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Industry Wage Survey:
Synthetic Fibers
August 1976
U S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
1977
Bulletin 1975
Industry Wage Survey:
Synthetic Fibers
August 1976
U.S. Department of Labor
Ray Marshall, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Julius Shiskin, Commissioner
1977
Bulletin 1975
For sale b y the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D .C . 20402
Stock N o. 029-001-02115-1
Preface
This bulletin summarizes the results of a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of wages and related
benefits in the synthetic fibers industries in August 1976. A similar survey was conducted in
December 1970 (BLS Bulletin 1740).
This study was conducted in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. Mary Kay
Rieg of the Division of Occupational Wage Structures prepared the analysis; field work for the
survey was directed by the Bureau’s Assistant Regional Commissioners for Operations.
Other reports available from the Bureau’s program of industry wage studies, as well as the
addresses of the Bureau’s regional offices, are listed at the end of this bulletin.
Material in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission
of the Federal Government. Please credit the Bureau of Labor Statistics and cite the name and
number of the publication.
iii
Contents
Page
Summary
............................................................................................................................................................................................1
Industry characteristics
..................................................................................................................................................................1
Employment and production
............................................................................................................................................... 1
Products and processes ........................................................................................................................................................... 1
L o c a t io n ................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Size of establishm ent............................................................................................................................................................... 2
Unionization
........................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Method of wage p a y m e n t ....................................................................................................................................................... 2
Average hourly earnings ................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Occupational e a r n in g s ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions ....................................................................................................... 3
Scheduled weekly hours and shift practices........................................................................................................................... 3
Paid holidays ..................................................................................................................................................................; . 4
Paid v a c a tio n s............................................................................................................................................................................4
Health, insurance, and retirement plans ............................................................................................................................... 4
Other selected benefits ........................ .................................................................................... *...........................................4
Tables:
1. Average hourly earnings: By selected characteristics..................................................................................
5
Earnings distribution:
2. All establishm en ts.........................................................................................................................................
3. Cellulosic f i b e r s .............................................................................................................................................
4. Noncellulosic fibers
.....................................................................................................................................
6
7
8
Occupational earnings:
5. Cellulosic fibers—United S ta te s .....................................................................................................................
9
6. Cellulosic fibers—S o u t h ..................................................................................................................................... 11
7. Noncellulosic fibers—United S t a t e s ................................................................................................................. 12
8. Noncellulosic fibers—South ............................................................................................................................. 14
Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions:
9. Method of wage p a y m e n t ..................................................................................................................................16
10. Scheduled weekly hours
..................................................................................................................................16
11. Shift differential practices—All establishments .............................................................................................. 17
12. Shift differential practices—Cellulosic fibers ................................................................................................. 18
13. Shift differential practices—Noncellulosicfib e r s .............................................................................................. 19
14. Paid holidays ..................................................................................................................................................... 20
15. Paid v a ca tio n s..................................................................................................................................................... 21
16. Health, insurance, and retirement plans
........................................................................................................ 23
17. Other selected b e n e f i t s ..................................................................................................................................... 25
Appendixes:
A.
Scope and method of survey ..................................................................................................................................... 26
B.
Occupational descriptions
......................................................................................................................................... 29
v
Synthetic Fibers, August 1976
cessing equipment: Cellulosic fibers, such as rayon and ace
tate, and other synthetic organic fibers (noncellulosic), such
as nylons, acrylics, and polyesters. The 60 establishments
within the scope of the survey generally limited their pro
duction to one of these two major types of fibers.
Summary
Straight-time earnings of production and related workers
in plants manufacturing synthetic fibers averaged $5.05 an
hour in August 1976. One-tenth of these workers earned
more than $6.40, while a similar proportion earned less
than $3.90. Men, accounting for seven-tenths of the labor
force in these plants, averaged $5.21 an hour. Women aver
aged $4.70, and were largely employed in the finishing de
partments and at inspection and testing jobs.
Four-fifths of the 62,793 production workers covered
by the survey1 were in plants primarily producing noncellulosic fibers such as nylon. They averaged $5.18 an
hour. The remaining workers were in plants manufacturing
cellulosic Fibers (e.g., rayon) and averaged $4.45.
Among the occupations studied separately, highest av
erages in both industries were recorded for skilled main
tenance jobs. The nationwide averages for these jobs ranged
between $5.40 and $6.73 an hour in noncellulosic plants,
and between $3.96 and $5.08 an hour in cellulosic plants.
Highest average hourly earnings among processing occupa
tions were recorded for dry process spinners ($4.59 in cel
lulosic and $5.40 in noncellulosic plants) and for chemical
operators ($4.60 in cellulosic and $5.28 in noncellulosic
plants). In cellulosic plants, guards averaged least ($3.96),
and in noncellulosic plants, material handling laborers were
the lowest paid ($4.04).
All production workers covered by the study were in
establishments providing paid holidays (usually 8 to 10 an
nually); paid vacations; and life, hospitalization, and sur
gical insurance benefits. Retirement pension plans, in addi
tion to Federal social security, were available to virtually all
production workers.
E m p lo y m e n t an d p ro d u c tio n . Establishments within the
scope of the August 1976 synthetic fiber survey employed
an estimated 62,800 production workers—four-fifths in the
noncellulosic fibers manufacturing sector. Since the De
cember 1970 fibers survey,2 the industry’s production
work force rose sharply, by about one-fifth, to a peak level
of about 90,000 during the second half of 1974, only to
fall back to or slightly below its 1970 level since then.3
Continuing a long-term trend, the production work force in
cellulosic plants shrank by nearly half since 1970—to
slightly under 11,000 in August 1976—while the non
cellulosic sector increased by roughly one-tenth.
While U.S. output of noncellulosic fibers advanced to a
record 6,618 million pounds in 1976 (from 3,586 million in
1970), the cellulosic production level of 848 million
pounds was well below the 1970 figure of 1,373 million.
Cellulosics, such as rayon and acetate—the older type syn
thetics—are being replaced by polyester, nylon, and acry
lics, as indicated by an 8-percent decline in cellulosics pro
duction worldwide in contrast to an 80-percent rise for
noncellulosics between 1970 and 1976.4
Productivity gains in the synthetic fibers industry were
among the highest recorded in the U.S. economy during the
decade of the 1970’s. Increasing at an annual average rate
since 1970 of 9.2 percent, output per production worker
hour made its greatest 1-year advance between 1970 and
1971-15.7 percent. During the 6-year span, the productiv
ity gain resulted from a 5.6-percent annual rise in output
coupled with a 2.7-percent average yearly decline in pro
duction hours worked.5
Industry characteristics
The survey covered establishments engaged in the pro
duction of the two principal types of synthetic (manmade)
fibers suitable for further manufacturing on textile pro
P ro d u cts an d processes. The three basic production pro
cesses for manmade fibers are: (l)T h e chemical prepara-
2 See In d u stry Wage S u rvey: S y n th e tic Fibers, D ecem b er 1 9 7 0 ,
1
See appendix A for scope and method o f survey. Wage data Bulletin 1740 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1972).
contained in this bulletin exclude premium pay for overtime and for
3 Based on the Bureau’s E m p lo y m e n t a n d Earnings series.
work on weekends, holidays, and late or other shifts. Due to un
4From T extile O rganon , February 1977, Textile Economics
availability o f data from a major employer, averages and distribu
Bureau, Inc.
tions presented in this bulletin represent only about nine-tenths of
5P ro d u c tiv ity In d ex e s f o r S e le c te d In du stries, 1 9 7 6 E d itio n
total estimated employment in the synthetic fiber industry. Conse
Bulletin 1938 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1977) and News Release,
quently, they are not strictly comparable with averages and distribu
dated July 27, 1977, “Widespread Gains in Industry Productivity
tions developed from previous Bureau studies o f the industry.
Reported by BLS for 1976.”
1
lulosic manufacturing; the remaining workers in the sector
were employed in smaller ^establishments. Plants with at
least 2,500 workers were common in noncellulosic manu
facturing, where they employed nearly one-half of the work
force. About two-fifths of the workers in the noncellulosic
sector were employed in plants with 1,000 to 2,499 em
ployees, with smaller plants accounting for the remainder.
tion of the spinning solution; (2) the transformation of the
spinning solution into solidified filaments; and (3) the fin
ishing or textile operations which prepare the product for
sale. Differences in the methods used to perform these
operations are quite pronounced and account, in large part,
for variations in the occupational patterns found among
individual establishments.
Processes in the preparation of the spinning solution
vary according to the type of fiber produced. Rayon and
acetate originate from cellulose—a fibrous substance usu
ally obtained from materials such as wood pulp. Non
cell ulosic fibers, on the other hand, are derived from chem
ical compounds. The preparation of spinning solutions for
noncellulosics requires much equipment but relatively few
employees. More manual operations are required for cellulosics.
Spinning solutions are converted into solidified filaments
by one of two means. Under the wet-process method, the
spinning solution is forced through tiny holes of a spinneret
into an acid bath which coagulates the fine streams of solu
tions. The dry-process method uses warm air instead of acid
to solidify the filaments. When the wet process is used, the
filaments must be washed free of the acid and then dried;
the dry process does not require these steps. Rayon vis
cose) uses the wet-process method, whereas acetate and
most noncellulosic fibers use the dry-process method.
The finishing (textile) operations depend upon the form
in which the product is to be sold. Continuous filament
yarn is twisted (multifilament) and wound on bobbins for
shipment. Tow, on the other hand, is a ropelike strand of
filaments which is packaged in bulk and does not require
winding. Staple (tow cut to specified lengths) is handled in
a manner similar to the processing of tow, except for the
added operations of crimping and cutting.
Approximately 60 percent of the production workers in
cellulosic manufacturing, and 70 percent of those in non
cellulosic manufacturing, were in plants whose principal
product was multifilament yarn. In the cellulosic industry,
plants employing 14 percent of the workers primarily
manufactured staple and 27 percent, chiefly tire cord. In
the noncellulosic industry, 7 percent of the workers were in
plants mainly manufacturing tow and 20 percent were in
those whose principal product was staple.
U n ion ization . Virtually all of the cellulosic fibers plants
studied had collective bargaining agreements covering a
majority of their production workers at the time of the
survey. Noncellulosic plants employing slightly more than
two-fifths of that industry’s work force had such agree
ments. The major unions in the cellulosic fibers industry are
the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union and
the United Textile Workers of America, both AFL-CIO
affiliates. In noncellulosics, single-firm independent unions
represent a substantial proportion of the workers under col
lective bargaining agreements.
M e th o d o f w age p a y m e n t. Virtually all workers covered by
the survey were time-rated, usually under formal plans with
single rates for specified occupations (table 9). Incentive
workers accounted for about 2 percent of the workers in
both the cellulosic and noncellulosic industries.
Average hourly earnings
Straight-time earnings of production workers in syn
thetic fibers manufacturing averaged $5.05 an hour in
August 19768 (table 1). In the noncellulosic fibers indus
try, where four-fifths of the 62,7939 workers were em
ployed, earnings averaged $5.18; in the cellulosic fibers
industry, the average was $4.45.
The growing predominance of the higher paying noncel
lulosic fibers industry, noted earlier in this report, has had a
substantial impact on the level of earnings for all synthetic
fibers manufacturing combined. For example, had the em
ployment relationship between noncellulosic and cellulosic
fibers plants remained constant since 1958, the average
straight-time earnings of production workers covered by the
8 The straight-time average hourly earnings in this bulletin differ
in concept from the gross average hourly earnings published in the
Bureau’s monthly E m p lo y m e n t a n d Earnings series ($5.40 in August
1976). Unlike the latter, the estimates presented here exclude pre
mium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and
late or other shifts. Average earnings were calculated by summing
individual hourly earnings and dividing by the number o f indivi
duals; in the monthly series, the sum o f the hour totals reported by
establishments in the industry was divided into the reported payroll
totals.
9 The estimate o f the number o f production workers within the
scope o f the study is intended only as a general guide to the size and
composition o f the labor force included in the survey. It differs
from the number published in the monthly series (71,700 in August
1976) mainly because o f the unavailability o f work force estimates
for a major synthetic fiber plant not participating in the survey.
L o ca tio n . Nearly all workers in cellulosic and noncellulosic
fibers manufacturing were employed in the South.6 North
Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia were the
States with the heaviest employment concentrations.
S ize o f establish m en t. Synthetic fiber manufacturing plants
generally employ 1,000 workers or more and are typically
owned by multiplant companies.7 Plants of 1,000 to 2,499
workers accounted for seven-tenths of the workers in cel6For definition o f the South as used in this survey, see fo o t
note 3, table A -l.
’ Companies operating 2 establishments or more.
2
cally the largest group studied, with one-fifth of the work
force, averaged $5.40 an hour. Chemical operators and
drawtwist operators averaged $5.28 and $4.66, respectively.
Where comparisons were possible, occupational averages
were higher in noncellulosic fibers manufacturing than in
cellulosics, except for material handling laborers, who aver
aged 30 cents an hour more in cellulosic plants. The average
wage advantage for noncellulosic workers ranged from
$1.64 an hour for instrument repairers to 14 cents for creel
tenders. Average differentials between the two industries
were $1 or more for maintenance trades workers, and most
often 40 to 80 cents for those employed in processing and
testing departments.
Earnings of individual workers also varied greatly within
the same job and industry. In many instances, hourly earn
ings of the highest paid workers exceeded those of the low
est paid in the same job by $1.50 or more in cellulosics and
by $2.50 or more in noncellulosics. Thus, some workers in
comparatively low-paid jobs (as measured by the average
for all workers) earned more than other workers in jobs for
which higher averages were recorded. For example, the fol
lowing tabulation indicates a considerable overlap of indi
vidual rates for tow operators and chemical operators in
noncellulosic fibers plants, despite a 41-cent difference in
their average hourly earnings:
1976 survey would have been $4.67 an hour, instead of
$5.05.10
Men, making up seven-tenths of the work force in cellulosic plants, averaged $4.52 an hour, compared with
$4.29 for women. In noncellulosic plants, men accounted
for approximately the same percentage of the work force
and averaged $5.35—56 cents an hour more than women.
Women in both industries were largely employed in fin
ishing departments and at inspection and testing jobs. Dif
ferences in average pay levels for men and women may be
the result of several factors, including differences in the
distribution of the sexes among establishments and jobs
having disparate pay levels. Also, differences noted in aver
ages for men and women in the same job may reflect minor
differences in duties. Job descriptions used to classify work
ers in wage surveys are usually more generalized than those
used in individual establishments because allowance must
be made for minor differences among establishments in
specific duties performed.
Approximately 10 percent of the production workers
earned less than $3.90 an hour, while a similar percentage
earned $6.40 or more (table 2). Workers earning at least
$6.40 were nearly all men and, with few exceptions, were
employed in noncellulosic fibers plants. The middle 50 per
cent of the production workers in the earnings array for
cellulosic fibers plants fell between $4.07 and $4.78; the
corresponding range in noncellulosic fibers plants was $4.60
to $5.84. Contributing to the dispersion of individual earn
ings were differences in establishment pay levels and the
wide range of skill requirements.
H o u r ly earnings
Average hourly earnings......................
Total number of workers . . . .
Under $ 4 . 0 0 ...............................
$4.00 and under $ 4 . 4 0 ............
$4.40 and under $ 4 . 8 0 ............
$4.80 and under $ 5 . 2 0 ............
$5.20 and under $ 5 . 6 0 ............
$5.60 and under $ 6 . 0 0 ............
$6.00 and o v e r ..........................
Occupational earnings
A number of occupations representing the various skill
levels and activities found in the industries were selected for
separate study. These occupations accounted for about
seven-tenths of the production workers covered by the sur
vey. In cellulosic fibers plants, average hourly earnings in
these occupations ranged from $3.96 for guards to $5.09
for instrument repairers (table 5). Other averages above $5
an hour fell between $5.04 and $5.08 for several main
tenance jobs, including electricians, mechanics, millwrights,
and pipefitters. Chemical operators, numerically the largest
group studied separately in cellulosic plants, averaged $4.60
an hour—1 cent more than dry-process spinners, 12 cents
more than wet-process spinners, and 61 cents more than
yarn winders.
