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Industry Wage Survey:
Shipbuilding and Repairing,
October 1986
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
February 1988
Bulletin 2295
1-SJJ. LIB R A *
D F { ?T OR |
N C'
:• 1983
Industry Wage Survey:
Shipbuilding and Repairing,
October 1986
U.S. Department of Labor
Ann McLaughlin, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
February 1988
Bulletin 2295
For sale by Superintendent o f Documents, U .S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D .C . 20402
Preface
T his bulletin sum m arizes the results o f a Bureau o f Labor
and Industrial R elation s. D avid G . Larson o f the D iv isio n
Statistics survey o f occupational w ages and em p loyee benefits
o f O ccupational Pay and E m p lo y ee B enefit L ev els analyzed
in the shipbuilding and repairing industry in O ctober 1986.
the survey data and prepared this bulletin. F ieldw ork for the
A sim ilar study o f shipyards w as conducted in Septem ber
su rvey w as directed by the A ssistant R egion al C om m ission
ers for O perations.
1981.
Sum m ary releases w ere issued earlier for selected lo ca
Other industry w a g e su rvey reports are listed at the end
tions: T he A tlantic C oast, G u lf C oast, G reat L ak es, and Pa
o f this bulletin along with information on how to obtain them.
cific C oast. C opies o f the sum m aries are available upon
request from the Bureau or any o f its region al o ffic e s.
T his study w as conducted in the Bureau’s O ffice o f W ages
M aterial in this publication is in the public dom ain and,
w ith appropriate credit, m ay be reproduced w ithout per
m ission .
Contents
Page
Earnings and b e n e f it s .........................................................................................................................................................
1
Industry c h a r a c te r istic s....................................................................................................................................................... 2
Tables:
A vera g e hourly earnings:
1. B y selected c h a r a c te r istic s.............................................................................................................................. 4
O ccupational earnings averages:
2. A ll esta b lish m en ts...............................................................................................................................................
5
Earnings distribution:
3. A ll production w o r k e r s ................................................................................................................................... 6
O ccupational earnings averages:
4. U nited S ta te s .........................................................................................................................................................
5. A tlantic C o a s t .....................................................................................................................
7
8
6. G u lf C o a s t ..............................................................................................................................................................
9
7. G reat L a k e s ............................................................................................................................................................ 9
8. P acific C o a s t ...........................................................................................................................................................10
Establishm ent p ractices and em p lo y ee benefits:
9. M ethod o f w a g e paym ent ............................................................................................................................... 10
10. Shift d ifferential p r o v is io n s .............................................................................................................................11
11. Shift differential p r a c t ic e s ............................................................................................................................... 12
12. H azard-pay p r o v is io n s .......................................................................................................................................13
13. H azard-pay p r a c t ic e s ......................................................................................................................................... 13
14. Sea-trial pay p r o v is io n s .................................................................................................................................... 14
15. Paid h o lid a y s ...........................................................................................................................................................14
16. Paid v a c a tio n s ........................................................................................................................................................ 15
17. H ealth, insurance, and retirem ent p la n s ....................................................................................................17
18. Other selected b e n e f its .......................................................................................................................................18
A ppendixes:
A . U .S . N a v y sh ip y a r d s............................................................................................................................................19
B. S cop e and m ethod o f s u r v e y ............................................................................................................................ 21
C. O ccupational d e s c r ip tio n s ................................................................................................................................. 25
IV
Shipbuilding and Repairing,
October 1986
Earnings and benefits
aged 7 percent m ore than w orkers in sm aller shipyards
($ 1 0 .9 0 and $ 1 0 .1 8 ). W orkers in shipyards w here a m ajori
Straight-tim e earnings o f production and related w orkers
ty o f the production w orkers w ere covered by labor-
in the private shipbuilding and repairing industry averaged
m anagem ent contracts (four-fifths o f the w ork force) aver
$ 1 0 .6 7 an hour in O ctober 1986 (table l ) . 1 R eflectin g both
the ab sen ce o f in cen tive pay system s and the p revalen ce o f
aged $ 1 1 .0 1 an hour, 21 percent m ore than those in nonun
ion yards.
single-rate pay plans in this h ighly union ized industry, in
R eg io n a lly , w orkers in shipyards at A tlantic C oast ports,
dividual earnings varied relatively little from the industrywide
nearly three-fifths o f the w ork force, averaged $ 1 0 .3 9 an
average (table 3). The index o f dispersion, a statistical m eas
hour in O ctober 1986. A verages in other shipyards around
ure o f such variation, w as 17— am ong the lo w est in the
the country w ere: $ 1 0 .3 4 on the G u lf C oast, $ 9 .8 7 on the
B ureau’s industry w a g e su rvey p rogram .2
G reat L ak es, and $ 1 2 .6 6 on the P acific C oast. V irtually all
w orkers w ere in m etropolitan areas.
In O ctober 1986, the industry’s average hourly pay le v el
T w e n ty -se v e n
w as 19 percent ab ove the $ 8 .9 7 recorded by a sim ilar sur
o ccu p a tio n a l
c a te g o r ie s,
se lected
to
v ey in Septem ber 1 9 8 1 .3 T his com pares w ith a 24-percen t
represent the range o f sk ills required in the industry,4 ac
rise in the w age and salary com ponent o f the B ureau’s E m
counted for three-fifths o f the production w ork force. N a
ploym ent C ost Index for durable go o d s m anufacturing b e
tion w id e, hourly earnings averaged from $ 7 .5 4 for marine
tw een the third quarters o f 1981 and 1986. A bout on e-fifth
trades helpers to $ 1 1 .8 9 for electronics technicians and
o f the w orkers w ere in shipyards w ith form al plans to adjust
$ 1 2 .0 1 for loft w orkers (tables 2 and 4 ). Hand w elders w ere
w a g e rates p eriodically in k eep in g w ith ch anges in the
C onsum er P rice Index (table 18).
the m ost p opulous occupational group studied separately;
bls
those w orking under conditions in volvin g critical safety and
O ctober 1986 pay le v e ls varied som ew h at by siz e o f ship
load requirem ents (cla ss A ) averaged $ 1 1 .4 3 an hour, co m
yard and union status. W orkers in shipyards having 2 ,5 0 0
pared w ith $ 1 1 .0 3 an hour for those w ho perform ed less
workers or m ore (nearly seven-tenths o f the work force) aver
sk illed hand-w elding operations (class B ).
1 The survey excluded all Federal Government facilities and any ship
yard with fewer than 100 workers. A description o f the pay system in seven
Naval shipyards, which employed 62,488 workers, is included in appen
dix A.
Appendix B contains the scope and method o f the survey and definitions
o f terms used in this bulletin. Earnings data exclude sea-trial pay; hazard
pay; and premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts. Cost-of-living pay increases (but not bonuses) were includ
ed as part o f the workers’ regular pay. Excluded were performance bonuses
and lump-sum payments o f the type negotiated in the auto and aerospace
industries, as well as profit-sharing payments, attendance bonuses, Christ
mas or yearend bonuses and other nonproduction bonuses.
2 The index o f dispersion is computed by dividing the interquartile range
(the difference between the third and first quartiles) by the median (the se
cond quartile) and multiplying by 100. For a detailed analysis o f wage dis
persion by industry, see Carl Barsky and Martin E. Personick, “ Measuring
Wage Dispersion: Pay Ranges Reflect Industry Traits,” Monthly Labor
Review, April 1981, pp. 3541.
3 The October 1986 survey was not strictly comparable with the 1981
survey {Industry Wage Survey: Shipbuilding and Repairing, September 1981,
Bulletin 2161) because the 1986 survey had a lower minimum establish
ment size— 100 rather than 250 workers. However, shipyards with 100 to
249 workers accounted for only 6 percent o f the 1986 survey work force.
Using a 250 minimum cutoff for both years, the 1981-86 wage increase
was 20 percent.
P acific C oast. F or seven jo b s for w hich regional com pari
A m ong regions, occupational averages w ere highest on the
son s cou ld b e m ade, w orkers in P acific ports averaged 12
to 27 percent m ore than their counterparts in the next highest
p aying region . D ifferen ces in occupational earnings am ong
the A tlantic, G u lf C oast, and Great L akes ports w ere slight,
and no con sistent pattern cou ld be found from the few co m
parisons that could be m ade.
O ccupational earnings often w ere highly concentrated, e s
p ecia lly w ithin individual regions (tables 5 -8 ). For exam
p le, three-fifths o f the 8 8 2 shipfitters in G u lf C oast ports
earned b etw een $ 1 0 and $ 1 0 .5 0 an hour. On the P acific
Coast, nearly h alf o f the 8 8 0 shipfitters and 880 hand welders
earned b etw een $ 1 3 .2 5 and $ 1 3 .7 5 .
N early all shipyards p rovided paid h olid ays, usually 11
to 13 days a year (table 15). M ost w orkers had provisions
for 11 or 13 days on the A tlantic C oast, 8 or 12 days on
the G u lf C oast, and 10 to 12 days on the Great Lakes and
the P acific C oast.
A ll shipyards studied provided paid vacations. Typical pro4 See appendix C for occupational descriptions.
1
visio n s w ere 1 w ee k o f pay after 1 year o f se rv ic e, 2 w eek s
A bou t four-fifth s o f the w ork ers w ere in yards prim arily
after 5 years, 3 w eek s after 12 y ears, and 4 w ee k s after 2 0
years (table 16). Vacation benefits varied am ong the regions,
buildin g m ilitary v e s se ls . U .S . N a v y shipyards, not in clud
ed in this su rvey, m aintain and repair N a v y and C oast Guard
particularly after lon ger periods o f service. F or exam p le, af
sh ip s, but contract w ith private shipbuilders for initial co n
ter 25 years o f service, all w orkers in the Great Lakes region
struction. (S ee appendix A for a description o f pay practices
and h a lf o f those in the A tlantic C oast region receiv ed 5
in U .S . N a v y sh ipyards.) N early o n e-six th o f the produc
w eek s or m ore o f vacation p ay, w hereas all o f the w orkers
tion w ork ers w ere in yards prim arily buildin g or repairing
in the G u lf and P a cific C oast region s reciev ed le ss than 5
w eek s.
m erchant v e sse ls o f 1 ,0 0 0 g ross tons or m o r e .6 T he rem ain
A ll w orkers w ere in shipyards provid in g at least part o f
o ff-sh ore drilling rigs and platform s, n on-self-propelled v e s
ing w orkers w ere in yards m ainly constructing or repairing
the cost o f life insurance and a variety o f b asic health insur
se ls ( e .g ., b a rg es), and m erchant v e s se ls under 1 ,0 0 0 gross
ance plans (table 17). In addition, establishm ents offered a c
tons.
cidental death and dism em berm ent insurance to four-fifths
Shipyard siz e varied , but m ost em p lo y ee s w ere in larger
o f the w orkers and short-term p rotection against lo ss o f in
yard s, th ose h aving 2 ,5 0 0 em p lo y ee s or m ore. A bout on e-
co m e due to illn ess or accid en t to about three-fourths. D en
third o f the w orkers w ere em p loyed in yards w ith few er than
tal and prescription drugs insurance w as availab le to about
2 ,5 0 0
h alf o f the shipyard w orkers; long-term disability and vision
w ork ers.
A ll w orkers w ere paid on a tim e b asis under form al sy s
care insurance applied to one-tenth.
tem s (table 9 ). A bou t three-fourths o f the production w or
R etirem ent plans, virtually alw ays p en sion s and usually
kers w ere em p lo y ed in yards that paid sin g le rates for
financed entirely by em p loyers, applied to nine-tenths o f the
individual occup ations and virtually all the rest w ere under
workers. R egionally, the incidence o f retirement plans varied
form al range-of-rate p lans. A ll su rveyed shipyards had a
from all w orkers in A tlantic and P a cific C oast shipyards to
4 0-h ou r w o rk w eek for fu ll-tim e w ork ers on day shifts.
A large m ajority o f w ork ers w ere in shipyards w ith for
two-thirds o f those on the G u lf C oast and just over tw o-fifths
m al provisions for late shifts (table 10). A bout one-sixth w ere
along the G reat Lttkes.
A pproxim ately four-fifths o f the production w orkers w ere
actually em p lo y ed on seco n d sh ifts in O ctob er 1986; on e-
in shipyards that guaranteed paym ent for em p lo y ees w hen
tenth w ork ed on third sh ifts. T h e m ost com m on differential
su fficien t w ork is not availab le, under the fo llo w in g p ro v i
w a s a 7-p ercen t addition to day rates for secon d and third
sions: (1) call-in (call-b ack ) pay for em p lo y ees recalled to
shifts (table 11).
w ork after shift co m p letio n , and (2) daily reporting p ay— a
Shipyards em p lo y in g tw o-thirds o f the production w ork
m inim um am ount o f pay ( e .g ., 4 h ours)— for reporting to
fo rce had form al p ro v isio n s for prem ium pay for hazardous
the jo b (table 18). E m p lo y ee com p en sation plans for tim e
w ork , that is, unpleasant or dangerous conditions (table 12).
o f f to serve on a jury or to attend the funeral o f sp ecified
Such w ork in clu d es w ork in g in unclean ed o il tanks and d is
fam ily m em bers applied to seven -eigh th s and seven-tenths
m antling unusually dirty d iese l en g in es. D urin g the survey
o f the w ork ers, resp ectively.
period, h ow ever, only one-tenth o f the workers actually faced
Industry characteristics
con d itions callin g for hazardous-pay prem ium s (table 13).
Prem ium s w ere gen erally cents-per-hou r additions to base
p ay, or a full d a y ’s pay for reduced h ours, often varying ac
cording to the nature o f the hazardous situation or jo b per
T he survey o f 81 private shipyards covered establishm ents
prim arily engaged in building and repairing sh ip s, b arges,
form ed.
