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Industry Wage Survey Synthetic Fibers, December 1970 Bulletinl 740 U S. D E P A R T M E N T OF LABOR Bureau of Labor Statistics 1972 Industry W age Survey Synthetic Fibers, December 1970 Bulletin 1740 U.S. D EPARTM ENT OF LABOR J. D. Hodgson, S ecretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Geoffrey H. Moore, Commissioner 1972 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 40 cents P reface This bulletin summarizes the results of a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of wages and related benefits in the synthetic fibers industries in December 1970. A similar sur vey was conducted in February-April 1966 (BLS Bulletin 1540). Summary tabulations, providing information for the United States and the South, were issued in August 1971. Copies of this release are available from the U.S. Depart ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212, or any of its regional offices. This study was conducted in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The analysis was prepared by Donald S. Ridzon in the Division of Occupational Wage Structures. Field work for the survey was directed by the Assistant Regional Directors for Operations. Other reports available from the Bureau’s program of industry wage studies, as well as the addresses of the Bureau’s regional offices, are listed at the end of this bulletin. hi C o n ten ts Page Summary........................................................................................................................................................................... Industry characteristics................................................................................................................................................... Employment and production tre n d s........................................................................................................................ Products and processes ............................................................................................................................................ L ocation....................................................................................................................................................................... Size of establishment................................................................................................................................................... Unionization................................................................................................................................................................ Method of wage p ay m en t.......................................................................................................................................... Average hourly earnings ................................................................................................................................................ Occupational earnings..................................................................................................................................................... Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions..................................................................................... Scheduled weekly hours and shift practices ........................................................................................................... Paid holidays................................................................................................................................................................ Paid vacations.............................................................................................................................................................. Health, insurance, and retirement plans.................................................................................................................... Other selected b en e fits.............................................................................................................................................. 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 Tables: 1. Average hourly earnings: By selected characteristics................................................................................... 6 Earnings distribution: 2. All establishm ents............................................................................................................................................ 3. Cellulosic fib ers................................................................................................................................................ 4. Noncellulosic fibers ........................................................................................................................................ 6 7 7 Occupational earnings: 5. Cellulosic fibers— United S ta te s .................................................................................................................... 8 6. Cellulosic fibers— S o u th ................................................................................................................................. 9 7. Noncellulosic fibers— United S tates.............................................................................................................. 10 8. Noncellulosic fibers— S outh........................................................................................................................... 11 Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions: 9. Method of wage payment ............................................................................................................................... 10. Scheduled weekly hours................................................................................................................................... 11. Shift differential practices— All establishments............................................................................................ 12. Shift differential practices— Cellulosic fib e rs .............................................................................................. 13. Shift differential practices— Noncellulosic fib e rs ........................................................................................ 14. Paid holidays......................................................................................................................................... 15. Paid vacations ................................................................................................................................................. 16. Health, insurance, and retirement plans......................................................................................................... 17. Other selected benefits ................................................................................................................................... 12 12 13 14 15 16 16 18 19 Appendixes: A. Scope and method of survey ..................................................................................................................................20 B. Occupational descriptions ............................ 23 v S y n th e tic Fibers, D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 0 Em ployment and production trends. Establishments engaged in synthetic fibers manufacturing employed 67,428 production and related workers in December 1970. This represented an 8 percent increase since the last survey of the industries conducted in February— April 1966.2 Production worker employment in noncellulosic fibers plants amounted to 47,877— up 34 percent since 1966. Cellulosic plants, on the other hand, experienced a 27 percent employment decline during the same period. This combination of expanding employment in the noncellulosic industry and a declining labor force in cellu losic plants continued a trend noted in the first half of the 1960’s. From October 19583 to December 1970, em ployment increased 244 percent in the noncellulosic fibers industry and declined 40percent in the cellulosic industry. As a result of these employment changes, noncellulosic fi bers manufacturing accounted for 71 percent of the indus tries’ production workers in December 1970, compared with 57 percent in February— April 1966 and only 30 per cent in October 1958. While employment in the noncellulosic industry ad vanced, production did likewise, increasing from 491 million pounds of fibers in 1958 to 3,585 million in 1970.4 During the same period, the production of cellulosic fibers remained relatively stable (averaging 1,335 million pounds a year) despite declining employment. Output per production worker man-hour in synthetic fibers manufacturing(both industries combined)increased 75 percent between 1958 and 1970, based on estimates published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.5 Increasing at an average rate of 4.8 percent annually during this period, output per production worker man-hour made its greatest 1-year advance between 1967 and 1968— 13 Summary Straight-time earnings of production and related work ers in plants manufacturing synthetic fibers averaged $3.19 an hour in December 1970. One-tenth of these workers earned more than $4 an hour, while a similar proportion earned less than $2.50. Men, accounting for seven-tenths of the labor force in these plants, averaged $3.31 an hour. Women averaged $2.89, and were largely employed in the finishing departments and at inspection and testing jobs. Seven-tenths of the 67,428 production workers cov ered by the survey 1 were in plants primarily producing noncellulosic fibers such as nylon. They averaged $3.31 an hour. The remaining workers were in plants manufac turing cellulosic fibers (e.g. rayon) and averaged $2.88. Among the occupations studied separately, highest averages in both industries were recorded for skilled maintenance jobs. The nationwide averages for these jobs ranged between $3.35 and $3.52 an hour in cellu losic plants, and they were near or above $4 an hour in noncellulosic plants. Chemical operators recorded the highest average hourly earnings ($2.97 in cellulosic and $3.69 in noncellulosic plants) of the processing occupa tions. Janitors, averaging $2.49 an hour in cellulosic plants and $2.64 in noncellulosic plants, were the lowest paid. All production workers covered by the study were in establishments providing paid holidays (usually 8 or 9 annually); paid vacations; and life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance benefits. Retirement pension plans, in addition to Federal social security, were available to virtually all production workers. Industry characteristics 1 See ap p en d ix A fo r scope a n d m e th o d o f survey. Wage d a ta c o n ta in e d in th is b u lle tin ex clu d e p re m iu m pay fo r over tim e a n d fo r w o rk o n w eek en d s, h o lid a y s, a n d late o r o th e r shifts. 2 See In d u stry Wage S u rvey: S y n th e tic F ibers, F e b r u a r y A p ril 1 9 6 6 (B L S B u lletin 1540, 1967). 3 See Wage S tru ctu re: S y n th e tic F ibers, O c to b e r 1 9 5 8 (BLS R e p o rt 143, 1 9 59). 4 S o u rce: T extile Organon, J a n u a ry —F e b ru a ry 19 7 1 , T ex tile E co n o m ics B u reau , Inc. 5 In d ex es o f O u tp u t P er Man-Hour, S e le c te d In dustries, 1 9 3 9 a n d 1 9 4 7 -1 9 7 0 (B L S B u lletin 1 6 9 2 , 19 7 1 ). D a ta fo r 1970 are prelim in ary . The survey covered establishments engaged in the pro duction of the two principal types of synthetic (man made) fibers suitable for further manufacturing on textile processing equipment: Cellulosic fibers, such as rayon and acetate, and other synthetic organic fibers (noncellulosic), such as nylons, acrylics, and polyesters. The 49 establish ments within the scope of the survey generally limited their production to one of these two major types of fibers. 1 percent. Similar information was not developed separately for each o f the two industries. Location . Almost seven-eighths of the workers in cellu losic fibers manufacturing and more than nine-tenths in the noncellulosic industry were employed in the South.6 North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Vir ginia were the States with the heaviest employment concentrations. Products and processes. The three basic production processes for man-made fibers are: (1) The chemical prep aration of the spinning solution; (2) the transformation of the spinning solution into solidified filaments; and (3) the finishing or textile operations which prepare the product for sale. Differences in the methods used to per form these operations are quite pronounced and account, in large part, for variations in the occupational patterns found among individual establishments. Plants located in metropolitan areas 7 employed about one-fifth of the work force in the cellulosic fibers industry and about two-fifths of the workers in non cellulosic fibers manufacturing. Size o f establishment Synthetic fibers manufacturing plants generally employ 1,000 workers or more and are typically owned by multiplant companies. 8 Plants of this size accounted for seven-eighths or more o f the work ers in both industries. Plants with at least 2,500 workers were more common in noncellulosic manufacturing, where they employed slightly over one-half of the work force. Nearly three-fourths of the workers in cellulosic manufacturing were in plants reporting from 1,000 to 2,499 workers, while those with 2,500 or more accounted for about one-eighth. Processes in the preparation of the spinning solution vary according to the type of fiber produced. Rayon and acetate originate from cellulose— a fibrous substance usually obtained from materials such as wood pulp. Noncellulosic fibers, on the other hand, are derived from chemical compounds. The preparation of spinning solu tions for noncellulosics requires much equipment but rel atively few employees. More manual operations are re quired for cellulosics. Spinning solutions are converted into solidified fila ments by one of two means. Under the wet-process method, the spinning solution is forced through tiny holes of a spinneret into an acid bath which coagulates the fine streams of solutions. The dry-process method uses warm air instead of acid to solidify the filaments. When the wet process is used, the filaments must be washed free o f the acid and then dried; the dry process does not re quire these steps. Rayon (viscose) uses the wet-process method, whereas acetate and most noncellulosic fibers use the dry-process method. Unionization. All cellulosic fibers plants studied had collective bargaining agreements covering a majority of their production workers at the time of the survey. Non cellulosic plants employing slightly over two-fifths of that industry’s work force had such agreements. The major unions in the cellulosic fibers industry are the Tex tile Workers Union of America and the United Textile Workers of America, both AFL-CIO affiliates. In non cellulosics, single-firm independent unions represent a substantial proportion of the workers under collective bargaining agreements. The finishing (textile) operations depend upon the form in which the product is to be sold. Continuous filament yarn is twisted (multifilament) and wound on bobbins for shipment. Tow, on the other hand, is a rope like strand of filaments which is packaged in bulk and does not require winding. Staple (tow cut to specified lengths) is handled in a manner similar to the processing of tow, except for the added operations of crimping and cutting. M ethod o f wage paym en t Ninety-five percent of the workers covered by the survey were time rated, usually under formal plans with single rates for specified occu pations. (See table 9.) Incentive workers, found most frequently in the finishing departments of both indus tries, accounted for about 10 percent of the workers in cellulosic plants, but for less than 5 percent in noncellu losic plants. Approximately 60 percent of the production work ers in each industry were in plants whose principal pro duct was multifilament yarn. In the cellulosic industry, plants employing 7 percent of the workers primarily manufactured monofilament; 20 percent of the workers were in plants primarily manufacturing staple. In the noncellulosic industry, 11 percent of the workers were in plants mainly manufacturing monofilament and 25 percent were in those whose principal product was staple. Average hourly earnings Straight-time earnings of production workers in syn thetic fibers manufacturing averaged $3.19 an hour in 6 F o r a d e fin itio n o f th e S o u th as used in th is survey, see f o o tn o te 3, ta b le A - l. 7 S ta n d a rd M e tro p o lita n S ta tistica l A reas, as d e fin e d by th e U .S. O ffice o f M anagem ent a n d B udget th ro u g h Ja n u a ry 1968. 8 C o m p an ies o p e ra tin g tw o e sta b lish m e n ts o r m o re p ri m arily engaged in th e m a n u fa c tu re o f s y n th e tic fibers. 