In noncellulosic fibers plants, occupational averages
ranged from $4.04 for material handling laborers to $6.73
for instrument repairers (table 7). Others averaging at least
$6 an hour were carpenters, electricians, machinists, general
mechanics, and pipefitters. Dry-process spinners, numeri-1
o p e ra to rs
$5.28
3,453
441
286
827
88
393
406
1,012
$ 4 .8 /
2,497
267
224
787
370
642
207
-
Much of the earnings dispersion within individual jobs re
flects differences in establishment pay levels.
Establishment practices and supplementary
wage provisions
Data were also obtained for production and office work
ers on certain establishment practices, including work
schedules and selected supplementary wage benefits such as
paid holidays, paid vacations, and health, insurance, and
retirement plans.
S ch ed u led w e e k ly hours an d sh ift p ractices. Over nine-
tenths of the survey’s production workers were in plants
predominantly scheduling day-shift employees 40 hours a
week (table 10). Forty-hour schedules were in effect for all
of the office workers.
Shift work is widely used because of the continuous
nature of synthetic fibers manufacturing operations. Rotat
ing shifts, whereby individuals periodically worked day,
1 °The $4.67 figure was obtained by weighting the August 1976
average wage level for each industry by the corresponding 1958
employment figures.
Tow
C h e m ic a l
o p e ra to rs
3
evening, and night schedules, accounted for slightly more
than three-fifths of the production workers in cellulosic
plants and about four-fifths in noncellulosic plants at the
time of the survey. Shift differentials for these workers
varied considerably by establishment and schedule of work
(tables 11-13). Workers assigned to day schedules of rotating
shifts were frequently provided a paid lunch period not
given to workers on fixed day shifts or in some cases they
received a cents-per-hour or percentage differential above
fixed day-shift rates. When assigned to evening or night
schedules, workers on rotating shifts usually received differ
ential pay and, in many instances, a paid lunch period as
well. Less than 3 percent of the workers in each industry
were assigned to either oscillating111 or fixed evening and
night schedules. Fixed day-shift schedules accounted for
one-third of the workers in cellulosic plants and for about
one-fifth in noncellulosic plants.
Typical provisions for production workers in cellulosic
plants were: 1 week of vacation pay after 1 year of service,
2 weeks after 3 years, 3 weeks after 10 years, 4 weeks after
15 years, and 5 weeks after 25 years. Similar provisions
applied to office workers, except that, after 1 year of ser
vice, 2 weeks were usually provided and after 20 years, 5
weeks. In the noncellulosic industry, the usual provisions
for both production and office workers were: 2 weeks of
vacation pay after 1 year of service, 3 weeks after 5 years, 4
weeks after 10 years, and 5 weeks after 20 years.
H ea lth , insurance , an d re tire m e n t plans. Life, sickness and
accident, hospitalization, and surgical insurance were pro
vided for all workers (table 16). In addition, accidental
death and dismemberment insurance, and basic and major
medical insurance were widespread; the incidence of these
plans, however, varied substantially between the two indus
tries. Accidental death and dismemberment insurance, for
example, applied to all production workers in cellulosic
fibers manufacturing, compared with about three-fifths of
the production workers in noncellulosics. Employers in
both industries typically paid the total cost of most of the
benefit plans previously mentioned. Hospitalization, surgi
cal, basic medical, and major medical benefits usually cov
ered employees and their dependents.
Retirement pensions, in addition to Federal social securi
ty, were available to all of the production and office work
ers in both industries. Such plans were nearly always fi
nanced entirely by the employers. Plans for retirement
severance pay were virtually nonexistent.
P aid holidays. All of the workers covered by the survey
were in establishments providing paid holidays (table 14).
In cellulosic plants, just under one-half of the production
workers each received either 8 or 9 days annually; about
two-fifths of the office workers in the industry received 8
days, and slightly more than one-half, 9 days. Holiday pro
visions were somewhat more liberal in noncellulosic plants,
where more than one-half of the office workers, and nearly
three-fifths of the production workers, received 10 paid
holidays a year.
P aid vacations. Paid vacations, after qualifying periods of
service, were also provided to all workers (table 15). For
production workers in cellulosic plants, vacation payments
were often based on a stipulated percentage of the employ
ee’s earnings, which were converted to an equivalent time
basis for this survey.12
O th er se le c te d ben efits. Provisions for paid leave while
attending funerals of family members and while serving as a
juror covered nearly all of the workers in the survey (table
17). Technological severance pay plans, providing payments
to workers permanently separated from employment be
cause of a technological change or plant closing, were avail
able to two-thirds of the production workers in the cel
lulosic industry, and to about one-fifth of those in the non
cellulosic industry. The proportions of office workers
covered by such provisions were seven-tenths in cellulosic
plants and two-fifths in noncellulosic plants.
1 W orkers assigned to oscillating shifts were o f 2 groups: Those
alternating between day and evening schedules, and those alternat
ing between evening and night schedules.
1 2 For example, a payment o f 2 percent o f annual earnings was
considered the equivalent o f 1 week’s pay.
4
Table 1. Average hourly earnings:
By selected
characteristics
(N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s
in s y n t h e tic f ib e r s m a n u f a c t u r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s b y s e le c t e d
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , U n ite d S t a t e s and S o u th , A u g u s t 1 976)
U n ite d S tates 2
01
S o uth
Ite m
N u m b e r
of
w o r k e r s
ALL PRODUCTION WORKERS.............
M EN.............................
WCMEK...........................
6 2 , 7 9 3
4 3 , 6 4 2
1 9 ,1 5 1
$ 5 . 0 5
5 .2 1
4 .7 0
6 1 , 1 8 4
4 2 ,4 7 4
1 8 ,7 1 0
$ 5 . 07
5 .2 2
4 .7 1
M O R E ........................
9 ,9 9 9
2 8 ,5 7 7
2 4 , 2 1 7
4 .3 5
4 .7 9
5 .6 6
8 ,3 9 C
2 8 ,5 7 7
2 4 , 2 1 7
4 .3 2
4. 79
5 .6 6
CriLULOSIC FIBERS ESTABLISHMENTS...
MEN.............................
WCN*N...........................
1 0 ,8 3 0
7 ,5 5 8
3 ,2 7 2
4 .4 5
4 .5 2
4 .2 9
1 0 ,1 9 8
7 ,0 6 5
3 ,1 3 3
4. 42
4 .5 0
4 . 25
3 ,1 0 5
7 , 7 2 5
4 .6 0
4. 39
2 ,4 7 3
7 ,7 2 5
4 .5 2
4. 39
5 1 , 9 6 3
3 6 , 0 8 4
1 5 , 8 7 9
5. 18
5 .3 5
4 .7 9
5 0 ,9 8 6
3 5, 40 9
1 5 ,5 7 7
5. 19
5 .3 7
4 .8 1
6 ,8 9 4
2 0 , 8 5 2
2 4 , 2 1 7
4 .2 3
4 .9 3
5 .6 6
5 ,9 1 7
2 0 ,8 5 2
2 4 , 2 1 7
4 .2 3
4. 93
5 .6 6
SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENT:
L E S S T H A N 1.000 W O R K E R S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1*000 T O 2.*+9* W O R K E R S . .,. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 * 5 0 0
W ORKERS
OR
A v e r a g e N u m b e r A v e ra g e
h o u r ly
of
h o u r ly
e a rn in g s w o r k e r s e a rn in g s
SIZE CF ESTABLISHMENT:
LE S S
1*000
THAN
To
l . O G u W O R K E R S ..................
2 » h 9 9 W O R K E R S .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NONCT’LLULCSIC FIBERS
ESTABLISHMENTS....................
M E N .............................
WCMEN...........................
SIZE CF ESTABLISHMENT:
LE S S
1 » 0 0 U W O R K E R S .......
<;-499 W O R K E R S .......
WORKERS vR MORE...........................
THAN
1*000 T O
2*500
1 E x c l u d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r
o v e r t im e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s ,
h o lid a y s , an d l a t e o r o t h e r s h i f t s .
2 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g io n s in
a d d itio n to th e S o u th ,
Earnings d is trib u tio n :
All es tab lis h m en ts
(P e rc e n t d is trib u tio n of p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s in sy n th e tic fib e rs m a n u fa c tu rin g
b y s tra ig h t-tim e h o u r ly e a rn in g s , 1 U n ite d S tates a n d S o uth, A u g u s t 1976)
e s ta b lis h m e n ts
U n ite d S tates 2
H o u r ly e a rn in g s
N U M B E R O F W O R K E R S ....................................
A V E R A G E E O U E L Y E A R N I N G S .....................
T O T A L ...........
A ll
w o r k e r s
M e n
6 2 , 7 9 3
$ 5 .0 5
S o uth
W o m e n
A ll
w o r k e r s
M e n
W o m e n
4 3 , 6 4 2
$ 5 .2 1
1 9 ,1 5 1
$ 4 . 7 0
6 1 , 1 8 4
$ 5 .0 7
4 2 ,4 7 4
$ 5 .2 2
1 8 , 7 1 C
$ 4 .7 1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 . C
UNDER
$ 3 . 3 0
1 3 .4 0
$ 3 . 3 0 _____
ANE UNEER
AND UNDER
$ 3 . 4 0 ..........................
$ 3 . 5 0 ..........................
1 .7
.4
.5
C .7
.4
.2
4 . 0
. 4
1 .1
1 .7
. 4
.5
0 .7
.4
.2
4 . 1
.4
1 .1
$
$
$
$
$
2
3
5
3
3
ANE
AND
AND
ANE
AND
U N E I
UNEE
UNDE
UNEE
UNDE
F
R
R
R
R
$
$
$
$
$
3
3
3
3
4
.
.
.
.
.
1 .6
. 6
2 . 7
2. 3
4 .4
.4
. 6
3 .3
2 .4
5 .4
4 .3
. 6
1 .4
2. 3
2 .1
1 .4
.6
2 .7
2 .4
4 .2
. 4
.6
3 .3
2 .4
5 .4
3. €
.6
1. 4
2 .3
1 .7
$
$
$
$
$
4 .
4 .
4 .
4 .
4 .
0 0
2 0
40
6 0
8 0
ANE
AND
AND
ANE
AND
UNE
UND
UND
UND
U ND
E
E
E
E
E
R
R
R
R
E
$
$
$
$
$
4
4
4
4
5
. 2 0 ..........................
. 4 0 ..........................
. 6 0 ..........................
. 8 0 . . . . . . . . . . .
. 0 0 ..........................
4
6
6
11
5
.1
. 3
.4
. 6
.6
3
5
5
11
4
.7
.5
.2
. 1
.9
5
7
9
12
7
$
$
$
$
$
5
5
5
5
5
.
.
.
.
.
0
2
4
6
8
0
0
0
0
0
AND
AND
AND
ANE
AND
UNE
UND
UND
UND
E
E
E
E
R
R
R
R
u n d e r
$
$
$
$
$
5
5
5
5
6
. 2
. 4
. 6
>• 8
. 0
0
0
0
0
0
..........................
..........................
..........................
• •
• • •
..........................
9
1 2
3
3
1 1
.1
.9
.2
. 5
.1
7
1 0
3
4
1 4
.2
.2
.3
.4
.2
1 3 .4
1 9 .0
3 .0
1. 5
4 .2
$
$
$
$
$
6
6
6
6
6
. 0
.2
.4
.6
.8
0
0
0
0
0
AN
AN
AN
AN
AN
UNE
UND
UND
UND
U ND
$
$
$
$
$
6
6
6
6
7
.
.
.
.
.
0
0
0
0
0
..........................
..........................
..........................
. . . . . . ..............
..........................
1 .4
1 .2
3 .1
1 .5
4 .0
. 1
. 1
< 321 )
. 1
.1
1 .0
. 8
2 .2
1. 1
2 .9
1 .5
1 .2
3 .2
1 .6
4 .1
. 1
.1
( 3)
.1
. 1
5 .5
<3)
.1
. 1
-
4 .0
(3 )
(3 )
5 .7
<3 )
. 1
. 1
-
. 50
.6 0
.7 0
.8 0
.9 0
ANE
AND
AND
E
E
E
E
E
R
R
R
R
R
2
4
6
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
..........................
U N D E R $ 7 . 2 0 ..........................
U N D E R $ 7 . 4 0 ..........................
O VER ..
1 .0
. 9
2 . 2
1. 1
CM
$ 7 . 0 0
$ 7 .2 0
$ 7 . 40
E
D
D
E
D
6
7
8
9
0
CO
T ab le 2.
3 .9
<3 )
.1
1 E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y fo r o v e r tim e a nd
fo r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h olid a ys, a nd late o r o th e r
sh ifts.
2 In c lu d e s d ata fo r re g io n s in a d d itio n to
th e S outh.
.
.
.
.
.
0
9
0
8
4
<3 >
3
L e s s
th a n
4
6
5
1 1
5
.0
.3
.7
.8
.7
3 .6
5 .6
4 .3
1 1 .2
4 .9
5
8
8
1 3
7
9
1 3
3
3
1 1
.
.
.
.
.
7
1 0
3
4
1 4
1 3 .6
1 9 .4
3 .0
1 .6
4 .1
0.05
0
2
2
6
3
.
.
.
.
.
0
4
4
5
5
.
.
.
.
.
1
0
9
1
5
p e rc e n t.
N O T E :
B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g ,
d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l 100.
s u m s
o f
in
Table 3.
Earnings distribution:
Cellulosic fibers
( P e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s i n c e l l u l o s i c f i b e r s m a n u f a c t u r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s
b y s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s , 1 U n it e d S ta te s a n d S o u th , A u g u s t 1 9 7 6 )
U n it e d S ta te s 2
H o u r ly e a r n in g s
NOME Eli OF WORKERS............................
AVERAGE HOURLY E A R N IN G S ........................
T O T A L ............
S o u th
A ll
w o rk e rs
M en
W om en
A ll
w o rk e rs
1 0 ,8 3 0
$ 4 . 45
7 ,5 5 8
$ 4 .5 2
3 ,2 7 2
$ 4 .2 9
1 0 ,1 9 8
$ 4 .4 2
7 ,0 6 5
$ 4 .5 0
3 ,1 3 3
$ 4 .2 5
1 00 .0
M en
W om en
1 0 0 .0
100.0
1 00 .0
100.0
1 00.0
UNDER $ 3 . 3 0 _____
$ 2 . 3 0 AND U ND IE $ 3 . 4 0 .............................
$ 3 . 4 0 AND UNDER $ 3 . 5 0 .............................
2 .8
.7
. 4
1 .5
.8
.4
5 .9
. 4
. 3
2 .9
.8
.4
1 .5
.9
.5
6 .2
. 4
.3
$ 3 .5 0
$ 3 .6 0
$ 3 .7 0
$ 3 .8 0
$ 3 .9 0
AND UNDEE $ 3 . 6 0 ..............................
AND UNDER $ 3 . 7 0 .............................
AND UNDER $ 3 . 8 0 .............................
AND UNDEE $ 3 . 9 0 .............................
AND UNDER $ 4 . 0 0 .............................
.4
1 .1
4. 2
7 .6
4. 5
.5
1.0
4 .9
7 .7
4 .6
.2
1. 5
2 .6
7 .3
4 .2
.4
1. 2
4 .5
8 .0
4 .7
.5
1 .1
5 .3
8 .2
4 .9
. 2
1 .5
2 .7
7. €
4 .4
$ 4 .0 0
$ 4 .1 0
$ 4 .2 0
$ 4 .3 0
$ 4 .4 0
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
4 .5
1 .4
6. 0
8 .7
9 .7
4 .0
1 .7
6 .0
5 .7
4 .0
5 .7
.7
6 .1
1 5 .6
2 2 .9
4 .8
1. 5
6 .4
9. 1
1 0.0
4 .2
1 .8
6 .4
6 .0
3 .8
6 .0
.7
6 .3
1 6 .2
2 3 .9
$ 4 . 50 AND UNDEE $ 4 . 6 0 ..............................
$ 4 . 6 0 AND UNDER $ 4 . 7 0 .............................
$ 4 . 7 0 AND UNDER $ 4 . 8 0 .............................
$ 4 . 8 0 AND UNDEE $ 4 . 9 0 .............................
$ 4 . 9 0 AND UNDEE $ 5 . 0 0 .............................
