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A? Industry Wage Survey: Grain Mill Products, September 1977 U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor StatiffkjQpO' 1 1979 Bulletin 2026 00 . Industry Wage Survey: Grain Mill Products, September 1977 U.S. Department of Labor Ray Marshall, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner June 1979 Bulletin 2026 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, GPO Bookstores, or BLS Regional Offices listed on inside back cover. Price $2.30 Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents Stock number 029—001—02317—1 Preface This four-part bulletin summarizes the results of a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of wages and supple mentary benefits in four grain mill industries in Sep tember 1977. Information is provided separately for: Flour and other grain mill products (part I); rice mill ing (part II); blended and prepared flour (part III); and wet corn milling (part IV). The study was conducted in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The analysis was pre pared in the Division of Occupational Wage Structures. Fieldwork for the survey was directed by the Bureau’s Assistant Regional Commissioners for Operations. Other reports available from the Bureau’s program of industry wage studies, as well as the addresses of the Bureau’s regional offices, are listed at the end of this bulletin. Material in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced without the permission of the Federal Government. Please credit the Bureau of La bor Statistics and cite Industry Wage Survey: Grain Mill Products, September 1977, Bulletin 2026. Contents Page Introduction. The grain mill products industries Earnings and benefits............................................................................................................................................................. Industry characteristics.......................................................................................................................................................... Products and processes...................................................................................................................................................... Productivity........................................................................................................................................................................ Employment and mill size................................................................................................................................................. L ocation.............................................................................................................................................................................. Union contract status......................................................................................................................................................... Method of wage paym ent................................................................................................................................................. 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 Text tables: 1. Average hourly earnings in grain milling industries by selected characteristics, September 1977 ................................................................................................................. 2. Changes in productivity and related measures in all manufacturing and grain mill products industries, 1967-76 ........................................................................................................... 1 2 Part I. Flour and other grain mill products................................................................................................................................ Average hourly earnings......................................................................................................................................................... Occupational earn ings............................................................................................................................................................ Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions............................................................................................ Scheduled weekly h o u rs.................................................................................................................................................... Shift provisions and practices............................................................................................................................................. Paid h o lid ay s................. Paid vacations...................................................................................................................................................................... Health, insurance, and retirement plans........................................................................................................................... Other selected benefits....................................................................................................................................................... 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Reference tables: 1. Average hourly earnings by selected characteristics.................................................................................................... 2. Earnings distribution....................................................................................................................................................... Occupational averages: 3. All establishments............................................................................................................................................................ 4. By size of co m m unity.................................................................................................................................................... 5. By size of establishment.................................................................................................................................................. 6. By union contract status.................................................................................................................................................. Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions: 7. Method of wage paym ent.................... 8. Scheduled weekly h o u rs................................................................................. 9. Shift differential provisions............................................................................................................................................. 10. Shift differential practices............................................................................................................................................... 11. Paid holidays . . '............................................................................................................................................................... 12. Paid vacations.................................................................................................................................................................... 13. Health, insurance, and retirement plans........................................................................................................................ 14. Other selected benefits.................................................................................................................................................... 13 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 Part II. Rice m illing.................................................................................................................................................................... E arnings................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 21 IV 6 7 8 10 11 12 Contents—Continued Page Part II. Rice milling—Continued Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions............................................................................................ Scheduled weekly h ours.................................................................................................................................................... Shift provisions and practices............................................................................................................................................ Paid h o lid ay s...................................................................................................................................................................... Paid vacations............................................................. . ..................................................................................................... Health, insurance, and retirement plans.......................................................................................................................... Other selected benefits...................................................................................................................................................... Reference tables: 15. Average hourly earnings by selected characteristics.............................................................................................. 16. Earnings distribution................................................................................................................................................. Occupational averages: 17. All establishments...................................................................................................................................................... 18. By selected characteristics.......................................................................................................................................... Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions: 19. Shift differential provisions and practices................................................................................................................ 20. Paid h olidays.............................................................................................................................................................. 21. Paid vacations.............................................................................................................................................................. 22. Health, insurance, and retirement plans................................................................................................................... 23. Other selected benefits............................................................................................................................................... Part III. Blended and prepared flo u r.......................................................................................................................................... E arnings................................................................................................................................................................................... Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions............................................................................................ Scheduled weekly h o u rs.................................................................................................................................................... Shift differential provisions and practices......................................................................................... Paid h olidays...................................................................................................................................................................... Paid vacations...................................................................................................................................................................... Health, insurance, and retirement plans........................................................................................................................... Other selected benefits....................................................................................................................................................... Reference tables: 24. Average hourly earnings by selected characteristics ............................................................................................ Occupational averages: 25. All establishments...................................................................................................................................................... 26. By size of co m m unity............................................................................................................................................... 27. By size of establishment............................................................................................................................................ 28. By union contract status............................................................................................................................................ Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions: 29. Method of wage paym ent.......................................................................................................................................... 30. Scheduled weekly hours............................................................................................................................................ 31. Shift differential provisions....................................................................................................................................... 32. Shift differential practices......................................................................................................................................... 33. Paid h o lid ay s.............................................................................................................................................................. 34. Paid vacations.............................................................................................................................................................. 35. Health, insurance, and retirement plans................................................................................................................... 36. Other selected benefits............................................................................................................................................... Part IV. Wet corn m illin g ........................................................................................................................................................... E arnings................................................................................................................................................................................... Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions............................................................................................ Scheduled weekly hours and shift w ork.......................................................................................................................... Paid holidays and vacations............................................................................................................................................... v 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 29 30 31 32 32 33 34 34 35 36 36 37 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 Contents—Continued Page Part III. Wet corn milling—Continued Health, insurance, and retirement plans.......................................................................................................................... Other selected benefits...................................................................................................................................................... Reference tables: 37. Average hourly earnings by selected characteristics.............................................................................................. 38. Earnings distribution................................................................................................................................................. Occupational averages: 39. All establishments...................................................................................................................................................... Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions: 40. Method of wage paym ent.......................................................................................................................................... 41. Shift differential provisions....................................................................................................................................... 