2 December 1970.9 (See table 1.) In the noncellulosic fibers industry, where seven-tenths of the 67,428 workers were employed, earnings averaged $3.31;in the cellulosic fibers industry the average was $2.88. Wage levels in both indus tries were up about 28 percent since February— April 1 9 6 6 .10 The growing predominance of the higher paying non cellulosic fibers industry, noted earlier in this report, has had a substantial impact on the level of earnings for all synthetic fibers manufacturing combined. For example, had the employment relationship between noncellulosic and cellulosic fibers plants remained constant since 1958, the average straight-time earnings of production workers covered by the 1970 survey would have been $3.01 an hour, instead of $3.19.11 Men, making up three-fourths of the work force in cel lulosic plants, averaged $2.96 an hour, compared with $2.66 for women. In noncellulosic plants, men accounted for seven-tenths of the work force and averaged $3.46— 49 cents an hour more than women. Women in both in dustries were largely employed in the finishing depart ments and at inspection and testing jobs. Differences in average pay levels for men and women may be the result of several factors, including differences in the distribution of the sexes among establishments and jobs having dis parate pay levels. Also, differences noted in averages for men and women in the same job may reflect minor dif ferences in duties. Job descriptions used in classifying workers in wage surveys are usually more generalized than those used in individual establishments because allowance must be made for minor differences among establishments in specific duties performed. Approximately 10 percent of the production workers earned less than $2.50 an hour, while a similar percentage earned $4 or more. (See table 2.) In both industries, most of the workers paid less than $2.50 an hour were women. Workers earning at least $4 were nearly all men and, with few exceptions, were employed in noncellulosic fibers plants. The middle half of the production workers in the earnings array for cellulosic fibers plants fell between $2.63 and $3.08 an hour; the corresponding range in noncellulosic fibers plants was $2.94 to $3.66. Contrib uting to the dispersion of individual earnings were dif ferences in establishment pay levels and the wide range o f skill requirements. hourly earnings in these occupations ranged from $2.49 for janitors to $3.52 for pipefitters. (See table 5.) Other averages above $3 an hour fell between $3.35 and $3.45 for several maintenance jobs, including carpenters, instru ment repairmen, and millwrights. Chemical operators, numerically the largest group studied separately in cellu losic plants, averaged $2.97 an hour— 2 cents more than dry-process spinners, 14 cents more than wet-process spinners, and 31 cents more than yam winders. In noncellulosic fibers plants, occupational averages ranged from $2.64 an hour for janitors to $4.28 for instru ment repairmen. (See table 7.) Others averaging at least $4 an hour were carpenters, electricians, machin ists, and general mechanics. Drawtwist operators, nu merically the largest group studied, with one-sixth of the work force, averaged $3 an hour. Chemical operators and dry-process spinners averaged $3.69 and $3.40, re spectively. Where comparisons were possible, occupational aver ages were found to be higher in noncellulosic fibers manufacturing than in cellulosics, except for material handling laborers, who averaged 4 cents an hour more in cellulosic plants. Average wage advantages for non cellulosic workers ranged from 84 cents an hour for in strument repairmen to 15 cents for janitors; typically, the differences fell between 45 and 75 cents an hour. Earnings of individual workers also varied greatly with in the same job and industry. In many instances, hourly earnings of the highest paid workers exceeded those of the lowest paid in the same job by $1 or more in cellu losics and by $1.50 or more in noncellulosics. Thus, some workers in comparatively low-paid jobs (as meas ured by the average for all workers) earned more than some workers in jobs for which higher averages were recorded. For example, the following tabulation indi cates a considerable overlap of individual rates for tow 9 T he stra ig h t-tim e average h o u rly earn in g s in th is b u lle tin d iffe r in c o n c e p t fro m th e gross average h o u rly e arn in g s p u b lish ed in th e B u re a u ’s m o n th ly h o u rs a n d earn in g s series ($ 3 .4 4 in D ec e m b e r 1 9 7 0 ). U nlike th e la tte r , th e e stim a te s p re se n te d h e re ex c lu d e p re m iu m p a y f o r o v e rtim e a n d fo r w o rk o n w e ek e n d s, h o li d a y s, a n d la te o r o th e r sh ifts. A verage earn in g s w e re c alcu la te d b y su m m in g in d iv id u al h o u rly earn in g s a n d dividing b y th e n u m b e r o f in d iv id u als; in th e m o n th ly series, th e su m o f t h e m an -h o u r to ta ls r e p o rte d b y e sta b lish m e n ts in th e in d u s try w a s div id ed in to th e re p o rte d p a y ro ll to ta ls . T h e e stim a te o f th e n u m b e r o f p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs w ith in th e sc o p e o f th e s tu d y is in te n d e d o n ly as a gen eral g uide t o th e size a n d c o m p o s itio n o f th e la b o r fo rc e in c lu d e d in th e surv ey . It differs fro m th e n u m b e r p u b lish ed in th e m o n th ly series ( 7 7 ,9 0 0 in D ecem b er 1 9 7 0 ) m ain ly becau se th e advance p lan n in g n ec essary t o m ak e th e survey re q u ire d th e use o f lists o f establish m e n ts assem bled c o n sid era b ly in ad v ance o f d a ta c o lle c tio n . T h u s, e sta b lish m e n ts n e w t o th e in d u strie s are o m itte d , as are e sta b lish m e n ts originally classified in th e s y n th e tic fib ers in d u s trie s b u t f o u n d to be in o th e r in d u strie s a t th e tim e o f th e survey. 10 O p . c it., BLS B u lletin 15 4 0 . 11 T h e $3.01 figure w as o b ta in e d b y w eig h tin g th e D ecem ber 1 9 7 0 average w age level f o r eac h in d u s try b y th e co rre sp o n d in g 1 9 5 8 e m p lo y m e n t figures. Occupational earnings A number of occupations representing the various skill levels and activities found in the industries were selected for separate study. These occupations accounted for about seven-tenths of the production workers cov ered by the survey. In cellulosic fibers plants, average 3 operators and chemical operators in noncellulosic fibers plants, despite a 45-cent difference in their average hourly earnings: H ourly earnings Chem ical operators fixed evening and night schedules. Fixed day-shift sched ules accounted for one-third of the workers in cellulosic plants and slightly less than one-fifth in noncellulosic plants. Paid holidays. All of the workers covered by the sur vey were in establishments providing paid holidays. (See table 14.) In cellulosic plants, three-fourths of the pro duction workers and slightly over one-half of the officeworkers received 8 days annually. Holiday provisions were somewhat more liberal in noncellulosic plants, where seven-tenths of the production workers and nearly fourfifths of the officeworkers received 9 paid holidays a year. Paid vacations. Paid vacations, after qualifying periods of service, were also provided to all workers. (See table 15.) For production workers in cellulosic plants, vacation payments were usually based on a stipulated percentage of the employee’s earnings, which were converted to an equivalent time basis for this survey.14 Vacation pay ments for a large majority of the production workers in noncellulosic plants, and for all of the officeworkers in both industries, were determined on the basis of the em ployee’s regular pay for a specified length of time. Typical provisions for production workers in cellulosic plants were 1 week of vacation pay after 1 year of service, 2 weeks after 3 years, 3 weeks after 10 years, 4 weeks after 20 years, and 5 weeks after 25 years. Similar pro visions applied to officeworkers, except that after 1 year of service, 2 weeks were usually provided and after 25 years, 4 weeks. In the noncellulosic industry, the usual provisions for both production and officeworkers were 2 weeks of vacation pay after 1 year of service, 3 weeks after 5 years, 4 weeks after 10 years, and 5 weeks after 20 years. Healthy insurance, and retirem ent plans. Life, hospital ization, and surgical insurance were provided for all workers. (See table 16.) In addition, accidental death and dismemberment insurance, sickness and accident insurance, basic medical, and major medical insurance were widespread; the incidence of these plans, however, varied substantially between the two industries. Major medical insurance, for example, applied to all production workers in cellulosic fibers manufacturing, compared with about three-fifths of the production workers in noncellulosics. Employers in both industries typically paid the total cost of most of the benefit plans previously mentioned. Hospitalization, surgical, basic medical, and major medical benefits usually covered employees and their dependents. Formal sick leave plans were available Tow operators Average hourly earnings................ $3.69 $3.24 Total num ber o f workers . . . . 3,130 1,964 Under $ 3 .0 0 .................................... $3.00 and under $ 3 .2 0 .................. $3.20 and under $ 3 .4 0 .................. $3.40 and under $ 3.60.................. $3.60 and under $ 3 .8 0 .................. $3.80 and under $ 4 .0 0 .................. $4.00 and o v e r................................ 235 369 277 217 374 508 1,150 359 388 803 24 348 42 - Much of the earnings dispersion within individual jobs reflects differences in establishment pay levels. Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions Data were also obtained for production and officeworkers on certain establishment practices,including work schedules and selected supplementary wage benefits such as paid holidays, paid vacations, and health, insurance, and retirement plans. Scheduled w eekly hours and shift practices. Over ninetenths of the survey’s production workers were in plants predominantly scheduling day-shift employees 40 hours a week. (See table 10.) Forty-hour schedules were in ef fect for all of the office workers. Shift work is widely used because of the continuous nature of synthetic fibers manufacturing operations. Rotating shifts, whereby individuals periodically worked day, evening, and night schedules, accounted for slightly over one-half of the production workers in cellulosic plants and about four-fifths in noncellulosic plants at the time of the survey. Shift differentials for these workers varied considerably by establishment and schedule of work. (See tables 11-13.) Workers assigned to day sched ules of rotating shifts were frequently provided a paid lunch period not given to workers on fixed day shifts or in some cases received a cents-per-hour or percentage dif ferential above fixed day-shift rates.12 When assigned to evening or night schedules, workers on rotating shifts us ually received differential pay and, in many instances, a paid lunch period as well. Twelve percent of the workers in cellulosic fibers plants and less than 2 percent in non cellulosic plants were assigned to either oscillating13 or 12 In 6 o f th e 13 cellu lo sic p la n ts v isited a n d 6 o f th e 2 6 n o n cellulosic p la n ts visited , fix e d d a y -sh ift w o rk e rs also receiv ed a p aid lu n c h p e rio d (u su ally 3 0 m in u te s). 13 W orkers assigned to o scillatin g sh ifts w ere o f tw o gro u p s: T h o se a lte rn a tin g b e tw ee n day a n d evening sch ed u les, a n d th o se a lte rn a tin g b e tw e e n evening a n d n ig h t sch edules. 14 F o r e x am p le, a p a y m e n t o f 2 p e rc e n t o f a n n u a l earnings w as c o n sid ere d th e eq u iv a len t o f 1 w e e k ’s pay . 4 to one-half of the officeworkers in cellulosic plants, but to none of the production workers. Corresponding pro portions in noncellulosic plants were slightly more than four-fifths and nearly three-fifths. Retirement pensions, in addition to Federal social security, were available to nine-tenths or more of the pro duction and officeworkers in both industries. Such plans were nearly always financed entirely by the employers. Plans for retirement severance pay were virtually non existent. Other selected benefits. Provisions for paid leave while attending funerals of family members and while serving as a juror covered nearly all of the workers in the survey. (See table 17.) Technological severance pay plans, providing payments to workers permanently separated from employment because of a technological change or plant closing, were available to two-thirds of the pro duction workers in the cellulosic industry and to nearly two-fifths of those in the noncellulosic industry. The proportions of officeworkers covered by such provisions were nearly two-fifths in cellulosic plants and threetenths in noncellulosic plants. 5 T a b l e 1. A v e r a g e hourly earnings: B y se le c t e d c h a r a c t e r is t ic s T a b l e 2. E a r n i n g s distribution: A ll e s t a b lis h m e n t s ( P e r c e n t d is t r ib u t io n of p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in s y n th e tic f i b e r s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s by a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s , 1 U n ite d S ta te s a n d S o u th , D e c e m b e r 1970) (N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 of p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s in s y n th e tic f i b e r s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s by s e le c te d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , U n ite d S t a te s a n d S o u th , D e c e m b e r 1970) A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 U n ite d S ta te s 2 South N um ber of w o rk ers A v e ra g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s N um ber of w o rk e rs A v e ra g e h o u rly e a rn in g s A ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s ____________ M e n ______________________________ W o m e n __________________ ________ 6 7 ,4 2 8 4 7 ,6 5 7 1 9 ,7 7 1 $ 3 . 19 3. 31 2 .8 9 62, 110 4 3 ,8 7 1 1 8 ,2 3 9 $ 3 . 20 3. 33 2. 89 C e l lu lo s ic f i b e r s e s t a b l i s h m e n t s __ M e n --------------- ----------------------------W o m e n __________________________ 1 9 ,5 5 1 1 4 ,4 5 8 5 ,0 9 3 2. 88 2. 96 2. 66 1 6 ,6 0 2 1 2 ,4 0 8 4, 194 2. 86 2 .9 3 2. 63 N o n c e llu lo s ic f i b e r s e s t a b l i s h m e n ts M e n ______________________________ W om en __________________ -_______ 4 7 ,8 7 7 33, 199 1 4 ,6 7 8 3. 31 3. 46 2. 97 4 5 ,5 0 8 3 1 ,4 6 3 1 4 ,0 4 5 3. 33 3. 49 2 .9 7 I te m 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m pay f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s, d a y s , a n d la te o r o th e r s h if t s . 2 I n c lu d e s d a ta fo r r e g i o n s in a d d itio n to th e S o u th . h o li- U n d e r $ 2 . 00 ___________ _______ U n ite d S ta te s 2 AH > w o rk ers S outh M en W om en ah w o rk ers M en W om en 0. 3 0. 3 0. 3 0. 3 0. 3 0. 3 1 0 ___ ________ 2 0 ........................ 3 0 ____________ 4 0 ........................ 50 ................. ...... .4 1. 1 2. 2 3 .6 2. 9 .2 . 1 .9 2 .0 3 .4 .8 3. 5 5. 2 7. 4 1. 8 .4 1. 2 2. 3 3 .4 3. 0 .2 . 1 1 .0 2. 2 3. 6 .8 3. 7 5 .6 6. 2 1. 3 $ 2 . 50 a n d u n d e r $ 2 . 6 0 ____________ $ 2 . 60 a n d u n d e r $ 2 . 7 0 ____________ $ 2. 80 a n d u n d e r $ 2. 9 0 ____________ $ 2. 90 a n d u n d e r $ 3. 0 0 ....... ...... ......... 2 .6 4. 6 8. 2 4 .4 8 .9 3 .0 3 .8 5 .9 3. 3 9 .4 1 .7 6. 7 1 3 .9 7. 1 7. 7 2. 6 4 .9 8. 6 4. 2 7 .9 3. 4. 6. 3. 8. 1 0 0 0 1 1. 7. 14. 7. 7. $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. 00 10 20 30 40 and and and and and under under under under under $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. 1 0 ........................ 2 0 ___________ 3 0 ___ ________ 4 0 ___ ________ 5 0 ____________ 9 .6 8. 9 4 .9 7. 5 2. 9 12. 0 5. 3 5. 5 4. 7 3 .9 3. 9 17. 7 3. 5 14. 3 .6 8. 5 9. 2 5 .0 8 .0 2. 5 10. 5. 5. 5. 3. 5 1 6 0 3 3. 7 1 8 .8 3. 4 15. 2 .4 $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. 50 60 70 80 90 and and and and and under under under under under $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. $4. 6 0 ____________ 7 0 _______ ____ 8 0 ____________ 9 0 ____________ 0 0 ____________ 3. 8. 1. . 2. 3 3 1 8 3 4. 4 1 0 .9 1 .4 1. 1 3. 3 . 2. . . . 3 .4 8 .9 1 .0 .8 2. 5 4. 7 1 1 .7 1 .4 1. 1 3. 5 .4 2. 1 .2 . 1 ( 3) $4. $4. $4. $4. $4. 00 10 20 30 40 and and and and and under under under under under $ 4 . 1 0 ___________ $ 4 . 2 0 _______ ____ $ 4 . 3 0 ........................ $ 4 . 4 0 ........................ $ 4 . 5 0 ........................ 1. 6 .9 1 .9 1. 1 4. 9 2. 2 1. 2 2. 6 1 .6 6 .9 . 1 ( 3) . 1 ( 3) ( 3) 2. 1. 2. 1. 7. . 1 (3) (3) $ 4 . 50 a n d o v e r ................. ............... ........ .5 .6 . 1 .5 .7 . 1 T o ta l ................................................. 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 N u m b e r of w o r k e r s ________________ A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 ________ 6 7 ,4 2 8 $ 3 . 19 4 7 ,6 5 7 $ 3 . 31 1 9 ,7 7 1 $ 2 . 89 62, n o $ 3 . 20 43, 871 $ 3 . 33 1 8 ,2 3 9 $ 2 . 89 $2. $ 2. $2. $2. $2. 00 10 20 30 40 and and and and and under under under under under $2. $ 2. $2. $2. $2. $ 2 . 70 a n d u n d e r $ 2. 8 0 ____________ 6 1 3 2 1 1. . 2. 1. 5. 7 9 0 2 3 3 3 8 7 5 3 1 9 0 3 (3) 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p ay fo r o v e r tim e a n d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d la te o r o th e r s h if ts . 2 I n c lu d e s d a ta fo r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th e S outh. 3 L e s s th a n 0. 05 p e r c e n t . NO TE: B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n ot e q u a l 100. T a b l e 3. E a r n i n g s distribution: C e llu lo s ic fibers T a b l e 4. E a rnings distribution: ( P e r c e n t d is t r ib u t io n of p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in c e llu lo s ic f ib e r s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s by a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s , 1 U n ited S ta te s a n d S o u th , D e c e m b e r 1970) U n ited S ta te s 2 A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 U n d e r $ 2 .0 0 ........................ .................................. . A ll w o rk e r s 0. 