7 .9
7 .0
9 .6
3 .9
5 .6
7 .3
7 .8
11.1
4 .9
7 .4
9 .4
5. 2
6 .2
1 .5
1. 5
6 .4
6. 9
1 0 .2
3 .7
5. 8
5 .5
7 .5
1 1.8
4 .6
7 .8
8 .3
5 .5
6 .5
1. 5
1 .2
$ 5 .0 0
$ 5 .1 0
$ 5 .2 0
$ 5 . 3C
$ 5 .4 0
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
$
$
$
$
$
5 . 1 0 ..............................
5 . 2 0 .............................
5 . 3 0 .............................
5 . 4 0 .............................
5 . 5 0 .............................
2 .9
6 .5
2 .0
.4
.5
. 2
1 .9
6. 8
2 .1
.4
( 3)
2 .6
9 .7
3 .0
.6
-
.2
.2
( 3)
3 .9
9 .2
2 .8
.5
“
$ 5 . 50
$ 5 .6 0
$ 5 .7 0
$ 5 .8 0
$ 5 .9 0
AND
AND
AND
AND
AND
UNDEF
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
UNDER
$ 5 . 6 0 ..............................
$ 5 . 7 0 .............................
$ 5 . 8 0 .............................
$ 5 . 9 0 .............................
$ 6 . 0 0 .............................
.4
( 3)
<3 )
.3
1 .0
.1
<3)
.1
1 .5
.8
.1
( 3)
.2
<3 )
$ 6 .0 0
AND O V E E ..
.3
.4
UNDEE
UNDER
UNDEE
UNDEE
UNDFR
$ 4 . 1 0 ..............................
$ 4 . 2 0 .............................
$ 4 . 3 0 .............................
$ 4 . 4 0 .............................
$ 4 . 5 0 .............................
1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d
f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o li d a y s , a n d la t e o r
o t h e r s h if t s .
2 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g io n s i n a d d it io n t o
th e S o u th .
3
-
. 1
. 1
-
-
Less
1. 1
-
-
-
1 .1
1 .6
.1
-
th a n
0 .0 5 p e r c e n t .
N O T E : B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g ,
v id u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l 1 00.
-
. 1
.1
_
-
-
s u m s o f in d i<
Table 4.
Earnings distribution:
Noncellulosic fibers
( P e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in n o n c e l lu lo s i c f i b e r s m a n u f a c t u r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s
b y s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n in g s , 1 U n it e d S ta te s a n d S o u th , A u g u s t 1 9 7 6 )
U n it e d S ta te s
H o u r l y e a r n in g s
BOMBER OF WORKERS........................................
AVERAGE HOURLY E A R N IN G S ........................
T O T A L ... . . .
A ll
w o rk e rs
M en
2
S o u th
W om en
A ll
w o rk e rs
M en
W om en
5 1,963
$ 5.18
3 6,084
$5.35
15,879
$ 4 .79
50,986
$5.19
3 5,409
$5.37
15,577
$ 4.81
1 0 0 .0
10 0.0
1 0 0 .0
10 0 .0
1C 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
0 .6
UNDER $ 3 . : 3 0 ............
$ 3 . 3 0 A N I UNDER
$ 3 . 4 0 AND UNDER
$ 3 . 4 0 ..........................
$ 3 . 5 0 ..........................
1 .5
.3
.5
$ 3 . 5C
$ 3 .6 0
$ 3 .7 0
$ 3 .8 0
$ 3 .9 0
ANE
AND
AND
ANE
AND
UNEEF
UNDER
UNDEF
UNDER
UNDER
$ 3 . 6 0 ..........................
$ 3 . 7 0 ..........................
$ 3 . 8 0 ..........................
$ 3 . 9 0 .................... , . .
$ 4 . 0 0 ..........................
1.9
. 5
2 .4
1. 3
4.4
3.0
1 .2
1 .2
5.6
$ 4 .0 0
$ 4 .2 0
$ 4 .4 0
$ 4 .6 0
ANE
AND
AND
ANE
AND
UNEEF
UNDER
UNDEF
UNDER
UNDER
$ 4 . 2 0 ..........................
$ 4 . 4 0 ..........................
$ 4 . 6 0 ...........................
$ 4 . 8 0 . . . . , . , ..............
$ 5 . 0 0 ..........................
3 .7
4. 5
4 .0
10. 6
4 .8
3.3
4. 3
3.9
9.4
3 .3
ANE
AND
AND
ANE
AND
UNEEF
UNDER
UNDEF
UNDER
UNDER
$ 5 . 2 0 ..........................
$ 5 . 4 0 ..........................
$ 5 . 6 0 ..........................
$ 5 . 8 0 ............. ..
$ 6 . 0 0 ..........................
9 .0
15. 1
3 .8
4. 2
13.1
ANE UNEEF
ANE UNDER
AND UNDEE
ANE UNDER
AND UNDEF
$ 6 . 2 0 ..........................
$ 6 . 4 0 ..........................
$ 6 . 6 0 ..........................
$ 6 . 8 0 . . . . ................
$ 7 . 0 0 ..........................
2 .6
$4.80
$5.00
$5.20
$5.40
$5.60
$ 5 .8 0
$ 6 .0 0
$6 . 2 0
$6.40
$6.60
$6.80
$ 7 . 0 0 ANE UNEEF $ 7 . 2 0 ..........................
$ 7 . 2 0 AND UNDER $ 7 . 4 0 ..........................
$ 7 . 40 AND O V E F ..
3.6
.4
1.3
.3
.1
.4
0 .6
. 3
.3
.5
.1
3.6
.4
1.3
1.6
. 4
.6
1. 3
1 .7
.5
2 .4
1.3
4 .2
2.9
1.3
5 .5
4 .8
5. 1
4 .2
13 . 1
8.3
3 .6
4.5
3 .6
10.7
4 .9
3. 1
4.3
3.3
9.5
3 .4
4. 8
5 .0
4 .2
13.3
8 .4
5.9
11.7
3 .9
5.3
1 6.8
16.0
22.9
3 .5
9. 1
15.3
3.9
4.3
13.4
5.9
16. 3
23 .3
3 .6
1 .9
4 .9
.
.
1. 3
3 .4
1.7
1.4
3 .7
1.9
4.8
4 .7
6 .7
1 .2
1.0
<1
3>
2
.1
1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d
f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o li d a y s , a n d la t e o r o t h e r
s h if ts .
2 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d it io n t o
th e S o u th .
5 .1
. 4
1.5
.6
1 .8
4.8
1
1
1.8
.
1
.1
.1
.
1
.1
4.8
6 .8
.
1
-
<3 )
(3 )
-
.1
.1
1
.1
Less
1. 2
1 .0
1.4
3.8
1 .9
4 .9
.
3
4.0
5.4
17.1
1 .2
2 .7
1.4
3 .4
.1
<3 )
1 1 .8
4. 3
.4
1. 2
1 .3
th a n
.
1
.1
0 .0 5 p e r c e n t .
NOTE:
B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g ,
d iv i d u a l it e m s m a y n o t e q u a l 1 0 0 .
sum s o f in
Table 5.
O ccupational earnings:
Cellulosic fibers— United States
( N u m b e r a n d s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n in g s 1 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c t e d o c c u p a t io n s in c e l l u l o s i c f i b e r s m a n u f a c t u r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , U n it e d S ta t e s , A u g u s t 1 9 7 6 )
D e p a r tm e n t,
o c c u p a t io n ,
and s e x 2
Num ber
of
workers
A verage
hourly
earnings
UNDER
3.5 0
NUMBER OF! WORKERS DECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME HOURLY EARNIKGS (IN DOLLARS) OP—
3 . 5 0 3 . 6 0 3 . 7 0 3 . 8 0 3 . 9 0 4 . 0 0 4 . 1 0 4 . 2 0 4 . 3 0 ' 4 . 40 4 . 50 4 . 6 0 4 . 7 0 4 . 8 0 4 . 9 0 5 . CO 5.1C 5 . 2 0 5 . 3 0 5T40
AND
JNDER
and
3 .60 3 .7 0 3 .8 0
3 .9 0 4 .00
4.10
4. 20 4. 30 4. 40 4. 50 4 . 6 0 4 . 7 0 4 . 8 0 4 . 9 0 5 . 0 0 5 . 1 0 5 . 2 0 5 . 3 0
5.40
over
M AIN TE N A N C E
CARPENTERS r M A IN T E N A N C E .____ __________
E L E C T R IC IA N S , M A IN T E N A N C E ..........................
IN S T R U M E N T R E P A I R E R S - . - - - - - ....................
M A C H IN IS T S , M A IN T E N A N C E ................................
M E C H A N IC S , G E N E R A L ..........................................
M IL L W R IG H T S ............................................................
74
217
111
88
54 5
3 25
216
$4. 81
5.04
5.09
4.99
5.07
5.08
5.08
9
_
_
_
_
3
26
ZM
Z
D
7
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7
14
73
_
5
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JO
11 fi
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75
16
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oz
JO
34
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11zip
40
103
1u
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1
9
9
ZZ
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11 J
7
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27
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9
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11
10
3
90
10
PRO C E SS IN G
C H E M IC A L O PERATO RS, C E L L U L O S IC
F IE E R S . .......................... .. .............................................
MEN.................................................................................
J E T HAN T I E R S ................................................................
MEN_____
.
.
WOMEN.................................................. ................
S P IN N E R S , DRY P RO CE SS ..................................
MEN ........... .............................................................
S P IN N E R S , WET P R O C E S S , . . . . , . . ..................
MEN........... .. ...........................................................
C R E E L TE N TE R S , ........... ......................................
MEN .........................................................................
W O M E N . . , . . , . . ........... ........................................
THROWERS ( T W IS T E R S ) .......................................
WOMEN....................................................................
TOW O PE RA TO RS .......................................................
M ^N .........................................................................
WARPER OPERATO RS ...............................................
MEN .........................................................................
WOMEN................... ......................... ...........................
W IN D E R S , Y A R N ........................ ..............................
W O M E N . . . . .........................................................
IN S P E C T IO N
1,2 3 7
1,123
168
105
63
8 63
5 00
521
426
245
333
4 69
438
4.60
4 .59
4.52
4.60
4*39
4. 59
4.61
4. 48
4.42
4. 45
4.08
4.49
4.15
4 . 21
4.5 8
4.58
4. 35
4.39
4. 34
3 .99
4.00
116
56
163
150
4.41
4.08
4.06
4.05
247
4. 34
4.32
4. 38
4.37
4 .42
21
224
488
3 52
167
141
35 4
21
2
2
_
3
3
28
28
76
76
81
81
50
50
20
3
23
11
3
19
28
23
48
48
154
g
146
19
15
40
40
48
q
39
n
1
3
125
125
139
•3e;
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75
65
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20
11
67
67
o i1pC
3
96
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5 113
113
1I zi
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56
279
184
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loo
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4 35
35
200
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71
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711
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m.
60
60
26
125
12
108
107
86
86
24
6
93
85
85
3
24
3
3
AND T E S T IN G
LABORATORY A S S IS T A N T S ..................................
MEN .........................................................................
P H Y S IC A L TE ST O PE R A TO R S ................................
WCMEN...........................................................................
1
1
4
4
6 20
3
3
8
g
20
4
4
27
27
10
10
4
1
1
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28
26
5
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5
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oc.
7
i
17
17
1I J3
z7
1f
1
39
38
13
1l z7
5
5
oz
zo
11Ji
H
54
38
8
21
1i 1I
4a
1
4
5
1 11
1
o
j
3
6
1
2
“
1
1
1
~
M IS C E LLA N E O U S
L A B O R E R S , M A T E R IA L H A N D L IN G ....................
MEN..................................................................................
STOCK C L E R K S ................................................................
MEN..................................................................................
WOMEN............................................................................
See footnotes at end of table,
212
82
70
12
7
47
47
16
14
11
11
19
19
11
2
7
2
11
2
4
2
3
n9
1
19
2
n oj
4
OQ
j O
JO 1I
Z7 P
D
zD
8 nc
/£0
co
"
”
“
~
Table 5.
Occupational earnings: Cellulosic fibers— United States— Continued
(N um ber and straight-tim e hourly e a rn in g s1 of w orkers in selected occupations in cellulosic fib e rs manufacturing establishments, United States, August 1976)
NUMBER OP WCRKEES RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME HOURLY EARNINGS
Number
of
wo liters
A verage
hourly
earnings
3 .6 0 3 .7 0
3 .8 0
3 .9 0
3 .6 0
3 .7 0
3 .8 0
3 .9 0
4 .0 0
_
-
26
26
26
26
19
18
19
18
-
3 . 50
4 .1 0
sr
2
4 .1 0
4 . 20
-
-
o
and s e x
CN
o c c u p a t io n ,
o
o
D e p a rtm e n t,
(IN COLLARS) OF —
4 .3 0
4 . 40
4 .5 0
4 .6 0
4 .7 0
4 .8 0
4 .9 0
5 .0 0
5 . 10
5 .2 0
5 .3 0
5 .4 0
4 . 30
4 . 40
4 . 50
4 . 60
4 .7 0
4 .8 0
4 .9 0
5 .0 0
5 .1 0
5 .2 0
5 .3 0
5 .4 0
over
-
111
83
64
4
4
9
9
cc
-
9
9
51
38
34
22
22
22
22
-
-
-
35
-
17
3
-
2
UNDER
AND
a . 50 UNDER
and
MISCELLANEOUS— CONTINUED
POWER-1 R0CK OPERATORS9 ....................................
KEN..........................................................................
FORKLIFT......................................................................
KEN.....................................................................................................
OTHER THAN FORKLIFT:
MEN.....................................................................................................
GUARDS... ................... ... . . . . ...................................................... . .
JANITORS, PORTERS, OR CLEANERS...............
MEN....................................................................................................
KOMEN.............................................................................................
283
250
210
189
61
54
243
201
42
$ 4 .2 1
4 .2 0
4 .1 9
4 . 18
4 .2 7
3 .9 6
4 .0 3
4 .0 3
4 .0 3
33
-
28
28
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
3
3
17
12
4
2
3
-
4
3
37
28
-
-
56
48
-
1
1
51
42
55
49
18
12
9
6
6
1°3 3
l l 25
21
4
-
9
1
E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o li d a y s , a nd
o r o th e r s h if ts .
2
U n le s s o t h e r w is e in d i c a t e d , a l l o r v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s in an o c c u p a t io n a l
c a te g o r y w e re m e n .
3
A l l w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ 5 . 9 0 to $ 6 .
4
A l l w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ 5 . 8 0 to $ 5 . 9 0 .
5
A l l w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ 3 . 2 0 to $ 3 . 3 0 .
6
W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d as f o l lo w s ;
11 a t $ 3 .2 0 to $ 3 .3 0 ; 3 a t $ 3 . 3 0 to $ 3 . 4 0 ;
a n d 6 a t $ 3 . 4 0 to $ 3 . 5 0 .
8
la t e
and
7
8
9
10
11
1 at
48
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
4
4
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
A l l w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ 3 . 3 0 to $ 3 . 4 0 .
A l l w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ 6 . 2 0 to $ 6 . 3 0 .
I n c lu d e s d a t a f o r p o w e r t r u c k o p e r a t o r s in a d d it io n to th o s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e ly .
A l l w o r k e r s w e re a t $ 3 .4 0 to $ 3 .5 0 .
W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d as f o l lo w s ;
18 a t $ 3 . 2 0 to $ 3 . 3 0 ; 6 a t $ 3 . 3 0 to $ 3 . 4 0 ;
$ 3 .4 0 to $ 3 . 5 0 .
