other instances, the workers strained themselves while attempting to move the cars over uneven tracks. Poor design in the vehicles themselves was also a frequent accident cause—particularly in respect to the coupling equipment on the dryer and kiln cars. Low material strength of objects led to a large number of accidents in which workers were struck by falling objects as well as to a considerable num ber of falls. The defective objects most frequently were finished products, machines, pallets or skids, hand tools, and vehicles. Frequently internal weaknesses in bricks and sewer pipes caused these products to break as they were being handled. Sewer-pipe press dies and hand tools, which had become hardened or crystallized through extended use, often chipped and workers were injured by the flying particles. Pallets, skids, and ladders, weakened through prolonged use, frequently broke under the load. Revised material handling procedures and greater attention to the mainte nance of equipment appear to be essential for the prevention of this class of accidents. Slippery working surfaces were responsible for a large number of slips and falls. In large meas ure these slippery conditions resulted from clay or sand spilled or dropped in the working areas. There were, however, a number of accidents which resulted from the use of smooth steel plates as gangways for access to boxcars and kilns. These dockboards normally have diamond-shaped corru 19 ACCIDENT CAUSES gations on their surfaces, but after long use be come very smooth. The elimination of these accident-producing conditions lies in improved housekeeping and better maintenance procedures. The large number of accidents involving contact with projecting splinters, slivers, nails, and bolts also points strongly to the need for better house keeping and more adequate maintenance of equip ment. The defective agencies involved in these accidents were primarily pallets, skids, vehicles, and hand tools which had been damaged in use and should have been removed from service for repair. Projecting nails in dunnage and scrap lumber, and projecting bolts on vehicles and other equipment also led to a number of accidents. Improperly Guarded Agencies.—Accidents re sulting from inadequate guarding of hazardous operations and conditions were very common throughout the industry. Point-of-operation guards were often found to be entirely lacking on presses, grinders, and cutting tools. Pulleys, gears, and drive belts on conveyors and other ma chines were often unprotected. Workers were often injured because there were no baffle boards on belt conveyors or no toe boards on elevated working surfaces to prevent materials from fall ing. Vehicles frequently moved unexpectedly to strike or pinch workers because no facilities were provided for braking or locking them in position. The absence of guard rails around elevated work ing surfaces led to many falls, and inadequate bracing or shoring permitted a number of roof falls and cave-ins in the clay mines and pits. In the wheeling and drawing departments, the simple provision of handle guards would have prevented many finger and hand injuries. Hazardous Arrangement or Placement.—Im properly piled materials, which fell onto the workers, and improperly placed materials or equipment, which obstructed aisles or passage ways or created tripping hazards, were very com mon accident causes. Much of the improper piling occurred in the loading of vehicles and culminated in spilling all or part of the loads when the ve hicles turned or passed over rough surfaces. The general practice of laying the tracks for dryer and kiln cars directly upon the surface of the working area instead of sinking the rails flush with the surface had much to do with the high volume of tripping accidents. Lack of Personal Safety Equipment.—The ac cident records of the clay construction products industry are replete with cases in which it is obvious that the use of personal protective devices, such as safety shoes, impact goggles, hand leathers, gloves, or safety helmets, would have prevented or minimized the injuries which occurred. W ider use of these devices in the industry unquestionably is desirable. In the great majority of cases, how ever, the use or non-use of these devices has no bearing upon the occurrence of the accident itself. As accident analysis is primarily concerned with determining the factors which led to the accident as contrasted to the injury resulting from the accident, the absence of personal protective de vices is seldom indicated as a hazardous working condition. However, certain types of operations involve hazards that can be overcome only through the use of proper protective equipment. Typical of these operations is the use of grinding wheels in which the wearing of impact goggles is essential if eye injuries are to be avoided. The failure to Chart 5.— Major Types of Unsafe Acts in the Clay Construction Products Industry, 1948 O THER UHITCO STATE* DEPARTMENT OP LABOR BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS 20 INJURIES AND ACCIDEiNT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS provide goggles for this operation was quite com mon throughout the industry. A s a result, a rela tively large number of eye injuries was directly attributable to this unsafe condition. Other instances were found in which the lack of personal protective equipment contributed to the occurrence of accidents. They included cases in which workers were not provided with respira tors or safety belts and lines when they entered tanks or other closed areas, or were required to enter hot areas or to handle acids without being provided w ith proper protective clothing. These accidents tended to produce severe injuries, but were not particularly common. Unsafe Acts For the purpose of this analysis an unsafe act was defined as that violation of a commonly ac cepted safe procedure which occasioned or per mitted the occurrence of the injury-producing accident. Literally, this definition means that no personal action should be designated as unsafe unless there was a reasonable and less hazardous alternative procedure. For example, the use of an unguarded machine for which no guard was provided was classified as an unsafe condition, but not as an unsafe act. On the other hand, the operation of a grinder without the use of goggles which were provided was classified as an unsafe act because in this instance there was a less haz ardous alternative procedure. The analysis, how ever, does not im ply that the alternative safe procedure must have been known to the person who acted in an unsafe manner, nor that his un safe act was the result of a considered choice between two possible procedures. In many of the accidents studied in this survey it was apparent that the individual knew the safe procedure, but consciously decided not to follow it. In other cases, circumstances indicated that the person acted unsafely simply because he did not know the alternative safe method. The first step toward the elimination of unsafe acts, therefore, is to make sure that all workers are thoroughly in structed in the safe methods of performing their duties and that they are fam iliar with the hazards connected with deviations from those methods. The second essential step is to exercise strict super vision to see that safe procedures are followed. O f the accidents attributed to unsafe acts, 39 percent resulted from employees assuming unsafe positions; 32 percent were due to unsafe loading, placing, or m ixing; and 17 percent resulted from the unsafe use of equipment. Unsafe Position or Posture .—Inattention to footing or surroundings accounted for nearly three-fourths of the accidents caused by unsafe position or posture. Failure to observe normal caution in getting on or off equipment, ascending or descending ladders, or in merely walking across floors or yards was the most common fault. Poor housekeeping which permitted the working areas to be cluttered with loose materials and debris was a contributing factor in a large proportion of these cases. Most commonly, the accidents con sisted of slipping, stumbling, or falling over com paratively small objects on the floor. There was, however, a considerable number of instances in which workers simply walked into or bumped against large piles of materials, machines, and other objects which should have been quite visible and avoidable. L ifting with bent back or from an awkward position was next in importance in this group of unsafe acts. Most of the injuries resulting from these unsafe acts were strains, sprains, or hernias. The most common cases in the group were those in which the worker attempted to lift a heavy object while standing on an irregular or unsecure sur face or while stretching or reaching to such an ex tent as to throw him self off balance. Cases in which the accident could be ascribed definitely to liftin g with the back bent were relatively few. This was probably due to the fact that the records on liftin g accidents are seldom explicit in describ ing how the lifting was done. Actual observance in the plants, however, disclosed that many of the workers regularly bend from the hips and keep their knees straight in lifting. It is reasonable to assume, therefore that this unsafe practice con tributed to the occurrence of many more lifting accidents than is shown by the records. Unsafe Loading , Placing , and Mixing .—Three specific types of unsafe acts were responsible for nearly all of the accidents resulting from unsafe loading, placing, and m ixing—taking the wrong hold on objects, arranging or placing objects un safely, and gripping objects insecurely. ACCIDENT PREVENTION SUGGESTIONS Taking the wrong hold on objects was respon sible for many crushed fingers and hands. In most of these accidents, the workers’ fingers or hands were crushed or pinched under or between the objects which they were placing or piling. However, in a considerable number of cases, work ers experienced hand injuries because they were pushing vehicles while holding on to the corner posts or side frames instead of keeping their hands behind the vehicle. Unsafe arranging or placing of objects was a very common cause of injury. In most instances the specific fault was that of placing materials in insecure piles, or placing them close to the edge of benches or platforms, from which they fell onto the worker. A high percentage of these accidents occurred in loading vehicles. In many instances, also, workers parked vehicles or placed materials in such a manner as to create obstructions and tripping hazards in the workplaces. The accidents which resulted from gripping ob jects insecurely most commonly were cases in 21 which the workers dropped objects on their own feet. In many of these the fault lay in attempting to lift too many objects at one time or in using only one hand instead of two. In others workers attempted to lift irregular, rough, slippery, or hot objects by grasping only a small section and found it impossible to hold them because they were off balance. Unsafe Use of Equipment.—The use of hand tools and other equipment for purposes other than those for which they were designed was a very frequent accident cause, particularly in the re fractory plants. Among the more common un safe acts of this category were the practices of separating clay products which had become fused by striking them with a hammer and of using screwdrivers or the handles of other tools as prys. Additional examples of the misuse of equipment included operating vehicles at excessive speeds, backing trucks without making sure of clearances, and carelessness in handling vehicles at blind cor ners. Basically, all of these unsafe acts indicate inadequate supervision. Suggestions for the Prevention of Typical Accidents To illustrate the general types of accident prob lems in the clay construction products industry, some typical accidents were selected for detailed study. These accidents were analyzed by a mem ber of the safety-engineering staff of the United States Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Standards and suggestions were made to indicate how these accidents could have been prevented. The aim of this section is not to make allinclusive recommendations nor to attempt to pro pound authoritative safety rules for the industry. It is to point out, rather, that there is a simple approach to the prevention of nearly every type of accident. Many safety engineers would, no doubt, attack the problems involved in these ac cidents in different ways and would achieve equally good results. The method of prevention, however, is secondary as long as it achieves its purpose. Nevertheless, it is significant that these recommendations repeatedly stress the need for greater attention in training workers in safe pro cedures and in closer supervision to insure that the safe procedures are followed. 942570— 51------ 4 Brief descriptions of these accidents are given on the following pages, accompanied by recom mendations of the Bureau of Labor Standards’ Safety Specialist for the prevention of the accidents. Clay Pits and Mines 1. An employee was operating a steam shovel in the clay pit. As he stepped down from the shovel, he lost his balance and fell. A ring, which he was wearing, caught on the door latch and tore the flesh from his finger. Investigation disclosed that there were no steps or hand grips on the steam shovel. (a) Adequate steps and hand grips should he provided on steam shovels and similar equipment to facilitate safe access to , and exit from , the cabs of such equipment. (b) Employees should not wear rings while they are at work . 2. An employee, who was operating a steam shovel, in the clay pit, stepped from the shovel 22 INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAT CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS to oil the tripping mechanism. As he did, a large rock fell from the face of the pit and struck him, pinning him against the shovel. Investigation disclosed that no schedule was maintained for oiling the shovel. (a) B est 'practice requires that steam shovels and sim ilar equipment he oiled either at the heginning or at the end of each working day . (b) I f it becomes necessary to oil or repair the shovel during the day's operations , the shovel should he hacked a safe distance from the face of the clay p it before starting such work . D e pending on existing conditions , the minimum distance should he from 20 to 50 feet . 3. An employee who was operating a cater pillar tractor in the clay pit misunderstood signals given by men who were setting off a charge of dynamite, and drove his tractor into the area. In the explosion the employee was struck by flying stones and particles of rock and clay. Investigation disclosed that only oral signals had been given and that the operator could not hear the signals clearly owing to the noise of his tractor. (a ) A sim ple signal system should he adopted and the signals given hy a horn or sim ilar device which could he heard under all circumstances . The signals should he given at least S minutes before the actual blasting operations . (b) 'Watchmen should he posted to prevent workmen from entering the blasting area . (c) W hen it is practical , blasting should he con ducted before or after the day's normal operations . 4. An employee who was setting off a charge of dynamite was struck by a large piece of clay dur ing the explosion. Investigation disclosed that the employee was using short fuses to explode the dynamite. The fuse, which he was using, was approximately 16 inches in length and did not permit him sufficient time to move a safe distance from the charge. Safe procedures should he developed and rigidly followed in all blasting operations . The minimum length of fuse to he used for different types of blasting should he established hy management and the blasters should he thoroughly trained to rec ognize the conditions under which a fuse longer than the specified m inim um should he used . ATI blasting should he under the direct supervision of experienced personnel . 