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L a. 3. /fir Industry Wage Survey: Leather Tanning and Finishing March 1973 U. S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics 1975 Bulletin 1835 DOCUMENT COLLECTION MAY 2 0 1975 Dayton & Montgomery Co. Public Library Industry Wage Survey: Leather Tanning and Finishing March 1973 U.S. Department of Labor John T. Dunlop, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Julius Shiskin, Commissioner 1975 Bulletin 1835 J.583-673 P .0 .69 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, GPO Bookstores, or BLS Regional Offices listed on inside back cover. Price $1.10 Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents. Stock Number 029-001-01375-2 Catalog Number L2.3:1835 Preface This bulletin summarizes the results of a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of wages and supplementary benefits in the leather tanning and finishing industry in March 1973. A similar survey was conducted in January 1968. Separate releases on the 1973 study were issued earlier for Boston, Mass.; Fulton County, N.Y.; Illinois; Maine; Newark and Jersey City, N.J.; New Hampshire; Pennsylvania; Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, Pa.-N.J.-Del.; and Wisconsin. Copies of these releases are available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C., 20212, or any of its regional offices. This study was conducted by the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. Carl Barsky of the Division of Occupational Wage Structures prepared the analysis. Field work for the survey was conducted by the Bureau’s Associate Assistant Regional Directors for Operations. Other reports available from the Bureau’s program of industry wage studies and the addresses of the Bureau’s regional offices are listed at the end of this bulletin. in Contents S u m m a ry .............................................................................................................................................................................. Industry characteristics....................................................................................................................................................... Products and processes ............................................................................................................................................. Type of plant ............................................................................................................................................................. Size of establishment ................................................................................................................................................ U nionization................................................................................................................................................................. Method of wage payment .......................................................................................................................................... Average hourly earnings....................................................................................................................................................... Occupational earnings.......................................................................................................................................................... Establishment practices and supplementary wage benefits ............................................................................................ Scheduled weekly h o u r s ............................................................................................................................................. Shift differential provisions and p r a c tic e s ............................................................................................................... Paid holidays ............................................................................................................................................................. Paid v a c a tio n s ............................................................................................................................................................. Health, insurance, and retirement p l a n s ................................................................................................................... 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 Tables: Average hourly earnings: 1. By selected characteristics ......................................................................................................................... 6 Earnings distribution: 2. All establishm ents.......................................................................................................................................... 6 3. By principal type of le a th e r ......................................................................................................................... 7 Occupational averages: 4. All establishm ents.......................................................................................................................................... 8 5. By size of establishment ............................................................................................................................... 10 6. By size of com m unity......................................................................................................................................11 7. By labor-management contract coverage ....................................................................................................11 8. By labor-management contract coverage andsize of estab lish m en t............................................................ 12 9. By labor-management contract coverage andsize of c o m m u n ity ............................................................... 13 10. By principal type of le a th e r ............................................................................................................................14 11. By method of wage p a y m e n t.........................................................................................................................15 Occupational earnings: 12. Boston, Mass ...................................................................................................................................................16 13. Fulton County, N.Y...........................................................................................................................................18 14. Illinois ............................................................................................................................................................ 20 15. M a in e ............................................................................................................................................................... 22 16. Newark and Jersey City, N.J............................................................................................................................ 24 17. New H am p sh ire...............................................................................................................................................26 18. Pennsylvania .................................................................................................................................................. 28 19. Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, Pa.-N.J.-Del.............................................................................................. 30 20. W isco n sin.........................................................................................................................................................32 Establishment practices and supplementary wage benefits: 21. Method of wage p a y m e n t...............................................................................................................................36 22. Scheduled weekly hours ...............................................................................................................................36 Contents—Continued 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Shift differential pro v isio n s............................................................................................................................37 Shift differential practices ............................................................................................................................38 Paid holidays ...................................................................................................................................................38 Paid vacatio n s...................................................................................................................................................39 Health, insurance, and retirement p l a n s ........................................................................................................ 40 Appendixes: A. Scope and method of su rv e y ................................................................................................................................41 B. Occupational descriptions ................................................................................................................................... 44 Leather Tanning and Finishing, March 1973 Summary Straight-time earnings of production and related workers in the leather tanning and finishing industry averaged $3.41 an hour in March 1973. Earnings of 94 percent of the 16,677 workers covered by the survey1 were within a range of $2 to $5 an hour; the middle half earned between $2.82 and $3.94. Men-nine-tenths of the workers—averaged $3.48 an hour, compared with $2.85 an hour for women. Differ ences in men’s and women’s averages are partially due to unequal distribution of the sexes among jobs with disparate pay levels. Among the five regions2 studied separately, average hourly earnings ranged from $2.71 in the Southeast to $3.75 in the Great Lakes. Earnings in the other two major regions—New England and the Middle Atlanticaveraged $3.31 and $3.48, respectively. Averages for the occupations selected to represent skill levels and processes in the industry varied from $4.07 an hour for shaving-machine operators to $2.76 an hour for janitors.3 The 1,145 tackers, togglers, and pasters, the largest occupational group studied, averaged $3.88. Virtually all of the production workers were provided paid holidays, paid vacations, and at least part of the cost of life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance. Accidental death and dismemberment, sickness and accident, basic medical, and major medical insurance, and retirement pension plans also were available to a large majority of the workers. Industry characteristics Leather tanning and finishing plants covered by the survey employed 16,677 production and related workers in March 1973-down 30 percent since January 1968, 1See appendix A for scope and method of study. Earnings data in this bulletin exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 For definition of regions, see appendix A, table A -l, footnote 1. 3See appendix B for occupational descriptions. when a similar study was conducted.4 The number of plants declined 14 percent during this period, from 247 to 212, while the average number of production workers per plant dropped from 96 to 79. Employment fell by more than one-half in the Border States; nearly two-fifths in New England; three-tenths in the Southeast; and about one-fourth in the Great Lakes. Between survey periods, New England’s employment dropped slightly below the level in the Great Lakes region. As in 1968, however, New England, the Middle Atlantic, and the Great Lakes States employed slightly more than four-fifths of the workers; nearly three-fifths of the industry’s workers were in metropolitan areas.5 A drop in production, spurred by reduced demand for leather, has led to lower employment in the tanning and finishing industry. To illustrate, the domestic footwear industry, the largest user of leather, has curtailed its production in recent years while relying more heavily on imported leathers.6 The footwear industry’s demand for finished upper and sole leather was down about one-fifth and two-fifths, respectively, between 1963 and the end of 1972, the latest years for which such data are available.7 Imports of leather closely associated with footwear manufacturing more than tripled during approximately the same period. The availability of hides and skins to be processed also has sharply decreased. While domestic hides are being shipped abroad for tanning in ever increasing 4 See Industry Wage Survey, Leather Tanning and Finishing, January 1968, Bulletin 1618 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1969). 5Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget through November 1971. 6U.S. Bureau of the Census, Extracts from FT 246 and IM 146, “U.S. Imports for Consumption.” Based on import data for leathers closely associated with footwear production relating to 1972 and 1964. (Data prior to 1964 are not comparable with later figures.) For information on domestic production, see U.S. Bureau of the Census, Survey o f Current Business, August 1965 and March 1974, p. S-30. 7 U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census o f Manufactures, 1963 and 1972. Data for 1972 are preliminary. Finished upper and sole leather accounted for about nine-tenths of the dollar value of leather products purchased by footwear firms in both years studied. numbers,8 several countries currently limit the export of hides to the United States. Products and processes. The bulk of the industry’s finished product continues to be used in the manufac ture of shoes. Other important products include leather for luggage, industrial belting, upholstery, gloves, and pocketbooks. Several types of skins and hides were processed by the industry in March 1973, with large regional varia tions in the type of leather produced. A majority of the workers in the New England and Great Lakes regions were in plants primarily processing side leather, a type of shoe upper leather made from the hair side of cattle hides. Sole leather, on the other hand, was the chief product in the Border States. In the Middle Atlantic region, there was a greater variety of products, including side and sole leather, sheepskin clothing leather, up holstery leather, and calf and kid leathers for shoe uppers. The tanning and finishing cycle involves three major steps. First, hides or skins are soaked and washed. The hair, fat, and superfluous tissue are then removed. Next, the hides or skins are soaked in a solution that transforms them from a highly perishable into a semidurable product (leather). Chemicals used in the soaking solution include chrome salts and muriatic acid (chrome tanning) and tannic acid from bark extracts (vegetable tanning). Chrome tanning, a more rapid process, is generally used in processing light leather; heavy leathers, such as those used for shoe soles, are most often vegetable tanned. Of the nearly 16,000 workers in plants having tanning operations in March 1973, about two-thirds were in plants using chrome tanning. About one-eighth were in plants using vegetable tanning exclusively; and one-fifth were in plants using both vegetable and chrome pro cesses. The few remaining plants used other methods. The final step in the process is finishing. This consists of glazing, graining, embossing, or other operations that enhance the appearance and make leather more durable. The type of finishing performed varies according to the kind of skin from which the leather is made and the ultimate use of the product. Seven-eighths of the workers in the study were in plants performing both tanning and finishing operations in March 1973. Nearly one-tenth worked in plants that performed only tanning operations, and the remainder were in plants that finished leathers tanned by other establishments. 8 Op. Cit., Survey o f Current Business. Type o f plant. Regular tanning and finishing plants, i.e., those that process their own leather and sell the finished product, employed slightly less than four-fifths of the production workers. Plants performing tanning and finishing operations on a contract basis for others employed the remaining workers. The latter were found mostly in the New England and Middle Atlantic regions, especially in Boston and Fulton Count^, N.Y. Leather converters-those who buy hides and skins and have them processed by others on a contract basis—were excluded from the survey. Size o f establishment. Two-thirds of the production workers were in establishments having 100 employees or more. Of the 11,305 workers in these establishments, slightly less than three-fifths were employed in plants of 100-249 workers, and just over one-third were in plants of 250-499 workers. None of the plants studied had as many as 600 workers. Regionally, the proportions of workers in plants of 100 workers or more, were about nine-tenths in the Border States, four-fifths in the Great Lakes, and three-fifths each in New England and the Middle Atlantic. The smaller proportions in New England and the Middle Atlantic States reflect the concentration of contractors who generally have smaller operations than regular tanners and finishers. Unionization. Establishments having collective baigaining agreements covering a majority of their production workers employed nearly two-thirds of the industry’s work force. The proportion of workers in union plants varied widely by region, and even within the same region, as indicated in the following tabulation: Region, State, and area Percent o f pro duction workers in plants with majori ty ,co vered by union contract United S ta te s ...................................................................... 65-69 New England ................................................... B o s to n ...................................................................... M a in e ......................................................................... New Hampshire ...................................................... 80-84 10-14 65-69 45-4 Middle Atlantic .................................................................. 80-84 Fulton County, N .Y ................................................ 85-89 Newark and Jersey C i t y ........................................ 95+ Pennsylvania.............................................. Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington . . . . 65-69 Border S ta te s ...................................................................... 70-74 Southeast............................................................................. 55-59 Great Lakes ..................................................................... Illinois ....................................................................... Wisconsin.................................................................. 70-74 95+ 70-74 60-64 The Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Work men of North America and the Leather Workers Inter national Union (both AFL-CIO) are major unions in the industry. The Leather Workers are the most important union in New England; the Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen are predominant in the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes regions. Method o f wage payment. Workers paid on a time basis accounted for a slight majority of the production employment in the survey (table 21). About four-fifths of the 9,200 timeworkers were paid under formal plans, usually providing a single rate of pay for a specified occupation. The remaining one-fifth of the timeworkers were paid primarily according to their individual qualifi cations for the job .9 Incentive pay plans, most commonly individual piece rates, applied to slightly over two-fifths of the industry’s workers. The proportion of workers covered by incen tive plans ranged from about one-third in the Southeast to slightly more than one-half in the Border States. Numerically important jobs primarily paid under incen tive wage systems included machine buffers; embossingor plating-press operators; haulers; machine setters-out; machine stakers; and tackers, togglers, and pasters (table 11) . Average hourly earnings Straight-time earnings of production and related workers in the industry averaged $3.41 an hour in March 1973 (table l).10 This is 33 percent higher than the $2.56 level recorded in the Bureau’s 1968 study of the industry, and is comparable to the rise for all nondurable manufacturing workers during the same period.11 Regionally, March 1973 wage levels ranged from $3.75 an hour in the Great Lakes to $2.71 in the Southeast. Hourly pay increases over the 5 years between surveys varied little among the selected regions, averaging from 30 percent in the Border States to 36 percent in the Middle Atlantic. Production worker averages in the nine localities studied separately in 1973 ranged from $3.91 an hour in Illinois to $3.13 in Maine (tables 12-20). Men were about nine-tenths of the workers and averaged $3.48 an hour, compared to $2.85 for women. The wage advantage for men ranged from 43 cents an hour in the Southeast to 76 cents an hour in the Great Lakes. Differences in average pay levels between men and women result from several factors, among them, variations in the distribution of the sexes among plants and among jobs having disparate pay levels, and within the same job, average earnings differentials may be influenced by the use of incentive pay plans.12 Workers averaged $3.61 an hour in plants where a majority were covered by union contracts. This was 18 percent more than those in nonunion plants. The wage advantage for workers in unionized plants has increased since January 1968, when it amounted to 5 percent. Following the general pattern of many other manu facturing industries, average hourly earnings in leather tanning and finishing were higher in union plants than in nonunion plants; higher in metropolitan areas than in nonmetropolitan areas ($3.48 compared with $3.33); and higher in large plants than in small plants ($3.49 in plants of 100 workers or more compared with $3.26 in those with fewer workers). In the few instances where comparisons were possible on a regional basis, these relationships also generally held. The above comparisons of average earnings do not isolate the influence of individual characteristics as 9 About 1 percent of the industry’s workers were paidMarch 1973 by the exclusion of leather converters and establish ments employing fewer than 20 workers. The advance planning according to a plan known as “stint work” or “task work.” necessary to make the survey required the use of lists of Under this system, an employee receives a fixed daily wage for a establishments assembled considerably in advance of data col predetermined amount of work, regardless of the amount of lection. Thus, establishments new to the industry are omitted, as time required to complete the task. For purposes of this study, are establishments originally classified in the leather tanning and stint workers were considered as timeworkers. finishing industry, but found to be in other industries at the time 1 °The straight-time hourly earnings in this bulletin differ in of the survey. Also omitted are leather plants classified incor concept from the gross average hourly earnings published in the rectly in other industries at the time the lists were compiled. Bureau’s monthly hours and earnings series ($3.58 in March 11 According to the Bureau’s index of average hourly earnings 1973). Unlike the latter, the estimates presented here exclude (excluding overtime), wage levels for workers in nondurable premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Average earnings were calculated by summing manufacturing industries rose 35 percent between January 1968 individual hourly earnings and dividing by the number of and March 1973. individuals; in the monthly series, the sum of the man-hour 12 Differences in average earnings among incentive workers in the same job cannot be used as an accurate measure of totals reported by establishments in the industry was divided differences in rates of pay per unit of work produced. Earnings into the reported payroll totals. reflect not only pay rates but also productivity of the workers in The estimate of the number of production workers within given jobs. Productivity of workers is influenced by experience, scope of the study is intended only as a general guide to the size workflow, and other factors that the individual may or may not and composition of the labor force included in the survey. It differs from those published in the monthly series (20,200) in control. determinants of wages. In New England, for example, plants having union contracts employed nearly threefifths of the workers in metropolitan areas but only one-third of those in nonmetropolitan areas. Other factors, such as type of leather produced and method of wage payment, also may influence earnings levels. Nationwide, production workers averaged $3.55 an hour in plants primarily processing side leather and $3.27 an hour in those processing sole leather. Averages in plants primarily processing other types of leather13 were: $3.90 for calf upper leather; $3.38 for splits (portion of hide other than grain or hair side); $3.26 for sheepskin clothing leather; and $2.93 for kid upper. Earnings of 94 percent of the workers covered by the study were within a range of $2 to $5 an hour —the middle half earned from $2.82 to $3.94 (table 2). This relatively wide range of pay reflects a large differential among earnings in the selected regions. For example, in the Southeast 82 percent of the workers earned under $3.20 an hour, while 76 percent in the Great Lakes earned that amount or more. Earnings also were widely dispersed within regions, reflecting such factors as the large proportion of workers receiving incentive pay and the wide range of occupa tional skill requirements in the industry. Occupational earnings Occupations selected to represent skill levels and the wage structure of the industry accounted for three-fifths of the workers within scope of the study. Nationwide, averages for these jobs ranged from $4.07 an hour for shaving-machine operators to $2.76 for janitors (table 4). Tackers, togglers, and pasters, the largest occupa tional group studied separately, averaged $3.88 an hour. Other numerically important jobs and their hourly averages included laborers handling dry work, $2.93; colorers, fat liquorers, or oil-wheel operators, $3.63; embossing- or plating-press operators, $3.38; haulers, $3.53; machine setters-out, $3.61; and general utility maintenance workers, $3.45. Women’s averages in the five jobs for which such data could be published were $2.73 for embossing- or plating-press operators; $2.73 for hand seasoners; $3.01 for spray-machine operators; $3.09 for dry trimmers; and $3.05 for measuring-machine operators. In each of these jobs, men averaged higher earnings than women by amounts ranging from 78 cents an hour for embossingor plating-press operators to 36 cents for spray-machine operators. Men constituted all or a majority of the 13Because of the relatively small number of workers in these establishments, earnings data were not presented by region. workers in each of the selected occupations in the survey except hand seasoners and dry trimmers. Among the selected regions, occupational averages were usually lowest in the Southeast and highest in the Great Lakes. As illustrated in text table 1, the amounts of the differentials varied significantly by occupation. T e x t ta b le 1. O c c u p a tio n a l pay relatio n sh ip s am on g selected regions (New England = 100) O ccupation1 J a n ito rs .................................................................................... Laborers handling dry w o rk ............................................ Measuring-machine operators .......................................... Spray-machine o pe ra tors.................................................... Embossing- or plating-press o p e ra to rs ........................... Trimmers, d r y ....................................................................... Maintenance workers, general u t i lit y .............................. Stakers, m a ch ine .................................................................. Fleshing- and unhairing-machine o p e ra tors............ ...................................................... Tackers, togglers, or pasters ............................................ Shaving-machine operators ............................................ .. Middle A tla n tic 94 102 106 101 105 112 106 117 107 115 115 Border States South east Great Lakes 79 80 85 100 85 72 96 72 102 108 116 120 112 114 127 107 77 75 78 122 109 114 _ 85 - 102 97 83 94 ~ 83 - ” 1 Occupations are arranged in increasing order of nationwide average hourly earnings. Usually within regions occupational averages were 1 to 15 percent higher in plants having 100 workers or more than in smaller establishments (table 5); 5 to 20 percent higher in metropolitan than in nonmetropolitan areas (table 6); and 5 to 20 percent higher in union than in nonunion plants (table 7). The union-nonunion relationship held even when comparisons were limited to the same establishment size and community size groups (tables 8 and 9). Earnings of individuals performing similar tasks varied considerably within the same State or area (tables 12-20). Earnings of the highest paid worker frequently exceeded those of the lowest paid worker in the same job and locality by $2 an hour or more. Thus, some workers in comparatively low paid jobs (as measured by the average for all workers) earned more than some workers in jobs for which significantly higher averages were recorded. For example, the following tabulation indicates considerable overlapping of individual earnings in Fulton County, N.Y. for men haulers and machine stakers, despite an 82-cent difference in the hourly averages of the two jobs. Earnings T o ta l w o r k e r s ................. ____ Number o f workers Stakers, machine Haulers 92 U n d e r $ 2 . 8 0 ....................................... 8 $ 2 .8 0 and un der $ 3 . 2 0 ................. 28 10 $ 3 .2 0 an d un der $ 3 . 6 0 ................. ____ $ 3 .6 0 and u n d e r $ 4 . 0 0 ................. ____ 100 _ 18 4 10 9 $ 4 .0 0 and u n d e r $ 4 . 4 0 ................. $ 4 .4 0 and over ................................. ____ 26 10 28 41 A verage h o u rly e a r n in g s .............. ____ $ 3 .5 9 $ 4 .4 1 Establishment practices and supplementary wage benefits Data also were obtained on certain establishment practices and supplementary wage benefits for produc tion workers, including work schedules, shift differential provisions and practices, paid holidays, paid vacations, and health, insurance, and retirement plans. Scheduled weekly hours. Work schedules of 40 hours a week were in effect in establishments employing seveneighths of the production workers in March 1973 and applied to a majority of workers in each region (table 22). Longer work schedules, usually 42 to 45 hours, however, were reported in all of the regions studied separately. In the Border States, where just over one-half of the employees were scheduled 40 hours, one-fifth were on a 3 5-hour week; another one-fifth were sche duled for 48 hours. Shift differential provisions and practices. Four-fifths of the workers were in plants with provisions for second shifts (table 23). At the time of the survey, however, only one-eighth were actually employed on second shifts (table 24). A large majority of the second shift workers received pay differentials; 10 cents an hour above day-shift rates was the most common provision. Third shift or other late shift operations were rarely found in the industry! Paid holidays. All production workers studied were in plants providing from 5 to 12 paid holidays annually (table 25). The number of holidays granted varied substantially by location, even within the same region. For example, in Illinois, all workers received 9 to 11 days, while almost half of the workers in Wisconsin, also in the Great Lakes region, received less than 9 days. Paid vacations. Paid vacations after qualifying periods of service applied to virtually all production workers. The most common provisions were 1 week’s vacation pay after 1 year of service; 2 weeks after 3 years; 3 weeks after 10 years; and 4 weeks after 20 years. Provisions were most liberal in the Middle Atlantic and Border States, where provisions for 5 weeks after 30 years of service were available to about three-tenths and onethird of the workers, respectively. (See table 26.) Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Life, hospitali zation, surgical, and basic medical insurance applied to more than nine-tenths of the workers (table 27). Four-fifths were provided protection against loss of income due to illness, usually in the form of sickness and accident insurance, accidental death and dismemberment and major medical insurance applied to about threefourths of the workers. The proportion of workers covered by some of these benefits varied substantially by region. For example, major medical insurance applied to two-fifths of the workers in the Border States, and to more than nine-tenths of New England’s production workers. Retirement pension plans, in addition to Federal social security benefits, were provided to about seventenths of the workers. Retirement severance pay plans were relatively rare in the industry. Retirement plans, as well as the other health and insurance programs studied, were usually financed entirely by the employer. New England United States12 Item Border States Middle A tla n tic Great Lakes Southeast Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings ................................. 16,677 $3.41 4,770 $3.31 3,941 $3.48 1,007 $2.92 977 $2.71 4,810 $3.75 Men ........................................................................................ Women .................................................................................. 14,993 1,684 3.48 2.85 4,246 524 3.39 2.66 3,590 351 3.52 3.01 965 42 2.94 2.33 937 40 2.73 2.30 4,192 618 3.84 3.08 Size of com m unity: M etropolitan areas3 .............................................. N onm etropolitan areas ....................................... 9,578 7,099 3.48 3.33 2,472 2,298 3.43 3.18 1,963 1,978 3.51 3.44 810 2.91 - - 3,503 3.67 - - Size of establishment: 2 0 -9 9 w o rk e rs ........................................................ 100 workers or more 5,372 11,305 3.26 3.49 1,826 2,944 3.33 3.30 1,672 2,269 3.47 3.48 896 2.92 866 Labor-management contracts: Establishments w it h M a jo rity of workers c o v e re d .................... None or m in o rity of workers covered . 10,906 5,771 3.61 3.05 2,152 2,618 3.61 3.07 3,251 3.65 794 2.92 - - Principal type of le ather:4 Side le a t h e r .............................................................. Sole le a t h e r .............................................................. 8,729 1,525 3.55 3.27 2,657 3.27 1,304 - - A ll production workers 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 3Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and the Budget through November 1971. Table 2. Earnings Workers Workers - - - 580 - - - 2.75 927 3,883 3.06 3.91 2.87 3,508 3.81 - - - 3.31 - 708 - 3.02 - - 3,328 - - 3.95 - 4 Establishments were classified on the basis of the principal type of leather tanned or finished during the preceding year. The production-worker total above includes data for establishments tanning or finishing other types of leather in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. Earnings distribution: All establishments (Percent distribution of production workers in leather tanning and finishing establishments by straight-time hourly earnings' United States and selected regions, March 1973) United States2 Hourly earnings' Total Men Women New England Middle Atlantic Border States South east Great Lakes Under $2 . 0 0 ........................................................................... 1.8 1.1 7.7 0.7 0.3 4.3 0.2 1.6 $2 $2 $2 $2 $2 00 10 20 30 40 $2 . 1 0 ........................................................ $2 . 2 0 ........................................................ $2 . 3 0 ........................................................ $2 . 4 0 ........................................................ $2 . 5 0 ........................................................ 1.2 1.7 2.8 1.8 3.1 .9 1.5 1.9 1.7 2.8 4.0 3.3 10.9 2.7 5.6 1.3 1.3 4.2 1.4 2.5 1.8 .9 1.3 1.5 3.0 2.3 2.2 .9 5.0 11.2 .1 9.8 13.1 7.3 6.2 .4 .7 1.3 .7 2.1 $2 $7 $2 $2 $2 50 and fifl and 70 and 80 and 90 and under $2 . 6 0 ........................................................ under $2 . 7 0 ........................................................ under $2 . 8 0 ........................................................ under $2 . 9 0 ........................................................ under $ 3 . 0 0 ........................................................ 4.5 3.0 4.1 5.2 4.5 4.1 2.7 4.0 5.2 4.3 7.9 5.4 5.1 4.9 6.7 5.1 3.3 4.3 5.0 4.4 4.0 2.5 5.1 8.0 6.7 7.7 7.2 8.9 8.3 4.9 175 6.1 4.2 5.4 2.8 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.1 $3 $3 $3 $3 $3 00 10 20 30 40 under $3 . 1 0 ........................................................ under $3 . 2 0 ........................................................ under $ 3 . 3 0 ........................................................ under $3 . 4 0 ........................................................ under $3 . 5 0 ........................................................ 4.7 5.5 4.4 4.3 4.1 4.9 5.6 4.5 4.5 4.1 3.3 5.1 3.6 2.3 4.3 5.9 8.6 6.4 5.4 2.5 5.9 4.9 4.2 4.3 3.9 4.1 4.9 6.0 3.5 2.1 5.6 3.3 2.6 1.7 4.2 2.2 3.0 3.5 4.6 6.7 $3 $3 $3 $3 $3 50 and 60 and 70 and 80 and 90 and under under under under under $3 . 6 0 ........................................................ $3.70 ..................................................... $3 . 8 0 ........................................................ $3 . 9 0 ........................................................ $4 . 0 0 ........................................................ 4.1 3.7 4.6 4.0 4.2 4.1 3.9 5.0 4.3 4.5 3.6 1.9 1.8 1.2 1.2 4.5 4.7 4.0 5.1 4.5 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.2 3.0 2.2 2.5 1.4 1.8 2.8 15 4.1 1.0 5.7 3.8 5.8 4.5 5.3 $4 00 and $4 10 and $4 20 and $4 30 and $4 40 and under $4 . 1 0 ........................................................ under $4 . 2 0 ........................................................ under $4 . 3 0 ........................................................ under $4 . 4 0 ........................................................ under $4 . 5 0 ........................................................ 3.9 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.1 4.0 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.3 3.3 .4 .8 .3 .2 2.7 2.1 1.7 1.2 1.6 3.3 1.8 1.8 3.7 2.7 1.4 .7 .7 .3 .7 .7 .1 .3 $4 $4 $4 $4 $4 under $4 . 6 0 ........................................................ under $4 . 7 0 ........................................................ under $4 . 8 0 ........................................................ under $4 . 9 0 ........................................................ under $5 00 ................................................. ... . 1.3 1.6 1.0 .9 .7 1.5 1.7 1.1 1.0 .7 .1 .5 .1 .5 .2 .7 .6 .6 .2 .5 1.1 2.7 1.2 1.1 .6 .4 .6 .3 .1 .1 .2 50 60 70 80 90 and and and and and under under under under under and and and and and and and and and and - .6 6.3 3.3 3.7 3.6 2.8 _ .1 2.7 2.3 1.5 2.0 1.3 _ .1 _ 6.7 $ 5.00 and over ..................................................................... 4.4 4.8 1.0 3.0 5.5 .7 .2 Total ..................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number of w o rk e rs ........................................................ 16,677 14,993 1,684 4,770 3,941 1,007 977 4,810 $ 3.41 $3.48 $2.85 $3.31 $3.48 $2.92 $2.71 $3.75 Average hourly earnings' ........................................... 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. - NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. 100.0 Table 3. Earnings distribution: By principal type of leather (Percent distribution of production workers in leather tanning and finishing establishments by straight-tim e hourly earnings,1 by principal type of leather, United States and selected regions, March 1973) United States2 Hourly earnings' Side Leather Sole Leather New England Middle A tlan tic Border States Great Lakes Side Leather Side Leather Sole Leather Side Leather 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.1 $2.00 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 and and and and and under under under under under $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... 1.0 .9 1.3 1.3 2.4 .9 .3 .1 2.0 6.4 .8 1.5 2.1 1.7 2.4 4.6 1.6 2.6 2.8 6.2 2.0 .7 .3 4.1 12.9 .1 .5 .3 1.2 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 and and and and and under under under under under $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... 4.7 2.5 3.6 4.0 3.2 8.3 4.9 4.7 6.5 6.6 6.7 3.7 5.0 6.1 4.7 6.1 3.1 5.1 4.2 5.3 9.6 8.3 5.8 7.1 4.9 1.3 .8 1.6 1.6 .8 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 and and and and and under under under under under $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... 5.0 4.7 4.2 4.8 4.8 5.6 5.5 4.9 5.1 4.5 7.5 7.5 6.7 6.5 2.9 5.8 3.2 3.9 4.3 3.4 4.7 4.8 7.1 4.4 2.5 1.7 1.5 3.1 5.1 7.2 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 and and and and and under under under under under $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 . . . . f .................................... .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... 4.7 4.0 6.0 4.3 4.8 4.1 2.8 4.1 2.9 4.1 5.3 4.0 3.4 3.7 3.3 4.1 3.0 3.1 4.2 2.6 2.7 3.0 1.7 2.3 3.2 5.3 4.5 7.5 4.7 6.6 $4.00 and $4.10 and $4.20 and $4.30 and $4.40 and under under under under under $4.10 $4.20 $4.30 $4.40 $4.50 .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... 5.1 2.5 2.8 2.4 2.4 3.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.8 2.7 1.9 1.5 .8 1.5 1.9 1.6 1.9 3.1 2.3 2.0 1.0 1.0 .3 1.0 8.2 4.2 4.7 4.2 3.7 $4.50 $4.60 $4.70 $4.80 $4.90 under under under under under $4.60 $4.70 $4.80 $4.90 $5.00 .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... .................................................... 1.9 1.9 1.3 1.0 .9 1.1 1.0 .7 .6 1.2 2.6 1.4 .6 .3 .4 .6 .3 .1 - 1.0 .3 .8 .3 .3 3.3 3.1 1.8 2.0 1.7 $5.00 and o v e r ..................................................................... 4.9 1.7 2.6 3.8 .8 8.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Under $2.00 and and and and and ........................................................................ Total - ........................................................... 8,729 1,525 2,657 1,304 708 3,328 Average hourly earnings' ................................................. $3.55 $3.27 $3.27 $3.31 $3.02 $3.95 Number of workers 1 Excludes premium pay fo r overtime and for w o rk on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 3 Less than 0.05 percent. NOTE: Because of rounding, sum of individual items may not equal 100. United States2 Occupation and sex New England Hourly earnings1 Middle A tla n tic H ourly earnings1 Workers H ourly earnings1 Workers Mean Median Middle range 441 $3.77 $3.80 $ 3 .2 3 - 1 $4.25 109 278 3.78 3.78 3.86 3.78 3 .1 4 - 4.40 3 .2 6 - 4.25 548 496 415 81 3.63 3.38 3.51 2.73 3.49 3.36 3.47 2.55 3 .1 0 2.71 2 .8 6 2 .0 3 3 .1 6 - Workers Mean Median Middle range 173 $3.79 $3.79 $3.34 - $3.99 29 109 3.89 3.75 3.89 3.75 3.71 3 .2 6 - 3.97 4.07 4.28 3.95 4.02 3.20 173 151 144 7 3.41 3.22 3.23 2.85 3.22 3.24 3.31 - 3 .0 6 2 .8 4 2 .8 4 3 .3 0 - Mean Median Middle range 57 $3.86 $3.74 $3.51 - !$ 4.38 14 36 4.17 3.75 3.63 3 .4 5 - 3.79 3.65 3.65 - 118 108 95 - 3.60 3.38 3.48 - 3.63 2.96 3.34 - 2 . 8 0 - 4.34 2 . 6 8 - 4.13 2 . 7 5 - 4.16 _ - 3.98 106 4.00 4.09 3 .5 2 - 4.36 3 .3 5 - 4.04 _ _ 71 15 4.18 3.48 4.21 3.30 3 .9 3 3 .1 6 - 2.68 3.75 3.42 3.65 3.46 _ _ _ 3 . 0 6 - 4.32 3 . 1 0 - 3.71 PROCESSING Buffers, machine3 (419 men, 22 women) .................................................................. Small autom atic (101 men, 8 women) ........................................................ Large autom atic (266 men, 12 w o m e n )___ Colorers, fa t liquorers, or oil wheel operators (all men) ................................................... Embossing- or plating-press ope ra tors......................... Men ......................................................................... W o m e n ..................................................................... Fleshing-and unhairing-machine operators (344 men and 1 w o m a n ).......................................... Fleshing-machine operators (all men) ........................................................... Unhairing-machine o p e ra to rs ........................... Com bination fleshing- and unhairing-machine operators (all men) ........................................................... Glazing-machine operators (all men) ........................ Graining-machine operators (all m e n )......................... Haulers (all men) ............................................................. Liquor men (all m e n )...................................................... Rolling-machine operators (90 men, 9 women) ..................................................................... Seasoners, hand ................................................................ Men ......................................................................... W o m e n .................................................................... Seasoners, machine (219 men, 28 w o m e n )............... Setters-out, machine (448 men, 6 w o m e n )............... Shaving-machine operators (296 men, 12 women) .................................................................. Sorters, hide house (103 men, 15 w o m e n )............... S plitting-m achine operators (376 men, 52 women) .................................................................. Spray-machine operators ............................................... Men ......................................................................... W o m e n .................................................................... Stakers, machine (383 men, 31 w o m e n ).................... Sem iautom atic machine (161 men, 13 women) ...................................................... A uto m a tic machine (222 men, 18 women) ...................................................... Tackers,togglers, or pasters (1127 men, 18 women) .................................................................. Tackers (122 men, 3 w o m e n )........................... Togglers (424 men, 15 women) ...................... Pasters (all m e n )................................................... Trim m ers, beam or hide house, hand (326 men, 20 w o m e n )............................................... Trim m ers, dry .................................................................. Men ......................................................................... W o m e n .................................................................... Vacuum-drying machine operators (89 men. 4 women) .................................................................... _ 3.86 345 3.84 3.88 4.42 72 3.74 3.77 223 65 3.95 3.81 3.95 3.35 3 .3 8 - 4.36 3 .1 6 - 4.46 65 - 3.79 - 3.88 - 57 34 28 450 149 3.43 3.62 3.27 3.53 3.42 3.12 3.58 3.07 3.44 3.42 2 .8 3 - 4.09 3 .3 6 - 4.00 2 . 4 5 - 4.03 2 .8 7 - 3.98 3 .1 0 - 3.89 11 82 47 4.04 3.48 3.35 3.37 3.21 3.17 — 3.71 3 .1 5 - 3.67 6 178 28 99 289 117 172 247 454 3.10 2.89 3.14 2.73 3.51 3.61 2.93 2.43 3.17 2.25 3.56 3.61 2 . 4 3 - 3.79 2 .2 5 - 3.34 2.41 - 3.41 2 .2 5 - 2.95 2 .9 8 - 3.94 3 .0 0 - 4.04 62 144 3.27 3.47 3.39 3.40 _ 2 .8 5 3 .0 0 - 3.54 3.87 36 79 40 39 56 100 3.65 3.75 3.58 3.93 3.32 3.67 3.83 3.40 3.41 3.40 3.19 3.63 3 .1 0 2 .9 3 2 .9 0 2 .9 8 2.79 3 .1 9 - 4.27 4.59 4.44 5.20 3.74 3.93 308 118 4.07 3.36 4.05 3.28 3 .4 7 - 4.62 2 . 9 0 - 3.81 90 61 3.78 3.39 3.89 3.32 3 .6 0 - 4.11 3 .0 5 - 3.78 56 26 4.33 3.09 4.48 2.90 3.28 2 .9 0 - 5.14 3.34 428 408 382 26 414 3.81 3.35 3.37 3.01 3.83 3.75 3.30 3.32 2.98 3.84 3 .3 0 - 4.09 2.70 - 3.87 2 .7 4 - 3.88 2.51 - 3.57 3 .1 2 - 4.39 95 136 131 111 3.69 3.09 3.71 3.67 3.70 3.03 3.04 3.60 3 .3 0 - 3.98 2 . 5 0 - 3.56 2 .5 0 - 3.56 3 .0 5 - 4.06 82 76 70 6 138 3.70 3.13 3.12 3.32 4.31 3.46 2.97 2.92 4.17 3.01 - 4.18 2 . 6 3 - 3.67 2 .5 6 - 3.65 3.51 - 4.86 174 4.06 4.15 3 .1 7 - 4.88 35 4.21 4.48 3 .1 9 - 60 4.95 4.75 4 .3 9 - 5.66 4.15 - _ _ _ _ _ _ 5.26 4.46 3.64 _ - 240 3.66 3.63 3 .0 5 - 4.05 76 3.43 3.40 3 .0 5 - 3.93 78 3.81 3.76 3 .2 6 - 1,145 125 439 581 3.88 3.84 3.85 3.91 3.89 3.65 3.93 3.89 3.51 - 4.35 2 .9 2 - 4.69 3.41 - 4.38 3 .5 8 - 4.29 506 43 219 244 3.76 3.62 3.83 3.72 3.78 3.60 3.89 3.75 3 .3 6 3 .2 9 3 .5 7 3.31 - 4.04 3.69 4.11 3.98 154 44 87 23 4.31 4.52 4.32 3.88 4.41 4.41 4.47 3.87 3 . 7 8 - 4.69 4 . 2 3 - 4 .74 4 . 1 4 - 4.69 3 .6 0 - 4.37 346 330 159 171 3.79 3.41 3.75 3.09 3.81 3.29 3.64 2.92 3 .1 9 2 .8 3 3 .2 3 2.55 — 4.32 3.95 4.06 3.56 119 142 65 77 3.86 3.25 3.73 2.85 3.82 3.15 3.47 2.86 3.49 2.71 3 .2 0 2 .5 5 - 4.14 3.53 4.17 3.12 52 61 25 36 3.97 3.64 4.48 3.06 3.86 3.38 4.09 2.92 3.18 — 2.92 — 3 .6 0 2 .8 7 - 4.40 4.06 5.15 3.38 93 3.77 3.79 3 .1 2 - 3.94 - 24 4.02 3.64 3.13 - 4.99 156 471 219 3.29 3.45 3.94 3.17 3.36 4.03 2 .7 9 3 .0 0 3 .4 2 - 3.81 3.85 4.40 17 71 99 3.69 3.19 3.77 3.45 3.21 3.65 4.64 3.40 4.43 66 158 23 3.15 3.37 4.00 3.09 3.36 3.66 2 .9 4 3.10 3.10 - 3.53 3.60 4.44 555 2.93 2.86 2 .5 0 - 3.33 183 2.84 2.80 2 .6 0 - 2.96 117 2.90 2.75 2.74 - 3.05 399 245 3.11 3.28 3.14 3.26 2 .8 0 2 .8 5 - 3.33 3.58 210 77 3.07 3.18 3.14 3.15 2.80 — 3.17 2 . 8 5 - 3.54 20 28 3.87 3.42 3.82 3.27 3.33 3.06 - 4.22 3.55 128 300 213 87 361 304 2.76 3.33 3.44 3.05 3.54 3.60 2.78 3.36 3.46 3.11 3.56 3.62 2.42 2 .8 7 3.01 2 .4 6 3 .0 4 3 .1 3 - 3.14 3.78 3.80 3.57 4.06 4.06 28 95 49 46 89 81 2.86 3.12 3.42 2.81 3.38 3.47 2.80 3.14 3.43 2.78 3.28 3.32 2 .6 0 - 2.91 2 . 6 5 - 3.62 3.01 - 3.80 2 . 4 0 - 3.15 3 . 0 4 - 3.74 3 .1 7 - 3.78 24 53 43 10 56 55 2.69 3.30 3.35 3.09 3.61 3.61 2.78 3.30 3.30 _ 2 . 2 5 - 3.15 2 . 8 7 - 3.61 2.87 - 3.61 3 .2 5 - 4.07 3 .2 5 - 4.07 - - - M AINTENA NCE Firemen, stationary boiler (all m e n )........................... Maintenance men, general u tility (all m e n )............... Mechanics, maintenance (all men) ............................. 3 .3 0 2.81 3 .2 7 - M A T E R IA L M O VEM ENT Laborers material handling, dry w ork (541 men, 14 w o m e n ).............................................. Laborers, material handling, wet w o rk (395 men, 4 w o m e n )................................................. Trackers, power (fo rk lift) (all m e n ) ........................... M ISCELLANEOUS Janitors (118 men, 10 w o m e n )..................................... Measuring-machine o p e ra to rs ....................................... Men .......................................................................... W o m e n .................................................................... Sorters, finished le a th e r................................................. Men .......................................................................... See footnotes at end of table. 3.59 3.59 Border States Southeast H ourly earnings1 Workers Mean Med ian Middle range Great Lakes H ourly earnings1 Workers Mean Median H ourly earnings1 Workers Middle range Mean Median Occupation and sex Middle range PROCESSING 13 $3.50 - 10 - 3.62 - - 31 14 12 - 2.98 3.12 3.13 - $2.83 - 44 3.11 2.98 9 6 3.01 3.27 - 29 42 17 3.11 2.87 3.20 3.01 2.73 3.21 2 .6 5 2 .5 4 2 .9 0 - 20 7 31 3.28 2.87 3.27 3.45 3.24 - 19 17 16 - 19 18 15 - - - - - - 68 3.81 3.78 3 .4 2 - 4.36 - 39 13 - 2.81 2.38 - 2.57 - 2 .4 5 - 3.28 - 354 12 79 263 4.11 4.43 4.05 4.11 4.10 3.89 4.13 3 . 8 0 - 4.50 3 .4 0 - 4.83 3 . 8 5 - 4.46 33 8 - 2.82 2.34 - 2.67 - 2 .5 0 - 2.89 - 90 90 40 50 4.34 3.69 3.82 3.60 4.22 3.90 3.89 4.06 3 . 7 4 - 4.89 3.45 - 4.06 3 . 5 7 - 4.06 2 .8 5 - 4.06 15 3.87 3.76 3 . 5 8 - 4.09 Buffers, machine3 (419 men, 22 wom en). Small autom atic (101 men, 8 women). Large autom atic (266 men, 12 women). Colorers, fat liquorers, or oil wheel operators (all men). Embossing- or plating-press operators. Men. Women. Fleshing- and unhairing-machine operators (344 men and 1 wom an). Fleshing-machine operators (all men). Unhairing-machine operators. Com bination fleshing- and unhairing machine operators (all men). Glazing-machine operators (all men). Graining-machine operators (all men). Haulers (all men). Liquor men (all men). Rolling-machine operators (90 men, 9 women). Seasoners, hand. Men. Women. Seasoners, machine (219 men, 28 women). Setters-out, machine (448 men, 6 women). Shaving-machine operators (296 men, 12 women). Sorters, hide house (103 men, 15 women). Splitting-m achine operators (376 men, 52 women). Spray-machine operators. Men. Women. Stakers, machine (383 men, 31 women). Sem iautom atic machine (161 men, 13 women). A uto m a tic machine (222 men, 18 wom en). Tackers, togglers, or pasters (1127 men, 18 women). Tackers (122 men, 3 women). Togglers (424 men, 15 women) Pasters (all men). Trim m ers, beam or hide house, hand (326 men, 20 wom en). Trim m ers, dry. Men. Women. Vacuum-drying machine operators (89 men, 4 wom en). 33 114 62 3.84 4.06 4.22 3.92 4.24 4.03 3 . 8 0 - 3.97 3 . 5 3 - 4.48 4 . 0 3 - 4.40 Firemen, stationary boiler (all men). Maintenance men, general u tility (all men). Mechanics, maintenance (all men). - - - - - - $ 2 . 6 5 - $3.29 - 27 35 27 - $3.04 2.74 2.83 - $2.61 2.50 2.50 - 30 2.89 3.00 2 .5 0 - 16 11 2.84 3.07 3.00 2 .5 0 - 3.16 3.16 3.42 7 37 10 2.82 2.65 2.72 2.54 2 . 5 5 - 3.65 2 .8 3 - 3.87 13 31 15 38 2.57 2.42 2.61 2.61 2.35 2.50 2.54 - 2 .7 2 - 3.24 - - _ - - - - - 6 2.93 - - - ~ ~ - 3.34 3.14 3.09 - 3.30 3.01 2.98 - 3.56 3.49 3.32 - 12 25 25 13 2.95 3.08 3.08 2.65 - - - - - - 3.28 2.69 2.72 - 3.64 2.75 2.75 - 2.87 2 .7 4 2 .7 0 - - - - - 2 . 5 8 - 3.83 2.35 - 3.23 2.39 - 3.23 - - - - 145 $4.07 $4.11 $3.54 - $4.61 - 32 110 4.45 3.97 4.28 4.03 4 . 0 4 - 5.14 3 .4 5 - 4.52 $2.40 - $3.67 2 .4 0 - 3.17 2 .4 0 - 3.35 - 164 174 123 51 4.12 3.62 3.98 2.76 3.78 3.72 4.01 2.47 3 .4 8 3 .2 3 3 .6 2 2 .0 0 - 4.62 4.21 4.48 3.36 3.05 69 4.57 4.46 3 .8 5 - 5.50 3.00 42 22 4.47 4.74 4.06 4.74 3 . 7 5 - 5.51 4 . 4 5 - 5.48 - 6 91 29 3.90 3.81 3.94 3.49 3.94 3 .2 6 - 3.95 3.75 - 4.33 2.38 2.50 2.80 28 15 94 100 3.54 3.58 3.97 4.23 3.61 3.46 3.94 4.24 3 .3 8 - 3.91 3 .3 8 - 3.89 3 .7 0 - 4.23 3 . 7 3 - 4.80 127 14 4.31 3.95 4.29 3.71 - 3.43 3.26 3.26 - 199 133 119 14 105 3.97 3.70 3.80 2.90 3.92 3.92 3,71 3.71 3.92 3 .4 5 - 4.14 3.31 - 3.96 3.47 - 4.05 3 .4 6 - 4.39 37 4.12 4.10 3 .5 7 - 4.66 - - - 2 .5 2 - 2.91 - - 2.70 3.16 3.16 - 2 .3 5 2 .4 0 2 .2 5 - - 2 .5 0 2 .5 2 2 .5 2 - - - - 2.70 3.07 2.62 3.00 - - - 4.91 M AINTENA NCE 20 43 - 2.67 3.01 - 2.77 3.00 - 2 .4 8 2 .8 0 - 2.79 3.02 - 15 53 - - - 2 .5 4 2 .6 0 - 2.94 3.69 - - M A T E R IA L M O VEM ENT 36 2.42 2.40 2.08 - 2.78 16 2.26 2.25 2.12 — 2.30 146 3.08 3.33 2 .4 9 - 3.48 22 20 2.56 2.85 2.40 2.83 2 . 4 0 - 2.78 2 . 5 0 - 3.10 17 11 2.54 2.61 2.70 2 . 2 0 - 2.77 103 89 3.22 3.45 3.29 3.50 2.91 2.95 - 3.49 3.78 - _ 3.14 3.18 _ 2.99 3.01 7 16 16 27 27 2.27 2.64 2.64 2.76 2.76 2.50 2.50 2.60 2.60 58 104 75 29 146 100 2.92 3.62 3.75 3.30 3.85 4.06 2.78 3.65 3.76 3.56 3.85 4.03 2 . 7 5 - 3.23 3 .3 8 - 3.88 3 .4 3 - 3.95 2 . 8 4 - 3.70 3 . 5 5 - 4.07 3 .7 8 - 4.20 - - - Laborers material handling, d ry w o rk (541 men, 14 women). Laborers, material handling, wet w o rk (395 men, 4 women). Trackers, power (fo rk lift) (all men). MISCELLANEO US 22 21 - 2 .9 0 2 .9 0 - - 3.20 3.21 2 .4 0 2 .4 0 2 .4 0 2 .4 0 - 2.50 2.50 3.33 3.33 1 Excludes premium pay fo r overtim e and fo r w o rk on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. The mean is computed by totaling the earnings of all workers and dividing by the number of workers. The median designates position - half of the workers surveyed receive more than the rate shown and half receive less. The middle range is defined by tw o rates of pay; a fo u rth of the workers earn less than the lower of those rates and a fo u rth earn more than the highest rate. Median and middle ranges are om itted fo r entries of fewer than 15 workers. Janitors (118 men, 10 women). Measuring-machine operators. Men. Women. Sorters, finished leather. Men. 2 Includes data fo r regions in addition to those shown separately. 3 Includes data fo r workers in classifications in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. j United States2___________________ |___________________ New England____________________ __________________ Middle A tla n tic uccupation Buffers, machine3 ................................................................. Small autom atic ........................................................ Large autom atic ........................................................ Colorers, fat liquorers, or oil-wheel operators ............. Embossing- or plating-press o p e ra to rs .............................. Firem en, stationary boiler ................................................. Fleshing-and unhairing-machine operators3 ................ Fleshing-machine o p e ra to rs .................................... Unhairing-machine o p e ra to rs ................................. H a u le r s ..................................................................................... Laborers, material handling, dry w o rk .......................... Laborers, material handling, wet w o rk .......................... Liquor m e n ............................................................................... Maintenance men, general u tility .................................... Measuring-machine operators ........................................... Mechanics, maintenance ..................................................... Setters out, machine ........................................................... Shaving-machine o p e ra to rs ................................................. Sorters, finished le a th e r........................................................ Sorters, hide house .............................................................. Splitting-m achine operators .............................................. Spray-machine o p e ra to rs .................................................... Stakers, m a c h in e ..................................................................... Sem i-automatic machine ....................................... A uto m a tic machine ................................................. Tackers, togglers, or pasters3 .......................................... T o g g le rs ........................................................................ P a ste rs........................................................................... Trimmers, beam and hide house, hand .......................... Trim m ers, d r y ........................................................................ Truckers, power (fo rk lift) ................................................. 20-99 workers 100 workers or more 20-99 workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings 134 35 72 174 99 34 132 104 17 140 190 199 50 120 72 50 141 100 70 45 114 66 170 76 94 430 197 166 117 67 62 $3.72 3.96 3.70 3.19 3.10 3.19 3.63 3.77 3.32 3.22 2.68 3.00 3,31 3.36 3.22 4.15 3.33 3.91 3.33 3.34 3.67 3.12 3.81 3.88 3.76 3.78 3.81 3.69 3.58 3.85 3.07 285 66 194 374 316 122 212 119 47 310 351 196 99 351 141 169 307 196 234 58 262 316 213 85 128 697 227 415 209 92 183 $3.82 3.83 3.81 3.83 3.64 3.32 3.97 4.10 4.02 3.68 3.07 3.22 3.48 3.48 3.55 3.87 3.77 4.17 3.68 3.42 3.97 3.43 3.99 4.48 3.67 3.96 3.92 4.00 3.93 3.67 3.35 90 21 51 70 33 35 29 40 77 129 27 28 14 28 65 34 21 30 53 22 40 15 25 249 87 142 49 34 31 $3.85 3.95 3.85 3.19 3.07 3.76 3.86 3.31 2.84 3.05 3.27 3.49 3.48 4.02 3.24 3.92 3.58 3.39 3.52 2.87 3.46 3.59 3.38 3.82 3.98 3.69 4.17 3.61 3.14 74 6 53 103 111 15 37 36 42 96 81 20 43 35 71 79 56 60 25 39 109 66 20 46 250 125 102 65 31 46 $3.71 3.90 3.58 3.57 3.28 3.72 3.72 3.73 3.65 2.87 3.10 3.46 3.00 3.40 3.67 3.65 3.69 3.43 3.56 3.92 3.16 3.87 4.67 3.53 3.72 3.76 3.75 3.62 3.86 3.21 16 40 47 26 49 36 65 42 52 29 6 46 27 8 18 27 9T 33 58 75 39 19 - $3.82 3.12 3.14 3.23 3.85 4.10 3.10 2.88 3.36 3.33 4.23 3.43 4.47 3.11 3.80 3.34 4.29 4.83 3.99 4.15 4.08 4.68 - 41 8 29 78 48 40 56 35 113 73 77 47 21 36 28 $3.88 3.87 3.87 3.84 3.82 3.10 4.15 4.26 4.12 2.91 3.40 3.37 3.40 3.92 3.88 4.22 3.69 3.08 3.69 4.34 5.10 4.48 4.51 3.91 4.00 3.42 _ 25 15 26 19 8 11 34 10 7 10 50 11 36 25 10 25 _ $3.07 2.70 2.85 3.01 2.93 3.07 2.69 2.27 2.65 2.72 3.11 2.72 2.63 13 34 12 23 20 14 41 33 16 11 10 27 24 7 20 10 10 49 37 17 12 $3.42 3.28 3.21 3.64 3.72 3.19 2.36 2.93 3.61 3.25 3.73 3.57 3.73 3.34 3.57 3.70 3.44 3.87 4.11 3.43 3.11 123 27 95 130 31 111 46 22 19 77 103 70 27 98 64 62 90 92 88 128 112 69 24 45 305 42 255 62 36 77 $4.19 4.60 4.06 4.34 3.89 4.06 5.03 5.15 4.99 3.93 3.36 3.36 3.96 4.13 3.83 4.22 4.29 4.59 4.17 4.27 3.83 4.19 4.43 4.07 4.15 4.00 4.14 4.69 3.86 3.50 Southeast i g S 12 10 27 16 8 41 7 37 28 16 38 - 1 ■g tn Q 28 8 17 16 12 $3.55 3.62 3.00 2.64 3.30 3.13 3.05 2.89 2.32 3.22 3.01 3.32 2.99 3.19 3.40 3.20 •= ♦= tu I ° 2 a - - - - - - 21 18 15 15 2.86 3.30 2.72 2.86 25 9 3 23 106 14 17 54 25 37 18 63 47 27 - Great Lakes - 1 Excludes premium pay fo r overtime and fo r w ork on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data fo r regions in addition to those shown separately. 100 workers or more Workers Border States Buffers, machine3 ................................................................. Small autom atic ........................................................ Large autom atic ....................................................... Colorers, fat liquorers, or oil-wheel operators ............. Embossing-or plating-press o p e ra to rs ............................. Firemen, stationary boiler ................................................. Fleshing-and unhairing-machine operators3 ................ Fleshing-machine o p e ra to rs .................................... Unhairing-machine o p e ra to rs ................................. H a u le r s ..................................................................................... Laborers, material handling, dry w o rk .......................... Laborers, material handling, wet w o rk .......................... Liquor m e n .............................................................................. Maintenance men, general u tility .................................... Measuring-machine operators ........................................... Mechanics, maintenance .................................................... Setters out, machine ........................................................... Shaving-machine o p e ra to rs ................................................. Sorters, finished le a th e r........................................................ Sorters, hide house .............................................................. Splitting-m achine operators .............................................. Spray-machine o p e ra to rs .................................................... Stakers, m a c h in e ..................................................................... Semi-automatic machine ....................................... A uto m a tic machine ................................................. Tackers, togglers, or pasters3 ........................................... T o g g le rs ........................................................................ P aste rs........................................................................... Trim m ers, beam and hide house, hand .......................... Trim m ers, d r y ........................................................................ Truckers, power (fo rk lift) ................................................. 20-99 workers 100 workers or more - 2.78 3.00 3.08 - 2.96 2.68 Includes workers in classifications in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. Table 6. Occupational averages: By size of community Buffers, machine3 .............................................................. Small autom atic .................................................... Large autom atic .................................................... Colorers, fa t liquorers, or oil-wheel operators . . . Embossing- or plating press o p e ra to rs .......................... Firemen, stationary boiler .............................................. Fleshing- and unhairing-machine operators3 ............. Fleshing-machine o p e ra to rs ................................. Haulers .................................................................................. J a n ito r s .................................................................................. Laborers, material handling, dry w o rk ....................... Laborers, material handling, wet w o rk ....................... Liquor m e n ........................................................................... Maintenance men, general u tility ................................. Measuring-machine o p e ra to rs ........................................... Mechanics, maintenance ................................................. Seasoners, machine ........................................................... Setters-out, m a c h in e ........................................................... Shaving-machine o p e ra to rs .............................................. Sorters, finished le a th e r..................................................... Sorters, hide house ........................................................... Splitting-machine operators ........................................... Spray-machine o p e ra to rs ................................................. Stakers, m a c h in e ................................................................. Semi-automatic machine .................................... A utom atic machine .............................................. Tackers, togglers, or pasters3 ........................................... T o g g le rs ..................................................................... P a ste rs........................................................................ Trimmers, beam or hide house, hand .......................... Trimmers, dry ..................................................................... Truckers, power (fo rk lift) .............................................. N onm etropolitan areas M etropolitan areas Nonm etropolitan areas Metropolitan areas Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings 245 54 150 307 236 79 157 115 207 88 311 289 94 256 118 121 100 252 201 169 66 243 180 184 67 117 700 266 370 167 91 168 $3.84 4.00 3.81 3.62 3.64 3.59 3.90 4.00 3.47 2.80 2.94 3.11 3.52 3.62 3.45 4.22 3.58 3.70 4.21 3.64 3.58 3.99 3.43 3.74 3.64 3.79 3.94 3.95 3.91 3.98 3.72 3.33 174 47 116 241 179 77 187 108 243 30 230 106 55 215 95 98 119 196 95 135 37 133 202 199 94 105 427 158 211 159 68 77 3.73 3.73 3.74 3.64 3.34 2.97 3.79 3.89 3.59 2.85 2.92 3.10 3.26 3.25 3.42 3.59 3.62 3.53 3.80 3.55 3.04 3.68 3.33 4.08 4.60 3.62 3.81 3.73 3.90 3.62 3.79 3.15 90 19 47 79 57 45 39 51 17 93 169 28 22 34 53 17 88 45 29 38 59 46 54 15 39 302 126 145 59 37 46 $3.87 3.87 3.73 3.49 3.51 3.91 4.01 3.37 2.93 253 3.13 3.32 3.53 3.55 4.08 3.19 3.52 3.98 3.67 3.56 3.61 3.42 3.66 3.85 3.59 3.81 3.99 3.68 4.01 3.61 3.36 74 8 57 94 87 27 26 31 11 80 41 19 49 15 46 39 56 45 52 17 33 85 52 20 32 197 86 99 55 28 31 $3.69 4.11 3.70 3.35 3.05 3.45 3.46 3.66 2.75 2.78 2.85 3.39 3.04 3.12 3.41 3.35 3.38 3.58 3.35 3.26 3.82 2.94 3.77 4.47 3.34 3.69 3.65 3.77 3.69 3.89 2.91 M etropolitan areas N onm etropolitan areas Border States Great Lakes N onm etropolitan areas M etropolitan areas Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings $3.96 4 .4 6 3.82 3.19 3.55 3.42 4.03 4.31 3.64 2.80 2.80 3.67 3.50 3.18 5.16 3.84 4.55 3.74 3.61 4.37 2.99 4.04 3.80 4.33 4.23 3.93 3.41 $3.69 3.90 3.24 2.85 4.00 4.11 3.78 2.57 3.11 3.94 3.16 3.40 3.38 3.37 3.58 4.04 3.41 2.76 3.35 4.41 5.07 3.82 4.31 4.42 4.26 4.65 12 10 26 8 16 36 36 28 15 32 25 8 12 16 10 21 16 15 14 $3.55 3.62 3.00 3.30 2.64 3.14 2.89 35 10 19 50 73 35 37 26 46 15 81 16 97 9 8 37 31 33 10 29 28 38 25 73 47 25 21 22 68 22 31 68 45 132 7 34 16 61 34 15 19 63 21 22 16 52 100 47 53 79 39 23 21 - - Workers Earnings 94 17 75 128 78 24 41 27 79 47 65 77 26 80 50 33 68 103 66 128 78 65 21 44 260 70 178 51 40 72 - 2.32 3.21 2.95 3.35 2.99 3.24 3.40 3.29 - 2.86 3.26 2.72 2.85 $3.95 4.32 3.88 4.03 3.95 3.75 3.98 3.80 3.53 2.90 2.87 3.09 3.95 4.07 3.61 4.29 4.18 4.30 357 4.11 3.49 3.93 3.92 3.93 4.06 3.98 4.06 4.39 3.82 3.34 3 Includes workers in classifications in addition to those shown separately. 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Table 7. Middle A tla n tic New England United States2 Occupation NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. Occupational averages: By labor-management contract coverage (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings1 of men in selected occupations in leather tanning and finishing establishments by labor-management contract coverage, United States and selected regions, March 1973) United States New England Middle Atlantic Great Lakes M ajority covered M a jo rity covered Establishments havingOccupation Buffers, machine3 ........................................................... Small a u to m a tic ..................................................... Large a u to m a tic .................................................... Colorers, fat liquorers, or oil-wheel operators . . . . Embossing- or plating-press operators ....................... Firemen, stationary b o il e r .............................................. Fleshing- and unhairing-machine operators3 ............. Fleshing-machine operators .............................. Unhairing-machine operators .......................... H a u le rs .................................................................................. Janitors ............................................................................... Laborers, material handling, dry w o r k ....................... Laborers, material handling, wet w o r k ....................... Liquor men ........................................................................ Maintenance men, general u t i l i t y ................................. Measuring-machine o p e ra to rs ....................................... Mechanics, m a in te n a n c e ................................................. Seasoners, m a c h in e ........................................................... Setters-out, m a c h in e ........................................................ Shaving-machine operators ........................................... Sorters, finished leather ................................................. Sorters, hide h o u s e ........................................................... S plitting-m achine o p e ra to rs ........................................... Spray-machine o p e ra to rs ................................................. Stakers, machine .............................................................. Sem i-automatic m a c h in e .................................... A utom atic m a c h in e .............................................. Tackers, togglers, or p a s te rs ........................................... T a c k e rs ..................................................................... Togglers ................................................................. Pasters ..................................................................... Trim m ers, beam or hide house, h a n d .......................... Trimmers, d r y ..................................................................... Truckers, power ( f o r k l i f t ) .............................................. None or m in o rity covered M ajority covered None or m in o rity covered Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings 238 63 151 396 270 128 262 166 50 363 86 376 260 106 330 144 167 153 315 207 226 68 239 227 251 105 146 727 82 277 368 231 99 180 $3.96 4.02 3.92 3.73 3.79 3.37 4.03 4.18 4.00 3.61 2.91 3.08 3.24 3.44 3.57 3.55 3.98 3.84 3.82 4.31 3.67 3.44 4.02 3.73 4.13 4.48 3.88 4.07 4.31 4.10 3.99 4.02 3.95 3.35 181 38 115 152 145 28 82 57 14 87 32 165 135 43 141 69 52 66 133 89 78 35 137 155 132 56 76 400 40 147 213 95 60 65 $3.57 3.63 3.59 3.36 2.99 2.92 3.24 3.27 3.21 3.22 2.56 2.59 2.86 3.38 3.18 3.20 3.80 3.04 3.18 3.54 3.38 3.27 3.63 2.85 3.49 3.66 3.37 3.56 2.99 3.42 3.77 3.26 3.43 3.06 75 12 46 84 57 13 45 44 60 14 79 102 24 20 40 76 17 81 47 56 36 42 56 49 10 39 236 112 107 66 37 35 $3.94 4.10 3.83 3.72 3.55 3.95 3.96 3.98 89 58 89 87 $3.66 40 14 21 100 73 53 96 66 10 152 19 101 20 26 136 41 23 29 83 38 52 22 75 35 116 51 65 144 43 78 23 44 22 28 $4.07 4.17 3.98 3.65 3.72 3.28 4.08 4.24 3.67 3.89 2.83 2.92 3.87 3.43 3.45 3.36 4.00 3.86 3.81 4.92 3.68 3.04 3.75 3.63 4.41 5.03 3.93 4.41 4.55 4.48 3.88 4.17 4.70 3.42 96 23 72 137 105 52 27 20 66 49 117 96 21 90 52 86 69 100 73 82 92 59 28 31 273 12 70 191 66 20 72 $4.12 4.38 4.02 4.10 4.04 4.87 4.88 4.89 3.89 2.90 3.17 3.20 3.85 4.03 4.23 4.03 4.50 4.39 4.01 4.41 3.96 4.05 4.19 3.93 4.11 4.43 4.10 4.10 4.57 3.69 3.35 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shift. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. M ajority covered - 3.51 3.07 3.00 3.20 3.44 3.30 3.53 3.84 3.38 3.69 3.85 3.58 3.64 4.00 3.47 3 .9 0 ' 4.39 3.77 3.91 - 3.94 3.85 3.89 3.97 3.56 3 - 27 21 - 22 14 94 108 23 51 9 23 39 63 43 25 19 50 75 57 25 32 263 26 100 137 48 28 42 - 3.62 3.13 3.03 - 3.38 3.40 - 3.39 2.64 2.73 2.95 3.26 3.15 2.95 3.54 3.26 3.18 3.70 3.21 3.14 3.42 2.84 3.56 4.13 3.12 3.64 3.33 3.75 3.61 3.82 3.42 2.86 Includes workers in classifications in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. (Number and average straight-time hourly earnings12 of men in selected occupations in leather tanning and finishing establishments by labor-management contract coverage and size of establishment, United States and selected regions, March 1973) New England United States1 Middle Atlantic Great Lakes Majority covered Majority covered Establishments having- Occupation and size of establishment None or minority covered Majority covered None or minority covered Majority covered Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers 58 180 $3.84 4.00 76 105 $3.64 3.52 28 47 $3.99 3.91 62 27 $3.79 3.36 8 32 $4.47 3.96 33 118 3.65 4.00 39 76 3.74 3.52 18 28 3.89 3.79 33 25 3.82 3.35 20 108 288 3.20 3.93 66 86 3.18 3.50 27 57 3.54 3.80 43 46 2.97 3.28 28 72 61 209 3.19 3.96 38 107 2.95 3.00 51 3.60 27 60 3.06 3.01 77 185 3.96 4.06 55 27 3.17 3.38 16 29 4.19 3.83 19 64 102 4.13 4.21 40 17 3.20 3.43 16 28 4.19 3.85 13 90 273 3.35 3.69 50 37 2.99 3.55 24 36 3.36 3.62 _ 105 271 2.80 3.19 85 80 2.54 2.64 34 45 2.86 3.11 43 51 2.82 2.66 42 60 3.11 3.27 87 21 3.03 2.63 _ Workers Earnings Buffers, machine:3 11 85 $3.44 4.20 4.00 64 4.11 2.86 3.96 28 109 3.26 4.31 37 36 3.26 4.20 12 93 3.21 4.15 3.40 40 56 3.97 4.15 11 41 3.76 5.16 3.45 31 35 4.22 4.26 10 17 3.84 5.49 39 113 3.23 4.12 11 55 3.30 4.01 34 67 2.93 2.92 94 3.37 Large automatic: Colorers, fat liquorers, or oil-wheel operators: Embossing- or plating-press operators: Fleshing-and unhairing-machine operators:3 Fleshing-machine operators: 20-99 workers ........................................................... Haulers: 20-99 workers ........................................................... Laborers, material handing, dry work: 20-99 workers ........................................................... 100 workers or more .............................................. Laborers, material handling, wet work: 20-99 workers ........................................................... 100 workers or more .............................................. Maintenance men, general utility: 20-99 workers ........................................................... 100 workers or more .............................................. Mechanics, maintenance: 20-99 workers ........................................................... 100 workers or more . , ....................................... Setters-out, machine: 20-99 workers ........................................................... 100 workers or more .............................................. Shaving-machine operators: 20-99 workers ........................................................... 100 workers or more .............................................. Splitting-machine operators: 20-99 workers ........................................................... 100 workers or more .............................................. Spray-machine operators: 20-99 workers ........................................................... 100 workers or more .............................................. Stakers, machine:3 20-99 workers ........................................................... 100 workers or more .............................................. Automatic machine: 20-99 workers ........................................................... 100 workers or more .............................................. Tackers, togglers, or pasters: 20-99 workers ........................................................... 100 workers or more .............................................. Togglers: 20-99 workers ........................................................... 100 workers of more .............................................. Trimmers, beam or hide house, hand: 20-99 workers ........................................................... 100 workers or more .............................................. Truckers, power (forklift) 20-99 workers ........................................................... 100 workers or more .............................................. 100 160 3.10 3.32 99 36 2.89 2.77 63 3.34 71 259 3.45 3.60 49 92 3.23 3.16 8 12 3.27 3.32 20 31 3.57 2.88 42 94 3.38 3.47 11 79 3.52 4.11 25 142 4.28 3.93 25 27 4.02 3.59 15 61 4.18 3.75 13 3.84 6 17 4.23 3.92 52 4.23 67 248 3.71 3.85 74 59 2.98 3.43 18 63 3.74 3.68 47 16 3.05 3.55 32 51 3.59 3.95 64 4.50 68 139 4.07 4.43 32 57 3.59 3.52 16 31 3.88 3.83 18 25 3.96 3.52 19 19 5.05 4.79 25 75 3.59 4.66 61 178 3.89 4.07 53 84 3.41 3.77 15 27 4.03 3.99 38 12 3.32 3.75 18 57 3.80 3.74 13 69 3.71 4.55 33 194 3.49 3.77 33 122 2.76 2.87 54 3.48 20 55 2.83 2.84 19 16 3.68 3.57 7 85 3.34 4.01 108 143 4.23 4.06 62 70 3.09 3.85 16 33 4.28 3.71 24 33 2.91 4.04 69 47 4.47 4.34 18 41 3.52 4.28 65 81 4.04 3.76 29 47 3.16 3.51 10 29 3.87 3.73 15 17 3.05 3.18 45 4.21 10 21 3.44 4.16 227 500 4.04 4.08 203 197 3.49 3.64 88 148 3.94 3.89 161 102 3.74 3.46 67 77 4.33 4.48 49 224 3.87 4.17 114 163 4.20 4.03 83 64 3.27 3.62 40 72 4.13 3.84 47 53 3.85 3.65 31 47 4.44 4.51 37 33 4.11 4.08 61 170 3.99 4.04 56 39 3.13 3.44 28 38 3.94 3.85 27 3.31 36 4.00 10 56 3.98 4.67 35 145 3.22 3.39 27 38 2.88 3.19 8 27 3.49 3.58 23 19 3.02 2.67 28 3.42 12 60 3.11 3.40 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. _ 3 _ Includes data for workers in classifications in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. United States12 Middle Atlantic New England Establishments having- Occupation and size of community Buffers, machine3 Metropolitan ......................................................... N onm etropolitan................................................. Large automatic Metropolitan ......................................................... Nonmetropolitan ................................................. Colorers, fat liquorers, or oil-wheel operators Metropolitan ......................................................... Nonmetropolitan ................................................. Embossing- or plating-press operators Metropolitan ......................................................... Nonm etropolitan................................................. Fleshing-and unhairing-machine operators3 Metropolitan ......................................................... N onm etropolitan................................................. Fleshing-machine operators Metropolitan ........................................................ N onm etropolitan................................................. Laborers, material handling, dry work Metropolitan ........................................................ N onm etropolitan................................................. Laborers, material handling wet work Metropolitan ........................................................ Nonm etropolitan................................................. Maintenance men,general utility Metropolitan ........................................................ Nonm etropolitan................................................. Measuring-machine operators Metropolitan ....................................................... Nonm etropolitan................................................. Setters-out, machine: Metropolitan ....................................................... Nonm etropolitan................................................. Shaving-machine operators: Metropolitan ........................................................ N onm etropolitan................................................. Sorters, finished leather Metropolitan ........................................................ N onm etropolitan................................................. Sorters, hide house: Metropolitan ........................................................ N onm etropolitan................................................. Splitting-machine operators: Metropolitan ........................................................ N onm etropolitan................................................. Spray-machine operators Metropolitan ........................................................ Nonm etropolitan................................................. Stakers, machine:3 Metropolitan ........................................................ N onm etropolitan................................................. Automatic machine Metropolitan ........................................................ N onm etropolitan................................................. Tackers, Togglers, or pasters:3 Metropolitan ........................................................ N onm etropolitan................................................. Togglers Metropolitan ........................................................ N onm etropolitan................................................. Pasters Metropolitan ........................................................ N onm etropolitan................................................. Trimmers, beam or hide house, hand Metropolitan ........................................................ N onm etropolitan................................................. Trimmers, dry Metropolitan ........................................................ N onm etropolitan................................................. Truckers, power (forklift) Metropolitan ........................................................ Nonm etropolitan................................................. None or minority covered Majority covered None or minority covered Majority covered Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings 142 96 $3.90 4.05 103 78 $3.75 3.33 46 29 $3.96 3.91 44 45 $3.77 3.55 27 - $4.20 - 91 60 3.83 4.06 59 56 3.78 3.40 25 21 3.82 3.85 22 36 3.63 3.61 13 - 4.08 - 234 162 3.68 3.82 73 79 3.45 3.27 48 36 3.82 3.58 31 58 2.99 3.21 44 56 3.24 3.98 179 91 3.81 3.75 57 88 3.11 2.91 37 20 3.70 3.27 20 67 3.16 2.99 63 10 3.69 3.90 116 146 4.05 4.01 41 41 3.49 2.98 33 12 4.01 3.83 12 15 3.66 3.15 31 65 4.20 4.02 88 78 4.11 4.26 27 30 3.63 2.93 33 11 4.01 3.89 15 3.15 24 42 4.40 4.15 246 130 3.02 3.21 65 100 2.66 2.55 55 24 3.03 2.94 38 56 2.78 2.70 79 22 2.82 3.28 189 71 3.18 3.39 100 35 2.99 2.50 86 16 3.21 3.19 83 25 3.05 2.63 16 3.94 192 138 3.67 3.42 64 77 3.45 2.96 12 8 3.41 3.12 10 41 3.66 3.03 93 43 3.51 3.30 65 79 3.54 3.56 53 16 3.35 2.70 30 10 3.61 3.29 - 7 34 3.15 3.40 159 156 3.99 3.65 93 40 3.22 3.10 49 32 3.83 3.48 39 24 3.14 3.24 29 54 4.07 3.67 151 56 4.33 4.25 50 39 3.85 3.15 27 20 3.97 3.68 18 25 3.98 3.50 23 15 5.07 4.69 126 100 3.64 3.72 43 35 3.65 3.06 27 29 3.65 3.52 23 3.14 33 19 3.74 3.57 39 29 3.73 3.06 27 8 3.37 2.97 25 11 3.77 3.34 13 6 3.15 3.12 6 16 3.80 2.76 135 104 4.23 3.76 108 29 3.70 3.39 25 17 4.01 3.99 34 16 3.32 3.63 29 46 4.37 3.36 122 105 3.62 3.86 58 97 3.02 2.75 27 3.24 17 58 2.96 2.80 20 15 3.16 4.25 109 142 4.02 4.22 75 57 3.32 3.73 33 16 4.10 3.48 21 36 2.98 3.90 28 88 4.32 4.44 67 79 3.97 3.81 50 26 3.55 3.02 24 15 3.92 3.52 15 17 3.05 3.18 15 50 4.16 3.86 459 268 4.10 4.02 241 159 3.63 3.46 172 64 3.97 3.74 130 133 3.60 3.67 65 79 4.53 4.31 201 76 4.11 4.09 65 82 3.45 3.41 92 - 4.00 - 34 66 3.95 3.64 39 39 4.55 4.42 212 156 4.03 3.95 158 55 3.76 3.77 63 44 3.91 3.77 82 55 3.51 3.77 - 132 99 4.12 3.89 35 60 3.42 3.16 50 16 3.98 3.62 9 39 4.22 3.72 21 23 4.07 4.26 51 48 3.83 4.07 40 20 3.58 3.11 18 19 4.06 3.89 19 9 3.11 3.91 18 4.94 125 55 3.35 3.37 43 22 3.29 2.62 24 11 3.64 3.38 22 20 3.65 2.66 21 3.41 - “ 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Majority covered 3 - - - - - Includes workers in classification in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. - - United States2 Occupation Buffers, machine3 ................................................................. Small autom atic ........................................................ Large autom atic ........................................................ Colorers, fa t liquorers, or oil-wheel o pe ra tors................. Embossing- and plating-press o p e ra to rs .......................... Firemen, stationary boiler ................................................. Fleshing-and unhairing-machine operators3 ................. Fleshing-machine o p e ra to rs .................................... Unhairing-machine o p e ra to rs ................................. H a u le r s ..................................................................................... J a n ito rs ..................................................................................... Laborers, material handling, d ry w o rk .......................... Laborers, material handling, w et w o rk .......................... Liquor m e n ............................................................................... Maintenance men, general u tility .................................... Measuring-machine operators ........................................... Mechanics, maintenance ..................................................... Rolling-machine o p e ra to rs ................................................. Seasoners, machine .............................................................. Setters-out, m a ch in e .............................................................. Shaving-machine o p e ra to rs ................................................. Sorters, finished le a th e r........................................................ Sorters, hide house .............................................................. Splitting-m achine operators .............................................. Spray-machine o p e ra to rs .................................................... Stakers, m a c h in e ..................................................................... Sem i-automatic machine ....................................... A uto m a tic machine ................................................. Tackers, togglers, or pasters3 .............................................. T o g g le rs ........................................................................ P a ste rs........................................................................... Trimmers, beam o r hide house, hand ............................. Trim m ers, dry ........................................................................ Truckers, power (fo rk lift) ................................................. Vacuum-drying machine ope ra tors.................................... Side leather Sole leather Side leather Border States Side leather Great Lakes Sole leather Side leather Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers 247 60 186 298 271 72 155 109 37 161 69 300 253 78 206 122 154 6 190 230 174 177 41 219 269 190 70 120 645 193 432 193 89 141 55 $3.83 3.95 3.79 3.82 3.57 3.42 4.23 4.27 4.28 3.84 2.96 3.15 3.18 3.65 3.66 3.55 4.04 3.74 3.63 3.92 4.12 3.77 3.55 4.12 3.38 4.01 4.52 3.71 3.98 4.11 3.96 3.98 3.73 3.36 3.79 16 7 , 42 9 45 79 18 16 114 45 25 32 97 13 52 67 37 27 10 17 14 32 16 22 $3.66 3.55 3.44 3.37 2.86 3.48 3.67 3.25 3.39 2.70 2.91 3.27 3.17 3.17 3.54 3.35 3.44 3.53 3.28 3.48 3.71 3.47 3.17 3.24 72 8 64 104 98 37 30 49 19 133 144 22 45 24 61 50 78 53 53 14 44 88 68 50 228 84 144 67 37 46 $3.62 4.11 3.56 3.58 3.10 3.97 4.14 3.68 2.75 2.79 3.00 3.47 2.99 3.15 3.67 3.37 3.50 3.65 3.38 3.51 4.00 3.00 3.79 3.44 3.67 3.85 3.57 3.72 3.95 3.02 31 25 39 39 23 22 21 20 28 11 44 7 11 22 20 24 19 9 32 29 23 74 51 21 31 18 17 $3.87 3.90 3.37 3.61 3.01 4.37 4.38 3.63 3.05 3.26 3.45 3.38 4.47 3.43 3.84 4.12 3.62 3.24 3.97 4.64 4.89 4.31 4.50 3.91 4.00 3.09 3.60 8 7 22 13 35 37 24 15 32 20 24 16 13 10 $3.51 3.55 3.11 2.67 3.21 2.89 _ 2.34 3.22 2.96 3.28 3.31 3.21 3.31 3.28 _ 3.24 2.89 3.00 103 26 76 108 101 29 59 34 20 77 42 80 28 73 66 62 89 93 72 79 7 115 93 66 17 49 264 35 223 61 31 52 12 - 1 Excludes premium pay fo r overtime and for w o rk on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data fo r regions in addition to those shown separately. Middle A tla n tic New England - - - 15 12 12 - - 3 Includes workers in classifications in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data tha t do not meet publication criteria. Earnings $4.29 4.71 4.15 4.33 4.02 3.81 4.74 4.67 4.89 3.99 3.12 3.32 3.97 4.12 3.78 4.22 ' 4.00 4.28 4.62 4.18 4.18 4.22 3.83 4.22 4.65 4.08 4.23 4.65 4.19 4.49 3.73 3.74 3.98 Table 11. Occupational averages: By method of wage payment New England United States12 Occupation Time workers Incentive workers Time workers Middle Atlantic Incentive workers Time workers Incentive workers Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Workers Earnings Buffers, machine3 ............................................................................................. Small automatic .................................................................................... Large automatic .................................................................................... Colorers fat liquorers, or oil-wheel operators.............................................. Embossing- and plating-press o p erators........................................................ Firemen, stationary boiler ............................................................................. Fleshing- and unhairing-machine operators3 ............................................... Fleshing-machine operators................................................................. Haulers ................................................................................................................ J a n ito rs ................................................................................................................ Laborers, material handling, dry work ........................................................ Laborers, material handling, wet work ........................................................ Liquor m e n ......................................................................................................... Maintenance men, general utility ................................................................. Measuring-machine operators........................................................................... Mechanics, maintenance ................................................................................. Seasoners, machine .......................................................................................... Setters-out, m achine.......................................................................................... Shaving-machine o perators.............................................................................. Sorters, finished le a th e r.................................................................................... Sorters, hide house .......................................................................................... Splitting-machine operators ........................................................................... Spray-machine o p e ra to rs ................................................................................. Stakers, machine3 ............................................................................................. Automatic m achine................................................................................. Tackers, togglers, or pasters3 ........................................................................... Pasters ...................................................................................................... Trimmers, beam or hide house, hand ........................................................... Trimmers, dry ................................................................................................... Truckers, power (forklift) .............................................................................. 161 44 102 347 83 156 97 57 215 114 483 349 105 471 121 219 54 111 65 207 67 178 190 134 103 284 212 89 70 226 Buffers, machine3 ............................................................................................. Small automatic .................................................................................... Large automatic .................................................................................... Colorers fat liquorers, or oil-wheel operators............................................... Embossing- and plating-press o perators........................................................ Firemen, stationary boiler .............................................................................. Fleshing-and unhairing-machine operators3 ............................................... Fleshing-machine operators................................................................. Haulers ................................................................................................................ Janitors ................................................................................................................ Laborers, material handling, dry work ........................................................ Laborers, material handling, wet work ........................................................ Liquor m e n .......................................................................................................... Maintenance men, general utility ................................................................. Measuring-machine operators........................................................................... Mechanics, maintenance ................................................................................. Seasoners, machine .......................................................................................... Setters-out, m achine.......................................................................................... Shaving-machine operators.............................................................................. Sorters, finished le a th er.................................................................................... Sorters, hide house .......................................................................................... Splitting-machine operators ........................................................................... Spray-machine o p e ra to rs ................................................................................. Stakers, machine3 ............................................................................................. Automatic m achine................................................................................. Tackers, togglers, or pasters3 ........................................................................... Pasters ....................................................................................................... Trimmers, beam or hide house, hand ........................................................... Trimmers, dry .................................................................................................... Truckers, power (forklift) .............................................................................. _ - $3.34 3.34 3.39 3.33 2.91 3.29 3.30 3.44 3.20 2.80 2.88 3.05 3.37 3.45 3.21 3.94 3.11 3.08 3.60 3.50 3.18 3.62 3.02 3.21 3.41 3.57 3.72 3.00 3 .3 3 3.26 258 57 164 2.01 332 247 166 235 58 46 44 92 165 337 231 97 36 198 192 249 119 843 369 237 89 19 $4.07 4.29 4.02 4.16 3.66 4.05 4.12 3.84 3.33 3.57 3.55 3.73 3.76 3.81 4.22 3.82 3.76 4.11 3.72 4.29 3.96 4.00 4.02 4.10 4.08 3.50 62 47 101 31 17 17 11 55 24 150 182 35 71 14 99 22 31 18 44 25 35 71 37 28 117 102 $4.19 4.37 3.09 3.30 3.31 3.05 3.41 3.04 3.47 3.59 3.97 3.28 3.03 3.70 - _ 13 15 13 9 53 10 16 21 11 9 8 24 74 Border States 11 20 11 30 22 9 43 13 12 7 15 _ $2.77 2.67 2.52 2.37 2.56 3.02 3.01 2.93 3.02 2.32 2.68 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. $3.64 3.57 3.18 3.04 3.69 3.55 3.69 3.33 2.80 2.74 3.00 3.33 3.19 3.03 3.77 3.09 3.14 3.95 3.37 3.30 3.58 2.83 3.23 3.41 3.60 3.57 3.35 3.25 3.16 102 14 57 72 113 55 54 27 23 28 12 35 34 113 72 37 30 57 60 69 43 382 142 106 41 - $3.88 4.00 3.83 3.75 3.29 3.80 3.81 3.78 3.60 3.58 3.41 3.57 3.43 3.56 3.74 3.59 3.61 3.75 3.44 3.98 3.52 3.82 3.83 3.90 4.02 - 13 67 24 66 21 7 60 22 97 12 16 158 27 23 26 41 24 31 35 35 27 24 19 $3.52 3.04 2.81 3.15 3.46 3.94 3.06 2.72 2.83 3.65 3.22 3.37 3.06 4.00 3.17 3.50 2.99 3.03 3.38 3.38 3.31 3.61 3.29 _ $3.26 3.10 3.03 2.75 2.65 2.78 2.71 3.19 2.52 3.07 - 37 7 28 120 12 33 20 15 64 $3.41 3.44 3.40 3.65 2.94 3.84 3.74 3.69 3.34 2.97 3.04 3.20 3.86 4.06 3.53 4.22 3.04 2.90 3.80 3.86 3.30 3.47 3.47 3.92 3.97 3.34 3.65 3.45 8 33 7 8 6 24 8 6 11 17 12 - 3 _ $2.81 2.70 2.60 2.35 3.07 2.45 2.80 3.09 2.31 2.58 $3.96 4.08 3.88 4.32 3.71 4.15 4.21 4.09 3.24 3.70 3.86 3.65 3.85 4.48 4.08 4.62 4.16 4.54 4.56 4.77 3.68 Great Lakes - Southeast 7 6 20 44 10 29 51 71 84 64 118 18 12 16 32 74 46 47 103 43 125 24 19 9 _ 14 17 7 28 7 26 11 8 16 22 - - 55 138 100 22 114 49 62 7 10 22 73 55 25 25 83 72 19 19 89 99 23 75 44 111 49 27 27 26 86 90 97 27 72 64 64 30 271 191 60 21 - $4.38 4.83 4.24 5.40 4.09 4.91 4.90 4.94 4.14 4.07 4.38 4.48 4.61 4.54 4.23 4.28 4.35 4.17 4.16 4.76 3.97 - Includes workers in classification in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Dashes indicate no data reported or data that do not meet publication criteria. Number of workers receiving straight-tim e hourly earnings o f Occupation and sex Number of workers Average hourly earnings2 Under $2.80 $2.80 and under $2.90 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 A ll production workers ............................. Men .................................................................................. Women ............................................................................ 1,648 1,542 106 $3.69 3.72 3.17 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 21 16 5 37 25 12 107 71 36 72 68 4 200 186 14 100 91 9 63 60 3 39 39 - 100 96 4 130 125 5 100 99 1 160 157 3 146 141 5 69 40 29 19 36 28 8 3.92 3.80 4.08 3.87 3.80 3.75 3.96 1 1 - _ _ - _ - _ - _ - 4 3 1 3 3 _ 1 _ 1 _ _ - 3 2 1 3 2 1 4 4 4 4 - 16 11 5 3 11 11 - 15 9 6 12 3 3 6 3 3 1 4 3 1 51 30 3.82 3.58 - - - 1 - 8 8 2 2 - - - 9 9 5 5 7 - 1 - 34 6 3.76 3.61 - - 1 - 2 2 - - - 1 - - 4 - 2 2 21 - 2 2 33 6 27 3.96 3.96 3.96 - 3 3 - - 1 1 - _ - _ 1 1 7 7 7 7 8 6 2 11 34 30 6 4.04 3.47 3.36 3.27 s2 - 5 5 - - 10 10 1 - 3 3 - _ - 1 _ - 1 _ - 12 12 3 _ - 6 _ - 50 44 3.06 2.94 1 1 15 15 18 18 7 7 - - - - _ 3 3 _ - 6 - 113 103 15 3.26 3.21 3.32 - - - 16 16 - 59 59 6 19 18 4 2 1 - 1 1 1 6 6 3 4 2 - _ - 1 1 - 13 28 8 20 3.74 3.65 2.98 3.91 2 62 - - 1 2 2 - 2 2 - 2 - 1 2 2 - 1 - 2 2 2 1 _ 4 4 2 2 2 _ 2 2 6 6 47 7 49 8 41 35 16 19 24 13 31 12 19 33 17 16 32 10 22 23 10 13 227 74 153 106 92 104 60 44 4.24 3.68 3.79 3.64 3.81 4.00 3.89 4.10 3.71 3.58 3.68 3.47 3.81 4.03 4.14 3.92 4.14 4.08 4.17 3.98 4.08 3.90 3.90 3.72 3.99 3.97 3.99 3.81 3.70 3.96 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 2 2 2 - - 1 _ - 5 1 4 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 _ - 2 2 4 4 _ 2 2 7 3 4 5 5 - 2 1 1 _ 1 _ 3 2 1 _ 2 2 2 2 - 2 5 2 3 _ 4 4 2 2 6 3 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 26 17 9 6 4 15 15 _ 1 1 4 3 1 2 1 _ 4 2 2 3 2 1 38 18 20 5 5 25 18 7 _ 3 3 _ 2 2 _ _ 5 5 _ 1 1 1 1 16 3 13 3 3 12 3 9 _ _ _ 7 7 _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 _ 6 4 4 2 2 48 36 12 24 12 24 24 _ 3 6 2 4 9 _ 9 _ 2 2 _ 2 _ 2 6 6 6 _ 6 37 _ 37 29 29 8 8 54 50 32 15 4.09 4.08 3.72 4.08 1 - - - 1 1 3 3 12 - 6 6 - 2 2 3 3 9 9 2 - 2 2 - 4 4 _ - 4 4 _ _ 4 4 4 1 30 3.63 - - - - 3 7 - 2 7 - 2 1 2 15 11 27 17 10 3.30 3.13 3.19 3.02 3.48 - - 6 6 _ - - 9 9 - 1 _ _ _ 1 _ _ - - _ _ _ _ - - 3 3 - - _ _ 3 _ 3 2 _ 1 1 3 3 4 2 2 _ - 2 2 - - - - - SELECTED OCCUPATIONS Men: Buffers, machine3 ......................................................... Time ......................................................... In c e n tiv e ................................................... Small automatic4 ............................................... Large automatic ............................................... T im e ......................................................... In c e n tiv e .................................................. Colorers, fat liquorers, or oil-wheel operators .................................................................. T i m e ......................................................... Embossing- 01 plating-press operators .................................................................. T im e * ......................................................... Fleshing- and unhairing-machine operators, fleshing-machine operators .................................................................. T i m e ......................................................... In c e n tiv e ................................................... Glazing-machine operators (all incentive w o rk e rs )............................................ Haulers ............................................................................ Time ......................................................... Janitors (all tim e w o rke rs)............................................ Laborers, material handling, dry w o r k ............................................................................ Time ......................................................... Laborers, material handling, wet w o r k ............................................................................ T im e ......................................................... Liquor men (all tim eworkers) ................................... Maintenance men, general u tility (all tim e w o rk e rs )...................................................... Measuring-machine o pe ra tors...................................... Tim e ......................................................... In c e n tiv e ................................................... Mechanics, maintenance (all tim e w o rk e rs )...................................................... Seasoners, machine (all tim e w o rk e rs )...................... Setters out, m a ch ine ...................................................... T i m e ......................................................... In c e n tiv e ................................................... Shaving-machine o p e ra to rs ......................................... Time ......................................................... In c e n tiv e ................................................... Sorters, finished le a th e r............................................... T im e ......................................................... Sorters, hide house ...................................................... T im e ......................................................... In c e n tiv e ................................................... Splitting-machine operators ...................................... T im e ......................................................... In c e n tiv e ................................................... Stakers, machine3 ......................................................... T im e ......................................................... In c e n tiv e ................................................... Autom atic machine ......................................... T im e ......................................................... In c e n tiv e ................................................... Tackers, togglers, or pasters3 ...................................... T im e ......................................................... In c e n tiv e ................................................... T o g g le rs ............................................................... In c e n tiv e ................................................... P a ste rs.................................................................. T i m e ......................................................... In c e n tiv e ................................................... Trimmers, beam or hide house h a n d ............................................................................ In c e n tiv e ................................................... Trimmers, dry ............................................................... In c e n tiv e .................................................. Truckers, power (fo rk lift) (all tim e w o rk e rs )...................................................... Women: Measuring-machine o p e ra to rs...................................... Time ......................................................... Trimmers, dry ............................................................... T im e ......................................................... In c e n tiv e ................................................... See footnotes at end of table. - 4 3 1 - - - - , - $4.00 $4.10 $4.20 $4.30 $4.40 $4.50 $4.60 $4.70 $4.80 $4.90 $5.00 $5.20 $5.40 - - - - - - - - - - - - and $4.10 $4.20 $4.30 $4.40 $4.50 $4.60 $4.70 $4.80 $4.90 $5.00 $5.20 $5.40 over 72 67 5 59 59 39 39 51 51 3 3 13 13 9 9 37 37 39 39 13 13 1 1 16 16 21 21 Number of workers Average hourly earnings12 1,648 1,542 106 $3.69 3.72 3.17 Occupation and sex A ll production workers. Men. Women. SELECTED OCCUPATIONS Men: 8 8 3 5 5 2 - 2 1 2 1 2 - 1 - - 2 1 _ _ 1 1 - - - - 1 1 - - - 1 - - 3 - - - - - 3 1 69 40 29 19 36 28 8 3.92 3.80 4.08 3.87 3.80 3.75 3.96 - 2 13 6 - - - - - - - - - 5 - - 51 30 3.82 3.58 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 34 6 3.76 3.61 - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - 2 2 - - - 2 2 33 6 27 3.96 3.96 3.96 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 - - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 34 30 6 4.04 3.47 3.36 3.27 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 50 44 3.06 2.94 - 5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 113 103 15 3.26 3.21 3.32 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - 1 13 28 8 20 3.74 3.65 2.98 3.91 5 •3 - 20 3 - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - 4.24 3.68 3.79 3.64 3.81 4.00 3.89 4.10 3.71 3.58 3.68 3.47 3.81 4.03 4.14 3.92 4.14 4.08 4.17 3.98 4.08 3.90 3.90 3.72 3.99 3.97 3.99 3.81 3.70 3.96 - 1 - - - _ 1 - - - - - 4 4 2 2 2 2 1 5 - 2 2 - - - - 5 1 2 2 - - - - - 1 - 1 1 - - - - - 2 - - - - - - 1 - _ - _ - - 13 5 5 8 11 7 7 4 13 5 5 8 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 - - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - 8 4 8 - - - - - - - - - - 47 7 49 8 41 35 16 19 24 13 31 12 19 33 17 16 32 10 22 23 10 13 227 74 153 106 92 104 60 44 54 50 32 15 4.09 4.08 3.72 4.08 - 7 _ 7 - 1 6 4 2 7 - 2 - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - _ - - 5 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - 2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 3 3 - - - - - 5 3 2 1 2 - - - - _ - - - - - - - 2 2 - - -3 - - - - - - 1 1 _ - 3 - - - - - - - 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - 1 11 13 2 4 4 - - 6 - - - - - - - - - 3 - - - 6 6 6 - - - - - - 5 4 1 5 4 1 13 1 1 - - 1 - ■ - - 3 - - 3 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 3 3 _ - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ - _ - 4 4 _ - _ _ - 4 4 72 2 - - - - - - - - - 30 3.63 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 11 27 17 10 3.30 3.13 3.19 3.02 3.48 4 - - - 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Buffers, machine3. Time. Incentive. Small automatic. Large automatic. Tim e. Incentive. Colorers, fat liquorers, or oil-wheel operators. Tim e. . Embossing- or plating-press operators. Time. Fleshing- and unhairing-machine operators, fleshing-machine operators. Tim e. Incentive. Glazing-machine operators (all incentive workers). Haulers. Time. Janitors (all timeworkers). Laborers, material handling, dry w ork. Tim e. Laborers, material handling, wet w ork. Tim e. Liquor men (all timeworkers). Maintenance men, general u tility (all tim eworkers). Measuring-machine operators. Tim e. Incentive. Mechanics, maintenance (all tim eworkers). Seasoners, machine (all tim eworkers). Setters out, machine. Tim e. Incentive. Shaving-machine operators. Tim e. Incentive. Sorters,finished leather. Tim e. Sorters, hide house. Tim e. Incentive. Splitting-machine operators. Tim e. Incentive. Stakers, machine3. Time. Incentive. Autom atic machine. Tim e. Incentive. Tackers, togglers, or pasters3. Tim e. Incentive. Togglers. Incentive. Pasters. Tim e. Incentive. Trimmers, beam or hide house hand. Incentive. Trimmers, dry. Incentive. Truckers, power (fo rk lift) (all tim eworkers). Women: _ 3 - 3 1The Boston Standard M etropolitan Statistical Area consists of S uffo lk County, 15 communities in Essex County, 30 in Middlesex County, 20 in N o rfolk County, and 9 in Plymouth County. 2 Excludes premium pay fo r overtime and fo r w ork on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 3 Includes data fo r workers in classifications in addition to those shown separately. Measuring-machine operators. Tim e. Trimmers, dry. Time. Incentive. 4 Insufficient data to warrant publication o f separate averages by method of wage payment; predom inantly timeworkers. sWorkers were distributed as follow s: 1 at $2.40 to $2.50; and 1 at $2.70 to $2.80. 6A II workers were at $2.70 to $2.80 7A ll workers were at $6.40 to $6.60. Number of workers receiving straight-tim e h ourly earnings o f Occupation A ll production workers2 .............................................. Number of workers Average hourly earnings1 Under $2.50 1,052 $3.69 7 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 under $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 7 19 15 10 170 91 83 32 25 36 36 27 4.07 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 39 92 4.08 3.59 - 6 2 - 1 28 - - - - 2 6 4 4 - 1 2 16 3.06 - - - - 8 4 - - - 2 - - - 30 30 16 14 41 8 33 3.19 3.43 3.00 3.93 3.70 3.04 3.86 - - 4 4 2 - 6 4 4 4 2 2 5 1 1 2 1 1 - 1 - - - - 2 2 - - 1 1 1 1 6 6 - 3 3 - 2 4 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 8 2 6 5 5 11 100 83 5.03 4.41 4.69 - 1 1 14 - 3 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 3 3 - - 47 53 36 5.07 3.82 4.19 - - - - - 1 1 14 - 3 - - - 1 1 3 3 1 - 59 31 4.44 4.44 - - - - 1 1 - 2 - - - - - - 1 1 15 4.97 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 43 SELECTED OCCUPATIONS2 Embossing- or plating-press operators3 ................................................................. Fleshing-and unhairing-machine operators, fleshing-machine operators (all incentive w o r k e r s ) .......................... Haulers3 ........................................................................... Laborers, material handling, d ry w o rk (all tim eworkers) ........................................... Maintenance men, general u tility (all tim e w o rk e rs )........................................................ Measuring-machine o p e ra to rs ....................................... T i m e ........................................................... In c e n tiv e .................................................... Setters-out, m a c h in e ....................................................... T i m e ........................................................... In c e n tiv e .................................................... Shaving-machine operators (all incentive w o rk e rs ).............................................. Stakers, m a c h in e .............................................................. In c e n tiv e .................................................... Semi-automatic machine (all incentive w o r k e r s ) ................................. A uto m a tic machine ........................................... In c e n tiv e .................................................... Tackers, togglers, or pasters (all incentive w orkers)6 .......................................... Togglers (all incentive w o rk e rs )....................... Trim m ers, dry (all incentive w o rk e rs ).............................................. See footnotes at end of table. - 1 1 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.10 $4.20 $4.30 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 $5.40 and $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.10 17 29 30 49 $4.20 29 $4.30 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 24 69 48 60 18 16 $5.40 8 Number of workers Average hourly earnings1 1,052 $3.69 Occupation over 61 A ll production workers2 . SELECTED OCCUPATIONS2 1 18 7 8 4 2 - - - 4 - - - - 39 92 4.08 3.59 - - - - - - - - - - 16 3.06 _ _ _ _ - _ - - - - - 30 30 16 14 41 8 33 3.19 3.43 3.00 3.93 3.70 3.04 3.86 “6 s25 25 11 100 83 5.03 4.41 4.69 23 2 2 47 53 36 5.07 3.82 4.19 2 6 13 2 - 2 1 3 _ _ - 2 - - - 3 - - - - _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - _ _ _ - 3 - - - - 2 2 3 _ 3 1 2 _ 2 4 2 1 - - - 1 - _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - 2 3 2 2 3 4 2 1 - _ - - _ _ - - 2 2 4 4 2 2 11 11 13 13 3 3 1 1 2 3 3 1 6 6 - 1 3 3 - 1 10 10 5 8 8 1 2 2 1 3 6 4 2 2 - - - - - - 2 2 1 2 2 - - - - - - 4 4 - 1 - - - “ - - - 18 10 11 5 12 2 - - - 4 1 - - - 4 4 1 1 2 2 1 - - 2 2 6 4 - - - - 2 2 59 31 4.44 4.44 - 2 - 76 15 4.97 1 Excludes premium pay fo r overtim e and fo r w o rk on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 V irtu a lly all production workers were men; data fo r selected production occupations were lim ited to men. 3 Insufficient data to warrant publication of separate averages by method o f wage payment, predom inantly incentive workers. 4.07 - 1 2 _ 1 7 1 2 - 1 2 1 1 2 Embossing- or plating-press operators3 . Fleshing-and unhairing-machine operators, fleshing-machine operators (all incentive workers). Haulers3. Laborers, material handling, dry w o rk (all tim eworkers). Maintenance men, general u tility (all tim eworkers). Measuring-machine operators. Tim e. Incentive. Setters-out, machine. Tim e. Incentive. Shaving-machine operators (all incentive workers). Stakers, machine. Incentive. Sem i-automatic machine (all incentive workers). A utom atic machine. Incentive. Tackers, togglers, or pasters (all incentive w orkers)6 . Togglers (all incentive workers). Trim m ers, dry (all incentive workers). “ Workers were distributed as follow s: 3 at $5.40 to $5.60, and 3 at $5.80 to $6. 5Workers were distributed as follow s: 23 at $5.60 to $5.80, and 2 at $7 to $7.20. in c lu d e s data fo r workers in classification in addition to those shown separately. ’ Workers were distributed as follow s: 3 at $5.40 to $5.60, and 3 at $6 to $6.20. Number of workers receiving straight-tim e hourly earnings o f Occupation Number of workers Average hourly earnings1 $2.90 and under $3.00 A ll production w o rk e rs ................................ Men ..................................................................................... W o m e n ................................................................................. 