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Jl 2.3/3:P 44 Induauy wage Survey: Petroleum Refining, September 1988 U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics November 1989 Bulletin 2343 600010055 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis e0 013 P Georgia tech library JAN 0 8 1990 GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS DEPOSITORY COLLECTION Industry Wage Survey Petroleum Refining, September 1988 U.S. Department of Labor Elizabeth Dole, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner November 1989 Bulletin 2343 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis For sale by Superintendent or Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 ffiTToL Preface This bulletin summarizes the results of a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of occupational earnings and employee benefits in the petroleum refining industry in September 1988. A similar survey was conducted in June 1985. Separate releases were issued earlier for eight regions of industry concentration. (See tables 8-15 for these data.) Copies of these reports are available from the Bureau or any of its regional offices. The study was conducted in the Bureau’s Office of Com pensation and Working Conditions. Jonathan W. Kelinson of the Division of Occupational Pay and Employee Benefit Levels analyzed the survey findings and Maggie L. Williams https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis of the same division prepared the tabulations. The Bureau’s field representatives obtained the data through personal visits to a probability-based sample of establishments within the scope of the survey. Fieldwork for the survey was directed by the Bureau’s Assistant Regional Commissioners for Operations. Other industry wage survey reports are listed at the end of this bulletin, along with information on how to obtain copies. Material in this publication is in the public domain, and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Contents Page Earnings ......................................................................................................................................................... Benefits........................................................................................................................................................... Industry characteristics ............................................................................................................................... 1 2 2 Tables: Average hourly earnings: 1. By selected characteristics .......................................................................................................... 4 Earnings distributions: 2. All establishments......................................................................................................................... 5 Occupational averages: 3. All establishments......................................................................................................................... 7 4. By type of area............................................................................................................................. 10 5. By size of establishment............................................................................................................... 16 6. By labor-management contractcoverage..................................................................................... 22 Occupational earnings distributions: 7. United States .................................................................................................................................. 8. East Coast ...................................................................................................................................... 9. Western Pennsylvania-WestVirginia........................................................................................... 10. Midwest I........................................................................................................................... 11. Midwest II...................................................................................................................................... 12. Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast........................................................................................................ 13. Texas Inland-North Louisiana-Arkansas ................................................................................... 14. Rocky Mountain............................................................................................................................. 15. West Coast...................................................................................................................................... Establishment practices and employee benefits: 16. Method of wage payment............................................................................................................ 17. Scheduled weekly hours............................................................................................................... 18. Shift differential practices............................................................................................................ 19. Paid holidays.................................................................................................................................. 20. Paid vacations ................................................................................................................................ 21. Health, insurance, and retirementplans ..................................................................................... 22. Health plan participation............................................................................................................... 23. Other selected benefits ................................................................................................................. 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 38 39 39 40 42 43 44 Appendixes: A. Scope and method of survey........................................................................................................ 45 B. Occupational descriptions............................................................................................................... 49 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis v Petroleum Refining September 1988 Earnings hour5—about double the 8-percent rise in output per employee hour reported for all manufacturing industries combined.6 Wage rates reported for September 1988 are straight-time hourly earnings, incorporating the general wage-change pro visions of collective bargaining agreements negotiated in 1986 and 1988. Lump-sum payments to workers that were part of these settlements are not included in the straight-time earnings reported. The terms of the pattern-setting 1986 agreement between the American Oil Co. and the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union (OCAW) included a $1,000 lump-sum payment in April and a 2-percent increase in hourly pay effective January 1987. The 1988 prototype accord between ocaw and eight refiners pro vided a lump-sum payment of $900 plus an across-the-board increase of 30 cents per hour in February. Also in the con tract, but not reported in the survey data for September 1988, is a 3-percent wage increase effective February 1989. Twenty-seven occupations, accounting for about four-fifths of the production work force, were selected to represent the wage structure and skill range of production workers in refineries (tables 3 and 7). Among these jobs, average hourly earnings ranged from $11.72 for janitors to $16.09 for chief operators of stills. Assistant operators, who collaborate with chief operators to maintain stills, constituted the largest oc cupational group; the 10,425 incumbents averaged $15.08 an hour. Regional pay levels varied little, falling within 3 percent of the national average for six of the eight regions studied separately. Average pay in the Texas Inland-North LouisianaArkansas region was 6 percent less than the U.S. average, while in Western Pennsylvania-West Virginia, average pay was 10 percent below the nationwide level. Industrywide pay averages also varied little according to such factors as community or establishment size and union status (table 1). For example, the pay of workers in metropolitan areas and of those employed in larger refineries (those with at least 250 workers) was about 5 percent above that of their counterparts in nonmetropolitan areas or smaller facilities. Average hourly pay in establishments where a ma jority of the workers were covered by labor-management agreements was 2 percent above the average for workers in Straight-time hourly earnings of the 43,958 production and related workers in the Nation’s petroleum refineries averaged $14.89 an hour in September 1988 (table l).1 Nearly fourfifths of these workers, mostly men, earned between $14 and $16 an hour (table 2). The prevalence of single-rate pay struc tures (which covered four-fifths of the industry’s work force), the high degree of unionization (about nine-tenths of the work force), and the use of highly sophisticated machinery (which limits the skill range of the workers) all contributed to this concentrated earnings range. The industry’s index of wage dispersion, a statistical measure of such variation, was 6, one of the lowest found in industries included in the Bureau’s industry wage survey program.2 Average pay in refineries increased 5 percent since June 1985, the last time a similar survey was conducted.3 This compares with a 12-percent rise in the wage and salary com ponent of the Bureau’s Employment Cost Index for all non durable goods manufacturing industries over the same 39-month period. Concurrently, refinery employment fell 14 percent, a drop of 7,245 workers. These trends reflect, in part, the oversupply of oil in world markets, the declining price of oil, and changes in collec tive bargaining agreements negotiated by the industry’s domi nant labor union — the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union, an afl-cio affiliate.4 Despite plant clos ings and a 3-percent reduction in average refinery employ ment, industry output increased 7 percent from 1985 to 1987, the latest year for which data are available. These changes translate into a 16-percent increase in output per employee 1 Earnings data exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. See appendix A for the scope and method of the survey, for definitions of terms used in this report, and for defini tions of regions surveyed. This survey excluded establishments employing fewer than 100 workers. See appendix B for occupational descriptions. 2 The index of wage dispersion is calculated for an industry by dividing the difference between the first and third quartiles of the earnings distribu tion by the median (second quartile), then multiplying by 100. For a discus sion of pay dispersion by industry and the relative ranking of industries by level of dispersion, see Carl Barsky and Martin E. Personick, “Measuring Wage Dispersion: Pay Ranges Reflect Industry Traits,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1981, pp. 35-41. 3 See Industry Wage Survey: Petroleum Refining, June 1985, Bulletin 2255, for an account of the earlier survey. 4 For an analysis of the collective bargaining issues and an account of the terms of the final 1986 and 1988 agreements, see the following issues of the bls periodical Current Wage Developments'. February 1986, p. 1; March 1986, pp. 6-7; and March 1988, pp. 39-40. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 For detailed data on industry productivity, see Productivity Measures for Selected Industries and Government Services, Bulletin 2322 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1989), p. 79. 6 Monthly Labor Review, September 1989, p. 98. 1 refineries where union contracts covered none or a minority of the workers. Similar patterns were also observed when comparisons were limited to specific occupations (tables 4, 5, and 6). Hourly averages for individual occupations were typical ly highest in the East Coast and lowest in the Western Pennsylvania-West Virginia and Texas Inland-North Louisiana-Arkansas regions (tables 8-15). Coincidentally, during the 1985-88 period, the Texas Inland-North Louisiana-Arkansas region recorded the largest advance in earnings (10 percent) and the smallest employment decline (1 percent) among the eight regions. In the remaining seven regions, average hourly pay rose between 4 and 7 percent from June 1985 to September 1988, while employment fell between 11 and 21 percent. eligibility, was studied for the first time in this industry in 1988 (table 22). Among the six health plans studied, dental care and alcohol and drug abuse treatment plans had the highest participation rates, typically at least seven-eighths of each region’s work force. Participation in hospitalization, surgical, and medical plans constituted about four-fifths of the nationwide employment, while one-fifth opted for HMO membership. About one-fourth of the workers participated in plans providing vision and hearing care coverage. All production workers were in refineries providing at least partial pay for time off to attend the funeral of specified fami ly members or to serve on a jury (table 23). Technological severance pay, providing payments to workers permanently separated from work through no fault of their own, applied to about three-fourths of the workers nationally, but covered as few as one-third of the workers in the East Coast region. Formal provisions for automatic wage adjustments due to changes in the cost of living were reported in only one region; these plans, tied to changes in the BLS Consumer Price In dex, covered nearly one-fifth of the workers in the TexasLouisiana Gulf Coast region. Refineries employing about seven-eighths of the workers provided thrift or savings plans to which the employer made contributions beyond administrative costs. Nearly nine-tenths of the workers were in establishments which provided pro tective garments, or a monetary allowance for them, to pro duction workers required to wear such clothing. Benefits Paid holiday provisions, typically 10 days annually, ap plied to all production workers in the industry (table 19). About three-tenths of those in the East Coast and Western Pennsylvania-West Virginia regions received 11 holidays. All refineries studied also provided paid vacations to their production workers after qualifying periods of service (table 20) . Typically, workers received 2 weeks of vacation pay after 1 year of service, 3 weeks after 5 years, 4 weeks after 10 years, 5 weeks after 20 years, and 6 weeks after 30 or more years of service. All production workers were in refineries providing at least part of the cost of life insurance as well as sickness and ac cident insurance or sick leave, typically in the form of sick leave plans providing full pay with no waiting period (table 21) . About four-fifths of the life insurance plans were pro vided entirely at the employer’s expense. At least two-fifths of the workers in each region were protected from lost in come due to long-term disability; nationwide, coverage was just under three-fifths. Hospitalization, surgical, and medical insurance plans, usually jointly paid by employers and employees, were of fered to all workers in seven regions, with nearly all workers in the West Coast region provided coverage. Membership in a health maintenance organization (hmo) was available to three-fifths of the workers nationwide. However, health care coverage through HMO’s varied considerably by region—from seven-eighths in Midwest I to no workers in Western Pennsylvania-West Virginia. Dental insurance plans and programs for treating alcohol and drug abuse were ex tended to nearly all production workers. Regionally, dental care covered at least nine-tenths of the workers in seven regions, and about seven-eighths in Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia. Alcohol and drug abuse treatment coverage varied by region—from all workers in four regions to about seven-tenths in Western Pennsylvania-West Virginia. Vision care and hearing care programs covered one-third and just over one-fourth of the workers, respectively. Health plan participation by employees, as opposed to https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Industry characteristics Petroleum refineries are engaged primarily in producing gasoline, kerosene, distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, lubricants, and other products from crude petroleum and its fractionation products. Petroleum is refined through the straight distillation of crude oil or the redistillation of un finished petroleum derivatives, by cracking, or by other processes. Of the nearly 44,000 production and related workers surveyed in September 1988, nearly all were employed by refineries primarily producing gasoline. About 5 percent were in refineries which principally yielded distillate fuel oil, lubricants, or other products. In Western Pennsylvania-West Virginia, however, lubricating oil was the principal output. Nearly one-half of the Nation’s refinery workers were in facilities which also processed petrochemicals (chemical products derived from hydrocarbon sources such as petroleum and natural gas). The 126 refineries within the scope of the survey (those with at least 100 workers) employed 43,958 production workers in September 1988. Two-fifths of this industry’s work force, encompassing about one-fourth of the refineries, were in the Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast region. The West Coast and Midwest I regions, each with about 15 percent of the workers, constituted the next largest centers of industry concentration. None of the remaining five regions accounted for as much as one-tenth of the total. 2 to be trained in one or more additional maintenance trades, e.g., an electrician who becomes a trained pipefitter. Formal time-rated pay plans, typically single rates for specific occupations, applied to all refinery workers in seven regions (table 16). Nationally, range-of-rate pay plans, usual ly based on length of employee service, covered one-fifth of the production workers. In Texas Inland-North LouisianaArkansas, incentive pay plans which based employee com pensation on individual piecework covered nearly one-tenth of the workers. Refineries employing three-fourths of the production workers operated on fixed day-shift work schedules of 40 hours a week (table 17). Most of the remaining workers were on cyclical work schedules, often working one or more 48-hour weeks during a usual cycle. Nearly one-half of the industry’s work force was employed on rotating shifts in September 1988 (table 18). Employees on rotating shifts usually work day, evening, and night shifts on successive weeks. All workers on evening or night rotating shifts received a premium above fixed day-shift rates, typically 50 cents and $1 per hour for evening- and nightshift work, respectively. Five-sixths of the nationwide work force was located in metropolitan areas. Virtually all of the workers in the TexasLouisiana Gulf Coast region were in metropolitan areas, compared to about one-fourth in Western Pennsylvania-West Virginia. Refineries with at least 250 workers employed seveneighths of the work force, nationwide; however, none of the refineries in the Rocky Mountain region employed as many as 250 workers. On average, refineries in the TexasLouisiana Gulf Coast region employed just over 600 workers in June 1988 compared with about 125 workers in the typical Rocky Mountain facility. Average employment per facility declined 3 percent, nationally, since June 1985, but increased 8 percent in the Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast region and 16 percent in the Texas Inland-North Louisiana-Arkansas region. Skilled maintenance workers, e.g., carpenters, electricians, and mechanics, accounted for about three-tenths of the pro duction work force. Slightly over one-half of the produc tion workers were in establishments with maintenance craft consolidation plans, which combine two or more crafts into a single job classification (table 23). Most plans call for workers who have attained journeyman status in one craft https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3 Table 1. Average hourly earnings: By selected characteristics (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings,’ in petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions United States East Coast Characteristic Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Midwest I Midwest II Texas-Louisiana Texas InlandNorth Louisiana- Rocky Mountain Gulf Coast Arkansas West Coast Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn ings ings ings ings ings ings ings ings ings All production workers.......................... 43,958 $14.89 Men ................................................... Women............................................... “ Type of area: Metropolitan area3.............................. 36,324 15.02 Nonmetropolitan area ........................ 7,634 14.29 3,361 $15.16 - - 2,927 15.20 - 1,438 $13.42 1,398 13.43 40 12.88 - 1,049 - 6,735 $15.00 5,383 14.93 " - 3,641 $14.40 3,430 14.40 211 14.33 17,727 $15.24 6,169 1,537 2,104 13.32 15.01 - 2,586 $13.99 2,191 14.00 - _ _ - - 14.54 14.29 17,425 - 15.26 - 922 1,664 13.81 14.08 Size of establishment: 100-249 workers................................. 6,044 250 workers or more ......................... 37,914 14.29 14.98 3,221 15.22 835 13.61 6,248 15.05 1,280 2,361 14.34 14.43 889 16,838 14.81 15.26 2,020 14.11 Labor-management contract coverage: Establishments with— Majority of workers covered............... 39,225 None or minority of workers covered .. 4,733 14.92 14.64 3,108 — 15.14 “ 1,438 13.42 5,603 1,132 14.96 15.22 3,117 14.40 15,911 1,816 15.30 14.67 2,175 14.04 - - - - “ - ~ _ ' Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 For definitions of regions, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 1. 