Table 6. Occupational earnings: Cellulosic fibers— South
( N u m b e r a n d s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c t e d o c c u p a t io n s in c e l l u l o s i c f i b e r s m a n u f a c t u r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , S o u th , A u g u s t 1 9 7 6 )
D e p a r t m e n t , o c c u p a t i o n , a nd s e x 2
N um ber
of
workers
A verage
hourly
earnings
NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT -TIME! HOURLY EARNIEGS (IN DOLLARS) OF—
3. 50 3 . 6 0 2 . 7 0 3 . 8 0 3 . 9 0 4 . 0 0 4 . 1 0 4 .2 C 4 . 3 0 4 . 4 0 4 . 5 0 4. 60 4 . 7 0 4 . 8 0 4 . 9 0 5 . 0 0 5 . 1 0 5 . 2 0 5 . 3 0 5 . 4 0
UNDER AND
and
3 . 5 0 JNDER
3. 60 3 . 7 0 3 . 8 0 3 . 9 0 4 . 0 0 4 . 1 0 4 . 2 0 4 . 3 0 4 . 4 0 4 . 50 4 . 6 0 4 . 7 0 4 . 8 0 4 . 9 0 5 . 0 0 5 . 1 0 5. 20 5 . 3 0 5. 40 o v e r
MAINTENANCE
72
206
107
81
504
325
199
$4.80
5.04
5.09
4. 98
5 .06
5 .08
5.0 8
_
-
1,187
1,083
156
93
63
735
521
426
4.6 0
4.59
4.52
4.60
4.39
4.60
4 . 48
4.4 2
4. 22
4.08
4. 24
4.1 3
4. 21
4.58
4 .58
4.26
4.39
4 .25
3.98
3 .99
3
4
CARPENTERS, MAINTENANCE.............................
ELECTRICIANS, MAINTENANCE........................
INSTRUMENT REPAIRERS.....................................
MACHINISTS, MAINTENANCE-.,...................
MECHANICS, GENERAL..........................................
MILIWR 2 GETS............................................................
PIPEFITTERS, MAINTENANCE...........................
_
“
"
_
“
_
~
_
~
_
-
9
73
-
2
28
28
40
40
48
9
39
76
76
-
81
81
-
50
50
125
125
-
11
_
14
-
12
~
3
26
1
-
“
24
-
_
-
_
_
6
8
7
5
10
20
1
6
4
4
-
48
48
_
232
-
75
74
57
41
16
319
_
_
645
555
14
20
14
57
279
184
_
_
77
29
29
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
71
62
_
_
_
54
37
_
14
14
_
_
_
_
_
6
40
_
36
18
14
148
75
16
2
15
8
78
23
24
75
36
34
75
148
103
10
7
3
22
8
13
-
11
10
390
66
_
-
27
10
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
PROCESSING
CHEMICAL OPERATORS, CELLULOSIC
FIBERS.......................................................................
MEN.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... ....................... ..
JET HANDLERS..........................................................
MEN,..,....................................................................
WOMEN....................................................................
SPINNERS, DRY PROCESS..................................
SPINNERS, BET PROCESS..................................
MEN.........................................................................
CREEL TENDERS.......................................................
MIN.........................................................................
WCMEN....................................................................
THROWERS (TWISTERS).......................................
WOMEN.,........... ....................... ..............................
TOW OPERATORS.......................................................
M E N . . . , . . . , ............................................... ..
WARPER CURATORS...............................................
MEN.,.. . . . .........................................................
WOMEN....................................................................
WINEERS, YARN.......................................................
WOMEN....................................................................
2 10
21
189
481
352
167
141
330
21
309
466
43 5
1
3
_
4 113
113
19
-
2
11
11
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
129
25
_
75
65
_
67
67
45
15
15
_
_
26
26
10
35
74
44
86
3
3
-
20
20
23
4
19
28
48
48
1 54
n
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
125
125
_
4
2
1
13
1
2
1
4
4
-
39
38
13
-
1
-
13
_
15
15
-
-
_
-
_
-
5
5
26
14
54
38
43
38
-
-
4
4
-
8
17
16
31
25
1
1
3
3
3
3
55
51
38
34
4
3
18
17
-
1
12
-
-
~
86
8
3
146
1
_
28
28
12
12
08
107
1
200
20
185
98
5
93
85
85
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
186
173
_
_
_
—
_
_
_
_
_
9
g
_
3
INSPECTION AND TESTING
LABORATORY ASSISTANTS........................
MEN..........................................................................
PHYSICAL TEST OPERATORS.............. ..
WOMEN............................................................
.
112
55
161
148
4. 41
4.07
4.06
4.04
1
1
5 20
4
4
-
2 0
3
3
4
4
27
27
1
1
8
10
-
8
10
-
28
26
11
11
19
19
_
_
-
11
2
7
4
3
19
18
19
18
2
3
5
5
1
21
12
5
_
-
11
-
_
_
_
-
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
:
-
9
3
2
1
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
_
-
_
_
_
_
1
_
_
_
“
-
11
_
6
1
3
1
-
MISCELLANEOUS
LABORERS, MATERIAL HANDLING...................
MEN.........................................................................
STOCK CLERKS.........................................................
MEN..........................................................................
WOMEN....................................................................
POWER-TRUCK OPERATORS..................................
HEN.........................................................................
FORKLIFT...............................................................
MEN.........................................................................
OTHER THAN FORKLIFT:
MEN..........................................................................
GUARDS.........................................................................
1 AMTTniDC
OP fT T?IWTfPC;
MEN.........................................................................
WOMEN............................................................................................
1 I n c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e
la t e o r o t h e r s h i f t s .
2 U n le s s o t h e r w is e i n d i c a t e d , a l l o r
c a te g o r y w e r e m e n .
3 A l l w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ 5 .9 0 t o $ 6.
4 A l l w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ 3 .2 0 t o $ 3 .3 0 .
4 . 11
4.0 5
6
47
47
16
14
_
-
273
240
2 C0
179
4. 37
4 .37
4.41
4.1 8
4.17
4.15
4.13
733
33
28
28
-
-
61
51
237
197
40
4.27
3.9 3
4.02
4.0 2
4.01
5
3
3
37
28
9
and
fo r w o rk
221
186
78
67
11
v ir tu a lly
a ll
8
25
21
4
-
~
on w e e k e n d s ,
w o rk e rs
in
an
11
2
-
26
26
26
26
-
-
17
12
-
-
'
'
h o li d a y s ,
and
o c c u p a t io n a l
4
56
48
2
1
3
1
-
8
5
and 6 at
6
7
8
and 1 at
1
111
83
64
46
35
51
42
9
2
49
45
4
7
6
6
22
22
22
22
_
-
-
-
_
-
W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r i b u t e d a s f o l lo w s : l l a t $ 3 .2 0 to $ 3 .3 0 ; 3 a t $ 3 .3 0 t o $ 3 .4 0 ;
$ 3 .4 0 t o $ 3 .5 0 .
A l l w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ 3 .3 0 t o $ 3 .4 0 .
A l l w o r k e r s w e r e a t $ 3 .4 0 t o $ 3 .5 0 .
W o r k e r s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d a s f o l lo w s : 18 a t $ 3 .2 0 t o $ 3 .3 0 ; 6 a t $ 3 .3 0 t o $ 3 .4 0 ;
$ 3 .4 0 to $ 3 .5 0 .
Table 7. Occupational earnings: Noncellulosic fibers— United States
( N u m b e r and s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c t e d o c c u p a tio n s in n o n c e l lu l o s ic f ib e r s m a n u f a c t u r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , U n ite d S t a t e s , A u g u s t 1 976)
NUMBER OF WORKERS RECIIVING STRAIGHT-TIME HOURLY EARNINGS (IN DOLLARS) OF—
D e p a rtm e n t,
o c c u p a t io n , a n d s e x 2
Number
of
workers
Average
3 .3 0 3 .4 0
hourly
earnings UNDER AND
3 . 30
3 .5 0
3 .6 0
3 .7 0
3 .8 0
3 . 90
4 . 00
4 . 20
4 .4 0
4 .6 0
4 .8 0
5 .0 0
5 . 20
5 .4 0
5 .6 0
5 .8 0
6 .0 0
6 .2 0
6 .4 0
6 .6 0
6 .8 0
7 .0 0
UNDER
3 .4 0 3 .5 0
3 .6 0
3 .7 0
3 .8 0
3 .9 0
4 .0 0
4 . 20
4 . 40
4 . 60
4 . 80
5 .0 0
5 .2 0
5 .4 0
5 .6 0
5 .8 0
6 .0 0
6 .2 0
6 .4 0
6 .6 0
6 .8 0
7 .0 0
7 .2 0
140
“
9
12
18
30
8
_
42
13
135
6
20
38
15
23
6
47
_
10
1 71
65
47
18
2
2
48
42
6
242
60
182
218
154
64
179
47
132
656
37
30
7
578
50 8
70
14
14
509
281
228
708
47
661
569
446
123
16
1
15
“
-
81
30
51
23
7
16
29
14
15
30
8
22
56
28
28
216
1
215
24
8
16
80
9
71
34
21
13
137
16
1 21
119
20
99
504
84
420
49
49
54
51
3
3
28
28
3
3
6
6
8
8
12
12
12
12
5
5
6
6
28
28
7 .2 0
AND
OVER
M A IN TE N A N C E
C A R P E N T E R S , M A IN TE N A N C E ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E L E C T R IC IA N S , M A IN T E N A N C E ...........................
H E L P E R S , M AIN TE N A N C E T R A D E S .....................
IN S T R U M E N T R E P A IR E R S ..........................................
M A C H IN IS T S , M A IN T E N A N C E .................................
M E C H A N IC S , G EN ER AL...............................................
P IP E F I T T E R S , M A IN T E N A N C E ..............................
138
932
89
507
268
3 ,2 7 7
568
$ 6 . 07
6 .4 7
5 .4 0
6 .7 3
6 .3 8
6 .0 8
6 .5 9
-
-
-
-
6
-
4
-
-
“
~
”
“
“
“
“
3 ,4 5 3
489
412
77
7 ,4 2 8
7 ,0 2 8
400
40 1
377
1 ,4 5 9
826
633
6 ,8 6 8
2 ,3 2 9
4 ,5 3 9
2 ,4 9 7
1 ,9 3 4
563
1 ,7 2 1
448
1 ,2 7 3
778
235
543
5 .2 8
5 . C1
4 .9 6
5 .2 9
5 .4 0
5 . 44
4 .7 6
5 . 27
5 .2 5
4 . 59
4 .4 3
4 .7 9
4 .6 6
4 .5 9
4 .7 0
4 .8 7
4 .8 9
4 .8 2
4 .9 8
5 . 23
4 .9 0
4 . 16
4 . 62
3 .9 6
-
-
-
-
-
24
-
16
-
-
-
-
-
-
1 ,0 8 6
513
573
1 ,4 3 8
216
1 ,2 2 2
5 .1 4
5 . 14
5 .1 4
4 .7 5
4 .8 6
4 .7 3
525
496
147
132
4. 0 4
4 .0 3
5 . 39
5 .3 3
_
4
5
17
31
1
1
59
1
19
12
9
28
14C
20
37
4
15
795
1
10
7
48
2
1
1
1
7
34
42
12
165
21
8
2
-
28
355
60
34
33
80
23
32
80
1
11
158
677
472
677
455
98
17
60
17
3
142
17
3
142
37
1 74
211
20
50
26
154
161
11
656 1 040 2 0 6 8
84
984
40
57 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 8 4
157
213
597
96
505
132
1 17
92
25
116
209
631
50
216
116
159
4 15
112
22
22
92
20
“
~
38
29
20
9
599
587
12
81
325
87
42
42
53
34
4 8 7 a64 3
475 3564
79
12
43
123
101
43
8
1
4
4
1
217
-
96
-
1
41
3
2
190
2
1
117
3
272
13
2
14
13
218
17
18
230
121
92
706
1 21
46
331
250
79
420
296
_
18
-
418
-
281
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
“
P R O C E SS IN G
C H E M IC A L CE E EA TO RS , N O N C E L LU LO S IC
F IE E R S ......................................... .. ..................................
J E T H A N D L E R S ................................................................
MEN..................................................................................
WOMEN............................................................................
S P IN N E P S , EFY PR O C E SS .......................................
MEN......................................................................... ..
WOMEN............................................................................
S P IN N E R S , WET P RO CE SS ..............
MEN...............................
CRE E L T E N D E R S ..... .............. .
MEN..................................................................................
WOMEN............................
LR A W TW IS T O PERATO RS ................
MEN ..............................
WCMEN............................................................................
TOW O P E R A TO R S .,........................... . . . . ...................
M E N ................................................................................
WOMEN............................................................................
WARPER OPERATORS ....................
MEN ..............................
WCMEN............................
W IN D E R S , E AR N .............................................................
MEN ..............................
WOMEN............................
IN S P E C T IO N
34
34
312
30
2 82
43
1
-
-
43
m 3
113
1
“
190
190
-
“
44
44
3 36
30
3 06
-
152
152
-
347
291
56
9C
90
-
-
-
-
60
60
40
40
80
80
-
-
-
32
32
486
486
-
-
108
66
42
5
-
75
6
51
51
5
-
-
-
-
-
75
6
-
~
5
200
66
134
5
22
6
16
-
37
17
20
19
19
S3
36
57
~
34
2
32
30
30
26
26
20
20
-
-
-
_
18
18
150
150
1C4
7
e
1
75
65
1C
34
32
134
128
6
15e
84
72
8
8
401
52
49
3
246
124
122
-
2
2
13
1
12
231
3
226
182
88
77
11
126
126
23
23
42
38
4
124
106
18
216
140
76
154
46
108
51
41
10
6
4
2
1 71
55
116
45
39
6
152
28
124
27
5
22
-
-
7
4
3
24
15
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
2
2
1
1
-
11
6
5
~
-
-
-
-
-
"
'
"
'
"
9
8
1
2
1
1
-
6
5
1
-
13
11
2
10
10
-
12
12
-
~
-
-
—
—
-
"
"
-
-
-
-
-
~
“
2
2
39
21
18
20 5
187
18
3
3
-
2
2
“
-
56
19
37
16
12
4
182
93
89
59
22
37
192
59
133
4
2
2
_
-
-
-
62
47
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
23
10
13
31
16
15
-
-
-
-
AND T E S T IN G
LABCRATO EY A S S IS T A N T S ..............
M EN. . . . . . .......................... .....................................
WOMEN............................................................................
P H Y S IC A L T E S T O PE R A TO R S ................................
MEN ..............................
WCMEN............................
_
_
16
5
11
5
6
33
20
13
1 17
-
-
-
~
5
6
117
6
6
67
67
-
2
2
7
7
-
54
14
40
8
1
7
71
68
*3
104
14
9C
1 68
160
2
2
54
36
4
4
“
24
24
-
-
M IS C E LLA N E O U S
L A B O R E R S , M A T E R IA L H A N D L IN G .......
MEN ...............................
STOCK C L E R K S ........................
MEN ..............................
S e e f o o t n o t e s at e n d o f t a b le .
-
-
9
9
-
5
c
_
Table 7.
Occupational earnings:
Noncellulosic fibers— United States— Continued
(N u m b e r an d s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 of w o r k e r s in s e le c t e d o c c u p a t io n s in n o n c e l lu l o s ic f ib e r s m a n u f a c t u r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , U n ite d S t a t e s , A u g u s t 1976)
NUMBER CF WORKERS R E C E IV IN G
N um ber
A v erag e
h o u r ly
D e p a rtm e n t, occu p atio n , and sex 2
w o rk e rs
e a rn in g s
3 . 3 0 3 . 4 0 ‘3 . 5 0
UNDER
AND
3 . 30 UNDER
3 .4 0 3 .5 0 3 .6 0
S T R A IG H T -T IM E
3 .6 0
3 .7 0
3 .8 0
3 .9 0
4 .0 0
4 .2 0
4 .4 0
4 .6 0
4 .8 0
3 .7 0
3 .8 0
3 .9 0
4 .0 0
4 . 20
4 . 40
4 .6 0
4 .8 0
5 .0 0
HOURLY
E AR N IN G S
(IN
DO LLARS)
OF —
5 . 0 0 |15 . 20
5 .4 0
5 . 60
5 .8 0
€ .0 0
6 .2 0
6 . 4C
6 .6 0
6 .8 0 [7 .0 0
5 .2 0
5 .6 0
5 . 80
6 .0 0
6 .2 0
6 .4 0
6 .6 0
6 .8 0
7 .0 0 i 7 .2 0
5 . 40
|
!
1
M IS C E LL A N E O U S — C O N T IN U E D
P O W E R -TFU C K CPERATORS 4 .....................
MEN................................................................... .
F O R K L IF T ........................................................
MEN...................................................................
OTHER TRAN F O R K L IF T :
M E N ...................................................................
GUARDS....................................................................
MEN...................................................................
WOMEN..............................................................
J A N IT O R S , PORTERS
OR CLEANERS.
MEN....................................................................
WOMEN............... ...............................................