6 M en $ 2 . 00 $ 2 . 10 $ 2 . 20 $ 2 .3 0 $ 2 .4 0 a nd and and a nd and under under under under under $ 2 . 1 0 ................. ................. . $ 2 . 2 0 __________________ $ 2 . 30 __________________ $ 2 . 4 0 ....... ................ ............. $ 2 .5 0 __________________ .4 2. 2 3. 1 4. 5 5. 3 $ 2 .5 0 $ 2 . 60 $ 2 . 70 $ 2 . 80 $ 2 .9 0 and and and and and un d e r under under under under $ 2 .6 0 __________________ $ 2 . 70 ___ _____________ $ 2 . 80 ______ __________ $ 2 . 9 0 ..................................... $ 3. 0 0 .................................... 6 .0 10. 5 11. 7 7. 4 12. 1 7. 7. 7. 7. 15. $ 3. 00 $ 3 .1 0 $ 3. 20 $ 3. 30 $ 3. 40 and and and and and under under under under under $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. 1 0 __________________ 20 __________________ 3 0 ....... ........... .................. 4 0 __________________ 50 __________ ________ 13. 5. 3. 1. 6. 3 3 6 8 9 $ 3. 50 $ 3. 60 $ 3 .7 0 $ 3 .8 0 $ 3 . 90 and and and and and under under under under under $ 3. 6 0 __________________ $ 3. 70 _________________ $ 3 . 8 0 ..................................... $ 3. 9 0 ......... ........................... $ 4 . 0 0 ______ ____________ 1. . . . 1. 6 6 7 3 7 $ 4 . 00 a n d o v e r __________________________ T o t a l _____________________ _____ ____ N u m b e r of w o r k e r s ______________________ A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 0. 6 A ll w o rk e rs U n ite d S ta te s 2 M en 0. 7 W om en 0. 7 .3 2. 6 3. 6 3. 4 5. 7 .3 _ 1. 0 3. 1 7. 0 0. 6 . 8. 9. 9. 3. 7 6 5 7 1 0 2 8 0 3 3. 19. 22. 8. 3. 0 8 7 5 0 6. 12. 13. 6. 12. 2 0 2 4 9 7. 7. 8. 6. 16. 4 9 5 1 3 17. 6. 4. 2. 9. 2 5 3 1 0 2. 2. 1. 1. . 3 0 5 2 8 11. 5. 3. 1. 6. 6 1 1 8 7 15. 6. 3. 2. 8. 0 3 9 2 8 1. 5 1 .4 .6 .5 .2 1. . . . 2. 9 6 7 3 3 . . . . . 8 6 5 4 2 1. 5 .4 .4 .2 1. 9 1. 9 .4 .4 . 1 2. 5 .4 .4 .5 .3 .2 .2 (3 ) .8 2. 7 6. 1 .4 10. 3 11. 5 4. 3 2. 1 2. 23. 27. 7. 2. 8 8 3 6 8 .3 .3 .4 .2 . 1 .4 - 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 1 9 ,5 5 1 $ 2 . 88 1 4 ,4 5 8 $ 2 . 96 ( P e r c e n t d i s t r ib u tio n o f p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s in n o n c e llu lo s ic f ib e r s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s by a v e r a g e s tr a ig h t - ti m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s , 1 U n ite d S ta te s a n d S ou th , D e c e m b e r 1970) S outh W om en 0. 6 N o n c e llu lo s ic fib ers 5, 093 $ 2 . 66 1 6 ,602 $ 2 .8 6 1 2 ,4 0 8 $ 2 . 93 4 , 194 $ 2 . 63 A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 AH w o rk e r s M en South W om en A ll w o rk e r s M en W om en $ 1 .9 0 a n d u n d e r __________________________ 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 $ 2 . 00 $ 2 . 10 $ 2 . 20 $ 2. 30 $ 2 .4 0 and un d er a n d h in d e r and u n d er and u n d er and u n d e r $ 2 . 10 ..................................... $ 2 . 2 0 ________ _______ $ 2 . 3 0 _____________ ____ $ 2 . 4 0 __________________ $ 2. 5 0 ..................................... .4 .7 1 .8 3. 2 2. 0 .2 .2 .9 1 .8 2. 2 .9 1. 7 3. 7 6. 6 1. 4 .4 .7 1 .9 3. 4 1. 9 •2 .2 1 .0 1. 8 2. 3 . 1. 3. 6. 1. 9 7 8 8 1 $2. $2. $2. $2. $ 2. 50 60 70 80 90 and and and and and under under under under under $2. $2. $2. $2. $ 3. 6 0 __________________ 7 0 _____________ ____ 80 .................................... 90 _____________ ____ 0 0 .................... ................ 1. 2. 6. 3. 7. 3 3 9 2 6 1. 2. 5. 1. 6. 3 3 1 7 8 1. 2. 10. 6. 9. 2 2 9 6 3 1. 2. 6. 3. 6. 1 .4 2. 4 5. 0 1. 8 4. 9 . 2. 11. 6. 8. 9 1 2 8 6 $ 3. $3. $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. 00 10 20 30 40 and and and and and under under under under under $ 3 . 1 0 ......................... .......... $ 3 . 2 0 __________________ $ 3. 3 0 ....... ........... .................. $ 3. 40 ___________ ______ $ 3. 5 0 __________________ 8. 10. 5. 9. 1. 1 4 5 8 3 9. 4. 6. 5. 1. 7 7 0 8 7 4. 23. 4. 18. . 5 2 2 9 6 7. 4 10. 6 5. 6 10. 2 .9 8. 4. 6. 6. 1. 7 7 3 1 2 4. 4 24. 0 4. 2 19.6 .4 $ 3. $3. $3. $ 3. $3. 50 60 70 80 90 and and and and and under under under under under $ 3. $3. $3. $ 3. $4. 4. 0 11. 4 1. 3 1. 0 2. 6 5. 15. 1. 1. 3. 5 3 7 5 7 . 2. . . . 6 5 3 1 1 4. 12. 1. 1. 2. 1 0 3 1 7 5. 16. 1. 1. 3. 8 2 8 5 9 .4 2. 6 . 1 ( 3) (3 ) $4. $4. $4. $4. $4. 00 10 20 30 40 and and and and and under under under under under $ 4 . 10 $ 4 . 20 $ 4 . 30 $4. 4 0 $ 4 .5 0 2. 2 1. 2 2. 6 1 .6 6. 9 3. 1. 3. 2. 9. 1 8 7 2 9 . 1 (3) . 1 ( 3) (3 ) 2. 1. 2. 1. 7. 3 3 7 6 2 3. 1. 3. 2. 10. 3 9 9 4 4 ( 3) $ 4 . 50 a n d o v e r 60 __________________ 7 0 __________________ 80 ..................................... 90 . ______ 0 0 ..................................... __________________ __________________ ................................. . ..................................... __________________ ( 3) ( 3) E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m pay f o r o v e r t i m e a n d fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d s h if ts . I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g i o n s in a d d itio n to th e South. L e s s th a n 0 .0 5 p e r c e n t . NOTE: B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l i te m s m a y not e q u a l 100. la te .7 .9 . 1 .7 .9 . 1 T o ta l .......................................... ................... 1 o r o th e r 2 3 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 N u m b e r of w o r k e r s ________________ _____ A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 _______________ 4 7 ,8 7 7 $ 3 . 31 33, 199 $ 3 . 46 1 4 ,6 7 8 $ 2 . 97 45, 508 $ 3. 33 3 1 ,4 6 3 $ 3 .4 9 14,0 4 5 $ 2 . 97 1 o r o th e r 2 3 _______ __________________ 2 3 9 3 0 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y fo r o v e r tim e and f o r w o rk s h if ts . I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th e S ou th . L e s s th an 0 .0 5 p e r c e n t. on w e e k e n d s , NOTE: B e c a u s e of rounding, su m s of in d ivid u al ite m s m ay not equal 100. h o lid a y s , and la te T a b le 5. O c c u p a tio n a l e a rn in g s : C e llu lo s ic f ib e r s —U n ite d S ta te s (N u m b e r a nd a v e ra g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s , 1 of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in c e llu lo s ic f ib e r s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , U n ite d S ta te s , D e c e m b e r 1970) N u m b e r of w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n in g s of— D e p a r tm e n t, o c c u p a tio n , a n d s e x of w o rk e rs h o u rly e a rn in g s 1 $ 2 . 10 $ 2 . 10 $2 .2 0 $ 2 .30 $ 2 .40 $2 .5 0 $2 .6 0 $2.7 0 $2780 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 under $ 2 . 20 and $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $ 2 .60 $ 2 .70 $ 2 .80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 o v e r M a in te n a n c e C a r p e n te r s (a ll m e n ) __________________________ E l e c t r i c i a n s ( a ll m e n ) __________________________ H e l p e r s , t r a d e s ( a ll m e n ) _____________________ I n s t r u m e n t r e p a i r m e n (a ll m e n ) ________________ M a c h in is ts (a ll m e n ) -----------------------------------------M e c h a n ic s , g e n e r a l ( a ll m en ) ________________ M illw r ig h ts ( a ll m e n ) __________________________ P i p e f i t t e r s ( a ll m e n ) ___________________________ 113 285 332 133 264 609 425 328 $3. 3. 2. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 35 39 87 44 40 36 36 52 1 ,7 5 6 496 124 372 150 76 1 ,4 5 2 1, 107 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 97 65 63 66 73 89 95 96 1 ,4 3 9 7 39 695 250 1 ,4 8 7 1 ,4 2 5 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 83 62 62 69 66 67 154 119 35 324 248 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 47 383 339 44 282 108 529 355 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - . 8 _ 8 _ _ 12 1 31 _ _ _ _ - 1 _ 44 _ _ 69 3 2 141 4 4 _ 27 _ I 185 41 41 _ 13 13 40 40 103 96 96 101 8 8 6 9 9 38 64 39 7 7 _ 37 37 6 6 . 12 11 3 31 26 5 24 3 3 15 56 55 1 32 6 77 30 20 78 7 15 16 26 13 3 64 . 5 23 5 2 7 27 4 _ 12 59 9 13 23 46 12 31 29 11 69 - _ 9 _ 1 7 22 - _ 2 _ _ 173 1 - 38 121 32 62 161 98 220 189 79 114 37 77 18 1 10 22 15 7 9 7 209 389 14 484 24 145 25 251 27 52 3 1 3 2 14 1 1 620 528 24 42 42 583 539 25~l 8 8 271 3 3 71 87 60 44 17 410 394 339 357 340 _ 165 165 408 3 3 2 73 73 20 8 8 56 19 19 404 7 7 36 19 19 72 5 5 _ 6 6 _ 3 3 _ 5 5 2 2 2 2 22 22 23 23 43 43 20 20 25 25 17 17 6 5 1 27 27 10 9 1 11 - 3 2 1 66 66 40 31 9 77 13 33 22 11 2 2 13 9 4 6 13 13 8 7 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 4 112 96 16 30 8 7 5 2 56 41 15 16 2 36 8 3 27 27 4 7 7 4 1 1 6 1 2 2 1 1 1 79 13 54 23 24 20 89 35 30 19 203 194 11 27 49 49 4 9 4 10 5 3 6 6 2 2 1 1 1 1 - _ 11 _ _ _ _ - 2 40 _ _ _ . - _ _ _ _ _ _ - 1 35 _ 35 _ _ . _ _ _ 14 _ 8 154 11 143 13 _ 10 16 16 _ 5 4 I I I . _ . _ _ - _ _ _ _ 187 187 _ 120 120 _ 182 182 _ 55 44 _ 157 136 90 88 96 55 46 . _ . 10 10 . _ _ 19 19 3 3 _ 61 61 70 49 49 52 75 88 82 89 4 4 _ 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 86 79 7 4 _ _ 15 16 10 16 4 70 19 2 11 . 3 _ 11 _ 19 1 2 4 23 _ 4 5 14 29 1 20 21 103 5 61 1 2 1 1 r 1 1 2 1 5 3 7 1 P ro c e s s in g C h e m ic a l o p e r a t o r s , c e ll u lo s i c f ib e r (a ll m e n ) ----------------------------------------------------------C r e e l t e n d e r s ___________________________________ M en ---------------------------------------------------------------W om en _______________________________________ J e t m e n -----------------------------------------------------------------M e n ---------------------------------------------------------------S p in n e r s , d r y - p r o c e s s _________________________ M en ---------------------------------------------------------------S p in n e r s , w e t - p r o c e s s (1 ,3 7 6 m e n , 63 w o m e n ) --------------------------------------------------------W a r p e r o p e r a t o r s ----------------------------------------------W om en _______________________________________ W a s h e r o p e r a t o r s (a ll m e n ) ------------------------------W in d e r s , y a r n ----------------------------------------------------W om en _______________________________________ 1 1 19 19 12 12 8 8 14 14 I n s p e c tio n a n d t e s tin g L a b o r a t o r y a s s i s t a n t s __________________________ M e n -----------------------------------------------------------------W om en _______________________________________ P h y s i c a l t e s t o p e r a t o r s _________________________ W om en _______________________________________ - 6 2 2 1 1 M is c e lla n e o u s G u a rd s (a ll m e n ) ------------------------------------------------J a n i t o r s --------------------------------------------------------------M e n ---------------------------------------------------------------W o m en _______________________________________ L a b o r e r s , m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g ( a ll m e n ) ________ S to c k c le r k s (a ll m e n ) __________________________ T r u c k e r s , p o w e r 2 (522 m e n , 7 w o m e n ) _______ F o r k li f t ---------------------------------------------------------- - 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y fo r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d la te o r o t h e r s h if t s . 2 In c lu d e s d a ta f o r o t h e r p o w e r t r u c k o p e r a t o r s in a d d itio n to th o s e show n s e p a r a te l y . - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 2 1 - - - T a b le 6. O c c u p a tio n a l e a rn in g s : C e llu lo s ic fib e rs —S o u th (N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 1 of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in c e llu lo s ic f ib e r s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , S o u th , D e c e m b e r 1970) N u m b e r of w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t - ti m e h o u r ly e a r n in g s ofN um ber of w o rk e rs D e p a r tm e n t, o c c u p a tio n , a n d se x h o u rly e a rn in g s 1 $ 2 . 10 and under $ 2 . 20 $2 . 2 0 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $ 2 . 9 0 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3. 40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $ 4 . 00 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 over a nd M a in te n a n c e 103 254 277 130 245 504 425 287 M a c h in is ts ( a ll m e n ) ____________ ,__________ M e c h a n ic s , g e n e r a l ( a ll m e n ) ___ M illw r ig h ts Tall m e n ) _____ . _______________ P i p e f i t t e r s ( a ll m en ) ......... ...... .............. ............. ___ $3. 34 3. 36 2 .8 1 3. 44 3. 39 3. 31 3. 36 3. 52 1, 512 250 103 147 128 54 1,251 608 564 250 1, 307 1,2 4 5 2 .9 5 2. 55 2 . 60 2. 52 2 . 69 2. 87 2 . 82 2 . 61 2 . 61 2 . 69 2. 64 2. 65 2 12 1 11 40 29 _ _ _ 16 23 5 13 78 6 7 27 23 46 45 69 _ ” 78 7 2 _ ~ 44 " 12 31 29 " " _ 69 " 22 2 59 9 13 320 436 116 177 ~ " " _ " g 11 ■ “ “ “ 173 1 - 32 i00 3 59 14 16 10 “ 10 3 16 1 ■ * 4 51 220 162 70 19 14 “ ~ “ “ ~ 14 28 ■ 20 20 ■ ■ ■ ■ 102 2 ■ 60 “ “ “ ■ ~ “ " ■ * " " " ■ - - P ro c e s s in g C h e m ic a l o p e r a t o r s , c e llu lo s ic f ib e r f a ll m en ) C r e e l t e n d e r s _______-__________________ M en_ _ __ . ................. , W o m e n _____________________ ____ J e t m e n ________________________ ,_________ _________ M e n _______ __________________________,_______ S p in n e r s , w e t - p r o c e s s ( a ll m e n ) ___ .....___ _ W a rp e r o p e r a t o r s . __ _ .............................. ,, W o m e n ............... W a sh e r o p e r a t o r s ( a ll m en ) . _ ... W in d e r s , v a r n _______________________________ W om en . ___ . . . __ Q 16 16 180 40 40 138 37 13 5 13 13 27 19 103 45 8 35 48 11 35 14 4 120 120 9 85 60 8 36 75 17 332 355 338 38 62 37 393 6 8 3 5 7 1 1 27 1 11 L( " 4 67 56 101 187 187 182 182 49 28 8 _ 3 3 7 7 6 6 17 3 256 2 165 165 28 403 56 44 " “ “ “ ~ ~ “ " “ ~ ~ “ “ “ ~ - ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 17 17 16 16 21 21 9 9 13 13 15 15 19 19 12 12 7 7 14 14 6 1 8 7 1 1 “ “ ” - 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 ■ - - - - - - - 1 1 ~ ~ “ ~ “ 111 72 _ “ ~ 36 72 18 12 2 1 66 66 28 19 9 14 13 16 13 13 9 4 3 16 4 7 1 1 _ _ 0 ' 1 ~ “ 64 13 42 22 23 19 183 174 ~ ~ “ ~ “ " - I n s p e c tio n a n d t e s t in g L a b o r a t o r y a s s i s t a n t s ___________________ ________, M en ______ ________ _ . ._ __ ______ ___ _ W o m e n ______________________________ P h y s i c a l t e s t o p e r a t o r s ._ .......... W o m e n ___ _______ ____ 111 . 84 27 249 236 2. 87 2. 84 2. 97 2 . 49 2. 48 19 61 k1 Dl 35 JO 3 85 79 26 15 52 51 1 10 15 24 31 30 11 6 35 7 12 2 2 “ 6 2 “ 2 ~ 2 1 - M is c e lla n e o u s G u a r d s ( a ll m e n ) ______________________ J a n i t o r s _______ _______ ________ ___________ ___ M e n ____________________ _______ ________ _ W o m e n ..._____ ________ . . . .. L a b o r e r s , m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g ( a ll m en ) S to c k c l e r k s ( a ll m e n ) ....................... ...... T r u c k e r s , p o w e r 2 (469 m e n , 7 w o m en ) .. F o r k li f t .............. 44 317 283 34 209 92 476 302 . 68 2 .4 7 2. 47 2. 53 2. 63 2 2 . 88 2 . 81 2 . 88 4 4 3 28 6 4 3 6 3 - 76 29 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p ay f o r o v e r tim e and f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s , a n d la t e o r o th e r s h if ts . z In c lu d e s d a ta fo r o t h e r p o w e r tr u c k o p e r a t o r s in a d d itio n to th o se show n s e p a r a te l y . 1 2 4 11 9 85 31 6 1 “ “ ' " 22 46 46 10 - - - 1 1 - ~ - - - “ “ _ - " - ■ ■ “ " - _ _ - - T a b le 7. O c c u p a tio n a l e a rn in g s : N o n c e llu lo s ic f ib e r s —U n ite d S t a te s ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 of w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s in n o n c e l l u l o s i c f i b e r s m a n u f a c t u r i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , U nited S ta tes, D e c e m b e r 1970) N u m b e r of wo r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t - tim e h o u rly e a rn in g s of— D epartm ent, occupation, and sex A v e ra g e $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.1 0 $4.20 $4.30 $4.40 $4.50 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2 . 6 o $2.70 $2.80 $Z7?0^ h o u rly of U ndei and and w o r k e r s e a r n in g s 1 $2.30 under $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.10 $4.20 $4.30 $4.40 $4.50 o v e r M aintenance C a r p e n t e r s ( a l l m e n ) ---------------------------------E l e c t r i c i a n s ( a ll m e n ) ----------------------------H e l p e r s , t r a d e s ( a l l m e n ) -----------------------I n s t r u m e n t r e p a i r m e n ( a l l m e n ) ------------M a c h i n i s t s ( a l l m e n ) ----------------------------------M e c h a n i c s (a l l m e n ) ----------------------------------M i l l w r i g h t s ( a ll m e n ) -------------------------------- 120 $4. 4. 3. 4. 4. 4. 3. 5 00 11 48 28 20 12 95 _ 3, 130 1 ,9 1 9 943 976 7, 354 1 ,4 4 0 5 ,9 1 4 358 324 3. 69 2. 97 2 .9 2 3. 01 3. 00 3. 08 2 . 98 3. 32 3. 34 14 53 36 17 329 23 306 , 265 3. 40 3. 26 3. 24 3. 25 3. 08 3. 24 3. 04 2 .8 4 2. 