T h ree-fifth s o f the w ork ers w ere in shipyards w ith sp e
and ligh ters, w hether p rop elled by m otor or to w ed . Ship
yards converting and altering ships w ere a lso included. The
survey exclu ded separate auxiliary units, such as central
cial pay p ro v isio n s for sea-trial w ork aboard a ship after it
le a v es the port (table 14). F ew er than 1 percen t, h ow ever,
o ffices and w arehouses; establishm ents fabricating structural
w ere actually in sea-trial pay status during the period studied.
assem blies; subcontractors; U .S . N a v y shipyards; and yards
T y p es and am ounts o f sea-trial pay p ro v isio n s varied w id e
ly am ong shipyards. E xam p les include: Pay for a guaran
em p loyin g few er than 100 w ork ers.
T he O ctober 1986 su rvey estim ated 6 5 ,3 0 9 production
teed m inim um num ber o f hours and 5 0 - or 100-percent
w orkers in the industry—d ow n 4 0 percent sin ce the Septem
prem ium s for hours actually w ork ed , in lieu o f prem ium pay
for overtim e or sh ift w ork , or both.
ber 1981 stu d y .5 In 19 8 6 , nearly three-fifths o f the w orkers
w ere in A tlantic shipyards. T h e G u lf C oast accounted for
U n io n contracts co v ered m ost shipyard w ork ers (table 1).
one-fifth o f the w orkers; the P acific C oast, nearly one-sixth;
and the Great Lakes, 4 percent. (The rem aining few hundred
E stablishm ents h aving c o lle c tiv e bargaining agreem ents
w orkers w ere in fiv e shipyards located alon g m ajor inland
6
For a detailed account o f trends in shipbuilding and repair, see U .S.
Department o f Commerce, 1987 U.S. Industrial Outlook, ch. 38. This source
notes that there were no new orders placed with U .S . shipyards during the
first 9 months o f 1986 for commercial vessels o f 1,000 gross tons or more;
9 large commercial ships were under construction in October 1986 and 77
major Naval vessels were being built or were on order at that time.
w aterw ays, principally the M ississip p i and O h io R iv ers.)
5 See footnote 3. The 1981-86 employment decline was 44 percent, us
ing a 250 minimum size for both survey years.
2
were seldom contracted out; in contrast, guard, food, and
other services studied as a group, were contracted out by
shipyards employing just over one-third of the work force.
covering a majority of their workers accounted for about
four-fifths of the production workers in the survey. Nonun
ion workers were located primarily in Atlantic and Gulf Coast
yards. The International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron
Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers, and Helpers; the In
ternational Association of Machinists; and the International
Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America (all
AFL-CIO affiliates) were the principal unions in the industry.
Also studied was the use of temporary help and the extent
to which services were contracted out. Slightly less than onefourth of the shipyard workers were in establishments regu
larly using temporary help services in lieu of new hires.
Text table 1 shows the contract services selected for
separate study. Trucking was the single activity most com
monly contracted out; contract truckers were used by estab
lishments employing slightly over one-fourth of the industry’s
work force. Other services separately identified, such as ac
counting, computer processing, and machine maintenance,
Text table 1. Percent of production workers employed In ship
building and repairing establishments which contracted out
selected services, October 1986
Contract service1
Trucking...........................................................................
Machine maintenance.......................................................
Janitorial...........................................................................
Accounting.......................................................................
Computer processing.......................................................
Secretarial.........................................................................
Engineering/drafting.........................................................
Other (e.g., guard, food, etc.) .........................................
1 All or part of service contracted out.
3
Percent of
production
workers
25-29
5-9
10-14
5-9
5-9
10-14
10-14
35-39
Table 1. Average hourly earnings: By selected characteristics
(Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings'in shipyards by selected characteristics, United States and selected ports, October
1986)
United States2
Characteristic
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Atlantic Coast
Number of
workers
Gulf Coast
Average
hourly
earnings
Number of
workers
Great Lakes
Average
hourly
earnings
Pacific Coast
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
All production workers............................
65,309
$10.67
38,531
$10.39
13,959
$10.34
2,791
$9.87
9,241
$12.66
Size of establishment:
Under 2,500 workers ...........................
2,500 workers or m ore........................
20,578
44,731
10.18
10.90
9,749
-
9.23
-
2,354
-
9.58
-
2,791
-
9.87
-
4,897
-
12.63
-
53,748
11.01
33,349
10.69
9,241
12.66
11,561
9.09
5,182
8.51
Labor-management contracts:
Establishments withMajority of workers covered................
None or minority of workers
covered................................................
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 Includes data for ports in addition to those shown separately.
-
-
-
-
-
-
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not
meet publication criteria.
Table 2.
Occupational aaminga avaragoa: AH
(Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings1 in selected occupations in shipyards, United States and soiectod ports, October 1966)
United States2
Department and occupation
Production
Electronics technicians...........................
Electronics technicians I I ................................
Electronics technicians III....................
Inspectors:
Class B ..........................................................................
Insulators..........................................................................
Loft workers...................................................................
Machine-tool operators,
production......................................................................
Class A ..........................................................................
Class B .................................................
Class C .................................................
Machinists, production..........................................
Marine electricians...................................................
Marine machinists....................................................
Marine pipefitters.......................................................
Marine riggers..............................................................
Marine trades helpers............................................
Painters..............................................................................
Sheet-metal workers...............................................
Shipfitters ................................................
Shipwrights..............................................
Welders, hand ..............................................................
Class A ..........................................................................
Class B ..........................................................................
Welders, machine (arc or gas)......................
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
Gulf Coast
Atlantic Coast
Number of
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
816
306
285
$11.89
11.91
12.68
197
608
116
11.64
11.16
12.01
90
460
50
$11.44
11.19
10.49
804
724
60
20
792
3,576
2,851
3,661
1,397
1,978
3,363
2,312
4,339
1,915
5,558
4,011
1,547
1,290
11.34
11.44
10.09
11.31
11.16
11.31
11.36
11.41
11.14
7.54
11.14
11.69
11.36
11.42
11.32
11.43
11.03
11.44
730
11.19
104
250
219
176
69
11.22
11.34
10.79
11.53
10.90
709
200
216
11.54
11.61
11.58
260
388
170
130
682
366
295
270
11.48
8.14
7.03
10.29
8.94
10.36
10.20
10.65
Number of
workers
Great i
Average
hourly
earnings
M i im lim
/%
|
Numoer or
workers
Pacific Coast
Average
hourly
earnings
rMumper or
workers
Average
hourly
earnings
-
-
-
-
_
_
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
_
_
-
46
10
-
1,911
1,875
1,632
962
9.47
9.14
10.80
11.06
10.99
10.69
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
415
$11.05
-
11.14
199
-
257
-
$10.91
-
11.04
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1,398
2,169
-
112
-
-
$13.09
-
-
-
46
-
-
-
-
893
11.44
11.28
-
882
10.78
-
10.52
125
10.59
-
-
-
-
-
135
690
509
748
249
-
13.16
13.39
12.69
12.93
12.99
-
433
459
880
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9.99
-
-
-
-
1,030
584
446
-
-
-
_
141
-
10.30
10.81
8.92
-
13.25
12.95
12.76
-
880
12.86
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Maintenance
Carpenters, maintenance...................................
Electricians, maintenance..................................
Mechanics, maintenance.....................................
Pipefitters, maintenance......................................
Welders, maintenance..........................................
Material movement and service
Crane operators .........................................................
Electric bridge (traveling)................................
Gantry crane .............................................................
Other (including
combinations) .........................................................
Guards ................................................................................
Guards 1 .........................................................................
Guards I I .......................................................................
Janitors, porters, or cleaners..........................
Power-truck operators..........................................
Forklift operators...................................................
Truckdrivers ...................................................................
93
183
-
11.20
11.35
-
11.52
10.70
345
11.59
137
13.18
-
148
58
-
-
17
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
196
-
11.88
40
10.96
-
10.66
55
11.32
97
12.97
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
50
11.38
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
36
44
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
41
13.47
10.86
-
12.06
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
“
48
114
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not
meet publication criteria. Overall occupation may include data for subclas-
10.52
60
8.50
2 Includes data for ports in addition to those shown separately,
siftcations not shown separately,
13.37
Table 3. Earnings distribution: All production workers
(Percent distribution of workers in shipyards by straight-time hourly earnings,1 United States and
selected ports, October 1986)
United
States1
2
Atlantic
Coast
Gulf Coast
Number of workers....................................
Average (mean) hourly earnings3 ..............
Median3 .......................................................
Middle range:3
First quartile..............................................
Third quartile.............................................
65,309
$10.67
11.38
38,531
$10.39
11.47
13,959
$10.34
11.28
2,791
$9.87
10.66
9,241
$12.66
13.45
9.82
11.75
9.32
11.67
9.74
11.37
8.79
11.54
12.25
13.50
T otal.....................................................
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Under $ 5 .5 0 ...............................................
2.1
2.7
2.2
1.6
Hourly earnings
Great
Lakes
Pacific
Coast
-
$5.50
$5.75
$6.00
$6.25
$6.50
$6.75
and
and
and
and
and
and
under $5.75..............................
under $6.00..............................
under $6,25 ............................
under $6.50..............................
under $6.75..............................
under $ 7.00..............................
.6
.6
.9
.9
.8
.5
.5
.4
1.3
1.2
1.0
.6
.7
1.0
.2
.3
.1
.2
2.7
3.9
2.8
1.8
2.9
1.4
$7.00
$7.25
$7.50
$7.75
and
and
and
and
under $7.25..............................
under $7.50..............................
under $7.75..............................
under $ 8.00..............................
1.2
1.1
1.4
3.1
1.5
1.5
1.0
4.5
1.2
.4
.9
1.6
.5
2.0
.6
.6
4.3
-
$8.00
$8.25
$8.50
$8.75
and
and
and
and
under $ 8.25..............................
under $ 8.50..............................
under $ 8.75..............................
under $ 9.00..............................
1.3
.9
2.0
1.6
1.7
1.1
2.2
1.2
1.1
.9
3.0
2.9
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.7
-
$9.00 and under $ 9.50..............................
$9.50 and under $10.00............................
$10.00 and under $10.50..........................
$10.50 and under $11.00..........................
$11.00 and under $11.50..........................
$11.50 and under $12.00...........................
3.7
3.6
6.0
7.3
21.3
22.2
3.0
3.9
2.3
9.7
20.1
32.2
7.3
4.6
16.8
2.4
38.3
10.4
6.8
5.2
8.1
20.5
7.6
10.0
O
under $12.50...........................
under $13.00..........................
under $13.50...........................
under $14.00...........................
7.6
1.0
3.2
4.3
4.7
.7
.1
.7
2.7
.5
.1
.5
15.2
-
25.3
3.8
22.0
26.8
$14.00 and o ver.........................................
.9
$12.00
$12.50
$13.00
$13.50
and
and
and
and
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for
work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts.
2 Includes data for ports in addition to those
shown separately.
3 See appendix B for definitions and
methods used to compute means, medians,
0
-
-
_
.1
_
-
.1
.4
.8
1.0
5.9
3.6
6.1
and middle ranges.
4 Less than 0.05 percent
N O TE: B ecause o f rounding, sum s o f indi
vidual item s m ay not equal 100. D ashes indi
cate th a t no d ata w ere reported.
Table 4. Occupational earnings averages: United States
(P e rc e n t d is trib u tio n o f w o rk e rs in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in s h ip y a rd s b y stra ig h t-tim e h o u rly e a rn in g s,1 O c to b e r 198 6)
p e rc e n t a t $ 5 .5 0 a n d u n d e r $ 5 .7 5 ; 6 p e rc e n t a t $ 5 .7 5 a n d u n d e r $6; 3 p e rce n t a t $ 6 a n d u n d e r $ 6 .2 5 ; 3 p e rc e n t a t
$ 6 .2 5 a n d u n d e r $ 6 .5 0 ; 3 p e rc e n t a t $ 6 .5 0 a n d u n d er $ 6.7 5 ; a n d 3 p e rce n t a t $ 6 .7 5 a n d u n d e r $ 7 .
4 W o rk e rs w e re d is trib u te d a s fo llo w s: 3 p e rce n t a t $ 4 .5 0 a n d u n d e r $ 4.75; 7 p e rc e n t a t $ 5 a n d u n d e r $ 5 .2 5 ; 3
N O T E : B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , su m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m ay n o t e q u a l 1 0 0 . O v e ra ll o cc u p a tio n m ay in c lu d e d a ta fo r
s u b c la s s ific a tio n s n o t sh o w n s e p a ra te ly . D a s h e s in d ic a te th a t n o d a ta w e re re p o rte d .
Table 5. Occupational earnings averages: Atlantic Coast
(P e rce n t d is trib u tio n o f w o rk e rs in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in s h ip y a rd s b y stra ig h t-tim e h o u rly e a rn in g s,’ O c to b e r 1 98 6)
P e rc e n t o f w o rk e rs re c e iv in g stra ig h t-tim e h o u rly e a rn in g s (in d o lla rs ) o f—
D e p a rtm e n t a n d o cc u p a tio n
A ll p ro d u ctio n w o rk e rs ....................
P ro d u c tio n
In sp e cto rs:
C la s s B ............................................
In s u la to rs ...........................................
L o ft w o rk e rs ............
M a ch in e -to o l o p e ra to rs.
p ro d u ctio n ............................................
C la s s B .................................................
C la s s C .................................................
M a rin e e le c t r ic ia n s .............................
M a rin e m a c h in is ts ................................
M a rin e p ip e fitte rs .................................
M a rin e r ig g e r s .......................................
S h e e t-m e ta l w o rk e rs ..........................
S h ip fitte rs ................................................
W e ld e rs, hand:
C la s s B .................................................