6. W hile an employee was tending a conveyor belt, a rock fell from the belt and struck his foot. Where rocks or large pieces of clay are carried hy conveyor belts , baffle-boards at least 8 inches in w idth should he placed along the belt to p re vent the rocks or pieces of clay from rolling or falling from the belt. 6. An employee was coupling two clay cars. H is finger was mashed between the coupling and the pin. Investigation disclosed that a common 8-inch bolt was being used for a coupling pin. O nly devices designed for use as coupling pins should he used in coupling clay cars . The coupling pins should he at least 18 inches in length and constructed so that the head of the pin is ringshaped , perm itting it to he used as a handle during the coupling operation . Preparation Departments 7. An employee working in a clay bin was struck by clay which was being dumped into the bin from an overhead bucket. (a) W here workers are required to enter bins , they should personally inform crane or scraper operators who should he instructed not to pu t materials into the bin until notified hy the same person. A “watcher" should he posted at the top of the bin to prevent other persons from putting m aterials into the bin . (b) Precautions should also he taken to prevent anyone from dum ping bin while worker is inside . (c) W orkers in bins should he provided w ith safety belts and life lines . 8. An employee was using a pick to break pieces of clay in the crusher. When the handle of the pick struck the frame of the machine, it was deflected and struck the workman. Investigation disclosed that an iron bar had been provided for this work but the employee was not using it at the time of the accident. Em ployees should he carefully instructed in the proper use of hand tools and supervisors should make sure that the safe procedures are follow ed . 9. An employee was cleaning clay from the pulley of a grinding machine by striking it with an iron bar while the machine was in operation. The belt caught the bar and the employee’s hand was drawn into the pulley. ACCIDENT PREVENTION SUGGESTIONS (a) Employees should never be permitted to oil or clean machinery while it is in motion . (b) All pulleys and belts should be adequately guarded. 10. W hile feeding a conveyor belt for the grinder an employee was injured when a large piece of clay rolled from the pile and struck his foot. Investigation disclosed that the employee had undercut the pile. Close supervision and adequate job training are necessary to prevent accidents of this type. Safe practice in breaking down la pile of clay requires that the working surface of the pile be maintained at an angle less than 46°. Molding Departments 11. A granulator operator was cleaning his machine. W hen he jumped down into the granu lator, his foot slipped and he struck his knee on the granulator knife. A ladder designed for this work should be pro vided and supervisors should enforce its use. 12. Clay had become packed in the hopper of a mixer. An employee entered the hopper to loosen the clay and, as he was working, the clay slid and smothered him. Investigation disclosed that it was common practice for employees to work in these hoppers without safety belts and lines and without other employees being present. (a) Safety belts and lines which will not permit employees to work below the top level of the clay in the hoppers should be provided and supervisors should make sure that such equipment is used in this work. (b) "When an employee is working in a bin , a “watcher” should be stationed at the top of the bin {!) to prevent material being dropped into it , and (0) to assure the safety of the worker in the bin. 13. W hile an employee was pushing a rack car to the drier, one of the racks loosened and fell on his thumb. Investigation disclosed that the racks had not been placed properly in the car when it was loaded. Employees should be carefully instructed in the proper methods of loading rack cars and close 23 supervision should be provided to '(assure that safe procedures are followed . 14. W hile an employee was loading a 9 by 13inch flue lining on a truck, the flue lining broke and fell on his foot. Investigation disclosed that the flue lining broke when it struck the truck which the employee was loading. (a) Safe procedures should be developed for piling “green” products. Employees should be thoroughly trained in these procedures and super visors should make sure that they are rigidly followed . (b) Workers handling heavy objects should wear steel-toed safety shoes. 15. A s an employee was moving a rack car to the drier, the car behind him rolled forward and pinned him between the cars. Investigation disclosed that the tracks were con structed on a slight incline and that the cars were seldom blocked to prevent them from drifting. (a) W herever possible , the tracks should be con structed on the level to prevent cars from rolling. (b) Safe procedures should be developed for the blocking of cars.—Employees should be carefully instructed in these safe procedures and supervisors should make sure that they are rigidly followed. 16. A n employee was using a pinch bar to change the die on a press. W hen he struck the bar with a hammer, a small piece of steel chipped off and punctured his arm. Investigation disclosed that the head of the bar was mushroomed owing to extended use and that a common claw hammer was used to strike the bar. A ll tools should be inspected frequently and maintained in safe condition. 17. W hile a transfer operator was pulling the cable on the transfer to hook it to a drier car, a sliver of steel penetrated his finger. Investigation disclosed that the operator was not wearing gloves. (a) Cables should be inspected frequently and , if worn, should be replaced. (b) Workers engaged in this work should be required to wear leather gloves. 18. W hile crossing the transfer tracks, an em ployee stumbled over one of the rails and fell. Investigation disclosed that the employee ac 24 INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS tually stepped on the rail while crossing the tracks. Safe procedures should be developed to elimi nate, so far as possible, the need for crossing the transfer tracks. In addition, all employees should be carefully instructed as to the hazards of crossing the tracks and warned specifically not to step on the rails because of the danger of slipping. 19. An employee was cleaning the die on a dry press with a steel brush. W hile engaged in this work, some fine particles became embedded in his eye. Employees engaged in this work should be re quired to wear safety goggles or face shields. 20. An employee was cleaning mud from a con veyor while it was in motion. H is finger was fractured when it was caught between the rollers. Investigation disclosed that the employee vio lated a plant rule that machinery should not be oiled or cleaned while it is in motion. Close supervision is necessary to prevent acci dents of this type. 21. An employee was changing the die on a sewer pipe press. A s he stooped to pick up a nut from the floor the clay in the die came loose and fell, striking the employee on the head. Investigation disclosed that the employee was attempting to change the die without properly cleaning the die and bell. Careful instruction in the safe method of chang ing the die should be given to all employees en gaged in this work. Close supervision should be provided to make sure that the safe procedures are strictly followed. 22. An employee was using a wrench to adjust the feeder belt on a press. The belt caught the wrench and pulled the employee’s hand into it. No adjustments or repairs should be made on equipment while it is in operation. Supervisors should be required to enforce this rule strictly. 23. A n employee was removing blocks from a conveyor belt. W hen his foot slipped on some sand lying on the floor, the employee strained him self. Investigation disclosed that the sand had been spilled on the floor several hours before the accident. Good housekeeping is essential to accident pre vention. Floors should be cleaned frequently and employees instructed to remove immediately amfy materials dropped on the floor. Foremen should be responsible for the housekeeping within their respective departments. Drying Departments 24. As an employee was helping to move a drier car into the drier, the car caught on the door of the drier. The employee pulled on the car to release it, and when it came free, the car moved forward rapidly, pinning the employee between it and a car on the adjoining track. Investigation disclosed that the door of the drier had not been opened completely. A s a re sult there was insufficient clearance between the side of the car and the door. AU employees should be carefully instructed in the safe performance of their jobs and super visors should see that workers follow these in structions. In this case, (a) the door should hme been opened sufficiently to permit the entrance of the car into the drier and (b) the car should have been pushed instead of pulled. 25. W hile an employee was pushing a rack car into the drier, his finger was caught between the car and the frame of the drier. Investigation disclosed that the employee was pushing the rack car with his fingers bent around the side frames of the car. Employees should be trained to place their hands on the end frame of the cars instead of the side frames. 26. A transfer operator was standing on the transfer pulling a car of bricks toward him while his co-workers were pushing the car. W hen his foot slipped, the transfer operator fell under the car. Employees should be carefully instructed in the safe performance of their duties. Cars should be pushed instead of pulled. 27. W hile an employee was pushing a car of bricks at the drier shed, the end row of bricks fell from the car and struck his foot. Investigation disclosed that broken brickbats lying on the tracks had jarred the bricks loose as the car passed over them. (a) A regular cleaning schedule should be de veloped and rigidly followed. In addition, em ACCIDENT PREVENTION SUGGESTIONS ployees should be trained to remove promptly any material dropped from cars while it is being transferred. (b) Employees handling bricks should wear steel-toed safety shoes. Setting Departments 28. An employee was setting bricks in a kiln. W hile catching bricks, one slipped from his hand and struck his wrist. Investigation disclosed that the setter had been standing in an awkward position while attempting to catch the bricks. (a) 'Workers should be carefully trained in safe procedures. In this work , the setter should have a secure footing so that he can handle the bricks efficiently. (b) Employees handling bricks should be fur nished, and required to wear, hand leathers. 29. An employee, who was setting bricks on the floor of the kiln, was struck by a brick dropped by an employee working above him. Safe procedures should be developed for all operations. In this case the foreman should have plcmned the work to eliminate the necessity of having one employee working immediately under another workman. 30. An employee lost his footing and fell from the bench on which he was working. Investigation disclosed that several loose bricks were lying on the narrow bench on which the employee was standing. (a) Employees should be instructed in the safe performance of their duties and supervisors should make sure that workmen strictly follow the safe work methods. Benches should be kept free of loose bricks and should be at least SO inches in width. Employees should not work near the edge of these benches. (b) For better footing while working on piles of bricks, the employees should work from plat forms. 31. An employee, who was catching tile, momentarily lost his balance and owing to the weight of the tile, strained his back. Investigation disclosed that the tile had been thrown away from the employee so that in reach ing for it he lost his balance. In this work coordination is essential to the safe and efficient handling of tiles. Setters should make sure that their footing is secure; tossers should carefully throw the tiles so that the setters can reach them easily. 32. A tosser threw some bricks when the setter was not looking. The bricks struck the setter’s arm. Coordinated teamwork is essential to the safety of these operations. Before throwing bricks, the tosser should make sure that the setter is ready to receive them. 33. A setter was working directly above the tosser. When he failed to catch the bricks thrown to him, they fell on the tosser’s head. Investigation disclosed that the setter could not reach the bricks thrown to him. Careful instruction and close supervision are necessary to prevent accidents of this type. To avoid being struck by falling bricks, tossers should not work directly wider the setters. In addition^ they should be thoroughly trained in the safe method of tossing bricks. Burning Departments 34. W hile pulling a loaded kiln car, an employee strained his back. Investigation disclosed that the employee was attempting to move the loaded kiln car without assistance. (a) Loaded kiln cars should be moved mechan ically instead of manually. (b) Where it is necessary to move loaded kiln cars by hand, at least two men should be em ployed owing to the weight involved. The cars should be pushed instead of pulled. 35. A loaded kiln car had been derailed. W hile attempting to lift the car onto the tracks, an employee strained his back. Investigation disclosed that he had attempted to lift the car onto the tracks without assistance. Careful instruction and close supervision should be provided for all lifting operations. Super visors should provide sufficient help for the lift ing of heavy or bulky objects. In this case several men should have been used in lifting the kiln car. 36. An employee was charging a tunnel kiln. As he pulled a loaded drier car on the track beside 26 INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS him, the car caught on an extension cord attached to a floor fan. The fan toppled over and struck the employee’s leg. Investigation disclosed that the extension cord could have been plugged in at another location away from the working area. (a) Em ployees should be instructed to watch for possible hazards when placing portable equip ment. In this instance the extension cord should have been plugged into the other available outlet. (b) E lectric outlets should be placed so that electric cords attached to these outlets w ill not present tripping hazards. 37. W hile firing a kiln, an employee turned his ankle on a piece of coal lying near the kiln. Investigation disclosed that housekeeping in the area was generally poor. Good housekeeping is essential to safety in any operation. Coal should be kept neatly piled near the kilns and workers should im m ediately remove any pieces of coal which are dropped during the firing operation. 38. A s an employee opened the kiln door, the heat from the kiln burned his face and arms. Investigation disclosed that the kiln was being opened before it had cooled sufficiently. Before the door of a kiln is rem oved , the Min should be tested by a responsible employee to make sure that it has cooled sufficiently . 39. An employee was removing the door of a kiln. A s he reached for a brick his leather glove caught on another brick and turned back. A s a result, his hand was burned when it touched a hot brick. Investigation disclosed that the gloves which the employee was using were badly worn and did not afford the protection they normally provided. A ll personal safety equipment should be in spected frequently and , if defective, should be replaced. 40. A transfer operator was m oving kiln cars onto a storage track by means of a winch. The cable broke, snapped, and struck the employee’s foot. Investigation revealed that (a) there were no regular inspections of equipment in the plant and (b) the cable was badly worn. A ll cables should be inspected regularly amd if worn or frayed should be replaced im m ediately. Drawing and Wheeling Departments 41. W hile placing bricks in a wheelbarrow, an employee cut his hand on the sharp edge of a broken brick. Investigation disclosed that the employee was not using the hand leathers which had been provided. Em ployees should be instructed in safe work methods. Supervisors should see that employees use the protective equipment provided for them. 42. An employee burned his arm while pushing a hot kiln car from a tunnel kiln. Investigation disclosed that the employee was wearing a short-sleeved shirt. (a) K iln cars should be rem oved from the kilns mechanically instead of manually. (b) Em ployees who are required to handle hot kiln cars should be required to wear adequate personal safety equipment . 43. An employee was drawing a kiln. A s he was rolling a 36-inch sewer pipe his hand was squeezed between the pipe and the kiln door. Investigation disclosed that several broken bats were scattered on the floor at the entrance to the kiln. W hen the pipe struck one of these pieces it turned and pinched the employee’s hand between the pipe and the kiln door. Good housekeeping is essential to safety. Broken pieces of pipe and other loose objects should be rem oved to a safe place as soon as they are discovered . 