42. Shift differential practices.......................................................................................................................................... 43. Paid ho lid ays.............................................................................................................................................................. 44. Paid vacations.............................................................................................................................................................. 45. Health, insurance, and retirement plans................................................................................................................... 46. Other selected benefits............................................................................................................................................... Appendixes: A. Scope and method of survey............................................................................................................................................ B. Occupational descriptions................................................................................................................................................. VI 39 39 40 40 41 42 42 43 43 44 45 45 46 50 Introduction. The Grain Mill Products Industries As part of its regular Industry Wage Survey pro gram, the Bureau of Labor Statistics conducted occu pational wage studies in the grain mill products indus tries during late 1977. In order to represent this sector better, the Bureau expanded its industrial coverage, which previously included only flour milling, to include rice milling, blended and prepared flours, and wet com milling.' This doubled the production workers covered by the 1977 survey (25,000) compared to earlier flour milling surveys.2 The entire grain mill products indus try,3 ^however, employed about 100,000 production workers in 1977-nearly 1 in every 10 workers in food products manufacturing.4 Earnings and benefits Wet com milling registered the highest pay levels among the four industries. (See text table 1.) At $6.87 per hour, earnings in wet com mills were 12 percent higher than in blended flour mills, 24 percent higher than in flour mills, and 78 percent higher than in rice mills. Wet com milling establishments have several characteristics traditionally associated with high pay levels-a location in the North Central States and a large, mostly unionized work force. Rice mill workers, in con trast, were concentrated in the Southwest, one of the lowest paying regions, and only one-third of them were unionized. Paid holidays and vacations were granted to nearly all grain milling workers. Outside of rice milling, 10 or 11 holidays a year were typical; in rice mills, 8 days or less were the rule. Most grain milling workers (except in rice mills) were eligible to receive at least 4 weeks’ vacation pay after qualifying periods of service (usual ly 15 years). Although limited to under 4 weeks’ vaca tion, rice mill workers were usually eligible for at least 2 or 3 weeks’ vacation sooner than their grain mill counterparts; e.g., 2 weeks or more after 1 year rather than 2 years. A large majority of workers in all four industries studied were covered by health, insurance, and pension plans financed at least in part by their employers. Text table 1. Average hourly earnings1 in grain milling industries by selected characteristics, September 1977 Characteristic All production workers. . . . Flour milling Rice milling Blended flour milling Wet corn milling $5.52 $3.85 $6.14 $6.87 5.65 4.99 4.61 2.98 6.41 3.53 6.87 6.85 5.14 5.90 3.78 3.89 4.85 6.38 4.61 6.97 5.90 4.48 6.65 — 4.04 3.54 3.72 — 5.87 5.47 5.15 3.94 4.07 3.56 5.86 6.02 5.39 6.50 6.10 6.16 6.23 6.95 5.16 5.84 5.52 5.11 — 3.49 3.85 2.89 7.42 — 5.12 5.89 6.97 7.80 6.56 6.76 6.96 Size of community Metropolitan areas2................ Nonmetropolitan areas. . . . ''Size of establishment Fewer than 100 workers3 . . 100 workers or more . . Labor-management contract status Majority o f ‘workers covered. N o n e o r m in o r it y o f w o rk e r s covered................................ Selected occupations Forklift operators................... Janitors...................................... Laborers, material handling . Mechanics, general maintenance................................... Millwrights................................ Packers...................................... Processors4 ............................. Receivers5 ................ ............... ’ See appendix A for scope and method o f survey and for defini tions o f terms and regions used in this report. For ease o f reading, establishments in the industry “flour and other grain mill products” will be called flour mills and those in the industry “blended and pre pared flours,” blended flour mills. 2Three previous BLS summaries o f this industry are mentioned in this report. See Industry Wage Survey: Flour and Other Grain M ill Products: M ay 1972, Bulletin 1803 (1973); February 1967, Bulletin 1576 (1967); and November 1961, Bulletin 1337 (1962). 3Grain mill industries excluded from the 1977 wage survey were “cereal breakfast foods,” “dog, cat, and other pet food,” and “pre pared feeds and feed ingredients for animals and fowls, not elsewhere classified.” 4Employment estimates for grain milling as a whole are available monthly from the Bureau’s Employment and Earnings series. 1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. 2Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget through Feb. 1974. 3 Includes data for establishments employing 20 workers or more. 4 Includes a variety of jobs relating to the operation of processing equipment. 5 1 of 3 separate elevator operator jobs surveyed. NOTE: Dashes Indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication criteria. 1 with other ingredients, such as shortening, buttermilk solids, phosphates, salts, soda, and sugar, to produce self-rising or other premixed flour. Wet corn mills primarily mill corn or sorghum grain (milo) by the wet process and produce starch, syrup, oil, sugar, and byproducts such as gluten feed and meal. (Establishments chiefly manufacturing starch from oth er vegetable sources-e.g., potatoes or wheat-are also within the scope of the survey.) Corn kernels are transformed by multistep processes into basic feeds, starches, oils, and other products. Cleaned corn is sent to steep tanks for soaking in warm water. (The steepwater is drawn off and processed for feed and medicinal purposes.) The softened kernels go to degerminating mills where separators remove oil laden germs and extract the oil. The remaining slurry of starch, gluten, and hulls is ground finely, passed through reels, and shaken to remove the hulls. Starch and gluten are then separated in centrifuges. The starch is washed, dried, and prepared for shipment as starch and dextrin, or converted into syrup, dextrose, and maltodextrins. Hulls, fibre, and gluten are used as ele ments of feed products. Mills whose principal product is wet and dry syrups accounted for nearly three-fourths of the industry’s pro duction workers; those chiefly making dry starch em ployed the remainder. Industry characteristics Products and processes. The production of grain mill prdducts involves highly mechanized operations. Ma chines are used to clean raw materials, move them through the mill, process grain (grind, sift, cook, dry, hull, polish, etc.), combine the milled products, and package the final products. Flour mills are primarily engaged in milling flour or meal from grain, except rice. The products of flour mills may be sold plain or in the form of prepared mixes or doughs. Wheat flour is produced by a continuous grinding and sifting process that separates and breaks down the major portion of the kernel-the endosperm-from the bran and inner wheat germ. Typically, the milling proc ess is completed within 30 minutes. The milled grains may be “enriched” or “blended” for specific quality flours. Mills producing wheat flour as their primary prod ucts accounted for three-fourths of the production workers covered by the survey. One-eighth were em ployed in mills chiefly making prepared flour and less than one-tenth, in cornmeal mills. Rice mills chiefly clean