1,013 937 76 $3.91 3.93 3.67 36 32 34 6 3 3 21 6 15 4.30 4.37 4.28 - 60 41 4.04 3.47 38 34 4.19 4.23 10 16 36 7 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.10 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.10 $4.20 20 15 5 46 44 2 97 97 - 144 117 27 108 99 9 49 49 - 43 42 1 55 50 5 42 39 3 34 30 4 44 44 - - - - - - 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - 4 4 8 8 12 12 15 15 1 1 - - 1 1 - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 - 1 1 7 3 - 9 9 2 2 3.79 - - - - - - - 1 2 6 1 - 4.46 3.51 3.45 1 - - - 6 - 2 1 18 5 3 - 2 5 1 - - 2 _ - 1 - SELECTED OCCUPATIONS2 Buffers, machine46 ........................................................ Small autom atic4 6 ............................................... Large autom atic4 6 ............................................... Colorers, fa t liquorers, or oil-wheel o p e ra to rs....................................................................... T im e ............................................................. Embossing- or plating-press o p e ra to rs....................................................................... Incentive ................................................... Firemen, stationary boiler (all tim e w o rk e rs )........................................................ Fleshing-and unhairing-machine operators4 6 .................................................................. Haulers4 3 ............................................................................ Janitors (all tim e w o rke rs)............................................... Laborers, material handling, dry w o rk43 .................................................................. Laborers, material handling, wet w o rk4 3 .................................................................. Liquor men4 3 .................................................................... Maintenance men, general u tility (all tim e w o rk e rs )........................................................ Measuring-machine o p e ra to rs ....................................... T im e ............................................................. Setters-out, machine4 6 ................................................... Shaving-machine o p e ra to rs ............................................ Incentive ................................................... Sorters, finished le a th e r................................................. T im e ............................................................. Splitting-machine o p e ra to rs .......................................... T im e ............................................................. Stakers, machine6 ........................................................... Incentive .................................................... A utom atic machine7 .......................................... Tackers,togglers, or p a s te rs .......................................... Incentive .................................................... Togglers (all incentive workers) ...................... Pasters46 ................................................................ Trimmers, beam or hide house, h a n d ......................... T im e ............................................................. Incentive .................................................... Truckers, power (fo rk lift) (all tim e w o rk e rs )........................................................ See footnotes at end of table. 1 1 . , _ - 21 3.36 - - 12 4 1 - - - - - - - 4 43 13 3.17 3.89 20 - - - 8 - 4 - 9 2 2 2 2 1 - 1 - _ - 23 9 6 20 45 34 21 15 44 15 14 9 10 72 68 17 53 30 11 19 4.04 3.69 3.51 4.62 4.64 4.80 4.10 4.13 4.05 3.89 4.02 4.02 4.03 4.26 4.32 5.14 3.99 4.59 3.82 5.04 1 1 9 1 1 - - 2 2 2 - 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 4 2 4 - 7 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 2 4 4 - 1 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 1 1 - 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 1 1 - 3 1 2 3 2 8 8 6 2 4 3 - 1 2 2 2 - 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 2 7 5 5 3 3 4 4 4 - 21 3.46 - - - - 8 1 9 2 1 - - - - 3 1 - 3 3 - $4.20 $4.30 $4.40 $4.50 $4.60 $4.70 $4.80 $4.90 $5.00 $5.20 $5.40 $5.60 $5.80 and Average hourly earnings1 1,013 937 76 $3.91 3.93 3.67 $5.00 $5.20 $5.40 $5.60 $5.80 over 6 6 20 13 7 12 12 20 20 19 19 12 12 23 23 14 14 - - - 1 1 - _ - _ - - _ - 2 2 “ “ - 21 6 15 4.30 4.37 4.28 4 - ~ - 2 4 2 - ~ - - - 60 41 4.04 3.47 $4.30 $4.40 $4.50 $4.60 $4.70 55 50 5 45 44 1 21 21 25 25 17 17 7 4 3 6 6 - - - - - - _ ~ 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 - - - - $4.80 $4.90 Number of workers Occupation A ll production workers. Men. Women. SELECTED OCCUPATIONS2* _ 7 — - - 4 4 - - - - - 4 4 - - - - “ - - 38 34 4.19 4.23 - - - - - - - - 10 3.79 16 36 7 4.46 3.51 3.45 21 3.36 43 13 3.17 3.89 - 84 4 23 9 6 20 45 34 21 15 44 15 14 9 10 72 68 17 53 30 11 19 4.04 3.69 3.51 4.62 4.64 4.80 4.10 4.13 4.05 3.89 4.02 4.02 4.03 4.26 4.32 5.14 3.99 4.59 3.82 5.04 " - 21 3.46 - - 4 - - 1 - 1 - 2 - - 3 - 1 - - - - - - - - - “ - - - “ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 - - - - - - - - “ - - - 3 2 1 1 1 21 21 21 1 1 1 2 1 4 3 6 5 3 10 10 10 1 1, 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 5 5 2 2 1 1 1 2 - 2 2 2 - 1 4 - 1 9 9 9 - 4 54 4 - - - - - 4 4 4 4 4 10 10 4 - - 2 1 1 4 4 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Excludes prem ium pay fo r overtime and fo r w o rk on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Data fo r selected occupations were lim ited to men. 1 Includes 1 w orker at $2.80 to $2.90. 4 Insufficient data to warrant p ublication o f separate averages by method o f wage payment; (a) predom inantly tim ew orkers, or (b) predom inantly incentive workers. - Buffers, machine4 *. Small autom atic4 6 . Large autom atic4 6 . Colorers, fa t liquorers, or oil-wheel operators. Tim e. Embossing- or plating-press operators. Incentive. Firemen, stationary boiler (all tim eworkers). Fleshing-and unhairing-machine operators4 6 . Haulers43. Janitors (all tim eworkers). Laborers, material handling, dry w o rk 43. Laborers, material handling, wet w o rk43. Liquor men43. Maintenance men, general u tility (all tim eworkers). Measuring-machine operators. Tim e. Setters-out, machine4 6 . Shaving-machine operators. Incentive. Sorters, finished leather. Tim e. Splitting-machine operators. Tim e. Stakers, machine6 . Incentive. A utom atic machine7 . Tackers, togglers, or pasters. Incentive. Togglers (all incentive workers). Pasters4 6 . Trim m ers, beam or hide house, hand. Tim e. Incentive. Truckers, power (fo rk lift) (all tim e w o rke rs). 5 A ll workers were at $5.80 to $6. 6 Includes data fo r workers in classification in addition to those shown separately. 7Workers paid under tim e and incentive systems were divided equally. 8 A ll workers were at $6.20 to $6.40. T a b le 1 5 . O c c u p a tio n a l earnings: M a in e Number of workers receiving straight-tim e h ourly earnings o f Occupation and sex Number of workers Average hourly earnings1 Under $2.00 $2.00 and under $2.10 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 A ll production workers .............................. Men ..................................................................................... Women .............................................................................. 1,471 1,345 126 $3.13 3.19 2.57 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 26 16 10 16 8 8 52 36 16 35 30 5 48 36 12 68 47 21 163 152 11 83 74 9 99 94 5 57 54 3 35 35 - 76 70 6 115 111 4 40 29 3.39 3.33 - 1 - - _ - _ - 1 1 _ - _ - 1 1 1 1 4 4 6 5 4 2 44 3.55 - - - 1 - 3 1 _ - _ 1 1 24 69 64 3.05 3.02 1 1 - 4 4 - 1 1 3 3 4 4 1 1 6 6 7 7 3 3 3 3 2 2 15 14 7 3.17 3.17 2.92 - - - 1 1 - - 2 2 - 1 2 1 1 1 _ _ 1 1 2 1 _ 52 38 2.83 2.54 - - 4 4 3 3 1 1 5 5 18 17 - 2 - 1 1 1 - 5 3 7 4 24 16 13 2.86 2.53 3.35 - - 2 2 - 2 2 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 6 6 - _ 2 1 _ _ 2 2 _ 1 _ - 2 1 2 _ 38 2.92 - - 2 - 1 3 5 3 3 2 _ 2 1 11 2.93 - 1 - - 2 - - 1 _ 2 _ _ 31 3.50 - •- - - - - 1 - - 1 - 5 41 3.39 - - 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 22 34 21 18 54 40 37 20 3.54 3.25 3.16 3.89 2.93 3.84 3.95 4.47 1 2 2 - - - 1 1 2 _ 2 2 1 3 2 1 _ 1 2 2 - - - 2 2 1 2 2 2 - 9 2 2 - 1 _ 1 6 - 20 115 54 49 3.21 3.63 3.68 3.-65 3 3 - 1 2 2 - 2 1 1 - 2 5 23 16 19 3.49 4.11 2.87 - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 13 2.36 2.53 e2 e2 - 1 3 1 2 SELECTED OCCUPATIONS Men: Buffers, machine2 6 , 3 .................................................... Large autom atic2 6 .............................................. Colorers, fat liquorers, or oil-wheel operators2 6 ................................................................. Embossing- or plating-press operators .................................................................... In c e n tiv e .................................................... Fleshing-and unhairing-machine operators2 6 , 3 .............................................................. Fleshing-machine operators26 ....................... Janitors26 ........................................................................ Laborers, material handling. dry w ork .................................................................... T i m e ........................................................... Laborers, material handling, wet w ork .................................................................... T i m e ........................................................... Liquor men26 ................................................................. Maintenance men, general u tility (all tim e w o rk e rs )....................................................... Measuring-machine operators (all incentive w o rk e rs ).............................................. Seasoners, machine (all incentive w o rk e rs ).............................................. Setters-out, machine (all incentive w o rk e rs ).............................................. Shaving-machine operators (all incentive w o rk e rs ).............................................. Sorters, finished le a th e r................................................. T i m e ........................................................... Splitting-machine operators2 6 .................................... Spray-machine operators2 3 .......................................... Stakers, m a c h in e .............................................................. In c e n tiv e .................................................... Semi-automatic machine2 6 .............................. A utom atic machine (all incentive w o r k e r s ) ................................. Tackers, togglers, or pasters2 6 , 3 ................................. Togglers26 ........................................................... Pasters (all incentive workers) ....................... Trim m ers, beam or hide house, hand (all incentive w o rk e rs ).............................................. Trimmers, d ry2 6 .............................................................. Truckers, power (fo rk lift)23 ....................................... - - - - - - 1 1 1 - 1 1 - - - 23 - 2 2 - 1 2 _ 1 1 1 1 - - 1 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 2 - 1 1 - 1 1 2 5 2 3 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 3 2 5 10 3 6 - - - - - - - 2 - - - 8 2 - 1 _ - - 1 2 Women: Measuring-machine operators26 ................................. Trim m ers, d ry2 6 .............................................................. See footnotes at end of table. - - 1 2 - 1 - - - 1 1 - 1 $ 3.20 $ 3.30 $3.40 $ 3.50 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $ 5.00 $5.20 and $ 3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 68 68 89 85 4 41 41 50 48 2 99 93 6 73 72 1 $4.20 49 48 1 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 over 29 28 1 27 27 19 19 12 11 1 12 12 30 30 Number of workers Average h ourly earnings1 1,471 1,345 126 $3.13 3.19 2.57 Occupation and sex A ll production workers. Men. Women. S E L E C T E D O C C U P A T IO N S Men: 2 2 - 4 3 1 1 ~ “ 23 20 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 5 3 6 4 _ _ 2 _ - - - ~ “ 1 1 2 2 1 5 4 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - _ _ - 1 1 - - 40 29 1 1 3 4 44 3.55 - - - - ~ _ - “ ~ 69 64 3.05 3.02 - - - - - - 15 14 7 3.17 3.17 2.92 3 1 52 38 2.83 2.54 - - 24 16 13 2.86 2.53 3.35 38 2.92 11 2.93 ~ - - - 31 3.50 - - 41 3.39 ~ 4 4 4 46 6 6 22 34 21 18 54 40 37 20 3.54 3.25 3.16 3.89 2.93 3.84 3.95 4.47 3 3 - 4 4 ~ ~ “ 20 115 54 49 3.21 3.63 3.68 3.65 4 - 52 23 16 19 3.49 4.11 2.87 Buffers, machine26,3 . Large a utom atic2 6 . Colorers, fa t liquorers, o r oil-wheel operators26 . Embossing- or plating-press operators. Incentive. Fleshing-and unhairing-machine operators26,3 . Fleshing-machine operators2 6 . Janitors26 . Laborers, material handling, d ry w o rk. Tim e. Laborers, material handling, wet w o rk. Tim e. Liquor men26 . Maintenance men, general u tility (all tim eworkers). Measuring-machine operators (all incentive workers). Seasoners, machine (all incentive workers). Setters-out, machine (all incentive workers). Shaving-machine operators (all incentive workers). Sorters, finished leather Tim e. Splitting-m achine operators26. Spray-machine operators23. Stakers, machine. Incentive. Sem i-automatic machine26. A uto m a tic machine (all incentive workers). Tackers, togglers, or pasters2 6,3 . Togglers26. Pasters (all incentive w orkers). Trim m ers, beam or hide house, hand (all incentive workers). Trim m ers, d ry2 6 . Truckers, power (fo rk lift)23. 8 13 2.36 2.53 Measuring-machine operators2 6 . Trim m ers, d ry26. 1 3 1 1 8 2 - - - - - - 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 2 - 1 2 1 1 - 1 _ _ - - 1 - 1 2 2 9 3 7 - - - - 3 3 4 7 5 “ 1 1 1 1 2 2 - « 5 2 1 , 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 - 3 2 1 4 2 5 5 2 4 3 3 1 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 - _ 2 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 13 2 5 2 11 4 7 2 15 8 7 9 4 5 9 3 6 2 2 ~ 1 6 4 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 2 2 11 1 2 1 - - 10 9 2 3 2 2 2 3 1 — - - - 2 _ 1 3.39 3.33 - - Women: - “ - - - - 1 - - 1 Excludes premium pay fo r overtime and fo r w o rk on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Insufficient data to warrant publication o f separate averages by method of wage paym ent; (a) predom inantly tim ew orkers, or (b) predom inantly incentive workers. 3 Includes data fo r workers in classification in addition to those shown separately. - “ Workers were distributed as follow s: 2 at $5.40 to $5.60; 3 at $5.80 to $6; and 1 at $6.20 to $6.40. 5Workers were distributed as follow s: 1 at $5.20 to $5.40; and 1 at $5.40 to $5.60. 6A ll workers were at $1.90 to $2. Num ber o f workers receiving straight-tim e h ourly earnings o f $2.20 and under $2.30 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $ 3.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $ 2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 2 2 - 10 10 - 2 2 - 25 10 15 11 11 86 76 10 28 25 3 62 50 12 36 36 - 80 65 15 39 38 1 31 30 1 - - - 9 2 5 4 1 - - - 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 2 - 4.97 1 - 7 15 9 24 21 38 31 16 3.56 4.77 5.33 3.01 2.82 4.48 4.87 4.14 4 - 6 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 4.44 1 - 4 10 15 3.62 4.21 1 1 4 4 1 ~ 21 4.72 - - - - Occupation and sex Number of workers Average hourly earnings2 Under $2.20 All production workers .............................. M e n ..................................................................................... Women .............................................................................. 804 709 95 $3.58 3.62 3.31 22 16 6 10 4.25 6 4.50 22 2.90 2 - 4 - 2 2 - - 34 19 15 3.45 2.79 4.28 - - 2 2 - - 2 2 - 2 2 - 6 6 - 2 2 - 12 3.80 14 13 23 20 10 4.60 4.60 3.83 3.70 3.58 45 7 3.62 4.58 20 - S E L E C T E D O C C U P A T IO N S Men: Buffers, machine3*5 ,4........................................................ Small automatic (all incentive w o rk e rs )................................. Colorers, fat liquorers, or oil-wheel operators (all tim e w o rk e rs).................................... Embossing- or plating-press operators .......................... .......................................... T i m e ........................................................... In c en tiv e ..................................................... Firemen, stationary boiler (all tim e w o rk e rs)........................................................, Fleshing- and unhairing-machine operators315,4.............................................................. Fleshing-machine operators3*5 ....................... Haulers .............................................................................. In c en tiv e .................................................... Liquor men3*5 ................................................................. Maintenance men, general utility (all tim e w o rk e rs)........................................................ Setters-out, machine3*5 ................................................. Shaving-machine operators (all incentive w o rk e rs ).............................................. Sorters, finished leather (all tim ew o rkers)........................................................ Splitting-machine operators ....................................... In c en tiv e .................................................... Spray-machine o p e ra to rs .............................................. Time ........................................................... Tackers, togglers, or pasters4 ....................................... In c en tiv e .................................................... Togglers3*5 ........................................................... Trimmers, beam or hide house, hand33 ........................................................................ Truckers, power (forklift) (all tim ew o rkers)....................................................... Vacuum-drying machine operators3*5 ....................... ' 1 - 2 2 4 - - - 2 2 - - - - - 4 4 2 - 2 1 1 - 2 4 4 1 1 54 - - - - - - - 1 - Women: Seasoners, hand3*5 ........................................................... See footnotes at end of table. - - - - - - - 1 - $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $5.00 $ 5.40 $5.80 $6.20 and $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $5.00 $5.40 $5.80 $6.20 over 44 31 13 17 15 2 37 37 - 11 9 2 45 45 - 25 25 - 33 33 - 20 20 - 54 50 4 33 31 2 27 21 6 14 12 2 10 9 1 Number of workers Average hourly earnings2 804 709 95 $ 3.58 3.62 3.31 Occupation and sex All production workers. Men. Women. S E L E C T E D O C C U P A T IO N S Men: 1 1 - 1 - ~ - 1 - 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 7 7 2 1 - 1 1 3 3 - - 5 1 - _ 2 1 - 2 2 - _ - 1 - - - - 2 2 1 1 - - ~ - 12 3.80 - 2 2 - 1 1 - 1 1 - 14 13 23 20 10 4.60 4.60 3.83 3.70 3.58 1 1 _ 2 - _ 1 _ - 45 7 3.62 4.58 10 4.25 - 6 4.50 ~ 22 2.90 34 19 15 3.45 2.79 4.28 - - 1 - 1 3 3 - 4 4 1 5 5 - 7 7 6 2 2 2 1 - - 2 - - - e2 11 4.44 - - 1 - 2 - 6 - - - 1 - - 10 15 3.62 4.21 Buffers, machine36,4 . Small automatic (all incentive workers). Colorers, fat liquorers, or oil-wheel operators (all timeworkers). Embossing- or plating-press operators. Time. I ncentive. Firemen, stationary boiler (all timeworkers). Fleshing- and unhairing-machine operators36,4. Fleshing-machine operators36 . Haulers. Incentive. Liquor men3 6 . Maintenance men, general utility (all timeworkers). Setters-out, machine3 6 . Shaving-machine operators (all incentive workers). Sorters, finished leather (all timeworkers). Splitting-machine operators. Incentive. Spray-machine operators. Time. Tackers.togglers, or pasters4 . Incentive. Togglers3 6. Trimmers, beam or hide house, hand3a. Truckers, power (forklift) (all timeworkers). Vacuum-drying machine operators3 6 . - - 2 2 6 2 1 21 4.72 Seasoners, hand3 6 . - - 1 1 - 2 ~ 1 “ ~ “ - - - 3 3 1 1 - - 4 4 3 7 “ _ - - 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 7 - - 3 2 3 _ 8 2 - 6 1 2 - - - - 1 - - 1 - 1 - - 5 7 1 2 1 20 4.97 _ 1 1 1 - _ - - - - - - _ - - - 6 1 2 - - _ - 2 2 - 2 2 - 1 1 - 1 1 - - 3 - 1 1 1 1 1 - - 3 3 2 2 2 - 3 3 - 7 15 9 24 21 38 31 16 3.56 4.77 5.33 3.01 2.82 4.48 4.87 4.14 - - - _ - - - - 3 - - - - - 3 2 - 2 - - 1 Women: 'T h e Newark and Jersey C ity Standard M etropolitan Statistical Areas consist of Essex, Hudson, Morris, and Union Counties. 2 Excludes premium pay fo r overtime and fo r w o rk on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 3 Insufficient data to warrant publication o f separate averages by method of wage paym ent; (a) predom inantly tim eworkers, or (b) predom inantly incentive workers. ‘ Includes data fo r workers in classification in addition *o those shown separately. ; A ll workers were at $2.10 to $2.20. ’ A ll workers were at $7.40 to $7.80. Number of workers receiving straight-tim e h ou rly earnings o f Occupation and sex Number of workers Average hourly earnings1 All production workers .............................. M e n ..................................................................................... Women ............................................................................... 888 818 70 $3.17 3.20 2.80 25 7 18 19 7 Under $2.00 $2.00 and under $2.10 - 17 9 8 3.72 2.81 4.07 3.65 2.81 - 42 30 12 3.18 3.15 3.26 19 8 8 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 20 15 5 43 39 4 101 94 7 55 48 7 100 97 3 56 50 6 7 7 - 29 20 9 8 7 1 8 8 - 29 23 6 - - _ - _ - _ - 4 4 4 4 1 1 - - 1 1 1 - _ - 1 1 1 1 _ - - - - - 1 1 - 2 1 1 3 2 1 - - 5 5 - - 1 1 2 3.12 - - ■- 4 - - 2 - - - 2 5 - 19 13 3.75 3.95 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 - 1 1 13 22 11 3.95 3.24 2.68 - 1 - - - 1 - 1 1 2 1 - 2 - 8 1 - 1 - 1 - 51 48 2.70 2.69 - 4 4 1 1 3 2 1 1 - - 2 2 18 18 9 9 11 11 2 - - 65 2.83 2 2 - 1 1 - - - - 41 10 1 3 11 6 3.12 3.43 - - - - - - - - - - 1 3 2 5 - 24 12 9 31 12 3.29 2.87 2.90 3.19 3.42 - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 18 - 3 3 3 17 18 13 13 16 13 32 23 72 50 26 46 24 3.47 3.41 3.54 3.21 3.58 3.54 2.94 3.34 3.45 3.56 3.56 3.39 3.57 - - - 8 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 - 1 1 3 - 3 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 1 1 9 - 2 1 5 3 19 12 3.66 3.61 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 19 2.98 - 1 - - - - - - - 9 1 2 - 6 2.94 - - - 1 - - - - - - 2 1 SELECTED OCCUPATIONS Men Buffers, machine2 ........................................................... T i m e ........................................................... In c en tiv e ..................................................... Large automatic ................................................. T i m e ........................................................... Colorers, fat liquorers, or oil-wheel operators ..................................................................... T i m e ........................................................... In c en tiv e ..................................................... Embossing- or plating-press operators413.................................................................. Fleshing- and unhairing machine operators2 .................................................................. In c en tiv e ..................................................... Fleshing-machine operators (all incentive w o r k e r s )................................. Haulers4 8 ........................................................................... Janitors (all tim ew o rkers).............................................. Laborers, material handling, dry w o r k ............................................................................... T i m e ........................................................... Laborers, material handling, wet work48 ........................................................................ Maintenance men, general utility (all tim e w o rk e rs)........................................................ Measuring-machine operators4*5 ................................. Mechanics, maintenance (all tim ew o rkers)........................................................ Seasoners, machine ........................................................ T i m e ........................................................... Setters-out, m achine........................................................ In c en tiv e ..................................................... Shaving-machine operators (all incentive w o rk e rs ).............................................. Sorters, finished le a th e r................................................. Inc en tiv e .................................................... Sorters, hide house4 *5 ..................................................... Splitting-machine operators ........................................ In c en tiv e ..................................................... Spray-machine operators4*5 ........................................... Stakers, automatic machine4 8 .................................... Tackers, togglers or p asters........................................... In c en tiv e ..................................................... Togglers (all incentive w o rke rs )....................... P asters..................................................................... In c en tiv e ..................................................... Trimmers, beam or hide house, Trimmers, dry (all incentive w o rk e rs )....................... Truckers, power (forklift) (all tim ew o rkers)........................................................ 2 - 5 3 2 3 Women Measuring-machine operators4*5 ................................. See footnotes at end of table. 1 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.20 $4.00 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 and $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.20 98 95 3 68 67 1 29 26 3 50 48 2 33 31 2 20 19 1 24 22 2 15 15 27 27 14 14 12 12 9 9 8 8 - - - - - - $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 Number of workers Average hourly earnings1 888 818 70 $3.17 3.20 2.80 Occupation and sex over A ll production workers. Men. Women. SELECTED OCCUPATIONS Men 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 5 4 1 18 15 3 1 ~ - 3 1 - 2 - 1 - 3 - 35 - 3 1 1 - - 2 2 - 1 1 - 3 3 - 5 3 - 1 1 2 2 - - - - 2 2 - - - “ - 1 - 1 1 2 - _ - - - - 2 2 _ 10 _ _ _ - _ - _ - _ _ 2 _ _ 7 1 - _ 1 - _ _ 7 1 1 2 1 - - - - - - - 2 - 1 - 1 25 7 18 19 7 3.72 2.81 4.07 3.65 2.81 - 42 30 12 3.18 3.15 3.26 - ~ 19 3.12 1 1 5 5 - 19 13 3.75 3.95 1 - 5 - _ - 13 22 11 3.95 3.24 2.68 51 48 2.70 2.69 - 65 2.83 11 6 3.12 3.43 24 12 9 31 12 3.29 2.87 2.90 3.19 3.42 17 18 13 13 16 13 32 23 72 50 26 46 24 3.47 3.41 3.54 3.21 3.58 3.54 2.94 3.34 3.45 3.56 3.56 3.39 3.57 19 12 3.66 3.61 19 2.98 Buffers, machine2 . Tim e. Incentive. Large automatic. Time. Colorers, fat liquorers, or oil-wheel operators. Time. Incentive. Embossing- or plating-press operators4 6 . Fleshing-and unhairing machine operators2 . Incentive. Fleshing-machine operators (all incentive workers). Haulers48. Janitors (all timeworkers). Laborers, material handling, dry work. Time. Laborers, material handling, wet work48. Maintenance men, general utility (all timeworkers). Measuring-machine operators4 6 . Mechanics, maintenance (all timeworkers). Seasoners, machine. Time. Setters-out, machine. Incentive. Shaving-machine operators (all incentive workers). Sorters, finished leather. Incentive. Sorters, hide house4 6 . Splitting-machine operators. Incentive. Spray-machine operators4 6 . Stakers, automatic machine48. Tackers, togglers, or pasters. Incentive. Togglers (all incentive workers). Pasters. Incentive. Trimmers, beam or hide house, hand4 6 . Trimmers, dry (all incentive workers). Truckers, power (forklift) (all timeworkers). 6 2.94 Measuring-machine operators4 6 . - - 1 - - - - - - 1 4 - 4 - 7 - 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - — 1 1 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 2 1 3 _ 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 2 2 2 - 1 - 1 1 1 4 4 3 1 6 6 6 _ _ 2 2 2 3 1 1 _ _ - - - 3 3 3 3 2 6 6 2 4 4 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 _ 1 2 2 1 1 1 - - 2 2 _ _ 1 1 - - 3 1 1 1 _ 3 3 3 3 1 1 - - 4 4 2 2 - - 1 2 2 - 2 - - 1 3 27 7 6 21 1 4 - 2 - 5 5 4 1 1 _ . _ - - - _ - - _ _ _ _ 7 1 _ _ _ 2 _ 1 - - - 2 2 - - - Women - - - - 1 - - 1 Excludes premium pay fo r overtime and fo r w o rk on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data fo r workers in classification in addition to those shown separately. 3 Workers were distributed as follow s: 1 at $4.80 to $5 and 4 at $5 to $5.20. - - - - 4 Insu fficie nt data to warrant publication o f separate averages by method o f wage paym ent; (a) predom inantly tim eworkers, or (b) predom inantly incentive workers. Table 18. Occupational earnings: Pennsylvania (Num ber and average straight-tim e hourly earnings' of workers in selected occupations in leather tanning and finishing establishments, March 1973) Number of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings of $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 38 30 8 32 30 2 78 70 8 73 59 14 50 44 6 79 62 17 87 67 20 96 74 22 88 75 13 59 58 1 73 67 6 _ - - - - - _ - _ - 2 - - _ - - 6 6 - - - - 3 3 - 3 3 - 3 3 6 6 - 5 5 7 3 1 1 1 1 - - - 2.96 - - - 9 - - - - - 8 10 8 - 3.76 4.07 4.10 3.36 3.97 2.96 3.00 2.75 3.47 - - - - - 2 2 - 1 1 - 9 7 - 6 6 5 1 - 8 2 2 - 5 5 2 6 6 2 4 6 2 2 - 4 4 4 2 - 72 8 26 3.27 3.05 3.90 - - 3 - - 6 - - 1 - 1 - 2 - 2 4 2 - 11 - 8 2 - 18 47 35 17 25 11 3.50 3.50 3.68 3.32 3.82 3.70 - - - 3 3 - 3 3 3 2 - 3 3 3 - - 4 2 2 4 - 4 - - 6 - 24 25 3.87 3.85 - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 10 39 35 18 14 15 4.29 4.41 3.60 3.73 3.45 - - - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - 2 2 1 1 3 4 - - _ 1 1 - - - 1 - 4 2 28 3.07 3 - 1 2 - - - 1 - 6 1 - 10 Occupation and sex Number of workers Average hourly earnings1 $2.00 and under $2.10 All production workers ............................. M e n ..................................................................................... Women .............................................................................. 