3 Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis _ _ “ _ 1,363 $14.80 1,289 14.84 74 14.05 7,107 $14.68 _ _ - 14.65 660 703 14.91 14.70 6,295 1,363 - 14.80 - 6,391 14.74 1,150 14.92 - 6,723 14.72 _ . _ through October 1984. NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Table 2. Earnings distribution: All establishments (Percent distribution of production workers by straight-time hourly earnings,’ petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Midwest I Midwest II TexasLouisiana Gulf Coast Texas InlandNorth LouisianaArkansas Rocky Mountain West Coast Hourly earnings United States East Coast Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Average (mean) hourly earnings3...... 43,958 $14.89 15.25 3,361 $15.16 15.60 1,438 $13.42 13.65 6,735 $15.00 15.24 3,641 $14.40 14.91 17,727 $15.24 15.30 2,586 $13.99 14.32 1,363 $14.80 15.13 7,107 $14.68 15.31 14.58 15.46 15.20 15.86 13.24 14.02 14.61 15.50 14.08 15.10 15.17 15.49 13.33 14.93 14.69 15.32 14.74 15.44 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Under $9.00...................................... .7 3.4 1.6 1.8 .1 1.5 .7 .7 1.5 .1 .8 $9.75 and under $10.00................... .1 .6 .1 .2 Middle range:3 .2 .4 .3 .1 .3 .3 .6 .4 $12 75 and under $13.00................. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .6 .3 .6 .7 _ .6 _ .4 .2 .5 _ (‘) 0 _ 1.6 0 3.1 .3 - _ _ 3.5 .1 2.8 .5 2.0 .4 .8 .9 .1 .3 .3 .1 .2 .5 .1 (4) 1.0 1.0 .1 4.3 .7 .3 .7 .9 .4 .6 .5 1.1 .5 .2 .6 .1 1.3 5.3 1.2 .1 .5 .3 .2 1.0 .3 1.1 .5 O .2 .8 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .1 .3 .4 .1 .1 .1 .2 .1 .2 .5 .5 .6 .3 .4 1.9 .4 .1 2.3 _ _ _ .4 .2 .9 .3 .2 .7 .2 .6 .4 . - _ _ . .1 .5 .2 0 .2 .2 .1 .3 .4 0 - O 1.3 1.7 1.8 3.9 .4 0 1.3 .6 11.2 11.1 19.0 18.4 0 2.8 .7 1.4 1.0 1.3 2.3 7.9 1.0 .5 1.1 3.9 3.8 6.8 2.4 8.2 .4 1.0 1.5 .7 .8 1.0 1.0 1.6 3.4 4.7 4.4 5.7 .1 1.7 2.9 3.7 10.4 8.2 3.0 2.4 4.1 10.1 2.8 3.8 9.3 10.3 7.7 14.9 .9 1.6 3.0 2.4 11.0 8.5 12.7 5.6 7.2 1.7 7.4 19.4 2.4 4.2 5.1 10.0 Table 2. Earnings distribution: All establishments—Continued (Percent distribution of production workers by straight-time hourly earnings,' petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Hourly earnings United States East Coast $15.00 and $15.25 and $15.50 and $15.75 and under $15.25................. under $15.50................. under $15.75................. under $16.00................. 16.6 27.6 8.6 6.9 12.0 9.7 24.1 20.0 $16.00 $16.25 $16.50 $16.75 and and and and under $16.25................. under $16.50................. under $16.75................. under $17.00................. 3.0 2.8 .2 .2 4.7 8.9 $17.00 $17.25 $17.50 $17.75 and and and and under under under under $17.25................. $17.50................. $17.75................. $18.00................. $18.00 and over................................ f) .1 .1 - 3.1 _ - - 0 .2 .4 - Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia 0.8 .6 20.7 23.5 8.5 5.9 3.4 7.5 _ - _ - _ - _ _ (4) - Midwest II TexasLouisiana Gulf Coast 25.7 6.8 3.0 .8 19.0 40.8 9.2 7.8 .1 3.7 .8 .1 _ _ 0 (4) Texas InlandNorth LouisianaArkansas Rocky Mountain ”16.4 18.1 12.4 .8 9.3 34.0 4.9 7.0 1.5 4.3 2.7 4.0 2.1 .4 _ _ - _ _ _ _ .2 .1 - West Coast 11.9 3.6 5.7 1.7 o n .1 .4 _ 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 For definitions of regions, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 1. 3 See appendix A for definitions and methods used to compute means, medians, and middle ranges. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Midwest I 0 1.0 _ _ _ - .1 .1 - .1 .2 - 4 Less than 0.05 percent, NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate that no data were reported, Table 3. Occupational averages: All establishments (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings’ in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions United States East Coast Department, occupation, and sex Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Midwest I Midwest II Texas InlandTexas-Louisiana North Louisiana- Rocky Mountain Gulf Coast Arkansas West Coast Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age hourly hourly hourly hourly of hourly of of hourly of hourly of of hourly of of hourly of workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn ings ings ings ings ings ings ings ings ings Maintenance Boilermakers......................................... Men ................................................... Carpenters............................................ Men .................................................... Electricians........................................... Men .................................................... Helpers, maintenance trades................ Men .................................................... Instrument repairers.............................. Men................................................... Women............................................... Machinists ............................................ Men ................................................... Mechanics, general............................... Men ................................................... Women............................................... Mechanics, machinery.......................... Men ................................................... Mechanics, motor vehicle..................... Men ................................................... Pipefitters ............................................. Men ................................................... Women............................................... Welders, hand....................................... Men .................................................... 546 $15.35 355 15.19 1,103 15.36 594 13.62 1,283 15.36 1,564 15.34 4,829 15.28 4,111 15.22 909 15.16 121 14.82 1,494 15.17 716 15.20 - 33 $15.52 36 15.52 15.57 121 130 15.69 224 15.50 199 15.72 15.72 199 15.31 12 12 15.31 101 15.55 102 15.56 - - - - 10 10 24 24 17 17 9 9 59 59 29 29 41 41 31 31 $13.28 13.28 13.76 13.76 13.74 13.74 13.86 13.86 13.77 13.77 13.25 13.25 13.85 13.85 13.65 13.65 - 57 56 123 30 28 157 139 199 164 937 832 41 41 359 348 11 79 69 $15.10 15.09 15.33 14.05 14.05 15.24 15.23 15.41 15.25 15.30 15.25 14.27 14.27 15.07 15.07 14.99 15.06 15.02 14.01 14.01 14.22 14.22 13.47 13.47 13.71 10.72 10.72 1,712 594 95 71 24 313 272 41 15.27 16.01 14.69 14.61 14.93 12.55 12.52 12.70 28 $14.92 28 14.92 20 14.81 20 14.81 53 14.92 53 14.92 78 15.13 77 15.14 51 14.91 49 14.91 377 14.82 373 14.82 91 14.90 88 14.89 102 14.80 97 14.80 68 15.07 66 15.07 231 $15.27 123 15.27 483 15.47 433 13.87 589 15.47 621 15.32 2,498 15.40 398 15.24 476 15.30 231 15,32 - 16 $14.80 14 14.79 70 14.75 70 14.75 63 14.62 57 14.67 6 14.13 64 14.08 64 14.08 141 14.88 8 14.61 7 14.81 67 14.27 62 14.29 57 14.71 57 14.71 - - 15 15 31 31 - 41 41 311 303 8 - $15.31 15.31 15.20 15.20 15.22 15.22 15.01 15.01 15.19 “ 92 $15.35 83 15.35 214 15.52 36 11.25 218 15.40 183 15.39 397 15.38 384 15.34 13 15.36 13 15.36 331 15.41 148 15.40 - Processing Assistant operators............................... 10,425 Men ................................................... Women............................................... Chief operators..................................... 5,142 Men .................................................... _ Chief operator’s helpers........................ 1,664 Men ................................................... 1,355 Women............................................... Compounders3...................................... 133 715 Laborers............................................... Men .................................................... 618 Women............................................... “ See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 15.08 16.09 _ 14.12 14.11 14.88 12.26 12.31 755 480 - 15.58 16.30 - 36 36 173 168 114 113 32 27 27 1,161 1,086 75 287 286 22 76 69 14.59 14.57 14.89 15.23 15.23 15.20 12.30 12.37 4,123 2,333 575 - - - 15.19 16.49 14.48 33 15.58 “ 555 449 292 253 141 126 170 156 14 14.43 14.41 15.51 15.50 12.83 12.95 11.79 11.83 11.39 330 311 19 233 229 56 50 24 21 “ 14.80 14.79 15.09 15.75 15.75 13.48 13.73 10.56 10.79 “ 1,753 750 376 320 34 - 15.00 15.83 13.87 13.92 11.99 ~ Table 3. Occupational averages: All establishments—Continued (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings' in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions United States East Coast Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Midwest I Texas InlandTexas-Louisiana North Louisiana- Rocky Mountain Gulf Coast Arkansas Midwest II West Coast Department, occupation, and sex Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age hourly hourly of of of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn ings ings ings ings ings ings ings ings ings Loaders, tank cars or trucks................. Men ................................................... Women............................................... Package fillers, machine....................... Men ................................................... Pumpers ............................................... Men ................................................... Pumper’s helpers ................................. Men ................................................... Treaters, oils......................................... Men ................................................... Women............................................... 369 $14.27 326 14.42 39 13.13 81 14.05 72 13.99 994 15.01 790 15.01 401 14.54 326 14.56 131 14.35 124 14.31 7 14.91 96 $15.31 94 15.30 15.11 355 - 83 $12.90 56 13.19 _ _ 66 14.20 47 14.11 19 14.13 14.13 19 - 14.36 14.33 14.43 763 - 15.03 - 123 78 - 14.10 14.00 59 40 19 14.10 14.01 14.31 153 - 13.90 - 34 33 13.92 13.92 153 15.06 - 48 47 14.00 13.99 8 7 12.61 12.93 66 64 14.37 14.36 19 19 13.82 13.82 - _ _ - - 54 54 - - - 12.80 12.80 - _ 59 $15.90 55 15.91 - 14 $13.53 14 13.53 43 13.70 41 13.69 44 13.74 42 13.73 - 40 $14.84 37 14.88 143 15.37 119 15.22 70 14.54 70 14.54 - 194 ~ 15.15 - _ - _ - 239 162 14.63 14.65 * 156 114 42 52 - 14.88 " 14 14 13.67 13.67 82 67 14.52 14.48 _ _ - - 33 33 13.24 13.24 - 14.47 - - - 121 - - - “ _ - 90 $14.05 80 13.99 116 14.69 112 14.69 24 13.76 24 13.76 44 13.48 41 13.40 " 8 $14.09 8 14.09 _ 39 15.37 38 15.39 - 38 $14.93 37 14.96 _ _ _ _ 172 14.98 91 15.16 141 14.51 - inspecting and testing Routine testers, laboratory.................... Men................................................... Women............................................... 1,741 - 14.68 - 457 - 14.56 " 385 22 7 62 137 74 70 57 53 14.06 13.79 14.23 14.99 13.43 13.96 13.97 13.73 13.74 Recording and control Stock clerks......................................... Men ................................................... Material movement Truckdrivers ......................................... Men ................................................... Light truck........................................ Medium truck................................... Heavy truck ..................................... Tractor-trailer................................... Power-truck operators.......................... Men................................................... Forklift............................................. Men............................................... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - - - 36 34 36 34 13.46 13.48 13.46 13.48 - - - - - - _ _ _ _ - - - 14.02 - _ - - - - 14 - - Table 3. Occupational averages: All establishments—Continued (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings' in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,' September 1988) Regions United States East Coast Department, occupation, and sex Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Midwest I Midwest II Texas InlandTexas-Louisiana North Louisiana- Rocky Mountain Gulf Coast Arkansas West Coast Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age Number age hourly of hourly hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly hourly of of hourly of of workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn workers earn ings ings ings ings ings ings ings ings ings Custodial Guards.................................................. Men .................................................... Guards I........................................... Men............................................... Guards II.......................................... Janitors, porters, or cleaners................ Men .................................................... 226 $12.91 206 12.79 - - 16 70 “ 14.58 11.72 - 41 $13.73 37 13.57 _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - “ “ “ 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 For definitions of regions, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 1. 3 Virtually all workers were men. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ~ - 11 $11.61 10 11.51 7 11.01 7 11.01 17 11.91 17 11.91 133 $13.66 133 13.66 “ - - - - - ” - — - 19 16 $9.97 9.62 NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupation may include data for subclassifications not shown separately. Table 4. Occupational averages: By type of area (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings' in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,3 September 1988) Regions United States Department, occupation, and sex Metropolitan areas3 Nonmetropolitan areas East Coast Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Midwest I Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas Metropolitan areas Midwest II Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of of of of of hourly hourly hourly hourly hourly of hourly of hourly workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings Maintenance Boilermakers......................................... Men .................................................... Electricians........................................... Men.................................................... Helpers, maintenance trades................ Men.................................................... Women............................................... Instrument repairers.............................. Men ................................................... Machinists............................................ Men .................................................... Mechanics, general............................... Men ................................................... Mechanics, machinery.......................... Men ................................................... Mechanics, motor vehicle..................... Men ................................................... Pipefitters ............................................. Men.................................................... Women............................................... Welders, hand....................................... Men.................................................... 508 $15.38 15.30 - 38 37 45 41 145 134 57 49 8 163 148 130 128 728 672 207 183 6 168 161 7 124 113 $14.86 14.86 14.54 14.49 14.73 14.67 13.50 13.50 13.46 14.95 14.91 15.03 15.03 15.00 14.97 14.60 14.51 13.24 14.64 14.63 14.89 14.71 14.65 310 15.28 958 15.46 537 1,120 1,434 4,101 3,439 702 115 1,326 592 - 13.64 15.42 15.37 15.33 15.27 15.32 14.90 15.23 - 8,814 4,216 1,101 821 92 476 401 15.16 16.24 14.37 14.42 15.31 12.64 12.72 “ 1,611 1,364 926 852 563 534 29 41 239 217 22 14.64 14.58 15.37 15.33 13.61 13.63 13.35 13.92 11.50 11.55 11.01 - 33 $15.52 36 15.52 115 15.57 105 203 12 12 101 - 15.65 15.49 15.31 15.31 15.55 - 102 - 15.56 682 334 - 15.70 16.49 _ - - - _ _ 6 6 20 20 - - 29 29 $13.03 13.03 13.71 13.71 13.70 13.70 13.84 13.84 13.12 13.12 13.85 13.85 19 19 13.46 13.46 32 32 13.96 13.96 14.18 14.18 13.18 13.17 13.68 9.16 9.16 15 15 8 8 23 23 - - _ _ 56 55 109 92 139 134 199 164 889 826 41 41 355 344 11 61 61 $15.09 15.09 15.34 15.17 15.23 15.23 15.41 15.25 15.30 15.25 14.27 14.27 15.07 15.07 14.99 15.01 15.01 1,513 1,206 549 313 272 41 15.30 15.26 16.00 12.55 12.52 12.70 _ _ _ _ _ - _ $15.74 15.76 14.66 14.65 - 36 35 176 172 - - - - _ _ 20 20 35 35 84 81 $14.81 14.81 14.81 14.81 14.62 14.62 14.89 14.88 14.70 14.70 14.73 14.74 39 38 14.91 14.90 610 585 25 162 161 _ 48 41 “ 14.44 14.43 14.80 15.31 15.31 ._ 11.56 11.56 - - 42 42 43 41 49 49 - - Processing Assistant operators............................... Men.................................................... Women............................................... Chief operators..................................... Men ................................................... Chief operator’s helpers....................... Men ................................................... Women............................................... Compounders" ...................................... Laborers ............................................... Men ................................................... Women............................................... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 149 144 74 73 27 16 16 551 501 125 125 “ 14.74 14.73 15.13 15.13 _ - https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 4. Occupational averages: By type of area—Continued (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings' in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions East Coast Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Midwest I Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas Metropolitan areas United States Department, occupation, and sex Metropolitan areas3 Nonmetropolitan areas Midwest II Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average hourly of of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings Loaders, tank cars or trucks................. Men.................................................... Women............................................... Package fillers, machine...................... Men................................................... Pumpers ............................................... Men ................................................... Pumper's helpers ................................. Men................................................... Women............................................... Treaters, oils......................................... Men ................................................... 87 87 $13.81 13.81 13.68 13.66 14.33 14.33 14.02 14.00 14.28 14.23 14.22 11 11 282 239 39 44 37 777 578 301 69 65 $14.42 14.65 13.13 14.35 14.30 15.20 15.26 14.72 14.45 14.40 1,428 - 14.79 - 313 210 14.16 13.99 - 169 - 15.22 - - 371 - 14.70 86 81 13.98 14.02 46 14.91 - _ 313 - 14.19 - 72 72 12 12 13.50 13.50 13.53 13.53 - 37 35 217 212 100 94 6 62 59 _ _ - - - - - 59 55 - $15.90 15.91 " - $13.59 13.59 - 32 31 - 13.74 13.72 - 58 56 14.55 14.57 27 24 14.37 14.36 14.50 14.45 14.60 95 76 19 14.27 14.28 14.23 13.82 13.80 16 16 14.04 14.04 19 19 13.82 13.82 58 56 14.82 14.81 * 223 156 57 14.63 14.65 14.26 61 38 23 80 65 14.52 14.47 18 17 121 - 14.47 - “ - $13.91 13.91 $14.13 14.05 $14.95 “ 15.39 15.23 14.55 14.55 - 34 34 56 46 35 139 115 66 66 ~ - “ " - - “ “ Inspecting and testing Routine testers, laboratory.................... Men ................................................... Women............................................... 35 13.10 - Recording and control Stock clerks ......................................... Men.................................................... _ * Material movement Truckdrivers ......................................... Men ................................................... Light truck........................................ Men............................................... Heavy truck..................................... Tractor-trailer................................... Power-truck operators.......................... Men .................................................... Forklift ............................................. Men............................................... See footnotes at end of table. - 120 57 53 42 38 13.36 14.07 14.10 13.70 13.70 _ - _ - - - - - 25 25 - 13.20 13.20 - - - - - - - - - 17 17 13.56 13.56 “ - - “ “ “ - “ - - “ ' “ “ - - “ - - - - - * ~ " - - - “ - ~ “ — “ " ' https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 4. Occupational averages: By type of area—Continued (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings' in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions United States Department, occupation, and sex Metropolitan areas3 Nonmetropolitan areas East Coast Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Midwest I Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas Metropolitan areas Midwest II Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of of hourly hourly of hourly of hourly of of hourly hourly of hourly workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings Custodial Guards.................................................. Men ................................................... Guards I........................................... Men............................................... Guards II .......................................... Janitors, porters, or cleaners................ Men .................................................... See footnotes at end of table. 199 183 16 48 “ $12.94 12.80 14.58 11.56 “ 27 26 23 23 - 22 16 $12.71 12.72 12.72 12.72 _ _ _ _ - - - - - - _ _ “ 12.08 12.30 “ _ - - _ _ _ 11 _ _ _ _ $11.61 11.51 11.01 11.01 _ _ _ 10 7 7 _ _ _ - - - - 10 10 12.27 12.27 _ _ _ _ _ 7 7 $11.38 11.38 _ _ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 4. Occupational averages: By type of area—Continued (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings' in selected occupations, petroleum refineries. United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions Texas- Louisiana Gulf Coast Department, occupation, and sex Metropolitan areas Texas Inland-North LouisianaArkansas Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas West Coast Rocky Mountain Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas Metropolitan areas Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average hourly hourly of of of hourly hourly of houriy hourly of of workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings Maintenance Boilermakers........................................ Men ................................................... Carpenters............................................ Men ................................................... Electricians........................................... Men ................................................... Helpers, maintenance trades................ Men ................................................... Women............................................... Instrument repairers.............................. Men ................................................... Machinists............................................ Men ................................................... Mechanics, general.............................. Men ................................................... Mechanics, machinery.......................... Men ................................................... Mechanics, motor vehicle..................... Men ................................................... Pipefitters ............................................. Men ................................................... Women............................................... Welders, hand....................................... Men.................................................... 231 121 483 433 589 _ 621 2,466 382 - _ 476 231 $15.27 15.30 15.47 13.87 15.47 15.32 15.42 15.31 - - - _ 15.30 15.32 - - 11 9 58 58 - $14.60 14.55 14.66 14.66 - - - - - - - - 43 41 84 81 - - 14.88 14.87 14.81 14.79 - 30 28 - 14.57 14.55 " - - 178 172 - $15.06 15.05 - 133 131 - - - -- - - “ ” “ - - - " $14.94 14.94 “ “ _ “ 88 81 210 36 “ ~ 208 173 391 “ 202 - “ $15.35 15.35 15.52 ~ 11.25 15.40 15.39 15.39 15.38 - 13 13 315 “ 140 “ 15.36 15.36 15.42 15.41 “ Processing Assistant operators.............................. Men................................................... Women............................................... Chief operators..................................... Men................................................... Chief operator's helpers....................... Men ................................................... Women............................................... Compounders4...................................... Laborers ............................................... Men ................................................... Women............................................... See footnotes at end of table. - - - - - - 172 162 10 114 111 - - - _ - - - - - - “ “ “ "" 4,099 _ _ 2,317 521 33 15.19 - 16.50 14.59 15.58 252 - - - $14.53 - 97 61 15.75 12.05 - 303 289 195 184 80 80 14.35 14.36 15.39 15.39 13.43 13.43 14.80 14.78 15.20 15.80 15.80 - - 158 149 9 119 118 47 41 20 17 14.81 14.80 14.98 15.71 15.71 13.22 13.49 " 1,541 656 216 172 - 14.97 9.98 10.17 ” 34 11.99 — 15.85 14.08 14.21 ' https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 4. Occupational averages: By type of area—Continued (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings' in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions Texas-Lcuisiania Gulf Coast Department, occupation, and sex Metropolitan areas Texas Inland-North LouisianaArkansas Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas Rocky Mountain Metropolitan areas West Coast Nonmetropolitan areas Metropolitan areas Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of hourly Of of hourly hourly of hourly of hourly Of hourly workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings Loaders, tank cars or trucks................. Men ................................................... Women............................................... Package fillers, machine....................... Men ................................................... Pumpers............................................... Men ................................................... Pumper's helpers................................. Men.................................................... Women............................................... Treaters, oils......................................... Men.................................................... 96 94 - 299 $15.31 15.30 - 15.39 _ _ _ - _ 35 $13.97 31 31 _ - $13.67 13.67 _ 14.47 14.45 _ _ - - _ - 6 6 _ _ - _ $14.11 14.11 _ $14.93 14.96 _ 14.95 15.10 14.62 _ _ - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ 164 83 105 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - “ 31 29 19 19 14.13 14.13 60 50 14.04 14.07 - 28 28 _ 15.33 15.33 38 37 Inspecting and testing Routine testers, laboratory.................... Men ................................................... Women............................................... 737 15.08 63 14.16 - - - - “ - - - _ _ 33 18 15 $14.53 14.59 14.46 26 22 - 13.56 13.53 - 123 13.49 _ _ - - Recording and control Stock clerks .......................................... Men .................................................... 149 15.10 35 34 - 14.28 14.29 _ 6 _ - 11.77 - 60 58 14.38 14.37 Material movement Truckdrivers .......................................... Men ................................................... Light truck........................................ Men............................................... Heavy truck ..................................... Tractor-trailer................................... Power-truck operators .......................... Men ................................................... Forklift............................................. Men............................................... See footnotes at end of table. _ _ _ . . - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ “ “ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 _ 14.02 _ _ _ - - https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 4. Occupational averages: By type of area—Continued (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings' in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions Texas-Louisiania Gulf Coast Department, occupation, and sex Metropolitan areas Texas Inland-North LouisianaArkansas Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas West Coast Rocky Mountain Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas Metropolitan areas Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly of hourly hourly workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings Custodial Guards.................................................. Men ................................................... Guards I.......................................... Men............................................... Guards II......................................... Janitors, porters, or cleaners................ Men ................................................... 133 133 - $13.66 13.66 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holi days, and late shifts. 2 For definitions of regions, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 1. 3 Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Office of Man agement and Budget through October 1984. _ _ 19 16 $9.97 9.62 1 Virtually all workers were men. NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupation may include data for sub classifications not shown separately. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 5. Occupational averages: By size of establishment (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings' in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions United States East Coast Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Midwest I Department, occupation, and sex 100-249 workers Number of workers Average hourly earnings 250 workers or more 250 workers or more 250 workers or more 250 workers or more Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers 33 36 $15.52 15.52 15.57 15.69 15.50 15.72 15.72 15.31 15.31 15.55 15.56 - _ _ $13.47 13.47 13.98 13.98 14.30 14.30 13.77 13.77 13.56 13.56 14.16 14.16 14.01 14.01 _ 48 47 112 144 126 199 164 889 784 29 29 355 344 11 63 53 $15.11 15.11 15.36 15.26 15.25 15.41 15.25 15.32 15.27 . 14.84 14.84 15.07 15.07 14.99 15.07 15.02 14.01 14.01 14.73 14.74 13.75 13.75 _ 13.85 _ 1,646 _ 570 _ _ _ 313 272 41 15.28 _ _ 16.02 _ _ _ Average hourly earnings Maintenance Boilermakers......................................... Carpenters............................................. Men .................................................... Electricians............................................ Men .................................................... Helpers, maintenance trades................ Men .................................................... Instrument repairers.............................. Men .................................................... Machinists ............................................. Men .................................................... Mechanics, general............................... Men .................................................... Women............................................... Mechanics, machinery........................... Men .................................................... Mechanics, motor vehicle ..................... Men .................................................... Pipefitters ............................................. Men .................................................... Women............................................... Welders, hand....................................... Men .................................................... 27 27 83 79 58 56 134 131 52 52 745 737 8 129 129 135 132 94 94 $14.65 14.65 15.16 15.13 13.17 13.15 15.12 15.16 14.98 14.98 14.89 14.89 15.19 14.88 14.88 14.75 14.78 14.89 14.89 539 328 1,020 536 1,149 1,512 4,084 3,374 780 104 1,359 622 - $15.35 15.23 15.38 13.67 15.39 15.35 15.35 15.30 15.21 15.06 15.21 15.24 - 121 130 224 159 159 12 12 101 102 - 1,426 1,345 81 626 621 341 309 32 38 53 50 “ 14.75 14.76 14.67 15.41 15.42 13.38 13.45 12.66 14.79 11.59 11.75 8,999 4,516 1,323 1,046 95 662 568 15.13 16.18 14.31 14.30 14.92 12.31 12.36 “ 682 480 - _ _ 7 7 20 20 - 12 12 52 52 15 15 27 27 20 20 _ Processing Assistant operators............................... Men .................................................... Women............................................... Chief operators..................................... Men .................................................... Chief operator’s helpers........................ Men .................................................... Women............................................... Compounders3...................................... Laborers ............................................... Men .................................................... Women............................................... See footnotes at end of table. 15.70 16.30 _ - 32 32 - - 83 79 55 55 20 _ _ 12.55 12.52 12.70 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 5. Occupational averages: By size of establishment—Continued (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings' in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions United States East Coast Department, occupation, and sex 100-249 workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings 276 251 21 67 58 763 567 329 91 84 7 $14.62 14.66 14.44 14.17 14.13 15.16 15.19 14.50 14.84 14.84 14.91 _ - _ $15.90 15.91 “ - - 231 223 8 72 69 40 40 $13.25 13.64 14.53 14.55 13.97 14.73 14.72 13.22 13.22 325 226 99 14.08 14.09 14.05 1,416 “ 14.82 - 187 - 15.24 - - 53 50 13.35 13.40 404 14.72 - 52 14.88 * 88 88 12.86 12.86 297 14.41 93 75 Average hourly earnings Midwest I 250 workers or more 250 workers or more 250 workers or more 250 workers or more Number of workers Number of workers Loaders, tank cars or trucks................. Men.................................................... Women............................................... Package fillers, machine....................... Men.................................................... Pumpers ............................................... Men.................................................... Women.............................................. Pumper's helpers................................. Men.................................................... Treaters, oils......................................... Men.................................................... Women............................................... Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia 59 55 * - Number of workers 66 66 $14.95 15.44 15.29 “ 14.55 14.55 - 224 148 “ 14.65 14.69 “ - 76 61 14.52 14.48 83 15.01 - 35 - 24 23 - Average hourly earnings $14.03 14.01 - 131 107 - Inspecting and testing Routine testers, laboratory.................... Men .................................................... Women............................................... Recording and control Stock clerks.......................................... Men.................................................... Material movement Truckdrivers .......................................... Men.................................................... Light truck........................................ Medium truck................................... Heavy truck ..................................... Tractor-trailer................................... Men............................................... Power-truck operators .......................... Men .................................................... Forklift ............................................. Men............................................... See footnotes at end of table. - - 68 68 12.84 12.84 “ - 19 7 61 69 - - - - - 52 50 35 33 13.77 14.23 15.01 14.01 14.26 14.26 14.04 14.03 _ _ - - “ “ 18 18 13.74 13.74 - “ - ~ - ~ - — ' https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 5. Occupational averages: By size of establishment—Continued (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings’ in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions United States East Coast Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Midwest I Department, occupation, and sex 100-249 workers Number of workers Average hourly earnings _ - - - - 250 workers or more 250 workers or more 250 workers or more 250 workers or more Number of workers Average hourly earnings _ 203 $13.59 - - Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers $13.73 _ - _ - _ - _ Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings _ _ _ _ _ _ Custodial Guards.................................................. Men .................................................... Guards I ........................................... Guards il .......................................... Janitors, porters, or cleaners................ Men .................................................... See footnotes at end of table. 18 15 $10.74 10.61 183 16 52 - 13.53 14.58 12.06 “ 41 - 37 13.57 - - - - _ _ - - _ - _ _ “ Table 5. Occupational averages: By size of establishment—Continued (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings' in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions Texas Inland-North Louisiana-Arkansas Rocky Mountain West Coast 250 workers or more 250 workers or more 250 workers or more 100-249 workers 250 workers or more Texas-Louisiania Gulf Coast Midwest II Department, occupation, and sex 100-249 workers Number of workers Average hourly earnings _ _ - _ $15.40 15.40 14.78 14.78 - Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings _ 231 118 459 562 621 2,464 352 440 219 $15.27 15.29 15.46 15.46 15.32 15.42 - - $14.58 14.53 14.66 14.66 - - - - 50 49 47 45 152 148 75 72 83 78 40 38 _ $15.06 15.06 14.98 14.98 14.96 14.96 14.88 14.87 15.01 15.01 14.91 14.91 15.12 15.11 $15.35 15.35 15.50 15.37 15.36 15.38 - 714 656 14.75 14.73 3,915 15.19 Maintenance Boilermakers......................................... Carpenters............................................. Men .................................................... Electricians............................................ Men .................................................... Helpers, maintenance trades................ Men .................................................... Instrument repairers.............................. Men .................................................... Machinists............................................. Men .................................................... Mechanics, general............................... Men .................................................... Women............................................... Mechanics, machinery.......................... Men .................................................... Mechanics, motor vehicle..................... Men .................................................... Pipefitters ............................................. Men .................................................... Women............................................... Welders, hand....................................... Men .................................................... 28 28 225 225 - - - 28 28 15.01 15.01 447 430 17 110 110 14.33 14.31 14.68 14.96 14.96 - - - 41 41 - - 15.28 15.27 15.30 - 13 11 61 61 45 42 36 36 126 34 32 - 14.87 14.86 14.58 14.58 14.83 14.57 14.55 - 15 15 $15.31 15.31 - 31 31 41 41 311 303 8 15.20 15.20 15.22 15.22 15.01 15.01 15.19 - - 92 83 206 206 171 397 - - - 13 13 319 136 15.36 15.36 15.40 15.37 “ Processing Assistant operators............................... Men .................................................... Women............................................... Chief operators..................................... Men .................................................... Chief operator’s helpers........................ Men .................................................... Women............................................... Compounders3 ...................................... Laborers ............................................... Men .................................................... Women............................................... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - - - 177 176 12 58 51 - 15.40 15.40 15.15 11.80 11.83 “ - 2,261 - 504 33 “ - 16.51 14.64 15.58 - 409 328 - 239 200 84 82 170 156 14 14.43 14.39 15.40 15.36 13.47 13.45 11.79 11.83 11.39 330 311 19 233 229 56 50 24 21 14.80 14.79 15.09 15.75 15.75 13.48 13.73 10.56 10.79 1,601 706 376 320 “ 34 14.95 15.81 13.87 13.92 11.99 ~ Table 5. Occupational averages: By size of establishment—Continued (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings' in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions Texas-Louisiania Gulf Coast Texas Inland-North Louisiana-Arkansas Rocky Mountain West Coast 250 workers or more 250 workers or more 250 workers or more 100-249 workers 250 workers or more Midwest II Department, occupation, and sex Loaders, tank cars or trucks................. Men .................................................... Women............................................... Package fillers, machine....................... Men .................................................... Pumpers ............................................... Men ............................ ....................... Women............................................... Pumper’s helpers.................................. Men .................................................... Treaters, oils......................................... Men ................................................... Women............................................... 100-249 workers Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers 28 28 $13.87 13.87 _ _ 14.49 14.47 - 62 52 _ - 38 36 - _ _ _ _ Average hourly earnings $14.13 14.06 _ _ Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers 84 82 $15.30 15.29 50 41 $13.75 13.76 44 29 14.54 14.45 _ _ 89 66 23 14.33 14.32 14.37 709 - 15.09 - 29 28 14.32 14.33 149 15.10 18 18 13.83 13.83 _ _ 24 21 - _ 271 - Number of workers Average hourly earnings 8 8 $14.09 14.09 39 38 15.37 15.39 Number of workers Average hourly earnings 38 37 $14.93 14.96 75 14.90 109 14.33 _ _ 14.78 14.80 _ _ 14.49 14.49 - 78 76 Average hourly earnings _ 15.35 - _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ - _ 19 19 14.13 14.13 - _ _ _ - - - - Inspecting and testing Routine testers, laboratory.................... Men ........................ ......... Women............................................... 67 48 14.40 14.36 - 80 56 - 14.22 14.12 - 59 40 19 14.10 14.01 14.31 14.28 14.29 8 7 12.61 12.93 117 - 13.68 - Recording and control Stock clerks.......................................... Men.................................................... ~ - _ _ _ _ _ “ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ 39 38 50 48 14.40 14.39 14 14.02 Material movement Truckdrivers .......................................... Men .................................................. Light truck........................................ Medium truck.................................... Heavy truck ..................................... Tractor-trailer................................... Men............................................. Power-truck operators.......................... Men ................................................... Forklift.............................................. Men............................................... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ ~ - - - - " - - Table 5. Occupational averages: By size of establishment—Continued (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings' in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions Texas-Louisiania Gulf Coast Texas Inland-North Louisiana-Arkansas Rocky Mountain West Coast 250 workers or more 250 workers or more 250 workers or more 100-249 workers 250 workers or more Midwest II Department, occupation, and sex 100-249 workers Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings - - - - - - - - - - Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings Number of workers Average hourly earnings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Custodial Guards.................................................. Men .................................................... Guards I........................................... Guards II.......................................... Janitors, porters, or cleaners................ Men .................................................... ' late 2 3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7 7 $11.22 11.22 9 8 10 10 $12.80 12.82 12.38 12.38 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and shifts. For definitions of regions, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 1. Virtually all workers were men. 133 - 133 $13.66 - 13.66 - - - - - - _ “ - “ “ NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupation may include data for subclassifications not shown separately. Table 6. Occupational averages: By labor-management contract coverage (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings’ in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions United States Department, occupation, and sex Majority of workers covered None or minority of workers covered East Coast Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Majority of workers covered Majority of workers covered Midwest I Majority of workers covered None or minority of workers covered Average Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of workers hourly of workers hourly of workers hourly of workers hourly of workers hourly of workers hourly earnings earnings earnings earnings earnings earnings Maintenance Boilermakers......................................... Carpenters............................................ Men ................................................... Electricians........................................... Men ........ ........................................... Helpers, maintenance trades................ Men ................................................ Instrument repairers.............................. Men ................................................... Machinists ............................................ Men ................................................... Mechanics, general............................... Men ................................................... Women............................................... Mechanics, machinery.......................... Men ................................................... Mechanics, motor vehicle ..................... Men ................................................... Pipefitters ............................................. Men ................................................... Women............................................... Welders, hand....................................... Men.................................................... 537 342 1,024 $15.35 15.20 15.34 586 1,158 1,517 13.69 15.35 15.32 15.26 15.24 15.03 4,167 3,743 667 106 1,431 - 15.01 ~ 15.19 - - - - _ _ - $15.59 9.03 9.03 15.49 15.57 15.41 15.53 79 - 8 8 125 108 662 242 - - - - - - 63 58 - 14.64 14.69 - 652 - 15.20 “ 64 53 15.19 15.16 9,305 15.08 1,120 15.05 33 36 121 130 224 150 150 - 12 12 101 - $15.52 15.52 15.57 15.69 15.50 15.60 15.60 - 10 10 24 24 _ - _ - 15.31 15.31 15.55 - 15.56 700 15.54 29 29 49 48 87 87 30 28 114 109 167 164 812 790 22 $15.11 15.11 15.18 15.18 14.05 14.05 15.04 15.03 15.25 15.25 15.26 15.26 15.23 36 36 14.01 14.01 1,377 1,172 15.23 15.27 533 15.93 _ _ 43 _ _ 15.75 _ _ _ 125 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13.65 13.65 - _ _ 31 31 - _ _ _ _ 13.85 13.85 - _ $15.70 _ _ 14.84 14.84 15.07 15.07 14.99 15.02 15.02 _ 36 - 41 41 _ _ _ _ 29 29 359 348 11 61 61 _ - 102 " 17 17 9 9 59 59 $13.28 13.28 13.76 13.76 _ _ 13.74 13.74 13.86 13.86 13.77 13.77 _ 13.25 13.25 15.53 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - Processing Assistant operators............................... Men ................................................... Women............................................... Chief operators..................................... Men ................................................... Chief operator's helpers........................ Men ................................................... Women............................................... Compounders3...................................... Laborers ............................................... Men .................................................... Women............................................... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ 4,757 - 1,279 1,012 - 114 715 618 “ 16.09 14.14 14.09 - 14.77 12.26 12.31 “ 385 - 385 343 42 16.02 - 14.05 14.15 13.27 440 16.25 - - - - - - _ _ - - - _ - - - - - - - - - “ _ 335 _ 15.43 _ _ 173 168 114 113 _ 14.22 14.22 13.47 13.47 _ 32 27 27 13.71 10.72 10.72 - _ _ 45 31 14.95 14.81 313 272 41 12.55 12.52 12.70 _ _ _ 61 16.72 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - Table 6. Occupational averages: By labor-management contract coverage—Continued (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings' in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions East Coast Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Majority of workers covered Majority of workers covered United States Department, occupation, and sex Majority of workers covered None or minority of workers covered Midwest I Majority of workers covered None or minority of workers covered Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number hourly of workers hourly of workers hourly of workers hourly of workers hourly of workers hourly of workers earnings earnings earnings earnings earnings earnings Package fillers, machine...................... 309 294 59 56 844 664 356 $14.56 14.58 13.88 13.85 15.06 15.10 14.47 108 101 7 14.67 14.65 14.91 1,497 14.74 60 32 150 126 _ _ _ _ $14.84 14.98 _ _ _ - _ - - - _ - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ - - _ - - _ _ - - _ _ - - 40 37 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ $15.16 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14.77 14.55 _ _ _ _ 14 14 43 41 44 42 $13.53 13.53 13.70 13.69 13.74 13.73 $12.81 12.96 _ _ _ 115 111 70 70 15.28 15.28 14.54 14.54 Inspecting and testing 244 160 14.31 14.16 181 _ 212 154 58 14.57 14.68 14.26 69 63 6 53 47 27 $15.12 - - - - 14.48 14.48 14.50 _ _ - - - - 14.29 14.31 _ _ - - Recording and control 398 14.74 _ 59 _ 13.35 _ 52 _ 14.88 _ 14 14 13.67 13.67 _ _ Material movement 290 Forklift............................................. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 22 7 32 72 72 68 55 51 95 14.07 13.79 14.23 13.79 13.85 13.96 13.97 13.72 13.73 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14.01 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 33 13.24 13.24 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - _ _ _ _ - - - - _ _ _ _ - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - _ - - - _ _ - - - - _ _ - - - - _ _ - - - - _ 36 34 36 34 13.46 13.48 13.46 13.48 Table 6. Occupational averages: By labor-management contract coverage—Continued (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings1 in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions United States Department, occupation, and sex Majority of workers covered None or minority of workers covered East Coast Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Majority of workers covered Majority of workers covered Midwest I Majority of workers covered None or minority of workers covered Average Average Average Average Average Average hourly hourly hourly hourly hourly hourly of workers earnings of workers earnings of workers earnings of workers earnings of workers earnings of workers earnings Custodial Guards.................................................. Men.................................................... Guards I........................................... Men............................................... Guards II .......................................... Janitors, porters, or cleaners................ Men.................................................... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 205 185 16 61 “ $13.37 13.28 14.58 12.29 _ _ - - 9 $7.92 “ _ _ _ - $13.62 - - - 32 _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - _ _ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 6. Occupational averages: By labor-management contract coverage—Continued (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings1 in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions Department, occupation, and sex Midwest II Texas-Louisiania Gulf Coast Texas Inland-North Louisiana-Arkansas Rocky Mountain West Coast Majority of workers covered Majority of workers covered Majority of workers covered Majority of workers covered Majority of workers covered Number of workers Average Average Average Number Number Average Number Average hourly hourly hourly hourly hourly of workers of workers of workers of workers earnings earnings earnings earnings earnings Maintenance Boilermakers........................................ Carpenters............................................ Men ................................................... Electricians........................................... Men ................................................... Helpers, maintenance trades................ Men ................................................... Instrument repairers.............................. Men ................................................... Machinists ............................................ Men ................................................... Mechanics, general.............................. Men ................................................... Women............................................... Mechanics, machinery.......................... Men ................................................... Mechanics, motor vehicle..................... Men................................................... Pipefitters ............................................. Men .................................................... Women............................................... Welders, hand....................................... Men ................................................... 65 65 45 43 317 317 75 75 84 81 55 54 _ $14.81 14.81 14.87 14.87 15.14 15.14 14.89 14.88 14.98 14.98 14.86 14.86 14.73 14.74 15.07 15.06 231 121 468 431 550 612 2,147 1,819 289 476 225 $15.27 15.30 15.46 13.87 15.44 15.31 15.36 15.33 15.27 15.30 15.31 - 937 899 38 271 270 14.58 14.57 14.84 15.36 15.36 3,811 2,172 15.20 16.53 _ 20 20 42 42 - _ _ 126 _ 34 32 - $14.58 14.53 14.66 14.66 14.87 14.86 14.08 14.08 14.83 14.57 14.55 - 456 371 253 214 117 114 _ 170 156 14 14.39 14.36 15.41 15.37 13.04 13.04 _ 11.79 11.83 11.39 - 13 11 61 61 45 42 64 64 _ - _ _ 31 31 41 41 234 227 7 _ - $15.31 15.31 15.20 15.20 15.22 15.22 15.09 15.08 15.24 _ _ - 92 83 206 _ 206 171 397 384 _ _ _ 13 13 319 _ _ 136 - _ $15.35 15.35 15.50 _ _ _ 15.37 15.36 15.38 15.34 _ _ _ _ 15.36 15.36 15.40 _ _ 15.37 - 275 257 18 193 189 14.93 14.92 15.13 15.90 15.90 1,713 - 15.00 _ _ 15.81 15 15 - Processing Assistant operators.............................. Men ................................................... Women............................................... Chief operators..................................... Men ................................................... Chief operator's helpers....................... Men ................................................... Women............................................... Compounders3...................................... Laborers............................................... Men ................................................... Women............................................... See footnotes at end of table. - “ - 76 69 12.30 12.37 “ - 324 “ - 14.51 - - - - - _ _ - 24 21 10.56 10.79 - 722 - _ 376 320 _ _ 13.87 13.92 _ 34 11.99 _ - https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 6. Occupational averages: By labor-management contract coverage—Continued (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings' in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) Regions Department, occupation, and sex Midwest II Texas-Louisiania Gulf Coast Texas Inland-North Louisiana-Arkansas Rocky Mountain West Coast Majority of workers covered Majority of workers covered Majority of workers covered Majority of workers covered Majority of workers covered Average Average Number Average Number Average Number Average of workers hourly of workers hourly of workers hourly of workers hourly of workers hourly earnings earnings earnings earnings earnings Loaders, tank cars or trucks................. Men ................................................... Package fillers, machine....................... Men ................................................... Pumpers ............................................... Men ................................................... Pumper’s helpers ................................. Men ................................................... Treaters, oils......................................... Men ................................................... Women............................................... 66 66 - - $13.96 13.96 .- 100 96 24 24 27 24 - 14.68 14.69 13.76 13.76 14.37 14.36 129 95 34 14.32 14.32 14.29 25 25 14.32 14.32 96 94 $15.31 15.30 _ 295 - _ 15.40 - - - - 50 41 _ " - _ _ _ 54 38 _ _ 14.40 14.30 _ 19 19 - - $13.75 13.76 - 14.13 14.13 - _ . - _ 38 37 . _ _ _ _ $15.37 15.39 - _ 39 38 - _ $14.93 14.96 _ _ - 75 109 _ 14.90 14.33 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - Inspecting and testing Routine testers, laboratory.................... Men ................................................... Women............................................... 649 15.18 - - - " 87 60 14.12 14.07 - 52 34 18 14.45 14.43 14.50 133 13.81 _ _ - - Recording and control Stock clerks.......................................... Men ................................................... Women............................................... - 128 15.38 39 38 14.28 14.29 - - - - - - _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ - - 66 64 - 14.37 14.36 - Material movement Truckdrivers .......................................... Men ................................................... Light truck........................................ Medium truck................................... Heavy truck..................................... Tractor-trailer................................... Power-truck operators.......................... Men................................................... Forklift ............................................. Men............................................... See footnotes at end of table. 19 19 13.82 13.82 - _ _ _ _ _ - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 14.02 - - - - - _ _ - - _ - - _ _ _ _ _ - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ “ - - https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 6. Occupational averages: By labor-management contract coverage—Continued (Number of production workers and average straight-time hourly earnings' in selected occupations, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,2 September 1988) ______________________ ______________________ ______ Regions Department, occupation, and sex Midwest II Texas-Louisiania Gulf Coast Texas Inland-North Louisiana-Arkansas Majority of workers covered Majority of workers covered Majority of workers covered Rocky Mountain West Coast Majority of workers covered Majority of workers covered Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number Average Number hourly hourly hourly hourly hourly of workers earnings of workers earnings of workers earnings of workers earnings of workers earnings Custodial 11 10 7 7 $11.61 11.51 11.01 11.01 _ 15 15 12.79 12.79 133 _ 133 Virtually all workers were men. _ - - - _ - - - - - - - 13.66 _ _ - - - _ _ - - - _ _ - - _ - - - _ _ ' Excludes premium pay for overtime and tor work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. ’ For definitions of regions, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 1. 3 $13.66 . - “ ~ NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did no* meet publication criteria. Overall occupation may include data for subclassifications not shown separately. Table 7. Occupational earnings: United States (Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly earnings,1 September 1988 Department, occupation, and sex Number of workers Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings (in dollars) ofAverage (mean) 10.50 hourly and 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.50 17.00 and earnings Under under 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.50 17.00 over • Maintenance Boilermakers .................................. Carpenters...................................... Electricians ..................................... Helpers, maintenance trades........ Instrument repairers...................... Machinists....................................... Mechanics, general ....................... Men.............................. ............... Mechanics, machinery .................. Mechanics, motor vehicle .............. Pipefitters.................. .................... Welders, hand................................ 546 355 1,103 594 1,283 1,564 4,829 4,111 909 121 1,494 716 $15.35 15.19 15.36 13.62 15.36 15.34 15.28 15.22 15.16 14.82 15.17 15.20 10,425 5,142 1,664 1,355 133 715 618 369 326 39 81 72 994 790 401 326 131 124 7 15.08 16.09 14.12 14.11 14.88 12.26 12.31 14.27 14.42 13.13 14.05 13.99 15.01 15.01 14.54 14.56 14.35 14.31 14.91 1,741 14.68 1 457 14.56 1 _ - 1 - _ - _ - _ 1 - _ p> ft 3 _ _ _ _ - _ - _ _ -■ - _ _ _ p> i2) i2) 1 1 6 6 p) 1 _ 1 1 p) - 1 p> 1 2 2 1 1 - - - - 1 1 p) 1 - - 0 i2) pi 1 p> 1 i2) _ - o 1 1 3 4 p> p) - - i2) - 2 - . _ _ _ _ p> o _ " . . _ _ 1 _ _ _ 10 _ - _ _ _ 1 3 _ _ 5 ft 2 1 7 ft 1 1 2 2 ft ft 1 1 1 _ - _ 1 ft _ _ - 1 ft 1 2 1 71 ft 1 2 2 1 1 3 4 2 1 1 2 ft ft 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 ft 6 7 2 8 7 9 10 3 1 1 4 5 10 5 8 9 3 1 14 13 9 2 1 15 16 13 25 25 4 5 9 9 16 16 14 3 2 4 4 ft 1 1 10 11 4 4 1 1 1 1 4 ft ft 2 2 2 3 3 3 20 17 1 4 ft 18 16 2 1 1 12 11 26 30 25 20 9 4 5 8 6 29 3 5 3 41 31 9 32 43 49 2 6 19 20 6 10 3 2 6 8 10 2 5 2 12 18 18 20 23 47 35 30 48 53 53 51 33 20 35 37 15 14 11 13 3 1 8 9 11 6 4 6 2 5 9 - - 9 2 14 15 2 32 1 ft O 18 p) ft (*) ft 27 20 1 1 21 10 10 6 7 26 (*) ft 10 11 5 4 26 3 31 ft 2 _ _ 2 3 2 2 2 7 1 - Processing Assistant operators ....................... Chief operators.............................. Chief operator's helpers............ Men ........................................ ...... Compounders3 ............................... Laborers......................................... Men.......................................... . Loaders, tank care or trucks......... Men.............................................. Women........................... ............. Package fillers, machine............... Men.............................................. Pumpers....................... .................. Men........... .............................. . Pumper's helpers........................... Men............................................ Treaters, oils .................................. Men................. ............................ Women......................................... 1 - 1 1 4 18 16 _ ft 1 2 2 1 1 - 1 p) p> 3 2 1 - 1 _ _ 18 19 e p> 2 3 _ 2 2 p> ft ft 5 6 _ 3 4 1 27 26 3 4 3 3 17 3 4 9 9 _ _ 17 19 1 1 - - ft 0 - - - - - - - i2) i2) 9 5 46 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 i2) pi - - - - - - - - - - - - - p> - - - - - - - - - - - _ _ - - - ~ - 13 14 - - 10 11 2 2 7 7 2 2 - - - - - - - - - ft p> p) 1 p> p> p> p> 1 1 2 5 5 5 6 6 - - pi 1 - - - - 1 1 4 6 3 9 19 16 - - - - - - - _ . 7 7 ft _ 1 1 1 1 - - - - - ft 2 3 2 3 6 7 1 - ft ft 2 2 - - _ _ 5 4 8 _ _ 8 9 17 21 12 13 _ 4 5 _ _ _ 18 21 1 _ 3 3 1 1 4 4 1 1 10 9 _ _ - - 10 10 24 29 24 20 34 32 57 7 10 28 11 4 7 6 17 7 4 _ 4 4 _ _ _ _ _ 8 10 20 24 4 _ _ _ 10 9 _ 3 3 1 1 ft p) _ _ 1 1 - _ _ - Inspecting and testing Routine testers, laboratory............ 3 3 - - - - Recording and control Stock clerks.................................... See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - - Table 7. Occupational earnings: United States—Continued (Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly earnings,1 September 1988 Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings (in dollars) of— Department, occupation, and sex Number of workers (mean) 10.50 16.00 16.50 17.00 hourly and 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 and Under earnings under 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.50 17.00 over Material movement to NO Truckdrivers.................................... 385 $14.06 Heavy truck.................................. 62 14.99 Power-truck operators.................... Men............................................... Forklift........................................ Men......................................... 74 70 57 53 226 206 16 70 1 1 _ _ 10 _ _ _ 15 32 5 23 26 _ 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 27 _ - _ - 3 3 - _ - _ - - . - _ - 31 30 40 40 8 9 11 11 _ - _ ” _ - _ - _ “ 2 1 13 6 _ 29 _ - 9 10 6 11 23 25 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13.96 13.97 13.73 13.74 - _ - _ - 12.91 12.79 14.58 11.72 s 12 13 * 27 _ " 1 1 14 5 _ - 3 3 4 4 30 29 39 38 _ - 9 10 7 15 15 13 6 9 10 - _ _ 8 _ _ - - - 48 - _ 26 27 7 8 - - “ - ■ - - _ 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ - 69 - - - - - ~ 1 12 6 _ - 2 Custodial Guards ............................................ Guards i....................................... Guards II...................................... Janitors, porters, or cleaners........ 3 3 - 1 5 6 4 ~ 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. 3 Virtually all workers were men. 4 Workers were distributed as follows: 1 percent at $10.25 and under $10.50; 4 percent at $10 and under $10.25; 1 percent at $9.75 and under $10; 5 percent at $9.25 and under $9.50; 3 percent at $9 and under $9.25; and 4 percent at under $9. 5 Workers were distributed as foUows: 1 percent at $9.75 and under $10; 7 percent at $7 and under $7.25; and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 - 1 4 6 7 - 3 percent at under $7. 6 Workers were distributed as follows: 1 percent at $10 and under $10.25; 7 percent at $9.50 and under $9.75; 3 percent at $9.25 and under $9.50; 3 percent at $8.75 and under $9; 1 percent at $8.25 and under $8.50; 1 per cent at $8 and under $8.25; 6 percent at $6.50 and under $6.75; and 4 percent at under $6.50. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate that no data were re ported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 8. Occupational earnings: East Coast (Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly earnings,1 September 1988 Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings (in dollars) of— Department, occupation, and sex Number of workers (mean) 13.00 16.50 16.75 hourly and 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.25 earnings Under under 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.25 16.50 16.75 17.00 ° Maintenance Boilermakers ................................ Carpenters..................................... 33 36 $15.52 15.52 _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - 33 39 16 _ - 27 8 39 53 _ - _ - _ - _ - Machinists..................... ................. Mechanics, general12...................... 