and polish rice and make rice flour and meal. Other important products of this indus try include brown and milled rice, rice polish, and rice bran. Polished or white rice is the final product of mills employing four-fifths of the workers. After cleaning, and sometimes steam cooking, the rice kernel is shelled to remove the husk. The shelled kernels are then pearled or scoured to remove the bran layer. Rice for domestic consumption is polished fur ther to a measured degree of whiteness. The bran is useful in animal feeds, but the husk has virtually no recoverable food value. Rice is generally enriched to replace the nutrients lost in scouring the bran. Flour mixes and doughs made from purchased flour are the primary products of mills in the blended and prepared flour industry. Mills producing blended flour employed three-fifths of the workers and those pro ducing mixes or doughs, the remainder. A major proc ess of these mills is the mixing and blending of flour Text table 2. Productivity. For the grain mill products industry as a whole, productivity gains were well above the average productivity rise in manufacturing industries between the midsixties and midseventies.5The strong output ad vance, spurred by growth in population and per capita food consumption and rising real income, was a major factor. High rates of capital expenditure and the already high ratio of capital per employee in grain milling were also significant in the productivity advance. Text table 2 compares productivity gains for all man ufacturing, all grain mill products, and selected grain 5 The Bureau’s Office o f Productivity and Technology has recently expanded its coverage o f grain mill products and now publishes pro ductivity measures for the four industries covered by this occupa tional wage survey. See Productivity Indexes for Selected Industries, 1978 Edition, Bulletin 2002 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1978). Changes in productivity and related measures in all manufacturing and grain mill products industries, 1967-76 [In percent] Measure Output per production worker h o u r ................... O u tp u t......................................................................... Production worker hours......................................... All manu facturing1 All grain mill products2 23 19 -3 32 35 2 1 Productivity measures for "all manufacturing" are for all persons rather than production workers. 2 Flour 23 -1 -19 Rice Blended flour Wet corn 6 12 6 14 23 8 63 32 -1 9 *AII grain mill products Includes industries in addition to those shown separately. milling industries, for the period 1967-76. It shows that gains for wet corn milling were much larger than for the other three industries studied. (nine-tenths) in the Southwest-split about evenly be tween large and small communities. Milling activity is often near the source of raw materials; e.g., the Corn Belt of the Midwest and the rice growing areas of cer tain southwestern States. Employment and mill size. Flour mills employed the largest proportion of the industries’ production work force-just over two-fifths; wet corn employed onefourth of the work force; blended flour, one-fifth; and rice, one-tenth. Wet corn mills had, on average, the largest work force among the four-5 times that of the average flour mill. Large mills (those with at least 100 workers) employed a majority of each industry’s pro duction workers, although only a minority of the mills in all but the wet corn industry were of this size. The tabulation that follows highlights employment differ ences among the industries. F lo u r N u m b er o f p ro d u c tio n w o rk e rs ........................ 1 0 ,5 5 0 193 N u m b er o f m i l l s ............ A verage m ill s i z e ............ 55 P ercen t o f large m ills 23 (a t least 100 w ork ers) P ercen t o f p ro d u c tio n w o rk ers in large m ills 51 Union contract status. Mills having labor-management agreements covering at least a majority of their pro duction workers employed virtually all workers in wet corn mills, four-fifths in flour and blended flour mills, and one-third in rice mills. Virtually all unionized work ers in rice and blended flour mills and slightly over seven-tenths in flour and wet corn mills were in met ropolitan areas. The major union in flour and blended flour milling is the American Federation of Grain Mil lers (AFL-CIO). No union predominated in the other two types of mills. W et corn R ic e B le n d e d flo u r 2 ,6 4 2 40 66 5,1 0 7 45 115 6 ,3 3 7 22 288 25 42 73 64 85 96 Method o f wage payment. Virtually all workers in grain mills were paid time rates, typically under formal pay systems providing a single rate for specific occupations (tables 7, 29, and 40). Range-of-rate systems covered three-tenths of the workers in rice and wet corn mills and one-tenth or less in flour and blended flour mills. Some regional deviations from the national pattern of single-rate systems were noted in flour and wet corn mills. In the former industry, significant proportions of workers in the largely nonunion Border States and Southeast region were paid on the basis of their indi vidual qualifications. In the latter industry, seven-tenths of the workers in the Middle West were on rate-range systems. Location. Employment in flour, blended flour, and wet corn mills was concentrated in metropolitan areas of the Great Lakes and Middle West regions. The rice milling work force was overwhelmingly concentrated 3 Part I. Flour and Other Grain Mill Products or more in four regions: Pacific (32 percent), Middle Atlantic (24 percent), Great Lakes (9 percent), and Mountain States (7 percent). Average hourly earnings Hourly pay levels for the 10,550 production and re lated workers in flour mills averaged $5.52 an hour in September 1977 (table l),6 up 57 percent since a similar survey in May 1972. During that period, the Hourly Earnings Index for all manufacturing workers increased by 51 percent. Regionally, September 1977 hourly averages ranged from $3.95 in the Border States to $6.80 in the Pacific. In the Middle Atlantic, Great Lakes, Middle West, and Mountain regions, averages were between $5.68 and $5.95, whereas in the Southeast and Southwest, they fell within the $4.17 to $4.20 range. Nationwide, workers in mills with 100 workers or more averaged $5.90 an hour, 15 percent more than those in smaller mills. Pay differences between such mills in the three regions permitting comparisons were less than 10 percent in the Great Lakes and Middle West, and 32 percent in the Southeast. Workers employed in metropolitan areas averaged $5.65 an hour compared with $4.99 for those in plants located in smaller communities. In the two regions per mitting comparisons, the difference in favor of larger communities was $1.07 in the Southeast and 26 cents in the Great Lakes. Average earnings by union contract status for work ers in flour mills could be compared only nationwide and in the Southeast region. The national average for workers in unionized mills was $5.90 an hour compared with $4.04 for nonunion workers; in the Southeast, un ionized workers earned $5.01 an hour compared with $3.60 for nonunion workers. Survey results do not indicate the exact influence of any one characteristic on wage levels. The interrela tionship of charateristics such as unionization, size of establishment, and size of community is evident from the discussion of industry characteristics. Individual earnings of 90 percent of the production workers fell between $3.20 and $7.40 an hour; exclud ing the upper and lower fourths of the scale, the mid dle 50 percent of workers in the earnings array were between $4.78 and $6.38 an hour (table 2). In only three regions was a concentration of workers below $3 an hour-11 percent in the Border States, 15 percent in the Southwest, and 19 percent in the Southeast. At the up per end of the array, a number of workers earned $7 Occupational earnings Workers in the occupations selected to represent the wage structure, skills, and manufacturing operations in the industry constituted just over half of the produc tion workers studied (table 3). Among those occupa tions, average hourly earnings were highest for mill wrights ($6.95) and lowest for feed packers ($5.01). As a group, the almost 1,400 workers in the numer ically important processing occupations averaged $5.84 hourly in September 