1,494 1,342 152 $3.30 3.35 2.85 64 258 6 23 17 6 30 22 24 18 3.69 3.88 3.71 3.86 _ - 32 14 18 35 31 3.76 2.79 4.52 3.52 3.60 40 47 33 15 12 57 13 29 13 14 SELECTED OCCUPATIONS Men Buffers, machine3 ........................................................... In c en tiv e ..................................................... Large automatic ................................................. In c en tiv e ..................................................... Colorers, fat liquorers, or oil-wheel operators .................................................................... T i m e ........................................................... In c en tiv e ..................................................... Embossing- or plating-press o p e rato rs ....................... In c en tiv e ..................................................... Firemen, stationary boiler (all tim ew o rkers)........................................................ Fleshing-and unhairing-machine operators3 ........................................................................ In c en tiv e ..................................................... Fleshing-machine operators46 ....................... Unhairing-machine operators46 .................... Haulers ............................................................................... T i m e ........................................................... Laborers, material handling, dry work .................... T i m e ........................................................... Liquor men43 ................................................................. Maintenance men, general utility (all tim ew o rkers)........................................................ Measuring-machine operators4 .................................... Rolling-machine operators4 ....................................... Seasoners, machine (all incentive w o rk e rs ).............................................. Setters out, m achine........................................................ In c en tiv e ..................................................... Shaving-machine operators46 .................................... Sorters, finished le a th e r................................................. T i m e ........................................................... Splitting-machine operators (all incentive w o rk e rs ).............................................. Stakers, machine46 ........................................................ Tackers, togglers, or pasters:3 T o g g le rs .................................................................. In c en tiv e .................................................... Trimmers, beam or hide house, hand ....................... In c en tiv e ..................................................... Truckers, power (forklift)4 6 ........................................ Women Trimmers, dry4 6 .............................................................. See footnotes at end o f table. $3.30 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 $5.40 $5.60 - - - - - - - - - - - - $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 $5.40 $5.60 and over 117 117 - 87 83 4 85 82 3 61 58 3 65 64 1 70 69 1 48 48 - 15 15 - 6 6 - 14 14 - 8 8 - 9 9 - 69 58 11 Number of workers Average hourly earnings12 1,494 1,342 152 $3.30 3.35 2.85 Occupation and sex A ll production workers. Men. Women. SELECTED O CCUPATIONS Men _ _ _ - - - _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 - - - - _ 3 .3 - _ 3 1 2 - 7 1 - _ - - - - - 1 1 2 - 2 2 4 _ _ - - - 24 25 3.87 3.85 _ 1 1 3 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - 6 6 - - 2 3 2 - - - 4.29 4.41 3.60 3.73 3.45 - - 1 - 2 3.07 Trim m ers, d ry46. - 3 3 3 3 6 6 2 2 - - - - 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 _ Buffers, machine3 . fncentive. Large autom atic. Incentive. Colorers, fa t liquorers, or oil-wheel operators. Tim e. Incentive. Embossing- or plating-press operators. Incentive. Firem en, stationary boiler (all tim eworkers). Fleshing- and unhairing-machine operators3 . Incentive. Fleshing-machine operators4 6 . Unhairing-machine operators46 . Haulers. Tim e. Laborers, material handling, d ry w o rk. Tim e. L iquor men4* . Maintenance men, general u tility (all tim eworkers). Measuring-machine operators4 . Rolling-machine operators4 . Seasoners, machine (all incentive workers). Setters o ut, machine. Incentive. Shaving-machine operators4 6 . Sorters, finished leather. Tim e. S plitting-m achine operators (all incentive workers). Stakers, machine4 6 . Tackers, togglers, or pasters:3 . Togglers. Incentive. Trim m ers, beam or hide house, hand. Incentive. Truckers, power (fo rk lift)4 6 . - 8 8 8 8 - 32 14 18 35 31 3.76 2.79 4.52 3.52 3.60 2 2 - - 6 5 1 - 2 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - 1 2 2 2 - 5 4 4 - 4 4 6 5 5 - - ~ ~ - - _ - - - 40 2.96 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - 6 5 5 5 2 - - - - - - 6 - 2 4 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47 33 15 12 57 13 29 13 14 3.76 4.07 4.10 3.36 3.97 2.96 3.00 2.75 3.47 72 8 26 3.27 3.05 3.90 18 47 35 17 25 11 3.50 3.50 3.68 3.32 3.82 3.70 2 - - _ 1 1 2 1 1 - 3 1 1 2 2 - - - - - - 2 4 2 - 6 6 4 2 4 - - - - 8 8 - - 2 4 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - “ 4 - “ “ “ “ 14 2 21 - 4 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 10 - 6 4 - - - “ - 6 7 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - 2 1 1 - 6 6 4 3 3 - 8 8 - - - - - 3.69 3.88 3.71 3.86 - - 6 6 30 22 24 18 1 - 2 2 2 12 1 1 - - - - “ 1 52 4 4 _ - - - - - - - 6 6 4 4 2 19 19 - _ - 1 1 - _ - - - - - - - - _ - - - - - - - - “ 39 35 18 14 15 - - - - - - 28 - - Women 1 1 Excludes prem ium pay fo r overtime and fo r w o rk on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes 3 workers at $1.70 to $1.80, and 3 at $1.80 to $ 1 5 0 . 3 Includes data fo r workers in classification in addition to those shown separately. 4 Insufficient data to warrant publication o f separate averages by (a) predom inantly tim eworkers, or (b) predom inantly incentive workers. 5A ll workers were at $5.80 to $6. method of wage payment; Number of workers receiving straight-time hourly earnings o f Average hourly earnings2 $2.20 and under $2.30 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 O ccupation and sex Number of workers $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $3.20 $3.30 $3.40 $3.50 A ll production workers .................................... M e n ..................................................................................... Women ............................................................................... 521 414 107 $3.38 3.47 3.02 3 17 12 5 2 2 9 7 2 40 29 1 23 22 1 40 31 9 38 24 14 38 20 18 42 29 13 17 16 1 50 43 7 26 18 8 10 10 13 3.70 - _ _ _ _ _ 2 _ _ _ 6 _ _ 19 3.98 - - - - - - 4 1 - - - 1 - 7 3.46 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - 3 - - 2 - - - - - - 6 2 - 6 10 - - - 2 - 4 - 1 1 _ 4 4 7 7 - SELECTED O CCUPATIONS Men Buffers, machine4* ........................................................ Embossing- o r plating-press operators41* .................................................................. Firemen, stationary boiler (all tim e w o rk e rs )........................................................ Fleshing- and unhairing-machine operators41*'5 .............................................................. Fleshing-machine operators45 ....................... Shaving-machine operators45 .................................... Stakers, machine45 ........................................................ Tackers, togglen, o r pasters: Togglers45 ........................................................... f 11 7 11 25 3.51 3.71 3.81 3.85 - - 31 4.27 - - - - - - - 26 20 3.19 3.28 1 1 2 2 - _ - 6 - 1 1 _ - - - Women Trim m ers, dry .................................................................. In c e n tiv e ..................................................... See footnotes at end of table. ~ _ - $3.50 $3.60 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 $4.10 $4.20 $4.30 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 and $3.60 12 12 $3.70 $3.80 $3.90 $4.00 4 17 13 4 11 9 2 11 10 1 _ 4 $4.10 6 4 2 $4.20 5 4 1 $4.30 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 13 13 18 17 1 20 19 1 28 28 $5.00 7 7 Number of workers Average hourly earnings2 521 414 107 $3.38 3.47 3.02 Occupation and sex over 17 17 A ll production workers. Men. Women. SELECTED O CCUPATIONS Men - - - - - - 4 1 - 1 - - - - - - - _ - 1 1 - - 1 _ _ 3 3 2 - - - 1 3.46 - - - - _ - - ~ “ ~ - 11 7 11 25 3.51 3.71 3.81 3.85 1 31 4.27 _ 26 20 3.19 3.28 Trim m ers, dry. Incentive. 11 - _ 3.98 7 - - 1 1 19 - - - _ 1 ~ 2 1 _ ~ Buffers, machine48. Embossing- or plating-press operators4 6 . Firemen, stationary boiler (all tim ew orkers). Fleshing- and unhairing-machine operators46,5 Fleshing-machine operators4 6 . Shaving-machine operators4 6 . Stakers, machine4 6 . Tackers, togglers, or pasters: Togglers4 6 . - - - 3.70 4 - - 13 - - _ - 1 - 1 4 - - - 63 1 3 1 _ _ - - 1 1 ' " " _ _ - - 2 2 19 Women _ _ - - 1 1 - - - - - ~ 'T h e Philadelphia-Camden-W ilmington Area consists o f Philadelphia County, Pa.; Camden County, N J .; and New Castle County, Delaware. 2 Excludes premium pay fo r overtime and fo r w o rk on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 3 Includes 1 w o rke r at $2 to $2.10, and 2 workers at $2.10 to $2.20. in s u ffic ie n t data to warrant p ublication o f separate averages by method of wage payment; (a) predom inantly tim eworkers, or (b) predom inantly incentive workers. s Includes data fo r workers in classifications in addition to those shown separately. 6Workers were distributed as follow s: 1 at $5.40 to $5.60, and 2 at $5.80 to $6. Number of workers receiving straight-tim e h ourly earnings o f Occupation and sex Number of workers Average hourly earnings1 2,513 2,136 377 $3.63 3.73 3.11 $1.80 and under $1.90 4 4 $1.90 $2.00 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.00 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 16 16 6 6 31 26 5 39 25 14 29 19 10 73 45 28 — " SELECTED OCCUPATIONS 54 37 17 69 34 35 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.20 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 88 60 28 75 60 15 76 63 13 184 148 36 1 1 5 5 1 2 5 3 2 - ' Men 74 15 59 16 11 56 8 48 4.12 3.17 4.36 4.29 4.82 4.10 3.15 4.26 75 66 64 57 3.85 3.65 3.73 3.88 - - _ 3 3 5 3 2 2 2 10 10 — ~ Colorers, fa t liquorers, o r oil-wheel - “ - — — 6 1 _ — — Firemen stationary boiler 12 3.72 45 14 31 30 12 18 15 39 21 18 19 4.60 3.63 5.04 4.46 3.69 4.97 4.90 3.58 3.03 4.21 2.78 104 7 3.10 3.75 53 32 12 20 50 46 67 8 59 54 6 48 48 44 32 52 17 35 51 8 43 3.78 3.81 3.41 4.04 4.03 4.14 4.11 2.83 4.28 4.06 3.06 4.19 4.08 4.19 4.37 3.92 3.13 4.31 3.96 2.61 4.22 20 31 8 23 3.94 3.98 2.61 4.46 3 - Fleshing- and unhairing-machine In c e n tiv e ..................................................... Fleshing-machine o p e ra to rs .............................. T i m e ........................................................... In c e n tiv e ..................................................... Unhairing-machine o p e ra to rs ........................... Haulers3 15 ........................................................................... T i m e ........................................................... In c e n tiv e ..................................................... Janitors (all tim e w o rk e rs ).............................................. Laborers, material handling, dry w o rk (all tim e w o rk e rs )........................................................ L iquor men (all tim eworkers) .................................... Maintenance men, general u tility (all tim e w o rk e rs )........................................................ Measuring-machine o p e ra to rs ........................................ T i m e ........................................................... In c e n tiv e ..................................................... Seasoners, machine ........................................................ In c e n tiv e ..................................................... Setters-out, m a c h in e ........................................................ T i m e ........................................................... In c e n tiv e ..................................................... Shaving-machine o p e ra to rs ........................................... T i m e ........................................................... Incentive . ................................................. Sorters, finished leather33 ........................................... S plitting-m achine operators ........................................ In c e n tiv e ..................................................... Spray-machine o p e ra to rs .............................................. T i m e ........................................................... In c e n tiv e ..................................................... Stakers ............................................................................... T i m e ........................................................... In c e n tiv e ..................................................... Sem i-automatic machine (all incentive w o r k e r s ) ................................. A uto m a tic machine ........................................... T i m e ........................................................... In c e n tiv e ..................................................... See footnotes at end of table. - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - 3 3 10 10 - 1 1 - - 2 1 - - 3 3 - 5 - - 3 7 4 - 2 3 - 2 - - 14 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - 13 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 1 _ - - - - - _ _ _ _ - - - - - 5 5 _ - 1 1 - - - 1 1 - 10 2 8 1 _ _ _ _ - - _ - _ _ _ - — - — — - _ _ 2 1 1 _ 4 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - 1 1 4 4 _ - 3 3 _ - - - - - - - 2 2 - 1 1 1 1 3 3 - - - 1 1 1 1 3 3 - 2 2 - $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 $5.60 $6.00 and $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 223 172 51 310 244 66 270 245 25 209 196 13 187 176 11 127 122 5 151 148 3 105 104 1 55 55 $5.20 $5.60 $6.00 over 43 43 44 43 1 31 31 14 14 Number of workers Average hourly earnings1 2,513 2,136 377 $3.63 3.73 3.11 Occupation and sex A ll production workers. Men. Women. SELECTED OCCUPATIONS Men 10 1 3 2 _ - - - - - - 5 1 1 4 10 1 1 9 1 1 1 2 2 2 - - 3 1 1 2 _ _ - _ _ - - _ - 7 4 9 - 2 - - - 2 - 1 3 - - - - - - 2 2 13 12 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 - - - - - - “ - 4 1 3 2 2 - - 2 2 - - 4 4 1 1 3 1 2 - 1 2 1 - 5 14 2 8 5 - 2 - - - - 5 14 4 4 10 2 2 8 1 1 7 - 2 - - - - 13 13 - - - - - - - 2 5 2 3 2 5 - - - 2 2 5 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 5 5 18 17 16 16 4 4 3 3 ~ 9 2 2 6 6 - - - 5 4 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 - 5 2 3 2 6 4 2 2 - - - - 1 - - - 8 10 - - - - - - 2 - - - 10 7 - - 8 4 - - - - - - - - - 2 1 2 1 - 4 4 2 2 6 6 - - 2 2 - - 4 1 - - - - - - 5 - 4 4 - - - - - - 3 3 7 3 1 - - - - - - - 5 - 4 4 - 1 1 1 - - 1 1 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 27 37 - - 2 - - - - - - _ - 5 2 4 - - - - - - - - - 6 3 3 4 4 5 - _ - 3 4 5 5 7 11 11 10 3 6 2 4 9 9 4 - - - 3 2 7 3 - 2 2 6 2 9 7 2 8 1 7 4 9 5 4 2 2 6 2 4 2 2 - 5 - 2 2 - 3 - 3 2 1 _ 1 - 1 - 4 4 1 3 - - 1 9 2 6 2 3 2 - - - _ _ 2 - - - - - - - - - _ - - 2 9 9 9 2 5 5 5 2 2 2 5 2 3 3 3 2 1 - - - - - - - - - 10 3 4 1 9 14 5 5 5 2 3 4 5 4 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 22 4 4 6 3 3 3 3 11 1 1 6 6 14 1 3 3 2 4 4 4 _ 1 2 2 - - 2 2 2 2 2 - - 5 2 7 7 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ _ - - - - - - _ _ 5 - 4 1 5 - 3 2 2 4 - - - - _ _ 1 3 - 6 3 11 1 - 5 3 - 4 7 2 1 - 7 2 1 - 9 1 - - - - - - - - - - - _ 3 1 9 7 1 3 - 7 1 1 - 3 1 6 1 _ 1 1 2 _ _ 7 2 _ _ _ 7 1 _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 6 1 2 - 7 1 - - 3 See footnotes at end of table. 1 _ _ 74 15 59 16 11 56 8 48 4.12 3.17 4.36 4.29 4.82 4.10 3.15 4.26 75 66 64 57 3.85 3.65 3.73 3.88 12 3.72 45 14 31 30 12 18 15 39 21 18 19 4.60 3.63 5.04 4.46 3.69 4.97 4.90 3.58 3.03 4.21 2.78 104 7 3.10 3.75 53 32 12 20 50 46 67 8 59 54 6 48 48 44 32 52 17 35 51 8 43 3.78 3.81 3.41 4.04 4.03 4.14 4.11 2.83 4.28 4.06 3.06 4.19 4.08 4.19 4.37 3.92 3.13 4.31 3.96 2.61 4.22 20 31 8 23 3.94 3.98 2.61 4.46 Buffers, machine2 . Tim e. Incentive. Small autom atic. Incentive. Large autom atic. Tim e. Incentive. Colorers, fa t liquorers, or oil-wheel operators. Tim e. Embossing- or plating-press operators. Incentive. Firemen, stationary boiler (all tim eworkers). Fleshing-and unhairing-machine operators. Tim e. Incentive. Fleshing-machine operators. Tim e. Incentive. Unhairing-machine operators. Haulers36 . Tim e. Incentive. Janitors (all tim ew orkers). Laborers, material handling, dry w ork (all tim eworkers). Liquor men (all tim ew orkers). Maintenance men, general u tility (all tim ew orkers). Measuring-machine operators. Tim e. Incentive. Seasoners, machine. Incentive. Setters-out, machine. Tim e. Incentive. Shaving-machine operators. Tim e. Incentive. Sorters, finished leather38. Splitting-m achine operators. Incentive. Spray-machine operators. Tim e. Incentive. Stakers. Tim e. Incentive. Sem i-automatic machine (all incentive workers). A u to m a tic machine. Tim e. Incentive. Number of workers receiving straight-tim e hourly earnings of Occupation and sex Tackers, togglers, or pasters2 ........................................ In c e n tiv e ..................................................... T o g g le rs .................................................................. In c e n tiv e ..................................................... P a s te rs ..................................................................... In c e n tiv e ..................................................... Trim m ers, beam o r hide house, h a n d ............................................................................... In c e n tiv e .................................................... Trim m ers, dry ................................................................. Truckers, power (fo rk lift) (all tim e w o rk e rs )........................................................ Vacuum -drying machine operators (all incentive w o rk e rs ).............................................. Number of workers Average hourly earnings1 $1.80 and under $1.90 $1.90 $2.00 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $2.10 $2.20 $2.30 $2.40 $2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.20 2 2 3 2 3 2 - 4 2 2 2 2 - - 2 2 2 2 - 12 11 7 6 5 5 r $2.00 182 155 46 43 136 112 4.08 4.07 3.67 3.71 4.22 4.21 - - - 32 25 24 17 4.03 4.42 3.69 3.89 - - - - - - 44 3.22 - - - 6 4.14 30 12 18 20 14 30 26 3.30 2.67 3.73 3.22 3.50 3.08 3.06 - - - - 47 12 10 8 21 13 3.30 2.75 3.05 3.10 2.85 2.45 - - - - - - 2 3 - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 2 - - - - 2 2 - 3 4 9 2 - - - - 7 7 - 3 3 - - - - - _ - - 4 - 2 2 1 - - - _ - - - - 2 - 2 2 4 4 4 4 - 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 - 4 - 4 2 2 2 1 - - - Women Embossing- or plating-press operators ..................................................................... T i m e ........................................................... in c e n tiv e .................................................... Measuring-machine o p e ra to rs ........................................ In c e n tiv e ..................................................... Sorters, finished le a th e r ................................................. T i m e ........................................................... Splitting-m achine operators (all incentive w o rk e rs ).............................................. Spray-machine operators341........................................... Stakers, machine3 ,3 1 3 ..................................................... A uto m a tic machine3 1 3 ....................................... Trim m ers, dry .................................................................. T i m e ........................................................... See footnotes at end of table. - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - Number of workers receiving straight-tim e h ourly earnings o f $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 $4.60 $4.80 $5.00 $5.20 $5.60 $6.00 and $3.40 5 4 5 4 - _ $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 13 13 8 8 5 5 16 16 16 16 26 26 7 7 19 19 11 11 3 3 8 8 _ - _ _ 5 2 6 6 8 8 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 9 _ - 11 - $4.20 - $4.40 8 8 - _ 8 8 5 5 1 1 $4.80 36 36 1 1 35 35 29 9 1 1 28 8 1 1 3 3 2 2 - - $5.00 1 $5.20 $5.60 7 7 - $6.00 over _ - - - - - Average hourly earnings1 182 155 46 43 136 112 4.08 4.07 3.67 3.71 4.22 4.21 4.03 4.42 3.69 3.89 - 5 5 4 4 1 1 - - - - 5 5 - - - - - - - 32 25 24 17 - - - - 44 3.22 6 4.14 3 3 3 3 - - 2 2 $4.60 Number of workers - - 7 7 - - ~ - - - - - - 1 Occupation and sex Tackers, togglers, or pasters2 . Incentive. Togglers. Incentive. Pasters. Incentive. Trim m ers, beam or hide house, hand. Incentive. Trim m ers, dry. Incentive. Truckers, power (fo rk lift) (all tim ew orkers). V acuum -drying machine operators (all incentive workers). Women 8 - 3 _ - _ 2 9 9 3 3 - 2 3 3 3 2 1 3 3 4 4 2 28 _ _ _ _ 1 1 1 - 2 2 5 - _ 8 1 _ 1 _ 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 - - - - - - 3 1 - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ - - _ - 2 _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ - - - - - - " - - - - - - - - 1 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - 1 _ _ _ _ - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ - 1 - _ _ _ - _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , 1 Excludes premium pay fo r overtime and fo r w ork on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2 Includes data fo r workers in classification in addition to those shown separately. 30 12 18 20 14 30 26 3.30 2.67 3.73 3.22 3.50 3.08 3.06 47 12 10 8 21 13 3.30 2.75 3.05 3.10 2.85 2.45 Embossing- or plating-press operators. Tim e. Incentive. Measuring-machine operators. Incentive. Sorters, finished leather. Tim e. S plitting-m achine operators (all incentive workers). Spray-machine operators33. Stakers, machine36 . A uto m a tic machine3 6 . Trimmers, dry. Tim e. 3 Insufficient data to warrant publication of separate averages by method of wage payment; (a) predom inantly tim eworkers, or (b) predom inantly incentive workers. Regions Method of wage paym ent1 A ll workers .................................................... Tim e-rated workers ........................................................ Formal plans ....................................................... Single r a t e ....................................................... Range o f ra te s ................................................. Individual r a t e s .................................................... Incentive workers ........................................................... Individual p ie c e w o rk ........................................... Group p ie c e w o rk ................................................. Individual b o n u s ................................................. Group bonus ........................................................ S tint w o rk ........................................................................ United States2 100 55 45 30 15 10 44 28 7 7 1 1 New England 100 54 33 21 11 21 45 25 7 13 1 Middle A tla n tic 100 49 38 27 11 11 49 28 12 8 2 States Border States South east Great Lakes 100 48 40 40 7 52 30 3 7 13 100 65 62 61 1 3 35 26 1 6 1 - - 100 54 52 31 21 2 45 34 6 4 1 1 1See appendix A for defin itio ns of method o f wage payment. 2 Includes data fo r regions in addition to those shown separately. 3 Table 22. Illinois Maine New Hamp shire 100 56 56 56 - 100 47 24 20 5 23 53 29 12 12 - 100 53 47 46 (3) 7 47 24 7 16 - - - - 42 30 12 3 Areas Pennsyl vania Wiscon sin 100 35 25 21 4 10 64 37 9 19 (3) 100 53 50 28 22 3 47 32 6 7 2 “ Boston Fulton County (N.Y .) 100 50 43 19 25 7 46 25 4 17 4 100 50 35 35 15 50 19 31 (3) Newark And Jersey C ity 100 67 63 47 16 4 33 27 3 3 ~ Phila delphiaCamdenW ilm ington 100 49 26 14 13 23 49 27 23 1 3 Less than 0.5 percent. n . ....... .... NOTE: Because o f rounding, sums o f in dividual items may not equal totals. Scheduled weekly hours (Percent o f production workers in leather tanning and finishing establishments by scheduled weekly hours,1 United States, selected regions, States, and areas, March 1973) Regions Weekly hours1 A ll workers ..................................................... 35 hours ........................................................................... 36 hours ........................................................................... 40 hours ........................................................................... 41 hours ........................................................................... 42 hours ........................................................................... 4272 hours ........................................................................ 44 hours ........................................................................... 45 hours ........................................................................... 48 hours ........................................................................... 50 hours ........................................................................... United States2 100 1 1 88 1 3 1 (3 ) 3 1 1 States New England Middle A tlan tic Border States South east Great Lakes Illin o is Maine New Hamp shire Pennsyl vania Wiscon sin Boston Fulton County (N .Y .) Newark A nd Jersey City PhiladelphiaCamdenW ilm ington 100 89 5 3 2 100 96 4 - 100 20 53 7 20 100 92 8 - 100 89 9 2 - 100 100 - 100 83 17 - 100 82 18 - 100 100 - 100 78 18 4 - 100 100 - 100 100 - 100 100 - 100 100 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Data relate to the predom inant w o rk schedule fo r fu ll-tim e day-shift workers in each establishment. 2 Includes data fo r regions in addition to those shown separately. Areas 3 Less than 0.5 percent. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. S hift differential United States2 Regions States Areas Pennsyl vania Wiscon sin Boston Fulton County (N .Y .) Newark And Jersey C ity PhiladelphiaCamdenW ilm ington 67.8 25.7 5.6 5.6 - New England Middle A tla n tic Border States South east Great Lakes Illinois Maine New Hamp shire 80.0 71.1 68.7 19.8 5.2 .7 .5 3.6 30.5 93.9 74.7 69.9 37.4 10.6 1.9 6.9 8.8 62.3 55.5 51.0 9.3 9.3 21.4 72.9 72.9 72.9 17.1 48.7 43.9 43.9 43.9 25.6 10.2 8.1 93.8 90.9 90.9 15.1 2.3 3.6 59.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.2 66.8 97.4 69.5 69.5 22.1 34.3 13.1 - 94.6 94.6 94.6 60.2 10.4 7.7 - 84.7 69.8 62.7 24.4 38.3 93.7 88.2 88.2 12.9 4.4 7.0 43.7 96.1 81.7 81.7 56.2 25.5 3.9 - 88.2 88.2 79.2 45.8 33.4 1.4 1.9 .3 3.0 1.6 2.5 1.4 .6 .4 8.9 6.1 4.9 4.5 2.7 1.8 6.7 _ _ _ 3.0 1.2 4.9 2.6 2.2 19.2 7.2 - - - - - 27.9 16.3 - - 10.6 2.9 7.1 7.1 14.9 20.2 5.5 14.4 3.9 9.0 9.0 - 20.0 20.0 42.1 64.1 59.3 58.6 .5 .9 2.0 3.1 7.7 16.6 75.0 60.6 58.0 1.7 10.8 14.0 12.2 40.5 40.5 40.5 9.3 23.9 50.2 39.2 39.2 14.3 9.8 88.1 88.1 88.1 7.0 18.3 92.9 92.9 92.9 33.2 10.2 90.4 69.5 69.5 5.6 34.3 16.5 83.3 83.3 83.3 18.2 38.4 62.7 62.7 62.7 24.4 38.3 88.2 88.2 88.2 12.9 79.7 56.8 56.8 31.3 - - 51.3 51.3 51.3 45.8 - 6.1 1.1 - 7.9 10.2 - 7.6 6.5 2.3 35.8 - 49.6 - 13.1 - - - - - - - - - 2.6 2.6 14.4 - 7.2 11.0 - 10.6 - SECOND SHIFT Workers in establishments having provision fo r second shifts .................................... W ith sh ift diffe re n tial ....................................... U niform cents per h o u r .................................... 5 c e n t s ........................................................ 6 c e n t s ........................................................ 7 c e n t s ....................................................... 714 c e n t s .................................................... 8 cents ........................................................ 10 cents .................................................... Over 10 and under 12 cents .............................................. 12 cents .................................................... 1214 cents ................................................. 14 cents .................................................... 