1 ,5 7 7
1 ,3 1 8
1 ,1 6 5
1 ,0 9 2
$ 4 .6 8
4. 7 3
4 .8 3
4 . 82
226
166
155
11
617
465
152
4 . 30
5 .4 9
5 . 43
6 .3 2
4 . 20
4 .1 5
4 . 34
-
-
-
-
-
-
45
45
40
40
5
24
21
24
-
-
150
150
76
76
4
4
4
-
"
2
_
54
21
-
-
_
74
_
-
1
1
-
25
-
25
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
220
56
2
-
-
4
127
115
1 27
115
_
4
4
I
j
I
I
I
308
268
280
240
52 I
28
222
200
148
148
16
16
8
8
4
4
45
35
45
35
j
I
I
J
3 81
373
368
360
_!
13
3
3
21
i
2 2
1
32
32
21
21
-
-
70
-
-
68
2
2
-
2
27
19
8.
69
6 1
8
193
114
79
144
96
48
_
-
_
-
-
31
31
31
31
20
20
20
201
I
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
4
-
25
-
2 2 !|
1 c!
-
-
io |
_
_
3
_
59 !
52 !
7
!
-
-j
■a
p a y f o r o v e r t im e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , and la t e o r o th e r
$ 3 .2 0 to $ 3 .3 0 .
U n le s s o t h e r w is e in d ic a t e d , a l l o r v ir t u a lly a ll w o r k e r s in an o c c u p a tio n a l c a t e g o r y w e r e m e n .
3 W ork ers
4
w ere
d is t r ib u t e d as
1
-
!
44
-
-1
37
7
_
_
\
_
_
- 1
_
-!
-1
J_ _ _
In c lu d e s p r e m iu m
|
7 .2 0
AND
OVER
-
i
_______I
f o llo w s :
16 at
$ 2 .7 0 to
$ 2 .8 0 ;
2 at
$3
to
In c lu d e s data f o r p o w e r tr u c k o p e r a t o r s in a d d itio n to th o s e sh ow n s e p a r a t e ly .
$3 10- and 95 at
Table 8.
O ccupational earnings:
Noncellulosic fibers— South
( N u m b e r and s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s in n o n c e l l u l o s i c f i b e r s m a n u f a c t u r i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , S ou th , A u g u s t 1976)
NUMBER CF W<d r k e r :E BEC]EIYING
D e p a r t m e n t , o c c u p a t i o n , a nd s e x 2
workers
earnings
3.30 3 .4 0
AND
UNDER
3 . 30 UNDER
3.40 3 .5 0
4.20
3 .50
3 .6 0 3 .7 0
3 .8 0
3 .9 0
4 .0 0
3.60
3 .7 0
3.80
3.9 0
4.00
4 . 20 4 . 40
STRAIGHT -TIME HOURLY EARNING!S (IN DOLLARS)
iOF—
4 .60
4.80
5.00
5 .20
5 .40
5.60
5.8 0
6 .0 0
6 .2 0
6 .4 0
6.60
6.8 0
7.00
4 . 60 4 . 8 0
5.00
5,20
5 ,40
5.6 0
5,80
6 .00
6 .20
6 .40
6 .6 0
6 .8 0
7 .0 0
7.2 0
-
31
10
-
4
8
31
30
19
12
9
28
14 0
20
37
4
15
795
1
10
7
48
2
1
1
1
7
34
42
12
165
21
~
8
2
-
1
117
3
272
13
2
14
~
13
218
17
18
230
"
12 1
92
706
121
46
331
~
250
79
420
296
18
28
355
60
80
34
33
23
80
32
11
1
677
472
158
98
677
455
17
60
3
17
142
17
3
142
37
174
2 11
50
26
20
11
1 54
161
656 1040 2 0 6 8
984
40
84
57 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 8 4
597
213
157
96
505
132
117
92
25
206
629
112
50
216
156
413
112
22
112
22
92
20
38
29
20
9
599
567
12
325
81
87
42
53
42
34
487 3643
47 E 3 5 6 4
79
12
43
123
43
1 01
8
1
4
4
1
21 7
-
96
-
418
-
281
-
-
-
-
-
-
”
-
7
4
3
24
15
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
“
-
2
2
39
21
18
205
18 7
18
3
3
-
2
2
4
2
2
1
1
-
_
11
6
5
23
10
13
31
16
15
-
182
93
89
59
191
58
133
4
6
5
2
6
5
1
1
13
11
2
24
24
-
22
2
2
~
-
-
-
10
10
~
-
12
1
1
4.40
7 .20
AND
OVER
MAINTENANCE
CABEENTERS, MAINTENANCE.,..., .....................
ELECT RIC IANS, MAINTENANCE...........................
HELPERS, MAINTENANCE TRADES.....................
INSTRUMENT REPAIRERS..........................................
MACHINISTS, MAINTENANCE.................................
MECHANICS, GENERAL...............................................
P I P E F I T T E F S , MAINTENANCE..............................
136
909
89
503
260
3,2 1 1
565
$ 6.09
6 .50
5.40
6.7 4
6 .43
6 . 10
6.6 0
3,4 5 3
489
412
77
7,3 9 3
6 ,9 9 6
397
369
347
1 ,4 3 1
798
633
6,721
2 ,2 4 5
4 ,4 7 6
2 ,4 9 7
1 ,9 3 4
563
1,658
436
1,2 2 2
778
235
543
5.28
5.01
4 .9 6
5 .2 9
5 .41
5. 44
4.7 7
5 . 38
5.36
4.6C
4 .4 5
4 .79
4 .6 7
4 .61
4.71
4.87
4 . 89
4 .8 2
5.01
5.25
4 . 92
4.1 6
4.6 2
3 .9 6
1 ,0 4 2
489
553
1,4 3 8
216
1 ,2 2 2
5 . 16
5 .15
5 . 16
4 .75
4 .86
4.7 3
507
478
144
129
4.0 4
4.03
5 .41
5 .35
_
-
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
~
"
-
~
-
-
4
140
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
24
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
12
18
24
8
40
12
1 35
6
20
36
15
19
47
171
30
15
15
2
2
48
42
6
222
47
175
218
154
64
160
35
125
-
656
37
30
7
578
50 8
70
14
14
509
281
228
708
47
661
569
446
123
13
1
12
-
16 5
_
"
PROCESSING
CHEMICAL CEEBATORS, NONCELLULOSIC
FIEERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .........................................
JET- HANDLERS.................................................................
MEN..................................................................................
WOMEN............................................................................
S P I N N E R S , DEI PROCESS......................................
MEN.............................................................................. .
WOMEN............................................................................
SP I N N E B S, NET P R O C E S S , . . , . , ............... ..
MEN..................................................................................
C R E E L TENDERS .............................................................
MEN..................................................................................
WOMEN................................ ...........................................
DRAWTWIST OPERATORS ............................................
MEN..................................................................................
WOMEN ...........................................................................
TOW OPERATORS.............................................................
MFN..................................................................................
WOMEN............................................................................
WARPER OPERATORS......................................................
KEN......................................................................
WO ME N. ,.. ................................................................
WINDERS, YARN.............................................................
Mr ....................................................................................
WOMEN...........................................................................
34
34
-
312
30
2 82
43
_
43
3113
113
-
-
-
190
-
190
-
44
44
336
30
306
72
-
-
-
-
152
152
150
150
-
-
60
60
40
40
-
-
32
32
486
486
51
51
-
-
-
-
-
18
18
-
-
-
-
-
72
-
-
~
16
-
-
80
80
-
220
220
90
90
-
-
-
200
66
134
22
6
16
-
19
19
93
36
57
37
17
20
~
54
14
40
8
2
1
32
7
30
30
12
12
20
20
168
160
—
-
108
66
42
-
401
52
49
3
246
124
122
-
1 C4
7
6
1
73
65
1C
2
2
106
10 0
6
156
84
72
g
8
8
1
7
231
3
228
182
88
77
11
126
126
-
23
23
42
38
4
124
106
18
216
140
76
150
46
104
51
41
10
-
-
-
6
4
2
17 1
55
11 6
45
39
6
151
28
123
27
5
_
-
-
-
-
22
I N S I 1 C T I 0 N AND TESTING
LABORATORY A S S I S T A N T S . . . . . . . . . . . . . •
KEN........................... .......................................................
WOMEN. ...............
.......................... ..
PHYSICAL TEST OPERATORS.................................
MEN.................. ..
WOMEN............................................................................
_
33
*
16
5
11
5
5
6
6
67
67
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
-
6
20
13
1 17
117
6
-
7
7
-
-
34
71
68
3
104
14
90
56
20
36
23
7
16
28
13
15
30
8
52
26
26
216
22
215
49
49
50
47
28
28
-
-
3
3
1
33
17
4
13
80
9
71
20
13
137
16
121
6
6
8
8
12
12
12
12
118
19
99
504
84
420
c c
18
37
16
12
4
37
_
-
12
“
-
MISCELLANEOUS
LABORERS, MATERIAL HANDLING.....................
MEN.....................................................................................................
STOCK C L E R K S ...............................................................................
MEN....................................................................................................
S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f t a b le ,
-
9
9
-
-
-
2
2
54
36
4
4
5
c
6
6
28
28
5
5
62
47
5
5
”
“
~
-
Table 8.
Occupational earnings:
Noncellulosic fibers— South— Continued
(N u m b e r a n d s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n in g s 1 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s in n o n c e l lu l o s ic f i b e r s m a n u f a c t u r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , S o u th , A u g u s t 1976)
D e p a r t m e n t , o c c u p a t i o n , a nd s e x
Num ber
of
workers
A verage
hourly
earnings
SOMBER CF WORKERS RECIIVING STRAIGHT-TIME HOURLY EARNINGS (IN DOLLARS) OF —
3 . 3 0 3 . 4 0 3 . 5 0 3 . 6 0 3 . 7 0 3 . 8 0 3 . 9 0 4 . 0 0 4 . 2 0 4 . 4 0 4 . 6 0 4 . 8 0 5 . 0 0 5 . 2 0 5 . 4 0 5 . 6 0 5 . 8 0 6 . 0 0 6 .20
UNDER AND
3 . 3 0 JNDER
3 .40 3 .5 0 3.60
3 , 8 0 3 . 9 0 4 . 0 0 4. 20
4 . 80 5 . 0 0
5.8 C 6 . 0 0 6 . 2 0 6 . 4 0
6. 40
6.60 6 .8 0 7 .0 0 7 .2 0
AND
OVER
6.8 0 7 .0 0 7 .2 0
MISCELLANEOUS!--CONTINUED
P O W ER-TRU CK OPERATORS4 ...................................
MEN..................................................................................
F C R K I I F T ......................................................................
MEN......................................... . . . , . ......................
OTHER TEAN F O R K L IF T :
M E N ...............................................,................... ..
GUARDS..................................................................................
M E N . . . . . . ............... .. ..............................................
WCMEN............................................................................
J A N IT O R S , PCRTERS
OR C L E A N E R S ............
MFN..................................................................................
WOMEN.................« ................ ......................... .
1,564
1,305
1,152
1,0 7 9
$4.69
4 .7 4
4.8 3
4. 8 3
45
45
40
40
226
159
148
4 . 30
5.52
5 .46
6.32
4 . 21
4.16
4 . 35
5
11
596
446
150
24
24
21
74
25
25
54
4
4
15
15
52
7
7
308
268
280
240
45
35
45
35
381
37 3
368
360
28
4
4
2
2
22
21
21
21
58
26
18
8j
69
61
8
193
114
79
138
90
48
31
31
31
31
20
20
20
20
13
1
32
32
1 I n c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , a nd l a t e o r o t h e r
shifts.
2 U n l e s s o t h e r w i s e i n d i c a t e d , a l l o r v i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s in a n o c c u p a t i o n a l c a t e g o r y w e r e m e n .
220 118 222
56
200
106
2 118 1 48
2 106 148
150
150
76
76
21
1
-
25
1
-
22
3
10
10
44
37
7
59
52
7
3 W ork ers w e r e distributed a s follow s:
16 at $ 2 . 7 0 to $ 2 . 8 0 ; 2 a t $ 3 to $ 3 . 1 0 ; and
$ 3 . 2 0 to $ 3 . 3 0 .
4 I n c l u d e s d at a f o r p o w e r - t r u c k o p e r a t o r s in a d d i t i o n to t h o s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y .
95 at
Table 9.
Method of w age payment
(Percent of production workers in synthetic fibers manufacturing establishments by method of wage payment,' United States and South, August 1976)
Noncellulosic fibers
Cellulosic fibers
All establishments
Method of
wage payment
South
United
States2
South
United
States-
South
United
States2
All workers.....................................................................
100
100
100
100
100
100
Time-rated workers..............................................................
Formal plans
Single rate
Range of rates
Individual ra te s...............................................................
98
98
66
32
(:*)
98
98
66
33
(:‘)
98
98
60
38
(:‘)
99
99
59
40
(:‘)
98
98
67
31
(a)
98
98
67
31
(:t)
Incentive w orkers................................................................
Individual piecework......................................................
Group piecework..............................................................
Individual b o nus.............................................................
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
(:‘)
2
(••')
H
1
1
P)
(•■')
2
1
1
(:t)
2
1
1
(:$)
1 For definition of method of wage payment, see appendix A.
- Includes data for regions in addition to the South.
1 Less than 0.5 percent.
NOTE:
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
T a b le 10.
S c h ed u led w e e k ly hours
(Percent of production workers and office workers in synthetic fibers manufacturing establishments by scheduled weekly hours,1 United States and South,
August 1976)
United
States2
South
Noncellulosic fibers
Cellulosic fibers
All establishments
Weekly hours
United
States2
South
United
States2
South
Production workers
All workers.....................................................................
100
100
100
100
100
100
40 ho urs...............................................................................
42 ho urs...............................................................................
92
8
92
8
92
8
92
8
92
8
92
8
Office workers
All workers.....................................................................
100
100
100
100
100
100
40 ho u rs...............................................................................
100
100
100
100
100
100
1 Data relate to the predominant schedule for full-time day-shift workers in each establishment.
- Includes data for regions in addition to the South.
NOTE.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100.
Table 11. Shift differential practices-AII establishments
(Percent of production workers assigned to selected shifts by type of shift and amount of shift differential, United States and South, August 1976)
South
United States1
Oscillating
shifts3
Rotating shifts2
Shift differential
Day schedules
(1st)
Workers assigned to selected s h ifts ........................................
Receiving differential..............................................................
Uniform cents per hour .....................................................
5 cents ...............................................................................
6 cents ...............................................................................
7 cents ...............................................................................
8 cents ..............................................................................
10 cents .............................................................................
11 cents .............................................................................
12 cents .............................................................................
13 cents .............................................................................
14 cents .............................................................................
15 cents .............................................................................
16 cents .............................................................................
18 cen ts .............................................................................
19 cents .............................................................................
20 c en ts .............................................................................
25 c en ts .............................................................................
28 cents .............................................................................
40 cents .............................................................................
Uniform percentage.............................................................
10 percent.........................................................................
Uniform cents per hour plus paid
lunch period not provided fixed
day shift workers.............................................................
7 cents ...............................................................................
8 cen ts ...............................................................................
10 cents .............................................................................
11 cents .............................................................................
14 cents .............................................................................
15 cents .............................................................................
18 cents .............................................................................
19 cents .............................................................................
20 cen ts .............................................................................
25 cen ts .............................................................................
30 cen ts .............................................................................
Uniform percentage plus paid
lunch period not provided
fixed day shift workers ...................................................
10 percent .........................................................................
Paid lunch period not provided
fixed day-shift workers....................................................
8 hours pay for 7.5 hours work .......................................
Other formal paid differential ...........................................