1977. Averages for the four proc essing classifications studied separately fell within a nar row range-from $5.76 for blenders to $6.04 for bolters. Packers, also numerically important, averaged $5.16. Flour packers outnumbered feed packers by more than 3 to 1; the former also had a 4-percent earnings advan tage over feed packers. Laborers, the second largest group, were reported at the same pay level as the over all average for packers. Occupational earnings data are presented (table 3) separately for five regions-the Middle Atlantic, Southeast, Great Lakes, Middle West, and Pacific. With few exceptions, pay averages in the Southeast were be low comparable national levels, while those in the four other regions were above. The Pacific region had the 6 The straight-time average hourly earnings in this section differ in concept from the gross average hourly earnings published in the Bu reau’s monthly Em ploym entandEarnings series ($6.25 in Sept. 1977). Unlike the latter, the estimates presented here exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Average earnings were calculated by summing individual hourly earnings and dividing by the number of individuals; in the monthly series, the sum o f the employee-hour totals reported by establish ments in the industry was divided into the reported payroll totals. The estimate o f the number o f flour mill production workers is in tended only as a general guide to the size and composition o f the la bor force included in the survey. It differs from that published in the Bureau’s monthly series (19,700 in Sept. 1977) in part because o f the exclusion o f establishments employing fewer than 20 workers. Also, the advance planning necessary to make the survey requires the use o f lists o f establishments assembled considerably in advance o f data collection. Thus, establishments new to the industry are omitted, as are establishments originally classified in the flour milling industry, but found to be in other industries at the time o f the survey. 4 highest averages with pay levels commonly at least 15 percent above the next highest region. Occupational averages were usually higher in flour mills with 100 workers or more than in smaller mills, higher in metropolitan areas than in smaller communi ties, and higher in union mills than in nonunion mills (tables 4-6). try (table 12). Typical provisions were 1 week of va cation pay after 1 year of service, at least 2 weeks af ter 2 years, 3 weeks or more after 10 years, at least 4 weeks after 15 years, and 5 or more weeks after 20 years of service. Vacation provisions were usually most liberal in the Great Lakes, Middle West, and Pacific and least liberal in the Border States and Southeast. Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Life, hospital ization, basic medical, major medical, and surgical in surance, for which the employer paid at least part of the cost, were available to nearly all production work ers (table 13). Four-fifths of the workers were provid ed sickness and accident insurance, and seven-tenths were covered by accidental death and dismemberment policies. The incidence of health and insurance plans varied little by region, with few exceptions. The meth od of financing health and insurance plans, on the oth er hand, did vary by region. For example, the propor tion of employees covered by hospitalization, surgical, and medical insurance plans paid for entirely by the employer ranged from all workers in the Middle West region to just under two-thirds in the Southwest. Retirement pension plans (other than Federal social security), providing regular payments for the remain der of the retiree’s life, were available to seven-eighths of the work force. These plans, usually financed whol ly by the employer, applied to about two-fifths in the Border States, to nearly three-fifths in the Southeast and Southwest, and to nine-tenths or more in the oth er five regions studied separately. Retirement severance pay plans were rarely found. Data also were obtained on work schedules, shift work, and selected supplementary benefits, such as paid holidays, vacations, and health, insurance, and retire ment plans. Scheduled weekly hours. Work schedules of 40 hours a week were in effect in mills employing approximate ly one-half of the workers in September 1977 (table 8). One-fourth of the workers were scheduled to work 48 hours or more per week, while most of the remainder had weekly schedules between 40 to 48 hours. Among regions, the proportion of the work force with 40-hour schedules ranged from two-fifths in the Great Lakes to nearly four-fifths in the Southwest. Only in the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions were schedules of less than 40 hours found. Shift provisions and practices. Flour mills employing over nine-tenths of the workers had formal provisions for late shifts; usually, a cents- per-hour premium over day-shift rates was provided (table 9). At the time of the survey, one-sixth of the production workers staffed second shifts and slightly over one-tenth, third or oth er late shifts (table 10). The most common hourly dif ferential was 12 cents for the second shift and 20 cents for the third shift. Other selected benefits. Pay for jury duty and for at tendance at funerals of specified relatives was available to almost nine-tenths of the production workers (table 14). A large majority of the workers in all regions stud ied, except the Border States and Southeast, were cov ered by both these benefits. Severance pay for workers who lose their jobs due to technological change or mill closings was available to slightly more than two-fifths of the workers nationwide. Regionally, severance pay coverage varied from none in mills in the Border States and Southeast to nearly 90 percent in the Mountain States. Paid holidays. Almost all mills within the survey pro vided paid holidays (table 11). Flour mills granting 10 or 11 days accounted for nearly two-thirds of the pro duction workers nationwide, and for a large majority of workers in the regions outside the South. In the Bor der States and Southeast, 6 days or less were provided, while in the Southwest, 8 to 10 days were common. Paid vacations. Paid vacations, after qualifying periods of service, were provided to all workers in the indus 5 Table 1. Four and other grain mill products: Average hourly earnings by selected characteristics (N um ber and average S e p t e m b e r 1977) straight-tim e e a r n i n g s 1 of p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s U nited S tates by s e le c te d characteristics, M iddle A tlantic B order U nited States States and selected Southeast regions, S outhw est C haracteristics W orkers ALL PRODUCTI ON Earnings W orkers Earnings WORKERS^.................................. 10,550 * 5 .52 1 , 2 38 $5.98 S I Z E OF E S T A B L I S H M E N T : 2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS....................................................... 1 0 0 WORKERS OR MORE..................................... 5,210 5 , 340 5.14 5.90 534 4.81 * S I Z E OF COMMUNI TY: 3 METROPOLI TAN A R E A S ........................................ NONMETROPOLI TAN A R E A S............................... t ,2 6 9 3.3U9 5.65 4.99 LABOR-MANAGEMENT CONT RACT S: E ST AB LI SH ME NT S W I T H MA JORI TY OF WORKERS C O V E R E D . . . NONE OR MI NO RI TY OF W O R K E R S . . . 8,402 2 ,148 5 .9 0 4 .0 a WORKE RS!.................................. 338 Earnings $3.95 _ _ - - _ _ _ _ - - - - 6 .51 “ - _ ~ “ 1,0 0 8 G reat ALL PRO DU CT IO N W orkers Lakes M iddle W est 3 ,176 $5.83 2,476 $5.68 S I Z E OF E S T A B L I S H M E N T : 2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS....................................................... 1 0 0 WORKERS OR MORE..................................... 1,59 1 1,585 5.59 6 .0 7 1,090 1,386 5.48 5.83 S I Z E OF C O MMU NI T Y: 3 METROPOLI TAN A R E A S ........................................ N ON HE I RO PO L IT A N AREAS............................... 1,924 1.252 5.93 5 . o7 1,596 5.90 LABOR-MANAGEMENT CONT RACT S: E S T A B L I SH M EN T S W I T H MAJORI TY OF WORKERS C O V E R E D . . . NONE OR M I NO RI T Y OF W O R K E R S . . . W orkers Earnings W orkers E arnings $ U . 17 7 5o SU.20 3 .6 8 4.86 270 * 4.39 569 656 4.74 3.67 - - - • 494 731 5.01 3 .6 0 560 1 ,225 721 504 ! M ountain 476 Pacific $ 5 .9 5 _ - W.59 825 $6.80 _ - _ - _ - - - - _ - 6 . 