(m ean)
of
h o u rly
w o rk e rs
e a rn in g s
7 .00
U nd er
7 .0 0
7 .2 5
7 .5 0
7.75
8 .0 0
8 .2 5
8 .5 0
8 .7 5
9 .0 0
9 .2 5
9 .5 0
9 .7 5
1 0 .0 0
1 0 .2 5
1 0 .5 0
1 0.7 5
1 1 .0 0
1 1 .2 5
1 1.5 0
1 1 .7 5
1 2 .0 0
1 2.2 5
1 2 .5 0
1 2 .7 5
7 .25
7 .5 0
7 .7 5
8 .0 0
8 .2 5
8 .5 0
8 .7 5
9 .0 0
9 .2 5
9 .5 0
9 .7 5
1 0 .0 0
1 0 .2 5
1 0 .5 0
1 0 .7 5
1 1 .0 0
1 1 .2 5
1 1 .5 0
1 1.7 5
1 2 .0 0
1 2 .2 5
1 2.5 0
1 2 .7 5
1 3 .0 0
2
2
1
5
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
(*)
<*)
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
3 8,531
$ 1 0 .3 9
8
90
460
50
1 1.4 4
1 1 .1 9
1 0 .4 9
730
46
10
1,911
1 ,87 5
1 ,63 2
962
1 ,39 8
2 ,1 6 9
1 1.1 9
9 .4 7
9 .1 4
1 0.8 0
1 1 .0 6
1 0 .9 9
1 0 .6 9
1 1.4 4
1 1 .2 8
-
-
-
-
141
1 0 .3 0
3 10
-
-
-
0
4
-
1
(*)
-
(*)
3
2
-
(*)
-
4
2
1
1
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
11
1
1
2
30
-
(*)
(*)
1
0
2
-
3
1
O
4
4
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
30
3
-
3
2
6
3
1 00
1
1
1
-
-
-
1
2
1
-
ft
-
1
4
1
2
i2)
(*)
2
-
2
2
2
3
1
1
2
2
o
-
6
2
4
40
-
2
12
O
6
1
15
-
6
3
6
5
4
o
-
2
-
1
1
1
1
4
3
1
1
1
1
2
3
17
21
11
31
-
4
56
48
4
5
30
-
31
-
32
-
5
8
2
4
2
3
5
25
32
47
6
35
25
58
10
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
i2)
O
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
1
17
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
15
37
-
“
”
”
2
3
2
-
“
1
1
1
2
9
i2)
(*)
(*)
18
-
3
3
3
2
1
-
I2)
-
«
1
1
-
4
-
12
26
5
9
-
t2)
1
-
-
16
12
13
-
-
-
28
38
10
39
8
40
6
5
5
3
41
7
(*)
i2)
O
(*)
(*)
-
-
-
-
-
46
-
-
4
4
30
9
16
7
17
-
24
-
13
1
*
37
3
12
_
1
_
_
_
_
1 3 .0 0
and
over
1
_
_
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
21
-
1
(*)
1
_
M a in te n a n c e
11 70
P ip e fitte rs , m a in te n a n c e ...................
W e ld e rs, m a in te n a n c e ......................
148
58
1 1 .5 2
1 0.7 0
M a te ria l m o v e m e n t a n d s e rv ic e
C ra n e o p e ra to rs ...................................
G a n try c r a n e .......................................
T ru c k d riv e rs ...........................................
345
137
114
1 1.5 9
1 1.8 8
1 0.5 2
-
4
”
“
-
9
1 E x c lu d e s prem iu m p a y fo r o v e rtim e a n d fo r w o rk o n w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s, a n d la te s h ifts.
2 L e s s th a n 0 .5 p e rc e n t
3 A ll w o rk e rs w e re a t $ 5 .7 5 a n d u n d e r $ 6.
17
-
~
1
~
”
2
*
_
-
45
1
“
5
1
4
_
21
_
-
1
1
“
-
1
3
-
20
51
_
-
-
-
N O T E : B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , su m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m ay n o t e q u a l 100. O v e ra ll o c c u p a tio n m ay in c lu d e d a ta
fo r s u b c la s s ific a tio n s n o t sh o w n s e p a ra te ly . D a s h e s in d ic a te th a t n o d a ta w e re re p o rte d .
Table 6. Occupational earnings averages: Quit Coast
(P e rc e n t d is trib u tio n o f w o rk e rs In s e le c te d o cc u p a tio n s In sh ip y a rd s b y s tra ig h t-tim e h o u rly e a m in g e ,1 O c to b e r 1 066)
Department and occupation
of
workers
Percent o f workers receiving straight-tim e hourly eaminga (In dollars) of—
Average
(mean)
6.25
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.75
Under
6.25 6.50
eaminga
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
9.25
9.50
9.75
10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25
(*)
(*)
(*)
1
2
1
1
3
3
4
3
1
-
-
-
O
(*)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
-
All production w orke rs..................
13,959
$10.34
P roduction
Machinists, production..................
Marine m achinists..........................
P ainters..........................................
S h lp fitte rs.......................................
Welders, han d ...............................
Class A ........................................
Class B ........................................
112
415
893
882
1,030
584
448
11.05
11.14
10.78
10.52
9.99
10.81
8.92
-
-
M aterial m ovem ent end eorvfco
Crane operators.............................
Gantry cra ne ...............................
Truckdrivers...................................
196
40
60
10.96
10.66
8.50
3
8
3 25
-
-
-
“
-
“
4
“
1
(*)
-
_
2
(*)
3
.
-
.
1
2
-
-
7
1
-
-
10
3
2
7
1
16
-
8
“
“
_
23
8
18
5
7
15
-
-
7
3
3
6
17
9
49
2
3
-
38
-
12
21
13
15
12
11
20
-
_
-
1
15
5
_
1
1
2
3
-
“
1
-
3
1
3
5
12
9
15
-
10
15
“
_
.
10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25
and
over
4
15
-
2
1
_
_
-
65
50
63
26
31
55
-
_
_
46
•
_
-
-
1
1
3
5
-
-
_
-
_
-
5
3
_
-
-
_
5
38
<*)
-
7
17
3
2
1
2
-
19
58
-
_
-
_
_
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
-
5
5
3
-
1 E x c lu d e s prem iu m p a y fo r o v e rtim e a n d fo r w o rk on w e eke n d s, h o lid a y s , a n d la te s h ifts .
N O T E : B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , su m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m ay n o t e q u a l 1 00 . O v e ra ll o cc u p a tio n m ay in c lu d e d a ta
2 L e s s th a n 0 .5 p e rc e n t
fo r s u b c la s s ific a tio n s n o t sh o w n s e p a ra te ly . D a s h e s in d ic a te th a t n o d a ta w e re re p o rte d .
3 A ll w o rk e rs w e re a t $ 5 .5 0 a n d u n d er $ 5.7 5 .
Tabic 7. Occupational earnings averages: Great Lakes
(P e rc e n t d is trib u tio n o f w o rk e rs in s e le c te d o cc u p a tio n s In s h ip y a rd s by stra ig h t-tim e h o u rly e a rn in g s.* O c to b e r 1 98 6)
1
2
P e rc e n t o f w o rk e rs re c e iv in g stra ig h t-tim e h o u rly e a rn in g s (in d o lla rs ) o f—
D e p a rtm e n t a n d o cc u p a tio n
N u m b er
of
w o rke rs
A v e ra g e
(m ean)
h o u rly
U nd er
e a rn in g s
6 .0 0
A ll p ro d u ctio n w o rk e rs ..
2,791
199
257
125
10.91
11.04
10.59
C ra n e o p e ra to r s .........................
O th e r (in clu d in g c o m b in a tio n s) ...
11.32
11.38
6 .2 5
6 .5 0
6 .7 5
7 .0 0
7 .5 0
7 .7 5
8 .0 0
8 .2 5
8 .5 0
9 .0 0
9 .2 5
9 .5 0
9 .7 5
1 0 .2 5
1 0.5 0
1 0.7 5
1 1 .0 0
1 1.2 5
1 1 .5 0
1 1 .7 5
1 2.0 0
1 2 .2 5
1 0.2 5
1 0 .5 0
1 0 .7 5
1 1 .0 0
1 1.2 5
1 1.5 0
1 1 .7 5
1 2.0 0
1 2 .2 5
1 2 .5 0
7 .0 0
7 .2 5
7 .5 0
7 .7 5
8 .0 0
8 .2 5
8 .5 0
8 .7 5
9 .0 0
9 .2 5
9 .5 0
9 .7 5
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
5
2
2
3
3
5
13
8
3
5
7
<>
*
15
2
3
3
(*)
4
12
11
2
14
22
10
21
8
3
4
8
6
12
2
6
9
7
6
6
5
4
1
2
5
3
4
-
9
9
23
32
(*)
-
-
-
-
-
-
14
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
_
2
2
1 0.0 0
1 0 .0 0
6 .7 5
“
-
8 .7 5
6 .5 0
1 E x c lu d e s prem iu m p a y fo r o v e rtim e a n d fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s, a n d la te s h ifts.
2 L e s s th a n 0 .5 p e rc e n t
7 .2 5
6 .2 5
8
$ 9 .8 7
P ro d u c tio n
M a rin e e le c t r ic ia n s .......
M a rin e p ip e fitte rs ..........
P a in te r s ...........................
6 .0 0
4
4
2
2
2
2
27
22
15
14
4
4
_
“
2
2
-
"
4
4
_
"
38
42
N O T E : B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , su m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m ay n o t e q u a l 1 00 . O v e ra ll o cc u p a tio n m ay in c lu d e d a ta fo r
s u b c la s s ific a tio n s n o t sh o w n s e p a ra te ly . D a s h e s in d ic a te th a t n o d a ta w e re re p o rte d .
Table 8. Occupational earnings averages: Pacific Coast
(P e rc e n t d is trib u tio n o f w o rke rs in s e le c te d o cc u p a tio n s in s h ip y a rd s b y s tra ig h t-tim e h ou rty e a rn in g s,1 O c to b e r 1 986)
Average
(mean)
hourty
Department and occupation
of
workers
A ll production w orkers..................
9,241
$12.66
P roduction
Machine-tool operators,
production ....................................
Machinists, production..................
Marine electricians .......................
Marine m achinists.........................
Marine p ip e fitte rs ..........................
Marine rig g e rs...............................
P ainters..........................................
Sheet-metal w orke rs.....................
S h ip fitte rs.......................................
Welders, h a n d ...............................
46
135
690
509
748
249
433
459
880
880
13.09
13.16
13.39
12.69
12.93
12.99
13.25
12.95
12.76
12.86
17
13.18
97
36
44
41
48
12.97
13.47
10.86
12.06
13.37
Percent o f workers receiving straight-tim e hourly earnings (in dollars) of—
10.50 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25
Under
and
10.50 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 over
6
-
1
O
-
1
1
-
5
11
11
2
8
9
-
1
-
2
3
7
1
2
-
2
6
19
22
-
13
3
12
6
9
-
16
17
38
19
9
30
31
54
3
1
6
17
-
17
20
7
-
-
7
-
5
22
7
33
16
12
27
27
26
18
30
50
55
41
33
36
35
27
13
27
16
10
15
4
7
8
18
21
5
-
4
36
4
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
-
-
25
14
_
-
M aintenance
M aterial m ovom ant and aarvlca
Crane operators..........................
Other (including combinations) ...
Guards ...........................................
Janitors, porters, or cleaners........
Truck d rive rs...................................
1
la te
2
3
and
41
3 27
-
“
41
“
36
19
-
-
-
-
-
7
19
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
“
13
9
7
*
*
*
E x c lu d e s prem iu m p a y fo r o v e rtim e an d fo r w o rk o n w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s , a n d
s h ifts .
L e s s th a n 0 .5 p e rc e n t
W o rk e rs w e re d istrib u te d a s fo llo w s: 14 p e rce n t a t $ 6 .2 5 a n d u n d e r $ 6 .5 0
14 p e rc e n t a t $ 8 .7 5 a n d u n d e r $9.
*
"
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
42
59
2
25
67
_
23
21
-
-
N O T E : B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , su m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m ay n o t e q u a l 100.
O v e ra ll o c c u p a tio n m ay in c lu d e d a ta fo r s u b c la s s ific a tio n s n o t sh o w n s e p a ra te ly .
D a s h e s in d ic a te th a t n o d a ta w e re re p o rte d .
Table 9. Method of wage payment
(Percent of production workers in shipyards by method of wage payment,' United States and selected ports,
October 1986)
Method
United
States2
4
Atlantic Coast
Gulf Coast
Great Lakes
Pacific Coast
All wofkers.....................................
100
100
100
100
100
Time-rated workers.................................
Formal plans.....................................
Single ra te ..................................
Range of rates...........................
Individual rates..................................
100
99
78
21
1
100
100
87
13
100
97
56
40
3
100
100
100
100
100
' For definition of method of wage payment, see
appendix B.
2
Includes data for ports in addition to those
shown separately.
“
-
100
-
“
N O TE: B ecause o f rounding, sum s of individual
item s m ay not equal 100. D ashes indicate th at no
d ata w ere reported.
Table 10. Shift differential provisions
(Percent of production w orkers in shipyards by shift differential provisions,1 U nited S tates and selected ports,
O ctober 1986)
Shift differential
United
States1
2
Atlantic Coast
Gulf Coast
Great Lakes
Pacific Coast
ah|i4
second snifi
Workers in establishments with
second-shift provisions........................
With shift differential.........................
Uniform cents per hour..............
10 cents................................
15 cents................................
Over 15 and under 20 cents
20 cents................................
Over 20 and under 25 cents
25 cents................................
30 cents................................
Over 40 cents.......................
Uniform percentage....................
7 percent..............................
10 percent............................
Other formal paid differential3 ....
92.3
86.2
31.2
3.3
.5
.2
19.5
2.4
1.3
2.9
1.1
45.1
44.1
1.1
9.9
90.5
90.5
15.8
8.9
2.0
2.9
1.9
74.7
74.7
-
90.2
61.7
61.7
2.3
57.2
2.2
-
100.0
100.0
100.0
-
-
100.0
100.0
22.7
22.7
7.6
7.6
69.7
88.6
83.1
13.0
3.2
5.3
.9
.7
1.1
1.9
45.1
44.1
1.1
25.0
86.6
86.6
11.9
87.6
61.7
2.3
-
100.0
100.0
43.8
18.8
24.9
56.2
100.0
100.0
22.7
22.7
7.6
7.6
69.7
-
43.8
56.2
-
Third shift
Workers in establishments with
tntro-snm provisions.............................