77 703 175 436 387 2 , 686 642 4 _ _ 2 1 2 _ - 76 3 1 21 23 2 6 3 5 4 26 4 16 4 3 12 65 10 2 45 7 8 59 6 35 16 2 8 82 7 34 12 9 5 77 1 10 40 - 8 157 25 31 - 36 - 1 11 6 59 7 72 24 93 2 24 26 37 4 2 2 180 4 55 9 25 15 53 12 7 45 41 14 8 8 154 3 48 32 17 67 164 54 361 289 30 218 372 1,260 - 2 - 2 - 120 P ro ce ssin g C h em ical o p e r a to rs , n oncellulosic fib er (3, 089 m e n , 41 w o m e n ) ------------------------C r e e l t e n d e r s ----------------------------------------------M e n -----------------------------------------------------D r a w t w i s t o p e r a t o r s ----------------------------------M e n -----------------------------------------------------W o m e n -----------------------------------------------J e t m e n ----------------------------------------------------------M e n -----------------------------------------------------S p in n ers, d r y - p r o c e s s (6, 046 m e n , 219 w o m e n ) ------------------------S p in n ers, w e t- p ro c e s s (6 33 m e n , 9 w o m e n ) -----------------------------T o w o p e r a t o r s --------------------------------------------M e n -----------------------------------------------------W a r p e r o p e r a t o r s --------------------------------------M e n -----------------------------------------------------W o m e n -----------------------------------------------W i n d e r s , y a r n -------------------------------------------W o m e n ----------------------------------------------- 6 642 1 ,9 6 4 1, 749 1 ,4 5 5 292 1, 163 723 559 475 130 345 - 72 9 9 163 117 46 14 14 62 94 107 - 60 _ 38 38 24 23 _ _ _ - _ 1 46 44 2 52 44 41 3 82 1 1 1 1 1 916 3 3 905 220 127 311 38 5 340 135 363 _ 24 24 218 _ 209 142 65 65 288 38 5 341 133 32 21 _ 177 167 272 8 44 15 130 626 541 138 125 13 13 13 11 11 8 8 21 - - 54 267 255 1 20 60 40 195 44 43 164 311 16 295 3 3 75 1 341 28 316 468 81 293 23 387 180 2,143 91 89 2, 055 72 20 64 19 27 3 3 29 3 26 - 20 3 3 18 18 13 _ 13 4 4 69 317 286 31 11 11 100 96 3 3 5 5 1 172 8 6 212 9 9 397 81 316 803 334 469 12 6 4 88 101 3 3 411 80 331 14 11 216 1,508 182 192 34 1,316 35 48 32 33 - 272 221 126 217 5 2 3 28 28 190 7 7 7 23 9 14 7 7 54 49 5 5 5 374 122 122 97 97 898 2,775 34 - 8 8 474 6 2 5 3 4 - 2 12 12 526 624 3 3 1 2 2 1 - - 72 72 - - - 48 30 18 - 191 4 3 - - - - - - 7 17 17 9 133 333 328 3 5 15 15 _ - . - 11 2 40 42 42 1 1 _ - _ - - _ - 1 8 6 6 . 18 18 3 4 4 11 2 1 1 - - - - - 9 9 5 5 4 4 5 5 2 2 5 5 3 3 1 1 ' Inspection and testing 1, 234 855 379 1, 522 274 1, 248 24 23 42 39 3 57 33 29 4 27 8 _ 41 40 49 3. 56 3 .6 5 3. 36 3. 05 3. 18 3. 02 27 1 1 7 3 4 34 59 1 33 10 10 - 47 23 1 20 3 26 10 46 224 3 49 221 25 1 31 28 3 97 3 94 16 6 10 71 15 56 54 26 28 290 14 276 110 45 65 211 72 139 94 70 24 282 38 244 35 21 14 18 5 13 48 35 13 4 3 1 324 174 150 60 47 13 41 31 33 33 24 23 38 38 17 17 17 17 14 14 24 24 2128 128 10 11 - 1 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 - - ' L a b o r a t o r y a s s i s t a n t s -------------------------------M e n -----------------------------------------------------W o m e n -----------------------------------------------P h y s i c a l t e s t o p e r a t o r s ----------------------------M e -------------------------------------------------------W o m e n ------------------------------------------------ ‘ " 7 4 4 3 1 2 1 1 ' M iscellaneous G u a rd s ( a ll m e n ) -------------------------------------J a n i t o r s ---------------------------------------------------M e n ---------------------------------- -------------W om en — -----------------------------------------L a b o r e r s , m a t e r i a l h a n d li n g -----------------M e n ------------------------------------------------S to c k c le r k s (all m e n ) ----------------------------T r u c k e r s , p o w e r 4 (709 m e n , 10 w o m en ) ------------------------------------------------— F o r k l i f t ------------------------------------------------ 1 4 3 2 1 167 515 478 37 798 738 227 3 .5 2 2. 64 2. 63 2. 73 2. 71 2. 71 3. 51 719 434 3. 04 3. 07 2 3 2 2 1 59 56 3 24 24 4 16 16 - 17 16 30 30 6 6 1 106 - 22 22 106 22 22 - 6 65 37 30 3 156 139 11 19 47 36 5 20 20 322 267 - 198 198 2 75 70 78 78 _ 215 “ 100 6 7 4 3 128 128 17 16 _ 17 3 29 3 2 3 55 91 38 10 1 2 4 2 - 142 . . 7 7 _ _ - _ ' ' ' ' 3 13 7 9 9 18 - 6 21 7 7 87 13 62 62 _ 20 . _ ' " ' 62 57 2 111 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y fo r o v e r t i m e an d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , an d l a t e o r o t h e r s h i f t s . 2 W o rk e r s w e r e d i s t r ib u t e d a s fo llo w s : 3 4 W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l l o w s : 32 at $ 1 .9 0 to $ 2 ; 3 at $ 2 to $ 2 .1 0 ; an d 24 at $ 2 .2 0 to I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r o th e r p o w e r t r u c k o p e r a t o r s in a d d itio n to t h o s e sh ow n s e p a r a t e l y . 19 a t $ 4 .5 0 to $ 4 .6 0 ; 28 a t $ 4 .6 0 to $ 4 .7 0 ; 36 a t $ 4 .7 0 to $ 4 .8 0 ; 11 a t $ 4 .8 0 to $ 4 .9 0 ; 13 a t $ 4 .9 0 to $ 5; and 21 a t $ 5 a nd o v e r . $ 2 .3 0 . - - T a b l e 8. O c c u p a t i o n a l earnings: N o n c e llu lo s ic f i b e r s — S o u th (N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in n o n c e llu lo s ic f i b e r s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , South, D e c e m b e r 1970) D e p a r tm e n t, o c c u p a tio n , a n d s e x of w o rk e rs N u m b e r of' w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s tr a ig h t - ti m e h o u r ly e a rn in g s of— $2. 30 $ 2.40 $ 2.50 $ 2.60 $ 2 .7 0 $ 2.80 $ 2.90 $ 3.00 $ 3.10 $ 3.20 $ 3.30 $ 3.40 $ 3.50 $ 3 .6 0 $ 3.70 $ 3.80 $ 3.90 R.oo $ 4 .2 0 $ 4 .3 0 $ 4 .4 0 h o u rly and e a r n in g s 1 $ 2. 30 u n d e r $2. 40 $ 2.50 $ 2.60 $ 2.70 $ 2.80 $ 2 .9 0 $ 3.00 $ 3 .1 0 $ 3.20 $ 3 .3 0 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3.50 $ 3.60 $ 3.70 $ 3.80 $ 3 .9 0 $ 4 .0 0 $ 4 .1 0 $ 4 ,2 0 $ 4 .3 0 $ 4 .4 0 $ 4 .5 0 $4.10 |$TTo" M a in te n a n c e C a r p e n te r s ( a l l m en ) ---------------------------E l e c t r i c i a n s ( a l l m e n ) --------------------------H e lp e r s , t r a d e s ( a l l m e n ) --------------------I n s t r u m e n t r e p a i r m e n ( a l l m e n ) ----------M a c h in is ts (a ll m en ) ---------------------------M e c h a n ic s ( a l l m e n ) ------------------------------M illw r ig h ts ( a l l m e n ) ---------------------------- 113 671 170 432 380 2 , 682 565 $ 4. 4. 3. 4. 4. 4. 4. 04 15 49 28 21 12 02 5 - 4 - 2 1 2 - - - - - - 76 3 - 1 21 23 2 2 6 3 4 26 4 12 45 7 65 8 10 59 16 4 3 6 _ _ _ 35 16 2 10 2 8 _ 40 _ 82 3, 109 1, 835 943 892 D r a w tw is t o p e r a t o r s ----------------------------W om e n -----------------------------------------J e t m e n ---------------------------------------------------S p in n e rs , d r y - p r o c e s s (5, 939 m e n , 214 w o m e n ) -----------------------------------------S p in n e rs , w e t - p r o c e s s (384 m e n , 9 w o m e n ) ---------------------------------------------Tow o p e r a t o r s --------------------------------------M e n ----------------------------------------------W a rp e r o p e r a t o r s --------------------------------M e n ----------------------------------------------W o m e n -----------------------------------------W in d e rs , y a r n --------------------------------------W o m e n — ------------------------------------------- 8 2 5 6, 883 1, 132 5, 751 356 322 6, 98 14 36 36 329 23 306 32 34 - 3. 69 2 . 98 2. 92 3. 3. 3. 2. 3. 3. 04 00 12 1 44 44 475 130 345 - 72 161 115 46 14 14 52 41 41 - 27 28 69 309 286 23 195 44 43 526 _ 214 1, 506 182 191 32 1, 315 48 35 33 32 _ _ 48 48 120 120 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 28 5 5 97 97 8 8 _ - 12 12 135 363 21 130 626 541 132 125 7 _ 177 167 262 _ 262 1 10 5 31 28 3 97 3 94 10 2 8 71 15 56 54 26 28 289 13 276 13 7 8 8 1 100 6 1 1 21 - - - - 54 267 255 1 6 1 1 31 “ - - 1, 2 1 2 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 56 65 36 07 19 04 42 39 3 55 33 29 4 18 7 3 4 10 10 163 512 475 37 736 676 214 3. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 3. 52 64 63 73 70 70 54 703 418 3. 04 3. 07 96 “ 6 212 4 4 2 289 30 218 372 1, 260 - 120 _ - 340 _ 41 14 _ 50 385 341 _ 18 18 624 474 _ 385 60 _ - - 34 _ 199 132 60 60 5 - _ 154 _ 200 107 _ 75 12 32 17 67 164 _ _ 24 24 218 94 . 38 38 24 23 88 54 361 ‘ 22 180 " 374 126 62 43 24 25 07 24 03 75 63 ' 6 24 93 _ 220 3. 41 ‘ 8 153 217 898 - 12 6 7 72 4 55 9 25 15 53 _ 2 3 3 11 _ 59 24 26 37 4 _ 82 26 - 898 36 . 341 8 300 458 293 81 7 377 178 2, 141 90 87 8 8 2 ,054 70 20 62 19 - 11 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 2. 2. 11 391 81 310 391 56 335 11 153 1, 8 156 311 16 295 3 3 393 954 739 357 291 066 591 427 1, 1, 1, 164 1 31 _ 2 ' P ro c e s s in g C h e m ic a l o p e r a t o r s , n o n c e llu lo s ic f ib e r (3, 068 m e n , 41 w o m e n )-------- ----C r e e l t e n d e r s ----------------------------------------M en -------------------------------------------- 1 _ 25 122 32 90 39 3 3 408 80 328 8 1 2 2 190 7 7 7 9 9 898 2,775 191 4 3 5 15 15 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 40 42 42 18 18 _ _ 72 72 - 133 333 328 _ _ _ _ 48 30 18 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 211 _ 7 17 17 _ _ _ _ 116 - - - - - - 35 48 35 13 3 324 174 150 60 47 13 41 31 33 33 _ 4 3 24 23 _ _ 1 1 - - 6 _ 6 In s p e c tio n a n d te s tin g L a b o r a to r y a s s i s t a n t s --------------------------M e n ----------------------------------------------W o m e n -----------------------------------------P h y s ic a l t e s t o p e r a t o r s -----------------------M e n ----------------------------------------------W o m e n ------------------------------------------ 836 376 1, 470 269 1,201 8 47 - 18 24 23 1 - 47 1 46 216 22 20 2 41 40 6 - 56 10 1 1 1 6 46 215 25 3 128 128 3 153 136 17 295 240 - 19 47 36 26 110 45 65 211 72 139 81 57 24 282 38 244 21 14 18 5 13 2 1 10 11 7 4 36 36 17 17 1 17 17 S to c k c l e r k s ( a ll m e n ) --------------------------T r u c k e r s , p o w e r 4 (693 m e n , 10 w om en) ----------------------------------------------- F o r k li f t ------------------------------------------ — 4 2 3 59 56 3 24 24 4^ 6 6 2 2 1 16 16 17 16 30 30 22 22 106 106 - 6 22 22 6 7 4 65 37 30 16 - 1 - _ 20 20 _ - 78 78 11 198 198 2 _ " 17 62 57 5 40 35 _ _ 2 9 9 5 - 199 84 87 13 62 62 2 _ 3 _ _ 28 _ _ 2 2 _ 1 2 7 7 - 6 21 7 7 91 20 _ _ 142 _ _ - - 111 - - - - 38 55 _ _ 10 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y fo r o v e r tim e an d fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s , and la te o r o th e r s h if ts . W orkers w e r e d istr ib u te d a s fo llo w s: 19 at $ 4. 50 to $ 4 . 60; 28 at $ 4. 60 to $ 4. 70; 36 at $ 4. 70 to $ 4. 80; 11 a t $ 4. 80 to $ 4. 90; 13 at $ 4. 90 to $ 5; and W orkers w e r e d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s:. 32 at $ 1 . 90 to $ 2 ; 3 at $ 2 to $ 2 . 10; and 24 a t $ 2 . 20 to $ 2, 30. I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r o th e r p o w e r tru c k o p e r a t o r s in a d d itio n to th o s e show n s e p a r a te l y . 2 _ _ 21 at $ 5 24 2 128 24 128 1 2 - 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 M is c e lla n e o u s G u a rd s ( a l l m e n ) -----------------------------------J a n i t o r s ------------------------------------------------M e n ----------------------------------------------W o m e n -----------------------------------------L a b o r e r s , m a t e r i a l h a n d li n g ---------------- 14 14 4 and o v e r . 2 T a b le 9. M e th o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t ( P e r c e n t of p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in sy n th e tic fib*‘r s m a n u fa c tu rin g e s ta b l is h m e n t s by m e th o d of w ag e ] p a y m e n t, M e th o d of w ag e p a y m e n t A ll w o r k e r s A ll e s ta b l is h m e n ts 1 U nited S ta in s 2 ..................... ______ 100 T i m e - r a t e d w o r k e r s ......................... F o r m a l p la n s .........-.................................. S in g le r a t e s ...................................... R a n g e of r a t e s ___ ______ _ In d iv id u a l r a t e s ___ __________ 95 95 I n c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ................. .......... I n d iv id u a l p ie c e w o r k — G ro u p p ie c e w o r k _ ... In d iv id u a l b o n u s . . .. .. __ ___ G ro u p b o n u s __________________ _ 1 z C e llu lo s ic f ib e r s N o n c e llu lo s ic f ib e r s South U n ited S ta te s 2 100 100 100 97 97 75 89 94 93 58 36 25 50 39 ( 3) 5 4 /3 \ ( ) j 88 21 ( ) South 3 3 ■ 1 1 11 6 6 7 - 1 - 2 2 ---------(JnlteH--------S ta te s 2 South 100 100 97 97 78 19 ( 3) 98 98 82 16 - 3 3 (3) 2 2 _ - - - ■ F o r d e fin itio n of m e th o d of w age p a y m e n t se e a p p e n d ix A. In c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to the South. L e s s th a n 0 . 5 p e r c e n t . NO TE: T a b l e 10. U n ited S t a te s a n d S o u th , D e c e m b e r 1970) B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y no t e q u a l t o ta l s . S c h e d u l e d w e e k ly h o u rs ( P e r c e n t of p r o d u c tio n a n d o f f ic e w o r k e r s in s y n th e tic f i b e r s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b lis h m e n ts by s c h e d u le d w e e k ly h o u r s of d a y - s h i f t w o r k e r s , ' U n ite d S ta te s and S o u th , D e c e m b e r 1970) P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s S c h e d u le d w e e k ly h o u r s A ll e s ta b l is h m e n t s S ta te s C e llu lo s ic f ib e r s O ff ic e w o r k e rs N o n c e llu lo s ic f ib e r s U nited U n ited S ta te s 2 2 A il w o r k e r s 40 h o u r s _ 42 h o u r s .. ‘ 94 6 94 6 92 8 D ata r e l a te to th e p r e d o m in a n t w o rk s c h e d u le in e a c h e s ta b lis h m e n t fo r f u ll- tim e d a y - s h if t w o r k e r s . I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th e So u th . A ll e s ta b l is h m e n t s 91 9 C e llu lo s ic f ib e r s U n ited S ta te s 2 N o n c e llu lo s ic f ib e r s U nited S ta te s 2 T a b l e 11. S h i f t d i f f e r e n t i a l p r a c t i c e s —All e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ( P e r c en t of prod u ction w o r k e r s a s s ig n e d to s e le c te d sh ifts in synthetic f ib e r s m an u fa ctu rin g e s ta b lis h m e n ts by type of sh ift and am ount o f shift d iffe r e n tia l, U n ited S ta te s and South, D ecem b er 1970) U n ite d S ta te s Day s c h e d u le s W o rk e r s a s s i g n e d to s e le c te d s h if t s ......... R e c e iv in g s h ift d i f f e r e n t ia l . . ..............— U n ifo rm c e n ts p e r h o u r ........................ 3 c e n t s ----------------------------...... ........ 4 C ents ................. .............. ..................... 5 c e n ts ...................................................... 6 c e n ts .........-................ .......................... 7 c e n t s ............... .......... -........... -........... 8 c e n t s ................... -........... -........... ........ 9 c e n t s .......................................... ........... 1 0 c e n t s ....... -........................................ 1 1 c e n ts _____________ ------___ _ 1 2 c e n ts ------ -------.............................1^ 1A c e n ts rpnffi s r p n ts _,. _ ______ _______ . . _____ -__ ---------- 1 W rp n f U n ifo rm p e r c e n ta g e _____ ------5 p e rc e n t 7 p e rc e n t _____________________ 1 0 p e rc e n t ____________________ U n ifo rm c e n ts p e r h o u r p lu s p a id lu n ch p e r io d n o t p r o v id e d fix e d d a y - s h i f t w o r k e r s ....... -..................... 5 c e n t s ...................... - ........... - ................ 10 12 c e n ts c e n ts rp n tfi IK r p n fs c e n ts _ __ ._________________ _ __________ ._______ 1 20 . _ _ _ _ ,_______ - __- __--------_________ _______«_- P a id lu n ch p e rio d n o t p ro v id e d fix e d dciy— sViift w n r k p f s ..... R e c e iv in g no s h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l ................ 1 2 3 4 E v en in g s c h e d u le s ( 2 nd) 25. 5 23. 9 22. 5 12. 7 N ig h t s c h e d u le s (3 rd ) 2 3. 5. 8 .9 8 1. 3 22. 4 1. 1 5. 7 .5 .6 1. 2 1. 1 1. 2 . 3 3. 1. 3 8 .9 . 3. 4 .4 _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ Day s c h e d u le s ( 1 st) E v e n in g s c h e d u le s ( 2 nd) N ight s c h e d u le s (3 rd ) O s c illa tin g s h if ts 3 F irs t or second g ro u p . 25. 0 24. 9 1. 4 0. 8 1 .4 .4 .5 1. 2 . 3 .5 R o ta tin g s h if t s ' 2 F ix e d s h if ts E v e n in g s c h e d u le s ( 2 nd) 1. 6 1. 2 . 8 N ig h t s c h e d u le s (3 rd ) 1. 5 1. 3 .9 26 13. 0 23. 5 8 4. 1 2 .6 .3 (4 ) . 1 .4 1 .4 1. 2 . 1 1. 1 .2 S outh 1 O s c illa tin g s h if ts 3 F irs t or se co n d g ro u p R o ta tin g s h i f t s 2 •3 : .2 ■2 .4 .4 - .4 .4 .9 (4 ) (4 ) - .7 1. 6 - (4 ) - (4 ) - - - .7 - .4 . . 1 (4 ) .2 .4 1. 5 1. 3 .3 (4 ) (4 \ . 1 1. 2 .3 .5 ) 1 " " " _ - - 5. 3 .2 .2 “ _ 11. 2 (4) (4 ) - i 6 _ _ _ .6 _ 5. 4 12. 8 1.6 .8 2. 9 4. 1 .4 ! I | .6 .6 1. 4 .0 4. 0 .7 2. 0 2 .6 1 .4 - - ( ) .2 4. 3 .8 2. 2 ~ “ 5. (4 ) - 1. 7 2 2 8 .7 .7 (4 ) . 2 1. 5 1. 5 - 12 In c lu d e s d a ta fo r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th e South. W o rk e r s a s s i g n e d to r o ta tin g s h if ts a lt e r n a t e ly w o rk e d on the d a y , e v e n in g , an d n ig h t s c h e d u le s . W o rk e r s a s s i g n e d to o s c il la t in g s h if ts w e re of 2 g ro u p s: T h o se a lt e r n a t in g b e tw e e n d ay a n d e v e n in g s c h e d u le s , a n d th o s e a lt e r n a t in g b e tw e e n e v e n in g a n d nig h t s c h e d u le s . L e s s th a n 0 .0 5 p e r c e n t , r NOTE: B e c a u s e o f rounding, su m s of individual ite m s m ay not equal to ta ls . 2 1 . 11. 3 1. 7 .9 3. 1 4. 5 .4 .7 - 10. 3 . •6 5. 3 10. 4 0 .7 .4 5. 3 .8 4. 5 “ N ight s c h e d u le s (3 rd ) . 3 3. 2 3 .2 . i ] j 2 .4 .4 3. 0 _ . _ (4 ) - 1. 7 4. 1 _ 8 6 3. 7 .4 - 5. 8 _ 5. 8 5. 3. 0 _ .3 .9 .5 .7 1. 3 1. 2 1. 3 .3 .4 .2 . 1 (4 ) . 1 (4 ) (4 ) 6 23. 4 F ix e d s h ifts E v e n in g sc h e d u le s ( 2 nd) (4 \ \ ) ~ ~ ~ ~ _ . .4 . 