3 224 199 15.50 15.72 _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - 25 - 15 - 40 75 21 - _ 25 _ - _ - - Pipefitters....................................... Welders, hand................................ 101 102 15.55 15.56 - - - - - _ - - - _ - 25 28 - 38 24 38 48 - - - - Assistant operators ....................... Chief operators.............................. 755 480 15.58 16.30 _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - 21 30 7 8 8 41 _ - _ - _ - _ 21 Men.............................................. 55 15.91 - - - - - - - - - 22 25 - 194 15.15 1 13 - - 52 14.88 - - - - - 41 37 13.73 13.57 3 12 14 _ _ _ - - - 44 49 Processing 2 3 13 12 34 - - - - 44 4 19 31 9 - - - 29 - - - - 10 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - 5 Inspecting and testing Routine testers, laboratory............ 5 1 1 - 1 - 3 2 13 37 25 8 24 27 10 11 1 Recording and control Stock clerks.................................... 2 Custodial Guards ........................................... Guards I ...................................... 1 late 2 3 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and shifts. Virtually all workers were men. Workers were distributed as follows: 10 percent at $10.50 and under $10.75; _ - _ - and 2 percent at $8.25 and under $8.50. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate that no data were reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 9. Occupational earnings: Western Pennsylvania-West Virginia (Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly earnings,1 September 1988 Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings (in dollars) of— Department, occupation, and sex2 Number (mean) 11.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 of hourly and 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 and workers earnings Under under 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 over Maintenance Carpenters...................................... Electricians..................................... Instrument repairers...................... 10 24 17 $13.28 13.76 13.74 _ - _ - 10 8 18 _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - - 20 - - 60 33 12 Mechanics, machinery ................... Pipefitters........................................ Welders, hand................................. 29 41 31 13.25 13.85 13.65 _ - _ - 17 7 13 _ - _ - - - - - Assistant operators ....................... Chief operators .............................. 36 173 14.01 14.22 4 11 - - - - - 16 - - Compounders................................. Men............................................... Laborers.......................................... Loaders, tank cars or trucks......... Package fillers, machine................ Pumpers.......................................... 32 30 27 14 43 44 13.71 13.72 10.72 13.53 13.70 13.74 _ _ - _ - - - - - _ 5 52 - 14 13.67 Truckdrivers.................................... 33 13.24 Men............................................... Forklift........................................ Men......................................... 34 36 34 13.48 13.46 13.48 10 33 6 28 - - 41 - 56 77 - - - 33 - - 15 26 - 2 5 7 43 16 16 69 67 43 30 18 21 14 30 _ 9 8 9 - 29 - 25 29 - - - 10 14 29 10 - - 56 18 8 39 - 9 10 14 27 13 13 47 - 30 7 43 5 7 6 3 Processing 3 3 _ - - - - _ _ “ “ - - - - - _ _ _ 9 - - - - - 33 _ _ - 3 6 7 16 - 311 - - - - - - - Recording and control Stock clerks.................................... 7 7 Material movement _ 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were men. 3 Workers were distributed as follows: 6 percent at $15 and under $15.25; and 5 percent at $15.75 and under $16. 4 All workers were at $10.75 and under $11. _ 62 64 62 36 _ _ _ _ _ _ 29 28 29 _ - ~ - - " 5 Workers were distributed as follows: 30 percent at $9.25 and under $9.50; 7 per cent at $9 and under $9.25; 4 percent at $8.50 and under $8.75; 11 percent at $6 and under $6.25. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate that no data were reported. Table 10. Occupational earnings: Midwest I (Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly earnings,1 September 1988 Department, occupation, and sex Number of workers Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings (in dollars) of— Average (mean) 10.50 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.25 16.50 hourly and 10.75 and Under earnings under 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.25 16.50 over Maintenance , 14 10 53 54 18 20 $15.10 30 28 157 139 14.05 14.05 15.24 15.23 Helpers, maintenance trades........ Men.............................................. Instrument repairers...................... Men.............................................. ..— . A— Men.............................................. Mechanics, general....................... Men.............................................. Mechanics, motor vehicle2............ Pipefitters2 ..................................... 164 937 832 41 359 15.25 15.30 15.25 14.27 15.07 Men.............................................. 69 15.02 Assistant operators ....................... A| . . . 1,712 15.27 Men.............................................. 71 _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 - - 13 14 - 33 32 - - - - - 4 1 2 32 12 23 26 14 8 - - 23 17 1 15 17 34 26 21 25 68 70 11 32 22 13 15 13 15 3 3 11 19 22 1 26 26 - 25 17 50 6 7 6 7 - - 2 27 15 16 51 60 17 18 39 62 11 13 (Ji o - 47 24 _ - - - 14 14 16 16 _ - “ — - - - - - 17 3 13 19 37 6 26 - - - - - - - - - " _ — - 4 - “ - Processing Laborers.......................................... Men.............................................. Women........................................ Loaders, tank cars or trucks......... Men.............................................. Pumpers.......................................... Men.............................................. Pumper’s helpers2......................... <3> _ _ _ _ e> _ 0 - 1 - - 1 - 6 - 0 57 62 42 14.61 313 272 41 40 37 143 119 70 12.55 12.52 12.70 14.84 14.88 15.37 15.22 14.54 4 12 12 12 239 162 14.63 14.65 2 1 67 14.48 4 3 5 7 8 _ - - _ - 10 10 7 - 4 4 5 - 2 2 - - - 44 43 49 5 5 2 12 10 20 - 2 17 20 8 - 1 1 1 1 4 - - - 16 23 24 6 8 “ 3 3 5 6 34 13 14 22 26 ” 20 24 ” 25 27 13 13 “ — 14 " - 34 18 11 20 24 16 8 4 10 12 18 19 5 6 5 1 23 31 21 21 - 1 1 ■ 4 ■ ' 4 4 37 42 40 43 11 - 5 6 3 25 18 19 - ' Inspecting and testing Routine testers, laboratory............ Men.............................................. _ _ _ - - - - 4 2 - - - - 0 1 ■ - “ Recording and control Men.............................................. 1 1 - 2 3 _ - _ _ _ _ - - - - _ _ 25 _ Material movement 14.47 1 2 3 4 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Virtually all workers were men. Less than 0.5 percent. Workers were distributed as follows: 1 percent at $10.25 and under $10.50; 5 percent at $10 and under https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 31 12 3 _ $10.25; and 6 percent at under $10. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate that no data were reported. Table 11. Occupational earnings: Midwest II (Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly earnings,' September 1988 Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings (in dollars) of— Number Department, occupation, and sex12 3 4 5 of workers (mean) 10.00 hourly and 10.25 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 and earnings Under under 10.00 10.25 10.50 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 over • Maintenance Boilermakers.......................................... Carpenters............................................. Electricians ............................................ 28 20 53 $14.92 14.81 14.92 _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - Machinists.............................................. Mechanics, general .............................. Mechanics, machinery ......................... Pipefitters.............................................. Welders, hand....................................... 51 377 91 102 68 14.91 14.82 14.90 14.80 15.07 _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ Assistant operators............................... Men..................................................... Women............................................... Chief operators ..................................... Compounders........................................ Laborers................................................ Men..................................................... 1,161 1,086 75 287 22 76 69 14.59 14.57 14.89 15.23 15.20 12.30 12.37 _ * 16 14 _ - - _ - _ - _ - Men..................................................... Pumpers................................................ Pumper’s helpers.................................. Treaters, oils.......................................... Men..................................................... 80 116 24 44 41 13.99 14.69 13.76 13.48 13.40 _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - 156 114 42 14.36 14.33 14.43 _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - 34 13.92 19 13.82 - 11 10 7 17 11.61 11.51 11.01 11.91 5 18 20 29 6 18 _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - . - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ - _ _ - _ - _ - _ - _ _ - 6 17 13 _ _ _ 24 25 _ - _ - _ - _ - _ _ - _ 21 - _ _ _ - - - - 1 1 - _ - _ _ - 11 20 - _ 10 23 _ - _ 15 _ 8 - _ 8 3 18 16 18 6 3 3 - _ 10 8 57 15 19 32 _ 34 _ 45 17 _ _ _ 4 76 17 31 56 - 12 49 46 18 19 _ _ 11 11 12 17 14 _ _ 45 44 69 1 27 _ _ _ _ 2 9 2 7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 40 _ _ 15 1 1 2 2 _ 49 45 _ _ _ 15 9 _ _ _ _ _ 10 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Processing 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 2 39 41 _ " _ _ _ - - - 7 7 1 1 2 2 _ _ 1 1 1 5 6 2 _ 24 26 _ - 15 15 4 _ _ _ _ 14 4 - 30 _ 50 _ - 26 15 25 5 2 10 14 _ 27 29 15 16 _ 23 20 3 22 _ _ 28 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - 1 1 19 19 19 18 19 14 12 7 24 5 7 20 21 17 _ _ _ _ _ _ - 12 11 14 - - - 9 9 26 24 12 12 3 - - - - - - - - - - - _ 7 7 7 7 3 1 1 _ 9 9 8 _ 5 _ _ 3 Inspecting and testing Routine testers, laboratory.................. Men..................................................... Women................................................ - 1 1 5 7 3 4 2 _ 7 4 4 5 - - - - - - - - - - " - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 16 47 16 9 10 14 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - _ _ - - _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - _ - - 36 40 57 _ - 36 30 _ - _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ - Recording and control Stock clerks........................................... 6 Material movement Truckdrivers........................................... 5 Custodial Guards................................................... Men..................................................... Guards I............................................ 1 2 3 4 5 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were men. All workers were at $17.75 and under $18. All workers were at $8 and under $8.25. All workers were at $6.25 and under $6.50. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 24 29 24 6 Workers were distributed as follows: 6 percent at $8 and under $8.25; and 12 percent at $5.25 and under $5.50. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate that no data were reported. Table 12. Occupational earnings: Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast (Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly earnings,1 September 1968 Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly Number Department and occupation Average (mean) 12.25 12.50 12.75 earnings Under 12.25 Boilermakers.............. Carpenters.................. Electricians----- ------Helpers, maintenance 1 Instrument repairers ... Machinists................... Mechanics, general .... Mechanics, machinery Pipefitters.................... Welders, hand______ 12.50 12.75 15.00 13.75 14.50 14.75 15.00 16.00 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.25 16.50 $15.27 15.27 15.47 13.87 15.47 15.32 15.40 15.24 15.30 15.32 Assistant operators............... Chief operators...................... Chief operator's helpers....... Compounders3 ...................... Loaders, tank cars or trucks3 Pumpers................................. 16.49 14.48 Routine testers, laboratory 15.03 Stock clerks 15.06 Guards Guards I https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for 2 Less than 0.5 percent. 3 Virtually all workers were men. on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate that no data were reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 13. Occupational earnings: Texas Inland-North Louislana-Arkansas (Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly earnings,1 September 1988 Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings (in dollars) of— Department, occupation, and sex Number of workers (mean) 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 hourly and Under earnings under 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.25 Maintenance Carpenters...................................... Men............................................... Electricians2.................................... Instrument repairers ...................... Men............................................... Women......................................... Mechanics, general2...................... Mechanics, machinery................... Mechanics, motor vehicle.............. Men............................................... Pipefitters........................................ Men............................................... Welders, hand2 .............................. 16 14 70 63 57 6 64 141 8 7 67 62 57 $14.80 14.79 14.75 14.62 14.67 14.13 14.08 14.88 14.61 14.81 14.27 14.29 14.71 555 449 292 253 141 126 170 156 14 83 56 66 47 19 14.43 14.41 15.51 15.50 12.83 12.95 11.79 11.83 11.39 12.90 13.19 14.20 14.11 14.13 123 78 14.10 14.00 48 14.00 - 54 12.80 - - 5 5 4 5 - - - - - 33 25 14 - 10 5 50 18 15 5 _ _ 5 5 _ _ _ 17 21 - - - - - - - - _ - _ 26 19 40 27 _ - _ - _ - _ 72 72 71 - _ 10 11 _ 1 2 - _ 15 17 1 - 29 33 _ 7 11 18 19 - - - - - 19 21 6 8 9 4 13 15 9 23 _ 33 8 13 14 11 13 14 _ - - _ 9 8 7 17 9 25 29 28 31 19 38 29 17 16 18 _ 23 42 24 23 - 13 14 37 44 46 33 11 31 7 8 51 _ _ 10 11 _ _ - - _ 23 26 _ _ _ _ _ 44 36 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13 15 _ _ . _ _ _ _ 19 21 9 _ _ 6 38 43 4 5 5 _ _ _ _ _ - Processing Assistant operators........................ Men............................................... Chief operators.............................. Men............................................... Chief operator’s helpers................ Men............................................... Laborers.......................................... Men............................................... Women......................................... Loaders, tank cars or trucks......... Men................................... ........... Pumpers.......................................... Men............................................... Treaters, oils2................................. 2 2 3 21 21 29 7 8 - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ - - - - 6 - - 4 - - 1 - 9 10 _ _ _ 14 17 - - - 14 16 2 3 13 14 _ _ _ 33 39 26 36 100 26 30 6 5 _ _ _ - 2 2 - 31 23 5 6 _ _ _ _ 26 6 3 3 _ _ _ . 12 13 5 6 _ _ _ 15 19 - - - - - - - 33 _ 11 5 _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 7 Inspecting and testing Routine testers, laboratory............ Men............................................... 3 _ _ _ - - - 19 26 11 15 - - - - 19 - 50 - - - 7 1 7 9 9 12 - 29 s 26 - 5 7 27 - Recording and control Stock clerks2.................................. 33 4 Materiel movement Truckdrivers2 .................................. 6 1 Exdudes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Virtually aU workers were men. 3 Workers were distributed as follows: 1 percent at $11.25 and under $11.50; 1 percent at $10.50 and under $10.75; 7 percent at $10 and under $10.25; 8 percent at $9 and under $9.25; 7 - - - and 5 percent at under $9. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate that no data were reported. Table 14. Occupational earnings: Rocky Mountain (Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly earnings,1 September 1988 Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings (in dollars) of— Department, occupation, and sex2 Number of workers (mean) hourly earnings Under 11.00 11.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.25 16.50 and 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 under 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.25 16.50 16.75 11.25 Maintenance Electricians........................................... Mechanics, general .............................. 15 $15.31 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - 1 _ - 1 1 311 15.01 - Assistant operators............................... Men..................................................... 330 311 19 14.80 14.79 15.09 _ - Chief operator’s helpers...................... Men..................................................... 1 plwofc Men..................................................... Loaders, tank cars or trucks................ Pumpers................................................ 56 50 13.48 13.73 _ - _ - 7 6 - _ - - 21 8 39 10.79 14.09 15.37 4 13 8 5 71 67 - - - 13 - - - - 59 40 19 14.10 14.01 14.31 6 10 10 11 _ - _ - 2 _ - _ - _ - 8 7 12.61 12.93 7 38 29 _ - _ - - - _ - _ - - _ _ - _ _ 1 - _ - - - - - p> 1 - 67 - - 54 76 13 24 24 17 16 37 30 30 32 7 _ p> 33 - - - - 5 - - - - 1 1 p> p> - - - Processing 1 1 1 1 _ - _ - 1 1 _ - p> 0 13 14 2 2 17 18 15 14 - - - 45 46 7 8 9 10 10 14 16 - - 13 14 13 “ - - 4 4 17 19 - - 25 5 25 - 23 - _ - _ - 2 3 5 8 7 8 5 _ ~ 14 13 16 _ “ “ 1 1 2 2 49 3 12 19 - - - - - - 25 ~ 51 - 21 - 15 13 21 19 13 32 14 15 11 - - - - ~ “ 25 29 - ~ ~ ” - ~ - Inspecting and testing Routine testers, laboratory.................. Men..................................................... Women............................................... 5 2 3 - 10 15 - 2 3 - ~ _ - Recording and control Stock clerks.......................................... Men..................................................... _ “ _ _ _ _ 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Unless otherwise indicated, virtually all workers were men. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. 4 Workers were distributed as follows: 5 percent at $9.75 and under $10; and 7 percent at $8.50 and under $8.75. 5 Workers were distributed as follows: 38 percent at $9.75 and under $10; 21 percent at $9.25 and under $9.50; and 13 percent $7.25 and under $7.50. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis _ ” 13 14 _ ■ _ ” 25 29 _ “ _ “ - “ 6 Workers were distributed as follows: 2 percent at $10.75 and under $11; 3 percent at $10.50 and under $10.75; 2 percent at $10.25 and under $10.50; and 3 percent at under $10.25. 7 Workers were distributed as follows: 25 percent at $10.25 and under $10.50; and 13 percent at $9.50 and under $9.75. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. were reported. Dashes indicate that no data Table 15. Occupational earnings: West Coast (Percent distribution of workers in selected occupations by straight-time hourly earnings,1 September 1988 Percent of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings (in dollars) of— Department, occupation, and sex Number of workers Average (mean) hourly earnings Under 10.50 10.50 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.25 16.50 and 10.75 11.00 11.25 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 under 11.50 11.75 12.00 12.25 12.50 12.75 13.00 13.25 13.50 13.75 14.00 14.25 14.50 14.75 15.00 15.25 15.50 15.75 16.00 16.25 16.50 16.75 11.00 11.25 10.75 # Maintenance Carpenters...................................... Men.............................................. Electricians..................................... Helpers, maintenance trades........ 92 83 214 36 $15.35 15.35 15.52 11.25 _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 100 - - 61 24 15 89 87 100 100 100 88 92 6 7 6 7 211 183 397 384 13 331 148 15.39 15.38 15.34 15.36 15.41 15.40 - - - - - - - - - Assistant operators ....................... 1,753 15.00 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ Chief operator’s helpers............... Men.............................................. Laborers.......................................... Loaders, tank cars or trucks3........ 376 320 34 38 13.87 13.92 11.99 14.93 _ 5 44 - _ - _ - - - - - - - - - - - 24 - Men.............................................. Machinists....................................... Mechanics, general....................... Mechanics, motor vehicle3............ Pipefitters........................................ Welders, hand................................ - - - - “ - - “ - - - O 1 21 3 - - - - - ” ” 12 8 “ “ 18 23 3 19 4 20 4 12 26 45 - - - - “ “ - “ 1 - - 37 29 15 14 32 - 49 52 - - - 36 13 13 12 29 67 44 - “ 17 29 23 21 - 5 18 12 1 5 18 39 12 17 - - - - 21 - - “ Processing Men.............................................. Pumper’s helpers........................... 91 141 15.16 14.51 153 13.90 66 14.37 14 14.02 19 16 9.97 9.62 3 3 2 5 5 2 2 3 2 - - - - - - 7 8 1 4 4 12 - - - - 16 - 1 1 2 5 9 - 5 9 18 1 - " Impacting and tasting Routine testers, laboratory............ - 1 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 25 5 - - - Recording and control Stock clerks3.................................. 6 5 - - 3 - - - - Material movement Truckdrivers: Heavy truck............................... 57 21 - - - ” “ ” “ ~ “ ~ ~ - - - - Custodial Janitors, porters, or cleaners........ Men.............................................. 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 66 75 _ - _ “ _ ■ _ ~ _ - - - - Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. All workers were at $6.50 and under $6.75. Virtually all workers were men. Less than 0.5 percent. All workers were at $9.25 and under $9.50. Workers were distributed as follows: 26 percent at $9.50 and under $9.75; 11 percent at $9.25 and under https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ~ 16 6 - 16 19 - - - - “ - ' ' $9.50; 5 percent at $8.75 and under $9; 5 percent at $8.25 and under $8.50; and 21 percent at $6.50 and under $6.75. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate that no data were reported. Table 16. Method of wage payment (Percent of production workers in petroleum refineries by method of wage payment,' United States and regions," September 1988) Method United States East Coast Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Midwest I Midwest II TexasLouisiana Gulf Coast Texas InlandNorth LouisianaArkansas Rocky Mountain West Coast All workers ................................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Time-rated workers............................... Formal plans................................... Single rate................................ Range of rates......................... Length of service................. Combination......................... Individual rate ................................. 100 100 95 5 4 1 " 100 100 82 18 18 100 100 82 18 17 1 93 92 76 16 16 - 100 100 62 38 22 16 - 100 100 83 17 17 <3) 0 99 99 80 19 15 4 100 100 68 32 25 7 - 100 100 90 10 7 3 - Incentive workers ................................. Individual piecework........................ ft (3) _ _ _ _ _ “ - ' For definition of method of wage payment, see appendix A. 2 For definitions of regions, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 1. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. _ - - 1 _ 7 7 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate that no data were reported. u> 00 Table 17. Scheduled weekly hours (Percent of production workers in petroleum refineries by scheduled weekly hours,' United States and regions,2 September 1988) Weekly hours United States All workers................................... 100 Under 40 hours .................................... 40 hours ............................................... Cyclical workweek................................. 40, 40, 40, and 48 .......................... 1 74 25 6 East Coast Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia 100 _ 100 100 5 93 2 _ 58 42 16 89 11 11 ' Data relate to the predominant schedule for full-time workers in each establishment. 2 For definitions of regions, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 1. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Midwest I “ Midwest II TexasLouisiana Gulf Coast 100 100 _ - 69 31 7 79 21 3 Texas InlandNorth LouisianaArkansas Rocky Mountain West Coast 100 100 100 - - - 70 30 7 89 11 53 47 11 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Dashes indicate that no data were reported. Table 18. Shift differential practices (Percent of production workers assigned to rotating shifts by amount of differential, petroleum refineries, United States and regions,' September 1988) United States Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia East Coast Shift differential Day Eve ning Night Day Workers assigned to rotating shifts ............. 18.1 Receiving differential.............................. .1 Uniform cents per hour ................... .1 50 cents..................................... .1 15.0 15.0 15.0 14.7 14.8 14.8 14.8 - 18.5 .1 .2 - 14.7 .1 _ - 75 cents..................................... $1.00.......................................... $1.25.................................. ....... _ - Eve ning Night Day 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 - 17.9 15.3 - _ _ - - _ _ - - - 16.6 16.6 16.6 - 19.8 - 17.5 - " ~ 16.6 - 1 For definitions of regions, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 1. - - - 15.0 - 1.3 10.7 14.7 14.7 14.7 14.7 14.6 14.6 14.6 “ 21.2 - - 16.6 “ - - 15.3 - - 14.6 - 14.4 1.2 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3 10.7 10.7 15.3 15.3 15.3 - - 18.2 .7 .7 .7 12.0 12,0 12.0 10.7 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 - 17.5 17.5 17.5 - 12.1 ■ — Eve ning - 17.7 17.7 17.7 17.7 15.0 15.0 15.0 Day 20.1 Day 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 Night 15.5 15.5 15.5 - Night Eve ning Eve ning 15.5 15.5 15.5 14.4 Eve ning Day Day Day Day Night Night Night Night - W est CoaSt Rocky Mountain Eve ning Eve ning Eve ning Texas Inland-North Louisiana-Arkansas Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast Midwest II Midwest I _ ‘ ported. Approximately 7 percent of the workers were in establishments operating other types of shifts or combinations of rotating and alternating shifts; shift differential information for these workers were not collected. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate that no data were re- u> VO Table 19. Paid holidays (Percent of production workers in petroleum refineries with formal provisions for paid holidays, United States and regions,’ September 1988) Number of paid holidays United States All workers.................................... 100 Workers in establishments providing paid holidays...................................... 8 days .............................................. 9 days .............................................. 10 days ............................................ 10 days plus 1 half day................... 11 days ............................................ 100 1 3 89 0 6 East Coast Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Midwest I Midwest II 100 100 100 100 100 7 100 100 - - - 8 61 - 31 ’ For definitions of regions, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 1. ’ Less than 0.5 percent. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Night 50 13 30 100 8 83 - - 8 TexasLouisiana Gulf Coast “ 100 100 100 100 7 16 77 - 6 94 - 100 - Texas InlandNorth LouisianaArkansas - “ Rocky Mountain 100 100 West Coast 100 100 - - 100 - - 90 10 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate that no data were reported. Table 20. Paid vacations (Percent of production workers in petroleum refineries with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, United States and regions,’ September 1988) Vacation policy All workers.................................... United States East Coast Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Midwest I Midwest II TexasLouisiana Gulf Coast Texas InlandNorth LouisianaArkansci Rocky Mountain West Coast 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 35 13 13 15 5 7 23 10 Method of payment Workers in establishments providing paid vacations..................................... Length-of-time payment.................. Amount of vacation pay2 After 6 months of service: 1 week............................................. Over t and under 2 weeks.............. 2 weeks........................................... After 1 year of service: 1 week............................................. 2 weeks ........................................... Over 2 and under 3 weeks.............. 35 1 1 After 3 years of service: 1 week............................................. 2 weeks ........................................... Over 2 and under 3 weeks.............. 3 weeks ........................................... After 4 years of service: 1 week............................................. 2 weeks........................................... Over 2 and under 3 weeks.............. 3 weeks........................................... After 5 years of service: 2 weeks ........................................... 3 weeks........................................... Over 3 and under 4 weeks.............. After 8 years of service: 2 weeks........................................... 3 weeks........................................... Over 3 and under 4 weeks.............. See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 48 39 13 100 - 22 66 13 100 - - 1 100 - 97 1 2 100 - 80 13 - - 94 1 5 100 - 80 13 100 - 7 80 13 100 - 7 80 13 ft 1 98 ft ft 2 98 ft 1 99 ft 7 7 - - 88 12 88 12 8 92 48 - 100 - 2 97 After 2 years of service: 1 week............................................. 2 weeks ........................................... Over 2 and under 3 weeks.............. - 6 94 - 7 93 100 - 100 - 100 “ 100 - 100 - 100 - 100 - 100 - 100 - 100 - - 100 100 - 100 - 100 100 - 100 - 100 - 92 8 92 8 ~ 85 8 7 100 - 100 - 100 - - 98 2 - 3 97 100 - - 52 — - 89 11 100 100 Table 20. Paid vacations—Continued (Percent of production workers in petroleum refineries with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, United States and regions,1 September 1988) Vacation policy United States East Coast Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Midwest I Midwest II TexasLouisiana Gulf Coast Texas InlandNorth LouisianaArkansas Rocky Mountain West Coast Amount of vacation pay3—Continued After 10 years of service: 3 weeks........................................... 4 weeks ........................................... Over 4 and under 5 weeks.............. After 12 years of service: 3 weeks ........................................... Over 3 and under 4 weeks.............. 4 weeks ........................................... Over 4 and under 5 weeks.............. After 15 years of service: 3 weeks........................................... 4 weeks ........................................... Over 4 and under 5 weeks.............. 5 weeks........................................... 0 8 92 22 66 13 4 1 95 0 f) 5 95 8 - 92 1 After 20 years of service: 3 weeks........................................... 4 weeks........................................... 5 weeks ........................................... Over 5 and under 6 weeks.............. 6 weeks ........................................... 1 2 95 1 1 After 25 years of service: 3 weeks ........................................... 4 weeks........................................... 5 weeks ........................................... Over 5 and under 6 weeks.............. 6 weeks ........................................... 1 2 94 1 2 After 30 years of service:4 3 weeks ........................................... 4 weeks........................................... 5 weeks........................................... Over 5 and under 6 weeks.............. 6 weeks........................................... 1 2 8 1 89 100 - 66 13 7 80 13 - 80 13 - - 7 - 100 - - 80 13 7 - - 16 - 84 78 ' For definitions of regions, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 1. 3 Periods of service were chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, changes indicated at 20 years may include changes that occurred between 15 and 20 years. The incidence of vaca tion bonus plans also was studied, but no refineries reported these plans in 1988. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - _ - _ _ _ 15 - _ 23 77 . 100 - _ 100 - _ 100 - _ 100 - 7 93 _ 100 _ - _ 100 _ - 7 16 77 _ _ 100 _ - _ _ 100 100 - - _ _ _ 23 8 92 92 3 91 - - - - - - 8 92 8 _ 7 8 92 - 22 - 1 98 8 92 6 3 91 6 3 91 6 3 5 92 - - _ 100 _ - _ _ 4 88 8 _ 4 88 8 _ 4 14 8 74 100 - 100 _ _ - _ - 100 _ _ _ _ - _ 7 16 71 100 _ _ _ 77 _ 7 7 16 6 94 _ _ _ _ _ 68 32 _ _ _ 100 _ - _ _ _ _ 16 5 _ 77 84 95 3 Less than 0.5 percent. 4 Vacation provisions were virtually the same after longer periods of service. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate that no data were reported. Table 21. Health, insurance, and retirement plans (Percent of production workers in petroleum refineries with specified health, insurance, and retirement plans,1 United States and regions,2 September 1988) Type of plan All workers........................................... Workers in establishments offering: Life insurance......................................... Noncontributory plans...................... Accidental death and dismemberment insurance ............................................. Noncontributory plans...................... Sickness and accident insurance or sick leave or both3...................................... Sickness and accident insurance.... Noncontributory plans ............... Sick leave (full pay, no waiting period)........................................... Sick leave (partial pay or waiting period)........................................... Long-term disability insurance................ Noncontributory plans...................... 4^ to Hospitalization, surgical, and medical insurance ............................................. Noncontributory plans...................... Health maintenance organizations......... Noncontributory plans...................... Dental care............................................. Noncontributory plans...................... Vision care............................................. Noncontributory plans...................... Alcohol and drug abuse treatment......... Noncontributory plans...................... Hearing care........................................... Noncontributory plans...................... Retirement plans4 ................................... Pensions.......................................... Noncontributory plans ............... Lump sum....................................... Noncontributory plans ............... Other retirement.............................. United States East Coast Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Midwest II TexasLouisiana Gulf Coast Texas InlandNorth LouisianaArkansas Rocky Mountain West Coast 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 79 100 84 100 100 100 64 100 62 100 84 100 77 100 74 100 83 81 58 64 48 100 84 79 48 71 33 86 66 100 77 56 36 77 56 100 33 31 100 43 43 100 100 100 100 51 49 100 13 13 100 21 21 100 26 7 100 20 10 100 43 43 78 100 72 79 76 86 73 91 30 55 24 12 44 10 21 53 26 24 55 40 14 50 30 27 68 21 9 59 53 100 59 100 21 88 8 95 8 29 8 100 26 5 100 100 100 53 19 13 100 64 100 29 50 8 100 34 28 21 100 29 36 36 100 98 98 27 2 11 100 14 7 93 7 7 7 77 14 13 7 100 93 93 7 7 100 20 33 96 38 78 27 100 32 69 27 100 48 46 27 95 95 95 25 11 17 56 36 - 99 27 59 10 98 26 33 17 96 29 27 22 99 98 97 26 7 7 100 35 79 15 100 35 28 12 100 35 27 27 100 100 100 4 ~ - 84 64 - - 85 46 14 - 69 28 - - 100 100 100 15 1 For definitions of items, see appendix A. Includes those plans for which the em ployer pays at least part of the cost and excludes legally required plans such as workers’ compensation and Social Security; however, plans required by State temporary disability insurance laws are included if the employer contributes more than is legally required or employees receive benefits over legal requirements. "Noncontributory plans” include only those plans financed entirely by the employer. 2 For definitions of regions, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 1. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Midwest I - 94 - 22 _ 86 - 8 100 96 88 15 4 “ - 100 36 42 36 95 31 27 20 100 95 95 35 16 3 Unduplicated total of workers receiving sickness and accident insurance and sick leave shown separately. 4 Unduplicated total of workers covered by pension plans and severance pay shown separately. NOTE; Dashes indicate that no data were reported. Table 22. Health plan participation (Percent of production workers in petroleumn refineries participating in specified health plans,' United States and regions,2 September 1988) Type of plan United States East Coast Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Midwest I All workers........................................... 100 100 100 100 Hospitalization, surgical, and medical insurance................................................... Noncontributory plans ............................... 79 23 72 35 99 59 72 12 Health maintenance organization................ Noncontributory plans ............................... 19 2 Dental care.................................................. Noncontributory plans ............................... 93 26 95 35 84 45 91 8 Vision care................................................... Noncontributory plans............................... 24 17 16 12 14 17 8 Alcohol and drug abuse treatment............... Noncontributory plans............................... 94 29 95 35 69 28 Hearing care................................................ Noncontributory plans ............................... 25 22 27 27 24 ft 99 26 — — Rocky Mountain West Coast 100 100 100 71 88 27 92 14 89 20 55 27 25 10 1 4 9 43 11 “ _ 92 94 34 89 7 98 35 98 32 14 22 21 7 7 39 35 54 27 84 98 29 74 14 93 30 94 48 8 36 36 13 7 26 20 39 27 ~ “ 5 - Texas InlandNorth LouisianaArkansas 100 ~ ” TexasLouisiana Gulf Coast 100 27 - ” 1 For definitions of items, see appendix A. Includes those plans for which the employer pays at least part of the cost. “Noncontributory plans” include only those financed entirely by the employer. 2 For definitions of regions, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 1. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Midwest II ' 3 Less than 0.5 percent, NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate that no data were reported. Table 23. Other selected benefits (Percent of production workers in petroleum refineries with formal provisions for selected benefits,' United States and regions,® September 1988) Benefit United States East Coast Western PennsylvaniaWest Virginia Midwest I Midwest II TexasLouisiana Gulf Coast Texas InlandNorth LouisianaArkansas Rocky Mountain West Coast Workers in establishments with provisions for: Funeral leave............................................... Jury-duty leave............................................ Technological severance pay....................... 100 100 73 Cost-of-living adjustments............................ Based on BLS Consumer Price Index.... 7 7 Work clothing allowance3............................. Clothing provided.................................... Monetary allowance given...................... Combination clothing and monetary allowance............................................... 89 83 1 Maintenance craft consolidation plans'....... All crafts represented............................. Selected crafts represented................... 52 24 28 65 40 25 Thrift or savings plans.................................. Percent of eligible workers participating: 100 percent ......................................... 95-99 ......................................... 75-94 ................................................. . 50-74 ...................................................... 25-49 ................................................. 86 100 8 23 29 24 3 16 34 37 12 5 100 100 35 100 100 41 _ . - - 100 100 _ - “ 100 100 71 - - 84 84 100 100 80 17 17 100 100 87 100 100 54 100 100 79 - - - 96 89 90 84 _ 92 81 6 - 5 6 6 33 18 15 54 25 28 79 15 64 55 22 33 34 27 7 91 51 40 25 21 5 15 92 80 96 67 79 74 15 13 32 39 8 4 26 49 11 28 26 32 13 23 31 27 42 10 4 15 39 15 _ - “ 1 For definitions of items, see appendix A. 2 For definitions of regions, see appendix A, table A-1, footnote 1. 3 Includes data for establishments primarily providing protective garments or a monetary allowance for them to a majority of production employees who are required to wear protective clothing. Protective garments include coveralls, overalls, coats, smocks, and acid-resistant clothing, and exclude boots, glasses, hats, and gloves. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 100 100 71 ~ _ 35 35 - 94 94 10 - - 93 83 4 Includeds data for refineries that have abolished rigid lines of craft duties and have established the team approach in their maintenance departments. The team method pro vides for training maintenance workers to do a variety of jobs. NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported. Appendix A. Scope and Method of Survey Scope of survey study are intended as a general guide to the size and com position of the industry’s labor force, rather than as precise measures of employment. The survey included establishments engaged primarily in producing gasoline, kerosene, distillate fuel oils, residual fuel oils, lubricants, and other products from crude petroleum and its fractionation products, through straight distillation of crude oil, redistillation of unfinished petroleum derivatives, cracking, or other processes (SIC 2911 as defined in the 1972 edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, prepared by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget). Separate auxiliary units, such as central offices, were excluded. Establishments studied were selected from those employ ing 100 workers or more at the time of reference of the data used in compiling the universe lists. Table A-l shows the number of establishments and workers estimated to be within the scope of the survey, as well as the number actually studied by the Bureau. Production workers The terms “production workers” and “production and related workers,” used interchangeably in this bulletin, in clude working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonoffice activities. Administrative, executive, professional, and technical personnel, and force-account con struction employees, who are used as a separate work force on the firm’s own property, are excluded. Occupational classification Occupational classification was based on a uniform set of job descriptions designed to take account of interestablish ment and interarea variations in duties within the same job. (See appendix B for these descriptions.) The criteria for selec tion of the occupations were: The number of workers in the occupation; the usefulness of the data in wage and salary ad ministration and in collective bargaining; and appropriate representation of the entire wage structure in the industry. Working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and part-time, handicapped, temporary, and pro bationary workers were not reported in the data for selected occupations but were included in the data for all production workers. Method of study Data were obtained by personal visits of the Bureau’s field representatives to a probability-based sample of establishments within the scope of the survey. To obtain ap propriate accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion of large than of small establishments was studied. In com bining the data, each establishment was given an appropriate weight. All estimates are presented, therefore, as relating to all establishments in the industry, excluding only those below the minimum size at the time of reference of the universe data. Wage data Establishment definition Information on wages relates to straight-time hourly earn ings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems, and cost-of-living pay increases (but not bonuses) were included as part of the workers’ regular pay. Exclud ed are performance bonuses and lump-sum payments, as well as profit-sharing payments, attendance bonuses, Christmas or yearend bonuses, and other nonproduction bonuses. Average (mean) hourly rates or earnings for each occupa tion were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earn An establishment, for purposes of this study, is a single physical location where industrial/manufacturing operations are performed. An establishment is not necessarily identical with a company, which may consist of one establishment or more. The terms “establishment,” “refinery,” and “facili ty” are used interchangeably in this bulletin. Employment Estimates of the number of workers within the scope of the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 45 ings) by the number of workers receiving the rate, totaling, and dividing by the number of individuals. The hourly earn ings of salaried workers, if any, were obtained by dividing straight-time salary by the normal (or standard) hours to which the salary corresponds. The median designates position; that is, one-half of the employees surveyed received the same as or less than this rate and one-half received the same as or more. The middle range is defined by two rates of pay such that one-fourth of the employees earned the same as or less than the lower of these rates and one-fourth earned the same as or more than the higher. are specified. Specific rates of individual workers within the range may be determined by merit, length of service, or a combination of these. Incentive workers are classified under piecework or bonus plans. Piecework is work for which a predetermined rate is paid for each unit of output. Type of area Shift practices Tabulations by type of area pertain to metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The term “metropolitan areas,” as used in this bulletin, refers to the Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA’s) as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget through October 1984. In general, an MSA is defined as a county or group of contiguous counties which contains at least one central city of at least 50,000 inhabitants or a central urbanized area of at least 100,000. Counties con tiguous to the one containing such a city or area are includ ed in an msa if, according to certain criteria, they are essen tially metropolitan in character and are socially and economically integrated with the central city. In New England, where the city and town are administratively more important than the county, they are the units used in defin ing MSA's. Data relate to workers employed under the conditions specified. Workers assigned to rotating shifts work suc cessively on day, evening, and night shifts. Workers assigned to fixed shifts regularly work either a day, evening, or night schedule. Scheduled weekly hours Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work schedule for full-time production workers employed on the day shift. Cyclical workweeks are those where no predomi nant schedule prevailed in the employing establishment. Employee benefits Employee benefits in an establishment were considered applicable to production workers if they applied to half or more of such workers in the establishment. Similarly, if fewer than half of the workers were covered, the benefit was considered nonexistent in the establishment. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility requirements, the pro portion of workers receiving the benefits may be smaller than estimated. Labor-management agreements Separate wage data are presented, where possible, for establishments that had (1) a majority of the production workers covered by labor-management contracts, and (2) none or a minority of the production workers covered by labor-management contracts. Paid holidays. Paid-holiday provisions relate to full-day and half-day holidays provided annually. Paid vacations. The summaries of vacation plans are limited to formal arrangements and exclude informal plans whereby time off with pay is granted at the discretion of the employer or supervisor. Payments on a time basis were converted; for example, a payment of 2 percent of annual earnings was con sidered the equivalent of 1 week’s pay. The periods of ser vice for which data are presented represent the most com mon practices, but they do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, changes in proportions indicated at 20 years of service may include changes which occurred between 15 and 20 years. Method of wage payment Tabulations by method of wage payment relate to the number of workers paid under various time and incentive wage systems. Formal rate structures for time-rated workers provide single rates or a range of rates for individual job categories. In the absence of a formal rate structure, pay rates are determined primarily by the qualifications of the in dividual worker. A single-rate structure is one in which the same rate is paid to all experienced workers in the same job classification. Learners, apprentices, or probationary workers may be paid according to rate schedules which start below the single rate and permit the workers to achieve the full job rate over a period of time. An experienced worker occa sionally may be paid above or below the single rate for special reasons, but such payments are exceptions. Range-of-rate plans are those in which the minimum, maximum, or both of these rates paid experienced workers for the same job https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Health-care, insurance, and retirement plans. Data are presented for health-care, insurance, and retirement plans for which the employer pays all or a part of the cost, ex cluding programs required by law such as worker’s com pensation and Social Security.1 Among plans included are those underwritten by a commerical insurance company and those paid directly by the employer from current operating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose. 46 Death benefits are included as a form of life insurance. Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type of in surance under which predetermined cash payments are made directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis during illness or accident disability. Tabulations of paid sick leave plans are limited to formal plans12 which provide full pay or a portion of the worker’s pay during absence from work because of illness; informal arrangements have been omitted. Separate tabulations are provided for (1) plans which provide full pay and no waiting period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or a waiting period. Long-term disability insurance plans provide payments to totally disabled employees upon the expiration of sick leave, sickness and accident insurance, or both, or after a specified period of disability (typically 6 months). Payments are made until the end of disability, a maximum age, or eligibility for retirement benefits. Payments may be at full or partial pay, but are almost always reduced by Social Security, workers’ compensation, and private pension benefits payable to the disabled employee. Hospitalization, surgical, and medical insurance refers to plans providing for complete or partial payment for hospital room charges, inpatient surgery and doctors’ fees. These plans typically cover other expenses, such as outpatient surgery and prescription drugs, and may be underwritten by a commerical insurance company or a nonprofit organiza tion, or they may be a form of self-insurance. A health maintenance organization (hmo) provides com Vision care covers routine eye examinations and eyeglasses. Excluded are plans which cover only certain kinds of surgery or care required as a result of an accident. Hearing care plans provide at least partial payments for hearing examinations, hearing aids, or both. Alcohol and drug abuse treatment plans provide at least partial payment for institutional treatment (in a hospital or specialized facility) for addiction to alcohol or drugs. Tabulations of retirement pensions are limited to plans which provide regular payments for the remainder of the retiree’s life. Data are presented separately for lump-sum retirement pay (one payment or several over a specified period of time) made to employees upon retirement. Establishments providing both lump-sum retirement payments and retirement pensions to employees were con sidered as having both retirement pensions and lump-sum retirement plans; however, establishments having optional plans providing employees a choice of either lump-sum retirement payments or pensions were considered as having only retirement pension benefits. Health plan participation. Data relate to the proportion of production workers participating in selected health care plans. A plan is included even though it is offered only to a minority of workers, or a majority of the employees in an establish ment do not choose to participate in it. Paidfuneral andjury-duty leave* Data relate to formal plans that provide at least partial payment for time lost as a result of attending funerals of specified family members or serv ing as a juror. prehensive health care services to its members for fixed periodic payments rather than indemnification or reimburse ment for medical, surgical, and hospital expenses. Dental insurance covers routine dental work, such as fill ings, extractions, and X-rays. Excluded are plans which cover only oral surgery or accidental injury. Cost-of-living adjustments. Data relate to formal plans that adjust wages in keeping with changes in the BLS Consumer Price Index or some other measure. 1 Temporary disability insurance, which provides benefits to covered workers disabled by injury or illness which is not work-connected, is man datory under State laws in California, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island. Establishment plans which meet only the legal requirements are ex cluded from the survey data, but those under which (1) employers contribute more than is legally required, or (2) benefits exceed those specified in the State law are included. In Rhode Island, benefits are paid out of a State fund to which only employees contribute. In each of the other three States, benefits are paid either from a State fund or through a private plan. Statefundfinancing: In California, only employees contribute to the State fund; in New Jersey, employees and employers contribute; in New York, employees contribute up to a specified maximum and employers pay the difference between the employees’ share and the total contribution required. Private plan financing: In California and New Jersey, employees cannot be required to contribute more than they would if they were covered by the State fund; in New York, employees can agree to contribute more if the State rules that the additional contribution is commensurate with the benefit provided. 2 An establishment is considered as having a formal plan if it specifies at least the minimum amount of sick leave available to each employee. Such a plan need not be written, but informal sick leave allowances determined on an individual basis are excluded. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Technological severance pay. Data relate to formal plans that provide payments to employees permanently separated from the company because of a technological change, work force reduction, or facility closing. Thrift or savings plan. Data relate to formal provisions for thrift or savings plans to which the employer makes monetary contributions beyond administrative costs. Clothing allowance. Data relate to formal company provi sions for supplying protective garments or a monetary allowance to a majority of production workers who are re quired to wear such clothing. 3 When jury-duty leave is required by law, as it is in Alabama, Nebraska, Tennessee, and parts of Florida and Massachusetts, plans are included only if the employer provides the employees with benefits exceeding the legal requirement. 47 Table A-1. Estimated number of establishments and employees within scope of study and number studied, petroleum refining, September 1988 Number of establishments3 Region’ Within scope of study Workers in establishments Within scope of study Actually studied Total4 Actually studied3 Production workers United States........................................ 126 95 66,304 43,958 54,755 East Coast..................................................... Western Pennsylvania-West Virginia............. Midwest I ....................................................... Midwest II...................................................... Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast.......................... Texas Inland-North Louisiana-Arkansas...... Rocky Mountain............................................. West Coast.................................................... 9 8 17 16 29 12 11 24 9 8 13 12 18 9 11 15 5,112 2,285 10,043 5,263 26,169 3,922 2,029 11,481 3,361 1,438 6,735 3,641 17,727 2,586 1,363 7,107 5,112 2,285 8,674 4,450 19,417 3,174 2,029 9,614 Helena, Tangipahoa, Vernon, Washington, West Feliciana, and all parishes south thereof; the following counties in Mississippi: George, Hancock, Harrison, Jackson, Pearl River, and Stone; and the follow ing counties in Alabama: Baldwin and Mobile; Texas Inland-North Louisiana-Arkansas—Arkansas, New Mexico, and those parts of the States of Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas not included in the Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast; Rocky Mountain—Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming; West Coast—Arizona, California, Ne vada, Oregon, and Washington. Alaska and Hawaii were not in cluded in the survey. 3 Includes only establishments with 100 workers or more at the time of reference of the universe data. 3 Data relate to total employment in establishments actually vis ited. 4 Includes executive, professional, office, and other workers in ad dition to the production worker category shown separately. 1 The regions as defined for this study: East Coast— Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Caro lina, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, and the follow ing counties in Pennsylvania: Bradford, Columbia, Dauphin, Montour, Northumberland, Sullivan, York, and all counties east thereof; West ern Pennsylvania-West Virginia—West Virginia and those counties in Pennsylvania not included in the East Coast region; Midwest /—Indi ana, lllinios, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Tennessee; Midwest II— Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Okla homa, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast— the following counties in Texas: Aransas, Brazoria, Calhoun, Cameron, Chambers, Fort Bend, Galveston, Hardin, Harris, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Kenedy, Kleburg, Liberty, Matagorda, Montgomery, Newton, Nueces, Orange, Polk, Refugio, San Jacinto, San Patricio. Tyler, Victoria, Waller, Wharton, and Willacy; the following parishes in Louisiana: Avoyelles, East Feliciana, Points Coupee, Rapides, St. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 48 Appendix B. Occupational Descriptions The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau’s wage surveys is to assist its field representatives in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This permits the grouping of occupational wage rates representing comparable job content. Because of this emphasis on interestablishment and interarea comparability of occupational content, the Bureau’s job descriptions may differ significantly from those used in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In ap plying these job descriptions, the Bureau’s field represent atives are instructed to exclude supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers. The titles and codes below the job titles in this appendix are taken from the 1980 edition of the Standard Occupational Classification Manual (SOC), issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards. In general, the Bureau of Labor Statistics occupational descriptions are much more specific than those found in the SOC manual. For example, 5 of the 11 maintenance occupa tions studied separately in petroleum refineries had the same SOC code (613—Industrial machinery repairers). Therefore, in comparing the results of this survey with other sources, differences in occupational definitions should be taken into consideration. Carpenter (6422: Carpenter) Performs the carpentry duties necessary to construct and maintain in good repair building woodwork and equipment such as bins, cribs, counters, benches, partitions, doors, floors, stairs, casings, and trim made of wood. Work in volves most of the following: Planning and laying out of work from blueprints, drawings, models, or verbal instructions; using a variety of carpenter’s handtools, portable power tools, and standard measuring instruments; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work; and selecting materials necessary for the work. In general, the work of the maintenance carpenter requires rounded training and ex perience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Electrician (615: Electrical and electronic equipment repairer) (6432: Electrician) Performs a variety of electrical trade functions such as the installation, maintenance, or repair of equipment for the generation, distribution, or utilization of electric energy. Work involves most of the following: Installing or repair ing any of a variety of electrical equipment such as generators, transformers, switchboards, controllers, circuit breakers, motors, heating units, conduit systems, or other transmission equipment; working from blueprints, drawings, layouts, or other specifications; locating and diagnosing trou ble in the electrical system or equipment; working standard computations relating to load requirements of wiring or elec trical equipment; and using a variety of electrician’s handtools and measuring and testing instruments. In general, the work of the maintenance electrician requires rounded train ing and experience usually acquired through a formal ap prenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Maintenance Boilermaker (6814: Boilermaker) Assembles and repairs boilers, tanks, and pressure vessels. Work involves most of the following: Interpreting written instructions, specifications, and blueprints; planning and lay ing out work; using a variety of hand and power tools and applying knowledge of the working properties of metals; and positioning, aligning, fitting, and joining together parts (by bolting, welding, or other means) in assembly and repair work. In general, the boilermaker’s work normally requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Helper, maintenance trades (863: Helper, mechanic and repairer) Assists one or more workers in the skilled maintenance trades by performing specific or general duties of lesser skill, such as keeping a worker supplied with materials and tools; 49 ticeship or equivalent training and experience. Exclude workers who only make minor repairs or adjustments. cleaning working area, machine, and equipment; assisting journeyman by holding materials or tools; and performing other unskilled tasks as directed by journeyman. The kind of work the helper is permitted to perform varies from trade to trade: In some trades, the helper is confined to supply ing, lifting, and holding materials and tools, and cleaning working areas; and in others, the helper is permitted to per form specialized machine operations, or parts of a trade that are also performed by workers on a full-time basis. Mechanic, machinery (613: Industrial machinery repairer) Repairs machinery or mechanical equipment. Work in volves most of the following: Examining machines and mechanical equipment to diagnose source of trouble; dismantling or partly dismantling machines and performing repairs that mainly involve the use of handtools in scraping and fitting parts; replacing broken or defective parts with items obtained from stock; ordering the production of a replacement part by a machine shop or sending the machine to a machine shop for major repairs; preparing written specifications for major repairs or for the production of parts ordered from machine shops; reassembling machines; and making all necessary adjustments for operation. In general, the work of a machinery maintenance mechanic requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Excluded from this classification are workers whose primary duties involve setting up or adjusting machines. Instrument repairer (613: Industrial machinery repairer) Installs, maintains, adjusts, and repairs manual, pneumatic, electric, and/or electronic measuring, recording, and regulating instruments in a refinery. Work involves most of the following: Inspecting, testing, and adjusting instruments periodically, determining cause of trouble in instruments not functioning properly and making necessary repairs or ad justments; disconnecting inaccurate or damaged instruments and replacing them; examining mechanism and cleaning parts; replacing worn or broken parts; assembling in struments and installing them on testing apparatus; and calibrating instruments to established standard. Mechanic, motor vehicle Machinist (611: Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanic and repairer) (613: Industrial machinery repairer) Produces replacement parts and new parts in making repairs of metal parts of mechanical equipment operated. Work involves most of the following: Interpreting written instructions and specifications; planning and laying out of work; using a variety of machinist’s handtools and precision measuring instruments; setting up and operating standard machine tools; shaping of metal parts to close tolerances; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work, tooling, feeds and speeds of machining; knowledge of the working properties of the common metals; selecting standard materials, parts, and equipment required for this work; and fitting and assembling parts into mechanical equip ment. In general the machinist’s work normally requires a rounded training in machine shop practice usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Repairs, rebuilds, or overhauls major assemblies of inter nal combustion automobiles, buses, trucks, or tractors. Work involves most of the following: Diagnosing the source of trouble and determining the extent of repairs required; replac ing worn or broken parts such as piston rings, bearings, or other engine parts; grinding and adjusting valves; rebuilding carburetors; overhauling transmissions; and repairing fuel injection, lighting, and ignition