Wftn snin amerentiai..........................
Uniform cents per hour..............
15 cents................................
Over 15 and under 20 cents
20 cents................................
Over 20 and under 25 cents
25 cents................................
30 cents................................
Uniform percentage....................
7 percent..............................
15 percent............................
Other formal paid differential3 ....
1 Refers to policies of shipyards currently operat
ing late shifts or having provisions covering late
shifts.
2 Includes data for ports in addition to those
shown separately.
2 Provisions include a full day’s pay for reduced
-
8.9
-
-
2.3
-
2.9
74.7
74.7
*
59.5
hours, plus cents-per-hour or percentage additions to
the straight-time hourly rate.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual
items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate that no
data were reported.
Tabie 11. Shift differentia! practices
(Percent of production workers in shipyards employed on late shifts by amount of pay differential, United States
and selected ports, October 1986)
Shift differential
United
States1
2
Atlantic Coast
Gulf Coast
Great Lakes
Pacific Coast
Second shift
Workers employed on second shift.......
Receiving differential........................
Uniform cents per hour..............
10 cents................................
Over 15 and under 20 cents
20 cents................................
Over 20 and under 25 cents
30 cents............
Over 40 cents......................
Uniform percentage....................
7 percent..............................
10 percent............................
Other formal paid differential3 ....
17.1
16.0
3.6
.3
O
2.4
.7
.1
.1
11.4
1 1 .2
.2
1.0
20.4
20.4
1.4
1.2
.1
.2
19.0
19.0
-
12.3
7.2
7.2
7.2
-
-
20.5
20.5
20.5
_
4.7
15.8
9.9
9.9
1.8
1.8
_
-
-
_
-
1.1
1.1
6.9
Third shift
Workers employed on third shift............
Receiving differential........................
Uniform cents per hour..............
15 cents................................
Over 15 and under 20 cents
20 cents................................
Over 20 and under 25 cents
25 cents................................
Uniform percentage....................
7 percent..............................
Other formal paid differential3 ....
9.7
9.6
.7
.1
.6
15.6
15.6
.9
-
.7
.3
-
.9
-
1 Includes data for ports in addition to those
shown separately.
2 Less than 0.05 percent.
3 Provisions include a full day’s pay for reduced
hours, plus cents-per-hour or percentage additions to
_
-
-
14.7
14.7
_
.4
-
-
8.6
8.6
.3
1.2
1.2
.4
.4
-
-
-
O
O
O
4.4
4.4
1.3
-
-
.9
_
-
-
.3
-
-
3.1
.8
the straight-time hourly rate.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual
items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate that no
data were reported.
Table 12. Hazard-pay provisions
(Percent of production workers in shipyards by formal premium pay provisions for hazardous work, United States
and selected ports, October 1986)
Provision
United
States'
Workers in shipyards having hazard pay
provisions..............................................
66.3
Additions to base rate:
Uniform cents per hour.................
20 and under 25 cents........
30 and under 35 cents........
40 and under 45 cents........
50 and under 55 cents........
75 and under 80 cents........
27.5
1.5
5.3
1.7
16.6
2.4
Uniform percentage........................
100 percent..........................
4.3
4.3
Other formal provision1 ......................
2
Atlantic Coast
34.5
1 Includes data for ports in addition to those
shown separately.
2 Includes combinations of differentials and a full
day’s pay for reduced hours.
Gulf Coast
86.6
35.4
Great Lakes
2.2
Pacific Coast
81.2
81.2
24.9
-
79.4
22.2
3.1
-
-
8.9
2.9
23.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
30.3
30.3
-
27.0
2.2
51.2
19.0
56.2
-
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual
items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate that no
data were reported.
Table 13. Hazard-pay practices
(Percent of production workers in shipyards by premium pay received for hazardous work, United States and
selected ports, October 1986)
Hazard differential
United
States'
Workers receiving hazard p a y .................
9.6
Additions to base rate:
Uniform cents per h o u r..................
20 and under 25 c e n ts ........
50 and under 55 c e n ts ........
2.2
.2
2.0
Atlantic Coast
Uniform percentage..........................
100 percen t............................
Other formal provision3 .......................
Gulf Coast
15.9
3.4
-
Great Lakes
1.1
-
7.4
1 Includes data for ports in addition to those
shown separately.
2 Less than 0.5 percent.
3 Includes combinations of differentials and a full
day’s pay for reduced hours.
-
-
-
1.1
1.1
-
-
0
(*)
-
-
1.2
1.1
1.1
0.1
-
3.4
Pacific Coast
-
12.6
.1
-
.1
.1
-
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual
items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate that no
data were reported.
Tabto 14. Saa-trfal pay proviaiona
(Percent of production workers in shipyards by sea-trial pay provisions, United States and selected
ports, October 1986)
United
States'
Provision
Atlantic Coast
Workers in shipyards having sea-trial
pay provisions.......................................
61.9
68.5
Uniform cents per hour...................
20 and under 25 cents........
50 and under 55 cents........
2.2
.5
1.7
2.9
Uniform percentage........................
50 percent............................
3.4
3.4
Other formal pay provisions2.....
56.3
Gulf Coast
Pacific Coast
61.7
58.6
-
2.3
2.3
-
2.9
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
65.6
24.3
24.3
59.5
34.3
1 Includes data for ports in addition to those shown separately.
2 Types of formal pay provisions include pay on a 24-hour basis, pay for a guaranteed minimum
number of hours, and 50- or 100-percent premiums, in lieu of other forms of premium pay.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
that no data were reported.
Dashes indicate
Table 15. Paid holidays
(Percent of production workers in shipyards with formal provisions for paid holidays, United States and selected
ports, October 1986)
Number of
paid holidays
United
States'
Atlantic Coast
Gulf Coast
All workers.............................
100
100
100
Workers in establishments providing
paid holidays........................................
Under 7 days....................................
7 days ................................................
8 days ................................................
9 days ................................................
10 days ..............................................
11 days..............................................
12 days ..............................................
13 days ..............................................
100
2
4
12
2
6
43
17
14
100
2
99
3
4
31
2
Great Lakes
1 Includes data for ports in addition to those
shown separately.
-
10
2
63
-
24
57
2
Pacific Coast
100
100
100
-
100
-
19
-
-
-
-
-
19
56
25
34
23
24
-
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual
items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate that no
data were reported.
Table 16. Paid vacations
(Percent of production workers in shipyards with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of
service, United States and selected ports, October 1986)
Vacation policy
United
States1
Atlantic Coast
Gulf Coast
Great Lakes
Pacific Coast
All production workers.....................
100
100
100
100
100
M ethod o f paym ent
Workers in establishments providing
paid vacations.........................................
Length-of-time paym ent.....................
Percentage paym ent...........................
100
58
42
100
49
51
99
99
100
100
100
24
76
100
43
57
-
-
Am ount o f vacation
pay2
After 1 year of service:
1 w e e k ..................................................
Over 1 and under 2 w eeks...............
2 weeks ................................................
Over 2 w e e k s ......................................
After 2 years of service:
1 w e e k ..................................................
Over 1 and under 2 w eeks................
2 weeks ................................................
Over 2 w e e k s ......................................
89
8
2
100
-
90
7
2
-
(*)
64
5
30
66
-
After 3 years of service:
1 w e e k ..................................................
Over 1 and under 2 w eeks................
2 weeks ................................................
Over 2 and under 3 w eeks................
3 w eeks................................................
22
30
42
4
2
34
After 5 years of service:
Under 2 w e e k s ....................................
2 w eeks................................................
Over 2 and under 3 w eeks...............
Over 3 w e e k s ......................................
2
51
44
-
-
-
75
25
-
88
-
-
1
73
23
2
2
72
24
3
-
After 8 years of service:
2 weeks ................................................
Over 2 and under 3 w eeks................
3 weeks ................................................
4 weeks ................................................
68
20
10
2
72
24
2
3
After 10 years of service:
2 weeks ................................................
Over 2 and under 3 w eeks................
3 weeks ................................................
Over 3 weeks ......................................
4
47
44
5
5
51
40
3
56
44
77
23
-
-
75
25
-
43
57
-
56
19
25
95
2
3
-
-
-
-
95
2
3
19
34
47
-
4
57
38
“
-
9
2
-
19
34
47
7
2
3
See footnotes at end of table.
-
90
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
100
“
34
43
23
Table 16. Paid vacations—Continued
(Percent of production workers in shipyards with form al provisions fo r paid vacations a fter selected periods of
service, United States and selected ports, O ctober 1986)
Vacation policy
United
States1
Atlantic Coast
Gulf Coast
Great Lakes
Pacific Coast
-
-
Am ount o f vacation
pay2— Continued
After 12 years of service:
2 weeks ...........................................
Over 2 and under 3 w eeks...............
3 weeks ................................................
Over 3 and under 4 w eeks...............
4 weeks ................................................
2
37
51
4
5
After 15 years of service:
Under 3 w eeks...................................
3 weeks ...................................
Over 3 and under 4 w eeks...............
4 weeks ................................................
Over 4 w ee ks......................................
3
54
20
20
3
After 20 years of service:
Under 3 w ee ks...................................
3 w eeks............ ...................................
Over 3 and under 4 w eeks...............
4 weeks ................................................
Over 4 w e e k s ......................................
After 25 years of service:
Under 3 w ee ks....................................
3 w eeks............... .............................
Over 3 and under 4 w eeks...............
4 weeks ................................................
Over 4 and under 5 w eeks...............
5 weeks ................................................
Over 5 w ee ks......................................
After 30 years of service:
Under 3 w ee ks....................................
3 w eeks..................... ......................
Over 3 and under 4 w eeks...............
4 weeks ................................................
Over 4 and under 5 w eeks...............
5 weeks ................................................
Over 5 w ee ks......................................
2
14
5
2
55
40
3
2
72
24
3
-
1
3
48
1
1 includes data for ports in addition to those
shown separately.
2 Vacation payments, such as percent of annual
earnings, were converted to an equivalent time basis.
Periods of service were chosen arbitrarily and do not
necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions
for progression. For example, changes indicated at
4
-
-
-
-
62
-
2
4
33
_
12
75
“
62
-
-
-
-
34
43
23
75
25
11
27
34
43
23
100
-
-
_
-
33
35
51
44
56
62
-
-
4
19
30
24
23
-
4
33
2
-
-
59
11
2
14
5
4
36
-
-
34
-
-
-
34
19
23
24
75
25
-
87
41
3
-
-
-
2
14
5
95
2
11
76
3
4
-
_
-
-
34
43
23
75
25
_
-
20 years may include changes that occurred between
15 and 20 years.
3 Less than 0.5 percent.
N O TE: B ecause of rounding, sum s of individual
item s m ay not equal totals. D ashes indicate th at no
d ata w ere reported.
raow 17. Meaim , insurance ana retirem ent plans
(Percent of production workers in shipyards with specified health, insurance, and retirement plans,' United States
and selected ports, October 1986)
Type of plan
All production w orkers.....................
Workers in establishments providing:
Life insurance...................................
Noncontributory p lan s................
Accidental death and
dismemberment insurance..............
Noncontributory p lan s................
Sickness and accident insurance or
sick leave or both3 ...........................
Sickness and accident
insurance...................................
Noncontributory p lan s..........
Sick leave (full pay, no waiting
perio d)........................................
Long-term disability insurance..........
Noncontributory p lan s................
United
States2
Atlantic Coast
Gulf Coast
Great Lakes
Pacific Coast
100
100
100
100
100
100
60
100
45
100
67
100
100
100
100
81
41
76
21
93
62
100
100
77
77
74
66
64
100
28
74
28
86
32
64
100
81
28
28
44
9
2
75
-
3
-
31
25
25
8
8
100
2
100
2
100
2
100
2
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
25
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1
25
25
100
100
67
67
77
77
100
100
100
-
Hospitalization insurance..................
Noncontributory p lan s................
Surgical insurance...............................
Noncontributory p lan s................
Medical insurance...............................
Noncontributory p lan s................
Major medical insurance....................
Noncontributory p lan s................
100
43
100
43
100
43
100
43
100
45
100
45
100
45
100
45
Dental insurance.................................
Noncontributory p lan s................
Vision care insurance.........................
Noncontributory p lan s................
Prescription drugs insurance............
Noncontributory p lan s.................
Retirement plans4 ................................
P ensions.......................................
Noncontributory p lan s..........
Severance p a y .............................
Noncontributory plans...........
54
22
9
9
53
43
90
88
76
2
2
65
12
' Includes those plans for which the employer
pays at least part of the cost and excludes legally re
quired plans such as workers’ compensation and So
cial Security; however, plans required by State tempo
rary disability insurance laws are included if the em
ployer contributes more than is legally required or
employees receive benefits over legal requirements.
“Noncontributory plans” include only those plans fi
nanced entirely by the employer.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
53
51
100
97
97
3
3
31
1
66
66
9
-
81
25
44
44
44
“
“
2 Includes data for ports in addition to those
shown separately.
3 Unduplicated total of workers receiving sickness
and accident insurance and sick leave shown sepa
rately.
4 Unduplicated total of workers covered by pen
sion plans and severance pay shown separately.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported.
Table 18. Other selected benefits
(Percent of production w orkers in shipyards with form al provisions for selected benefits,1 U nited S tates and
selected ports, O ctober 1986)
Item
United
States1
2
Atlantic Coast
Gulf Coast
G reat Lakes
Pacific Coast
Workers in shipyards
with provisions fo r
Cost-of-living adjustments3 .......................
Funeral le a v e .............................................
Jury-duty leave .......... ............................
Call-in or callback p a y ..............................
Daily reporting p a y ....................................