44. A n employee was pushing a wheelbarrow loaded with sewer pipes. The wheelbarrow tipped and the employee’s hand was caught be tween the handle of the wheelbarrow and a pile of pipe. Investigation disclosed that the wheelbarrow had been improperly loaded. (a) Em ployees engaged in this work should be carefully instructed in the safe m ethod of loading amd handling wheelbarrows. (b) Knuckle guards should be provided on all wheelbarrows. 45. As an employee was wheeling a load of bricks through a narrow door he bumped his knuckles on the door frame. Investigation disclosed that the doorway was too narrow for the safe passage of wheelbarrows. ACCIDENT PREVENTION SUGGESTIONS (a) Supervisors should plan and lay out each operation for efficiency and safety. Employees should then be instructed in these procedures and supervisors should make sure that the instructions are obeyed. In this instance an alternative truck ing route should have been established to elimi nate the necessity for using the narrow doorway. (b) Knuckle guards should be provided on all wheelbarrows. 46. W hile drawing bricks from a kiln an em ployee was overcome by the heat remaining in the kiln. Investigation disclosed that because the plant was under pressure to fill a rush order, the draw ing operations had been started before the kiln had cooled sufficiently to permit the safe entry of workers. Kilns should never be drawn until they have cooled. Supervisors should be responsible for de termining when kilns may be entered safely. 47. An employee was unloading 6-inch sewer pipes from a kiln. W hile attempting to catch a pipe thrown to him by another worker, the em ployee lacerated his hand on a sharp edge of the pipe. Investigation disclosed that the employee was not wearing hand leathers at the time of the ac cident. (a) In drawing kilns , pipes should be passed , not thrown. (b) Employees engaged in this work should be required to wear adequate hand protection. This equipment should be inspected frequently and , if defective , should be replaced. 48. An employee was drawing bricks from a kiln. A brick from the unit he was lifting fell and struck his toe. Investigation disclosed that (a) the employee was handling five bricks as a unit and (b) he was not wearing safety shoes. (a) The number of bricks that can be handled safely under varying conditions should be de termined and that standard should be maintained. Under ordinary circumstances, employees should not "attempt to handle more than three bricks at a time. (b) Employees engaged in this work should be required to wear steel-toed safety shoes. 49. A n employee was loading flue liners on a wheelbarrow. The jagged edge of one of the 27 liners penetrated his gloves and lacerated his fingers. Investigation disclosed that the employee was wearing light canvas gloves. Employees engaged in this work should be re quired to wear proper hand leathers or gloves with leather palms. 50. A s an employee picked up a brick a splinter from the brick punctured his hand. Investigation disclosed that the employee was not wearing gloves or hand leathers. Employees engaged in this work should be re quired to wear proper hand leathers or gloves with leather palms. 51. An employee stood on a wheelbarrow to re move a 12-inch sewer pipe from the top of a kiln. W hen his foot slipped he fell and strained his back. Investigation disclosed that (a) no assistance had been provided for lifting the pipe and (b) no equipment had been provided for reaching the top of the kiln. Sewer pipe of this size should be handled me chanically instead of mcmually. I f mechanical equipment is not available , several men trained to work as a team should be assigned to this work. 52. A n employee, who was drawing bricks from a kiln, found two that had become fused. In at tempting to separate them he struck them against another brick. As he did so a chip flew from one of the bricks and struck his eye. Investigation disclosed that no provision had been made for separating bricks which were fused during the burning operation. Bricks should never be separated by striking them against other objects. Instead , a hammer and chisel should be provided for this purpose. Employees engaged in this work should also be required to wear proper goggles. 53. An employee was pulling a fan into position by grasping the blades. When a coworker turned the control switch the employee’s fingers were caught in the fan. Investigation disclosed that the fan blades were not guarded and the control switch was located so that the fan and the injured employee could not have been seen. (a) The fan blades should be properly guarded. (b) Employees should be carefully instructed as to the hazards of their jobs. In this ease the 28 INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS (a) Employees should be thoroughly trained employee should not have moved the fan before in the correct method of loading wheelbarrows. disconnecting it. (c) Switches should be installed on electrical (b) Mirrors should be installed at all blind equipment or should be located so that the comers to provide a view of approaching traffic. (c) Employees should be trained to enter blind equipment is in full view at all times. 54. An employee was wheeling brick through intersections cautiously to avoid collisions. a shed. When the wheelbarrow struck a brick on the floor the handle of the wheelbarrow turned and struck him. Investigation disclosed that (a) on cloudy days the natural lighting was limited in this area, (b) artificial lights were inadequate, and (c) house keeping was generally poor throughout the area. (a ) A thorough study should be made to de termine the adequacy of existing lighting facili ties. Where the lighting is inadequate additional fixtures should be provided. (b) A regular cleaning schedule should be de veloped to maintain good housekeeping. In addi tion, employees should be instructed to remove immediately, any bricks which have fallen during wheeling operations. The necessary supervision should also be provided to assure the enforcement of these safe procedures. 55. An employee pushed several trailers through an open door in front of a second work man who was walking along a shipping dock. To escape being struck by the trailers, the second employee jumped off the dock and strained his back. Investigation disclosed that the employee who was pushing the trailers gave no signals before entering the dock area nor did he enter the area at a reduced speed. (a) Mirrors should be installed at blind comers to provide a view of approaching traffic. (b) Employees engaged in trucking operations should be carefully trained regarding the hazards of their work. Before entering any blind inter section truckers should slow down, sound a warn ing and enter the intersection cautiously. Super visors should enforce these instructions rigidly. 56. W hile trying to prevent a loaded wheel barrow from overturning, an employee strained his side. Investigation disclosed that the wheelbarrow had been improperly loaded and that the employee was attempting to avoid a collision with another worker at a blind corner at the time of the accident. 57. A n employee was wheeling bricks in an aisle running between two piles of bricks. To permit another wheeler to pass, he pushed his wheelbarrow to the side of the aisle. As he did, his wheelbarrow tipped and, to avoid spilling his load, he jerked the wheelbarrow upright and struck his hand against the corner of a pile of bricks. Investigation disclosed that the aisle was not wide enough for wheelbarrows to pass safely. (a) Supervisors should plan and lay out each operation for efficiency and safety. In this case, the aisle should have been restricted to one-way traffic since it was not wide enough for wheelers to pass safely. (b) Knuckle guards should be installed on the handles of all wheelbarrows. Shipping Departments 58. W hile wheeling bricks into a box car, an employee slipped on the metal runway and sprained his knee. Investigation disclosed that the metal runway had become very slippery owing to prolonged use. Metal runways should have diamond tread or other rough surfaces. They should be inspected regularly and if worn should be replaced. 59. A splinter from a wire-bound box punctured the finger of an employee who was crating bricks. Investigation disclosed that (a) the crate had been damaged and (b) the employee was not wear ing gloves. (a) A ll crates should be carefully inspected and damaged ones should be removed. (b) Employees engaged in this work should be required to wear hand leathers or gloves. 60. An employee was wheeling a load of bricks into a boxcar. The wheelbarrow broke through the floor of the car, throwing the employee against the side of the car. Investigation disclosed that the floor of the car was badly worn. Before loading any boxcar it should be inspected ACCIDENT PREVENTION SUGGESTIONS for defects. If the defects are likely to cause an accident or to damage the products en route, they should be repaired before loading operations begin. 29 caused the tank to explode, burning the employee. Investigation disclosed that the tank had not been steamed before the soldering operations began. 61. As an employee was placing a steel runway into position at a boxcar, he pinched his finger between the runway and the car-door facing. Investigation disclosed that the runway was too heavy for one person to place into position safely. Before soldering or welding operations are be gun on any tank which has contained combustible material, the tank should be purged with steam. This fact should be definitely established by the supervisor. 62. W hile an employee was sorting tile a jagged piece cut his hand. Investigation disclosed that the employee was not wearing the hand leathers which had been provided. For this work welders should be required to wear impact goggles under their welding shields. Sufficient help, trained to work as a team, should be provided for lifting or moving all heavy or bulky objects. 67. A welder raised his shield to chip a weld. W hile chipping, a piece of slag entered his eye. Investigation disclosed that the welder was not wearing impact goggles at the time of the accident. Careful instruction and close supervision are necessary to prevent accidents of this type. Miscellaneous Departments A ll hand tools should be returned to their desig nated storage places as soon as possible. They should never be permitted to lie on floors or in aisles. A knife specifically designed for opening paperboard boxes should be used in this work. 63. An employee stepped on a hoe lying on the floor of a boxcar. The handle of the hoe flew up and struck his elbow. Investigation disclosed that the hoe had been used for cleaning the boxcar. 64. An employee was riding on top of a load of 6-inch pipe. The load of pipe toppled from the truck and fell on him. Investigation disclosed that the employee was riding on the load to steady it. (a) The load should be secured so as to make it unnecessary for employees to ride in this position. (b) Employees should never be permitted to ride on loads of pipe, brick, tile, etc. Supervisors should rigidly enforce this rule. Maintenance Departments 65. A n employee was repairing the speed re ducer of a spraying machine. A second employee started the machine and the maintenance worker’s hand was caught in the belt. Before repair work is started on any machine or mechanical equipment, the starting switch should be locked in an open position and tagged. 66. A maintenance worker was soldering a gaso line tank. The heat from the soldering iron 68. An employee was opening a paperboard box with a knife. The knife slipped from the box and struck the employee’s leg. Investigation disclosed that the employee was using a pocket knife. 69. An employee stepped into a hole in a concrete floor and sprained his ankle. Investigation disclosed that there were several holes in the floor as a result of extended use without proper maintenance. A ll floors should be inspected periodically and, if necessary, repaired. If the defective areas can not be repaired immediately, they should be barricaded until the repairs are made. 70. W hile an employee was walking along the dock, he fell into the transfer pit. Investigation disclosed that the employee stumbled over several broken brickbats that were lying on the dock in this area. Good housekeeping is essential to safety in any operation. A regular cleaning schedule should be developed and followed strictly. In addition , employees should be trained to remove promptly any material dropped from cars or wheelbarrows while it is being transferred. Supervisors should be required to rigidly enforce these procedures. 71. Employees, who were removing the brac ing from the crown of a kiln, dropped the boards to the ground. Another employee, who was draw 30 INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS ing bricks from a nearby kiln, stepped on a nail projecting from one of the boards. (a) The area in which the boards were being dropped should have been roped off or barricaded . (b) Nails projecting from scrap lumber or Investigation disclosed that the employee was wearing light canvas gloves. 72. W hile an employee was mounting tile, a splinter from the mounting board punctured his finger. Investigation disclosed that the mounting board was worn and splintered owing to extended use. Employees engaged in this work should be re quired to wear protective goggles or face shields. other material should be removed or bent over promptly and the material should be stacked properly and neatly , as soon as possible . A ll such equipment should be inspected regu larly and , if worn or defective , should be replaced or repaired immediately . 73. W hile an employee was sorting tile, a piece of glaze punctured his hand. A ll employees engaged in this work should be required to wear proper hand leathers or gloves with heavy leather palms . 74. W hile an employee was using a grinder to trim refractory bricks, some fine particles of clay entered his eye. 75. As an employee was closing the gates on an elevator the rope holding the counterweight broke and the gate fell on his hand. Investigation disclosed that the rope had become frayed through extended use. A ll such equipment should be inspected regu larly and , if fou/nd defective , should be repaired immediately . 31 APPENDIX— STATISTICAL TABLES Appendix.—Statistical Tables T a b le 1.— Industrial Injury Rates for 675 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Kind of Product and by Extent of Disability, 1948 Number of disabling injuries Product1 Num ber of estab lish ments Num ber of em ployees 675 369 62 22 40 24 16 36 7 111 52,995 18,497 1,821 4,797 5,106 1,413 3,693 5,115 669 12,999 All products....................................... Structural brick...... .......................... Drain tile........................................... Roofing, floor, and wall tile __ Structural tile : Total........................ Unglazed....................................... Glazed. _ _ _____ Sewer pipe......................................... Terra cotta.......................................... Clay refractories........ ......................... Resulting in— Em ployeeDeath Perhours and per manentDeath Per Tem All dis manentworked abling (thou Total or per manent- porarytotal partialdisabilmanent- partial total injuries disabil sands) ity total disabil disabil ity disabil ity ity ity 8 107,965 4,169 (2) 21 36,907 1,698 (2) 13 192 1 3,718 9,905 238 1 11,066 362 3,190 162 1 7,876 200 2 10,638 571 1 1,337 51 3 26,239 855 1Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. *Figures in parentheses indicate the number of permanent-total dis ability cases included. T a b le Frequency rates of1 38.6 46.0 51.6 24.0 32.7 50.8 25.4 53.7 38.1 32.6 108 4,040 46 1,639 4 187 2 236 4 357 1 160 3 197 11 558 2 48 27 825 0.2 .4 .3 .1 .3 .2 .7 .1 1.0 1.2 1.1 .2 .4 .3 .4 1.0 1.5 1.0 Severity Average number of days lost or charged per in Tem injury porarySever total ity Tem rate4 disabil dis poraryity All abling total injuries disabil ity 37.4 44.4 50.2 23.8 32.2 60.2 25.0 52.5 35.9 31.5 75 93 51 16 44 72 22 66 146 66 14 14 14 13 14 11 17 15 9 16 2.9 4.3 2.6 .4 1.4 3.7 .5 3.6 5.6 2.2 8The frequency rate is the average number of industrial injuries for each million employee-hours worked. 4The severity rate is the average number of days lost for each thousand employee-hours worked. 2.— Industrial Injury Rates for 675 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Area, State, Product, and by Extent of Disability, 1948 Number of disabling injuries Severity Frequency rates of*— Average number of days Resulting in— Em lost or charged per Num Num ployeeDeath Per Tem injury ber of ber of hours and per Area, State, and product8 estab em worked Sever Death Per Tem All dis manent- manent- porarylish abling total partial total (thou Total or per manentity Per Tem rate4 ments ployees sands) injuries disabil disabil manent- partial porarydis manent- porarydisabil ity total total disabil disabil ity All abling partial ity total disabil ity injuries disabil disabil ity ity* ity ity United States : Total. N ew England: Total. Structural brick__ M iddle Atlantic: Total............ Structural brick................. Roofing, floor, and wall tile. Structural tile, glased____ Sewer pipe......................... . Clay refractories................. New Jersey : Total........ ........ Structural brick................. Roofing, floor, and wall tile. Clay refractories________ New York : Total_________ Structural brick................. Pennsylvania : Total-........... Structural brick................. Roofing, floor, and wall tile. Structural tile, glazed____ Sewer pipe........................... Clay refractories................. E ast N orth Central: T o ta l... Structural brick....... ......... Drain tile............................ Roofing, floor, and wall tile. Structural tile, glazed____ Sewer pipe.................. ........ Clay refractories................. See footnotes at end of table. 675 27 23 139 63 8 3 5 43 22 8 3 8 15 12 102 43 4 3 5 34 183 69 41 5 10 18 30 52,995 1,010 817 11,487 3,843 1,381 765 706 4,022 2,069 546 657 1,292 953 8,126 2,232 506 765 706 3,364 16,189 4,360 1,337 2,269 2,692 2,728 2,061 107,965 1,505 1,119 23,719 8,180 2,983 1,662 1,412 7,920 4,291 1,206 1,356 2,850 2,068 16,578 4,823 1,015 1,662 1,412 6,562 32,983 8,507 2,705 4,709 5,715 5,652 4,012 4,169 (2) 21 80 61 1 1,153 504 1 73 69 93 323 192 89 29 46 139 1 126 1 822 289 31 69 93 277 1,262 7 376 2 131 94 112 335 2 146 2 108 4,040 80 61 26 1,126 13 490 73 1 68 3 90 5 318 7 185 2 87 29 3 43 11 127 11 114 8 814 289 31 1 68 3 90 2 275 17 1,238 6 368 1 130 2 92 1 111 4 329 141 3 38.6 53.1 54.5 48.6 61.6 24.5 41.5 65.9 40.8 44.7 69.0 24.1 33.9 48.8 60.9 49.6 59.9 30.5 41.5 65.9 42.2 38.3 44.2 48.4 20.0 19.6 59.3 36.4 0.2 .1 .4 .5 .2 .2 .4 .5 1.0 1.1 1.6 .6 2.1 .6 1.6 1.6 2.2 3.9 5.3 .5 .6 2.1 .3 .5 .7 .4 .4 .2 .7 .7 37.4 53.1 54.5 47.5 59.9 24.5 40.9 63.8 40.2 43.1 67.4 24.1 31.7 44.5 55.1 49.1 59.9 30.5 40.9 63.8 41.9 37.6 43.3 48.0 19.6 19.4 58.2 35.2 75 12 12 41 60 13 18 21 19 47 61 13 41 156 171 20 11 14 18 21 16 66 67 18 21 23 83 113 1,183 1,021 1,373 300 300 340 921 2,150 367 1,232 1,232 819 300 300 300 1,229 1,267 300 300 300 2,525 667 14 2.9 12 .6 12 .7 13 2.0 13 3.7 .3 13 14 .8 12 1.4 14 .8 14 2.1 13 4.2 13 .3 19 1.4 17 7.6 18 10.4 12 1.0 11 .7 14 .4 14 .8 12 1.4 14 .7 16 2.5 15 2.9 16 .9 15 .4 21 .5 17 4.9 18 4.1 32 T a b le INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTS ON PRODUCTS 2.— Industrial Injury Rates for 675 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Area, State, Product, and by Extent of Disability, 1948— Continued Number of disabling injuries Frequency rates of**— Severity Resulting in— Average number of days Em Num Num ployeelost or charged per ber of ber of hours Death Per Tem injury Area, State, and product1 estab em worked All dis and per Death Per Tem abling manent- manent- porarySever lish (thou Total or per manentpartial total ity ments ployees sands) injuries total disabil Per Tem rate4 manent- partial porarydisabil total dis manent- porarydisabil ity total disabil disabil ity All abling partial total ity disabil ity injuries disabil disabil ity ity* ity ity East North Illinois: TotalCentral: __ Total—Con. Structural brick, ___ Indiana; Total Structural brick....... ................. Drain tile __ Structural tile, glazed Ohio: Total................................... Structural brick___ _________ Drain tile.................................... Hoofing, wall tile___ Structuralfloor, tile,and glazed „ Sewer pipe__ 1."......................... Clay refractories.......................... West North Central: Total........... Structural brick.......................... Structural tile, unglazed............ Sewer pipe__ 1______________ Clay refractories. Iowa:'Total..................................... Structural tile, unglazed............ Kansas: Total................................. Missouri: Total.............................. -South Atlantic: Total................. . Structural brick_____________ Clav refractories Georgia: Total...................... ......... Structural brick. Maryland: Total.......... .................. Structural brick........................ North Carolina: Total.................... Structural brick___ _________ South Carolina: Total____ Structural brick.......................... Virginia : Total Structural brick....... .................. West Virginia : Total __ Structural brick. _ East South Central: Total........ Structural brick. _ ___ Clay refractories. _ Alabama: Total.............................. Structural brick....... ................. Clay refractories________ ____ Kentucky : Total. West South Central: Total........... Structural brick.......................... Arkansas : Total__ . Structural brick . _. . Oklahoma: Total _ _ Texas : Total.............. ................. Structural brick.......................... Rockv Mountain: Total Structural brick Colorado : Total Pacific: Total................................. Structural brick.......................... Roofing, floor, and wall tile____ California: Total.......................... Structural brick......................... Roofing, floor, and wall tile Washington : Total 36 2,314 21 1,439 39 2,771 15 835 427 15 3 638 911 10,625 24 1,748 14 612 4 1,798 7 2,054 15 2,408 22 1,628 64 6,967 29 1,078 9 543 4 533 9 4,141 20 i;064 6 454 10 549 22 4,831 71 5,276 54 3,132 7 1,050 9 1,684 5 697 9 667 7 400 14 959 12 566 10 498 9 481 13 560 12 545 12 817 7 392 45 2,425 30 1,166 8 864 16 1,278 9 568 5 545 15 756 44 2,482 36 1,890 8 648 7 544 9 359 22 1,334 16 886 35 1,354 27 653 16 796 67 5,805 38 1,558 7 806 42 5,141 22 1,081 7 806 10 390 4,632 2,769 5|325 1,440 '828 1,274 22; 279 3,828 1,293 3,734 4,441 Si 007 3,121 14,876 2,368 1,277 1,188 8,509 2,476 1,059 1,172 10,046 11,472 6,711 2,382 3,872 1,557 1,374 883 1,987 1,151 1,096 1,058 1,221 1,191 1,737 761 4,588 2,132 1,692 2,643 1,187 1,101 1,264 5,199 3,946 1,393 1,179 786 2,827 1,891 2,563 1,140 1,576 11,060 2,804 1,525 9,782 1,880 1,525 812 285 160 176 69 24 55 777 128 56 88 57 316 79 517 139 72 53 185 140 65 47 265 343 199 57 103 59 56 30 54 18 24 21 51 49 45 22 157 76 59 72 27 40 58 256 204 53 53 37 162 115 101 44 78 300 95 54 256 80 54 42 6 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 (1)2 (1) 2 (1) (1) 22 (1)5 (1)4 1 2 1 11 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. * Figures in parentheses indicate the number of permanent-total disability cases included. 2 2 2 i 13 4 2 1 3 3 15 3 10 2 1 11 14 7 3 31 1 2 2 4 3 4 1 6 2 3 5 1 3 8 8 2 2 1 5 5 2 1 1 20 6 15 6 4 283 158 174 69 23 55 758 123 56 86 56 311 74 499 134 72 53 175 137 65 46 252 327 190 54 100 58 56 30 53 18 20 17 47 46 41 21 146 70 55 65 25 36 57 247 195 51 51 36 156 109 99 43 77 278 88 54 239 73 54 38 61.5 57.8 33.1 47.9 29.0 43.2 34.9 33.4 43.3 23.6 12.8 63.1 25.3 34.8 58.7 56.4 44.6 21.7 56.5 61.4 40.1 26.4 29.9 29.7 23.9 26.6 37.9 40.8 34.0 27.2 15.6 21.9 19.9 41.8 41.2 25.9 28.9 34.2 35.7 34.9 27.2 22.7 36.3 45.9 49.2 51.7 38.0 45.0 47.1 57.3 60.8 39.4 38.6 49.5 27.1 33.9 35.4 26.2 42.6 35.4 51.7 0.4 .7 .4 0.3 .3 .4 .6 .2 .8 .4 .2 .2 .3 1.8 1.9 1.1 1.9 .6 .8 .8 .9 .8 .2 .3 .4 .5 .2 .4 .2 .5 1.2 .6 1.0 .5 .2 .6 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.2 .8 .9 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.3 .8 .6 .5 1.8 1.9 3.3 2.5 2.3 1.3 1.3 .9 1.8 1.9 .8 2.7 1.5 2.0 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.8 2.6 .8 .9 .6 1.8 2.1 1.5 3.2 4.9 61.1 57.1 32.7 47.9 27.8 43.2 34.0 32.1 43.3 23.1 12.6 62.1 23.7 33.6 56.6 56.4 44.6 20.5 55.3 61.4 39.2 25.1 28.5 28.4 22.6 25.8 37.3 40.8 34.0 26.7 15.6 18.3 16.1 38.5 38.7 23.6 27.6 31.8 32.9 32.5 24.5 21.1 32.7 45.1 47.5 49.4 36.6 43.3 45.8 55.1 57.7 38.6 37.7 48.9 25.1 31.4 35.4 24.5 38.9 35.4 46.8 16 20 27 13 26 18 87 115 22 22 28 82 199 66 106 12 14 53 58 11 21 87 131 122 228 72 18 12 12 18 7 651 743 61 57 377 198 223 343 145 211 245 204 123 91 112 66 66 73 105 144 25 38 16 138 137 13 137 161 13 145 300 300 1,050 300 1,400 1,750 300 300 2,767 667 657 300 745 300 300 705 2,018 1,407 4,000 2,033 300 300 1,650 1,650 638 750 4,000 4,000 425 450 450 390 300 450 1,675 1,675 900 900 2,400 1,840 1,840 525 750 300 1,260 967 1,320 967 1,275 14 1.0 16 1.1 15 .9 .6 13 .7 14 18 .8 17 3.0 14 3.9 .9 22 15 .5 .4 23 18 5.2 23 5.0 12 2.3 13 6.2 .7 12 14 .6 13 1.1 11 3.3 11 .7 .8 15 13 2.3 14 3.9 13 3.6 18 5.4 14 1.9 .7 13 12 .5 .4 12 12 .5.1 7 17 14.3 18 14.8 12 2.6 12 2.4 23 9.8 17 5.7 17 7.6 17 12.2 21 5.0 19 5.7 12 5.6 23 7.4 20 5.6 16 4.5 17 5.8 33 2.5 33 2.9 9 3.5 11 6.0 13 8.8 15 1.0 21 1.4 12 .8 15 3.7 14 4.7 13 .5 13 3.6 15 6.9 13 .5 26 7.5 1The frequency rate is the average number of industrial injuries for each million employee-hours worked, 4The severity rate is the average number of days lost for each thousand employee-hours worked. 33 APPENDIX— STATISTICAL TABLES T a b le 3.— Industrial Injury Rates for 675 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Product, Size of Plant and by Extent of Disability, 1948 Product and size of plant1 Total................................................ Less than 25 employees....... ...... 25 to 49 employees....................... 50 to 74 employees....................... 75 to 99 employees....................... 100 to 249 employees................... 250 employees and over_______ Structural brick : Total________ Less than 25 employees_______ 25 to 49 employees.............. ........ 50 to 74 employees....................... 75 to 99 employees....................... 100 to 249 employees................... 250 e m p l o y e e s a n d o v e r Structural tile : Total................... Less than 50 employees_______ 50 t,o 99 e m p l o y e e s ... . 100 to 249 employees_________ 250 employees and over_______ Sewer pipe : Total...................... . Less than 100 employees______ 100 to 249 employees................... 250 employees and over_______ Clay refractories : Total.-............ L a s s t h a n 50 e m p l o y e e s 50 to 74 employees___________ 75 to 99 employees....................... 100 to 249 employees_________ 250 employees and over.............. Number of disabling injuries Frequency rates of Severity Em Resulting in— Average number of days Num Num ployeelost or charged per hours Death Per Tem injury ber of ber of worked and per manent- poraryestab em (thou All dis Death Sever Per Tem abling manent- partial total lish or per- manentity porary- injuries total disabil disabil Per Tem rate ments ployees sands) Total m<ment4 All dis manent- porarydisabil ity partial total ity total disabil abling partial total ity disabil ity disabil ity injuries disabil disabil ity > ity ity 675 160 206 102 71 107 29 369 85 144 73 39 24 4 40 16 11 10 3 36 10 23 3 111 41 10 20 33 7 52,995 2,154 7,250 6,021 6,034 15,279 16,257 18,497 1, 271 5,054 4,304 3,323 3,194 1,351 5,106 520 739 1,632 2,215 5,115 740 3,523 852 12,999 1,025 574 1,696 4,652 5,052 107,965 3,627 1,436 12,367 12,347 31,605 33.656 36,907 1,996 9.606 8,729 6,914 6,671 2,991 11,066 1,216 1, 518 3, 776 4,556 10,638 1, 531 7,340 1,767 26,239 2,045 1,164 3,324 9, 212 10, 494 4,169 122 611 596 589 1,367 884 1,698 65 429 433 336 293 142 362 47 74 176 65 571 87 366 118 855 56 49 135 391 224 (2) 21 (1) 44 (1) 54 4 (2) 13 (1) 33 (1) 32 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 *Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. >Figures in parentheses indicate the number of permanent-total disability cases included. 108 4,040 110 8 15 592 10 582 13 571 38 1,325 24 860 46 1,639 3 59 11 415 8 422 7 327 15 276 2 140 4 357 47 73 4 172 65 11 558 3 84 7 357 1 117 27 825 3 53 49 5 127 9 382 10 214 38.6 33.6 42.5 48.2 47.7 43.3 26.3 46.0 32.6 44.7 49.6 48.6 43.9 47.5 32.7 38.7 48.7 46.6 14.3 53.7 56.8 49.9 66.8 32.6 27.4 42.1 40.6 42.4 21.3 0.2 1.1 .3 .3 .4 .1 .4 1.5 .3 .3 .3 .3 .1 .7 .2 .3 .1 .9 1.0 2.2 1.0 .8 1.1 1.2 .7 1.2 1.5 1.1 .9 1.0 2.2 .7 .4 1.1 1.0 2.0 1.0 .6 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 37.4 30.3 41.2 47.1 46.2 42.0 25.6 44.4 29.6 43.3 48.4 47.3 41.4 46.8 32.2 38.7 48.0 45.5 14.3 52.5 54.8 48.6 66.2 31.5 25.9 42.1 38.2 41.4 20.3 75 267 77 83 91 67 43 93 354 80 87 76 114 33 44 9 92 42 22 66 107 72 17 66 40 10 165 54 45 1,183 869 1,033 1,825 1,192 1,263 981 1.240 1,450 964 1,744 1,371 1,137 750 1,225 1,225 1,582 2,767 1,257 300 948 367 380 1,717 715 14 2.9, 15 9.0 13 3.3 13 4.0 14 4.3 15 2.9 16 1.1 14 4.3 11 11.5 14 3.6 14 4.3 12 3.7 15 5.0 23 1.6 149 1.4 .4 11 4.5 15 2.0 22 .3 15 3.6 12 6.1 16 3.6 15 1.2 16 22 2.2 1.1 10 .4 19 6.7 15 2.3 14 1.0 * The frequency rate is the average number of industrial injuries for each million employee-hours worked, 4The severity rate is the average number of days lost for each thousand employee-hours worked. 34 T a b le INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS 4.— Industrial Injury Rates for 650 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Kind of Safety Organization and by Extent of Disability, 1948 Number of disabling injuries Frequency rates of Severity Resulting in— Average number of days Em Num Num ployeelost or charged per Death Per Tem injury ber of ber of hours and per Rind of safety organization1 estab em worked Death Per Tem All dis manent- manent- porarySever lish abling total partial total (thou Total or per manentity Per- Tem- rate4 ments ployees sands) injuries manent- partial porarydisabil disabil disabil ity total All dis manent- porarytotal disabil disabil ity ity abling partialtotaldisabil ity ity injuries disabil- disability* ity ity Total................................................ Establishments with safety engi neers. ....................................... And with safety committees___ Composed of supervisory wnrkttrs Composed of supervisory and nonsupervisory workers.._ Establishments without safety engineers................................... But with safety committees___ Composed of nonsupervisory workers Composed of supervisory workers.................................... Composed of supervisory and nonsupervisory workers.......... And without safety committees... 650 52,002 106,019 4,073 (1)20 21 17 5 11 6,469 6,009 2,384 3,529 13,246 245 12,383 210 5,061 34 7,138 176 629 187 10 65 101 442 45,533 21,195 1,804 7,532 11,308 24,338 92,773 43,418 3,751 15,482 23,159 49,355 1 3,828 (1) 19 7 1,593 52 4 568 942 3 2,235 (1)12 *Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. 3 Figures in parentheses indicate the number of permanent-total disability cases included. T a b le 105 3,948 38.4 0.2 19 19 4 15 225 191 30 161 18.5 17.0 6.7 24.7 86 3,723 41 1,545 2 50 23 541 16 923 45 2,178 41.3 36.7 13.9 36.7 40.7 45.3 1.0 37.2 73 1,143 15 2.8 .1 1.4 1.5 .8 2.1 17.0 15.5 5.9 22.6 140 1,276 131 1,276 67 413 143 1,507 18 17 21 16 2.6 2.2 .5 3.5 .2 .2 .9 .9 .5 1.5 .7 .9 40.2 35.6 13.4 34.9 39.9 44.2 69 65 103 100 43 72 14 15 21 14 16 14 2.8 2.4 1.4 3.7 1.7 3.2 .3 .1 .2 1,113 906 2,150 1,093 481 1,302 3The frequency rate is the average number of industrial injuries for each million employee-hours worked, 4 The severity rate is the average number of days lost for each thousand employee-hours worked. 5.—Industrial Injury Rates for 675 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products Classified by Department and Extent of Disability, 1948 Number of disabling injuries Department1 Severity Resulting in— Average number of days Em Num Num ployeelost or charged per ber of ber of hours Death Per Tern- injury and per manent- poraryestab em worked Death All dis Sever Per Tem abling manent- partial total lish (thou Total or per manentity Per Tem rate4 ments ployees sands) total disabil disabil injuries manent- partial poraryAll dis manent- porarytotal disabil ity total disabil disabil ity abling partial total ity disabil ity ity injuries disabil disabil ity 1*3 ity ity Total...............................-.............. 675* Clay pit__....................................... 94 Clay mine..........................-........... 434 Preparation..................................... Molding........................................... 611 Soft-mud process. ................. - 149 Stifl-mud process..................... 332 Dry-press................. ............. 100 D rying........... .......................... 257 Setting......... ....................—..........- 500 511 Burning......................................... 421 Drawing and wheeling................ . Storage and shipping...................... 367 Glazing............................................ 62 Administration and service.......... 1,288 Administrative and clerical-.. 470 Plant maintenance................... 457 Power........................ -............. 126 52,995 1,436 1,147 2,323 8,991 1,918 4,083 2,289 849 4,365 3,958 4,421 3,851 905 7,700 3,351 3,093 403 107,965 2,873 2,375 4,843 17,992 3,778 8,141 4,615 1,678 8,712 8,399 9,077 7,978 1,829 16,356 7,061 6,673 839 2 21 ( ) 121 177 229 603 154 315 102 80 373 228 547 441 26 443 21 357 24 (1)4 (1)3 3 3 i 1 2 5 3 1 1Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. 3 Figures in parentheses indicate the number of permanent-total dis ability cases included. 3 The frequency rate is the average number of industrial injuries for each million employee-hours worked. Frequency rates of *— 108 4,040 111 6 175 2 11 215 22 578 8 146 9 303 3 3 76 5 367 7 219 1 546 5 436 26 13 425 1 '20 11 343 1 22 38.6 42.1 74.5 47.3 33.5 40.8 38.7 22.1 47.7 42.8 27.1 60.3 55.3 14.2 27.1 3.0 53.5 28.6 0.2 1.4 .6 .2 .4 .6 .1 .2 .3 .4 1.2 2.1 .8 2.3 1.2 2.1 1.1 .7 1.8 .6 .8 .1 .6 ....... .8 .1 1.6 1.2 37.4 38.6 73.7 44.4 32.1 38.7 37.2 21.4 45.3 42.1 26.1 60.2 54.7 14.2 26.0 2.9 51.5 26.2 75 271 36 169 76 60 104 25 107 50 129 12 29 15 106 24 93 273 1,183 1,100 1,350 1,559 820 856 1,078 300 467 1,580 1,971 300 1,460 885 300 991 300 14 2.9 20 11.4 21 2.7 16 8.0 16 2.5 16 2.4 17 4.0 16 .5 16 5.1 13 2.1 16 3.5 12 .7 13 1.6 15 .2 12 2.9 .1 11 12 5.0 12 7.8 * The severity rate is the average number of days lost for each thousand employee-hours worked. 3 Number of establishments reporting. APPENDIX— STATISTICAL TABLES T a b le 35 6.—Distribution of Industrial Injury-Frequency Rates of 675 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Product and Size of Plant, 1948 Product and size of plant 1 Total number of estab lish ments Total............................................ T.fiss t h a n 25 e m p l o y e e s . 50 to 74 employees.............. 75 to 99 employees________ 10ft t.o 2 4 9 e m p l o y e e s 250 employees and over____ Structural brick.......................... Less than 25 employees___ 25 t o 4 9 e m p l o y e e s 50 to 74 employees. .............. 75 to 99 employees. .............. 100 to 249 employees______ 250 employees and over____ Structural tile............ ............... Less than 50 employees___ 50 to 99 employees________ 100 to 249 employees______ 250 employees and over____ Sewer pipe_________________ Less than 100 employees___ 100 to 249 employees______ 250 employees and over Clay refractories.......................... Less than 50 employees___ 60 to 74 employees________ 75 to 99 employees________ 100 to 249 employees............. 250 employees and over____ 25 t o 4 9 e m p l o y e e s ' Number of establishments with frequency rates of *— 150 to 125 to and lto 9 10 to 19 20 to 29 30 to 39 40 to 49 50 to 59 60 to 69 70 to 79 80 to 89 90 to 99 100 124 149 over 0 675 204 160 106 206 69 13 102 71 8 107 8 29 369 121 85 57 144 48 73 8 39 6 24 2 4 40 9 16 6 — 11 10 3 36 10 23 3 111 41 10 20 33 7 2 1 13 59 1 22 11 6 2 1 5 5 4 13 6 21 1 2 2 20 8 19 1 2 28 14 7 4 3 is” 2 14 12 3 4 1 4 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 26 71 5 18 1 2 5 2 2 i 3 3 2 2 6 2 2 2 6 1 3 3 5 15 5 16 2 4 4 22 2 4 5 9 6 6 6 6 2 23~ 2 7 5 5 — 13 2 4 3 3 1 2 2 4 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 5 1 2 6 2 2 2 1 3 6 10 1 3 3 7 6 26 3 5 6 11 9 4 3 1 1 11 1 39 2 8 9 6 3 8 6 2 2 1 2 2 1 55 6 13 9 8 14 5 26~ 47 5 16 8 7 6 5 48 4 12 7 7 14 4 23 4 1 2 1 5 3 1 2 1 2 6 2 1 2 1 1 4 4 2 36 3 11 6 8 8 14 3 4 4 1 1 1 20 2 10 2 6 1 1 7 4 4 3 2 1 1 7 5 2 4 3 1 28 4 13 7 4 — — — 21 2 11 5 3 20 6 8 2 1 15g 4 3 2 1 155 7 38 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 *Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. *The frequency rate is the average number of industrial injuries for each million employee-hours worked. T a b le 7.—Disabling and Medical Injuries in 133 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Nature of Injury and Extent of Disability, 1948 Average number of Number of days lost per— medical injuries Number of disabling injuries Nature of injury Total......................................................... Amputations, enucleations..................... Bruises, contusions............................... Without infection............................. With infection.................................. Bums, scalds (except chemicals)........... Chemical bums....................................... Cuts, lacerations, punctures____ ____ Without infection............................. With infection.................................. Foreign bodies, not elsewhere classified. Without infection............................. With infection............................. Fractures............................................... Hernias.................................................... Industrial diseases_____ ___________ Sprains, strains....................................... Welder’s flash.......................................... Other....................................................... Unclassified; insufficient data................ 1 Percents are based on classified cases only. Total Resulting in— Death or perma Number Percent 1 nenttotal dis ability 3 2,114 27 617 679 38 46 8 364 308 46 69 63 6 246 72 20 628 6 20 1 100.0 1.3 29.2 27.4 16.8 14.6 2.2 3.3 3.0 .3 11.6 3.4 .9 29.7 .3 .9 (6 ) 12 Dis Perma Tempo abling rary- injury nentpartial total dis dis ability ability 65 27 2 2 8 8 3 (6) 6 16 2,047 615 577 38 46 8 346 300 46 69 63 6 227 72 14 626 6 17 1 76 44T 17 17 12 11 9 43 47 14 6 4 26 214 50 1,813 19 2 913 1 Averag e number of medi cal in Tempo juries raryper dis total Number Percent 1 abling dis injury ability 14 10 10 12 11 9 10 10 14 6 4 26 28 50 19 11 2 16 1 3,568 = = =100.0 == 1,052 29.4 1,024 28.6 28 .8 96 2.7 22 .6 924 25.9 859 24.1 65 1.8 683 19.2 675 19.0 8 .2 86 2.4 13 .4 638 17.9 13 .4 38 1.1 3 1.7 1.7 .7 1.8 2.1 2.8 2.6 2.8 1.4 9.9 10.7 1.3 .3 .7 1.0 2.2 1.9 3.0 * Figures in parentheses show the number of permanent-total disability cases included. 36 T a b le INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS 8.—Disabling and Medical Injuries in 133 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Nature of Injury and Kind of Plant, 1948 Kind of product Total number and n ledical injui•ies 1 Nature of injury Structural brick plants Hoofing, floor, and wall tile plants Structural tile plants Sewer pipe plants Clay refractory plants Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber * cent * ber cent * ber cent * ber cent * ber cent * ber cent 1 Total.............................................................. 5,682 100.0 1,593 100.0 683 100.0 687 100.0 1,163 100.0 1,485 100.0 — Amputations, enucleations.......... __........... <r 5 .4 7 K 3 .4 4 .6 Bruises, contusions.................................. 1,669 29.5 550 34.6 193 28.3 181 26.4 274 23! 6 447 30.1 Burns, scalds (except chemicals)............... 142 2.5 50 3.1 15 2.2 12 1.7 35 3^0 30 2.0 Chemical burns........................................... 30 .5 8 .5 3 3 3 .4 3 .4 12 .8 Cuts, lacerations, punctures....... ........... __ 1,278 295 18.5 22.5 159 23.3 167 24.3 262 22.6 380 25.6 Foreign bodies, not elsewhere classified... 752 13.2 .189 11.9 99 14.5 94 13.7 179 15.4 187 12.6 Fractures_______________ ___________ 332 5.8 91 6.7 26 3.8 44 6.4 87 7.5 74 5.0 Hernias.................. ..................................... 72 1.3 21 1.3 11 1.6 9 1.3 161 1.4 15 1.0 Industrial diseases...................................... 33 .6 10 .6 ’ 1 8 1.2 2 .3 12 .8 Strains, sprains........................................... 1,266 22.3 348 21.9 155 22.7 160 23.3 286 24.7 302 20.3 Welder’s flash .............................................. 19 .3 7 .4 1 .1 6 [4 3 .4 2 .2 Other............................................................ 58 18 1.0 1.1 9 10 1.5 8 1.2 .8 13 *.9 Unclassified; insufficient data.................... 4 4 'A disabling injury is one that results in death, in permanent 1 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficent data. impairment, or in an inability to work for at least one full day after the 1 Percents are based on classified cases only. day of injury. A medical injury is a nondisabling injury requiring treat ment by a physician or surgeon. — T a b le — 9.—Disabling and Medical Injuries in 133 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Nature of Injury and Department, 1948 Nature of injury Department * i Total number of disabling and Ampu medical injuries * tations, Bruises, Burns, Chem ical enucle contu scalds burns sions ations Cuts, lacera tions, punc tures Foreign bodies, Indus Un not else Frac Her trial Strains, Weld er’s Other class where tures nias dis sprains flash ified classi eases fied _ 5,682 27 1,669 142 30 1,278 Total................................................ Number. 752 332 72 33 19 58 4L Percent— ===== 100.0 .5 29.5 2.5 = =.5 22.5 ====== 13.2 5.8 —.1.3~~ ■ ■— .6 1,266 22.3 .3 1.0 • ===== ===== ===== ..... . . .= = = 0 _ 144 1 38 4 Clay p it____ .-.-....t-,.__________ Number. 3 2 2 32 14 16 29 0 Percent... 100.0 .71 26.4 2.8 2.1 22.2 9.7 11,1 1.4g 20.1 1.4 2.1q — um ber- 158 46 4 Clay mine___________________ NPercent.. 35 15 18 29 0 . 100.0 .6 29.1 2.5 22.2 11.4 9.5 3.8 .6 18.4 1.9 pFppflTfyHnn. _. .,...................... 00 1 5 Number_ 359 4 2 112 78 51 18 11 oO Percent. 100.0 .3 31.2 1.1 21.7 14.2 5.0 1.4 .6 23.1 .3 1.1Q 830 9 8 256 _____________ Number.. 5 ......... 2 Molding.— 169 89 48 12 223 . .r„L-nt-ft. Percent— 100.0 1.0 30.8 .6 20.4 .2 10.7 5.8 1.4 1.1 26.9 1. 1 Soft-mud process..................... Number.. 71 1 1 29 13 7 3 17 Percent— 100.0 1.4 40.8 18.3 9.9 4.2 1.44 23.9 9 2 Stiff-mud process__________ Number. _ 360 2 105 68 39 21 107 aft _j-1---ir ■*“ — Percent— 100.0 .6 29.2 .6 18.9 10.8 5.8 2.5 1.1 29.7 .8 Dry-press................................. Number.. 185 3 63 1 ......... 2’ 1 3 41 24 14 33 — Percent— 100.0 1.6 34.1 22.2 .5 1.1 13.09 7.65 .51 1.6 17.8 1 1 " 2 Hand—...................................... Number. _ 105 29 18 39 P ercen t- 100.0 1.0 27.6 17.1 8.6 4.8 1.0 1.0 37.0 1 .9* — ’ 1 2 Drying-—...................................... Number. _ 160 60 3 8 25 2 10 46 3 Percent-.. 100.0 1.3 37.4 1.9 15.6 5.0 6.3 1.3 .6 28.7 1.9’ 1 4 3 .........i' Setting............................................. Number. _ 404 121 66 25 25 14 142 1 Percent— 100.0 30.1 .2 .7 16.4 .2 6.2 6.2 3.5 .2 35.3 i 1. 0 6 Burning_____________________ Number.. 372 2 102 24 69 65 14 83 6 li P ercen t- 100.0 27.5 6.5 18.6 17.5 3.8 1.6 .5 22.4 1.6 Drawing and wheeling.................... Number.. 639 2 186 1 5 188 85 34 135 3 Percent— 100.0 ,3 29.1 29.4 .8 13.3 5.3 .2 21.1 .5 11 9 3 Storage and shipping..................... Number.. 850 2 278 4 198 102 51 188 : 3' it P ercen t- 100.0 .2 32.7 1.3 .5 23.3 12.0 6.04 1.11 .44 22.1 .44 1 KJladng______________________ Number. _ 88 19 20 13 22 Percent— 100.0 21.6 1.1 22.8 14.8 4.5 1.1 4.5 25.1 4.5 Surface grinding and finishing___ Number.. 70 .........1 16 1 20 9 2 21 Percent— 100.0 i. 4 22.9 1.4 28.6 12.9 2.9 29.9 Administrative and service........... Number. . 1 1,341 7 340 73 16 324 238 75 8 i‘ 8 222 16 13 Percent— ! 100.0 .5 25.3 5.4 1.2 24.2 17.8 5.6 .6 .6 16.6 1.21 1.01 Administrative and clerical— Number.. 63 3 1 21 2 10 10 14 Percent— ; 100.0 33.2 3.2 15.9 15.9 4.8 1.6 22. 2 1.6 1.6 Plant maintenance................ Number.. 941 ........(f 229 58 15 239 185 54 5 .........7" 120 15 7 i> Percent__ 100.0 24.4 .0 6.2 1.6 25.5 19.7 5.7 .5 .7 12.8 1.6 .72 1 Yard......................................... Number. . 261 72 7 2 62 34 18 63 Percent— 100.0 ............ 27.5 2.7 23.8 13.0 6.9 .8 .4 24.1 — .8 ........ 1 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient ment, or in an inability to work for at least one full day after the day of data. Percents are based on classified cases only. injury. A medical injury is a nondisablimg injury requiring treatments A disabling injury is one that results in death, In permanent impairby a physician or surgeon. Digitized for*FRASER 37 APPENDIX— STATISTICAL TABLES T able 10.—Disabling and Medical Injuries in 133 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Part of Body Injured and Extent of Disability, 1948 Average number of Number of medical days lost per— injuries Number of disabling injuries Average number of medical injuries Tempo dis rary-total Number Percent1 per Death or Per Tempo Disabling abling injury disabil perma manentinjury Number Percent1 nent-total partial rary-total ity disability2 disability disability Part of body injured Total.................................................-.............-.......... Head........ .................................................................. Eye (s) ............................................................. Brain or skull____________________________ Other__________________________________ Trunk_____________________________________ Chest (lungs), ribs, etc....................................... Back___________________________________ Abdomen _ ___________________________ Hip (s) or pelvis.. ___ ___________________ Shoulder________________________________ Other _ _________ ________________ Upper extremities........................... ........... .............. Arm (s)_________________________________ Hand (s) __ ___ __ _________________ Finger (s) and/or thumb (s)__ ____________ Lower extremities___________________________ Leg(s)____________ ___________________ Foot or feet_ __ _____________ ________ Toe (s)_ __________ __________ ___________ Body, general____ __________________ _______ Unclassified; insufficient data _ _ _____ 1 Percents Resulting in Total 2,114 195 108 21 66 655 119 332 90 26 76 12 551 107 162 282 659 197 282 180 531 100.0 9.2 5.1 1.0 3.1 31.0 5.6 15.7 4.3 1.2 3.6 .6 26.1 5.1 7.7 13.3 31.2 9.3 13.4 8.5 2.5 are based on classified cases only. (6) 12 3 2 1 (6) 6 (6) 6 55 2 2 3 1 I 1 3 39 5 1 33 9 1 3 5 2 2,047 190 106 19 65 646 113 331 90 25 76 11 512 102 161 249 650 196 279 175 48 1 76 118 39 580 100 74 311 14 41 29 15 53 77 197 31 57 37 40 39 31 440 13 14 7 6 10 10 16 11 13 41 10 15 12 11 11 13 10 15 20 13 13 17 13 3,568 1,006 772 54 180 592 155 293 35 26 72 11 1,336 169 386 781 597 193 239 165 36 1 100.0 28.2 21.7 1.5 5.0 16.6 4.3 8.3 1.0 .7 2.0 .3 37.5 4.7 10.8 22.0 16.7 5.4 6.7 4.6 1.0 1.7 5.2 7.1 2.6 2. 7 .9 1.3 .9 .4 1.0 .9 .9 2.4 1.6 2.4 2.8 .9 1.0 .8 .9 .7 2 Figures in parentheses show the number of permanent-total disability cases included. T able 11.—Disabling and Medical Injuries in 133 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Kind of Plant, 1948 Part of body injured Total number of disabling and Roofing, floor, medical injuries1 Structural brick and wall tile plants plants Kind of product Structural tile plants Sewer pipe plants Clay refractory plants Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber 2 cent2 ber cent3 ber cent3 ber cent3 ber cent3 ber cent3 683 100.0 687 100.0 1,163 100.0 1,485 Total-------- ------------------------------------- 5,682 100.0 1, 593 100.0 100.0 21.1 349 21.9 139 20.4 152 22.1 Head--------------------------------------------- 1,201 266 22.9 289 19.5 14.6 880 15.5 233 16.3 107 Eye (s)------- -----------------------------111 14.4 15.5 210 213 18.1 Brain or skull_________ __________ 41 2.6 4 75 1.3 7 1.0 .6 11 .9 12 .8 Other______ ________ ___________ 246 75 4.7 21 41 4.3 3.1 45 3.9 64 6.0 4.3 Trunk_____________________________ 1,247 22.0 357 22.4 128 18.7 158 23.0 310 26.7 282 19.0 274 Chest (lungs), ribs, etc____________ 4.9 34 34 4.8 78 5.0 4.9 60 5.2 67 4.5 Back..................................................... 53 7.7 625 169 10.6 11.1 87 12.7 177 15.1 130 8.8 Abdomen___ ______ _____________ 2.4 125 2.2 15 2.2 38 13 24 1.9 2.1 33 2.2 Hip(s) or pelvis__________________ 52 .6 .9 9 1.5 10 10 10 1.5 .9 13 9 Shoulder________________________ 148 56 3.5 2.2 2.6 15 12 32 1.7 33 2.2 2.8 Other............. ........................................ .4 .4 23 7 1 .1 2 .3 7 .6 6 .4 33.2 263 38.5 U pper extremities................................ ... 1,887 468 29.4 216 31.5 356 30.7 555 37.3 276 Arm (s)_........................... .................... 4.9 77 4.8 35 5.1 25 3.6 61 5.3 75 5.1 548 9.6 9.0 Hand (s)....... ..................................... . 143 81 11.9 66 9.6 101 8.7 150 10.1 Finger (s) and/or thumb (s)____ ____ 1,063 15.6 18.7 248 147 21.5 194 125 18.3 22.1 16.7 330 Lower extremities............................ .......... 1,256 22.1 389 24.4 143 20.9 149 21.7 213 18.3 340 22.9 8.2 390 6.9 130 Leg(s)................................................... 43 6.3 44 6.4 67 5.8 6.8 101 Foot or feet........................................... 521 9.1 163 10.2 49 7.2 84 67 9.8 7.2 146 9.8 345 Toe(s).................................................... 6.1 96 6.0 51 7.4 38 5.5 62 5.3 93 6.3 Body, general......................... ..................... 