2 T a b l e 12. S h i f t d i f f e r e n t i a l p r a c t i c e s —C e l l u l o s ic fib e rs (P e r c e n t of prod u ction w o r k e r s a s s ig n e d to s e le c te d sh ifts in c e llu lo s ic fib e r s m anufacturing e s ta b lish m e n ts by type of sh ift and am ount of sh ift d iffe r e n tia l, United S ta te s and South, D e c e m b e r 1970) U nited S ta te s R o ta tin g s h if ts S hift d i f f e r e n t ia l 2 S outh 1 O s c illa tin g s h if ts 3 F irs t or second g ro u p 3. 7 2 . - .5 1. 3 3. 7 - 1 .9 .5 1. 3 3. 7 1 2. 7 2. 7 2. 5 2. 5 P a id lu n c h p e r io d no t p r o v id e d fix e d d a y - s h i f t w o r k e r s ---------------- 3 .9 R e c e iv in g no s h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l ------------1 2 3 12 . 5. 3 1.8 1 6 - ■ _ F ix e d s h ifts E v e n in g s c h e d u le s ( 2 nd) 2. 3 .6 1. 5 4. 4 2. 3 1. 1 " 3. 1 3. 1 - 3. 0 3. 0 - _ " " - “ - 1. 0 _ " - 2. 5 2. 5 6 2 1 .4 .1 - 2. 4 . 1 . 1 1. 6 2. 4 . - - " 4. 2. 4 2. 4 - - - 2 1.8 1 - - 6 . . - 1 1 1.6 6 2 In c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th e South. W o rk e r s a s s i g n e d to r o ta tin g s h if ts a lt e r n a t e ly w o rk e d on th e d ay , ev en in g , a n d n ig h t s c h e d u le s . W o rk e r s a s s i g n e d to o s c il la t in g s h if ts w e r e of 2 g r o u p s : T h o s e a lte rn a tin g b e tw e e n d ay and e v e n in g s c h e d u le s , an d t h o s e a lt e r n a t in g b e tw e e n e v e n in g and n ig h t s c h e d u le s . NO TE: B e c a u s e of rounding, su m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m ay not equal to ta ls. - " - 14. 9 5. 3 - - 1.8 0.8 .6 1. 5 4. 4 " 2 - - N ight s c h e d u le s (3rd ) 2. 3 1.2 . - _ 1.6 1.2 2 1 .6 .1 " 6 E v e n in g s c h e d u le s (2nd) 2 1 .4 1 .4 - 1 .4 2. 1 2 _ .7 . 1 ~ 1. 5 7. 5 - 1 1.8 _ 1 .5 1. 5 7. 5 1 .9 . 2. .8 8.8 1 .4 " 2 4. 3 1. 6 U n ifo rm c e n ts p e r h o u r -----------------3 c e n t s ---------------------------------- ------ U n ifo rm c e n ts p e r h o u r p lu s p a id lu n c h p e rio d no t p ro v id e d fix e d d a y - s h i f t w o r k e r s -------------------------5 c e n t s ----------------------------------------1 0 c e n t s --------------------------------------1 4 c e n t s --------------------------------------16 c e n t s — ------------------------------------ 1.8 8.8 3. 0 3. . 8 2 3. 3. 7 _ . . 3. 7 17. 3 - 4. 3 8 17. 3 17. 4 U n ifo rm p e r c e n t a g e -----------------------7 p e r c e n t ------------------------------------1 0 p e r c e n t ------------------------------------ 4. 3 23. 5 17. 4 7. 3 1 .9 .9 - 20. 4 20. 4 4. 3 4. 3 1 9 .9 R e c e iv in g s h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l ------------------- .4 - 20. 5 20. 5 6 6 W o rk e r s a s s ig n e d to s e le c te d s h i f t s -------- 1 O s c illa tin g s h if ts 3 F irs t or second g ro u p D ay s c h e d u le s ( 1 st) E v en in g s c h e d u le s ( 2 nd) 5 c e n t s ----------------------------------------6 c e n t s ----------------------------------------7 c e n t s ----------------------------------------1 0 c e n t s --------------------------------------1 1 c e nt s —--------------- -------------- —— 1 2 c e n t s --------------------------------------- N ight s c h e d u le s (3rd ) N ight s c h e d u le s (3 rd ) E v e n in g s c h e d u le s ( 2 nd) D ay s c h e d u le s ( 1 st) N ight s c h e d u le s (3 rd ) R o ta tin g s h if ts F ix e d s h if ts 1.8 - . “ - - T a b l e 13. S h i f t d if f e r e n t i a l p r a c t i c e s — N o n c e l l u l o s i c f i b e r s (P e r c e n t of prod u ctio n w o r k e r s a s s ig n e d to s e le c te d sh ifts in n o n c e llu lo sic fib e r s m anufacturing e s ta b lish m e n ts by type of sh ift and am ount of sh ift d iffe r e n tia l, United S t a t e s 1 and South, D ecem b er 1970) South U n ited S ta te s R o ta tin g s h ifts S hift d i f f e r e n t ia l Day s c h e d u le s ( 1 st) W o rk e r s a s s ig n e d to s e le c te d s h i f t s -------- 27. 8 O s c illa tin g s h if ts 3 F irs t or second g ro u p E v en in g s c h e d u le s ( 2 nd) N ight s c h e d u le s (3 rd ) 26. 5 26. 4 0. 3 24. 24. 5 .3 R o ta tin g s h if ts F ix e d s h if ts 0. 4 2 6 .9 26. 6 26. 5 0. 3 .3 . 1 15. 7 24. 6 24. 5 .3 . 2 - .2 .1 (4 ) .1 (4) - . . - 1 5. 0 5. 0 - 5. 3 .4 .5 .4 .2 5. 2 .4 .5 .4 1 .7 . 1 1 .7 .4 .1 .1 - .2 .1 (4 ) (4 ) " - - - 4. 4 4. 4 . 6 . .2 6. 2 .3 .3 - - - - - 13. 1 - - - .1 .1 - - - - - - 4. 9 .4 .5 .4 U n ifo rm p e r c e n t a g e -----------------------5. p e r c e n t ------------------------------------7 p e r c e n t ------------------------------------1 0 p e r c e n t ----------------------------------- 4. 2 4. 2 7. 1 1. 2 5. 8 7. 1 7. 1 U n ifo rm c e n ts p e r h o u r p lu s p a id lu n c h p e rio d not p r o v id e d fix e d d a y - s h i f t w o r k e r s -------------------------5 c e n ts -----------------------------------------7 c e n t s ---------------------------------------1 0 c e n t s --------------------------------------1 2 c e n t s --------------------------------------1 4 c e n t s --------------------------------------1 6 c e n t s --------------------------------------18 c e n t s --------------------------------------2 0 c e n t s --------------------------------------- - 12. 4 1. 5 1. 1 4. 0 5 .8 - 12. 5 1 .5 2. 3 4 .8 (4 ) (4 ) - .1 .1 - - - 1.0 - - - - - - - - - .5 .3 6 R e c e iv in g no s h if t d i f f e r e n t i a l ------------- 12 2 3 4 . .1 1.6 .3 .3 .3 - - 2 .9 - P a id lu n c h p e rio d not p r o v id e d fix e d d a y - s h i f t w o r k e r s ----------------- 1.6 0 .8 1 .9 1 .9 (4 ) 0. 3 .8 0 5. 1 .4 .5 .4 .2 1. 5 1. 7 .4 - 1 .8 E v en in g s c h e d u le s ( 2 nd) 4. 8 4. 8 - 1 Night s c h e d u le s (3rd) Day s c h e d u le s ( 1 st) U n ifo rm c e n ts p e r h o u r -----------------3 c e n t s ---------------------------------------5 c e n t s ---------------------------------------6 c e n t s ---------------------------------------7 c e n t s ---------------------------------------8 c e n t s ---------------------------------------9 c e n t s ---------------------------------------1 0 c e nt s --------------------------------------1 2 c e n t s --------------------------------------14 c e n t s --------------------------------------1 5 c e n t s --------------------------------------1 6 c e n t s --------------------------------------18 c e n t s --------------------------------------2 0 c e n t s --------------------------------------- . . - F ix e d s h ifts E vening s c h e d u le s ( 2 nd) N ight s c h e d u le s (3 rd ) 1 4 .9 1 6 1.6 1.8 .4 6 1 1.6 1.2 4. 2 6. 1 - .3 11.2 1 N ight s c h e d u le s (3 rd ) O s c illa tin g s h if ts 3 F irs t or se c o n d g ro u p E v e n in g s c h e d u le s ( 2 nd) R e c e iv in g s h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l ------------------ 6 2 6 13. 1 1.6 2. 4 5. 0 1. 1 3. 0 . - 0 2 . 0 NOTE: B e c a u s e of rounding, su m s of individual ite m s may not equal to ta ls . - - - . I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th e South. W o rk e r s a s s ig n e d to r o ta tin g s h if ts a lt e r n a t e ly w o rk e d on th e d a y , e v e n in g , an d n ig h t s c h e d u le s . W o rk e r s a s s ig n e d to o s c illa tin g s h ifts w e re of 2 g ro u p s : T h o s e a lte r n a tin g b e tw e en day and e v e n in g s c h e d u le s , a n d th o s e a lt e r n a t in g b e tw e e n e v e n in g and nig h t s c h e d u le s . L e s s th a n 0. 05 p e r c e n t. - - (4 ) 2 (4) (4) - 0 6 .3 T a b l e 14. P a id holidays ( P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t i o n a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s i n sy n th e tic fib e r s m anufacturing e sta b lish m e n ts w ith fo rm a l p r o v isio n s fo r paid h o lid a y s, U n ited S ta tes and South, D ecem b er 1970) P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s N u m b e r of p a id h o lid a y s A ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts U n ite d S ta te s 1 A il w o r k e r s _____ a _ _ U n ited S ta te s 1 O ff ic e w o r k e rs N o n c e llu lo s ic f ib e r s South U n ited S ta te s 1 S outh A ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts U n ited S ta te s 1 South C e llu lo s ic f ib e r s U n ited S ta te s 1 N o n c e llu lo s ic f ib e r s South U nited S ta te s 1 South 100 W o rk e r s in e s ta b l is h m e n t s p r o v id in g p a id h o lid a y s -------------- j,------------ -----------5 d a y s --------------------------------------------------7 d a y s ---------- — *___________,______ _____ 8 d a y s __________________________________ 9 d a y s — ------------------------- *___________ _ 1 2 South C e llu lo s ic f ib e r s 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1 100 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 11 11 (2 ) 31 57 30 42 29 (2 ) 36 53 23 54 10 12 10 11 78 79 _ 100 1 100 1 22 7 69 20 8 _ 19 74 7 71 7 17 75 (2 ) 13 22 65 (2 ) 14 17 69 22 In c lu d e s d a ta fo r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th e South. L e s s th an 0. 5 p e r c e n t . NOTE: B e c a u s e of r o u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m ay n o t e q u a l 100. T a b l e 15. P a id v a c a t io n s ( P e r c e n t of p r o d u c tio n a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s U n ite d S ta te s a n d South, D e c e m b e r 1970) in s y n th e tic f ib e r s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith f o r m a l p r o v is io n s fo r p a id v a c a tio n s a f t e r s e le c te d p e r io d s of s e r v i c e , P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s V a c a tio n p o lic y A ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts 1 U n ite d S ta te s 2 A ll w o r k e r s —— --------- -------- --- ------- South C e llu lo s ic f ib e r s U n ited S ta te s 2 South O f f ic e w o r k e rs N o n c e llu lo s ic f ib e r s U n ited S ta te s 2 South A ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts U n ited S ta te s 2 South C e llu lo s ic f ib e r s U n ited S ta te s 2 N o n c e llu lo s ic f ib e r s South U nited S ta te s 2 South 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1 00 100 100 100 100 100 100 67 24 9 70 23 61 16 18 62 19 85 9 89 5 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1 00 20 10 6 6 “ " “ ” " " 54 46 50 50 93 7 92 38 62 35 65 8 8 1 2 10 10 8 92 92 99 98 90 90 26 56 44 - 48 52 - 18 3 79 - 18 3 78 - (4 ) 98 97 2 2 - - 23 3 3 94 (4) (4 ) 97 - - M e th o d of p a y m e n t W o r k e r s in e s ta b l is h m e n t s p ro v id in g p a id v a c a t i o n s ___________ ______________ L e n g t h - o f - t i m e p a y m e n t ------------- ------P e r c e n t a g e p a y m e n t ---- ---------------------O th e r --------------------------------------------------A m o u n t of v a c a tio n p ay 3 A f te r 1 y e a r of s e r v i c e : 1 w eek 2 w e e k s ______ _____ *------------- -------------A f te r 2 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : 1 w e e k -------—--------------------------------------O v e r 1 a n d u n d e r 2 w e e k s ----- ----------2 w e e k s ___________________.___________ O v e r 2 a nd u n d e r 3 w e e k s --------------A f te r 3 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : 1 w eek -------------- --------------------------------O v e r 1 an d u n d e r 2 w e e k s ------------— 2 w eeks _---------------------- / -------------O v e r 2 a n d u n d e r 3 w e e k s -------------— A f te r 4 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : 1 w eek 2 W e e k s ----------------------------------------------O v e r 2 a n d u n d e r 3 w e e k s ---------------S ee fo o tn o te s at end of ta b le . 29 2 2 69 - 71 - 12 2 86 - 8 2 35 - - 90 65 77 3 3 94 3 97 - 98 (4 ) - - - - - 2 2 1 7 93 - - 1 1 100 99 (4) 97 - - 99 - (4 ) 98 2 2 99 - - - 100 100 - - - 100 - 100 - - 100 100 - - - (4 ) (4 ) 97 3 97 3 (4 ) (4 ) 97 3 97 3 (4 ) 97 3 (4 ) 97 3 T a b l e 15. P a id v a c a tio n s —Co ntinu ed (P e r c e n t of p ro d u ctio n and o f fic e w o r k e r s U n ited S ta te s and South, D e c e m b e r 1970) in sy n th etic fib e r s m anufacturing e s ta b lish m e n ts w ith fo r m a l p r o v isio n s fo r paid v a c a tio n s a fte r s e le c te d p e r io d s of s e r v ic e , P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s V a c a tio n p o lic y A ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts 1 U n ited S ta te s 23 South C e llu lo s ic f ib e r s U n ited S ta te s 2 South O f f ic e w o r k e r s N o n c e llu lo s ic f ib e r s U n ited S ta te s 2 South A ll e s ta b l is h m e n t s U n ited S ta te s 2 South C e llu lo s ic f ib e r s U n ited S ta te s 2 South N o n c e llu lo s ic f ib e r s U n ited S ta te s 2 South A m o u n t of v a c a tio n p a y -—C o n tin u e d A f te r 5 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : 2 w e e k s _ _________ _________________ O v e r 2 and u n d e r 3 w e e k s ___________ 3 w e e k s ___________ ____________________ A f te r 1 0 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : 2 w e e k s ----------------------------------------------3 w e e k s _______________________________ O v e r 3 a nd u n d e r 4 w e e k s __________ 4 w e e k s --------------------------------------- -----A f te r 15 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : 2 w e e k s ______________________ -_______ 3 w eeks O v e r 3 a nd u n d e r 4 w e e k s ______ ____ 4 w e e k s -_______ ____ ___________________ A f te r 20 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : 2 w e e k s ___-__________________ __ _ 3 w e e k s ________ ________________ _ O v e r 3 a nd u n d e r 4 w e e k s __________ 4 w e e k s __________ ___________________ O v e r 4 and u n d e r 5 w e e k s __ 5 w e e k s -----------------------------------------------A f te r 25 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : 2 w e e k s ------------------------------------------3 w e e k s ------------------------------------------4 w e e k s -----------------------------------------------O v e r 4 a nd u n d e r 5 w e e k s __________ 5 w e e k s — ______ ___________ __ A f te r 30 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : 5 2 w e e k s ____________________________ ___ 3 w e e k s -----------------------------------------------4 w e e k s ------------------------------------------O v e r 4 a nd u n d e r 5 w e e k s __________ 5 w e e k s __________________________ _ 6 w e e k s ------------------------------------------------ 41 36 100 2 2 57 62 - 100 - 17 3 80 13 3 84 27 _ 73 9 32 7 29 16 84 10 6 11 6 90 5 23 2 2 - - 57 62 - - 2 2 - - 27 21 2 60 2 69 74 40 52 48 3 14 3 80 2 2 2 2 2 2 _ _ - _ _ _ 44 3 3 3 40 54 - 50 2 2 26 2 - 7 3 84 3 3 3 17 3 75 18 3 74 3 3 2 - 69 53 2 2 2 2 _ _ _ 15 16 24 28 2 2 - - 74 5 72 76 ” 72 “ _ 1 11 70 75 20 25 3 85 _ _ 47 53 69 73 2 _ - 47 1 21 2 18 62 2 (4 ) 18 3 74 2 2 75 _ 25 3 . 71 21 20 3 84 10 _ _ 100 80 ( 4) 23 _ 77 _ 100 26 6 3 80 23 77 3 2 3 11 2 12 3 73 3 72 8 8 1 36 ( 4) ( 4\ 46 12 10 83 42 54 88 90 (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) (4 ) 32' 2 65 2 2 72 _ _ 80 75 20 25 61 56 39 44 _ _ _ _ 1 23 3 73 (4 ) 1 17 3 78 _ _ _ 13 41 30 9 80 59 70 82 7 (4 ) 1 (4 ) (4 ) 16 77 5 _ _ (4 ) (4 ) 25 69 » 1 9 3 87 58 2 (4 ) 1 _ 10 90 ( 4) 17 61 27 _ 2 11 89 _ 6 (4 ) 1 22 3 75 (4 ) (4 ) 18 3 78 (4 ) (4 ) 9 83 7 1 I n c lu d e s b a s ic p la n s o n ly . P la n s su c h a s v a c a tio n -s a v in g s a n d th o s e p la n s w h ic h o f fe r " e x te n d e d " o r " s a b b a t ic a l " b e n e fits b e y o n d b a s ic p la n s to w o r k e r s w ith q u a lify in g le n g th s of s e r v ic e a r e e x c lu d e d . 2 In c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th e South. 3 V a c a tio n p a y m e n ts s u c h a s p e r c e n t of a n n u a l e a rn in g s w e re c o n v e rte d to an e q u iv a le n t tim e b a s is . P e r io d s of s e r v i c e w e r e a r b i t r a r i l y c h o s e n a nd do no t n e c e s s a r i l y r e f l e c t in d iv id u a l e s ta b l is h m e n t p r o v is io n s fo r p r o g r e s s io n . F o r e x a m p le , th e c h a n g e s in p r o p o r tio n s in d ic a te d a t 10 y e a r s m a y in c lu d e c h a n g e s in p r o v is io n s b e tw e e n 5 a n d 10 y e a r s . 4 L e s s th a n 0. 5 p e r c e n t . 5 V a c a tio n p e r i o d s w e r e v i r t u a ll y th e s a m e a f t e r lo n g e r p e rio d s of tim e . NOTE: B e c a u s e of rounding, su m s of individual ite m s m ay not equal t o ta ls . T a b l e 16. H e a l th , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e t i r e m e n t plans (P e r c e n t of p roduction and o ffic e w o r k e r s in sy n th e tic f ib e r s m anufacturing e sta b lish m e n ts w ith sp e c ifie d h e a lth , in s u r a n c e , and r e tir e m e n t p lan s, U nited S ta te s and South, D e c e m b e r 1970) O fficew orkers P roduction w orkers T y p e of p l a n A ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts C ellu lo sic fib ers N oncellulosic fib ers All e s ta b lis h m e n ts C ellulosic fib ers N o n c ellulosic f ib e r s United S ta tes 2 All w o r k e r s .......................................... ................................................. W o r k e r s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s p r o v i d i n g : L i f e i n s u r a n c e _________________________________________________ C o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s -----------------------------------------------------------N o n c o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s ____________________________________ A c c i d e n t a l d e a t h a n d d i s m e m b e r m e n t i n s u r a n c e ----------C o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s ------------------- ------ --------- -----------------------N o n c o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s . . __________________________________ S ic k n e s s and a c c id e n t i n s u r a n c e o r sick lea v e or b o t h 4 __________________________________________________________ S i c k n e s s a n d a c c i d e n t i n s u r a n c e -----------------------------------C o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s ____________________________________ N o n c o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s _________________________________ S i c k l e a v e ( f u ll p a y , n o w a i t i n g p e r i o d ) ---------- -----------S i c k l e a v e ( p a r t i a l p a y o r w a i t i n g p e r i o d ) .......................... H o s p i t a l i z a t i o n i n s u r a n c e ...................... ...........................................