20 cents .................................................... U niform percentage .......................................... 5 p e rc e n t.................................................... 10 p e r c e n t................................................. 15 p e r c e n t................................................. W ith no shift d ifferential ................................ _ - - TH IR D OR OTHER LATE S HIFT Workers in establishments having provisions fo r th ird or other late sh ift .............................................................................. W ith shift differential ....................................... U niform cents per h o u r .................................... 5 c e n t s ....................................................... 6 c e n t s ....................................................... 7 c e n t s ....................................................... 714 c e n t s .................................................... 8 c e n t s ....................................................... 10 cents .................................................... Over 10 and under 12 cents .............................................. 11 cents .................................................... 12 cents .................................................... 13 cents .................................................... 14 cents .................................................... 15 cents .................................................... 16 cents .................................................... 18 cents .................................................... 20 cents .................................................... 21 cents .................................................... U niform percentage .......................................... 10 p e r c e n t................................................. With no sh ift d ifferential ....................................... 1.4 .5 3.3 2.5 .7 13.4 .5 .9 1.5 3.0 .8 .8 4.8 _ 1.9 4.0 10.2 3.0 - _ 35.8 35.8 35.8 25.6 - _ _ - 1 Refers to policies o f establishments either currently operating late shifts or having provisions covering late shifts. 2 Includes data fo r regions in addition to those shown separately. - _ - _ 20.9 _ 10.4 16.3 - _ - - _ 14.5 4.4 36.2 20.2 - _ _ 25.5 - - 22.9 _ _ 5.5 - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Less than 0.05 percent. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums o f in dividual items may not equal totals. - S hift d ifferential United States12 Regions States Areas Newark And Jersey City New England Middle A tla n tic Border States South east Great Lakes Illinois Maine New Hamp shire 12.5 11.5 15.9 13.5 4.5 4.3 2.7 2.7 9.5 9.5 19.9 19.3 11.9 11.9 27.0 22.3 19.0 19.0 7.1 6.7 22.1 20.9 9.6 8.3 0.3 - 5.4 5.4 2.8 1.7 11.4 3.0 1.4 13.4 6.2 3.5 4.0 1.1 1.5 2.7 .2 - 9.5 6.1 - 19.3 2.0 - 11.9 3.9 - 22.3 7.8 11.4 19.0 12.0 - 6.1 4.0 20.9 2.3 - 8.3 4.5 - - 5.4 5.4 - - 1.0 4.9 1.2 .1 .1 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.1 .1 .1 2.3 .8 .6 .2 .2 .2 1.9 .6 - 3.1 .3 - 8.0 - - 2.1 .6 .6 .4 3.2 12.2 3.3 1.2 3.8 1.3 .3 - - 3.1 4.7 1.8 5.2 - - 1.7 13.9 1.7 .6 1.7 1.7 1.1 3.9 3.6 3.6 5.6 4.8 4.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 .6 .6 .6 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.8 5.8 5.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 10.9 8.8 8.8 6.5 6.5 6.5 0.3 .3 .3 5.5 5.5 5.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 - - - 3.1 3.1 3.1 .2 .8 .9 .5 2.4 .6 - .2 .2 - 1.2 - .7 5.7 1.0 - 1.5 - .2 2.0 - .7 3.4 1.8 .3 - .8 - - 3.1 - .5 .8 .4 .2 .4 .6 .3 .8 .4 - .2 2.0 - .7 2.2 .6 .8 - 1.4 - 1.4 2.9 1.2 - - _ - - - - - - - 1.7 .5 - - 1.4 2.1 - - - Pennsyl vania Wiscon sin Boston Fulton County (N.Y.) PhiladelphiaCamdenW ilm ington SECOND S H IFT Workers employed on second sh ift .......................... Receiving sh ift diffe re n tial .............................. U niform cents per hour ..................................................... 5 cents ........................................... 6 c e n t s ........................................... 7 cents and under 10 cents ........................................ 10 cents ........................................ Over 10 cents .............................. U niform percentage .............................. 5 p e r c e n t........................................ Receiving no sh ift d iffe re n tia l.......................... - T H IR D OR OTHER LATE S H IFT Workers employed on th ird or other late s h if t ........................................................................ Receiving sh ift diffe re n tial .............................. U niform cents per hour ....................... 5 cents and under 8 cents ....................................... 8 cents ........................................... 10 cents ....................................... Over 10 and under 15 cents ....................................... 15 cents ....................................... Over 15 cents .............................. Receiving no sh ift differential ....................... 1 Includes data fo r regions in addition to those shown separately. 2 Less than 0.05 percent. Table 25. NOTE: - Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Paid holidays (Percent o f production workers in leather tanning and finishing establishments having form al provisions fo r paid holidays, United States, selected regions, States, and areas, March 1973) Num ber o f paid holidays United States2 Regions States Pennsyl vania Wiscon sin New England Middle A tla n tic Border States South east Great Lakes Illinois Maine New Hamp shire Areas Boston Fulton County (N.Y.) Newark And Jersey City PhiladelphiaCamdenW ilm ington A ll w o r k e r s ..................................................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Workers in establishments providing paid h o lid a y s .............................................................. 5 days ..................................................................... 6 d a y s .................................................................... 6 days plus 2 half d a y s ....................................... 7 days ..................................................................... 7 days plus 2 half d a y s ....................................... 8 d a y s ..................................................................... 8 days plus 2 half d a y s ....................................... 9 days ..................................................................... 9 days plus 1 half d a y ....................................... 9 days plus 2 half d a y s ....................................... 10 days .................................................................. 11 days .................................................................. 12 days .................................................................. 100 2 7 1 8 10 17 3 7 2 3 19 15 4 100 2 12 7 11 7 6 6 38 10 100 3 9 24 1 9 12 29 11 3 100 7 40 14 10 10 19 100 3 35 8 10 44 100 - 100 8 21 3 34 21 - 100 24 100 4 6 9 100 - 100 6 100 4 100 6 - - - - - 11 - 100 2 24 - 12 18 8 9 - - 90 4 - 6 - - - - - - - - - 34 13 - - - - - - 24 41 7 86 7 - - 51 15 7 4 9 59 25 - 100 4 3 5 16 16 9 9 5 1 25 7 - - 1 Includes data fo r regions in addition to those shown separately. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. - 26 7 34 33 - - - - ' * NOTE: Because of rounding, sums o f individual items may not equal totals. - 26 42 20 Vacation policy A ll workers .................................................. United States' Middle New England A tlantic Regions States Border States South east Great Lakes Illinois Maine New Hamp shire Areas Pennsyl vania Wiscon sin Boston Fulton County (N.Y.) Newark And Jersey City PhiladelphiaCamdenWilm ington 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 76 22 2 100 82 12 6 100 69 31 - 100 100 - 97 54 43 - 100 72 28 - 100 100 - 100 45 34 21 100 100 - 100 100 - 100 65 35 - 100 100 - 100 100 - 100 100 - 100 100 - (3 ) - - - 3 - - - - - - - - - (3) 96 2 1 1 99 - 94 1 5 100 - 97 - 93 7 - 67 33 - _ 100 - 100 - 100 - 100 - _ 100 - _ 100 - _ 96 4 - _ 100 - (3) 83 7 6 4 1 99 - 80 14 1 5 100 - 88 9 - 72 9 10 9 67 33 - 100 _ •- 100 - 93 7 - 82 _ 18 100 _ - 100 - 59 37 4 - 80 20 - (3) 35 12 49 4 1 33 11 55 - 55 10 31 5 37 63 - 53 44 - 22 22 46 9 100 - 53 34 13 - 30 70 - 51 7 42 - 28 25 30 18 _ 100 - 100 - 13 15 72 - _ 74 20 6 - 4 1 85 8 2 11 82 7 3 81 17 - 7 93 - 97 - 91 9 - 100 - 2 _ 98 - 18 82 - 7 93 - _ 82 18 - _ 89 11 100 - 41 59 - 20 80 - 1 39 5 50 3 2 2 40 55 4 58 8 35 - 70 30 - 35 62 - 18 11 62 9 - 100 - 2 80 18 - 24 76 - 66 34 - 8 20 54 18 - 89 _ 11 100 - 10 13 77 _ - 69 31 _ 1 26 6 62 3 2 2 23 71 4 38 11 51 - 38 62 - 35 62 - 15 11 65 9 - 100 - 2 46 52 - 24 76 - 17 7 76 - _ 3 20 60 18 - 89 _ 11 _ 100 - 4 19 77 - _ 49 20 31 - 1 15 1 53 4 20 6 2 12 61 25 - 31 5 50 13 - 7 82 11 - 35 18 44 - 1 46 14 22 16 16 84 - 2 27 58 13 - 5 48 47 - 100 - 3 31 27 8 31 _ 63 37 - 100 •- 4 _ 29 67 - _ 94 6 - 1 14 1 24 4 47 4 1 3 2 12 30 56 - 31 5 16 39 9 - 35 1 - 2 27 5 - 3 - 100 4 - 37 63 - 18 44 - 21 14 47 7 16 84 - 53 18 - 18 76 - 34 66 - 9 27 29 14 100 - - 15 36 46 26 74 - - - - - 9 - - - - 18 - - - - 1 14 1 18 3 51 5 3 3 2 12 30 53 3 - 31 5 16 34 12 2 - - 35 I - 2 27 5 - 3 - 100 4 17 83 - 8 54 - 8 11 61 7 3 9 100 - 53 18 - 18 58 18 - 34 66 - 9 20 32 14 5 18 100 - - 15 15 59 8 - 26 74 - 1 14 1 18 3 41 2 17 3 2 12 30 38 18 31 5 16 20 28 - 35 1 - 2 27 5 - 3 - 100 4 - 7 59 33 8 36 18 100 - 53 5 13 18 42 34 34 28 38 - 15 15 67 26 74 - - - - ~ - - 9 20 32 14 5 18 78 22 - 8 11 61 7 3 9 " - - - METHOD OF PAYMENT Workers in establishments providing paid vacations2 ......................................................... Lenth-of-tim e p a ym e n ts................................... Percentage p a y m e n t......................................... Flat-sum payment ............................................ Workers in establishments providing no paid vacations ......................................................... A M O UNT OF VAC ATIO N PAY2 A fte r 1 year of service: Under 1 w e e k ...................................................... 1 w e e k .................................................................. 2 weeks ............................................................... Over 2 and under 3 w e e k s ................................ A fte r 2 years o f service: Under 1 w e e k ..................................................... 1 w e e k .................................................................. Over 1 and under 2 w e e k s ................................ 2 weeks ............................................................... Over 2 and under 3 w e e k s ................................ A fte r 3 years of service: Under 1 w e e k ...................................................... 1 w e e k .................................................................. Over 1 and under 2 w e e k s ................................ 2 weeks ............................................................... Over 2 and under 3 w e e k s ................................ A fter 5 years of service: 1 w e e k .................................................................. Over 1 and under 2 w e e k s ................................ 2 weeks ............................................................... Over 2 and under 3 w e e k s ................................ 3 weeks ............................................................... A fte r 10 years of service: 1 w e e k .................................................................. 2 weeks ............................................................... Over 2 and under 3 w e e k s ................................ 3 weeks ............................................................... Over 3 and under 4 w e e k s ................................ 4 weeks ............................................................... A fte r 12 years of service: 1 w e e k .................................................................. 2 weeks ............................................................... Over 2 and under 3 w e e k s ................................ 3 weeks ............................................................... Over 3 and under 4 w e e k s ................................ 4 weeks ............................................................... A fte r 15 years of service: Under 2 weeks ................................................... 2 weeks ............................................................... Over 2 and under 3 w e e k s ................................ 3 weeks ............................................................... Over 3 and under 4 w e e k s ................................ 4 weeks ............................................................... Over 4 and under 5 w e e k s ................................ A fte r 20 years of service: Under 2 weeks ................................................... 2 weeks ............................................................... Over 2 and under 3 w e e k s ................................ 3 weeks ............................................................... Over 3 and under 4 w e e k s ................................ 4 weeks ............................................................... Over 4 and under 5 w e e k s ................................ 5 weeks ............................................................... Over 5 and under 6 w e e k s ................................ A fte r 25 years of service: Under 2 weeks ................................................... 2 weeks ............................................................... Over 2 and under 3 w e e k s ................................ 3 weeks ............................................................... Over 3 and under 4 w e e k s ................................ 4 weeks ............................................................... Over 4 and under 5 w e e k s ...................... 5 weeks ............................................................... Over 5 and under 6 w e e k s ................................ A fte r 30 years of service:4 Under 2 weeks ................................................... 2 weeks ............................................................... Over 2 and under 3 w e e k s ................................ 3 weeks ............................................................... Over 3 and under 4 w e e k s ................................ 4 weeks ............................................................... Over 4 and under 5 w e e k s ................................ 5 weeks ............................................................... Over 5 and under 6 w e e k s ................................ 1 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 2 Vacation payments, such as percent of annual earnings, were converted to an equivalent time basis. Periods of service were chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily reflect the individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, the changes in proportions indicated at 10 years may include changes occurring between 5 and 10 years. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. 4 Vacation provisions were the same after longer periods of service. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. ■ - Type of benefit and financing1 A ll workers .................................................... Workers in establishments providing: Life in suran ce ........................................................ N o nco n trib uto ry p la n s .......................... Accidental death and dismemberment in s u ra n c e .......................... N onco n trib uto ry p la n s .......................... Sickness and accident insurance or sick leave or b oth 3 . .............................................. Sickness and accident in s u ra n c e .............................................. N o nco n trib uto ry plans ....................................... Sick leave (fu ll pay, no waiting p e r io d ) ................................................. Sick leave (partial pay or w aiting p e r io d ) ................................................. Hospitalization in s u ra n c e ................................. N onco n trib uto ry p la n s .......................... Surgical insurance .............................................. N onco n trib uto ry p la n s .......................... Medical insurance .............................................. N onco n trib uto ry p la n s .......................... Major medical in s u ra n c e .................................... N onco n trib uto ry p la n s .......................... Retirement p la n s ................................................. P e n s io n s .................................................... N onco n trib uto ry plans ....................................... Severance p a y ........................................... No p la n s ................................................................. United States2 Regions States Pennsyl vania Wiscon sin Boston Fulton County (N.Y .) Newark A nd Jersey City PhiladelphiaCamdenW ilm ington 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 100 100 94 72 100 100 66 62 52 52 97 100 100 64 100 97 78 100 64 100 55 78 100 45 100 - - - - 100 100 100 100 100 100 59 59 53 53 14 100 55 100 55 90 55 83 43 46 46 22 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 93 93 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 89 89 100 100 96 96 96 96 _ _ 83 83 100 100 100 100 100 100 26 26 48 48 87 - 38 _ 46 _ 93 _ 89 _ 83 _ 6 _ - - - - - - New England Middle A tlan tic Border States South east Great Lakes Illinois Maine 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 96 80 91 68 100 99 100 92 82 53 100 79 100 100 98 68 100 78 100 100 100 60 100 78 75 67 78 64 78 77 89 89 79 49 60 55 100 100 79 63 84 78 61 61 46 37 80 80 78 93 73 88 100 71 100 100 73 65 78 85 64 88 100 58 84 100 61 59 74 85 35 66 100 42 78 100 - - - - - - - - - - 11 97 84 97 83 94 82 77 64 73 71 15 94 80 94 80 94 80 94 80 80 80 100 100 99 99 99 99 53 53 76 76 8 100 73 100 73 100 73 42 15 82 82 34 100 90 100 90 78 67 54 44 54 54 7 97 73 97 73 92 73 87 66 69 65 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 13 98 81 98 81 98 81 98 81 73 73 16 100 83 100 83 100 83 100 83 87 87 67 4 (s ) 71 1 70 - 82 - 54 - 65 14 80 20 - - - - - 68 2 ‘ "N o n c o n trib u to ry plans" include only those plans financed entirely by employer. Legally required plans such as workm en's compensation and social security are excluded; however, plans required by State tem porary disab ility insurance laws are included if the em ployer contributes more than is legally required or the employees receive benefits in excess o f legal requirements. Areas New Hamp shire 2 Includes data 3 Unduplicated 4 Unduplicated 5 Less than 0.5 fo r regions in addition to those shown separately. to ta l of workers receiving sick leave or sickness and accident insurance shown separately. to ta l of workers covered by pensions or retirem ent severance pay shown separately. percent. Appendix A. Scope and Method of Survey Scope of survey The survey included establishments engaged primarily in tanning, currying, and finishing hides and skins into leather (SIC 3111, except leather converters, as defined in the 1967 Standard Industrial Classification Manual prepared by the U.S. Office of Management and Bud get). Separate auxiliary units, such as central offices, were excluded. Establishments studied were selected from those employing 20 workers or more at the time of reference of the data used in compiling the universe lists. Table A-l shows the number of establishments and workers estimated to be within scope of the survey, as well as the number actually studied by the Bureau. Products Classification of establishments by major product was based on the principal type of leather manufactured. For example, if 40 percent of the total value of an establishment’s product was side leather, 30 percent was sole leather, and 30 percent was splits, workers in that establishment were considered as producing side leather. formed. An establishment is not necessarily identical with the company, which may consist of one establish ment or more. In this bulletin, the terms “plant” and “establishment” have been used interchangeably. Employment Estimates of the number of workers within the scope of the study are intended as a general guide to the size and composition of the labor force included in the survey, rather than as precise measures of employment. Production workers The terms “production workers” and “production and related workers,” used interchangeably in this bulletin, include working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonoffice activities. Admin istrative, executive, professional, office, and technical Table A-1. Estimated number of establishments and workers within scope of survey and number studied, leather tanning and finishing, March 1973 Number of establishments3 A ctually studied United States5........................... 212 123 New England6 ............................................ New Hampshire ........................... M a in e ............................................... Boston, Mass ................................ Middle A tla n tic 6 ....................................... Fulton County, N .Y ..................... Newark and Jersey C ity, N.J. Pennsylvania.................................. Philadelphia-Camden, W ilm ington, Pa.-N.J.-Del.7 . Border S ta te s ............................................ S o u th e a st................................................... Great Lakes6 ............................................ Illin o is ............................................ W iscon sin ....................................... 67 13 9 31 63 25 14 15 7 9 11 41 9 20 Method of study Data were obtained by personal visits of the Bureau’s field staff to a representative sample of establishments within scope of the survey. To obtain appropriate accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion of large than of small establishments was studied. In combining the data, however, all establishments were given an appropriate weight. All estimates are presented, there fore, as relating to all establishments in the industry, excluding only those below the minimum size at the time of reference of the universe data. Establishment definition An establishment is defined for this study as a single physical location where industrial operations are per Workers in establishments W ith in scope o f study W ithin scope of study Region,1 State, and area2 Total4 T o ta l4 P roduction workers A ctua lly studied 20,284 16,677 15,277 38 7 8 17 33 13 9 8 5,725 1,073 1,735 1,948 4,816 1,210 1,051 1,822 4,770 888 1,471 1,648 3,941 1,052 804 1,494 4,467 849 1,717 1,468 3,002 733 859 1,022 5 9 8 24 7 12 628 1,248 1,144 5,950 1,249 3,145 521 1,007 9.77 4,810 1,013 2,513 516 1,248 1,108 4,491 979 2,363 'T h e regions used in this study include: New England - Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and V erm ont; Middle Atlantic - New Jersey, New Y ork, and Pennsylvania, Border States - Delaware, D istrict of Columbia, K entucky, M aryland, V irginia, and West V irginia; Southeast Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; and Great Lakes - Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. 2See in dividual area tables fo r definitions of areas. 3 Includes only establishments having 20 workers or more at the tim e of reference of the universe data. 4 Includes executive, professional, office, and other workers excluded fro m the production worker category. 5 Includes data fo r regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the study. 6 Includes data fo r states or areas in addition to those shown separately. 7 Data fo r W ilm ington, Del. are not included in the data fo r Pennsylvania or fo r the Middle A tla n tic region, but are included in data fo r the Border States region. personnel, and force-account construction employees, who were utilized as a separate work force on the firm’s own properties, were excluded. Occupations selected for study Occupational classification was based on a uniform set of job descriptions designed to take account of interestablishment and interarea variations in duties within the same job. (See appendix B for these descrip tions.) The criteria for selection of the occupations were: the number of workers in the occupation; the usefulness of the data in collective bargaining; and appropriate representation of the entire job scale in the industry. Working supervisors, apprentices, learners, be ginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, tempor ary, and probationary workers were not reported in the data for selected occupations, but were included in the data for all production workers. Except in New England, a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area is defined as a county or group of contiguous counties which contains at least one city of 50,000 inhabitants or more. Counties contiguous to the one containing such a city are included in a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, if, according to certain criteria, they are essentially metropolitan in character and are socially and economically integrated with the central city. In New England, where the city and town are administratively more important than the county, they are the units used in defining Standard Metropol itan Statistical Areas. Labor-management agreements Separate wage data are presented where possible for establishments with (1) a majority of the production workers covered by labor-management contracts, and (2) none or a minority of the production workers covered by labor-management contracts. Wage data Method of wage payment Information on wages relates to straight-time hourly earnings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems, and cost-of-living bonuses were included as part of the workers’ regular pay. Nonproduction bonus payments, such as Christmas or yearend bonuses, were excluded. Average (mean) hourly rates or earnings for each occupation or other group of workers, such as production workers, were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earnings) by the number of workers receiving the rate, totaling, and dividing by the number of individuals. The hourly earnings of salaried workers were obtained by dividing straight-time salary by normal rather than actual hours. The median designates position; that is, one-half of the employees surveyed received more than this rate and one-half received less. The middle range is defined by two rates of pay such that one-fourth of the employees earned less than the lower of these rates and one-fourth earned more than the higher rate. Size of community Tabulations by size of community pertain to metro politan and nonmetropolitan areas. The term “metro politan area,” as used in this bulletin, refers to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget through November 1971. Tabulations by method of wage payment relate to the number of workers paid under the various time and incentive wage systems. Formal rate structures for time-rated workers provide single rates or a range of rates for individual job categories. In the absence of a formal rate structure, pay rates are determined primarily by the qualifications of the individual worker. A single rate structure is one in which the same rate is paid to all experienced workers in the same job classification. Learners, apprentices, or probationary workers may be paid according to rate schedules which start below the single rate and permit the workers to achieve the full job rate over a period of time. An experienced worker may occasionally be paid above or below the single rate for special reasons, but such payments are exceptions. Range-of-rate plans are those in which the minimum, maximum, or both of these rates paid experienced workers for the same job are specified. Specific rates for individual workers within the range may be determined by merit, length of service, or a combination of these. Incentive workers are classified under piecework or bonus plans. Piecework is work for which a predeter mined rate is paid for each unit of output. Production bonuses are for production in excess of a quota or for completion of a task in less than standard time. Stint workers are those who receive a fixed daily wage for a predetermined amount of work regardless of the amount of time required to complete the task. For purposes of this study, these workers were considered time workers. Scheduled weekly hours Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work schedule for full-time production workers employed on the day shift. Shift provisions and practices Shift provisions relate to the policies of establish ments either currently operating late shifts or having formal provisions covering late-shift work. Practices relate to workers employed on late shifts at the time of the survey. Supplementary wage provisions Supplementary benefits in an establishment were considered applicable to all production workers if they applied to half or more of such workers in the establishment. Similarly, if fewer than half of the workers were covered, the benefit was considered nonexistent in the establishment. Because of length-ofservice and other eligibility requirements, the proportion of workers receiving the benefits may be smaller than estimated. Paid holidays. Paid holiday provisions relate to full-day and half-day holidays provided annually. 