systems. In general, the work of the motor vehicle mechanic requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. This classification does not include mechanics who repair customers’ vehicles or who only perform minor repair and tuneup of motor vehicles. It does, however, include fully qualified journeymen mechanics even though most of their time may be spent on minor repairs and tuneups. Mechanic, general Pipefitter (613: Industrial machinery repairer) (645: Plumber, pipefitter, and steamfitter) Performs the work of two or more skilled maintenance trades rather than specializing in one trade or one type of maintenance work. This classification includes workers regularly performing at least two types of skilled maintenance work, such as pipefitting, boilermaking, painting, insulating, welding, machining, machine and equipment repairing, carpentry, and electrical work, among others. In general, the work of a general mechanic requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal appren https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Installs or repairs water, steam, gas, or other types of pipe and pipefittings. Work involves most of the following: Lay ing out work and measuring to locate position of pipe from drawings or other written specifications; cutting various sizes of pipe to correct lengths with chisel and hammer or oxyacetylene torch or pipe-cutting machine; threading pipe with stocks and dies; bending pipe by hand-driven or power-driven machines; assembling pipe with couplings and fastening pipe 50 to hangers; making standard shop computations relating to pressures, flow, and size of pipe required; and making stand ard tests to determine whether finished pipes meet specifica tions. In general, the work of the maintenance pipefitter re quires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Workers primarily engaged in installing and repairing building sanitation or heating systems are excluded. Welder, hand (613: Industrial machinery repairer) Performs the welding duties necessary to maintain plant machinery and equipment in good repair, by fusing (welding) metal objects together in the fabrication of metal shapes and in repairing broken or cracked metal objects. Work involves most of the following: Planning and laying out work from written or oral instructions and specifications; knowledge of welding properties of a variety of metals and alloys; setting up of work and determining operation sequence; welding a variety of items as necessary; and ability to weld with gas and arc apparatus. In general, the work of the maintenance welder requires rounded training and experience usually ac quired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent train ing and experience. Processing Assistant operator (695: Petroleum plant operator) (First helper) Helps chief operator maintain operation of stills, (e.g., straight-run, combination units, and hydro, catalytic, and other cracking stills) in which crude or other oil is heated and separated into its various components. Work involves most of the following: Patrolling unit or instrument panel regularly to check on operations; observing instrument in dications of pressures, temperatures, liquid levels, etc.; and recording readings on log or other operational records; main taining desired liquid levels in equipment and controlling temperatures; adjusting or regulating manual or automatic controls to maintain operations within specified tolerances; drawing periodic samples and/or running tests such as specific gravity, viscosity, etc., reporting frequently to chief operator as to operating condition of unit; and lubricating and cleaning equipment. May check operation and adjust speed of pumps which circulate products through unit; and may make minor repairs to equipment. most of the following: Directing and coordinating the ac tivities of the various crew members on the still; interpreting instructions and operational requirements; keeping inform ed of operating conditions by patrolling entire unit periodical ly to check on operating conditions; observing instrument indications and chart records of rates, pressures, temperatures, liquid levels, etc.; directing the drawing of periodic samples; interpreting results of tests; making or directing operation and control changes as necessary to main tain operations within specified tolerances; maintaining or directing the preparation of daily operational log or other records; and preparing equipment for maintenance work and directing repairs. May be required to use computer data in certain phases of work. Operators on one-man operations are excluded. Chief operator’s helper (695: Petroleum plant operator) Tends operation of burners to maintain required temperature in furnace of a petroleum products still. Work involves most of the following: Following instructions receiv ed from chief operator or chief operator’s helper of previous shift specifying temperature to be maintained; reading temperature, pressure, and flow gauges to determine opera tion of still, and adjusting valves controlling flow of fuel to burners; observing color of burner flames or gas issuing from stack, and regulating supply of air to obtain correct com bustion; recording gauge and meter readings and/or other pertinent information on log sheet or other records; and reporting irregularities of still operation to chief operator. May clean burners and/or remove and replace plates cover ing openings that provide access to interior of still for cleaning. Compounder (7664: Mixing and blending-machine operator and tender) (Blender) (695: Petroleum plant operator) (First operator; process operator) Blends or compounds various lubricating oils and/or greases according to specifications. Work involves most of the following: Ascertaining location of various oils to be com pounded and pumping or arranging for pumper to transfer oils to proper lines; regulating valves to admit specified quan tities of various ingredients to mixing tank, following prescribed formulas; setting air and heat controls on kettles and tanks as necessary; and maintaining record of composi tion, quantities of components used, density, and/or other pertinent information. May make simple control tests to determine whether products are meeting specifications. In addition, may also blend new mixtures of oils and submit them to laboratory analysis. Is responsible for the operation of one or a battery of stills Laborer Chief operator (e.g., straight-run, combination units, and hydro, catalytic, (8769: Manual occupations, not eleswhere classified) and other cracking stills) in which crude or other oil is heated and separated into its various components. Work involves Performs miscellaneous laboring tasks in plants or out https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 51 may make specific gravity, visual color, or other tests to determine whether products are meeting specifications. Ex clude gaugers whose primary duties involve measuring quan tity and temperature of oil in storage tanks and controlling flow of oil into pipelines. side work areas, that require no formal training or previous experience. Generally, learning how to do the work is limited to gaining a familiarity with work areas, with acceptable ways of doing specific tasks, and with safety regulations. Average standards of performance can usually be attained after a brief period of service. Specific assignments among laboring tasks include: Loading and unloading, stacking, moving of materials, cleaning work areas and equipment, digging and shoveling. Tools such as crowbars, picks, shovels, wheelbar rows, handtrucks, and other lifting and excavating devices may be employed on specific assignments. Pumper’s helper (695: Petroleum plant operator) Opens and closes pipeline valves at direction of pumper to divert flow of liquids to proper location. May assist in starting or stopping pumps. May gauge contents of tanks, draw samples of products through bleeder valves on pipelines for laboratory analysis, or make specific gravity and visual color tests. Loader, tank cars or trucks (8319: Miscellaneous material moving equipment operator) (Tank-car loader; truck loader) Treater, oils Loads gasoline, kerosene, and/or various oils into tank cars or trucks according to specifications. Work involves: Con necting or assisting in connecting hose to coupling, or swing ing loading spout over dome; opening valves to allow liquid to flow into tank, or starting or notifying pumper to start pumps; and filling tank to proper level. May perform a varie ty of other tasks relating to shipment of product. May also gauge or sample shipping tanks. (695: Petroleum plant operator) (Treater, first class) Is responsible for the treating of gasoline, kerosene, distill ed oils, light oils, naphthas, wax, and other petroleum prod ucts with chemicals, steam, water, or air to remove sulphur and/or other impurities. Work involves most of the follow ing: Interpreting instructions and operational requirements; making frequent inspections of units to check on operations; observing and recording readings of temperature, pressure, flow gauges and meters; making or directing operation and control changes as necessary to maintain operations; main taining daily log or other operational records; preparing equipment for maintenance work; and testing equipment after repairs have been made. May direct activities of one or more helpers and may also operate pumps to circulate liquids through the units. Package filler, machine (7662: Packaging and filling-machine operator and tender) Tends the operation of an automatic or semiautomatic machine which fills containers with specified weight or amount of commodity being packaged. Work involves one or more of the following: Feeding empty containers to machine; making minor adjustments to weighing or dispens ing devices in order to maintain proper operation; and remov ing filled containers from machine. Workers who tend fill ing machines that also cap or close filled containers are included. Inspecting and Testing Routine tester, laboratory (3833: Petroleum technologist and tester) Pumper Performs various standard laboratory tests on different petroleum products to determine certain chemical and/or physical properties of the product. Test results, submitted to chemists or to operators of the various departments, are used to monitor and control the distillation and treating of the products. Work involves: Making various tests, such as viscosity, specific gravity, flash and fire points, color, pour, water and sediment, melting point, penetration, doctor solu tion, distillation and corrosion; and submitting results to chemist or to heads of processing units. May interpret results of tests. Chemists and laboratory laborers (bottle washers, etc.) are excluded. (695: Petroleum plant operator) (Transfer pumper; water pumper) Is responsible for operating one or more power-driven pumps to produce forced circulation of petroleum products and water through units during processing, or to effect the movement of water, chemical solutions, or petroleum pro ducts from one tank or processing unit to another, or be tween tanks and processing units, to points of loading or unloading trucks, tank cars, or boats. Work involves most of the following: Interpreting specifications to determine which lines should be used for individual liquids; connect ing lines from pumps to storage tanks or processing units; regulating pipeline valves so that liquids are pumped accord ing to written specifications or oral instructions; checking measuring instruments or gauging contents of storage tanks; and maintaining operational records or log. May draw samples from tanks or pipelines for laboratory analysis, or https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Recording and Control Stock clerk (4754: Stock and inventory clerk) 52 Recevives, stores, and issues equipment, material, mer chandise, or tools in a stockroom or storeroom. Work in volves a combination of the following: Checking incoming orders; storing supplies; applying identifications to articles; issuing supplies; taking periodic inventory or keeping perpetual inventory; making up necessary reports; and re questing or ordering supplies when needed. Stockroom laborers, tool crib attendants, and employees who supervise stock clerks and laborers are excluded. is not available or they are not assigned to a particular category of truck.) Custodial Guard (5144: Guards and police, except public service) Protects property from theft or damage, or persons from hazards or interference. Duties involve serving at a fixed post, making rounds on foot or by motor vehicle, or escort ing persons or property. May be deputized to make arrests. May also help visitors and customers by answering ques tions and giving directions. Guards employed by establish ments which provide protective services on a contract basis are included in this occupation. Material Movement Power-truck operator (8318: Industrial truck and tractor equipment operator) Operates a manually controlled gasoline- or electricpowered truck or tractor to transport goods and materials of all kinds about a warehouse, manufacturing plant, or other establishment. For wage study purposes, workers are classified by type of truck, as follows: For wage study purposes, guards are classified as follows: Guard I Carries out instructions primarily oriented toward insur ing that emergencies and security violations are readily discovered and reported to appropriate authority. Intervenes directly only in situations which require minimal action to safeguard property or persons. Duties require minimal train ing. Commonly, the guard is not required to demonstrate physical fitness. May be armed, but generally is not required to demonstrate proficiency in the use of firearms or special weapons. Forklift Other than forklift Truckdriver (821: Motor vehicle operator) Drives a truck within a city or industrial area to transport materials, merchandise, equipment, or workers between various types of establishments such as: Manufacturing plants, freight depots, warehouses, wholesale and retail establishments or between retail establishments and customers’ houses or places of business. May also load or unload truck with or without helpers, make minor mechanical repairs, and keep truck in good working order. Sales-route and over-the-road drivers are excluded. Guard II Enforces regulations designed to prevent breaches of security. Exercises judgment and uses discretion in dealing with emergencies and security violations encountered. Deter mines whether first response should be to intervene directly (asking for assistance when deemed necessary and time allows), to keep situation under surveillance, or to report situation so that it can be handled by appropriate authority. Duties require specialized training in methods and tech niques of protecting security areas. Commonly, the guard is required to demonstrate continuing physical fitness and proficiency with firearms or other special weapons. For wage study purposes, truckdrivers are classified by type and rated capacity of truck, as follows: Truckdriver, light truck (straight truck, under 1 1/2 tons, usually 4 wheels) Truckdriver, medium truck (straight truck, 1 1/2 to 4 tons, inclusive, usually 6 wheels) Not classifiable by level Truckdriver, heavy truck . Truckdriver, tractor-trailer Workers in positions with work characteristics as describ ed, and within the range of defined levels, should be reported under this classification when the information needed to classify them according to the level definitions is not available. Truckdriver, not classifiable by category Janitor, porter, or cleaner (straight truck, over 4 tons, usually 10 wheels) (5244: Janitors and cleaners) (Truckdrivers in positions with work characteristics as described should be reported under this category when the information needed to classify them according to category https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory working areas and washrooms, or premises of an office, or other 53 and providing supplies and minor maintenance services; cleaning lavatories, showers, and restrooms. Workers who specialize in window washing are excluded. establishment. Duties involve a combination of the follow ing: Sweeping, mopping, or scrubbing, and polishing floors; removing chips, trash, and other refuse; dusting equipment, furniture, or fixtures; polishing metal fixtures or trimmings; https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 54 Industry Wage Survey Bulletins The most recent reports providing occupational wage data for industries currently included in the Bureau’s program of industry wage surveys are listed below. Bulletins still in print are for sale from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Publications Sales Center, P.O. Box 2145, Chicago, 111. 60690. Order by title and GPO Stock Number. Bulletins marked with an asterisk (*) are available only from the Chicago address. Bulletins that are out of print are available for reference at leading public, college, or university libraries or at the Bureau’s Washington or regional offices. Petroleum Refining, 1988. BLS Bulletin 2343. Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, 1986. bls Bulletin 2286. $3* Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, 1987. BLS Bulletin 2324. $5.50. GPO Stock No. 029-001-02993-4 Shipbuilding and Repairing, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2295. $2. GPO Stock No. 029-001-02965-9 Structural Clay Products, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2288. $3.25* Synthetic Fibers, 1985. bls Bulletin 2268. $1.50* Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1985. bls Bulletin 2260. $3.25* Textile Mills, 1985, BLS Bulletin 2265. $5.50* Wood Household Furniture, 1986. bls Bulletin 2283. $5.50* Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing Basic Iron and Steel, 1983. bls Bulletin 2221. $2.25* Cigarette Manufacturing, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2276. $1.25* Corrugated and Solid Fiber Boxes, 1987. bls Bulletin 2315. $3.50. gpo Stock No. 029-001-02986-1 Grain Mill Products, 1987. BLS Bulletin 2325. $4.50. gpo Stock No. 029-001-02996-9. Hosieiy Manufacturing, 1987. bls Bulletin 2321. $3. gpo Stock No. 029-001-02987-0. Industrial Chemicals, 1986. bls Bulletin 2287. $2.50* Iron and Steel Foundries, 1986. bls Bulletin 2292. $5.50. gpo Stock No. 029-001-02963-2. Machinery Manufacturing, 1983. BLS Bulletin 2229. $3.50* Meat Products, 1984. bls Bulletin 2247. $6* Men’s and Boys’ Shirts and Nightwear, 1987. bls Bulletin 2304. $3.25* Men’s and Boys’ Suits and Coats, 1984. BLS Bulletin 2230. $2.25* Men’s and Women’s Footwear, 1986. bls Bulletin 2291. $3.50* Millwork, 1984. BLS Bulletin 2244. $2* Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1983. bls Bulletin 2223. $4.75* https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1988. BLS Bulletin 2337. $3.25. gpo Stock No. 029-001-03004-5 Banking, 1985. bls Bulletin 2269. $4* Bituminous Coal Mining, 1988. bls Bulletin 2342. Certificated Air Carriers, 1984. BLS Bulletin 2241. $2* Computer and Data Processing Services, 1987. bls Bulletin 2318. $3.50. GPO Stock No. 029-001-02988-8 Contract Cleaning Services, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2299. $3. GPO Stock No. 029-001-02970-5 Department Stores, 1986. bls Bulletin 2311. $4.75* Electric and Gas Utilities, 1988. bls Bulletin 2338. $4.75* Hospitals, 1985. bls Bulletin 2273. $12* Hotels and Motels, 1988. BLS Bulletin 2335. $3.75. GPO Stock No. 029-001-03006-1 Life and Health Insurance Carriers, 1986. BLS Bulletin 2293. $5* Nursing and Personal Care Facilities, 1985. bls Bulletin 2275. $5. gpo Stock No. 029-001-02921-7 Oil and Gas Extraction, 1988. BLS Bulletin 2334. Temporary Help Supply, 1987. bls Bulletin 2313. $5. gpo Stock No. 029-001-02982-9 Handbook of Labor Statistics - 1989 Edition Bulletin 2340 Makes available in one 585-page volume historical data (through 1988 in most cases) for the major statistical series produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Contains 156 tables with data on: Handbook of Labor Statistics Labor force characteristics Employment and unemployment Provides technical notes for each major group of tables. Hours and earnings Includes related series from other countries. Productivity and unit labor costs Wage and benefit changes Prices and living conditions Work stoppages Occupational injuries and illnesses Foreign labor statistics Employee benefits Please send your order to: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 □ Please send ^copies of Handbook of Labor Statistics, Order Processing Code: Bulletin 2340, GPO Stock No. 029-001-03009-6, at $29 per copy. □ Enclosed is a check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents. □ Charge to GPO Account No. □ Charge to □ "««£*« or Bureau of Labor Statistics, Publications Sales Center, PO. Box 2145, Chicago, IL 60690 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis □ ]-□ 69 Account No. Expiration date (Deduct 25 percent for 100 or more copies sent to the same address.) Name Organization (if applicable) Street address City, State, ZIP *6748 Bureau of Labor Statistics Regional Offices REGION VIII REGION VII REGION II region IV REGION VI AMERICAN Region I Kennedy Federal Building Suite 1603 Boston, MA 02203 Phone: (617) 565-2327 Region II Room 808 201 Varick Street New York, NY 10014 Phone: (212) 337-2400 Region III 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309 Philadelphia, PA 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Region IV 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E. Atlanta, GA 30367 Phone: (404) 347-4416 Region V 9th Floor Federal Office Building 230 S. Dearborn Street Chicago, IL 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Region VI Federal Building 525 Griffin Street, Room 221 Dallas, TX 75202 Phone: (214) 767-6970 Regions VII and VIII 911 Walnut Street Kansas City, MO 64106 Phone: (816) 426-2481 Regions IX and X 71 Stevenson Street P.O. Box 3766 San Francisco, CA 94119 Phone: (415) 744-6600 U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, D.C. 20212 Postage and Fees Paid U.S. Department of Labor Third Class Mail Official Business Penalty for Private Use, $300 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Lab-441
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