— C o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s ________________________________________ C o v e r i n g e m p l o y e e s o n l y ___________________________ C o v e r i n g e m p l o y e e s a n d t h e i r d e p e n d e n t s -------------N o n c o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s _________________ ____ ______________ C o v e r i n g e m p l o y e e s o n l y _____________________________ C o v e r i n g e m p l o y e e s a n d t h e i r d e p e n d e n t s ________ N c n co n trib u to ry plans for em p lo y ee s; c o n trib u to ry f o r d e p e n d e n t s -----------------------------------------------------------------S u r g i c a l i n s u r a n c e ___________________________________________ C o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s -----------------------------------------------------------C o v e r i n g e m p l o y e e s o n l y ----------------------------------------C o v e r i n g e m p l o y e e s a n d t h e i r d e p e n d e n t s ____ _____ N o n c o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s ------------------------------------------------------C o v e r i n g e m p l o y e e s o n l y _____________________________ C o v e r i n g e m p l o y e e s a n d t h e i r d e p e n d e n t s _________ N o n c o n trib u to ry plans for e m p lo y e e s; c o n trib u to ry f o r d e p e n d e n t s ------------------------------ ----------------------------------M e d i c a l i n s u r a n c e ___________________________________________ C o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s ------------------------------------------------------ C o v e r i n g e m p l o y e e s o n l y _____________________________ C o v e r i n g e m p l o y e e s a n d t h e i r d e p e n d e n t s ________ N o n c o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s -------------------------------------------- — C o v e r i n g e m p l o y e e s o n l y ____________________________ C o v e r i n g e m p l o y e e s a n d t h e i r d e p e n d e n t s „ _____ N onco n trib u to ry plans for em p lo y ee s; co n trib u to ry f o r d e p e n d e n t s -------------. .. r ------------------------------------------ S e e fo o tn o te s at end of ta b le . S o u th United S tates 2 S o u th U nited S tates 2 S o u th United S ta tes 2 S o u th United S tates 2 S o u th United S tates 2 S o u th 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 5 95 63 (3) 63 100 3 97 63 (3) 62 100 7 93 93 100 100 100 - 100 100 4 96 49 1 48 100 3 97 62 1 61 100 3 97 63 1 62 100 93 100 4 96 51 1 51 83 100 100 100 100 100 4 96 55 1 54 100 4 96 54 1 53 94 77 29 48 25 17 100 7 94 75 30 46 27 19 100 5 91 91 14 77 90 90 96 72 36 36 35 24 100 4 96 70 38 33 37 25 100 4 98 58 31 27 75 100 97 55 34 21 78 100 9 100 70 22 47 52 100 22 100 61 29 33 60 100 29 9' 55 34 20 82 97 53 35 18 83 100 4 s - 82 - 100 14 100 8 - 8 100 83 - 100 4 - - - - - - - - - - - 7 93 6 F1 : 5 95 6 82 14 86 9 77 8 92 10 P2 4 96 5 83 4 96 4 8 92 1 80 9 91 1 79 22 78 1 29 71 2 ■'0 4 96 1 82 4 96 1 81 7 100 7 7 100 5 - - 100 4 - - 5 95 6 82 14 86 9 100 22 22 78 1 76 100 29 29 71 2 70 13 100 4 4 96 2 81 13 100 7 11 100 9 9 91 1 79 - 100 8 8 92 10 82 9 100 4 10 100 14 7 7 86 27 88 35 13 90 5 73 14 13 85 7 95 4 96 4 93 6 81 77 - 77 8 - - 4 96 5 83 4 96 4 82 10 100 8 8 92 2 80 9 90 4 10 95 4 10 11 93 9 94 10 4 - 4 96 1 81 _ - - - - - - - _ _ . 7 78 6 65 5 85 6 70 14 58 9 60 8 69 10 59 4 87 4 71 4 91 4 75 9 82 2 70 10 84 1 71 27 58 1 57 35 53 2 51 4 91 2 74 76 8 9 - - 11 12 11 12 - - 15 15 . 4 92 1 T a b l e 16. Health, in su ra n ce , and retirement plans—C o n t i n u e d (P e r c e n t of prod u ctio n and o ffic e w o r k e r s in sy n th etic fib e r s m anufacturing e s ta b lish m e n ts w ith sp e c ifie d h ea lth , in s u r a n c e , and r e tir e m e n t p la n s, 1 U nited S ta te s and South, D e c e m b e r 1970) P roduction w o rk ers All e s ta b lis h m e n ts T y p e of plan U nited S ta tes 2 W o r k e r s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s p r o v i d i n g — C o n t i n u e d M a j o r m e d i c a l i n s u r a n c e ............................................... —-..............— C o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s .................................................................- ............ C o v e r i n g e m p l o y e e s o n l y .................... ........ ............................ C o v e r i n g e m p l o y e e s a n d t h e i r d e p e n d e n t s .................. N o n c o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s ------. . . --------. . ------------ ---------------C o v e r i n g e m p l o y e e s o n l y ------------------------------------------C o v e r i n g e m p l o y e e s a n d t h e i r d e p e n d e n t s . . . ............. N o n c o n trib u to ry plans for em p lo y e e s; co ntributory f o r d e p e n d e n t s ___________________________________ _____— R e t i r e m e n t p l a n s 5 ------------------------------------------------- - ................... P e n s i o n s _______ _____ _____________ ____ ________ - ............... — C o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s ........... ..................... ........................ - ............ N o n c o n t r i b u t o r y p l a n s ----------- ------------------ --------------- — S e v e r a n c e p a y -------------- ------ - .......... ............................ ........ ............ S o u th C ellu lo sic fib e r s O fficew orkers N on c ellu lo sic fib e r s C ellu lo sic fib e rs U nited S tates 2 U nited S tates 2 South N o n c ellulosic fib e r s United S tates 2 S o u th 100 90 90 10 10 - 57 25 25 32 4 20 55 22 22 34 4 21 72 39 39 33 2 21 70 39 39 31 1 18 100 82 82 18 1 17 100 98 98 2 2 - 63 26 26 37 2 22 62 25 25 38 1 23 8 96 94 94 2 8 96 94 94 2 10 94 92 (3 ) 92 1 11 93 92 ( 3) 91 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 13 92 90 (3 ) 90 2 13 91 90 (3) 89 2 70 44 44 25 6 14 67 40 40 28 6 15 100 91 91 9 9 - 6 97 96 6 97 95 - - 100 100 100 100 - - - - 96 2 95 2 100 100 ' U nited S tates 2 A ll e s t a b l i s h m e n t s South S o u th U nited S tates 2 S o u th ' 1 I n c l u d e s o n l y t h o s e p l a n s f o r w h i c h a t l e a s t p a r t o f t h e c o s t i s b o r n e by t h e e m p l o y e r . L eg a lly r e q u i r e d p lan s such a s w o r k m e n ' s c o m p e n sa tio n and so c ia l s e c u r i t y a r e excluded; p l a n s r e q u i r e d b y S t a t e t e m p o r a r y d i s a b i l i t y i n s u r a n c e l a w s a r e i n c l u d e d if t h e e m p l o y e r c o n t r i b u t e s m o r e t h a n is l e g a l l y r e q u i r e d o r t h e e m p l o y e e s r e c e i v e b e n e f i t s in e x c e s s of l e g a l r e q u i r e m e n t s . ''N o n c o n tr i b u to r y p l a n s " in c lu d e only t h o s e p lan s f in an c ed e n t i r e ly by the e m p l o y e r . 2 I n c l u d e s d a t a f o r r e g i o n s in a d d i t i o n to t h e S o u th . 3 L e s s t h a n 0. 5 p e r c e n t . 4 U n d u p l i c a t e d t o t a l of w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g s i c k l e a v e o r s i c k n e s s a n d a c c i d e n t i n s u r a n c e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y . 5 U n d u p l i c a t e d t o t a l of w o r k e r s in p l a n t s h a v i n g p r o v i s i o n s f o r p e n s i o n s a n d s e v e r a n c e p a y s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y . NOTE: B e c a u s e of ro u n d i n g , s u m s of i n d i v i d u a l i t e m s m a y n o t e q u a l t o t a l s . T a b l e 17. O th er s e le c t e d be nefits ( P e r c e n t of p r o d u c t i o n a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s in s y n t h e t i c f i b e r s m a n u f a c t u r i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w i t h f o r m a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r f u n e r a l l e a v e p a y , j u r y d u t y p a y , U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d S o u t h , D e c e m b e r 19 70) O fficew orkers P roduction w o rk ers T y p e of b e n e f i t 1 All e s t a b l i s h m e n t s United S tates 2 S o u th C ellulosic fib ers United S tates 2 S o u th and tec h n o lo g ic al s e v e ra n c e pay. N o nc ellulosic fib ers United S tates 2 All e s t a b l i s h m e n t s S o u th U nited Statesz S o u th 99 100 34 96 99 32 95 100 30 C ellulosic fib ers United S tates 2 S outh N oncellulosic fib ers United S tates 2 S ou th W o r k e r s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w i t h p ro v isio n s for: F u n e r a l l e a v e p a y ----------------------------------J u r y d u t y p a y ------------------------------------------T e c h n o l o g i c a l s e v e r a n c e p a y ---------------- 99 99 46 F o r d e f i n i t i o n o f i t e m s , s e e a p p e n d i x A. I n c l u d e s d a t a f o r r e g i o n s i n a d d i t i o n to t h e S o u th . 99 100 41 100 100 68 100 100 62 99 100 37 94 100 37 93 100 25 96 99 31 96 100 31 A p p e n d ix A . S c o p e and M e th o d of S u rv e y Scope of survey Employment The survey included establishments primarily engaged in the manufacture of cellulosic man-made fibers and other synthetic organic fibers (noncellulosic) in the form of monofilament, yarn, staple, or tow suitable for further manufacturing on textile processing equipment (industries 2823 and 2824 as defined in the 1967 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, prepared by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, formerly the Bureau of the Budget). The classification of estab lishments by industry was determined on the basis of the value of the principal fiber manufactured. Separate auxiliary units, such as central offices and research labora tories, were excluded. Also excluded from the survey were establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing glass fibers. The estimates of the number of workers within the scope of the study are intended as a general guide to the size and composition of the labor force included in the survey. The advance planning necessary to make a wage survey requires the use of lists of establishments as sembled considerably in advance of the payroll period studied. The number of establishments and workers actually studied by the Bureau, as well as the number estimated to be within the scope of the survey during the payroll period studied, are shown in table A-1. Production and officeworkers The term “production workers,” as used in this bulletin, includes working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonoffice functions. Admin istrative, executive, professional, and technical personnel, and force-account construction employees, who were utilized as a separate work force on the firm’s own pro perties, were excluded. The term “officeworkers” includes all nonsupervisory officeworkers and excludes administrative, executive, professional, and technical employees. Method of study Data were obtained by personal visits of the Bureau’s field staff. The survey was conducted on a sample basis. To obtain appropriate accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion of large than of small establishments was studied. In combining the data, however, all estab lishments were given their appropriate weight. All esti mates are presented, therefore, as relating to all estab lishments in the industry, excluding only those below the minimum size at the time o f reference o f the uni verse data. Establishment definition An establishment, for purposes of this study, is defined as a single physical location where industrial operations are performed. An establishment is not neces sarily identical with the company, which may consist of one or more establishments. 20 Occupations selected for study The occupational classification was based on a uni form set of job descriptions designed to take account of interestablishment and interarea variations in duties with in the same job. (See appendix B for these descriptions.) The occupations were chosen for their numerical impor tance, their usefulness in collective bargaining, or their representativeness of the entire job scale in the industry. Working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers were not reported in the data for selected occupations but were included in the data for all production workers. Wage data The wage information relates to average straight-time hourly earnings, excluding premium pay for overtime Table A-1. Estimated number of establishments and workers within scope of survey and number studied, synthetic fibers manufacturing, December 1970 Num ber of establishm ents In d u s try bran ch an d region W ith in scope o f study W orkers in estab lish m en ts A c tu a lly studied A c tu a lly studied W ith in scope o f s tu d y T o ta l1 P ro d u c tio n O ffic e - w o rke rs w o rke rs T o ta l 1 A ll estab lish m en ts: U n ite d S ta te s 2 ................................................................. S o u th 3 ......................................................................... 39 35 8 6 ,0 0 4 6 7 ,4 2 8 7 9 ,7 3 5 6 2 ,1 1 0 5 ,3 7 6 5 ,0 0 6 7 0 ,0 2 5 6 3 ,8 5 1 13 11 2 3 ,3 6 9 1 9 ,5 5 1 1 ,2 5 2 2 2 ,3 9 8 1 9 ,7 7 3 1 6 ,6 0 2 979 1 8 ,8 0 2 26 24 49 44 6 2 ,6 3 5 5 9 ,9 6 2 4 7 ,8 7 7 4 5 ,5 0 8 4 ,1 2 4 4 ,0 2 7 4 5 ,0 4 9 C ellu los ic fib ers establishm ents: U n ite d S ta te s 2 ................................................................. S o u th 3 .......................................................................... 14 12 N o n c e llu lo s ic fib ers establishm ents: U n ite d S ta te s 2. .................................................................. S o u th 3............................................................................. 35 32 4 7 ,6 2 7 In cludes e x e c u tiv e , professional, and o th e r w o rk e rs e xc lu d e d fro m th e p ro d u c tio n and o ffic e w o rk e r categories. In cludes data fo r regions in a d d itio n to th e S o u th . T h e S o u th as used in th is s tu d y includes: A la b a m a , D elaw a re , D is tric t o f C o lu m b ia , F lo rid a , G eorgia, K e n tu c k y , M a ry la n d , Mississippi, N o rth C aro lin a , S o u th C a ro lin a , Tennessee, V irg in ia , and W est V irg in ia . paid to all experienced workers in the same job classi fication. Learners, apprentices, or probationary workers may be paid according to rate schedules which start below the single rate and permit the workers to achieve the full job rate over a period of time. Individual experi enced workers may occasionally be paid above or below the single rate for special reasons, but such payments are regarded as exceptions. Range-of-rate plans are those in which the minimum and/or maximum rates paid experienced workers for the same job are specified. Specific rates of individual workers within the range may be determined by merit, length of service, or a combination of various concepts of merit and length of service. Incentive workers are classified under piece work or bonus plans. Piecework is work for which a predetermined rate is paid for each unit of output. Production bonuses are based on production in excess of a quota or for completion of a job in less than standard time. and for work on weekends, holidays, and late or other shifts. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems, and cost-of-living bonuses were included as part of the workers’ regular pay; but nonproduction bonus payments, such as Christmas or yearend bonuses, were excluded. Average (mean) hourly rates or earnings for each occupation or other group of workers, such as men, women, or production workers, were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earnings) by the number of workers receiving the rate, totaling, and dividing by the number of individuals. The hourly earnings of salaried workers were obtained by dividing straight-time salary by normal rather than actual hours. The median designates position; that is, one-half of the employees surveyed received more than this rate and one-half received less. The middle range is defined by two rates of pay; one-fourth of the employees earned less than the lower of these rates and one-fourth earned more than the higher rate. Scheduled weekly hours Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work schedule for full-time production workers (or officeworkers) employed on the day shift. Method of wage payment Tabulations by method of wage payment relate to the number of workers paid under the various time and incentive wage systems. Formal rate structures for time rated workers provide single rates or a range of rates for individual job categories. In the absence of a formal rate structure, pay rates are determined primarily with reference to the qualifications of the individual worker. A single rate structure is one in which the same rate is Shift practices Data relate to shift practices of establishments during the payroll period studied and are presented in terms of the proportion of production workers actually employed under the conditions specified. Workers assigned to 21 rotating shifts variously work on day, evening, and night shifts, and workers assigned to fixed shifts regularly work on their assigned shift. Workers assigned to oscil lating shifts were of two groups: Those alternating be tween day and evening schedules, and those alternating between evening and night schedules. Supplementary wage provisions Supplementary benefits were treated statistically on the basis that if formal provisions for supplementary benefits were applicable to one-half or more of the pro duction workers (or officeworkers) in an establishment, the benefits were considered .applicable to all such workers. Similarly, if fewer than one-half of the workers were covered, the benefit was considered nonexistent in the establishment. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility requirements, the proportion of workers receiving the benefits may be smaller than estimated. Paid holidays. Paid holiday provisions relate to fullday and half-day holidays provided annually. Paid vacations. The summaries of vacation plans are limited to formal arrangements, excluding informal plans whereby time off with pay is granted at the discretion of the employer or the supervisor. Payments not on a time basis were converted; for example, a payment of 2 percent of annual earnings was considered the equivalent of 1 week’s pay. The periods of service for which data are presented were selected as representative of the most common practices but they do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, the changes in proportions indicated at 10 years of service may include changes which occurred between 5 and 10 years. Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Data are presented for health, insurance, and pension plans for which all or a part of the cost is borne by the employer, excluding only programs required by law, such as work men’s compensation and social security. Among the plans included are those underwritten by a commercial insur ance company and those paid directly by the employer from his current operating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose. Death benefits are included as a form of life insurance. Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type of insurance under which predetermined cash payments are made directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis during illness or accident disability. Information is 22 presented for all such plans to which the employer con tributes at least part of the cost. However, in New York and New Jersey, where temporary disability insurance laws require employer contributions, 1 plans were in cluded only if the employer (1) contributed more than is legally required, or (2) provided the employees with benefits which exceeded the requirements of the law. Tabulations of paid sick leave plans are limited to formal plans which provide full pay or a proportion of the worker’s pay during absence from work because of illness; informal arrangements have been omitted. Separ ate tabulations are provided according to (1) plans which provide full pay and no waiting period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or a waiting period. Medical insurance refers to plans providing for com plete or partial payment of doctors’ fees. Such plans may be underwritten by a commercial insurance company or a nonprofit organization, or they may be a form of selfinsurance. Major medical insurance, sometimes referred to as extended medical insurance, includes the plans designed to cover employees in case of sickness or injury involving an expense which goes beyond the normal coverage of hospitalization, medical, and surgical plans. Tabulations of retirement pensions are limited to plans which provide regular payments for the remainder of the retiree’s life. Data are presented separately for lump-sum retirement pay (one payment or several over a period of time) made to employees upon retirement. Establishments providing both lump-sum payments and pensions to employees upon retirement were considered as having both retirement pension and lump-sum retire ment pay. Establishments having optional plans which provide employees a choice of either lump-sum retire ment payments or pensions were considered as having only retirement pension benefits. Paid funeral and jury-duty leave. Data for paid funeral and jury-duty leave relate to formal provisions for at least partial payment for time lost as a result of attending funerals of specified family members or serving as a juror. Technological severance pay. Data relate to formal plans providing for payment to employees permanently separated from the company because of a technological change or plant closing. 1 The temporary disability insurance laws in California and Rhode Island do not require employer contributions. A p p e n d ix B. O c c u p a tio n a l D e s crip tio n s The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau’s wage surveys is to assist its field staff in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This classification permits the grouping of occupa tional wage rates representing comparable job content. Because of the emphasis on interestablishment and interarea comparability of occupa tional content, the Bureau’s job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments, or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau’s field staff are instructed to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and pro bationary workers. M aintenance Carpenter, maintenance following: Installing or repairing any of a variety of electrical equipment such as generators, transformers, switchboards, controllers, circuit breakers, motors, heat ing units, conduit systems, or other transmission equip ment; working from blueprints, drawings, layout, or other specifications; locating and diagnosing trouble in the electrical system or equipment; working standard computations relating to load requirements of wiring or electrical equipment; using a variety of electrician’s handtools and measuring and testing instruments. In general, the work of the maintenance electrician requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Performs the carpentry duties necessary to construct and maintain in good repair building woodwork and equipment such as bins, cribs, counters, benches, parti tions, doors, floors, stairs, casings, and trim made of wood in an establishment. Work involves most o f the following: Planning and laying out of work from blue prints, drawings, models, or verbal instructions; using a variety of carpenter’s handtools, portable power tools, and standard measuring instruments; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work; selecting materials necessary for the work. In general, the work of the maintenance carpenter requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a for mal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Helper, maintenance trades Electrician, maintenance Assists one or more workers in the skilled maintenance trades, by performing specific or general duties of lesser skill, such as keeping a worker supplied with materials and tools; cleaning working areas, machine, and equip ment; assisting worker by holding materials or tools; Performs a variety of electrical trade functions such as the installation, maintenance, or repair of equipment for the generation, distribution, or utilization of electric energy in an establishment. Work involves most o f the 23 performing other unskilled tasks as directed by journey man. The kind of work the helper is permitted to per form varies from trade to trade. In some trades, the helper is confined to supplying, lifting, and holding materials and tools ,and cleaning working areas; and in others, he is permitted to perform specialized machine operations, or parts of a trade that are also performed by workers on a full-time basis. Instrument repairman Installs, maintains, adjusts, and repairs manual, pneu matic, electric, and/or electronic measuring, recording, and regulating instruments in a chemical plant. Work involves most o f the following: Inspecting, testing, and adjusting instruments periodically, determining cause of trouble in instruments not functioning properly and making necessary repairs or adjustments; disconnecting inaccurate or damaged instruments and replacing them; examining mechanism and cleaning parts; replacing worn or broken parts; assembling instruments and installing them on testing apparatus; and calibrating instruments to established standard. Machinist, maintenance Produces replacement parts and new parts in making repairs of metal parts of mechanical equipment operated in an establishment. Work involves most o f the following: Interpreting written instructions and specifications; plan ning and laying out of work; using a variety of machinist’s handtools and precision measuring instruments; setting up and operating standard machine tools; shaping of metal parts to close tolerances; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work, tooling, feeds and speeds of machining; knowledge of the working properties of the common metals; selecting standard materials, parts, and equipment required for his work; fitting and assembling parts. In general, the machinist’s work normally requires a rounded training in machine shop practice usually acquired through a formal appren ticeship or equivalent training and experience. Mechanic, general Performs the work of two or more maintenance trades rather than specializing in only one trade or one type of maintenance work. In general, the work of a general mechanic requires rounded training and experi ence usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. 24 The classification includes workers who regularly perform two or more types of skilled maintenance work within a section or department of a large establishment, such as pipefitting, millwrighting, welding, machining, machine and equipment repairing, and carpentry, among others. It also includes workers who maintain and repair machines, mechanical and electrical equipment, and/or the structure of a small establishment where special ization in maintenance work is impractical. It does not, however, include workers who only make minor repairs or adjustments. Millwright Installs new machines or heavy equipment, and dis mantles and installs machines or heavy equipment when changes in the plant layout are required. Work involves most o f the following: Planning and laying out of the work; interpreting blueprints or other specifications; using a variety of handtools and rigging; making standard shop computations relating to stresses, strength of materials, and centers of gravity; alining and balancing of equipment; selecting standard tools, equipment, and parts to be used; installing and maintaining in good order power transmission equipment such as drives and speed reducers. In general, the millwright’s work normally requires a rounded training and experience in the trade acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Pipefitter, maintenance Installs or repairs water, steam, gas, or other types of pipe and pipe fittings in an establishment. Work involves most o f the following: Laying out of work and measuring to locate position of pipe from drawings or other written specifications; cutting various sizes of pipe to correct lengths with chisel and hammer or oxyacetylene torch or pipe-cutting machine; threading pipe with stocks and dies; bending pipe by hand-driven or power-driven machines; assembling pipe -with couplings and fastening pipe to hangers; making standard shop computations relating to pressures, flow, and size of pipe required; making standard tests to determine whether finished pipes meet specifications. In general, the work of the maintenance pipefitter requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprentice ship or equivalent training and experience. Workers primarily engaged in installing and repairing building sanitation or heating systems are excluded. C hem ical P reparation operating one of several types of equipment such as autoclaves, reactors, retorts, etc. Observes a control board to determine the proper functioning of the chemical process as prescribed; recognizes and reports off-standard conditions, taking necessary corrective ac tion if due to elements under his control. Maintains pro per flow of the intermediates and product by opening and closing valves, observes, records and controls temperature and time elements, operates pumps, tanks, vessels, and other related equipment. May obtain samples for testing laboratory and keep prescribed records of production. Chemical operator, cellulosic fiber Operates equipment in which raw materials are treated chemically to produce a solution from which rayon or acetate fibers are spun. Work consists of most o f the following: Regulates the flow of materials by turning valves; observes and controls temperatures and time elements as prescribed; tends pumps, tanks, vessels, and other related equipment. May take batch samples for the testing laboratory. Workers in this classification are usually designated according to their specific function, such as: Acid mixer, barratte operator, churn man, correction man, and steeping-press operator. Workers in this classification are usually designated according to their specific functions, such as: Polymer preparation operator, solution operator, and salthouse operator. Chemical operator, noncellulosic fiber Controls the conversion of chemical intermediates to produce a solution for spinning noncellulosic fibers by Spinning ments through guides and attaching to the winding device; and doffing (removing) full spinning packages from the machine. Worker may also keep records and take samples for laboratory analysis. Where filaments are passed directly from spinnerets on one floor to draw (stretching) machines on floor below, workers on both floors (topmen and bottom men) are to be classified in this occupation. Jetman (Spinneret man; spinneret cleaner; jet handler) Cleans from spinnerets any gummy residue (left by spinning solution) to prevent clogging of the tiny holes through which solution is forced. Dismounts spinnerets from holders, and washes in acid bath; blows holes clean with compressed air, examines spinnerets for defects; and remounts spinneret in holder. Spinner, wet process Spinner, dry process Tends spinning machine that forces liquid solution through tiny holes in the spinneret (metal disc) into a solidifying acid bath, and forms the resulting filaments into a thread. Duties include most o f the following: Collects ends of filaments from the solidifying bath to form an untwisted thread which is passed over a wheel, through guides, and attached to a winding device; removes (doffs) full spinning boxes; makes periodic inspections, repairing breaks as necessary. Tends spinning machine that converts a liquid spinning solution into a solid filament by the dry-process method of spinning. Work involves one or more o f the following: Correcting off-standard conditions as the spinning solu tion is forced through the spinneret and coagulated into a filament by warm air; wiping and spraying spinnerets regularly to insure an even flow of the solution; stringing up and establishing proper threadline by passing fila 25 Finishing Creel tender Warper operator Tends creel mechanism of drawtwist machines or warpers by replacing empty packages of yarn or tow with full ones. Assists in stringing yarn from creel through guides to the drawtwist machine or warper; ties end of yarn on new package to end of yarn from exhausted package; inspects product as it is drawn from creel, and reports off-standard conditions. May take samples and keep production records. (Beamer) Operates machine that draws yarn from many indi vidual packages, and winds the strands parallel onto beams to form a warp. Work involves most o f the following: Threads ends of individual strands of yam through guides, drop wires, and comb of machine, fol lowing directions of a drawing to obtain a prescribed arrangement; fastens ends of all strands to the beam mounted in the machine; operates the powered winding mechanism to draw the yarn from the packages and wind it on the beam; and pieces together broken ends of yarn by twisting or tying the ends together. May also tend creel mechanism of machine. Drawtwist operator (Drawwind operator) Operates a drawtwist machine that draws and twists noncellulosic yarn from a spinning package. Work in cludes most o f the following: Stocks machines with spinning bobbins; strings up positions by threading guides, wrapping rolls, and following standard procedures and practices; repairs breaks and inspects for off-standard positions; patrols assignment for threadline breaks and improper alinement; starts and doffs machines ac cording to schedule. May keep production records. Washer operator Places packages of synthetic yarn in a washing machine to remove the acid used in the spinning process. Re ceives full packages from the spinning machine and places on racks of the washing machine; starts machine which forces water through the packages, washing the acid from the thread; removes cleaned packages and places on racks for drying. Tow operator Operates any of several types o f machines processing tow (a rope-like collection of filaments) immediately after spinning and just before packing. Typical of such operations are the following: (1) Take-up