'a Paid vacations. The summary of vacation plans is lirhited to formal arrangements, and excludes informal plans whereby time off with pay is granted at the discretion of the employer or the supervisor. Payments not on a time basis were converted; for example, a payment of 2 percent of annual earnings was considered the equivalent of 1 week’s pay. The periods of service for which data are presented were selected as representative of the most common practices but they do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, changes in proportions indicated at 10 years of service may include changes which occurred between 5 and 10 years. Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Data are pre sented for health, insurance, pension, and retirement severance plans for which the employer pays all or a part of the cost, excluding only programs required by law such as workmen’s compensation and social security. Among plans included are those underwritten by a commercial insurance company and those paid directly by the employer from his current operating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose. Death benefits are included as a form of life insurance. Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type of insurance under which predetermined cash payments are made directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis during illness or accident disability. Information is presented for all such plans to which the employer contributes at least part of the cost. However, in New York and New Jersey, where temporary dis ability insurance laws require employer contributions,1 plans were included only if the employer (1) contributed more than is legally required, or (2) provided the employees with benefits which exceeded the require ments of the law. Tabulations of paid sick leave plans are limited to formal plans which provide full pay or a proportion of the worker’s pay during absence from work because of illness; informal arrangements have been omitted. Sepa rate tabulations are provided according to (1) plans which provide full pay and no waiting period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or a waiting period. Medical insurance refers to plans providing for com plete or partial payment of doctors’ fees. Such plans may be underwritten by a commercial insurance com pany or a nonprofit organization, or they may be a form of self-insurance. Major medical insurance, sometimes referred to as extended medical or catastrophe insurance, includes plans designed to cover employees in case of sickness or injury involving an expense which exceeds the normal coverage of hospitalization, medical, and surgical plans. Tabulations of retirement pensions are limited to plans which provide regular payments for the remainder of the retiree’s life. Data are presented separately for retirement severance pay (one payment or several over a specified period of time) made to employees upon retirement. Establishments providing both retirement severance pay and retirement pensions to employees were considered as having both retirement pension and retirement severance pay; however, establishments hav ing optional plans which provide employees a choice of either retirement severance pay or pensions were consid ered as having only retirement pension benefits. ‘ The temporary disability insurance laws in California and Rhode Island do not require employer contributions. Appendix B. Occupational Descriptions The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau’s wage surveys is to assist its field staff in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This permits the grouping of occupational wage rates representing comparable job content. Because of this emphasis on interestablishment and interarea comparability of occupational content, the Bureau’s job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau’s field staff are instructed to exclude working supervisors; apprentices; learners; beginners; trainees; handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers. Buffer, machine (Buffing-wheel operator) Reduces thickness of hides or skins, smooths or polishes them, removes grain, or produces a suede or other finish by means of a revolving abrasive wheel or roll rotating against the hide or skin. The material being buffed is controlled either by hand pressure, foot treadle, or adjustable set screws which govern finished thickness of hide or skin. The work of the operator usually includes the replacing of wornout abrasive. For wage study purposes, buffers are classified as follows: Buffer, machine, buzzle (8 inches to 12 inches wide) Buffer, machine, small automatic (24 inches to 40 inches wide) Buffer, machine, large automatic (40 inches and over) Buffer, machine, other Colorer, fat liquorer, or oil-wheel operator Loads leather, coloring liquor, fat liquor, or oil into drums or wheels, operates equipment for specified length of time, and removes treated leather. Embossing- or plating-press operator (Embosser; finished-leather presser; printer; smooth plater) Presses designs on the surface of leather on a press equipped with an embossing plate, or finishes the surface of leather on a press equipped with a smooth plate. The work of the operator involves: Selecting and bolting plate to head of press; setting pressure of machine and regulating temperature of plate, according to grade of leather to be handled; and starting machine and feeding leather through press. Fireman, stationary boiler1 Fires stationary boilers to furnish the establishment in which employed with heat, power, or steam. Feeds fuels to fire by hand or operates a mechanical stoker, gas, or oil burner; and checks water and safety valves. May clean, oil, or assist in repairing boilerroom equip ment. Fleshing- and unhairing-machine operator (Beamster, machine) Removes flesh and foreign matter from hides or skins 1The U.S. Bureau of the Census has introduced new job titles in its Occupational Classification System to eliminate those that denote sex sterotypes. For purposes of this bulletin, however, such titles have been retained where they refer specifically to contractual definitions used at the time of the survey. Where titles are used in the generic sense, and not to describe a contract term, they have been changed to eliminate the sex stereotype. by use of a machine equipped with two rollers, one roller being used for carrying the hide against another roller equipped with spirally placed knife blades and/or removes hair from hides, using a machine equipped with a spirally bladed roller, spirally bladed knife, or a scraper blade. For wage survey purposes, workers are to be classified according to whether they specialize in either fleshing or unhairing or perform both operations, as follows: showers, and restrooms. Workers who specialize in window washing are excluded. Fleshing-machine operator Unhairing-machine operator Combination fleshing- and unhairing-machine oper ator A worker employed in a warehouse, manufacturing plant, store, or other establishment whose duties involve one or more o f the following: Loading and unloading various materials and merchandise on or from freight cars, trucks, or other transporting devices; unpacking, shelving, or placing materials or merchandise in proper storage location; and transporting materials or mer chandise by hand-truck, car, or wheelbarrow. Longshore men, who load and unload ships, are excluded. For wage study purposes, workers are classified as follows: Glazing-machine operator Puts a gloss on leather by means of a glazing machine. Positions leather on bed of machine, and a mechanical rocker arm draws rounded piece of glass, agate or steel over its surface. May prepare and brush a mixture of oils on some types of leather before glazing. Laborer, material handling (Loader and unloader; handler and stacker; shelver; trucker; lamper; stockman or stock helper; ware houseman or warehouse helper) Laborer, material handling, dry work Laborer, material handling, wet work Graining-machine operator Softens and brings out natural grain of hides by use of a machine equipped with a plate and cork surfaced moving arms which rub and smooth hides. The work of the operator involves: Starting machine; hanging hide over plate; pressing treadle, which brings arms against hide; pulling hide along so that whole surface is grained; and folding and placing hide on table. May touch up hide by hand. Liquor man (Leach-house man; leach-vat operator; liquor maker; liquor mixer) Prepares tanning liquor, pumps it into tanning vats or drums and tests it frequently to keep it up to the proper strength, adding fresh liquor as necessary. Hauler Measuring-machine operator Loads and unloads hides or skins into vats, tanks, or revolving drums filled with liming, deliming, tanning, or oiling solutions and located in the beam house or tan house. Measures the area of hides or skins by machine. On a “semi-automatic” machine, work involves most o f the following: Starting machine and feeding hide between rolls which carry it under a series of measuring wheels set on a shaft and connected with a recording dial; recording number of square feet in hide as indicated on dial; setting dial back to zero after measurement has been recorded; and removing and folding hide. May mark number of square feet on back of hide or on outside wrapping of bundle. “ A u to m a tic ” measuring machine (Metroplan) records the size of the hide after it is inserted into the machine, totals the footage on an adding machine, and imprints the size on the hide. These machines require a feeder and take-off man; both are classified in this occupation. Janitor Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory working areas and washrooms, or premises of an office or other establishment. Duties involve a combination o f the following: Sweeping, mopping or scrubbing, and polishing floors; removing chips, trash, and other refuse; dusting equipment, furniture, or fixtures; polishing metal fixtures or trimmings; providing supplies and minor maintenance services; and cleaning lavatories, Maintenance man, general utility Keeps the machines, mechanical equipment and/or structures of an establishment (usually a small plant where specialization of maintenance work is impractical) in repair. Duties involve the performance of operations and use of tools and equipment of several trades, rather than specialization in one trade or one type of main tenance work only. Work involves a combination o f the following: Planning and laying out of work relating to repair of buildings, machines, mechanical and/or elec trical equipment; repairing electrical and/or mechanical equipment; installing, alining and balancing new equip ment; and repairing buildings, floors, stairs, as well as making and repairing bins, cribs, and partitions. Mechanic, maintenance Repairs machinery or mechanical equipment of an establishment. Work involves most o f the following: Examining machines and mechanical equipment to diagnose source of trouble; dismantling or partly dis mantling machines and performing repairs that mainly involve the use of handtools in scraping and fitting parts; replacing broken or defective parts with items obtained from stock; ordering the production of a replacement part by a machine shop or sending of the machine to a machine shop for major repairs; preparing written specifications for major repairs or for the production of parts ordered from machine shop; and reassembling machines, and making all necessary adjustments for operation. In general, the work of a maintenance mechanic requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Excluded from this classification are workers whose primary duties involve setting up or adjusting machines. Rolling-machine operator by hand. Dips a brush, swab, or other implement into seasoning mixture, coats leather evenly, and hangs it up to dry. May use portable hand spray gun to apply seasoning compounds and mixtures. Seasoner, machine (Spray seasoning-machine operator; oiling-machine operator) Feeds stock under a revolving brush or a spray which applies oil or seasoning to leather. May coat the grain side of tanned hides with oil to soften them or with seasoning compounds and mixtures to produce a finish. Exclude workers who operate spray machines that apply only pigment or lacquer to leather (see spray-machine operator) and workers who apply seasoning with a portable hand spray gun (see seasoner, hand). Setter-out, machine (Putter-out, machine; setter, machine) Removes excess moisture, smooths out wrinkles, and compresses the grain of hides, skins, or leather by means of any of the various types of setting machines. Shaving-machine operator Shaves wet or dry hides to obtain uniform thickness in a machine that is equipped with spirally placed knives. Operator or automatic controls on machine determine thickness of hide. Sorter, finished leather Sorts finished leather in accordance with finish, grade, shade, and weight. May use hand gage to determine thickness. Smooths and toughens leather by rolling it under pressure. Places the hide or skin on the table of a rolling machine and presses a treadle to bring the hide up against a rotating roller which moves back and forth over the hide, the hide being shifted around until the whole surface is rolled. Workers on rolling-jacks similar to those used in glazing are excluded from this classification. Sorts and grades hides or skins in the hide house in accordance with size, weight, and thickness. May, in addition, count hides or skins and make up packs for the beam house. Seasoner, hand Splitting-machine operator (Surfacer) Applies seasoning compounds and mixtures to leather Sorter, hide house Splits hides into two or more layers by placing edge of hide against a flexible band knife revolving horizon tally between two pulleys. May also maintain or make necessary adjustments to the machine. Spray-machine operator Tends a machine that sprays solution, such as pigment or laquer, onto leather pieces to finish leather. Work involves: Placing leather pieces on a conveyor that carries pieces under spray to coat leather with finishing solution; turning valves to regulate pressure of com pressed air in spray tanks and flow of solution through spray nozzles; and pushing buttons to control movement of conveyor and moving lever to start and stop rotation of sprayer. Excludes workers tending machines which apply seasoning compounds to leather (see seasoner, machine). paste to dry them and make them smooth. May, in addition, remove hides or skins when drying is com pleted. For wage study purposes, workers are classified as follows: Tacker Toggler Paster Trimmer, beam or hide house, hand Cuts off ragged edges and unusable parts from hides or skins, using a hand knife. May work as part of a crew that feed and take off hides from a machine which cuts the hides down the middle. Trimmer, dry Staker, machine (Block trimmer) Operates any of the various types of staking machines to make leather soft and pliable by flexing (staking). For wage study purposes, workers are classified as follows: Semiautomatic machine — On a Slocum or Baker “belly” type machine, the operator regulates the entry of the hide into the machine by applying pressure with his body. Automatic machine — On a Molissa type staking machine, operator places the hide on a feeder belt of the machine which automatically stakes the hide and stacks it after processing. Cuts off ragged or rough edges from leather using a hand knife or scissors. Truckers, power (Forklift) Operates a manually controlled gasoline- or electricpowered forklift truck to transport goods and materials of all kinds about a warehouse, manufacturing plant, or other establishment. Vacuum-drying-machine operator Tacker, toggler and paster (Hide stretcher; nailer; stretcher, hand) Stretches wet hides or skins and fastens them to boards, frames, or wall with tacks, toggler clamps, or Operates vacuum-drying machine to stretch and dry wet hides. Work involves most of the following: Placing hide on a plate; removing wrinkles with a hand “slicker;” lowering cover of machine to vacuum dry hide; and starting, stopping, and adjusting machine controls. Industry Wage Studies The most recent reports for industries included in the Bureau’s program of industry wage surveys are listed below. Bulletins for which a price is indicated are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or from any of its regional sales offices, and from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212, or from any of its regional sales offices shown on the inside back cover. Prices of Government publications are subject to change without notice. I. Occupational Wage Studies Manufacturing Price Basic Iron and Steel, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1602 ............................................................................................................ 1 Candy and Other Confectionery Products, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1732 ................................................. ... .$0.75 Cigar Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1796 ........................................................................................................... 65 Cigarette Manufacturing, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1748 .....................................................................................................60 Fabricated Structural Steel, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1695 ................................................................................................. 90 Fertilizer Manufacturing, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1763 .....................................................................................................75 Flour and Other Grain Mill Products, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1803 .................................................................................55 Fluid Milk Industry, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1464 ................................................................................................................1 Footwear, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1792 ......................................................................................................................... 1.25 Hosiery, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1743 ............................................................................................................................. 1.25 Industrial Chemicals, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1768 ........................................................................................................... 90 Iron and Steel Foundries, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1626 ......................................................................................................1 Leather Tanning and Finishing, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1 6 1 8 ...........................................................................................95 Machinery Manufacturing, 1970-71. BLS Bulletin 1754 ............................................................................................... 1 Meat Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1677 ............................................................................................................... 1.50 Men’s and Boys’ Separate Trousers, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1752 ............................................................................... 1.00 Men’s and Boys’ Shirts (Except Work Shirts) and Nightwear, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1794 .................................... 1.15 Men’s and Boys’ Suits and Coats, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1 7 1 6 .................................................................................. 1.30 Miscellaneous Plastics Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1690 ..................................................................................... 1.00 Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1679 ............................................................................................... 1.25 Nonferrous Foundries, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1726 ........................................................................................................90 Paints and Varnishes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1739 ............................. ....................................................................... 1.00 Paperboard Containers and Boxes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1719 ...............................................................................1.80 Petroleum Refining, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1 7 4 1 .............................................................................................................. 85 Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1713 ..............................................................................85 Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1608 ..................................................................................... 1 Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1694 ................................................................................. 90 Structural Clay Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1697 ............................................................................................... 1.05 I. Occupational Wage Studies—Continued Manufacturing-Continued Synthetic Fibers, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1740 ............................................................................................................ $0.70 Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1757 ......................................................................................... 1.15 Textiles, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1 8 0 1 .............................................................................................................................1.55 West Coast Sawmilling, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1704 ........................................................................................................75 Women’s and Misses’ Coats and Suits, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1728 ................................................................................. 65 Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1783 ............................................................................................... 1 Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1793 ............................................................. 90 Work Clothing 1968. BLS Bulletin 1624 ......................................................................................................................... 1 Nonman ufacturing Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1689 ................................................................................................. 85 Banking, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1703 ............................................................................................................................ 1.05 Bituminous Coal Mining, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1583 ............................................................................................... 1.25 Communications, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1828 ..................................................................................................................55 Contract Cleaning Services, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1778 ................................................................................................. 85 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Production, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1797 .................................................................55 Educational Institutions: Nonteaching Employees, 1968-69. BLS Bulletin 1671 ................................................... 85 Electric and Gas Utilities, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1 6 1 4 ............................................................................................... 1.15 Hospitals, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1829 ......................................................................................................................... 1.30 Laundry and Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1645 ............................................................................................1 life Insurance, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1791 .....................................................................................................................85 Metal Mining, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1820 ........................................................................................ ............................... 70 Motion Picture Theaters, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1542 ......................................................................................................1 Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, 1967-68. BLS Bulletin 1638 ..................................................................... 1.20 Scheduled Airlines, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1734 .............................................................................................................. 75 Wages and Tips in Restaurants and Hotels, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1712 ....................................................................... 95 II. Other Industry Wage Studies Employee Earnings and Hours in Nonmetropolitan Areas of the South and North Central Regions, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1552 ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Employee Earnings and Hours in Eight Metropolitan Areas of the South, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1533 ....................1 Employee Earnings and Hours in Retail Trade, June 1966Retail Trade (Overall Summary). BLS Bulletin 1584 .........................................................................................1 Building Materials, Hardware, and Farm Equipment Dealers. BLS Bulletin 1584-1 ...................................... 85 General Merchandise Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-2 ............................................................................................... 1 Food Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-3 ......................................................................................................................... 1 Automotive Dealers and Gasoline Service Stations. BLS Bulletin 1584-4 ........................................................1 Apparel and Accessory Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-5 ............................................................................................1 Furniture, Home Furnishings, and Household Appliance Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-6 .................................1 Miscellaneous Retail Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-7 ........................................................................................ 1.05 1Bulletin out of stock; copies are generally available for reference purposes at leading public, college, or university libraries, or in the Bureau’s regional offices. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS REGIONAL OFFICES Region I Region V 1603 JFK Federal Building Government Center Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: 223-6762 (Area Code 617) Region II Phone: 353-1880 (Area Code 312) Region VI Suite 3400 1515 Broadway New York, N.Y. 10036 Phone: 971-5405 (Area Code 212) 1100 Commerce St., Rm. 6B7 Dallas, Tex. 75202 Phone: 749-3516 (Area Code 214) Region* VII and VIII * Region III P.O. Box 13309 Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Phone: 597-1154 (Area Code 215) Region IV Federal Office Building 911 Walnut St., 15th Floor Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: 374-2481 (Area Code 816) Region* IX and X ** Suite 540 1371 Peachtree St., NE. Atlanta, Ga. 30309 Phone: 526-5418 (Area Code 404) 9 th F lo o r, 2 3 0 S o u th D e a rb o rn S t. C hicago , III. 6 0 6 0 4 450 Golden Gate Ave. Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: 556-4678 (Area Code 415) Regions VII and VIII are serviced by Kansas City Regions IX and X are serviced by San Francisco
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