1
2
3
4
25.6
12.3
.2
_
_
_
Evening
schedules
(2nd)
Night
schedules
(3rd)
25.2
25.2
1.5
24.9
7.3
.1
.1
_
.1
24.9
7.3
.1
.1
1.1
1.6
.7
_
.6
.2
.6
.2
.2
_
_
_
_
2.1
_
4.3
4.3
_
_
4.1
4.1
10.1
.4
2.4
3.5
.4
First or
second group
_
.1
.1
1.1
1.3
.2
.7
.2
.6
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.6
1.4
.2
.7
4.1
4.1
_
_
10.1
(4)
_
Fixed shifts
Evening
schedules
(2nd)
0.6
.6
.6
.3
_
(4)
.1
Night
schedules
(3rd)
0.5
_
_
_
25.3
7.4
.1
.1
1.2
1.5
.7
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.3
.1
_
.1
_
(4)
(4)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
4.4
4.4
4.2
4.2
2.1
_
_
_
_
(4)
_
2.5
.6
.9
_
_
_
3.1
2.4
.9
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.4
2.1
.2
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
0.1
25.3
7.4
.1
.1
_
.2
.2
(4)
.1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(4)
_
_
_
_
_
.3
(4)
.1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(4)
_
_
_
_
(4)
(4)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(4)
(4)
_
3.2
2.4
1.0
_
_
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.6
1.0
_
.4
_
_
_
_
1.8
(4)
3.1
3.1
_
10.4
_
_
.4
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2.5
2.2
.4
0.2
3.0
.4
Includes data for regions in addition to the South.
Workers assigned to rotating shifts worked alternately on day, evening, and night schedules.
Workers assigned to oscillating shifts were of 2 groups: Those alternating between day and evening schedules, and those alternating between evening and night schedules.
Less than 0.05 percent.
3.6
.4
Night
schedules
(3rd)
.1
.1
.6
1.4
.2
.7
4.2
4.2
10.3
.5
Evening
schedules
(2nd)
1.5
.1
.1
1.2
1.4
.2
.7
.2
.7
_
(4)
First or
second group
Fixed shifts
25.6
_
.2
.7
.2
_
Night
schedules
(3rd)
_
.6
.2
_
_
2.9
Evening
schedules
(2nd)
25.6
12.4
.2
.3
1.8
Day schedules
(1st)
26.0
.5
.5
.1
_
Oscillating
shifts3
Rotating shifts2
.2
.2
(4)
_
_
Table 12. Shift differential practices-C ellulosic fibers
(Percent of production workers assigned to selected shifts by type of shift and amount of shift differential, United States and South, August 1976)
South
United States1
Oscillating
shifts3
Rotating shifts2
Shift differential
Workers assigned to selected sh ifts.........................
Receiving differential.......................................
Uniform cents per hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uniform cents per hour plus paid
lunch period not provided fixed
day shift workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other formal paid differential ...........................
1
2
3
4
Day schedules
(1st)
Evening
schedules
(2nd)
Night
schedules
(3rd)
20.6
20.5
20.5
2.1
1.1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1.1
_
_
1.0
20.5
16.2
.6
.8
6.6
3.2
.2
_
_
1.1
3.7
1.9
1.9
2.3
First or
second group
2.4
.4
.4
20.5
16.2
.4
_
_
_
_
_
.6
.7
6.6
3.2
1.1
3.9
1.9
1.9
2.3
_
Evening
schedules
(2nd)
0.2
.2
.2
(4)
_
_
.1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Night
schedules
(3rd)
0.1
.1
.1
_
_
_
Evening
schedules
(2nd)
Night
schedules
(3rd)
20.8
20.7
20.7
1.2
1.2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1.2
_
n
Day schedules
(1st)
.i
20.7
17.2
.6
.8
7.0
3.4
.2
_
_
_
1.2
3.9
First or
second group
0.1
.5
.5
.1
.1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2.1
2.1
1.4
2.1
2.1
1.4
Night
schedules
(3rd)
.2
.2
.6
.8
7.0
3.4
1.2
4.2
_
Evening
schedules
(2nd)
0.2
_
_
_
Fixed shifts
2.5
20.7
17.2
_
Includes data for regions in addition to the South.
Workers assigned to rotating shifts worked alternately on day, evening, and night schedules.
Workers assigned to oscillating shifts were of 2 groups: Those alternating between day and evening schedules, and those alternating between evening and night schedules.
Less than 0.05 percent.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
Oscillating
shifts3
Rotating shifts2
Fixed shifts
.5
n
-
-
-
-
.1
-
_
_
-
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.1
Table 13. Shift differential practices-N oncellulosic fibers
(Percent of production workers assigned to selected shifts by type of shift and amount of shift differential, United States and South, August 1976)
United States'
Rotating shifts2
Shift differential
South
Oscillating
shifts3
Day schedules
(1st)
Evening
schedules
(2nd)
Night
schedules
(3rd)
Workers assigned to selected sh ifts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26.6
26.2
26.2
Receiving differential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uniform cents per h o u r.................................
5 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uniform percentage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uniform cents per hour plus paid
lunch period not provided fixed
day shift workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30 cents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uniform percentage plus paid
lunch period not provided
fixed day shift workers ...............................
10 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paid lunch period not provided
fixed day-shift workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 hours pay for 7.5 hours work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.4
_
_
5.2
5.2
25.8
5.5
1.2
.7
.8
_
.2
_
25.9
5.5
*_
.9
_
.3
.8
_
.7
1.7
.2
.9
5.0
5.0
(4)
11.8
.5
2.9
3.8
.5
_
2.1
_
.7
1.1
_
_
11.8
_
0
_
_
_
_
3.5
_
.5
_
3.8
2.9
1.1
_
_
_
_
0
_
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.0
2.6
-
-
1
2
3
4
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
2.5
5.0
5.0
First or
second group
1.3
Fixed shifts
Evening
schedules
(2nd)
0.7
.7
.6
.3
_
_
(4)
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
-
_
-
.1
.1
.1
.1
Night
schedules
(3rd)
Fixed shifts
Evening
schedules
(2nd)
Day schedules
(1st)
Evening
schedules
(2nd)
Night
schedules
(3rd)
0.5
27.1
26.6
26.6
.5
.5
14.6
_
_
~
_
_
_
_
5.3
5.3
26.3
5.5
1.1
.8
.8
.2
_
26.3
5.5
_
1.0
_
.2
.8
_
.8
1.7
.2
.9
5.1
5.1
(4)
-
12.0
.5
3.0
3.9
.5
_
2.2
_
.7
1.1
_
_
12.0
_
(4)
_
_
_
3.5
_
.5
_
3.9
2.9
1.1
_
_
_
_
_
(4)
_
_
_
_
_
_
(4)
(4)
_
_
_
(4)
_
-
.3
.1
.1
2.6
_
5.1
5.1
First or
second group
1.3
_
_
_
_
-
0.2
.2
.2
(4)
.1
_
_
_
_
_
_
.1
.1
Night
schedules
(3rd)
0.1
_
_
_
_
_
_
(4)
_
(4)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
_
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
-
-
-
-
-
-
3.0
2.6
-
-
-
-
-
_
.1
.1
_
_
_
(4)
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Includes data for regions in addition to the South.
Workers assigned to rotating shifts worked alternately on day, evening, and night schedules.
Workers assigned to oscillating shifts were of 2 groups: Those alternating between day and evening schedules, and those alternating between evening and night schedules.
Less than 0.05 percent.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals,
Oscillating
shifts3
Rotating shifts2
_
.1
_
_
_
Table 14. Paid holidays
(Percent of production workers and office workers in synthetic fibers manufacturing establishments with formal provisions for paid holidays. United
States and South, August 1976)
Cellulosic fibers
All establishments
Number of
paid holidays
United
States'
South
United
States'
South
Noncellulosic fibers
United
States'
South
Production workers
All workers...............................................................
100
100
100
100
100
100
Workers in establishments
providing paid holidays..............................................
6 days .......................................................................
7 days .......................................................................
8 days .......................................................................
9 days .......................................................................
10 days .....................................................................
11 days.....................................................................
100
2
1
23
20
46
8
100
2
1
24
18
47
9
100
100
3
52
45
-
100
2
18
14
56
10
100
2
18
13
57
10
(-)
3
49
48
-
Office workers
All workers...............................................................
Workers in establishments
providing paid holidays..............................................
6 days .......................................................................
7 days ...
8 days ...
9 days ...
10 days .
11 days .
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1
100
1
(*)
19
24
47
8
100
(-)
3
43
53
-
100
3
45
51
-
100
1
15
20
53
9
100
1
14
20
55
10
(-)
20
25
45
8
1 Includes data for regions in addition to the South.
- Less than 0.5 percent.
NOTE:
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
Table 15.
Paid vacations
(Percent of production workers and office workers in synthetic fibers manufacturing establishments with formal provisions for paid vacations after
selected periods of service. United States and South, August 1976)
AH establishments
Vacation policy
United
States'
South
Cellulosic fibers
United
States'
1
1
Noncellulosic fibers
South
United
States'
South
Production workers
All workers...............................................................
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
76
24
100
78
22
100
34
66
100
35
65
100
85
15
100
86
14
47
53
46
54
100
_
100
_
36
64
26
1
73
24
1
75
55
_
45
52
48
20
1
79
18
1
81
2
1
97
1
1
98
_
_
100
_
_
100
3
1
96
2
1
97
31
1
68
29
1
70
100
_
_
100
_
_
16
1
83
15
1
84
7
26
67
6
25
68
12
88
_
13
87
_
6
14
81
5
13
82
1
9
90
1
8
91
_
13
87
_
13
87
2
8
90
2
7
92
1
3
23
73
1
3
21
75
_
(•')
88
11
_
_
88
12
2
3
9
86
2
3
7
88
1
2
11
86
1
2
10
87
_
H
21
79
_
_
22
78
2
2
9
87
2
2
8
88
1
2
10
74
12
1
2
10
74
13
_
(:‘)
21
79
_
_
_
22
78
_
2
2
8
73
15
2
2
8
73
15
1
2
10
43
44
1
2
10
42
45
_
(:l)
21
79
-
_
_
22
78
-
2
2
8
35
53
2
2
8
34
54
Method of paym ent
Workers in establishments
providing paid vacations.............................................
Length-of-time payment.............................................
Percentage payment..................................................
Amount of vacation payAfter 1 y ea r of service:
1 week.......................................................................
2 weeks .....................................................................
«
35
65
A fter 2 years of service:
1 week.......................................................................
Over 1 and under 2 weeks......................................
2 weeks.....................................................................
_
A fter 3 years o f service:
1 week.......................................................................
Over 1 and under 2 weeks......................................
2 weeks.....................................................................
A fter 5 years of service:
2 weeks .....................................................................
Over 2 and under 3 weeks......................................
3 weeks .....................................................................
A fter 10 years of service:
2 weeks.....................................................................
3 weeks .....................................................................
4 weeks .....................................................................
A fter 15 years of service:
2 weeks .....................................................................
3 weeks
4 weeks
A fter 20 years of service:
2
3
4
5
weeks
weeks
weeks
weeks
A fter 25 years of service:
2
3
4
5
weeks .....................................................................
weeks
weeks
weeks
A fter 30 years of service:
2
3
4
5
6
weeks
weeks
weeks
weeks
weeks
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
Maximum service benefits:
2
3
4
5
6
weeks .....................................................................
weeks .....................................................................
weeks.....................................................................
weeks .....................................................................
weeks .....................................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 15.
Paid vacations—Continued
(Percent of production workers and office workers in synthetic fibers manufacturing establishments with formal provisions for paid vacations after
selected periods of service. United States and South. August 1976)
Cellulosic fibers
All establishments
Vacation policy
United
States'
South
United
States'
South
Noncellulosic fibers
United
States'
1
South
Office workers
All workers...............................................................
100
100
100
100
100
100
Method of payment
Workers in establishments
providing paid vacations............................................
Length-of-time payment............................................
Percentage payment..................................................
100
99
1
100
99
1
100
100
-
100
100
-
100
99
1
100
99
1
3
93
4
3
93
4
5
95
_
5
95
-
2
93
5
2
93
5
1
95
4
1
95
4
(')
100
-
100
-
1
94
5
1
94
5
1
95
4
1
95
4
100
_
100
_
1
94
5
1
94
5
22
78
21
79
58
42
56
44
15
85
15
85
2
21
4
73
2
20
4
74
5
53
_
42
5
51
_
44
2
16
5
78
2
15
5
79
1
2
97
1
2
97
_
5
95
_
5
95
1
2
97
1
1
98
1
(■')
11
4
84
1
10
4
85
(:t)
34
66
31
69
1
H
7
5
87
1
6
5
88
1
(■'•)
7
4
87
1
7
4
88
(;‘)
13
86
14
_
86
1
H
6
5
88
1
6
5
88
1
(•')
7
77
15
1
7
76
15
(•')
13
86
-
14
86
-
1
H
6
75
17
1
6
75
18
1
(:‘)
7
46
45
1
7
45
46
(:‘)
13
86
-
14
86
-
1
6
40
53
1
6
39
54
Amount of vacation payAtter l year of service:
1 week.......................................................................
2 weeks .....................................................................
Over 2 and under 3 weeks.....................................
After 2 years of service:
1 week.......................................................................
2 weeks .....................................................................
Over 2 and under 3 weeks......................................
After 3 years of service:
1 week.......................................................................
2 weeks .....................................................................
Over 2 and under 3 weeks......................................
A fter 5 years of service:
2 weeks .....................................................................
3 weeks .....................................................................
A fter 10 y ears of service:
2 weeks .....................................................................
3 weeks .....................................................................
Over 3 and under 4 weeks.....................................
4 weeks .....................................................................
A fter 15 yea rs of service:
2 weeks.....................................................................
3 weeks .....................................................................
4 weeks .....................................................................
A fter 20 yea rs of service:
2 weeks .....................................................................
3 weeks ...
4 weeks ...
Over 4 and under 5 weeks.....................................
5 weeks .....................................................................
j
A fter 25 yea rs of service:
2 weeks .....................................................................
3 weeks .....................................................................
4 weeks .....................................................................
Over 4 and under 5 weeks.....................................
5 weeks .....................................................................
A fter 30 years of service:
2
3
4
5
6
weeks
weeks
weeks
weeks
weeks
.....................................................................
...
...
...
.....................................................................
M axim um service benefits:
2
3
4
5
6
weeks
weeks
weeks
weeks
weeks
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
.....................................................................
See footnotes on follow ing page.
Footnotes to table 15.
1 Includes data for regions in addition to the South.
- Vacation payments, such as percent of annual earnings, were converted to an equivalent time basis. Periods of service were chosen arbitrarily and
do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, changes indicated at 10 years may include changes that
occurred between 5 and 10 years.
1 Less than 0.5 percent.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
Table 16. Health, insurance, and retirement plans
(Percent of production workers and office workers in synthetic fibers m anufacturing establishments with specified health, insurance, and retirement
plans,1 United States and South, August 1976)_____________________________
All establishments
Type of plan
United
States*
South
Cellulosic fibers
United
S tates*
Noncellulosic fibers
South
United
States*
South
Production workers
All w orkers..............................................................................
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
92
100
93
100
100
100
100
100
90
100
91
67
63
66
63
100
100
100
100
60
56
59
56
100
93
70
100
92
70
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
91
64
100
91
64
32
32
-
39
39
8
17
11
100
8
17
12
100
-
24
24
100
26
26
100
10
15
9
100
10
15
9
100
100
76
100
77
100
63
100
60
100
79
100
80
17
100
18
100
37
100
40
100
13
100
13
100
100
76
100
77
100
63
100
60
100
79
100
80
17
95
5
18
96
4
37
87
13
40
92
8
13
97
3
13
97
3
95
74
96
75
87
49
92
52
97
79
97
80
15
79
21
15
78
22
37
92
8
40
92
8
10
76
24
10
76
24
79
20
78
21
92
15
92
15
76
22
76
22
18
100
100
99
19
100
100
100
30
100
100
100
32
100
100
100
16
100
100
99
16
100
100
100
Workers in establishments providing:
Life in s u ra n c e ...........................................................................
Noncontributory p la n s ........................................................
Accidental death and
dismemberment insurance..................................................
Noncontributory p la n s ........................................................
Sickness and accident insurance
or sick leave or b o th *.........................................................
Sickness and accident in su ran ce................................
Noncontributory p la n s ...................................................
Sick leave (full pay,
no waiting p e rio d )............................................................
Sick leave (partial pay
or waiting p e rio d ).............................................................
Long-term disability insurance............................................
Noncontributory p la n s ........................................................
Hospitalization insurance.......................................................
Covering employees and their
dependents ..........................................................................
Noncontributory p la n s ...................................................
Noncontributory for employees;
contributory for d e p e n d e n ts ....................................
Surgical in s u ran c e ...................................................................
Covering employees and their
dependents ..........................................................................
Noncontributory p la n s ...................................................