18
69
91
85
78
1 For definition of items, see appendix B.
2 Includes data for ports in addition to those
shown separately.
3 Adjustments based on the BLS Consumer Price
24
93
86
94
92
2
5
97
62
62
19
100
100
100
100
20
63
100
81
39
Index.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported.
A p p e n d ix A . U .S . N avy
S h ip y a rd s
Harbor in Hawaii employed 6,048. Most of the work in Navy
yards is repairing and major converting o f vessels; new ships
are constructed in private yards under contract.
Pay rates for civilian trade, maintenance, and service wor
kers (blue collar) in Navy shipyards (as well as in other U.S.
Government agencies) are set in accordance with provisions
o f the Federal Wage System (5 U.S.C. 5341-5347). This sys
tem provides for common job grading standards and pay poli
cies among U.S. Government agencies. It also provides for
pay rates to be adjusted annually in line with prevailing rates
Survey data in this bulletin relate to private shipyards.
The U .S. Navy employed 62,488 civilians in October 1986
in seven shipyards in the coterminous United States. The
three yards on the Pacific Coast, and the number of work
ers thev employed, were Puget Sound, 11,154; Mare Is
land (San Francisco), 9,417; and Long Beach, 5,444.
Norfolk and Charleston on the southern Atlantic Coast had
12,132 and 8,161, respectively; and the northern Atlantic
yards (Philadelphia and Portsmouth) employed 8,682 and
7,498, respectively. In addition, the Navy facility at Pearl
Table A-1. BLS survey job title and corresponding occupational title and wage grade of workers in U.S. Navy
shipyards, October 1986
BLS job title
U.S. Navy occpational title
Wage grade
P rod uction
Electronics technician I I .................................................................
Electronics technician III.................................................................
Inspector, class B ...........................................................................
Insulator..........................................................................................
Loft w orker.....................................................................................
Machine-tool operator, production, class A ..................................
Machine-tool operator, production, class B ..................................
Machine-tool operator, production, class C ..................................
Machinists, production...................................................................
Marine electrician...........................................................................
Marine machinist ...........................................................................
Marine pipefitter.............................................................................
Marine rig g e r.................................................................................
Marine trades h e lp e r.....................................................................
Painter ...........................................................................................
Sheet-metal worker.........................................................................
Shipfitter.........................................................................................
Shipwright.......................................................................................
Welder, hand, class A ...................................................................
Welder, hand, class B ...................................................................
Welder, machine (arc or gas) .......................................................
11
12
9
10
14
9
9
8
10
10
10
10
10
5
7
10
10
10
10
8
8 or 10
Electronics mechanic
Electronics mechanic
Inspector
Insulator
Lofter
Machine-tool operator
Machine-tool operator
Machine-tool operator
Machinist
Electrician
Marine machinery mechanic
Pipefitter
Rigger
Trades helpers
Painting worker
Sheet-metal mechanic
Shipfitter
Shipwright
Welder
Welding worker
Welding worker and welder
M aintenance
Carpenter, maintenance.................................................................
Electrician, maintenance.................................................................
Mechanic, maintenance.................................................................
Pipefitter, maintenance...................................................................
Welder, mainteance.......................................................................
9
10
10
10
10
Carpenter
Electrician
Production machinery mechanic
Pipefitter
Welder
Material m o ve m ent and service
Crane operator, electric bridge (traveling)....................................
Crane operator, gantry crane .......................................................
Guard 1...........................................................................................
Guard II ..........................................................................................
Janitor..............................................................................................
Power-truck operator, forklift .........................................................
Truckdriver.....................................................................................
7 or 9
9 or 11
General
schedule
position
1 or 2
5
6
19
Crane operator
Crane operator
Guard
Guard
Custodial worker
Forklift operator
Motor vehicle operator
among private employers in each geographic area. Each
grade has five longevity pay steps, each equal to about 4 per
cent o f the grade’s base rate.
Table A -l compares occupations and their grade levels in
U .S. Navy yards with b l s job titles in the private shipyard
survey. Table A-2 provides the Federal Wage System sched
ule for nonsupervisory workers at each o f the seven Navy
facilities.
In addition to straight-time pay rates in table A-2, civilian
workers at U .S. Navy yards also receive the same sup
plementary benefits as those provided to General Schedule
(white collar) workers.1 Navy shipyard workers also may
receive hazard pay, shift differentials, and premium pay for
overtime, holiday, and Sunday work.
1
For a description o f supplementary wage benefits provided Federal em
ployees under the General Schedule, see Wage Chronology: Federal Em
ployees Under the General Schedule Pay System, July 1924-October 1974,
BLS Bulletin 1870 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1975), and its supplement
covering 1975-78 (1980).
Table A-2. Federal Wage System hourly wage rates1 for nonsupervisory workers in U.S. Navy shipyards, October 1986
North Atlantic
South Atlantic
Pacific
Wage grade and step
Philadelphia
Portsmouth
Charleston
Norfolk
Long Beach
Puget Sound
Mare Island
WG-1 Step 1 .............................................................
WG-1 Step 5 .............................................................
7.40
8.63
5.76
6.74
5.87
6.86
5.43
6.34
6.64
7.75
8.36
9.74
7.96
9.30
WG-2 Step 1 .............................................................
WG-2 Step 5 .............................................................
7.71
8.99
6.19
7.21
6.46
7.53
5.99
6.99
7.31
8.52
8.71
10.16
8.45
9.86
WG-3 Step 1 .............................................................
WG-3 Step 5 .............................................................
8.02
9.37
6.60
7.69
7.02
8.19
6.54
7.63
7.96
9.28
9.03
10.53
8.92
10.41
WG-4 Step 1 .............................................................
WG-4 Step 5 .............................................................
8.35
9.73
7.00
8.17
7.59
8.84
6.94
8.12
8.62
10.06
9.37
10.93
9.41
10.97
WG-5 Step 1 .............................................................
WG-5 Step 5 .............................................................
8.65
10.10
7.44
8.68
8.16
9.53
7.36
8.59
9.15
10.69
9.70
11.34
9.90
11.57
WG-6 Step 1 .............................................................
WG-6 Step 5 .............................................................
8.99
10.50
7.91
9.23
8.72
10.17
7.76
9.07
9.56
11.14
10.04
11.72
10.39
12.13
WG-7 Step 1 .............................................................
WG-7 Step 5 .............................................................
9.31
10.85
8.39
9.80
9.29
10.83
8.19
9.56
9.93
11.60
10.37
12.10
10.86
12.68
WG-8 Step 1 .............................................................
WG-8 Step 5 .............................................................
9.61
11.21
8.85
10.36
9.85
11.49
8.59
10.03
10.32
12.05
10.72
12.51
11.35
13.24
WG-9 Step 1 .............................................................
WG-9 Step 5 .............................................................
9.93
11.60
9.36
10.92
10.41
12.15
9.00
10.51
10.71
12.50
11.06
12.89
11.84
13.80
WG-10 Step 1 ...........................................................
WG-10 Step 5 ...........................................................
10.26
11.98
9.85
11.49
11.00
12.82
9.41
10.97
11.09
12.93
11.38
13.29
12.31
14.36
WG-11 Step 1 ...........................................................
WG-11 Step 5 ...........................................................
10.58
12.35
10.32
12.05
11.55
13.48
9.84
11.48
11.48
13.39
11.72
13.68
12.79
14.94
WG-12 Step 1 ...........................................................
WG-12 Step 5 ...........................................................
10.88
12.72
10.80
12.59
12.11
14.12
10.26
11.96
11.87
13.84
12.04
14.06
13.29
15.51
WG-13 Step I ...........................................................
WG-13 Step 5 ...........................................................
11.21
13.09
11.20
13.08
12.67
14.77
10.65
12.43
12.26
14.32
12.39
14.45
13.78
16.07
and advancement to steps 4 and 5 requires 104 weeks of satisfactory
service in both steps 3 and 4. Each step is separated by 4-percent
increments.
1 Employees are normally hired at step 1 of the 5-step rate range for
the grade and advance to step 2 after 26 weeks of satisfactory service.
Advancement to step 3 requires 78 weeks of satisfactory service in step 2,
20
A p p e n d ix B . S c o p e and
M eth o d o f S u rv e y
Scope of survey
position o f the industry’s labor force, rather than as precise
measures o f employment.
*
The survey included establishments engaged primarily in
building and repairing all types o f ships, barges, and light
ers, whether propelled by sail or motor power or towed by
other craft (industry 3731 as defined in the 1972 edition of
the Standard Industrial Classification Manual prepared by
the U.S. Office o f Management and Budget). Excluded from
the survey were (1) separate auxiliary units such as central
offices and warehouses; (2) establishments fabricating struc
tural assemblies or components for ships; (3) subcontractors
engaged in ship painting, joinery, carpentry, electrical, and
electronic work; and (4) U .S. Navy shipyards.
Establishments studied were selected from those employ
ing 100 workers or more at the time o f reference o f the data
used in compiling the universe lists. Table B -l shows the
number o f establishments and workers estimated to be
within the scope o f the survey, as well as the number
actually studied by the Bureau.
Production workers
The terms “ production workers” and “ production and
related workers,” used interchangeably in this bulletin, in
clude working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers
engaged in nonoffice activities. Administrative, executive,
professional, and technical personnel, and force-account con
struction employees, who are used as a separate work force
on the firm’s own properties, are excluded.
Occupational classification
Occupational classification was based on a uniform set of
job descriptions designed to take account o f interestablish
ment and interarea variations in duties within the same job.
(See appendix C for these descriptions.) The criteria for
selection of the occupations were: The number o f workers
in the occupation; the usefulness of the data in collective bar
gaining; and appropriate representation o f the entire job scale
in the industry. Working supervisors, apprentices, learners,
beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary,
and probationary workers were not reported in the data for
selected occupations but were included in the data for all
production workers.
Method of study
Data were obtained by personal visits o f the Bureau’s field
representatives to a probability-based sample o f establish
ments within the scope o f the survey. To obtain appropriate
accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion o f large than
o f small establishments was studied. In combining the data,
each establishment was given an appropriate weight. All es
timates are presented, therefore, as relating to all establish
ments in the industry, excluding only those below the
minimum size at the time o f reference o f the universe data.
Wage data
Information on wages relates to straight-time hourly earn
ings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on
weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such
as those resulting from piecework or production bonus sys
tems, and cost-of-living pay increases (but not bonuses) were
included as part o f the workers’ regular pay. Excluded are
performance bonuses and lump-sum payments o f the type
negotiated in the auto and aerospace industries, as well as
profit-sharing arrangements, attendance bonuses, Christmas,
or yearend bonuses, and other nonproduction bonuses.
Establishment definition
An establishment is defined for this study as a single phys
ical location where industrial operations are performed. An
establishment is not necessarily identical with a company,
which may consist o f one establishment or more. The terms
“ establishment” and “ shipyard” are used interchangeably
in this bulletin.
Employment
Average (mean) hourly rates or earnings for each occu
pation or category o f workers, such as production workers,
were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earnings)
by the number o f workers receiving the rate, totaling, and
Estimates o f the number o f workers within the scope of
the study are intended as a general guide to the size and com
21
Table B-1. Estimated number of establishments and employees within scope of study and number
studied, shipbuilding and repairing industry, October 1986
Number of establishments1
Location
United States4 .............................................. .
Atlantic C oast...............................................
Gulf C oast.....................................................
Great Lakes..................................................
Pacific Coast.................................................
Workers in establishments
Within scope of study
Within scope
of study
81
28
24
3
21
Actually
studied
34
9
9
3
8
1 Includes only establishments with 100 workers or more
at the time of reference of the universe data.
2 Data relate to total employment in shipyards actually
studied.
3 Includes executive, professional, office, and other
Total3
Production
workers
100,273
61,853
21,385
3,541
12,510
65,309
38,531
13,959
2,791
9,241
Actually
studied2
62,089
28,818
19,711
3,541
9,035
workers in addition to the production worker category shown
separately.
4 Includes data for port locations in addition to those
shown separately. Alaska and Hawaii were not included in
the study.
dividing by the number o f individuals. The hourly earnings
o f salaried workers were obtained by dividing straight-time
salary by normal (or standard) hours to which the salary cor
responds.
fied. Specific rates o f individual workers within the range
may be determined by merit, length o f service, or a combi
nation o f these.
Scheduled weekly hours
The median designates position; that is, one-half of the em
ployees surveyed received the same as or more than this rate
and one-half received the same as or less. The middle range
is defined by two rates o f pay such that one-fourth o f the
employees earned the same or less than the lower o f these
rates and one-fourth earned the same or more than the higher
rate.
Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work
schedule for full-time production workers employed on the
day shift.
Shift provisions and practices
Shift provisions relate to the policies o f establishments
either currently operating late shifts or having formal provi
sions covering late-shift work. Practices relate to workers
employed on late shifts at the time o f the survey.
Labor-managethent agreements
Separate wage data are presented, where possible, for es
tablishments that had (1) a majority o f the production wor
kers covered by labor-management contracts, and (2) none
or a minority o f the production workers covered by labormanagement contracts.
Hazard and sea-trial pay
Hazard pay is a premium payment for hours worked un
der unpleasant or dangerous conditions. Examples include
working in uncleaned oil tanks, dismantling unusually dirty
diesel engines, or blowing ground cork into refrigerating
compartments. Sea-trial pay consists o f special payments for
work performed aboard a ship after the ship leaves the yard
for a trial run at sea.
Method of wage payment
Tabulations by method o f wage payment relate to the num
ber o f workers paid under the various time-rated wage sys
tems. Formal rate structures for time-rated workers provide
single rates or a range o f rates for individual job categories.