89 1.6 1.9 30 10 1.5 12 16 1.4 1.7 19 1.3 2 Unclassified; insufficient data__________ 2 1A disabling injury is one that results in death, in permanent impairment, or In an inability to work for at least one full day after the day of injury. A medical injury is a nondisabling injury requiring treatment by a physician or surgeon. 2Totals include figures not shown separately 2Percents are based on classified cases only, because of insufficient data T able 12.— Disabling and Medical Injuries in 133 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Part of Body Injured and Department, 1948 Part of body injured Total number of disabling and med ical injuries2 Total................................................. Number. _ 5,682 Percent... 100.0 inn144n Clay m in e .__ __________ ___ Number. _ 158 Percent... 100.0 Preparation _ _ __________ Number. _ 359 Percent... 100.0 Molding______ _ _ __ __ Number. _ 830 Percent... 100.0 Soft-mud process.................. Number. _ 71 Percent. _. Stiff-mud process___________ Number . 100.0 360 Percent... 100.0 Dry-press_________________ Number. _ 185 Percent... 100.0 Hand__________ __________ Number.. 105 Percent... 100.0 Drying_______________________ Number. _ 160 Percent__ 100.0 Setting............................... ........... Number.. 404 Percent... 100.0 Burning________________ _____ Number. _ 372 Per cent... 100.0 Drawing and wheeling__________ Number. _ 639 Percent... 100.0 Storage and shipping...................... Number. _ 850 Percent... 100.0 Glazing_____________________ Number. _ 88 Percent__ 100.0 Surface grinding and finishing........ Number. _ 70 Percent... 100.0 Administrative and service______ Number. _ 1,341 Percent... 100.0 Administrative and clerical___ Number.. 63 Percent... 100.0 Plant maintenance.................... Number. _ 941 Percent... 100.0 Yard________________ _____ Number. _ 261 Percent... 100.0 Lower extremities Body gen Hip Shoul Brain Fin Abdo Total Eye or Other Total Chest Back men or der Other Total Arm Hand ger Total Leg Foot Toe eral pelvis skull 880 75 246 15.5 1.3 4.3 4 8 25377 17253 2 8 5.6 7 30 22 1 19.0 14J) .67 4.4 85 55 23 23.7 15.4 1.9 6.4 6 141 101 34 17.0 12.2 .7 4.1 9 7 2 12.7 9.9 2.8 71 47 2 22 19.7 13.0 .6 6.17 33 26 17.8 3.8 14.0 11 9 2 10.5 8.6g 2 1.9 8 18 11.3 5.0 1.35 5.0 8 51 28 12.7 7.0 1.28 4.5 99 75 16 26.6 20.1 2.25 4.3 123 92 26 19.2 14.3 .8 4.1 160 115 17 28 18.8 13.5 2.01 3.31 15 13 17.0 14.8 1.1 1.11 11 10 15.7 14.3 ...... 1.4 368 64 293 27.4 21.8 .8 4.8 15 12 3 23.8 19.0 4.8 288 237 6" 43 30.6 25.1 .9 4.6 46 34 1 H 17.6 13.0 .4 4.2 1,201 21.1 1,247 274 22.0 4.8 24 2.84 16.7 47 14 29.7 8.9 83 16 23.1 4.5 199 46 24.0 5.5 18 3 25.4 4.2 99 23 27.5 6.4 27 13 13.0 5.5 30 2 28.6 1.9 42 4 26.3 2.5 135 27 33.4 6.7 92 14 24.7 3.8 139 38 21.8 5.9 196 42 23.1 4.9 19 2 21.6 2.3 13 2 18.6 2.9 205 49 15.3 3.7 7 2 11.1 3.1 117 35 12.4 3.7 62 12 23.8 4.6 625 11.1 14 9.7 18 11.3 42 11.6 102 12.3 11 15.6 52 14.4 8 4.3 18 17.1 27 16.9 67 16.5 43 11.4 70 11.1 102 12.1 13 14.88 11.4 104 7.8 2 3.2 53 5.6 37 14.3 1Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient space. Percents are based on classified cases only. Upper extremities Trunk Head 125 2.2 52 .9 2 1.4 8 2 5.1 1.3 9 6 2.5 1.7 19 5 2.3 .6 ......II' 3.1 3 3 .8 1.6 -4 3.8 1.0 6 3.8 19 4 4.7 1.0 11 7 3.07 1.9 6 .9 1.1 13 12 1.51 1.4 1.1 1 1.4 16 1.2 1 1.6 9 4 1.5 1.0 -.6 1 1.6 7 .7 148 2.6 3 4 2.5 2.1 8 2.2 24 2.9 3 4.2 9 2.5 2 1.1 6 4.8 4 2.5 18 4.5 14 3.8 15 2.3 23 2.71 1.1 2 2.9 26 1.91 1.6 11 1.2 9 3.4 23 1,887 276 .4 33.2 4.9 1 4 48 . 7 33.3 2.8 1 3 42 .6 26.6 1.9 16 2 113 .6 31.5 4.5 3 305 48 .4 36.8 5.8 1 24 5 1.41 33.7 7.0 115 21 .31 32.0 5.8 83 11 .5 44.9 5.9 41 6 .. 38.9 5.7 7 43 .6 26.9 4.4 116 16 28.8 4.0 3’ 89 21 .8 23.9 5.6 3 226 36 .5 35.4 5.6 4 271 48 .5 32.0 5.7 2 6 39 2.3 44.4 6.8 2 30 42.8 2.9 2" 485 62 .1 36.2 4.6 21 3 33.3 4.8 2" 361 43 2 38.4 4.6 80 13 30.7 5.0 548 1,063 9.6 18.7 11 33 7.6 22.9 31 8 5.1 19.6 26 71 7.2 19.8 78 179 9.4 21.6 6 13 8.5 18.2 25 69 6.9 19.3 24 48 13.0 26.0 14 21 13.3 19.9 17 19 10.6 11.9 33 67 8.2 16.6 28 40 7.5 10.8 72 118 11.3 18.5 80 143 9.4 16.9 14 19 15911 21.7 17 15.7 24.2 144 279 10.7 20.9 7 11 11.1 17.4 101 217 10.7 23.1 27 40 10.3 15.4 1,256 390 22.1 6.9 31 8 21.5 5.6 37 8 23.4 5.1 73 26 20.3 7.2 173 54 20.8 6.5 20 3 28.2 4.2 71 23 19.7 6.4 37 8 20.0 4.3 22 9 21.0 8.6 56 15 34.9 9.4 93 28 23.1 6.9 81 32 21.8 8.6 147 41 23.0 6.4 210 63 24.7 7.4 14 3 15.9 3.4 16 5 22.9 7.1 258 89 19.2 6.6 18 5 28.6 7.9 158 59 16.8 6.3 70 18 26.8 6.9 521 345 9.1 6.1 12 8.3 20 12.6 32 8.9 83 10.0 12 17.0 36 10.0 18 9.8 9 8.6 31 19.2 39 9.7 32 8.6 42 6.6 78 9.2 6 6.8 7 108 10.1 8.1 12 19.1 67 7.1 25 9.6 11 7.6 9 5.7 15 4.2 36 4.3 5 7.0 12 3.3 11 5.9 4 3.8 10 6.3 26 6.5 17 4.6 64 10.0 69 8.1 5 5.7 4 5.7 61 4.5 89 1.6 Unclas sified; insuffi cient data 2 4 2.8 2 1.3 5 1.4 12 1.4 4" 1.1 5 4.3 ................ 1 1.0 ............... 1 .6 8 2.0 11 1 .6 12 1 3.0 4 1.4 1 1.1 .......... ________ 25 1.9 1 2 1.6 3.2 ________ 32 17 3.4 1.8 27 3 10.3 1.1 3A disabling injury is one that results in death, in permanent impairment, or in an inability to work for at least one full day after the day of injury. A medical injury is a nondisabling injury requiring treatment by a physician or surgeon. INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS Department1 39 APPENDIX— STATISTICAL TABLES T able 13.—Disabling and Medical Injuries in 133 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Nature of Injury and Part of Body Injured, 1948 Part of body injured Total................................................ Head______ _________ _______ Eye(s)__.................................. Brain or skull. ....................... Other...................... ............ Trunk______________________ Chest (lungs), ribs, etc____ Back....................................... Abdomen................................ Hip (s) or pelvis__________ Shoulder (s)______________ Other.................................. Upper extremities........................ Arm(s)_____________ ____ Hand(s) (incl. wrist)______ Finger (s) and/or thumb (s) .. Lower extremities____________ Leg(s)___ _______ _______ Foot (incl. ankle) or feet___ Toe(s)...................................... Body, general............................... Unclassified; insufficient data... Nature of injury xuiai number of disabling Cuts, Foreign bodies Indus Chem lacera not and medi Amputa Un tions, Bruises, else Frac Her trial Strains, Weld contu Burns, cal in enuclea ical tions, where er's Other class scalds tures dis sprains flash nia burns punc classi juries 1 tions sions ified eases tures fied 5,682 1,201 880 75 246 1, 247 274 625 125 52 148 23 1,887 276 548 1,063 1,256 390 521 345 89 2 27 1 1 23 23 3 3 1,669 104 26 21 57 248 126 40 9 21 38 14 603 97 144 362 676 208 256 212 38 142 42 25 17 7 1 4 1 1 68 21 31 16 18 8 10 7 1A disabling injury is one that results in death, in permanent impairment, or in an inability to work for at least one full day after the day of 30 20 14 6 5 2 3 4 2 2 1 1,278 219 36 51 132 18 . 3 4 2 5 2 2 872 89 240 543 160 78 59 23 9 752 332 72 752 7 752 3 4 58 72 47 3 . 72 3 3 2 104 12 22 70 162 18 41 103 1 33 1,266 6 15 1 2 4 14 6 835 6 89 574 42 22 103 5 12 180 5 44 4 97 3 39 1 230 1 73 153 4 8 5 1 19 19 19 58 15 3 12 3 2 4 1 1 1 19 6 6 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 1 injury. A medical injury is a nondisabling injury requiring treatment by a physician or surgeon. T able 14.— Types of Accidents and Agencies of Injury in Injury-Producing Accidents in 133 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, 1948 O Agency of injury Hand tools Working surfaces Machines Foreign Misbodies cel- Other Hand Pow not laneBrick PointPointagen Drier trucks ered Wall Other Other ous else and Other Total of-op- Other Total Floor sur metal cies and Total and and in ve where Total of-opTotal struc Sewer parts parts eraerafloor wheel dus kiln pipe parts hicles faces clas tural tion tion cars bar trial tile sified tile rows trucks Total ....................................—............................ 5,682 1,079 873 621 212 181 101 59 788 31 52 39 101 158 53 36 14 57 Bumping against products or materials---314 45 Striking against projecting nails, screws, 0^ | __ 119 26 12 6 1 1 64 Other 552 433 104 2,238 Struck by objects TPollincr 460 372 80 918 145 114 26 256 From bands of wor^prsnlnpAS UV/vm ac nr 3 129 126 202 riUiii 'nil piivd yjL uc+nratrA IU1dgv plutvO 116 95 19 From vehicles and other equipment. __ 176 70 37 32 284 From other positions TPlxrinor iwi-MpIaq 36 24 5 847 T?nllincr nhiAnt.s 79 T'hrAtm nhiApt.s 4 35 31 45 21 6 15 Other moving objects 349 14 96 59 35 751 Caught in on or bfit.^rp.p.nA.t.n rtnorc niilloirfi 53 VJCaX piUtC/Oy hftlt.Q UC-*bOj CbC93 Other moving parts of pquipTnpnt, 72 Two vehicles 1 15 14 A vehicle and ftpot.hp.r nhjpnt, 155 A hand tool and anot.hpr nhjpct, 39 78 44 32 200 Handled objects 1 3 2 14 139 Other objects 1 24 15 8 240 Falls on HlffArpnt. same levelIp.vpIs 1 q11o tn 5 4 176 -----------i;1? alio tO UlllO* vllw *v » vio. —------—--4 4 Slinc nr stnmhlftS 8 324 231 4 SUpq ______________ 4 304 8 217 .QtmnhloQ 14 20 OvprATArtinn 833 835 467 467 Lifting carrying objects __ "PnchlnorornhiAct.S 114 112 "Pnllinor Ahiont.S 54 54 64 64 Throwing or swinging nbjpnts 54 54 Turning or roiiing nfiificts 82 82 other 5 4 126 1 Contact with extreme temperatures 112 1 Inhalation absorption, ingpst.ion 40 other accident types 1 1 52 Unclassified* insiiffipipnt. data Vehicles Products 294 105 189 203—..-404 1,290 . ■. , 226. —= 178 = : ■■■.. - ■ ■.......... ----187— ..... 6 22 31 12 19 36 272 71 28 4 23 1 6 2 2 24 11 2 11 2 10 4 64 11 5 4 4 77 6 9 3 42 3 4 64 5 5 2 2 8 1 3 11 1 1 14 9 38 2 2 113 435 139 37 314 204 110 1 11 28 28 88 265 34 ' 7 7 66 2 6 2 65 3 6 3 45 1 11 16 16 42 89 3 125 5 128 125 78 10 2 1 1 9 13 21 157 79 78 15 81 2 2 33 73 42 2 40 4 4 26 177 23 28 1 2 31 30 3 11 1 1 11 1 37 37 2 1 1 1 1 25 81 1 2 18 1 1 2 2 45 2 1 1 144 63 81 4 39 1 2 109 30 79 51 1 1 4 1 2 10 4 39 2 10 1 1 1 3 3 36 1 1 3 2 2 121 40 —661 239 —173 ----21 124 43 32 10 1 1 1 8 10 5 3 105 36 30 8 223 128■■ ■ —468 -- 426--- — 39 116 45 1 1 1 2 31 108 44 8 9 2 1 15 181 47 8 65 15 5 4 2 6 6 1 55 9 7 77 31 39 1 2 286 126 2 18 72 47 128 56 1 2 12 3 53 20 5 1 25 1 8 28 12 26 11 1 2 1 8 1 5 1 76 44 3 1 41 3 1 5 1 17 465 3 5 176 12 41 21 11 49 2 21 17 63 2 16 9 27 1 8 1 3 3 3 465 4 10 48 2 8 11 1 6 20 7 6 10 10 12 130 2 1 1 8 34 2 5 12 1 3 2 1 3 34 106 23 61 2 20 2 2 12 12 6 5 1 3 1 3 4 1 18 14 4 6 80 111 34 50 INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS Accident type Total num ber of acci- Bodily dents motion 41 APPENDIX— STATISTICAL TABLES T able 15.— Types of Accidents Resulting in Injuries in 133 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Kind of Plant, 1948 Accident type Total number of accidents Kind of plant Structural brick plants Roofing, floor, and wall tile plants Structural tile plants Sewer pipe plants Clay refractory plants Num Per Num Per Num-, Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber i cent2 ber cent2 ber cent 2 ber cent 2 ber cent2 ber cent2 Total____________ ____________________ _______ 5,682 Striking against objects_________________________ 788 Stepping on objects____________ ____________ 31 Rubbing against objects.......................................... 158 Bumping against products or materials_________ 57 Bumping against equipment................. .................. 314 Bumping against walls, etc...................................... 45 Striking against projecting nails, screws, etc......... 119 Other......................................................................... 64 Struck by objects___________________ __________ 2,238 Falling objects_____________________________ 918 From hands of workers............................. ........ 256 From piles or storage places............. ................ 202 From vehicles and other equipment............. . 176 From other positions_____________ ______ 284 Flying particles______________________ ____ 847 Rolling objects_______ ___________ _________ 79 Thrown objects___ _____ ___________________ 45 Other moving objects_______________________ 349 Caught in, on, or between.............................................. 751 Gears, pulleys, belts, e tc ......... ............................ 53 Other moving parts of equipment......................... 93 Two vehicles..................................... ............... ...... 72 A vehicle and another object.................................... 155 A hand tool and another object___ _______ _____ 39 Handled objects. ..................................................... 200 Other objects........................................... ................ 139 Falls on same level........................................ ................ 240 Falls to different levels________________ _______ 176 324 Slips or stumbles______________________________ Slips________ _____________________________ 304 Stumbles............. ........................................ ........... 20 Overexertion. ________________ _______________ 835 Lifting or carrying objects____________________ 467 Pushing objects___ _____ _____________ _____ 114 54 Pulling objects........ ................................ ................ Throwing or swinging objects_________________ 64 Turning or rolling objects____________________ 54 Other......................................................................... 82 Contact with extreme temperatures_________ _____ 126 Inhalation, absorption, ingestion....... ........... ................ 112 Other accident types.................................................. . 40 Unclassified; insufficient data...... ................................ 52 1Totals 1,593 183 14.0 13 .6 40 2.8 14 1.0 70 5.6 7 .8 2.1 21 18 1.1 610 39.8 16.4 277 4.6 80 90 3.6 3.1 50 5.1 57 213 15.0 1.4 30 23 .8 67 6.2 220 13.3 22 .9 24 1.7 1.3 30 56 2.7 11 .7 41 3.5 36 2.5 4.3 70 3.1 71 101 5.8 5.4 93 8 .4 14.8 228 8.2 92 2.0 58 1.0 9 25 1.1 12 1.0 32 1.5 2.2 46 2.0 29 .7 15 100.0 include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. 20 100.0 11.6 ' .8 2.5 .9 4.6 .4 1.3 1.1 38.8 17.6 5.1 5.7 3.2 3.6 13.5 1.9 1.5 4.3 14.0 1.4 1.5 1.9 3.6 .7 2.6 2.3 4.5 4.5 6.4 5.9 .5 14.5 5.8 3.7 .6 1.6 .8 2.0 2.9 1.8 1.0 683 123 4 14 3 59 5 30 8 245 93 40 9 12 32 108 10 2 32 86 6 18 5 24 1 24 8 27 11 47 44 3 101 65 7 15 3 4 7 10 21 6 6 100.0 18.2 .6 2.1 .4 .7 4.4 1.2 36.2 13.7 5.9 1.3 1.8 4.7 16.0 1.5 .3 4.7 12.7 .9 2.7 .7 3.5 .1 3.6 1.2 4.0 1.6 6.9 6.5 .4 14.9 9.7 8.8 1.0 2.2 .4 .6 1.0 1.5 3.1 .9 687 85 3 22 3 30 8 12 7 284 127 29 25 24 49 104 4 3 46 87 4 15 12 16 4 21 15 29 28 34 34 105 63 8 9 9 6 10 7 14 9 5 100.0 12.5 .4 3.2 .4 4.5 1.2 1.8 1.0 1,163 166 6 56 17 45 41.5 18.6 4.3 3.7 3.5 7.1 15.2 .6 .4 6.7 12.8 .6 2.2 1.8 2.3 .6 3.1 2.2 4.3 4.1 5.0 5.0 15.4 9.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 .9 1.5 1.0 2.1 1.3 2 Percents are based on classified cases only. 10 22 10 463 161 26 21 36 78 206 8 6 82 132 7 12 10 18 7 46 32 48 30 53 521 212 134 18 7 21 19 13 33 10 5 11 100.0 14.4 .5 4.8 1.5 3.9 .9 1.9 .9 40.1 14.0 2.3 1.8 3.1 6.8 17.8 .7 .5 7.1 11.5 .6 1.0 .9 1.6 .6 4.0 2.8 4.2 2.6 4.6 4.5 .1 18.4 11.7 1.6 .6 1.8 1.6 1.1 2.9 .9 .4 1,485 216 4 24 20 103 14 32 19 614 249 74 56 52 67 211 26 11 117 214 13 23 14 40 14 65 45 61 36 82 74g 181 111 23 13 5 10 19 30 37 5 9 100.0 14.6 .3 1.6 1.4 6.9 .9 2.2 1.3 41.7 17.0 5.1 3.8 3.5 4.6 14.3 1.8 .7 7.9 14.5 .9 1.6 .9 2.7 .9 4.5 3.0 4.1 2.4 5.6 5.1 .5 12.3 7.5 1.6 .9 .3 .7 1.3 2.0 2.5 .3 T able 16.— Types of Accidents Resulting in Injuries in 133 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Department, 1948 j§ Accident type 1 Total number of accidents Falling Flying par Total Total objects ticles _ 5,682 2,238 Total........................... ........ Number. Percent... 100.0 39.8 i 144 57 Clay pit..............................40 2 100 0 72 _ 158 Clay mine............................ Number. Percent... 100.0 45.9 142 _ 359 Preparation......................... Number. Percent__ 100.0 39.8 830 259 _ Molding.............................. Number Percent.._ 100.0 31.4 07 . 71 QQ4( Soft-mud process......... Number. OA P ercent. __ 100.0 OO. 116 _ 360 Stiff-mud process......... Number. Percent__ 100.0 32.7 61 _ 185 Dry-press..................... Number. Percent__ 100.0 32.9 Number. _ 105 29 Hand............................. Percent__ 100.0 27.9 44 ber.. 160 Drying................................ Num Percent__ 100.0 27.8 404 123 Number. . Setting................................. Percent__ 100.0 30.7 155 . 372 Burning............................... Number. Percent__ 100.0 42.3 301 Number. _ 639 Drawing and wheeling------ Percent__ 100.0 47.1 _ 850 361 Storage and shipping------- Number. Percent__ 100.0 43.0 Number. _ 23 88 Glazing.............................. P ercen t- 100.0 26.2 oo 46 Number.. 70 Surface grinding and fin QQ 4A Percent—_ 100.0 OO. ishing. 