Noncontributory for employees;
contributory for d e p e n d e n ts ....................................
Medical insurance....................................................................
Covering employees o n ly ..................................................
Covering employees and their
dependents ..........................................................................
Noncontributory p la n s ...................................................
Noncontributory for employees;
contributory for de p e n d e n ts ....................................
Major medical insurance.......................................................
Covering employees o n ly ..................................................
Covering employees and their
dependents ..........................................................................
Noncontributory p la n s ...................................................
Noncontributory for employees;
contributory for d e p e n d e n ts ....................................
Retirement p la n s .......................................................................
P ensions.....................................................................................
Noncontributory p la n s ...................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
_
-
Table 16. Health, insurance, and retirement plans— Continued
(Percent of production workers and office workers in synthetic fibers m anufacturing establishments with specified health, insurance, and retirem ent
plans,1 United States and South, August 1976)
United
States*
South
Noncellulosic fibers
Cellulosic fibers
All establishments
Type of plan
United
S tates*
South
United
States*
South
Office workers
All w orkers.............................................................................
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
88
100
89
100
100
100
100
100
86
100
87
69
62
69
62
100
100
100
100
64
56
63
56
100
64
39
100
63
38
100
50
50
100
48
48
100
66
37
100
66
37
76
37
16
100
76
37
16
100
70
71
73
70
100
100
77
31
18
100
77
32
19
100
100
74
100
74
100
71
100
69
100
74
100
75
12
100
12
100
29
100
31
100
9
100
9
100
100
74
100
74
100
71
100
69
100
74
100
75
12
96
4
12
98
2
29
89
11
31
93
7
9
98
2
9
98
2
96
71
98
73
89
60
93
63
98
73
98
75
11
76
24
11
75
25
29
94
6
31
93
7
7
73
27
8
72
28
76
29
75
30
94
38
93
39
73
28
72
28
8
100
100
99
8
100
100
99
13
100
100
100
14
100
100
100
7
100
100
99
7
100
100
99
Workers in establishments providing:
Life in s u ra n c e ...........................................................................
Noncontributory p la n s .......................................................
Accidental death and
dism em berment in su ran ce.................................................
Noncontributory p la n s .......................................................
Sickness and accident insurance
or sick leave or both3 .........................................................
Sickness and accident in s u ran c e ................................
Noncontributory p la n s ...................................................
Sick leave (full pay,
no w atting p e rio d )...........................................................
Long-term disability in s u ran c e ...........................................
Noncontributory p la n s ........................................................
Hospitalization insurance......................................................
Covering employees and their
dependents ..........................................................................
Noncontributory p la n s ...................................................
Noncontributory for employees;
contributory for d e p e n d e n ts ....................................
Surgical in s u ra n c e ...................................................................
Covering employees and their
dependents ..........................................................................
Noncontributory p la n s ..................................................
Noncontributory for employees;
contributory for d e p e n d e n ts ....................................
M edical in s u ran c e ....................................................................
Covering employees o n ly .................................................
Covering employees and their
dependents ..........................................................................
Noncontributory p la n s ...................................................
Noncontributory for employees;
contributory for d e p e n d e n ts ....................................
M ajor medical in su ran ce......................................................
Covering employees o n ly .................................................
Covering employees and their
dependents ..........................................................................
Noncontributory p la n s ...................................................
Noncontributory for employees;
contributory for d e p e n d e n ts ....................................
Retirem ent p la n s ......................................................................
P en sio n s.....................................................................................
Noncontributory p la n s ..................................................
1 Includes those plans for which the employer pays at least part of the cost and excludes legally required plans such as workers’ compensation and
social security; however, plans required by State temporary disability laws are included if the employer contributes more than is legally required or the
employees receive benefits in excess of legal requirements. “ Noncontributory plans” include only those plans financed entirely by the employer.
1 Includes data for regions in addition to the South.
* Unduplicated total of workers covered by sickness and accident insurance and sick leave shown separately.
Table 17.
Other selected benefits
(Percent of production and office workers in synthetic fibers manufacturing establishments with formal provisions for funeral
leave pay, jury-duty pay, and technological severance pay, United States and South, August 1976)
P ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs
T y p e o f b e n e fits 1
W o rk e rs in establishm ents w ith
provisio ns fo r:
F u n e ra l leave p a y ..............................
J u r y -d u ty pay ...................................
T e c h n o lo g ic a l severance pay . . .
A ll
e stablishm ents
C ellulosic
fib ers
O ffic e w o rk e rs
N o n c e llu lo s ic
fib ers
A ll
e stablishm ents
C ellulosic
fib e rs
N o n c e llu lo s ic
fib ers
U n ite d
S ta te s 2
S o u th
U n ite d
S ta te s 2
S o u th
U n ite d
S ta te s 2
S o u th
U n ite d
S ta te s 2
S o u th
U n ite d
S ta te s 2
S o u th
U n ite d
S ta te s 2,
S o u th
98
99
30
99
100
29
99
99
68
100
100
66
98
100
22
98
100
21
93
94
46
93
94
45
59
59
71
57
57
70
99
100
41
99
100
41
F o r d e fin itio n s o f item s, see a p p e n d ix A .
In cludes d a ta fo r regions in a d d itio n to th e S o u th .
Appendix A.
Scope and Method of Survey
Scope of survey
Method of study
The survey included establishments primarily engaged in
the manufacture of cellulosic manmade fibers and other
synthetic organic fibers (noncellulosic) in the form of
monofilament, yarn, staple, or tow suitable for further
manufacturing on textile processing equipment (industries
2823 and 2824 as defined in the 1967 edition of the S ta n
d a rd In du strial C lassification M an u a l , prepared by the U.S.
Office of Management and Budget.) Separate auxiliary
units, such as central offices and research laboratories, were
excluded. Also excluded from the survey were establish
ments primarily engaged in manufacturing glass fibers.
The number of establishments and workers actually
studied by the Bureau and the number estimated to be
within the scope of the survey during the payroll period
studied are shown in table A -l.
Data were obtained by personal visits of the Bureau’s
field staff to a representative sample of establishments with
in the scope of the survey. To obtain appropriate accuracy
at a minimum cost, a greater proportion of large than of
small establishments was studied. In combining the data,
however, all establishments were given an appropriate
weight. All estimates are presented, therefore, as relating to
all establishments in the industry, excluding only those
below the minimum size at the time of reference of the
universe data.
Establishment definition
An establishment is defined for this study as a single
physical location where manufacturing operations are per
formed. An establishment is not necessarily identical with a
company, which may consist of one establishment or more.
Products
Classification of establishments by industry was based
on the principal type of fiber manufactured. For example,
if 60 percent of the total value of an establishment’s pro
duction was cellulosic fiber and 40 percent was noncellu
losic fiber, all workers in that establishment were consi
dered as producing cellulosic fiber.
Employment
Estimates of the number of workers within the scope of
the study are intended as a general guide to the size and
composition of the industry’s labor force, rather than as
precise measures of employment.
Table A-1.
Estimated number of establishments and employees within scope of survey and number studied,
synthetic fibers industry, August 1976
N u m b e r o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s 1
In d u s try b ra n c h a n d reg ion
A ll e s ta b lis h m e n ts
U n ite d S ta te s 3 ................................
S o u th 4 ...................................
C e llu lo s ic fib e rs e s ta b lis h m e n ts
U n ite d S ta te s 3 ................................
S o u th 4 ...................................
N o n c e llu lo s ic fib e rs esta b lis h m e n ts
U n ite d S ta te s 3 .................................
S o u th 4 ...................................
W ith in scope o f s tu d y
W ith in scope o f
s tu d y
A c tu a lly s tu d ie d
60
54
A c tu a lly s tu d ie d
T o t a l2
P ro d u c tio n
w o rk e rs
O ffic e w o rk e rs
42
36
8 1 ,2 5 4
7 9 ,2 0 8
6 2 ,7 9 3
6 1 ,1 8 4
4 ,7 5 9
4 ,6 2 6
6 4 ,2 1 9
6 2 ,1 7 3
12
10
12
10
1 3 ,2 5 5
1 2 ,4 7 5
1 0 ,8 3 0
1 0 ,1 9 8
697
666
1 3 ,2 5 5
1 2 ,4 7 5
48
44
30
26
6 7 ,9 9 9
6 6 ,7 3 3
5 1 ,9 6 3
5 0 ,9 8 6
4 ,0 6 2
3 ,9 6 0
5 0 ,9 6 4
4 9 ,6 9 8
1 In cludes o n ly those esta b lis h m e n ts w ith 2 0 w o rk e rs or m o re a t
th e tim e o f refe re n c e o f th e universe d a ta .
2 In cludes e x e c u tiv e , p ro fe s sio n a l, o ffic e , and o th e r w o rk e rs in
a d d itio n to th e p ro d u c tio n w o rk e r cate g o ry show n s e p a ra te ly .
3 In cludes d a ta fo r regions in a d d itio n to th e S o u th .
4 T h e S o u th as used in tipis s tu d y includes: A la b a m a , D e la w a re ,
W o rk e rs in e s ta b lis h m e n ts
D is tric t o f C o lu m b ia , F lo rid a , G e o rg ia, K e n tu c k y , M a ry la n d ,
M ississippi, N o rth C a ro lin a , S o u th C a ro lin a , Tennessee, V ir g in ia , and
W est V irg in ia .
N O T E : Because o f ro u n d in g , sum s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t
equal to ta ls .
26
tive wage systems. Formal rate structures for time-rated
workers provide single rates or a range of rates for indivi
dual job categories. In the absence of a formal rate struc
ture, pay rates are determined primarily by the qualifica
tions of the individual worker. A single rate structure is one
in which the same rate is paid to all experienced workers in
the same job classification. Learners, apprentices, or proba
tionary workers may be paid according to rate schedules
which start below the single rate and permit the workers to
achieve the full job rate over a period of time. An experi
enced worker occasionally may be paid above or below the
single rate for special reasons, but such payments are excep
tions. Range-of-rate plans are those in which the minimum,
maximum, or both of these rates paid experienced workers
for the same job are specified. Specific rates of individual
workers within the range may be determined by merit,
length of service, or a combination of these. Incentive
workers are classified under piecework or bonus plans.
Piecework is work for which a predetermined rate is paid
for each unit of output. Production bonuses are for produc
tion in excess of a quota or for completion of a task in less
than standard time.
Production workers and office workers
The terms “production workers” and “production and
related workers,” used interchangeably in this bulletin, in
clude working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers
engaged in nonoffice activities. Administrative, executive,
professional, and technical personnel, and force-account
construction employees, who are used as a separate work
force on the firm’s own properties, are excluded.
“Office workers” includes all nonsupervisory office
workers and excludes administrative, executive, profes
sional, and technical employees.
Occupations selected for study
Occupational classification was based on a uniform set
of job descriptions designed to take account of interestab
lishment and interarea variations in duties within the same
job. (See appendix B for these descriptions.) The criteria
for selection of the occupations were: The number of work
ers in the occupation; the usefulness of the data in collec
tive bargaining; and appropriate representation of the entire
job scale in the industry. Working supervisors, apprentices,
learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time,
temporary, and probationary workers were not reported in
the data for selected occupations but were included in the
data for all production workers.
Scheduled weekly hours
Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work
schedule for full-time production workers (or office work
ers) employed on the day shift.
Wage data
Shift practices
Information on wages relates to straight-time hourly
earnings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work
on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments,
such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus
systems, and cost-of-living bonuses were included as part of
the workers’ regular pay. Nonproduction bonus payments,
such as Christmas or yearend bonuses, were excluded.
Data relate to shift practices of establishments during
the payroll period studied and are presented in terms of the
proportion of production workers actually employed under
the conditions specified. Workers assigned to rotating shifts
variously work on day, evening, and night shifts, and work
ers assigned to fixed shifts regularly work on their assigned
shift. Workers assigned to oscillating shifts were of two
groups: Those alternating between day and evening sche
dules, and those alternating between evening and night
schedules.
A verage (m ean ) h o u rly rates o r earnings for each occu
pation or category of workers, such as production workers,
were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earnings)
by the number of workers receiving the rate, totaling, and
dividing by the number of individuals. The hourly earnings
of salaried workers were obtained by dividing straight-time
salary by normal rather than actual hours.
The m edian designates position; that is, one-half of the
employees surveyed received more than this rate and onehalf received less. The m id d le range is defined by two rates
of pay such that one-fourth of the employees earned less
than the lower of these rates and one-fourth earned more
than the higher rate.
Supplementary benefits
Supplementary benefits in an establishment were consi
dered applicable to all production (office) workers if they
applied to half of such workers or more in the establish
ment. Similarly, if fewer than one-half of the workers were
covered, the benefit was considered nonexistent in the
establishment. Because of length-of-service and other eligi
bility requirements, the proportion of workers receiving the
benefits may be smaller than estimated.
Method of wage payment
Tabulations by method of wage payment relate to the
number of workers paid under the various time and incen
P aid h olidays. Paid holiday provisions relate to full-day and
half-day holidays provided annually.
27
Paid vacations. The summaries of vacation plans are limited
to formal arrangements and exclude informal plans where
by time off with pay is granted at the discretion of the
employer or supervisor. Payments not on a time basis were
converted; for example, a payment of 2 percent of annual
earnings was considered the equivalent of 1 week’s pay. The
periods of service for which data are presented represent
the most common practices, but they do not necessarily
reflect individual establishment provisions for progression.
For example, changes in proportions indicated at 10 years
of service may include changes which occurred between 5
and 10 years.
Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Data are presented
for health, insurance, pension, and retirement severance
plans for which the employer pays all or a part of the cost,
excluding programs required by law such as workers’ com
pensation and social security. Among plans included are
those underwritten by a commercial insurance company
and those paid directly by the employer from current
operating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose.
Death benefits are included as a form of life insurance.
Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type of
insurance under which predetermined cash payments are
made directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis
during illness or accident disability. Information is presen
ted for all such plans to which the employer contributes at
least a part of the cost. However, in New York and New
Jersey, where temporary disability insurance laws require
employer contributions,1 plans are included only if the
employer (1) contributes more than is legally required, or
(2) provides the employees with benefits which exceed the
requirements of the law.
Tabulations of paid sick leave plans are limited to formal
Paid funeral and jury-duty leave. Data for paid funeral and
jury-duty leave relate to formal plans which provide at least
partial payment for time lost as a result of attending funer
als of specified family members or serving as a juror.
Technological severance pay. Data relate to formal plans
providing for payments to employees permanently sepa
rated from the company because of a technological change
or plant closing.
1 The temporary disability insurance laws in California and
Rhode Island do not require employer contributions.
plans which provide full pay or a proportion of the work
er’s pay during absence from work because of illness; infor
mal arrangements have been omitted. Separate tabulations
are provided for (1) plans which provide full pay and no
waiting period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or
a waiting period.
Medical insurance refers to plans providing for complete
or partial payment of doctors’ fees. Such plans may be
underwritten by a commercial insurance company or a non
profit organization, or they may be a form of self-insur
ance.
Major medical insurance, sometimes referred to as ex
tended medical or catastrophe insurance, includes plans
designed to cover employees for sickness or injury involving
an expense which exceeds the normal coverage of hospital
ization, medical, and surgical plans.
Tabulations of retirement pensions are limited to plans
which provide regular payments for the remainder of the
retiree’s life. Data are presented separately for retirement
severance pay (one payment or several over a specified
period of time) made to employees on retirement. Estab
lishments providing both retirement severance payments
and retirement pensions to employees were considered as
having both retirement pensions and retirement severance
plans; however, establishments having optional plans pro
viding employees a choice of either retirement severance
payments or pensions were considered as having only retire
ment pension benefits.
28
Appendix B.
Occupational Descriptions
The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau’s wage
surveys is to assist its field staff in classifying into appropriate occupations
workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different
work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to
area. This classification permits the grouping of occupational wage rates
representing comparable job content. Because of the emphasis on interestab
lishment and interarea comparability of occupational content, the Bureau’s
job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual estab
lishments, or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descrip
tions, the Bureau’s field staff are instructed to exclude working supervisors,
apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, tem
porary, and probationary workers.
Maintenance
equipment; working standard computations relating to load
requirements of wiring or electrical equipment; using a vari
ety of electrician’s handtools and measuring and testing
instruments. In general, the work of the maintenance elec
trician requires rounded training and experience usually
acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent
training and experience.