In the absence o f a formal rate structure, pay rates are de
terminated primarily by the qualifications of the individual work
er. A single rate structure is one in which the same rate
is paid to all experienced workers in the same job classifica
tion. Learners, apprentices, or probationary workers may
be paid according to rate schedules which start below the
single rate and permit the workers to achieve the full job rate
over a period o f time. An experienced worker occasionally
may be paid above or below the single rate for special rea
sons, but such payments are exceptions. Range-of-rate plans
are those in which the minimum, maximum, or both of these
rates paid experienced workers for the same job are speci
Establishment practices and employee benefits
Supplementary benefits in an establishment were consi
dered applicable to all production workers if they applied
to half or more o f such workers in the establishment. Simi
larly, if fewer than half o f the workers were covered, the
benefit was considered nonexistent in the establishment. Be
cause o f length-of-service and other eligibility requirements,
the proportion o f workers receiving the benefits may be
smaller than estimated.
Paid holidays. Paid holiday provisions relate to full-day and
22
Long-term disability insurance plans provide payments to
totally disabled employees upon the expiration of sick leave,
sickness and accident insurance, or both, or after a speci
fied period o f disability (typically 6 months). Payments are
made until the end of disability, a maximum age, or eligi
bility for retirement benefits. Payments may be full or par
tial, but are almost always reduced by Social Security,
workers’ compensation, and private pension benefits paya
ble to the disabled employee.
Medical insurance refers to plans providing for complete
or partial payment o f doctors’ fees. Such plans may be un
derwritten by a commercial insurance company or a non
profit organization, or they may be a form o f self-insurance.
half-day holidays provided annually.
Paid vacations. The summary o f vacation plans is limited
to formal arrangements and exclude informal plans where
by time off with pay is granted at the discretion of the em
ployer or supervisor. Payments not on a time basis were
converted; for example, a payment o f 2 percent of annual
earnings was considered the equivalent o f 1 week’s pay. The
periods o f service for which data are presented represent the
most common practices, but they do not necessarily reflect
individual establishment provisions for progression. For ex
ample, changes in proportions indicated at 10 years of serv
ice may include changes which occurred between 8 and 10
years.
Major medical insurance includes plans designed to cover
employees for services which go beyond those covered un
der hospitalization, medical, and surgical insurance. Major
medical plans typically have deductibles and require copay
ments, and frequently have maximum benefits. Comprehen
sive plans, which cover all expenses with neither deductibles
nor copayments, are not considered as including major med
ical insurance.
Dental insurance, for purposes of this survey, covers rou
tine dental work such as fillings, extractions, and X-rays.
Excluded are plans which cover only oral surgery or acciden
tal injury.
Vision care insurance, for purposes of this survey, covers
eye examinations and eyeglasses. Excluded are plans which
cover only certain kinds of surgery or care required as a result
of an accident.
Prescription drug insurance plans provided full or partial
payment for drugs prescribed by a physician. Excluded are
plans which provide payment only after a considerable
deductible has been met, or as a result of extended medical
care.
Tabulations o f retirement pensions are limited to plans
which provide regular payments for the remainder of the
retiree’s life. Data are presented separately for retirement
severance pay (one payment or several over a specified period
of time) made to employees on retirement. Establishments
providing both retirement severance payments and retirement
pensions to employees were considered as having both retire
ment pensions and retirement severance plans; however, es
tablishments having optional plans providing employees a
choice o f either retirement severance payments or pensions
were considered as having only retirement pension benefits.
Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Data are present
ed for health, insurance, pension, and retirement severance
plans for which the employer pays all or a part o f the cost,
excluding programs required by law such as workers’ com
pensation and Social Security.1 Among plans included are
those underwritten by a commercial insurance company and
those paid directly by the employer from current operating
funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose.
Death benefits are included as a form o f life insurance.
Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type o f in
surance under which predetermined cash payments are made
directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis during
illness or accident disability.
Tabulations o f paid sick leave plans are limited to formal
plans2 which provide full pay or a proportion of the
worker’s pay during absence from work because o f illness;
informal arrangements have been omitted. Separate tabula
tions are provided for (1) plans which provide full pay and
no waiting period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay
or a waiting period.
1 Temporary disability insurance which provides benefits to covered work
ers disabled by injury or illness which is not work-connected is mandato
ry under State laws in California, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island.
Establishment plans which meet only the legal requirements are excluded
from these data, but those under which (1) employers contribute more than
is legally required, or (2) benefits exceed those specified in the State law
are included. In Rhode Island, benefits are paid out of a State fund to which
only employees contribute. In each of the other three States, benefits are
paid either from a State fund or through a private plan.
State fund financing: In California, only employees contribute to the State
fund; in New Jersey, employees and employers contribute; in New York,
employees contribute up to a specified maximum and employers pay the
difference between the employees’ share and the total contribution required.
Cost-of-living adjustments. Data relate to formal plans for
adjustments to wages in keeping with changes in the BLS
Consumer Price Index or some other measure.
Private plan financing: In California and New Jersey, employees cannot
be required to contribute more than they would if they were covered by
the State fund; in New York, employees can agree to contribute more if
the State rules that the additional contribution is commensurate with the
benefit provided.
2 An establishment is considered as having a formal plan if it specifies
at least the minimum number of days of sick leave available to each em
ployee. Such a plan need not be written, but informal sick leave allowances
determined on an individual basis are excluded.
Paid funeral and jury-duty leave * Data for paid funeral and
3
When paid jury-duty leave is required by law, as it is in Alabama,
Nebraska, Tennessee, and parts of Massachusetts, plans are included only
if the employer provides the employees with benefits exceeding the legal
requirement.
23
jury-duty leave relate to formal plans which provide at least
partial payment for time lost as a result o f attending funer
als o f specified family members or serving as a juror.
Call-in or callback pay. Data relate to plans which guaran
tee an amount to an employee recalled to work after com
pleting a regular work shift.
Daily reporting pay. Data relate to formal plans which
guarantee a daily minimum wage to an employee who reports
to work as scheduled but finds no work available or less work
than can be done in a guaranteed period (e.g., 4 hours).
24
A p p e n d ix C . O c c u p a tio n a l
D es c rip tio n s
The primary purpose o f preparing job descriptions for the
Bureau’s wage surveys is to assist its field representatives
in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are
employed under a variety o f payroll titles and different work
arrangements from establishment to establishment and from
area to area. This permits the grouping o f occupational wage
rates representing comparable job content. Because o f this
emphasis on interestablishment and interarea comparability
o f occupational content, the Bureau’s job descriptions may
differ significantly from those in use in individual establish
ments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these
job descriptions, the Bureau’s field representatives are in
structed to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learn
ers, beginners, trainees, and part-time, temporary, and
probationary workers.
The titles and 3- or 4-digit codes below the survey job ti
tles in this appendix are taken from the 1980 edition o f the
Standard Occupational Classification Manual (SOC), issued
by the U .S. Department o f Commerce, Office o f Federal
Statistical Policy and Standards.
In general, the Bureau o f Labor Statistics occupational
descriptions are much more specific than those found in the
sex: manual. For example, one SOC group—Welder and cut
t e r ^ 14)—includes hand welder and maintenance welder,
two o f the jobs used in this survey o f shipbuilding and repair
ing. Therefore, in comparing the results o f this survey with
other sources, differences in occupational definitions should
be taken into consideration.
transmitting and receiving equipment (e.g., radar, radio, tel
evision, telephone, sonar, navigational aids), (b) digital and
analog computers, and (c) industrial and medical measuring
and controlling equipment.
This classification excludes repairers of such standard elec
tronic equipment as common office machines and household
radio and television sets; production assemblers and testers;
workers whose primary duty is servicing electronic test in
struments; technicians who have administrative or supervi
sory responsibility; and drafters, designers, and professional
engineers.
Positions are classified into levels on the basis of the fol
lowing definitions:
Electronics technician I
Applies working technical knowledge to perform simple
or routine tasks in working on electronic equipment, follow
ing detailed instructions which cover virtually all procedures.
Work typically involves such tasks as: Assisting higher lev
el technicians by performing such activities as replacing com
ponents, wiring circuits, and taking test readings; repairing
simple electronic equipment; and using tools and common
test instruments (e.g., multimeters, audio signal generators,
tube testers, oscilloscopes). Is not required to be familiar with
the interrelationships o f circuits. This knowledge, however,
may be acquired through assignments designed to increase
competence (including classroom training) so that worker
can advance to higher level technician.
Receives technical guidance, as required, from supervi
sor or higher level technician. Work is typically spotchecked, but is given detailed review when new or advanced
assignments are involved.
Production
Electronics technician
(3711: Electrical and electronics engineering technologists
and technicians)
Electronics technician II
Works on various types o f electronic equipment and related
devices by performing one or a combination o f the follow
ing: Installing, maintaining, repairing, overhauling,
troubleshooting, modifying, constructing, and testing. Work
requires practical application o f technical knowledge of elec
tronics principles, ability to determine malfunctions, and skill
to put equipment in required operating condition.
The equipment—consisting o f either many different kinds
of circuits or multiple repetition o f the same kind o f circuit—
includes, but is not limited to, the following: (a) electronic
Applies comprehensive technical knowledge to solve com
plex problems (i.e ., those that typically can be solved solely
by properly interpreting manufacturers’ manuals or similar
documents) in working on electronic equipment. Work in
volves: A familiarity with the interrelationships of circuits;
and judgment in determining work sequence and in select
ing tools and testing instruments, usually less complex than
those used by the level III technician.
Receives technical guidance, as required, from supervi
25
sor or higher level technician, and work is reviewed for
specific compliance with accepted practices and work assign
ments. May provide technical guidance to lower level tech
nicians.
es or where performance is dependent on past experience;
performing inspection operations on products and/or process
es having rigid specifications, but where the inspection proce
dures involve a sequence of inspections operations, including
decisions regarding proper fit or performance o f some parts;
and using precision measuring instruments.
Electronics technician III
Applies advanced technical knowledge to solve unusually
complex problems (i.e., those that typically cannot be solved
solely by reference to manufacturers’ manuals or similar
documents) in working on electronic equipment. Examples
o f such problems include location and density o f circuitry,
electromagnetic radiation, isolating malfunctions, and fre
quent engineering changes. Work involves: A detailed un
derstanding o f the interrelationships o f circuits; exercising
independent judgment in performing such tasks as making
circuit analyses, calculating wave forms, tracing relation
ships in signal flow; and regularly using complex test instru
ments (e.g., dual trace oscilloscopes, Q-meters, deviation
meters, pulse generators).
Work may be reviewed by supervisor (frequently an en
gineer or designer) for general compliance with accepted
practices. May provide technical guidance to lower level
technicians.
Class C. Work involves any combination o f the following:
Short cycle, repetitive inspection operations; using a stan
dardized, special purpose measuring instrument repetitive
ly; and visual examination of parts or products, rejecting units
having obvious deformities or flaws.
Insulator
(Pipe coverer)
(6465: Insulation worker)
Covers boilers, pipes, tanks, and refrigeration units with
insulating materials such as asbestos, cork, plastic, and
magnesia to reduce loss or absorption o f heat, prevent
moisture condensation, and deaden sound. Work involves
most o f the following: Wiring prefabricated covering around
pipes using handtools; fitting insulation around boilers,
evaporators, and turbines; and cementing cloth over insulat
ing material to provide smooth finish. May measure, cut,
and sew insulating materials and cloth for valves and other
fittings. Excludes pipefitters and pipefitters’ helpers who in
stall pipes as well as cover them.
Electronics technician not classifiable by level
Electronics technicians in positions with work characteris
tics as described, and within the range o f the defined levels,
should be reported under this classification when the infor
mation needed to classify them according to the level defi
nitions is not available.
Loft worker
(Loftsman)
(6831: Patternmaker and model maker, wood)
Inspector
(6881: Precision inspector, tester, and grader)
Lays out lines o f ship to full scale on mold-loft floor and
constructs templates and molds to be used as patterns and
guides for layout and fabrication o f various structural parts
o f ships. Work involves most o f the following: Laying out
full-scale portions o f ship’s plan, working from blueprints
and tables o f offsets; marking frame lines and other refer
ence lines on loft floor; measuring dimensions between lines
and preparing table o f offsets; comparing prepared tables
with tables o f blueprints; constructing template, using
knowledge o f geometric construction, and tools; marking
templates with indentifying data and instructions, such as
number o f pieces to be made, type, and weight o f stock and
location for installation; and constructing full scale wood
mockups of ship’s parts and sections for use as guide in shap
ing or positioning parts.
Inspects parts, products, and/or processes. Performs such
operations as examining parts or products for flaws and
defects, checking their dimensions and appearance to deter
mine whether they meet the required standards and specifi
cations.
Class A. Responsible for decisions regarding the quality of
the product and/or operations. Work involves any combina
tion o f the following: Thorough knowledge o f the process
ing operations in the use o f a variety o f precision measuring
instruments; interpreting drawings and specifications in in
spection work on units composed o f a large number o f com
ponent parts; examining a variety o f products o f processing
operations; determining causes o f flaws in products and/or
processes and suggesting necessary changes to correct work
methods; and devising inspection procedures for new
products.
Machine-tool operator, production
(7329: Miscellaneous metalworking and plastic working
machine setup operator)
Class B. Work involves any combination o f the following:
Knowledge o f processing operations in the branch o f work
to which assigned, limited to familiar products and process
Operates or tends one or more nonportable, power-driven
machine tools (including numerically controlled machine
tools) in order to shape metal by progressively removing por
26
tions o f the stock in the form o f chips or shavings, or by
abrasion, such as:
practice usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or
equivalent training and experience.
Automatic lathes
Boring machines
Drill presses, single or multiple-spindle
Engine lathes
Gear-cutting machines
Machine-tools, miscellaneous*
Milling machines
Planers
Screw machines, automatic
Screw machines, hand
Shapers
Turret lathes, automatic
Marine electrician
(6432: Electrician)
Installs and repairs wiring, fixtures, and equipment for all
electrical services aboard ship, following blueprints and wir
ing diagrams. Work involves most o f the following: Install
ing conduit to bulkheads with brackets and screws, using
handtools, and threading wires through conduit to terminals,
such as connecting boxes, circuit breakers, voltage regula
tors, and switch panels; connecting power supply circuits
to radio, radar, sonar, fire control, and other electronic
equipment; and testing electrical characteristics, such as vol
tage, resistance, and phase angle, in circuits, using volt
meters, ohmmeters, and phase rotation indicators. May
construct instrument panels, using handtools, rulers, dividers,
and power drills, following specifications.