570 1,341 Administrative and service. Number. Percent__ 100.0 42.9 Num ber.. 15 63 Administrative and clerical. Percent__ 100.0 24.3 424 941 Plant maintenance___ Number_ 100.0 45.4 Percent... 112 _ 261 Yard.............................. Number. Percent... 100.0 43.4 T lT _., Overexertion 918 16.4 21 847 15.0 17257 14 8 35 22.3 50 14.0 85 10.3A lO VQv 14. 32 9.0 27 14.5 13 12.4 19 12.0 70 17.6 60 16.3 170 26.6 193 23.0 9 10.2Q O 11. OA 11 156 11.7 13.4 57 15.9 102 12.3Q o 1111*14 46 13.0 26 14.1 9 8.7 8 5.1 25 6.2 72 19.7 94 14.8 106 12.7 13 14.9Q IQ 10. 11 272 3.2 97 10.4 54 20.9 17.9 215 23.1 37 14.3 2 21 20.6 11 835 14.8 14 9.9 19 12.1 47 13.2 145 17.6 13 18.6 65 18.3 19 10.3 31 29.7 32 20.3 111 27.7 57 15.5 99 15.6 131 15.6 13 14.8 14 20.3 125 9.4 3 4.8 65 7.0 41 15.9 Striking against objects Contact Inhala tion, with absorp Falls toFalls dif Slip or A ve stumble on same ferent extreme Bump Striking tion, temper level hicle ing Rubbing against level atures inges and Total against against project Total Handled Lift tion objects other equip objects ing nails, ing or Push object etc. ment carry ing ing 112 176 126 240 751 200 155 324 119 158 114 788 314 467 2.0 2.2 3.1 5.8 4.3 2.7 13.3 3.5 2.1 5.6 2.8 14.0 8.2 2.0 4~ 4~ 6 3~ 5 6 10 g 32 9 9 2 4.2 3.5 4.2 2.1 7.0 2.8 1.4 22.6 6.4 2.8 6.3 5.7 2 1 3 14 6 4 10 22 2 3 3 13 2 15 1.3 .6 1.9 8.9 3.8 6.6 2.5 1.9 1.3 14.0 2.0 1.3 8.3 9.6 8 4 11 19 29 6 4 45 2 32 7 52 8 22 2.2 1.1 3.1 5.3 8.1 1.7 1.1 12.6 .6 2.0 8.9 14.6 2.2 6.3 13 6 12 39 33 59 36 174 21 64 15 117 22 79 1.6 .7 1.5 7.2 4.7 4.0 4.4 2.5 21.1 1.8 7.93 9.63 2.73 14.24 1 4 4 6 5 17 1.4 5.7 5.7 24.3 7.1 8.6 4.3 5.7 4.3 43 4 3 5 19 30 12 66 11 7 30 7 48 *8 38 1.1 .8 1 .4 8.4 5.3 3.4 3.1 18.5 2.0 8.3 2.0 13.5 2.2 10.8 5 4 12 7 9 5 46 8 1 31 18 5 9 2.7 2.2 3.8 6.5 4.9 2.7 4.4 24.8 .5 16.8 9.8 2.7 5.0 1 4 1 6 2 10 19 4 2 2 13 21 3 1.0 1.0 5.8 3.8 9.7 1.9 1.9 1.9 18.3 3.9 2.9 12.5 20.1 1 3 5 10 6 18 43 3 3 11 7 9 17 .6 1.9 3.2 6.3 3.8 27.2 1.9 11.3 4.5 1.9 7.0 5.7 10.8 3 3 17 21 28 12 14 52 8 42 22 6 15 69 .7 .7 4.2 5.2 7.0 3.0 3.5 12.9 1.5 2.0 5.6 3.7 10.4 17.3 22 7 15 26 12 20 3 29 5 10 31 9 12 11 1.9 4.1 6.0 5.4 7.1 3.3 .8 7.9 1.4 2.6 8.4 2.4 3.0 3.3 1 5 19 17 22 19 60 28 12 14 45 51 17 111 .2 .8 3.0 2.7 3.5 3.0 9.4 4.4 1.9 2.2 7.1 2.7 17.5 8.0 6 13 44 36 40 21 36 89 21 34 35 119 93 11 .7 1. 5 4.8 4.3 5.2 2.5 4.3 10.6 4.2 2.5 14.1 4.0 1.3 11.0 9 1 1 1 11 2 1 4 8 5 21 8 9 10.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 12.5 1.1 9.19 2.35 5.7 4.51 9.1 10.37 1 1 4 9 23.9 14 17 1.4 1.4 5.8 7,3 1 4 13.0 2.9 24.7 20 5 10 2 48 60 45 56 47 13 46 146 33 212 91 31 10 70 3.6 3.4 4.5 3.5 4.2 1.0 3.5 2.3 2.5 11.0 6.8 16.0 .8 5.2 1 4 3 8 7 2 1 8 1 1 11 5 1.6 4.8 6.5 3.2 11.3 12.9 1.6 12.9 1.6 1.6 17.7 8.1 42 44 30 29 29 6 28 102 24 72 17 ....... 37* .........7* 154 4.5 3.2 4.7 3.1 3.1 .6 3.0 10.9 1.8 2.6 7.8 .7 16.5 4.2 2 8 8 14 9 16 5 9 7 29 34 8 2 28 .8 3.1 3.1 3.5 5.4 1.9 6.1 3.4 2.7 11.2 13.2 3.1 .8 10.7 Due to i Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient space. Percents are based on classified cases only. Caught in, on, or be tween objects INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS Department Struck by moving objects T able 17.— Unsafe Working Conditions and Agencies of Accident in Injury-Producing Accidents in 133 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, 1948 i ft 03 § 1 § 681 373 269 478 194 139 419 459 219 217 238 132 46 15 193 41 152 186 116 44 3 183 97 65 65 65 4 6 52 16 2 12 12 12 38 10 26 166 38 61 205 86 27 51 28 1 1 8 102 9 2 5 6 21 291 1 1 1 7 4 1 1 2 44 6 1 1 14 5 3 1 2 2 8 2 7 1 4 15 3 2 28 47 19 21 38 31 2 1 6 181 20 1 20 25 164 137 25 17 5 10 39 39 3 45 42 52 40 40 5 10 67 55 121 171 1 7 20 16 5 1 1 1 4 2 4 115 5 7 X)M 03 £ 03 § 5 122 1 1 74 34 1 2 28 4 5 03 ft 11 1 48 38 10 2 2 9 118 364 205 35 2 43 34-3 § 65 5 23 76 9 1 9 13 5 4 33 148 102 3 23 2 18 4 5 1 12 2 102 102 212 17 8 9 37 12 6 1 1 17 19 7 2 10 9 4 94 94 9 94 129 94 120 6 1 1 9 jo 125 28 28 31 10 3 3 3 4 8 11 79 36 25 62 24 58 28 54 3 10 1 9 4 4 3 35 3 S3 o 20 1 22 23 21 1 15 3 2 6 1 6 7 1 7 1 4 2 12 8 1 1 1 19 8 32 51 475 2,536 1 39 173 1 83 17 36 15 3 58 141 2 6 7 37 2 22 5 12 23 29 72 1 22 19 16 1 14 3 88 54 481 4 11 1 3 1 2 22 1 1 2 1 7 2 9 3 6 3 3 2 19 1 1 17 15 1 1 13 2 1 2 8 3 u rg Unclassified l Mo g 'd Chemicals 03 3 •O § js'C Conveyors ft ft 1 G0Q) 03 Raw materials s Containers fl Metal parts not else where classified Working surfaces Machines 03 Pallets, skids 5,682 1,150 ' 582 212 70 67 219 777 143 122 123 72 60 58 52 147 388 109 65 57 36 121 358 72 62 55 169 278 259 19 122 57 16 2,536 Vehicles 6 3 3 4 3 1 1 2 1 1 ] 1 10 8 2 1 16 3 31 62 31 8 1 22 12 10 2 APPENDIX— STATISTICAL TABLES Total........................................................... .................... Unsafe working procedures...................... ..................... Lack of sufficient help_____________________ Working with sharp-edged bricks, etc_________ Throwing objects or materials. ____ ____ ___ Working with dangerous materials................ ......... Other............................................................................... Defective agencies_____________________________ Poorly designed or constructed ________________ Slippery....... ............ ....................................... .......... Low material strength______________________ Projecting splinters, slivers, etc______________ Rough, burred, etc.._____ _______ _______ ___ Sharp-edged____ __________________________ Projecting nails, bolts, etc______ ___ ___ ___ Other......................................................................... Improperly guarded agencies. ......................... ............ Lack of point-of-operation guards....... ................... Lack of guard rails.......................................... ...... Lack of guards for gears, pulleys, etc................... Lack of bolts, locks, etc........................................... O ther...................................................................... Hazardous arrangement or placement.......................... Fixed obstructions in passageways____________ Materials unsafely piled on vehicles..................... Materials unsafely piled in kilns............................ Other........................................................................ Lack of personal safety equipment.............................. Goggles..................................................................... Other. ........................................... ......................... Poor housekeeping.............................. ......................... Lack of equipment........................................................ Other unsafe conditions................................................ Unclassified; insufficient data....................................... Products Hand tools Unsafe working condition Total number of aeciden Agency of accident 9 3 3 2,533 CO T able 18.— Types of Accidents and Unsafe Working Conditions in Injury-Producing Accidents in 133 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, 1948 rf* 5,682 1,150 582 212 Total. 5 180 201 Striking against........................................................ ........ 788 31 Stepping on objects............. ................ ...................... 158 11 10637 111 Rubbing against objects__________ _____ ______ 57 40 Bumping into or against products or materials---- 314 3 3 15 Bumping into or against equipment--------- ---------1 45 2 Bumping into or against walls, etc__------------------- 119 28 28 Striking against projecting nails, slivers, etc............ 5 64 5 Other................................................. .......................... 2,238 58 19 Struck by objects.............................................................. 918 242 38 11 Falling objects............. ............ ..................-............... 256 128 4 22 42 From hands of workers____________________ 32 1 2 From piles or storage places................................. 202 2 26 176 From vehicles or other equipment........ ............ 284 28 13 41 From other positions------------------- ---------1 847 22 Flying particles................... . - -...............-.............. 79 24 9 4 Rolling objects............................................................ 34 45 Thrown objects.......... ............................................ 349 34 10 134 Other......................................................... ............ 97 50 Caught, in, on, or between--------------- --------------------- 751 53 Gears, pulleys, belts, etc........................................ 93 3 4 Other moving parts or equipment............................. 72 7 Two vehicles............................................................... 155 1 23 12 A vehicle and another object----------------------------39 6 3 12 A hand tool and another object..---------- ------------ 200 29 50 Handled objects-------------- ------------------------------ 139 8 2 Other. ........................... ..................... ......................... 14 7 Falls on same level.------------------------------........... ...... 240 176 3 Falls to different levels--------------- ------------------------- 324 27 21 Slips or stumbles.....................................—----------------- 304 27 21 Slips...______ _________________ 20 Stumbles..................................................................... 473 439 Overexertion--------------- ------------------------------------- 835 296 Lifting or carrying objects................ - 467 299 91 88 Pushing objects.......................................................... 114 54 24 23 Pulling objects................... ......................................... 64 23 8 Throwing or swinging objects---------------------------54 15 15 Turning or rolling objects------ ------------------------9 82 21 Other. ------------------------------------------------------1 126 35 Contact with extreme temperatures.........................— 53 Inhalation, absorption, ingestion---------------- ------------ 112 40 2 Other accident types......................................................... 1 52 3 Unclassified; insufficient data_____________________ i Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient space. 11 2 67 777 143 7 1 198 10 3 22 2 3 1 57 42 10 70 4 11 3 2 4 2 1 30 10 2 2 1 2 2 91 2 14 3 4 51 1 9 86 12 206 98 23 5 15 55 48 9 1 50 no 2 10 40 18 3 9 28 79 28 78 78 43 3 4 4 1 23 8 10 7 18 1 37 29 1 5 122 1 1 4 1 23 1 6 2 1 62 2 1 2 39 11 1 2 7 5 3 261 1 537 55 55 1 1 20 4 2 1 1 123 3 3 84 43 21 4 4 14 17 1 23 6 1 1 2 2 6 12 33 5 72 388 69 43~ 4 1 42 2 611 1 96 1 1 47 14 14 19 1 251 109 38 23 142 48 51 6 141 16 30 30 1 1 1 65 1 38 1 391 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 3 6 46 5 5 22 9 55 7 6 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 51 48 3 1 1 1 1 2 19 14 3 223 205 2 95 54 54 2 5 11 50 222 221 221 220 1 1 2 10 1 1 3 3 3 I 1 14 5 2 1 4 1 1 1 9 5 Other Lack of equipment 57 7 5 3 26 1 43 38 5 1 1 2 23 17 16 2,536 2~ 267 3 16 13 2 174 19 4 38 1 1,233 1 433 188 56 67 1 122 529 40 10 221 3 2 1 10 8 2 1 16 9 122 1 8 29 15 4 17 9 8 7 Poor housekeeping Goggles Total 57 358 278 259 39~ r 2 1 22 Hazardous arrangement § Lack of guards for gears, pulleys, etc. B Lack of guard rails tu)a A Lack of point-of-operation guards 1 a Total II Projecting sp lin ters, slivers, etc. a § Low material strength I Slippery Poorly designed or con structed Accident type 24 23 17 21 8 3 4 29 9 9 3 7 1 1 2 2 4 2 2 2 1 2 5 344 3 29 17 69 28 131 67 91 55 139 135 4 301 161 18 26 40 7 49 33 15 10 48 INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS Lack of per Improperly guarded agencies sonal safety equipment Defective agencies Unsafe working procedures Unclassified; insufficient data Unsafe working condition 45 APPENDIX— STATISTICAL TABLES T able 19.— Unsafe Working Conditions Involved in Injury-Producing Accidents in 133 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Kind of Plant, 1948 Kind of plant Unsafe working condition Total number of accidents Structural brick plants Roofing, floor, and wall tile plants Structural tile plants Sewer pipe plants Clay refractory plants Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber1 cent2 ber cent2 ber cent2 ber cent2 ber cent2 ber cent2 Total.____________________ ____________________ 5, 682 388 Improperly guarded agencies........................................ 109 Lack of point-of-operation guards................... .......... 57 Lack of guards for gears, pulleys, etc___________ 65 Lack of guard rails....................... ........ ...................... 36 121 Other........................................ .................................... Defective agencies................................... .......................... 777 143 Poorly designed or constructed________________ 122 Slippery------------- --------------------------------------Low material strength____ ___________________ 123 72 Projecting splinters, slivers, etc__........................... 60 Rough, burred, etc------------------------- ------------58 Sharp-edged. -------------- ----------------------------52 Projecting nails, bolts, etc____________________ Other............................... ............................................. 147 358 Hazardous arrangement or placement............................ 72 Fixed'obstructions in passageway s or working areas. 62 Materials unsafely piled or placed on vehicles........ 55 Materials unsafely piled or placed in kilns............ 169 Other_______________ ______________________ Poor housekeeping._____________________________ 122 57 Lack of equipment______________________________ Unsafe working procedures----------------------------------- 1,150 Lack of sufficient help in lifting heavy loads._ __ 582 Working with sharp-edged or rough bricks, tiles, 212 etc_____________________________ _________ T h r o w in g n h jp n ts m a t e r ia l s 70 67 Working with or around dangerous materials-----Other____ ___ _______________________ ______ 219 Lack of personal safety equipment................................. 278 259 Goggles.......................................................... ........ ...... 19 O ther................................................. .................... 16 Other __ _______________ TTnnlpQtiifiprj• fia ta 2, 536 100.0 12.3 3.5 1.8 2.1 1.1 3.8 24.7 4.5 3.9 3.9 2.3 1.9 1.8 1.7 4.7 11.4 2.3 2.0 1.7 5.4 3.9 1.8 36.6 18.6 6.7 2.2 2.1 7.0 8.8 8.2 .6 .5 1, 593 99 9 23 24 20 23 201 63 45 17 11 9 15 13 28 113 22 21 32 38 41 35 369 153 49 49 16 102 72 64 8 5 658 1 Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. 100.0 10.6 1.0 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.5 21.5 6.7 4.8 1.8 1.2 1.0 1.6 1.4 3.0 12.1 2.4 2.2 3.4 4.1 4.4 3.7 39.5 16.5 5.2 5.2 1.7 10.9 7.7 6.8 .9 .5 683 54 26 6 3 19 104 9 13 23 18 13 5 5 18 48 9 5 4 30 17 2 91 49 21 14 7 44 43 1 323 100.0 15.0 7.2 1.7 .8 5.3 28.9 2.5 3.6 6.4 5.0 3.6 1.4 1.4 5.0 13.3 2.5 1.4 1.1 8.3 4.7 .6 25.3 13.7 5.8 3.9 1.9 12.2 11.9 .3 687 42 13 5 11 2 11 93 15 15 19 10 2 5 5 22 51 10 10 4 27 6 3 111 54 23 9 8 17 38 362 1 342 100.0 12.2 3.8 1.4 3.2 .6 3.2 27.0 4.3 4.3 5.6 2.9 .6 1.4 1.4 6.5 14.8 2.9 2.9 1.2 7.8 1.7 .9 32.1 15.6 6.7 2.6 2.3 4.9 11.0 10.4 .6 .3 1,163 77 29 7 15 3 23 168 20 26 33 13 17 14 10 35 55 5 6 9 35 24 6 285 171 77 3 9 25 55 51 4 4 489 * Percents are based on classified cases only. 100.0 11.4 4.4 1.0 2.2 .4 3.4 24.9 3.0 3.9 4.9 1.9 2.5 2.1 1.5 5.1 8.2 .7 .9 1.3 5.3 3.6 .9 42.2 25.4 11.4 .4 1.3 3.7 8.2 7.6 .6 .6 1,485 111 30 15 12 11 43 198 34 21 29 19 17 18 16 44 86 25 20 4 37 34 10 283 149 39 9 18 68 69 65 4 6 688 100.0 13.9 3.8 1.9 1.5 1.4 5.3 24.8 4.3 2.6 3.6 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.0 5.5 10.8 3.1 2.5 .5 4.7 4.3 1.3 35.4 18.6 4.9 1.1 2.3 8.5 8.7 8.2 .5 .8 T able 05 20— Unsafe Working Conditions Involved in Injury-Producing Accidents in 133 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Department, 1948 Unclassied; insuffi cient data Other Lack of equipment Poor housekeeping Goggles Total Low material strength Proj ecting splinters, slivers, etc. ! Total l Lack of pointof - operation guards Lack of guard rails Lack of guards for gears, pulleys, etc. Hazardous ar rangement Lack of per Improperly guarded agencies sonal safety equipment 1 Lack of suffi cient help Working with sharp-edged bricks, etc. Throwing ob jects or ma terials Working with dangerous materials Total P o o r l y de- ! signed or constructed Slippery Total Department1 Defective agencies Unsafe working procedures Total............................................ Clay pit....................................... Clay mine.................................... Preparation.............................. . Molding........... •_........................ . Soft-mud process................. Stiff-mud process................. Dry press............................. Hand..................................... Drying......................................... Setting....................................... . Burning...................................... Drawing and wheeling................ Storage and shipping.................. Glazing........................................ Surface grinding and finishing... Administrative and service----Administrative and clerical Plant maintenance............. Yard.................................... Number. _ Percent— Number. _ Percent— Number.. Percent— Number. _ Percent... Number. _ Percent— Number __ Percent— Number.. Percent— Number.. Percent— Number. _ Percent— Number. _ Percent... Number. _ Percent. Num ber.. Percent— Number. _ Percent— Number __ Percent... Number. _ Percent... Number. . Percent— Num ber.. Percent— Num ber.. Percent— Number.. Percent— Num ber.. Percent— 5,682 1,150 100.0 36.6 144~ 26 100.0 34.6 158 35 100.0 34.4 359 56 100.0 31.1 830 146 100.0 32.6 71 16 100.0 44.3 360 59 1000 31.2 185 21 100.0 20.4 105 34 100.0 65 4 160 48 100.0 45.7 404 132 100.0 52.2 372 67 100.0 32.7 639 188 100.0 47.5 850 192 100.0 45.1 88 16 100.0 32.0 70 13 100.0 32 5 1,341 187 100.0 25.2g 63 100.0 28.1 941 111 100.0 20.7 261 59 100.0 43.8 — ■ 582 =18.6 == 6 8.0 15 14.8 16 8.9 98 22.0g 24.9 40 21.2 8 7.7 28 53 9 39 37.0 79 31.3 27 13.2 74 18.6 102 24.0 3 6.0 10 25.0 91 12.2 2 6.3 47 8.7 36 26.8 212 70 67 777 24.7 6.7 2.2 2.1 ===== 4 24 5.3 32.0 4 23 —T 3.9 22.5 1.0 7 60 2 3.9 33.3 1.1 10 3 11 143 2.21 .7 2.41 31.8 10 2.8 27.8 2.8 — 4 66 5 2.6 1.1 2.1 35.0 1 4 37 3 2.91 1.0 3.91 36.0 12 1.9 23.1 19 28 1 1 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 26.7 51 9 32 20.2 3.6 12.6 39 1 8 3.9 .5 2.4 19.0 1 73 82 16 20.7 4.1 .3 18.5 54 12 3 92 12.7 2.8 .7 21.6 1 8 14 4 8.01 2.0 16.01 28.0 6 2.5 15.0 2.5 176 33 3 20 4.5 .4 2.7 23.88 3 25.0 9.4 15 2 17 123 2.8 .4 3.2 23.0 1 2 35 14 10.4 .7 1.5 25.9 — - - ________ — ' T 143 4.5 4 5.3 5 4.9 8 4.4 25 5.6 2 5.6 12 6.3 5 4.9 2 3.8 13 12.2 14 5.4 8 3.9 28 7.0 11 2.6 1 2.0 15 2.0 12 2.2 2 1.5 122 3.9 2 2.7 5 4.9 7 3.9 20 4.5 4 11.1 7 3.7 5 4.9 1 1.9 3 2.9 9 3.6 5 2.4 11 2.8 18 4.1 6 12.0 1 2.5 28 3.8 4 12.5 12 2.2 11 8.1 ---- — 123 3.9 5 6.6 5 4.9 5 2.8 22 4.9 3 8.3 14 7.4 5 4.9 3 2.9 10 4.0 9 4.4 16 4.1 16 3.8 2 4.0 1 2.5 24 3.2 1 3.1 19 3.6 3 2.2 i Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. Percents are based on classified cases only 72 388 2.3 ==12.3 == 8 2 2.7 10.7 2 18 2.0 17.6 7 33 3.9 18.3 14 85 3.1 18.9a __ 16.7 4 36 2.1 19.0 5 22 4.9 21.33 1 1.9 5.8 11 10.5 4 11 1.6 4.3 4 24 2.0 11.7 3 20 .8 5 1 9 39 2.1 9.2 3 ‘4 6.0 8.0 1 10 2.5 25.0 22 114 3.0 15.46 18 8 20 94 3.8 17.6 2 8 1.5 5.9 122 358 278 259 3.9 109 65 57 11.4 8.8 8.2 3.5 2.1 ===== ■ 1.8 = —■■■====== =: ■ : 2 8 8 1 2 1 10.7 ___ 1.3 1.31 2.7 2.79 10.7 2 14 13 8.8 13.7 12.7 2.0 — ... 1.0 2 !§" 10 11 11 4.48 6.1 6.1 3.3 1.110 7.2 5.6 15 42 16 14 14 32 7.2i 2.21 3.33 9.42 3.61 3.21 3.11 2.8 2.8 8.3 5.6 2.8 2.8 2.8 9 2 14 4 15 5 4 7.4 2.1 1.0 4.8 8.0 2. 6 2.1 5 2 6 6 2 15 10 9’.6l 1.9 4.9 14.62 5.81 5.81 1.9 3.8 1.9 1.9 1.91 3 2 2 16 ...... 1.9 1.0 1.9 2.8 15.2 4 5 2 38 1.9 .8 15.0 .4 " " l 8" 1.6 16 7 2 35 18 2.4 3.4 1.0 17.1 8.8 8.8 7.8 8 7 21 73 3 5 18.5 2.0 1.7 5.3 .8 1.3 59 15 12 20 6 17 4.7 13.8 3.5 2.8 1.4 4.1 1 2 3 12 11 4.0 6.0 24.0 22.07 2.0 4 7 ~""io" 10.0 17.5 17.5 25.0 40 15 16 56 160 150 32 5.4 2.0 2.2 7.6 21.61 20.31 4.34 2 2 3 9.4 3.1 3.1 12.5 63 63 144 137 18 33 9 14 35 26.9 25.6 3.4 6.2 1.7 2.6 6.5 15 7 5 8 1 2 3 1.5 2.3 .7 11.1 5.2 3.7 5.9 _ _ _ _ _ — — .. . .. . 57 16 2,536 1.8 .5 ___ . •- ■" ■ 6 69 1 8.0 1.3 ___ 56 1 1.0 ___ ___ 1 179 1 .6 .6 1 2 381 .2 .4 ___ 35 ...... 1 " ''I n .5 82 53 55 __ ___ 13 3 '""151 5.1 1.2 _ 6 167 2.9 ___ ___ 11 1 244 2.8 .3 7 2 424 1.6 .5 38 ___ ___ """16 600 6 16 1.3 .8 31 1 3.1 3 406 7 1.3 .6 ___ 126 3 — 2.2 INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS Total number of accidents Unsafe working condition T able 21.— Unsafe Acts and Types of Accidents Involved in Injury-Producing Accidents in 133 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, 1948 Unsafe act Accident type 1 1Totals Inat Total totention foot ing 5,682 1,072 788 266 31 6 158 9 57 35 314 167 45 28 8 119 64 13 2,238 134 918 59 256 10 202 17 176 9 284 23 847 8 79 19 45 3 349 45 751 165 53 7 93 29 72 22 155 60 39 2 200 19 139 26 240 104 176 113 324 176 304 162 20 14 835 90 467 71 114 2 54 4 64 3 54 5 82 5 126 21 112 2 40 52 1 Inat tention to sur round ings 436 20 6 11 1 2 35 150 26 8 4 1 2 7 37 4 4 15 1 13 94 84 172 158 14 8 5 20 1 12 3 8 1 2 11 3 13 48 4 14 6 9 45 3 3 4 5 8 2 6 28 1 11 1 1 2 1 1 4 2 1 2 69 3 3 10 30 1 69 8 19 10 5 include figures not shown separately because of insufficient space. 338 237~ Expo Lifting sure to Taking Placing with mov Total wrong objects bent ing hold of un back equip objects] safely ment 3 I 12 69 64 3 1 1 885 68 14 4 361 7 6 471 369 182 47 65 75 542 9 37 272 11 17 20 24 5 148 47 2 3 307 37~ 6 2 22 1 4 2 25 10 2 8 6 Q 233 11 17 19 19 4 122 41 1 1 39 25 31 1 4 5 20 9 11 7 2 1 1 1 Grip ping objects inse curely 4 259 23 1 6 263 231 166 13 46 58 49 502 1 10 3 4 203 187 163 7 171 2 13 13 23 3 1 ] 1 12 6 4 2 2 9 2 43 1 1 453 72 3 5 1 2 Oper Fail orating ure to ingwork at secure un Unsafe or warn ansafe use of Total equip speed ment 182 1 8 6 1 1 1 465 7 Q 206 175 2 10 17 16 156 80 3 5 26 293 9 10 169 5 8 1 424 7 21 5 32 151 1 1 387 54 159 7 70 19 2 1 2 1 4 3 36 4 4 5 188 12 3 9 16 152 702 g 4 26 282 g 9 10 8 1 373 7 185 3 1 10 1 2 1 1 Work ing on mov ing or dan gerous equip ment 45 3 93 455 4 36 241 23 441 9 g 13 O.r 13 10 1 2 O 3 12 § 3 9zyQ 2 12 oZ 17 5 3 6 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 5 14 2 4 24 124 in 1U 3 3 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 i 12 7 2 7 6 l 4 2,938 A1 4 44 4 1 1 2 1 18 4 2 2 4 4 1 3 6 oik 040 12 l g 2 *7/ j A l oa 42 2 1 2 Un Fail ure to Other classi fied; wear unsafe insuffi safe acts cient attire data 0 3 4 1 57 9 95 24 1 4970 1, /U 413 43 138 95 137 745 17 19 7fi /o 140 140 9 16 17 30 3 21 50 119 40 130 1264 653 363 101 26 53 42 68 kq oy 94 32 50 APPENDIX— STATISTICAL TABLES Total.................................................................... Striking against.................................................. Stepping on objects..................................... Rubbing against objects.. .......................... Bumping into or against products or materials-............................................... Bumping into or against equipment_____ Bumping into or against walls, etc............. Striking against projecting nails, slivers, etc.................. ...................... ... _____ Other............................................................ Struck b y........................................................... Falling objects.............................................. From hands of workers........... ............. From piles or storage places................ From vehicles or other equipment___ From other positions.-........................ Flying particles........................................... Rolling objects............................................. Thrown objects............................................ Other............................................................ Caught in, on, or between. ............................... Gears, pulleys, belts, etc........................... Other moving parts of equipment. ........... Two vehicles................................................. A vehicle and another object...................... A hand tool and another object.................. Handled objects........................................ . Other............................................................ Falls on same level........................................ . Falls to different levels. .................................... Slips or stumbles................................................ Slips.............................................................. Stumbles...................................................... Overexertion...................................................... Lifting or carrying objects.......................... Pushing........................................................ Pulling objects............................................. Throwing or swinging objects__________ Turning or rolling objects........................... Other....................................................... . Contact with extreme temperatures________ Inhalation, absorption, ingestion...................... Other accident types........................................ Unclassified; insufficient data......................... Total number of acci dents Using unsafe equipment or equipment unsafely Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, etc. Assuming unsafe positions or postures 48 INJURIES AND ACCIDENT CAUSES— MANUFACTURE OF CLAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS T able 22.—Unsafe Acts Involved in Injury-Producing Accidents in 133 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Kind of Plant, 1948 Unsafe act Total number of accidents Kind of plant Roofing, floor, and wall tile plants Structural brick plants Sewer pipe plants Structural tile plants Clay refractory plants Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber 1 cent 2 ber cent 2 ber cent 2 ber cent 2 ber cent 2 ber cent 2 Total............................................................ Failure to secure or warn....................... . Failure to warn__________________ Failure to lock or block.................. . Operating or working at unsafe speeds___ Using unsafe equipment or equipment unsafely. -------------------------------------Using defective equipment______ _ Unsafe use of equipment___________ Hand tools.............................. ... Vehicles_____________________ Other________ ___________ ... O ther................................. ................ Unsafe handling.___ ________________ Arranging or placing objects UnsafelyGripping objects insecurely-......... . Taking wrong hold of objects________ Other............................. ........... ........... Assuming unsafe positions or postures___ Inattention to footing______ _______ While getting on or off equipment. On trackways................................. Other_____ _________________ Lifting with bent back or from awkward position....... ....................... Inattention to surroundings________ Exposure to moving equipment_____ Other...... .............................................. Working on moving or dangerous equip ment-...................... ................................. Failure to wear safe attire or personal protective equipment........ ..................... Other.......................................................... Unclassified; insufficient data__________ 1 Totals 5,682 159 57 102 70 453 22 387 252 115 20 44 885 263 259 307 56 1,072 436 58 50 328 69 338 69 160 45 42 18 2,938 100.0 5.8 2.1 3.7 2.6 16.5 .8 14.1 9.2 4.2 .7 1.6 32.3 9.6 9.4 11.3 2.0 39.0 15.9 2.1 1.8 12.0 2.5 12.3 2.5 5.8 1.6 1.5 .7 1,593 46 23 23 20 109 1 98 58 33 7 10 236 90 65 68 13 304 133 20 17 96 11 82 29 49 16 9. 4 849 100.0 6.2 3.1 3.1 2.7 14.7 .1 13.3 7.9 4.5 .9 1.3 31.7 12.2 8.7 9.1 1.7 40.8 17.8 2.7 2.3 12.8 1.5 11.0 3.9 include figures not shown separately because of insufficient data. 6.6 683 13 7 6 11 61 1 49 30 19 11 99 28 32 32 7 165 61 3 10 48 25 62 9 8 2.2 2 1.2 11 .5 5 316 100.0 3.5 1.9 1.6 3.0 16.6 .3 13.3 8.1 5.2 3.0 27.0 7.6 8.7 8.8 1.9 45.0 16.6 .8 2.7 13.1 6.8 16.9 2.5 2.2 .5 3.0 1.4 687 17 2 15 6 40 38 30 8 2 104 41 27 34 2 137 63 6 7 50 6 44 7 17 5 4 3 371 100.0 5.4 .6 4.8 1.9 12.7 12.1 1,163 28 9 19 14 77 2 68 43.3 19.9 1.9 2.2 15.8 1.9 13.9 2.2 5.4 49 15 4 7 171 52 42 59 18 206 82 9 1 72 19 54 12 39 1.6 8 9.0 2.5 .6 32.9 13.0 8.5 10.8 .6 1.3 .9 7 1 651 2 Percents are based on classified cases only. 100.0 5.5 1.8 3.7 2.7 15.0 .4 13.2 9.5 2.9 .8 1.4 33.4 10.2 8.2 11.5 3.5 40.2 16.1 1.8 .2 14.1 3.7 10.5 2.3 7.6 1.6 1.4 .2 1,485 54 16 38 19 159 17 130 82 399 12 100.0 7.1 2.1 5.0 2.5 20.9 2.2 17.1 10.8 5.1 1.2 1.6 260 52 86 106 16 238 89 20 15 54 34.3 6.8 11.4 14.0 2.1 31.3 11.7 6 88 10 .8 11.6 45 14 11 5 725 2.6 2.0 7.1 1.3 5.9 1.8 1.4 .7 T able 23.— Unsafe Acts Involved in Injury-Producing Accidents in 133 Establishments Manufacturing Clay Construction Products, Classified by Department, 1948 436 338 69 5,682 1,072 15.9 12.3 2.5 100.0 39.0 144 31 13 2 2 2.6 2.6 100.0 40.7 17.1 1 31 14 5 158 20.8 7.5 1.5 46.2 100.0 4 84 29 26 359 14.4 2.2 100.0 46.7 16.2 65 68 11 830 185 15.7 16.4 2.6 44.5 100.0 11 2 4 1 71 5.1 10.3 28.2 100.0 2.6 36 25 6 360 95 20.3 14.1 3.4 100.0 53.5 185 42 16 23 16.3 23.5 100.0 42.8 14 6 5 2 105 100.0 26.9 11.6 9.6 3.8 1 33 18 6 160 100.0 39.3 21.5 7.1 1.2 404 87 41 20 10 100. C 47.6 22.4 10.9 5.5 372 72 39 15 6 45.4 24.7 9.4 3.8 100.0 639 100 27 49 5 100.0 38.0 10.3 18.6 1.9 850 163 70 55 14 3.2 100.0 36.9 15.9 12.4 24 5 11 6 88 100.0 58.6 12.2 26.9 14.6 1 70 18 6 9 100.0 40.8 13.5 20.4 2.3 1,341 186 87 54 8 100.0 28.0 13.1 8.1 1.2 63 19 10 6 100.0 63.4 33.4 20.0 941 118 54 37 4 100.0 24.9 11.5 7.8 .8 261 35 17 7 2 100.0 28.7 14.0 5.7 1.6 69 2.5 3 3.9 2 3.0 4 22 20 4.8 2 5.1 15 8.4 1 1.0 GOVERNMENT PRINTING O F F IC E : 1951 6~ 7.1 8 4.4 4 2.5 3 1.1 7 1.6 2 4.9 1 2.3 6 .9 2 6.7 3 .61 .8 © a 3o 160 5.8 11 14.5 9 13.4 21 11.7 21 5.0 2 5.1 13 7.3 2 2.01 1.92 2.4 s 4.4 8 5.0 16 6.1 17 3.8 885 32.3 24 31.6 16 23.9 32 17.8 117 28.1 16 41.0 38 21.3 30 30.6 20 38.5 20 23.8 59 32.2 32 20.1 132 50.2 200 45.2 10 24.4 16 36.4 186 28.0 3 10.0 116 24.5 59 48.4 o 1 2.3 31 4.71 3.3 20 4.2 8 6.6 307 11.3 15 19.8 7 10.4 14 7.8 55 13.3 8 20.4 15 8.4 14 14.3 12 23.1 12 14.2 20 10.9 16 10.0 27 10.3 44 10.0 2 4.9 10 22.8 70 10.5 2 6.7 44 9.3 19 15.6 263 9.6 4 5.3 5 7.5 5 2.8 23 5.5 4 10.3 6 3.4 6 6.1 3 5.8 4 4.8 23 12.6 6 3.8. 62 23.5 73 16.4 3 7.3 2 4.5 45 6.8 27~ 5.7 18 14.8 259 9.4 2 2.6 4 6.0 11 6.1 33 7.9 3 7.7 15 8.49 9.2 4 7.7 4 4.8 15 8.2 9 5.7 42 16.0 71 16.15 12.2 4 9.1 47 7.11 3.3 31 6.5 15 12.3 56 2.0 3 3.9 ...... 1.1 6 1.41 2.6 2 1.11 1.01 1.9 — .5 i .6 1 .4 12 2.7 ’""24’ 3.6 14~ 3.07 5.7 453 16.5 7 9.2 17 25.4 42 23.3 65 15.6 4 10.3 25 14.0 13 13.3 11 21.2 21 25.0 18 9.8 37 23.3 17 6.5 44 10.04 9.8 8 18.2 161 24.2 3 10.0 133 28.0 14 11.5 387 14.1 5 6.6 15 22.4 32 17.7 52 12.5 4 10.3 21 11.8 11 11.3 7 13.5 20 23.8 17 9.3 32 20.2 14 5.4 38 8.64 9.8 6 13.6 141 21.21 3.3 116 24.4 14 11.5 22 .8 1 1.3 1 1.5 5 2.8 3 .7 2 1.1 — 1.9 — .5 2~ .5 1 2.3 8 1.2 8 1.7 159 5.8 1 6 1.3 7.9 1 1.5 — — 5 2.8 4.4 10 25 2.4 6.0 4 10.3 2" 12 1.1 6.74 2 2.0 4.1 3 5 5.8 9.6 1 9 1.2 10.7 10 5.58 5 3.1 5.06 3 1.1 2.3 4 18 .9 4.1 44 1.6 1 2.3 12 1.8 2 6.7 9 1.9 ......... ......... 6l" 9.2 3 10.0 48 10.1g 6.6 Unclassified; insufficient data 0§ ©0 SO *bo &J3 70 45 42 2.6 1.6 1.5 4 5.31 1.5 4 2.2 10 2.4 2 5.13 1.74 4.11 1.91 1.23 1.6 4 2.55 1.9 15 3.41 2.41 2.3 18 2.71 3.3 15 3.22 1.6 18 2,938 .7 4 68 j- 5.31 91 1.5 1.5 179 7 2 3.9 1.1 .6 3 414 9 2 2.2 .5 .7 2 32 5.15 182 2.81 1 3 87 1.0 1.01 3.1 53 1.9 76 4 2 221 2.2 1.1 5 1 "~213 3.13 .6 "§76 1.11 -"408 .21 .21 47 2.4 2.4 1 26 2.3 27 ’’"is" -— 7’ ” "677 4.1 2.71 1.1 33 3.3 '" ’26’ 13 — "5“ ” ’467 5.5 2.72 1.12 139 ......... 1.6 1.6 APPENDIX— STATISTICAL TABLES 1 $3 o-d £■ 8 s 1 1 abO I 1 s I Total. ___ ______________________ _ Number. _ Percent. __ Clay pit.. _________ ______________ Number. _ Percent. __ Clay mine_____________ ___________ Number. _ Percent— Preparation________________________ Number. _ Percent— Molding.___ ______________________ Num ber.. Percent... Soft-mud process________________ Number. _ Percent. Stiff-mud process________________ Number.. Percent-.. Dry-press_____________ ________ Number. _ Percent— Hand___ _____ _____ __________ Number. _ Percent. Drying_____________________ ______ Number. _ Percent. __ Setting___ _____ ___________ _____ Number. _ P ercen tBurning....... ............................................. Number. . Percent... Drawing and wheeling_______________ Number. _ Percent-_. Storage and shipping_________ _____ Number. _ Percent. __ Glazing___ _______ ______ __________ Number. _ PercentSurface grinding and finishing_________ Number.. PercentAdministrative and service___________ Number. _ Percent-.. Administrative and clerical............... Number. _ Percent— Plant m aintenance____ ________ Number. _ Percent. __ Yard__________________________ Number. _ Percent... 1 SB Other unsafe acts A § a Total number of accidents Failure to wear safe attire Department 1 Using unsafe equipment Unsafe handling or equipment unsafely to © 0 'or0 «} £ o xn ©+3 0© § 1 Is* a0. * 1 = 1w 0 ® bo a ■ftg-S © 3 a © aP4 o oa § 0s * 0r 0a Operating or working at an unsafe speed Working on moving or dangerous equipment Assuming unsafe positions or postures Failure to secure or warn Unsafe act 1Totals include figures not shown separately because of insufficient space. Percents are based on classified cases only. co