Carpenter, maintenance
Performs the carpentry duties necessary to construct and
maintain in good repair building woodwork and equipment
such as bins, cribs, counters, benches, partitions, doors,
floors, stairs, casings, and trim made of wood in an estab
lishment. Work involves most o f the following: Planning
and laying out of work from blueprints, drawings, models,
or verbal instructions; using a variety of carpenter’s handtools, portable power tools, and standard measuring instru
ments; making standard shop computations relating to
dimensions of work; selecting materials necessary for the
work. In general, the work of the maintenance carpenter
requires rounded training and experience usually acquired
through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and
experience.
Helper, maintenance trades
Assists one or more workers in the skilled maintenance
trades, by performing specific or general duties of lesser
skill, such as keeping a worker supplied with materials and
tools; cleaning working areas, machines, and equipment;
assisting worker by holding materials or tools: performing
other unskilled tasks as directed by journeyman. The kind
of work the helper is permitted to perform varies from
trade to trade. In some trades, the helper is confined to
supplying, lifting, and holding materials and tools and
cleaning working areas; and in others, the worker is per
mitted to perform specialized machine operations, or parts
of a trade that are also performed by workers on a full-time
basis.
Electrician, maintenance
Performs a variety of electrical trade functions such as
the installation, maintenance, or repair of equipment for
the generating, distribution, or utilization of electric energy
in an establishment. Work involves most o f the following'.
Installing or repairing any of a variety of electrical equip
ment such as generators, transformers, switchboards, con
trollers, circuit breakers, motors, heating units, conduit
systems, or other transmission equipment; working from
blueprints, drawings, layout, or other specifications; loca
ting and diagnosing trouble in the electrical system or
Instrument repairer
Installs, maintains, adjusts, and repairs manual, pneuma
tic, electric, and/or electronic measuring, recording, and
regulating instruments in a chemical plant. Work involves
most o f the following: Inspecting, testing, and adjusting
instruments periodically, determining cause of trouble in
29
aligning and balancing of equipment; selecting standard
tools, equipment, and parts to be used; installing and main
taining in good order power transmission equipment such as
drives and speed reducers. In general, the millwright’s work
normally requires a rounded training and experience in the
trade acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equiva
lent training and experience.
instruments not functioning properly and making necessary
repairs or adjustments; disconnecting inaccurate or dam
aged instruments and replacing them; examining mechanism
and cleaning parts; replacing worn or broken parts; assem
bling instruments and installing them on testing apparatus;
and calibrating instruments to established standard.
Machinist, maintenance
Pipefitter, maintenance
Produces replacement parts and new parts in making re
pairs of metal parts of mechanical equipment operated in
an establishment. Work involves most o f the following:
Interpreting written instructions and specifications; plan
ning and laying out of work; using a variety of machinist’s
handtools and precision measuring instruments; setting up
and operating standard machine tools; shaping of metal
parts to close tolerances; making standard shop computa
tions relating to dimensions of work, tooling, feeds and
speeds of machining; knowledge of the working properties
of the common metals; selecting standard materials, parts,
and equipment required for the work; fitting and assem
bling parts into mechanical equipment. In general, the
machinist’s work normally requires a rounded training in
machine-shop practice usually acquired through a formal
apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience.
Installs or repairs water, steam, gas, or other types of
pipe and pipe fittings in an establishment. Work involves
most o f the following: Laying out of work and measuring
to locate position of pipe from drawings or other written
specifications; cutting various sizes of pipe to correct
lengths with chisel and hammer or oxyacetylene torch or
pipe-cutting machine; threading pipe with stocks and dies;
bending pipe by hand-driven or power-driven machines; as
sembling pipe with couplings and fastening pipe to hangers;
making standard shop computations relating to pressures,
flow, and sizes of pipe required; making standard tests to
determine whether finished pipes meet specifications. In
general, the work of the maintenance pipefitter requires
rounded training and experience usually acquired through a
formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experi
ence. Workers primarily engaged in installing and repairing
building sanitation or heating systems are excluded.
Mechanic, general
Performs the work of two or more maintenance trades
rather than specializing in only one trade or one type of
maintenance work. In general, the work of a general me
chanic requires rounded training and experience usually
acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent
training and experience.
The classification includes workers who regularly per
form two or more types of skilled maintenance work within
a section or department of a large establishment, such as
pipefitting, millwrighting, welding, machining, machine and
equipment repairing, and carpentry, among others. It also
includes workers who maintain and repair machines, me
chanical and electrical equipment, and/or the structure of a
small establishment where specialization in maintenance
work is impractical. It does not however, include workers
who only make minor repairs or adjustments.
Chemical preparation
Chemical operator, cellulosic fiber
Operates equipment in which raw materials are treated
chemically to produce a solution from which rayon or ace
tate fibers are spun. Work consists of most o f the following:
Regulates the flow of materials by turning valves; observes
and controls temperatures and time elements as prescribed;
tends pumps, tanks, vessels, and other related equipment.
May take batch samples for the testing laboratory.
Workers in this classification are usually designated ac
cording to their specific function, such as: Acid mixer, barratte operator, churn operator, correction man, and steeping-press operator.
Millwright
Chemical operator, noncellulosic fiber
Installs new machines or heavy equipment and disman
tles and installs machines or heavy equipment when changes
in the plant layout are required. Work involves most o f the
following: Planning and laying out of the work; interpreting
blueprints or other specifications; using a variety of handtools and rigging; making standard shop computations relat
ing to stresses, strength of materials, and centers of gravity;
Controls the conversion of chemical intermediates to
produce a solution for spinning noncellulosic fibers by
operating one of several types of equipment such as auto
claves, reactors, retorts, etc. Observes a control board to
determine the proper functioning of the chemical process as
prescribed, recognizes and reports off-standard conditions,
taking necessary corrective action if due to elements under
30
worker’s control. Maintains proper flow of the intermedi
ates and product by opening and closing valves, observes,
records and controls temperature, and time elements, oper
ates pumps, tanks, vessels, and other related equipment.
May obtain samples for testing laboratory and keep pre
scribed records of production.
Finishing
Creel tender
Tends creel mechanism of drawtwist machines or warp
ers by replacing empty packages of yarn or tow with full
ones. Assists in stringing yarn from creel through guides to
the drawtwist machine or warper; ties end of yarn on new
package to end of yarn from exhausted package; inspects
product as it is drawn from creel and reports off-standard
conditions. May take samples and keep production records.
Workers in this classification are usually designated
according to their specific functions, such as: Polymer prep
aration operator, solution operator, and salt-house opera
tor.
Spinning
Drawtwist operator
(Drawwind operator)
Jet handler
Operates a drawtwist machine that draws and twists non
cell ulosic yarn from a spinning package. Work includes
most o f the following: Stocks machines with spinning bob
bins; strings up positions by threading guides, wrapping
rolls, and following standard procedures and practices; re
pairs breaks and inspects for off-standard positions; patrols
assignment for threadline breaks and improper alinement;
starts and doffs machines according to schedule. May keep
production records.
(Spinneret cleaner)
Cleans from spinnerets any gummy residue (left by spin
ning solution) to prevent clogging of the tiny holes through
which solution is forced. Dismounts spinnerets from hold
ers and washes in acid bath; blows holes clean with com
pressed air, examines spinnerets for defects; and remounts
spinneret in holder.
Spinner, dry process
Thrower (twister)
Tends spinning machine that converts a liquid spinning
solution into a solid filament by the dry process method of
spinning. Work involves one or more o f the following: Cor
recting off-standard conditions as the spinning solution is
forced through the spinneret and coagulated into a filament
by warm air; wiping and spraying spinnerets regularly to
insure an even flow of the solution; stringing up and estab
lishing proper threadline by passing filaments through
guides and attaching to the winding device; and doffing
(removing) full spinning packages from the machine. Work
er may also keep records and take samples for laboratory
analysis. Where filaments are passed directly from spinner
ets on one floor to draw (stretching) machines on floor
below, workers on both floors (topmen and bottom men)
are to be classified in this occupation.
Tends machine that twists rayon or acetate yarn in
plants where box or cake method of spinning is not used.
Places full bobbins and empty spools on twisting (throwing)
machine, starts end of thread from bobbin and spool, ties
together ends of broken threads, and removes empty bob
bins and full spools from machine.
Tow operator
Operates any of several types of machines processing
tow (a ropelike collection of filaments) immediately after
spinning and just before packing. Typical of such opera
tions are the following: (1) Take-up operator—operates ma
chine that takes tow from the conveyor belt of the spinning
machine; (2) crimper operator—operates machine that
places a crimp in the tow to enable the fibers to be twisted
into yarn; (3) piddler machine operator—operates a ma
chine whose mechanism swings back and forth, lapping the
tow into transport cans; and (4) cutter operator—operates
machine that cuts crimped tow into specified lengths.
Spinner, wet process
Tends spinning machine that forces liquid solution
through tiny holes in the spinneret (metal disc) into a solid
ifying acid bath and forms the resulting filaments into a
thread. Duties include most o f the following: Collects ends
of filaments from the solidifying bath to form an untwisted
thread which is passed over a wheel, through guides, and
attached to a winding device; removes (doffs) full spinning
boxes; makes periodic inspections, repairing breaks as nec
essary.
Warper operator
(Beamer)
Operates machine that draws yarn from many individual
31
packages and winds the strands parallel onto beams to form
a warp. Work involves most o f the following: Threads ends
of individual strands of yarn through guides, drop wires,
and comb of machine, following directions of a drawing to
obtain a prescribed arrangement; fastens ends of all strands
to the beam mounted in the machine; operates the powered
winding mechanism to draw the yarn from the packages
and wind it on the beam; and pieces together broken ends
of yarn by twisting or tying the ends together. May also
tend creel mechanism of machine.
A worker employed in a warehouse or manufacturing
plant whose duties involve one or more o f the following:
Loading and unloading various materials and merchandise
on or from freight cars, trucks, or other transporting de
vices; unpacking, shelving, or placing materials or merchan
dise in proper storage location; transporting materials or
merchandise by hand, truck, car, or wheelbarrow to proper
location. Longshore workers, who load and unload ships,
are excluded. If primary duty is to operate power truck,
classify as power-truck operator.
Winder, yarn
Stock clerk
Tends the operation of one or more of the various type
machines used to wind twisted yarn from one form to
another for shipment or to facilitate handling in later
processing. Work involves: Placing packages of yarn on reels
or spindles of machine; threading yarn through the various
guides; piecing-up broken ends by twisting or tying the two
ends together; removing fully wound packages and
replacing with empty bobbins, cones, tubes, or quills.
Receives, stores, and issues equipment, material, mer
chandise, or tools in a stockroom or storeroom. Work in
volves a combination o f the following: Checking incoming
orders; storing supplies; applying identifications to articles;
issuing supplies; taking periodic inventory or keeping per
petual inventory; making up necessary reports; requesting
or ordering supplies when needed. Stockroom laborers, tool
crib attendants, and employees who supervise stock clerks
and laborers are excluded.
Inspection and testing
Power-truck operator
Laboratory assistant
Operates a manually controlled gasoline- or electricpowered truck or tractor to transport goods and materials
of all kinds about a warehouse, manufacturing plant, or
other establishment.
For wage study purposes, workers are classified by type
of truck as follows:
Forklift operator
Power-truck operator, other than forklift
(Technician; laboratorian; chemical control operator)
Performs standard and routine chemical laboratory tests
or special analytical control work under the direction of a
chemist or foreman. Among the types of tests that may be
carried on by the laboratory assistant to determine proper
ties of materials are viscosity tests, specific gravity tests,
volumetric analysis, and calorimetric analysis. Keeps accu
rate records of test observations and reports to supervisor.
Classification does not include workers performing physical
tests. See Physical-test operator.
Custodial
Guard
Physical test operator
Performs routine police duties, either at fixed post or on
tour, maintaining order, using arms or force where neces
sary. Includes gate-men, who are stationed at gate and
check on identity o f employees and other persons entering.
Performs standard and routine physical tests to deter
mine the specific characteristics of continuous filament
yarn, staple yarn, or tow. Uses instruments and specifically
designed machines, under the supervision of the laboratory
foreman, to make the following types of tests: Denier, te
nacity, twist determination, staple fiber length, crimp count
on tow and staple, tare weight, moisture analysis, filament
count, and abrasion resistance.
Janitor, porter, or cleaner
Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory work
ing areas and washrooms, or premises in an office, apart
ment house, or commercial or other establishment. Duties
involve a combination o f the following: Sweeping, mop
ping, and/or scrubbing and polishing floors; removing chips,
trash, and other refuse; dusting equipment, furniture, or
fixtures; polishing metal fixtures or trimmings; providing
supplies and minor maintenance services; cleaning lavato
ries, showers, and restrooms. Workers who specialize in win
dow washing are excluded.
Material movement and handling
Laborer, material handling
(Loader and unloader; handler and stacker; shelver;
trucker; Stocker or warehouseman or warehouse helper)
32
Industry Wage Studies
The most recent reports providing occupational wage
data for industries included in the Bureau’s program of
industry wage surveys since 1960 are listed below. Copies
are for sale from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or
from any of its regional sales offices, and from the regional
offices of the Bureau of Labor Statistics shown on the in
side back cover. Copies that are out of stock are available
for reference purposes at leading public, college, or univer
sity libraries, or at the Bureau’s Washington or regional of
fices.
Manufacturing
Man ufacturing- Con tinued
Basic Iron and Steel, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1839
Candy and Other Confectionery Products, 1975. BLS Bul
letin 1939
Cigar Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1796
Cigarette Manufacturing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1944
Corrugated and Solid Fiber Boxes, 1976. BLS Bulletin
1921
Fabricated Structural Steel, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1935
Fertilizer Manufacturing, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1763
Flour and Other Grain Mill Products, 1972. BLS Bulletin
1803
Fluid Milk Industry, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1871
Footwear, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1946
Hosiery, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1863
Industrial Chemicals, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1768
Iron and Steel Foundries, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1894
Leather Tanning and Finishing, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1835
Machinery Manufacturing, 1974-75. BLS Bulletin 1929
Meat Products, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1896
Men’s and Boys’ Separate Trousers, 1974. BLS Bulletin
1906
Men’s and Boys’ Shirts (Except Work Shirts) and Night
wear, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1901
Men’s and Boys’ Suits and Coats, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1962
Miscellaneous Plastics Products, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1914
Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1973-74. BLS Bulletin 1912
Nonferrous Foundries, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1952
Paints and Varnishes, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1973
Paperboard Containers and Boxes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1719
Petroleum Refining, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1948
Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, 1975. BLS Bulletin
1923
Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1844
Shipbuilding and Repairing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1968
Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills, 1969. BLS Bulletin
1694
Structural Clay Products, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1942
Synthetic Fibers, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1975
Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1967
Textiles, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1945
Wages and Demographic Characteristics in Work Clothing
Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1858
West Coast Sawmilling, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1704
Women’s and Misses’ Coats and Suits, 1970. BLS Bulletin
1728
Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1908
Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered, 1974.
BLS Bulletin 1930
☆ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:
1977-261-017-68
Non manufacturing
Appliance Repair Shops, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1936
Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1876
Banking, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1862
Bituminous Coal Mining, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1583
Communications, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1954
Contract Cleaning Services, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1916
Contract Construction, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1911
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Production, 1972. BLS
Bulletin 1797
Department Stores, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1869
Educational Institutions: Nonteaching Employees, 196869. BLS Bulletin 1671
Electric and Gas Utilities, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1834
Hospitals, 1975-76. BLS Bulletin 1949
Hotels and Motels, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1883
Laundry and Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin 16451
life Insurance, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1791
Metal Mining, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1820
Motion Picture Theaters, 1966. BLS Bulletin 15421
Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, 1976. BLS Bulletin
1964
Scheduled Airlines, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1951
Wages and Tips in Restaurants and Hotels, 1970. BLS Bulle
tin 1712
1Bulletin out of stock.
33
The Compleat Journal
Current labor statistics
Book reviews and notes
Developments in industrial relations
Major agreements expiring next month
Significant decisions in labor cases
Special articles on pensions,
arbitration, women at work
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Special labor force reports
Current employment analysis
Analysis of price changes
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Trends in wages and compensation
Union convention reports
Industry productivity studies
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