♦Includes operators of machine tools not specifically listed above but within
the general definition of operators of machine tools of the metalcutting type,
as well as operators required alternately to operate more than one type of
machine tool.
Class A. Sets up machines, by determining proper feeds,
speeds, tooling and operation sequence or by selecting those
prescribed in drawings, blueprints, or layouts; makes neces
sary adjustments during operations where changes in work
and setup are relatively frequent and where care is essential
to achieve requisite dimensions o f very close tolerances.
Marine machinist
(Outside machinist)
(6178: Millwright)
Installs ship machinery, such as propelling machinery, aux
iliary motors, pumps, ventilating equipment, and steering
gear, such as evaporators, stills, heaters, pumps, condens
ers, and boilers and connecting them to steampipe systems;
testing installed machinery and equipment during dock and
sea trials. May set up and operate such machine shop tools
as lathe, boring mill, planer, shaper, slotter, and milling
machine to fabricate replacement parts.
Class B. Sets up machines on standard or roughing opera
tions where feeds, speeds, tooling, and operation sequence
are prescribed or maintains operation setup made by others;
makes all necessary adjustments during operation where care
is essential to achieve very close tolerances or where changes
in product are relatively frequent.
Class C. Operates machine on routine and repetitive opera
tions; makes only minor adjustments during operations; when
trouble occurs, stops machine and calls foreman, leadman,
or setup man to correct the operation.
Marine pipefitter
(645: Plumber, pipefitter, and steamfitter)
Machinist, production
Lays out, installs, and maintains a ship’s piping systems,
such as steam heat and power, hot water, hydraulic, air pres
sure, and oil lines, following blueprints, and using handtools
and shop machines. Work involves most o f the following:
Planning layout of pipe sections, allowing for location of
bulkheads, machinery, passageways, holes, and obstructions;
cutting and boring holes in bulkheads and decks for installa
tion of pipes; operating shop machines to cut and thread pipe
and pipe fittings, such as valves, traps, and thermostats; pack
ing pipe with sand to avoid contortion of pipe and bends pipe
to specified shape on pipe-bending fixture; bolting or weld
ing pipe brackets to support pipe systems; connecting pipes
to fixtures, such as radiators, laundry, and galley equipment,
pumps, and tanks, using wrench, and soldering joints to seal
connections, using hand torch. May repair, pack, and ad
just valves. May test installed systems for leaks and to in
sure that system meets specifications, using hydrostatic and
other pressure test equipment.
(All-around machinist, custom machinist)
(6813: Machinist)
Fabricates, by a series o f progressive machining opera
tions, complete metal parts, mechanisms, or machines, to
be used as, or part of, the end product o f the establishment.
Work involves most o f the following: Interpreting written in
structions and specifications; planning and laying out work;
using a variety o f machinist’s handtools and precision meas
uring instruments; setting up and operating standard machine
tools; shaping metal parts to close tolerances; making stan
dard shop computations relating to dimensions of work, tool
ing, feeds and speeds o f machinings; knowledge o f the
working properties o f the common metals; selecting stan
dard materials, parts, and equipment needed for his work;
and fitting and assembling parts. In general, the machinist’s
work normally requires a rounded training in machine shop
27
Marine rigger
ing of colors, and the finishes are either standard in character
or prepared by others.
(Outside rigger)
(6177: Rigger)
Sheet-metal worker
(6824: Sheet metal worker)
Installs and repairs rigging and weight-handling gear on
ships and attaches hoists and pulling gear to rigging to lift,
move, and position machinery, equipment, structural parts,
and other heavy loads aboard ships. Work involves most of
the following: Forming slings and towing bridles by loop
ing and splicing cable or by crimping metal sleeve around
cable end and body o f cable; splicing and tying rope to form
nets, ladders, and other rigging; installing hooks, swivels,
and tumbuckles in rigging; reeving lines through blocks and
pulleys; sewing canvas or leather covers on rigging at fric
tion points; selecting and attaching gear, braces, and
cushions, according to weight and distribution of load, avail
ability of hoisting machinery, and presence o f obstacles; sig
nalling workers operating cranes or other equipment to move
load; installing beam clamps, pad eyes, gallows frames, and
other supporting structures for rigging gear; controlling
movement of heavy equipment through narrow blocks, chainfalls, and rollers; laying out lines, snubbing lines on cleats
or bollards, or hauling in lines with capstans; installing or
repairing ship’s rigging, such as mast or antenna rigs, and
winch or windlass rigging; installing masts, booms,
yardarms, and gaffs, working aloft as required; and rigging
and hanging scaffolds and stages that require blocks and
pulleys.
Fabricates, assembles, installs, and repairs sheet-metal
products and equipment, according to job order or blueprints.
Work involves most o f the following: Selecting gauge and
type o f sheet metal according to product being fabricated and
knowledge o f metal; locating and marking dimension and
reference lines o f metal sheet; setting up and operating
fabricating machines, such as shears, brakes, bending rolls,
and punch and drill presses, to cut, bend, and straighten sheet
metal; shaping metal over anvils, blocks, or forms; setting
up and operating soldering and welding equipment to join
together sheet metal parts; smoothing seams, joints, or burred
surfaces, using files and portable grinder or buffer; and in
specting assemblies and installations for conformance with
specifications, using measuring instruments, such a calipers,
scales, and micrometer.
Shipfitter
(6821: Layout worker)
Lays out and fabricates metal structural parts, such as
plates, bulkheads, and frames, and braces them in position
within hull o f ship for riveting or welding. Work involves
most o f the following: Laying out position o f parts on metal,
working from blueprints or templates and using scribe and
handtools; locating and marking reference lines, such as cen
terlines, buttock lines, and frame lines; positioning parts in
hull o f ship, assisted by rigger; aligning parts in relation to
each other, using jacks, tumbuckles, clips, wedges, and
mauls; marking location o f holes to be drilled; and install
ing temporary fasteners to hold part in place for welding or
riveting; installing packing, gaskets, liners, and structural
accessories and members, such as doors, hatches, brackets,
and clips. May prepare molds and templates for fabrication
to nonstandard parts. May tack weld clips and brackets in
place prior to permanent welding. May roll, bend, flange,
cut, and shape plates, beams, and other heavy metal parts,
using shop machinery such as plate rolls, presses, bending
brakes, and joggle machines.
Marine trades helper
(8619: Helper; precision production occupation and setup
operator)
Assists one or more workers in the skilled production
trades on ship, by performing specific or general duties of
lesser skill, such as keeping a worker supplied with materi
als and tools; cleaning work area, machine, and equipment;
assisting journeyman by holding materials or tools; and per
forming other tasks as directed by journeyman. The kind of
work the helper is permitted to perform varies from trade
to trade: In some trades, the helper is confined to supply
ing, lifting, and holding materials and tools, and cleaning
work areas; and in others, is permitted to perform special
ized machine operations, or parts o f a trade that are also per
formed by workers on a full-time basis. Excluded from this
category are helpers who primarly assist maintenance
workers.
Painter
(6442: Painter, construction and maintenance)
Applies paint, varnish, lacquer, or other finishes to sur
faces o f ship, for protective purposes primarily, with brush
or spray gun. Work is repetitive in character, requiring lit
tle or no selection o f color schemes or shading and match
Shipwright
(Ship Carpenter)
(6422: Carpenter)
Constructs or repairs ships, following blueprints or ship’s
plans. Work involves most o f the following: Sighting plot
ting, and marking reference points and lines on building dock
or way to maintain alinement o f vessel during construction
or repair, using transit, plumb bob, tapes, and levels; build
ing keel and bilge blocks, cradles, and shoring for support
ing ships in drydock, using power and hand woodworking
28
tools; positioning and securing blocking and other structures
on dock platform, according to ship’s blueprints; aligning
vessel over blocks; establishing reference points and lines
on ship’s hull for locating machinery and other equipment,
in accordance with ship’s alinement and shape; fabricating
and installing furring pieces, aprons, uprights, and other
wood framing in ship; shaping, finishing, and installing wood
en spars, masts, and cargo booms; trimming wooden frames
and other timbers, using broadax and adz; and spiking or
bolting metal fittings, plates, and bulkheads to wooden parts
o f ship, using brace and bits, augers, mauls, and wrenches,
using broadax and adz; and spiking or bolting metal fittings,
plates, and bulkheads to wooden parts o f ship, using brace
and bits, augers, mauls, and wrenches.
operator, or gas welding machine operator.
Maintenance
Carpenter, maintenance
(6422: Carpenter)
Performs the carpentry duties necessary to construct and
maintain in good repair building woodwork and equipment
such as bins, cribs, counters, benches, partitions, doors,
floors, stairs, casings, and trim made o f wood in an estab
lishment. Work involves most of the following: Planning and
laying out o f work from blueprints, drawings, models, or
verbal instructions; using a variety of carpenter’s handtools,
portable power tools, and standard measuring instruments;
making standard shop computations relating to dimensions
of work; and selecting materials necessary for the work. In
general, the work o f the maintenance carpenter requires
rounded training and experience usually acquired through
a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience.
Welder, hand
(7714: Welder and cutter)
Fuses (welds) metal objects by means o f an oxyacetylene
torch or arc welding apparatus in the fabrication of metal
shapes and in repairing broken or cracked metal objects
aboard ships. In addition to performing hand welding or braz
ing operations, the welder may also lay out guide lines or
marks on metal parts and may cut metal with cutting torch.
Electrician, maintenance
(6432: Electrician)
Performs a variety o f electrical trade functions such as the
installation, maintenance, or repair of equipment for the
generation, distribution, or utilization o f electric energy in
an establishment. Work involves most o f the following: In
stalling or repairing any o f a variety o f electrical equipment
such as generators, transformers, switchboards, controllers,
circuit breakers, motors, heating units, conduit systems, or
other transmission equipment; working from blueprints,
drawings, layouts, or other specifications; locating and di
agnosing trouble in the electrical system or equipment; work
ing standard computations relating to load requirements of
wiring or electrical equipment; and using a variety o f elec
trician’s handtools and measuring and testing instruments.
In general, the work o f the maintenance electrician requires
rounded training and experience usually acquired through
a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience.
Class A. Performs welding operations requiring most o f the
following: Planning and laying out o f work from drawings,
blueprints, or other written specifications; knowledge of
welding properties o f a variety o f metals and alloys; setting
up work and determining operation sequence; welding high
pressure vessels or other objects involving critical safety and
load requirements; and working from a variety o f positions.
Class B. Performs welding operations on repetitive work,
where no critical safety and load requirements are involved;
where the work calls mainly for one position welding; and
where the layout and planning o f the work are performed
by others.
Welder, machine (arc or gas)
(Welding machine operator)
(7332: Welding machine setup operator)
Mechanic (machinery), maintenance
(6178: Millwright)
Operates one or more types o f arc or gas automatic weld
ing machines designed to weld metal joints without manual
manipulation o f the welding electrode or torch. Work in
volves: Clamping work pieces onto machine; positioning
electrode or torch over weld line at specified angle; tread
ing filler wire from reel through feed rolls; filling hopper
with flux; turning control knobs to synchronize movement
o f electrode or torch and feed o f filler wire, and flux with
speed o f welding action; setting limit switch which automat
ically stops machine at end o f weld; and starting machine
and observing welding action. Workers may be designated
according to the type o f equipment used as gas-shielded arc
welding machine operator, submerged arc welding machine
Repairs machinery or mechanical equipment o f an estab
lishment. Work involves most o f the following: Examining
machines and mechanical equipment to diagnose source of
trouble; dismantling or partly dismantling machines and per
forming repairs that mainly involve the use of handtools in
scraping and fitting parts; replacing broken or defective parts
with items obtained from stock; ordering the production of
a replacement part by a machine shop or sending the machine
to a machine shop for major repairs; preparing written
specifications for major repairs or for the production of parts
ordered from machine shops; reassembling machines; and
making all necessary adjustments for operation. In general,
29
the w ork o f a m achinery m aintenance m echan ic requires
Protects property from theft or d am age, or p ersons from
rounded training and exp erien ce usually acquired through
hazards or interferen ce. D u ties in v o lv e servin g at a fixed
p ost, m aking rounds on fo o t o r b y m otor v e h ic le, or esco rt
a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience.
E x c lu d e d
from this classification are w orkers w h o se primary
in g persons or property. M ay b e d eputized to m ake arrests.
duties in v o lv e setting up or adjusting m achines.
M ay a lso h elp v isitors and cu stom ers b y an sw ering q ues
tions and g iv in g d irection s. G uards em p lo y ed by establish
Pipefitter, maintenance
m ents w h ich p rovid e p rotective se rv ices on a contract basis
(645: Plum ber, pipefitter, and steam fitter)
are included in this occup ation.