operator— Operates machine that takes tow from the conveyor belt c f the spinning machine ; (2) crimper operator— operates machine that places a crimp in the tow to enable the fibers to be twisted into yam; (3) piddler machine operator— operates a machine whose mechanism swings back and forth, lapping the tow into transport cans; and (4) cutter operator— operates machine that cuts crimped tow into specified lengths. Winder, yarn Tends the operation of one or more of the various type machines used to wind twisted yam from one form to another for shipment, or to facilitate handling in later processing. Work involves: Placing packages of yarn on reels or spindles of machine; threading yam through the various guides; piecing-up broken ends by twisting or tying the two ends together; removing fully wound packages and replacing with empty bobbins, cones, tubes, or quills. In sp ection and T e s tin g that may be carried on by the laboratory assistant to determine properties of materials are viscosity tests, specific gravity tests, volumetric analysis, and colori metric analysis. Keeps accurate records of test obser vations and reports to supervisor. Classification does not include workers performing physical tests. See Physicaltest operator. Laboratory assistant (Technician; laboratorian; chemical control operator) Performs standard and routine chemical laboratory tests or special analytical control work under the direc tion of a chemist or foreman. Among the types of tests 26 fically designed machines, under the supervision of the laboratory foreman, to make the following types of tests: Denier, tenacity, twist determination, staple fiber length, crimp count on tow and staple, tare weight, moisture analysis, filament count, and abrasion resistance. Physical-test operator Performs standard and routine physical tests to deter mine the specific characteristics of continuous filament yam, staple yam, or tow. Uses instruments and speci M a te r ia l M o v e m e n t and H a n d lin g involves a com bination o f the follow ing: Checking in coming orders; storing supplies; applying identifications to articles; issuing supplies; taking periodic inventory or keeping perpetual inventory; making up necessary re ports; requesting or ordering supplies when needed. Laborer, material handling (Loader and unloader; handler and stacker; shelver; trucker; stockm an or warehouseman or warehouse helper) A worker employed in a warehouse or manufacturing plant whose duties involve one or more o f the following: Loading and unloading various materials and merchan dise on or from freight cars, trucks, or other transporting devices; unpacking, shelving, or placing materials or mer chandise in proper storage location; transporting mater ials or merchandise by handtruck, car, or wheelbarrow to proper location. Longshoremen , who load and unload ships, are excluded. If primary duty is to operate power truck, classify as truckers, power. Stockroom laborers, to o l crib attendants, and em ployees who supervise stock clerks and laborers are excluded. Trucker, power Operates a manually-controlled gasoline- or electricpowered truck or tractor to transport goods and materials of all kinds about a warehouse, manufacturing plant, or other establishment. For wage study purposes, workers are classified by type of truck as follows: Forklift Other than forklift Stock clerk Receives, stores, and issues equipment, materials, merchandise, or tools in a stockroom or storeroom. Work Custodial working areas and washrooms, or premises in an office, apartment house, or commercial or other establish ment. Duties involve a com bination o f the following: Sweeping, mopping, and/or scrubbing and polishing floors; removing chips, trash, and other refuse; dusting equipment, furniture, or fixtures; polishing metal fix tures or trimmings; providing supplies and minor main tenance services; cleaning lavatories, showers, and rest rooms. Workers who specialize in window washing are Guard Performs routine police duties, either at fixed post or on tour, maintaining order, using arms or force where necessary. Includes gatem en ,.who are stationed a t gate and check on id en tity o f em ployees and other persons entering. Janitor (Day porter; sweeper; charwoman; janitress) Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory excluded. 27 In d u s try W a g e S t u d ie s The most recent reports for industries included in the Bureau’s program of industry wage surveys since January 1960 are listed below. Copies are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government I. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402, or any of its regional sales offices, and from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C., 20212, or from any of its regional offices shown on the inside back cover. Occupational Wage Studies Manufacturing Price Basic Iron and Steel, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1602 ....................................................................................................... $0.55 Candy and Other Confectionery Products, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1732 ............................................................................45 Cigar Manfacturing, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1581 ................................................................................................................. 25 Cigarette Manufacturing, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1472 ........................................................................................................ 20 Cotton and Man-Made Fiber Textiles, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1637 ........................................................................... 1.00 Fabricated Structural Steel, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1695 ....................................................................................................50 Fertilizer Manufacturing, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1531........................................................................................................ 30 Flour and Other Grain Mill Products, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1576 .................................................................................. 25 Fluid Milk Industry, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1464 ...............................................................................................................30 Footwear, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1634 ................................................................................................................................ 75 Hosiery, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1562 .....................................................................................................................................70 Industrial Chemicals, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1529 ...............................................................................................................40 Iron and Steel Foundries, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1626 ............................................................................................ 1.00 Leather Tanning and Finishing, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1 6 1 8 ............................................................................................. 55 Machinery Manufacturing, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1664 ...................................................................................................... 65 Meat Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1677 ................................................................................................................ 1.00 Men’s and Boys’ Shirts (Except Work Shirts) and Nightwear, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1659 ............................................. 65 Men’s and Boys’ Suits and Coats, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1716 ............................................................................... 1.00 Miscellaneous Plastics Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1690 ............................................................................................. 60 Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1679 ...................................................................................................... 75 Nonferrous Foundries, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1726 .............................................................................................................50 Paints and Varnishes, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1524 ...............................................................................................................40 Paperboard Containers and Boxes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1 7 1 9 ............................................................................... 1.25 Petroleum Refining, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1526 ................................................................................................................. 30 Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1 7 1 3 .................................................................................. 50 Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1608 ......................................................... ............................... 60 Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1694 .....................................................................................50 Structural Clay Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1697 ........................................................................................................ 65 Synthetic Fibers, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1540........................................................................................................................30 Synthetic Textiles, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1509 ...................................................................................................................40 Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1965-66. BLS Bulletin 1527 .........................................................................................45 West Coast Sawmilling, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1704 .......................................................................................................... 45 Women’s and Misses’ Coats and Suits, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1508 .................................................................................. 25 Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1649 ..................................................................................................45 Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1651 ...............................................................60 Wool Textiles, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1551 .......................................................................................................................... 45 Work Clothing, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1624 ........................................................................................................................50 I. Occupational Wage Studies— Continued Nonmanufacturing Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1689 ............................................................................................ $0.50 Banking, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1703 .....................................................................................................................................65 Bituminous Coal Mining, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1583 ........................................................................................................ 50 Communications, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1696 ..................................................................................................................... 30 Contract Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1644 ...................... '............................................................................ 55 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Production, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1566 ..................................................................... 30 Eating and Drinking Places, 1966— 67. BLS Bulletin 1588 ............................................................................................. 40 Educational Institutions: Non teaching Employees, 1968— 69. BLS Bulletin 1671 ....................................................50 Electric and Gas Utilities, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1 6 1 4 ........................................................................................................ 70 Hospitals, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1688 ......................................................................................................................... 1.00 Hotels and Motels, 1966— 67. BLS Bulletin 1587 .............................................................................................................40 Laundry and Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1645 ............................................................................................. 75 Life Insurance, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1569 ..........................................................................................................................30 Motion Picture Theaters, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1542 ........................................................................................................ 35 Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, 1967— 68. BLS Bulletin 1638 ..........................................................................75 II. Other Industry Wage Studies Employee Earnings and Hours in Nonmetropolitan Areas of the South and North Central Regions, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1552 ..................................................................................................................................................50 Employee Earnings and Hours in Eight Metropolitan Areas of the South, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1533 ............. .40 Employee Earnings and Hours in Retail Trade, June 1966Retail Trade (Overall Summary). BLS Bulletin 1584 ...................................................................................... 1.00 Building Materials, Hardware, and Farm Equipment Dealers. BLS Bulletin 1584-1 ............................................... 30 General Merchandise Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-2 ....................................................................................................55 Food Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-3 ................................................................................................................................ 60 Automotive Dealers and Gasoline Service Stations. BLS Bulletin 1584-4 . . . .........................................................50 Apparel and Accessory Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-5 ..................................................................................................55 Furniture, Home Furnishings, and Household Appliance Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-6 .........................................50 Miscellaneous Retail Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-7 ...................................................................................................... 65 ☆ U. S. G O V E R N M EN T PR IN T IN G O F F IC E : 1972 O - 4 8 4 -7 9 0 (89) B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S R E G IO N A L O F F IC E S R egion V R egion I 1 6 0 3 -J F K Federal B u ild in g 8 th F lo o r , 3 0 0 S o u th W ack er D rive G o v e rn m e n t C e n te r C hicago, III, 6 0 6 0 6 B os ton , Mass. 0 2 2 0 3 Phone: 3 5 3 - 1 8 8 0 (A re a C ode 3 1 2 ) Phone: 2 2 3 -6 7 6 2 (A re a C od e 6 1 7 ) R egion V I R egion II 3 4 1 N in th A v e ., R m . 1 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 C o m m e rc e S t., R m . 6 B 7 N e w Y o r k , N .Y . 1 0 0 0 1 D allas, T e x . 7 5 2 0 2 Phone: 9 7 1 - 5 4 0 5 (A re a C ode 2 1 2 ) P hone: R egion I I I 7 4 9 - 3 5 1 6 (A re a C ode 2 1 4 ) Regions V I I a n d V I I I 4 0 6 Penn Square B u ild in g Federal O ffic e B u ild in g 1 3 1 7 F ilb e r t S t. 9 1 1 W a ln u t S t., 1 0 th F lo o r P h ila d e lp h ia , Pa. 1 9 1 0 7 Kansas C ity , M o . 6 4 1 0 6 Phone: P ho ne: 3 7 4 -2 4 8 1 (A re a C od e 8 1 6 ) 5 9 7 -7 7 9 6 (A re a C od e 2 1 5 ) R egion I V R egions IX a n d X 4 5 0 G o ld e n G a te A ve. S u ite 5 4 0 1 3 7 1 Peachtree S t. N E . B ox 3 6 0 1 7 A tla n ta , G a. 3 0 3 0 9 San Fran cisco, C a lif. 9 4 1 0 2 Phone: P hone: 5 2 6 -5 4 1 8 (A re a C ode 4 0 4 ) 5 5 6 ^ 6 7 8 (A re a C ode 4 1 5 ) Regions V I I a n d V I I I w ill be serviced by Kansas C ity . Regions IX a n d X w ill be serviced b y San Francisco. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR T H IR D C LA S S M A IL BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS W A SH IN G T O N . D .C . 20212 P O S T A G E A N D F E E S PAID O F F I C I A L BUSIN ESS PENALTY FO R P R IV A T E U.S. D E P A R TM E N T O F LABOR USE, $3 00