For w a g e study purposes, guards are cla ssified as follow s:
Installs or repairs w ater, steam , g as, or other types o f pipe
and pipefittings in an establishm ent. W ork in v o lv es m o s t o f
th e f o l l o w i n g :
Guard I
L aying out w ork and m easuring to locate p o
sition o f p ipe from d raw ings or other w ritten sp ecification s;
C arries out in structions prim arily oriented tow ard insur
cutting various siz es o f p ipe to correct lengths w ith ch isel
ing that em erg en cies and secu rity v io la tio n s are readily d is
and ham m er or oxyacetylen e torch or pipe-cutting m achines;
co v ered and reported to appropriate authority. Intervenes
threading p ipe w ith stock s and dies; bending p ip e by handdriven or p ow er-driven m achines; assem b lin g p ip e w ith
d irectly o n ly in situations w h ich require in im al action to
safeguard property or persons. D uties require m inim al train
cou p lin gs and fastening p ip e to hangers; m aking standard
in g. C o m m o n ly , the guard is not required to dem onstrate
shop com putations relating to p ressures, flo w , and siz e o f
physical fitness. M ay b e arm ed, but generally is not required
pipe required; and m aking standard tests to determ ine
to dem onstrate p ro ficien cy in the u se o f firearm s or special
w hether finished p ip es m eet sp ecification s. In gen eral, the
w eap on s.
w ork o f the m aintenance p ipefitter requires rounded train
ing and exp erien ce usually acquired through a form al ap
Guard II
prenticeship or equivalent training and exp erience. W orkers
prim arily engaged in installing and repairing buildin g sani
Enforces regulations design ed to prevent breaches o f secu
tation or heating sy stem s are e x c lu d e d .
rity. E x ercises ju d gm en t and u ses d iscretion in d ealing w ith
em ergencies and security violations encountered. Determ ines
Welder, maintenance
w hether first resp on se should b e to in tervene d irectly (ask
(7714: W elder and cutter)
in g for assistan ce w h en d eem ed n ecessary and tim e a llo w s),
to k eep situation under su rv eilla n ce, or to report situation
F u ses (w eld s) m etal objects by m eans o f the various types
so that it can b e handled by appropriate authority. D uties
o f w eld in g apparatus to repair broken or cracked m etal o b
require specialized training in m ethods and techniques o f pro
jects. W ork requires m o s t o f th e f o llo w in g : Planning and lay
tectin g security areas.
C o m m on ly, the guard is required to dem onstrate continu
ing out o f w ork from d raw in gs, blueprints, or other w ritten
sp ecification s; k n o w led g e o f w eld in g properties o f a varie
ty o f m etals and alloys; w elding high pressure vessels or other
ing p h ysical fitn ess and p ro ficien cy w ith firearm s or other
sp ecial w eap on s.
objects involving critical safety and load requirements; work
ing from a variety o f p osition s.
G u a r d s , n o t c la s s if ia b le b y le v e l
W orkers
Material Movement and Service
in
p osition s
w ith
w ork
ch aracteristics
as
d escrib ed , and w ithin the range o f d efin ed le v e ls , should be
reported under this classification w hen the inform ation need
Crane operator
ed to cla ssify them accord in g to the le v e l d efinition s is not
(8315: Crane and tow er operator)
availab le.
Operates various types o f cranes to h oist, m o v e, and p lace
Janitor, porter, or cleaner
m aterials, m ach in es, and products about a shipyard.
F or w a g e study p u rposes, crane operators are cla ssified
(5244: Janitor and cleaner)
by type o f crane as follow s:
C lean s and k eep s in an ord erly con d ition factory w orking
E le c t r ic b r id g e (tr a v e lin g ) c r a n e
areas and w a sh ro o m s, o r p rem ises o f an o ffic e , apartment
G a n try c ra n e
h ou se, or com m ercial or other establishm ent. D uties in volve
S w eeping, m opping or scrub
M o b ile (tr u c k ) c r a n e
a c o m b in a tio n o f th e f o llo w in g :
O t h e r ( in c lu d in g c o m b in a tio n o f ty p e s )
b in g , and p o lish in g floors; rem ovin g ch ip s, trash, and other
refuse; dusting equ ipm en t, furniture, or fixtures; p olish ing
Guard
m etal fixtures or trim m ings; p rovid in g su p p lies and m inor
(5144: Guard and p o lic e , ex cep t p ublic serv ice)
m aintenance services; and clean ing lavatories, sh ow ers, and
30
restroom s. W orkers w h o sp ecia lize in w in d ow w ashing are
m ents, or b etw een retail establishm ents and cu stom ers’
e x c lu d e d .
h ou ses or p laces o f b usin ess. M ay also load or unload truck
with or without helpers, m ake m inor m echanical repairs, and
Power-truck operator
(8318: Industrial truck and tractor equipm ent operator)
keep truck in g ood w orking order. Salesroute and over-theroad drivers are e x c lu d e d .
O perates a m anually con trolled ga so lin e- or electric-
type and rated capacity o f truck, as follow s:
F or w a g e study p urposes, truckdrivers are classified by
p ow ered truck or tractor to transport g o o d s and m aterials
o f all kinds about a w arehouse, manufacturing plant, or other
establishm ent.
For w a g e study p urposes, w orkers are cla ssified by type
T r u c k d r iv e r , lig h t tr u c k
o f pow ertruck, as follow s:
T r u c k d r iv e r , m e d iu m tr u c k
(s tr a ig h t tr u c k , u n d e r 1 1 / 2 to n s , u s u a lly 4 w h e e ls )
(s tr a ig h t tru c k , 1 1 / 2 to 4 ton s in c lu s iv e , u s u a lly 6 w h e e ls )
T r u c k d r iv e r , h e a v y tr u c k
F o r k lift o p e ra to r
(s tr a ig h t t r u c k , o v e r 4 to n s , u s u a lly 1 0 w h e e ls )
P o w e r - t r u c k o p e r a t o r (o th e r th a n f o r k l i f t )
T r u c k d r iv e r , t r a c t o r - t r a i l e r
Truckdriver
T r u c k d r iv e r s n o t c la s s ifia b le b y c a te g o r y
(8213: Truckdriver, h eavy)
Truckdrivers in p ositions w ith w ork characteristics as
d escribed should b e reported under this category w hen the
D rives a truck w ithin a city or industrial area to transport
materials, m erchandise, equipm ent, or w orkers b etw een var
inform ation needed to cla ssify them according to category
iou s types o f establishm ents such as: M anufacturing plants,
is not availab le or they are not assigned to a particular
category o f truck.
freight depots, w areh ou ses, w h o lesa le and retail estab lish
31
In d u stry W a g e S u rv e y B ulletins
The m ost recent reports providing occupational w age data
for industries currently included in the Bureau’s program o f
Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard M ills, 1982.
BLS Bulletin 2 1 8 0 . Out o f print.
industry w age surveys are listed b elow . Bulletins still in print
Shipbuilding and R epairing, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2295.
are for sale from the Superintendent o f D ocu m ents, U .S .
Structural Clay Products, 1986.
G overnm ent Printing O ffice, W ashington, D .C . 2 0 4 0 2 , or
from the Bureau o f Labor S tatistics, Publications S ales
C enter, P .O . Box 2 1 4 5 , C h icago, 111. 6 0 6 9 0 . Order by title
bls
Bulletin 2 2 8 8 . $ 3 .2 5
GPO Stock N o. 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -0 2 9 3 3 -1
Synthetic F ibers, 1985.
gpo
bls
Bulletin 2 2 6 8 . $ 1 .5 0
Stock N o. 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -0 2 9 0 4 -7
and GPO Stock N um ber. B ulletins marked with an asterisk
Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1985. BLS Bulletin 2260. $3.25*
(*) are available on ly from the C hicago address. Bulletins
T extile M ills, 1985, BLS Bulletin 2 2 6 5 . $ 5 .5 0
that are out o f print are available for reference at leading
GPO Stock N o. 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -0 2 9 2 0 -9
W om en’s and M isses’ D resses, 1982. BLS Bulletin 2187. Out
public, co lle g e , or university libraries or at the Bureau’s
o f print.
W ashington or regional o ffic es.
W ood H ousehold Furniture, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2 283. $ 5 .5 0
Manufacturing
B asic Iron and S teel, 1983.
bls
GPO Stock N o. 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -0 2 9 3 1 -4
Bulletin 2 2 2 1 . $ 2 .2 5 *
Nonmanufacturing
C igarette M anufacturing, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2 2 7 6 . $ 1 .2 5
GPO Stock N o . 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -0 2 9 2 8 -4
Corrugated and Solid Fiber B oxes, 1981. BLS Bulletin 2 138.
Out o f print.
Grain M ill Products, 1982. BLS Bulletin 2 2 0 7 . $3*
H osiery M anufacturing, 1981. BLS Bulletin 2 1 5 1 . Out o f
print.
bls
Bulletin 2 2 8 7 . $ 2 .2 5
GPO Stock N o . 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -0 2 9 3 4 -9
Iron and Steel F oundries, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2 2 9 1 .
M achinery M anufacturing, 1983. BLS Bulletin 2 229. $ 3 .5 0 *
bls
Bulletin 2 2 4 7 . $6*
M en ’s and B o y s’ Shirts and N igh tw ear, 1984.
BLS Bulletin 2 2 3 2 . $ 2 .5 0 *
M en ’s and B o y s’ Suits and C oats, 1984.
BLS Bulletin 2 2 3 0 . $ 2 .2 5 *
M en’s and W om en’s Footwear, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2291. $3.50
GPO Stock N o . 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -0 2 9 3 8 -1
M illw ork , 1984. BLS B ulletin 2 2 4 4 . $2*
M iscellan eou s P lastics Products, 1979. BLS Bulletin 2 1 0 3 .
Out o f print.
Petroleum R efin in g, 1985. BLS Bulletin 2 2 5 5 . $ 2 .2 5 *
Pressed or B low n G lass and G lassw are, 1986.
Bulletin 2 2 8 6 . $3.
print.
C ertificated A ir C arriers, 1984. BLS Bulletin 2 2 4 1 . $2*
Com puter and Data P rocessing S erv ices, 1982.
BLS Bulletin 2 1 8 4 . $2*
Contract C leaning S erv ices, 1981. BLS Bulletin 2 1 5 2 . Out
o f print.
D epartm ent S tores, 1981. b l s Bulletin 2 1 4 7 . Out o f print.
Electric and Gas U tilities, 1982. BLS Bulletin 2 2 1 8 . $ 4 .7 5 *
H osp itals, 1985. BLS Bulletin 2 2 7 3 . $12
gpo
Stock N o . 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -0 2 9 1 9 -5
H otels and M otels, 1983. b l s Bulletin 2 2 2 7 . $ 3 .2 5 *
Life and Health Insurance Carriers, 1986. b l s Bulletin 2293.
M etal M inin g, 1977. BLS B ulletin 2 0 1 7 . Out o f print.
N ursing and Personal Care F acilities, 1985.
M otor V eh icles and Parts, 1983. BLS Bulletin 2 2 2 3 . $ 4 .7 5 *
bls
GPO Stock N o. 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -0 2 9 1 3 -6
Bitum inous C oal M inin g, 1982. BLS Bulletin 2 1 8 5 . Out o f
Industrial C hem icals, 1986.
M eat Products, 1984.
A ppliance Repair Shop s, 1981. BLS Bulletin 2 1 7 7 . $1*
Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1982. BLS Bulletin 21 98. $ 2.25*
Banking, 1985. b l s Bulletin 2 2 6 9 . $4
gpo
Stock N o . 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -0 2 9 3 5 -7
BLS Bulletin 2 2 7 5 . $5
GPO Stock N o . 0 2 9 -0 0 1 -0 2 9 2 1 -7
O il and G as E xtraction, 1982.
bls
Bulletin 2 1 9 3 . $3*
Employee Benefits
in Medium and Large
Firms, 1986
Employee Benefits in Medium
and Large Firms, 1986
U S Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor S ta tistics
Ju n e 1987
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Bulletin 2281
The Bureau of Labor Statistics issues its 1986
bulletin on employee benefits in medium and
large firms. This survey is the eighth in the
series.
Data available
• Incidence and detailed characteristics of 14
private sector employee benefits paid for at
least in part by the employer: Lunch and rest
periods; holidays, vacations, and personal,
funeral, jury-duty, military, and sick leave;
sickness and accident, long-term disability,
health, and life insurance; and private
retirement/capital accumulation plans. Included
in the retirement data is information on defined
benefit plans, such as benefit formulas and
pension replacement rates, and on defined
contribution plans, such as salary reduction or
401 (k) plans.
• Incidence and provisions of flexible
benefits plans and reimbursement accounts are
included for the first time in 1986.
Source of data
• Sample of about 1,500 establishments in a
cross-section of the Nation’s private industries;
primarily by personal interview.
Coverage
Uses
• Major benefits in medium and large firms,
nationwide.
• Minimum employment in establishments
covered is generally 100 or 250 employees,
depending on the industry.
• Union contract negotiations.
• Conciliation and arbitration in public and
private sectors.
• Development of legislation affecting the
welfare of workers.
Publications are available
from the
Superintendent
of Documents,
U.S. Government
Printing Office,
Washington, D C. 20402,
or the Bureau of
Labor Statistics,
Publications Sales Center
P.O. Box 2145
Chicago, III. 60690
Order form
Please s e n d _______________ copies of Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms, 1986,
Bulletin 2281, Stock No. 029-001 -02927-6, at $5 each, for a total of $ ______________________
.
□
Enclosed is a check or money order payable to Superintendent of Documents.
□
Charge to GPO Deposit Account No _____________________ Order No. _____________________
□
Credit Card Orders— MasterCard^ or Visa □
Credit Card N o ._________________
Total charges $ -----------
Expiration Date
M onth/Year___________________
Name
*11.S. Government Printing Office
: 1988
202-109/84906
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Regional Offices
Region i
Kennedy Federal Building
Suite 1603
Boston, MA 02203
Phone: (617) 565-2327
Region IV
1371 Peachtree Street, N.W.
Atlanta, GA 30367
Phone: (404)347-4418
Regions VII and VIII
911 Walnut Street
Kansas City, MO 64106
Phone: (816) 374-2481
Region il
Room 808
201 Varick Street
New York, NY 10014
Phone: (212) 337-2400
Region V
9th Floor
Federal Office Building
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60604
Phone: (312) 353-1880
Regions IX and X
71 Stevenson Street
P.O. Box 3766
San Francisco, CA 94119
Phone: (415) 995-5605
Region III
3535 Market Street
P.O. Box 13309
Philadelphia, PA 19101
Phone: (215) 596-1154
Region VI
Federal Building
525 Griffin Street, Room 221
Dallas, TX 75202
Phone: (214) 767-6971
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Washington, D.C. 20212
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use, $300
Postage and Fees Paid
U.S. Department of Labor
Lab-441
@FedFRASER