80 - - 1 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , O f f i c e o f M a n a g e m e n t a n d B u d g e t t h r o u g h F e b r u a r y 1974. holidays, and late shifts. N O T E : D ashes indicate that no data w e r e re p o rte d o r th a t data V irtu a lly all w o rk e rs w e re m en. did n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n c r i t e r i a . 3 S t a n d a r d M e t r o p o l i t a n S t a t i s t i c a l A r e a s a s d e f i n e d b y t h e U . S. 6 Table 2. Flour and other grain mill products: Earnings distribution (P e rc e n t distrib u tio n of p roduction w o rk e rs by straight-tim e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1, U n i t e d U nited States M iddle B order NUNBEP OF i i O E K i j S . ' ........................................ AVER ftOx, HOUr-.LY c E E N i b u S ......................... 13,550 £5.52 1 , 27b $5.96 33o £3.S 5 100.0 100.0 A verage hourly e a r n in g s 1 States and selected r e g i o n s , S e p t e m b e r 1 97 7) M iddle M ountain ___ W e s t ____ Southw est G reat 1,2 2 5 $ 4 . 17 7 56 $ 4.20 3 ,176 £ 5 .83 2,4 7 6 $5 . cb 476 $5.95 825 $ 6.80 10b. C 100.0 100.0 100.0 S outheast 1 3 J.0 130.0 0.9 • 2 .0 2.4 1.2 0.6 2.4 1.8 1.8 3.3 1.2 2. 1 3. 2 3.6 2.4 3. 1 .3 2.2 3.0 5.6 2.2 4.3 .5 11.2 £.9 4.4 4.1 .6 4. 1 1.7 1. 3 2.0 8.9 1.1 .6 .5 .3 .2 3.4 . 7 .6 .5 .2 4.4 1.5 2.7 3.0 1.0 1.3 .7 2 .2 1.3 2.3 .5 .5 .2 £ 4 . 6 0 .................... £ 4 . 7 0 ............................... $ 4 . 6 0 ............................... $ 4 . 9 0 ............................... u n d e r $ 5 . 0 0 ............................... 2.0 2. 1 3.4 2 .0 3 .0 AND AND AND AND AND UNDER UNDER UNDER UNDER UNDER $ 5 . 1 0 ............................... $ 5 . 2 0 ............................... $ 5 . 3 0 ............................... $ 5 . 4 0 ............................... $ 5 . 5 0 ............................... $5.50 $ 5.60 $ 5 .70 $ 5.80 $5.90 AND AND AND AND AND UNDER UNDER UNDER UNDER UNDER $6.00 $6.20 $6.40 $6 .6 0 $6.80 AND AND AND AND AND UNDER UND&R UNDER UND*R UNDER $7.00 $ 7.20 $7.40 $ 7 .60 $7.80 AND AND AND AND AND T OT AL ................................................................ 100.0 £2.30 $ 2.40 AND UNDER £ 2 . 4 0 ............................... AND U Nbr.R i Z . b d ............................... 0.6 .3 - $2.50 $ 2.60 1 2 .70 £ 2 .80 £2.90 AND AND AND AND AND UNDER UNbr.ii UNDER UNDER UNDER $ 2 . 6 0 . . . .................. $ ^.7 o .. . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 8 0 ............................... £ 2 . 9 0 . . . ...................... £ 8 . 0 0 ............................... .4 .0 .7 .8 .6 - £3.00 £3.10 £3.20 $ 3.30 £ 3.90 AND AND AND AND AND UNDER 0 NDER UNDER UNDER UNDER £ 3 . 1 0 ............................... $ 3 . 2 0 ............................... £ 3 . 3 0 ............................... $ 3 . 4 0 ............................... £ 3 . 5 0 ............................... 1.8 .7 .7 .5 1.3 £ 3 .50 £ 3 .60 £3.70 $ 3.80 $3.90 AND AND AND AND AND UNDER UNDr.5 UNDER UNDER UNDER $ 3 . 6 0 ............................... £ 3 . 7 0 ............................... $ 3 . 8 0 ............................... £ 3 . 9 0 ............................... $ 4 . 0 0 ............................... $4.00 $4.10 $ 4.20 £ 4.30 £ 4.40 AND AND AND AND AND UNiyEfi UNDER UNDER UNDER UNDER $ 4 . 1 0 ............................... £ 4 . 2 0 ............................... $ 4 . 3 0 ............................... $ 4 . 4 0 ............................... $ 4 . 5 0 ............................... £4.50 £4.60 $4.70 $4.80 $4.90 AND AND AND AND AND UNDER UNDER UNDER UNDER $5.00 $ 5.10 $ 5 .20 $5.30 $ 5.40 P acific ~ 1.3 " ” . 1 - . 2 .8 * - 5.2 1.5 4.8 1.2 1.6 .4 - b.2 - 3.9 2.8 2.5 .3 .6 1.1 .8 .5 .7 .8 .2 1.2 .9 2.4 3.6 8.9 2 .0 1.5 .7 .7 1.0 . 1 .3 3.4 11.4 .7 I. 1 1.6 1. 3 6. 1 3.3 1. 3 £.9 4.4 .3 3.0 2.0 3.8 3.7 1.7 7 .5 1.6 1.4 2 .2 3 .6 2.7 1.3 . 3 .6 .4 .2 - $ 5 . 6 0 ............................... $ 5 . 7 0 ............................... $ 5 . d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• " .2 2 .5 - . 4 - - 6 .3 ~ 2. 1 - ~ .4 1.5 1.0 .3 4.2 3.3 2.4 ~ 2. 7 .2 “ 16.5 4.1 9 .5 1.9 7.5 .4 3.3 4. 1 .6 3. 1 . i .8 .4 4.5 1.8 1. 1 .2 5.3 6.2 .9 i . i 5. 1 5. 1 4. 1 2.2 .4 .5 1.3 .7 2.0 . 5 2.6 £• 3 2.6 2.5 3.8 3.1 1.8 4.1 “ 4 .2 2. 1 1. 8 .4 _ .6 .9 2.9 2.7 3.3 .6 . 4 .7 1.5 1.7 .8 . 1 2.0 5. 1 7.9 2. 5 4.8 5.9 2.7 4.8 15.1 2.8 3 .6 1.3 5 .5 8 .0 3 .5 .6 7 .9 7.6 7.0 5.6 2.8 10. 1 4. 4 11. 3 11. 7 3.8 .6 - 1.1 1.4 . 1 - 1.3 - * * 8.0 10.8 9. 8 4.4 3.0 13.2 £.0 3.5 4.0 1.9 17.6 2 0.6 £ .0 9 .7 1.9 1.3 10.4 19.4 18.4 11.4 4 .0 1.8 2.0 .6 1.0 11.0 2.7 7.3 1. 0 2.3 . .9 - 4 .8 2.3 1. 1 .6 . 1 .7 .7 ~ .2 1.7 3 .4 .8 2.7 .2 .2 11.6 6.5 7 .6 2.2 4.0 . - 1 NOTE: 1 E x cludes p re m iu m pay for o v e rtim e and for w o rk on w eekends, holidays, and la te shifts. • J 7 .5 ~ ~ - ~ - D a sh e s indicate that no d a ta w e r e re p o rte d . - 2.5 Table 3. Flour and other grain mill products: Occupational averages—all establishments ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e e a r n i n g s 1 o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s , S e p t e m b e r 1 97 7)____________________________________ ^ U nited State D e p artm en t and occupation U nited S tates and se le c te d re g io n s, _____________________________________________ M iddle A tlantic H ourly e arn in g s1 Number M ean M edian w orkers 165 336 10U $ 5 .8 6 5.52 5.69 $ 6.13 5.41 5.91 1.3 9 3 275 200 550 128 5.88 5.76 6.04 5 .9 2 5.87 1,169 280 889 Number of w orkers M iddle ra n g e H ourly e a rn in g s1 M ean M edian M iddle range ELEVATOR OPERATORS C LE A N E R S , BULK............................................................. R E C E I V E R S ............................................................................ WEI GHERS................................................................................ *5.8 2 8 .9 3 4 .8 9 - *6.53 6.45 6.51 9 47 14 *6.99 5.63 6 .2 0 * 6.85 *8.93- $ 6 .4 8 “ 6.08 5 . 68 6.15 6 • C1 5.87 5 .0 2 4 .9 1 5 .5 0 5 .025 .0 9 - 6 .68 6.73 6.74 6.83 6.71 178 41 12 88 * 6 .3 4 6.33 6.95 5.98 “ 6.81 6.94 6 .1 5 * 5 .6 1 4 .7 2 5 .6 1 - 7.14 7 .0 2 5 . 16 5.0 1 5.21 5.36 8.62 5.81 4 .4 0 4.494 .40- 6 .1 5 6.01 6.25 159 102 5.86 5.81 5.31 6.46 8 .0 0 4.7 5 - 6.74 1,198 392 357 35 5 . 15 5.88 5.86 6.10 5.88 6 . Cl 6.C 1 6.16 8 .335 .3 1 5 .0 5 5 .8 9 - 6.01 6 .6 7 6.69 6.67 55 52 - 6.59 6 .60 6.77 6 .7 7 6. 586 .5 8 - 7.13 7 .1 3 103 440 258 306 77 6.62 6.23 6.95 5.68 6.52 6 .5 2 6.16 7 .0 5 5 .8 7 6 .6 0 6 .2 6 5.5 6 6 .2 7 5 .1 5 5 .9 6 - 7.23 6.99 7.53 6.38 7.05 11 72 28 - 7 .57 7.23 6.29 7.53 6.83 ~ 7 .016 .3 8 ~ 801 5 .87 5.71 5 .2 2 - 6.04 96 5.94 6 .08 6 .0 4 - 6.62 PROCESSING P RO CE SSO RS. 3.................................. ................................... BL EN DE RS......................................................................... B O L T E R S ............................................................................ M I L L E R S , FLOUR ( SECOND H I L L E R ) . . . ROLL T E N D E R S ............................................................. 7.06 PACKI NG PA CK ERS.................................................................................. F E E D ..................................................................................... F L O U R.................................................................................. 6.78 MATERI AL MOVEMENT L A B OR ER S, MATERI AL HANDLI NG...................... T R U CK E RS , POWER.......................................................... F 0 R K L I F 1 ......................................................................... OTHER THAN F O R K L I F T ........................................ MAINTENANCE E L E C T R I C I A N S .................................................................... ME CH A NI C S, GENERAL U I I L I I I ......................... M I LL WR I GH T S....................................................................... O I L E R S ...................................................................................... S HE ET -ME TA L WORKERS.............................................. 7 .5 3 6.79 S E R V I C E AND CU ST OD IA L JA N ITO R S, POR T E RS , A N D CL EA NE RS............. Southeast G reat Lakes ELEVATOR O PERATORS C L E A NE RS , BULK............................................................. R E C E I V E R S ............................................................................ W EI GH ERS ............................................................................... 41 6 $4.49 4.02 132 8 4 .6 6 3 .9 3 4 .9 6 4.72 4 .6 8 1 71 40 1 31 3 .8 6 3 .8 2 3.87 3.80 3 .8 5 3.40 3 .0 0 2 .7 5 3. 00- 4.91 4.91 4.91 3.38 4 .4 4 4.42 - 4.60 4.60 - 3.50- 5.45 $ 5 . 18 %3 . 5 8 - $ 5.33 3 .9 3 - 5.29 91 105 32 $5.98 5.67 5.80 *6.01 5.37 6.16 *5 .7 9 8 .9 3 8 .7 5 - * 6 .53 6.60 6.35 362 60 44 163 42 6.11 6.40 6.08 6 .1 7 5.96 6 .4 7 6.73 6.27 6.47 6.70 5 .3 8 6 .4 4 5 .8 0 5. 134 .9 1 - 6.73 6.73 6.58 7.02 6.71 251 61 190 5.55 5.15 5 .6 7 5 .4 4 4.77 5.98 4.7 7 4 .7 7 8 .7 7 - 6.25 5.41 6.32 277 73 62 11 5.57 6.14 6.15 6.09 5.73 6.17 6 . 17 - 8.7 0 5 .3 1 5 .0 5 “ 6 . 14 7.57 7.57 52 160 68 102 32 6.83 6 .2 9 6.65 5 .9 2 6.81 6.S7 6 .3 0 6.64 6 .0 4 6.50 6 .5 2 5 .9 8 6 .2 5 5 .7 6 6 .5 8 - 7.23 6.90 7.05 6.38 7.05 287 5 .6 8 5.71 5 .2 4 - 6.24 P RO C E S S I N G P RO C E S S O E S . 3. . . ............. ................................................ E L E N L E R S ......................................................................... B O L T E R S ............................................................................ H I L L E R S , FLOUR ( SECOND M I L L E R ) . . . ROLL T E N D E R S ............................................................. _ 4.86 5 . 29 8.97 5.58 PACKING P ACK ERS .................................................................................. F E E D ..................................................................................... F LO UR .................................................................................. MATERIAL MOVEMENT L A BO RE RS , MATERI AL B AN D LI N 3...................... T P U C KE RS , POWER.......................................................... F O R K L I F T ......................................................................... OTHER THAN F O R K L I F T ........................................ 25 MAINTENANCE E L E C T R I C I A N S ................................................................... M ECH AN ICS , GENERAL U T I L I T Y ......................... MI L LW RI GH TS ...................................................................... O I L E R S ..................................................................................... SHE ET -ME TAL WORKERS............................................. 5.39 5 .1 2 5.95 4.37 5 .73 - 6.03 - - S E R V I C E AND CU ST OD IA L JA N I T O R S , P O R T ER S, A N D CL E AN E RS............. 57 4.18 4.49 See footnotes a t end of ta b le . 8 3.20- 8.75 Table 3. Continued —Flour and other grain mill products: Occupational averages — all establishments (N um ber and a v e ra g e S e p t e m b e r 1977) stra ig h t-tim e earning s 1 of produ ctio n w o rk e rs ________________________ in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a tio n s , U nited S tates and se lected M iddle W est D e p a rtm e n t and occupation Number of w orkers regions, P acific H ourly e a rn in g s 1 M ean M edian M iddle range $ 5 .7 3 5.58 $5 . 5 4 5 .5 8 $4.995. 15- $5.80 5.87 Number of w orkers H ourly e a rn in g s1 M ean M edian M iddle 16 25 $ 6.80 6.74 $6.73 6. 88 $ 6 .6 6 6 .6 6 - $6.88 6 .9 5 range ELEVATOR OPERATORS C L E A N ER S, BULK.................................. .. R E C E I V E R S ................................................. . W E I G H E R S . . ................................................. 77 23 PROCESSING PRO CE SSO RS. 3....................................................................... BL E ND ERS .......................................................................... B O L T E R S ............................................................................ H I L L E R S , FLOUR ( SECOND M I L L E R ) . . . PO LL T E ND E R S ............................................................. 357 83 01 135 38 6.0 1 5.91 6.39 6 .06 5.89 6 04 5 .84 6 10 6 13 5 86 5 .725 .7 2 6 .0 8 5 .6 3 5. 37- 6.33 6.19 7.28 6 .4 3 6.56 100 16 28 88 7.13 6.84 6.98 7.39 7 . 18 6.82 6 .8 8 7.48 6 .8 3 6 . 556 .7 4 7. 22- 7 .4 8 7 . 14 7 . 15 7.58 26 9 80 18S 5 .58 5. <44 5.64 5 70 5 77 5 70 5 .0 6 4.8 25 .1 5 - 6.08 6.01 6.08 1 08 15 93 6.59 6.63 6.58 6.65 6.55 6.65 6 .5 4 6 .4 1 6 .5 4 - 6.69 6 .8 9 6 .89 392 102 86 5.23 5.95 5.86 5 50 6. 01 6 01 4 .3 0 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 - 5 .87 6.16 6.01 1 00 67 67 6.83 6.78 6.78 6 .5 2 6 .6 9 6.69 6. 296 .6 5 6.65- 6.53 7 . 16 7 . 16 20 105 88 93 32 6.13 5.92 6.94 5.5U 6.30 6. 5. 6. 5. 6. 19 96 68 69 26 5.7 8 5 .6 0 6 .2 6 5. 155 .3 6 - 6.81 6.27 7.80 5.87 6.68 47 15 27 7.52 7.44 6 .6 3 7.53 7 . 54 6.70 7 .2 2 7. 226.52- 8.00 7.63 6.70 237 5 .38 5 . 50 8 .8 7 - 5.87 52 6.36 6.85 6 .3 6 - 6 .5 3 PACKI NG PACKERS, FEED.. FLOUR. MATERI AL MOVEMENT L AB OR ER S, MATERI AL HANDLING, T R U CK E RS , POWER.................................. . F O R K L I F T ................................................. .. OTHER THAN F O R K L I F T .................. MAINTENANCE E L E C T R I C I A N S ...................................................... M E C HA N I CS , GENERAL U T I L I T Y . . . . . M I L LW R I GH T S......................................................... O I L E R S ...................................................................... . S H EE T- ME TA L WORKERS................................ S E R V I C E AND C U S TO D I AL JA N I T O R S , PORTERS,AND CLEANERS. 1 E x cludes p re m iu m pay for o v e rtim e and for w o rk on w eek ends, holidays, and late shifts. See appendix A for definitions of m e a n s , m e d ia n s, and m iddle ra n g e s . M edians and m iddle ra n g e s w e r e n o t c o m p u t e d f o r o c c u p a t i o n s w i t h f e w e r t h a n 15 w o r k e r s . 2 I n c l u d e s d a t a f o r r e g i o n s in a d d i t i o n to t h o s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y . _____ 3 In c lu d e s d a ta f o r w o r k e r s in c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s in a d d itio n to th o s e shown s e p a ra te ly . N O T E : D ashes indicate th a t no data w e r e did n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n c r i t e r i a . 9 re p o r te d o r that data Table 4. Flour and other grain products: Occupational averages by size of community (N um ber and a v e ra g e S e p t e m b e r 1977) straig h t-tim e e a rn in g s 1 of p roduction w o rk e rs U nited D ep artm en t and occupation in s e l e c t e d Earnings U nited States and W orkers selected regions, Southeast Nonm etropolitan areas M etropolitan areas W orkers occupations, S tate s 2 Earnings M etropolitan areas W orkers Nonm etropolitan areas E arnings W orkers E arnings E 1 E V AT 0 B OPERATORS C LE A N E R S , BULK............................................................. R E C E I f B B S ............................................................................. WE IGHE RS................................................................................ 104 212 70 $6.05 5.57 5.78 52 S3 20 $5.29 5 . 12 5.01 22 * $ 9 .96 19 6 $3.92 4.02 849 159 155 350 93 5.98 5.87 6 .0 6 6 .0 7 5.83 405 83 33 1 71 18 5.22 5.15 5 .66 5.99 9.76 56 17 33 5.05 5.04 5.12 76 12 29 9.37 3.81 — 4.26 703 162 591 5.27 5.10 5.32 366 97 269 9.66 4.66 4.66 76 13 63 9.55 9.51 9.55 95 27 68 3.31 3 .49 3 .2 9 665 265 240 25 5.91 6 .1 0 6.08 6.26 929 74 67 7 4 .4 9 4.56 4.48 5.39 37 11 11 9.36 4.85 4 .8 5 “ 99 16 14 3.02 4.16 9.09 92 295 105 207 39 6.90 6.37 7 .0 5 5.79 6 .3 5 50 130 €5 75 33 6 . 18 5 .6 9 6 .5 3 5.33 6.56 26 T 9 - 5.61 5.11 “ - 19 - 4.22 • • 502 5.53 215 5.07 34 9.79 23 3 .2 8 PROCESSING PR OC ES SO RS , 23.............................................. 1 ... BL E ND ERS .......................................................................... H I L L E R S , FLOOR ( SECOND H I L L E R ) . . . ROLL T E N D E R S ............................................................. * * P ACKI NG P A C K ER S.................................................................................. F LO OR ................................................................................... MATERIAL HOVEHENT L AB O R E R S , HAT ERI AL H ANDL ING...................... T R O CK E RS , POWER........................................................... F O R K L I F T ......................................................................... OTHER THAN F O R K L I F T ........................................ MAINTENANCE E L E C T R I C I A N S .................................................................... ME CH A NI C S, GENERAL U T I L I T Y .......................... M I L LW R I GH T S...................................................................... O I L E R S ...................................................................................... S H EE T -M E TA L WORKERS.............................................. S E R V I C E AND C OS TO DI AL JANITORS, PORTERS,AND C LE AN ERS............. M iddle W e st G reat Lakes M etropolitan areas W orkers N onm etroplitan areas Earnings W orkers E arnings M etroplitan areas W orkers Earnings ELEVATOR OPERATORS C LE A N E R S , BOLK.............................................................. R E C E I V E R S ............................................................................ W EI GH ERS ................................................................................ 54 85 29 _ $6 .1 6 5.63 5.89 37 20 $5.72 5.86 - 91 21 $ 5 .9 9 5.55 273 38 12 1 39 6.14 6.02 6.11 5 .99 89 42 * 6.02 6.33 * 295 37 38 83 35 6.18 6 .1 6 6.41 6.32 5.89 169 92 127 5.64 5.22 5.78 82 63 5.35 5.95 151 41 110 5.88 5.77 5.92 173 95 39 - 5.69 6.73 6.77 109 28 23 * 5.38 5 .21 5 . 11 * 236 91 75 - 5.95 6.1 1 6.09 - 20 123 65 * 7.40 6 .33 5.97 32 37 6.47 5.82 10 50 61 26 6 .1 1 6.03 5.76 6.30 184 5.63 175 5.92 PROCESSING P RO CE SS ORS . ?...................................................................... BL E ND E RS......................................................................... B O L T E R S ............................................................................ H I L L E R S , PLOOB ( SECOND M I L L E R ) . . . ROLL T E N D E R S ............................................................. PACKI NG P ACK ERS .................................................................................. F E E D ..................................................................................... F L O O R .................................................................................. MATERI AL MOVEMENT L AB OB EB S. MATERI AL B A N D U N G ...................... T RU CK E RS , POWER.......................................................... F O R K L I F T ......................................................................... OTHER THAN F O B K L I E T ........................................ - MAI NTENANCE E L E C T R I C I A N S .................................................................... ME CH A NI C S, GENERAL O T I L I T I .......................... MI L LW RI G HT S....................................................................... O I L E R S ..................................................................................... S H EE T -M E TA L WORKERS.............................................. - _ S E R V I C E AND C US TO DI AL JANITORS, ends, P OR T E R S , A N D CL E AN ERS............. 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p ay for o v e r tim e and for w o rk on w e e k h o lid ay s, and la te sh ifts. 2 I n c l u d e s d a t a f o r r e g i o n s in a d d i t i o n to t h o s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y . 3 I n c l u d e s d a t a f o r w o r k e r s in c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s in a d d i t i o n to those 103 5.64 shown sep arately . N O T E : D a sh e s in d icate th a t no d a ta w e r e does not m e e t publication c rite ria . 10 r e p o r te d o r that data Table 5. Flour and other grain mill products: Occupational averages by size of establishment (N um ber and average straight-tim e e a r n in g s 1 of p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d United S ta te s2 D e p a rtm e n t and occupation L e s s than 100 w o r k e r s W ork E a rn ers ings o ccupations, M id d le A l t a n t i c 1 00 w o r k e r s or m ore W ork E a rn ers ings L e s s than 100 w o r k e r s W ork E arn ers mgs U nited States and 100 w o r k e r s or m ore W ork- E a r n ers ings selected G reat Southeast L e s s than 100 w o r k e r s W ork- E a rn ers ings regions, Septem ber Lakes 1977) M iddle W est TOO w o r k e r s or m ore W ork- E a rn ings L e s s than 1 00 w o r k e r s W ork- E a r n ers ings ELEVATOR OPERATORS CL E AN E RS , B UL K ............................................................. R E C E I V E R S ............................................................................ WE IG HE RS............................... ................................................ 110 177 49 $5.80 5 .2 3 5.44 55 159 55 $5.98 5 .84 5 .91 110 1 77 49 $5 .8 0 5 .2 3 5.44 - _ 22 * $4.19 - 69 66 22 $5.97 5.97 5.53 22 39 10 $6.03 6 .0 2 6.41 6 50 14 $ 5.73 5 .8 9 5.85 825 177 97 390 38 5.59 5 .9 7 5.86 5 .7 9 9.90 568 98 103 160 50 6.19 6.28 6.22 6.25 6.28 825 1 77 97 390 38 5.59 5.97 5.86 5.79 9.90 67 8 9 48 ~ 4.31 3.26 9 .2 9 9.53 - 292 20 132 * 6.04 5.65 6.16 * 120 ~ 24 31 27 6 .2 7 6.44 6 . 18 6.31 167 43 29 55 29 6.19 5.99 6.59 6.26 6 .1 2 619 179 990 4.78 4.74 4.80 555 1 06 449 5.57 5.95 5.60 619 179 440 9.78 9.79 9.80 109 21 83 3.20 2.96 3.27 151 42 109 5.31 4.93 5.46 100 19 81 5.90 5.65 5 .9 6 155 34 121 5 .7 0 5.35 5 .7 9 577 152 197 - 4.82 5.93 5 .91 - 617 290 210 30 5 .4 7 6.17 6.18 6 .0 8 577 152 1 97 * 4.82 5 .9 3 5.91 * 98 6 6 3 . 18 3 .5 9 3.59 - 119 - 5 .21 163 59 47 7 5 .8 3 6.59 6.62 5.97 195 51 35 * 5.29 6 .1 7 6 .0 5 42 222 44 163 6 6.52 5.89 6.89 5.73 6.70 61 218 219 193 71 6 .6 9 6.57 6 .9 7 5.62 6 .5 1 92 222 44 163 6 6.52 5.89 6.84 5.73 6.70 22 9 5.09 7.05 6.85 6.65 5 .8 7 6.82 20 51 75 46 32 6 .1 3 6.01 6 .9 7 5.62 6.30 346 5.21 955 5.67 346 5.21 29 5.73 116 5.35 PROCESSING PBOCE S S O B S . 3. ................................................................... BLENDERS.......................................................................... B O L T ER S............................................................................ H I L L E R S , FLOUR (SECOND H I L L E R ) . . . ROLL T E ND E RS............................................................. - PACKI NG P ACK ERS ................................................................ .................. F E ED ...................................................................................... FLOUR.................................................................................. MATERIAL HOVEHENT L A BO RE RS , MATERI AL HAND LI NG...................... T RU CK ERS , POWER.......................................................... F O R K L I F T ......................................................................... OTHER THAN F O R K L I F T ........................................ ~ - * HAINTENANCE E L E C T R I C I A N S .................................................................... M ECH AN ICS , GENERAL U T I L I T Y ......................... MI L LW RI G HT S...................................................................... O I L E R S ..................................................................................... SHE ET -ME TA L WORKERS.............................................. _ 3 .86 - 32 93 63 - 5 .99 - 20 67 68 39 26 3.90 107 5.47 180 - 6 .69 5 .89 - S E R V I C E AND C US TO DI AL JA N I T O R S , P O R T E R S , A N D C LE AN ERS............. __________ 1 E x cludes p re m iu m pay fo r o v e rtim e and for w o rk on w eekends, h olidays, and late shifts. 2 In clu d es d a ta fo r re g io n s in addition to th o s e shown. 3 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r w o r k e r s in c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s in a d d itio n to th o s e show n se p a ra te ly . N O T E : D ashes indicate that did n o t m e e t p u b licatio n c r i t e r i a . 11 no data w e re re p o r te d o r th a t data Table 6. Flour and other grain mill products: Occupational averages by union contract status ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e e a r n i n g s 1 o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s , U n i t e d S t a t e s S e p t e m b e r 1 9 7 7) _______________________________ (____________________________________________ ______________________ ___________________ U nited D ep artm en t and occupation M ajority S tates2 M iddle A tlantic and selected Southeast G reat Lake 8 c o v ered None or m in o rity M ajority co v ered None o r m in o rity M a jo rity covered covered W o rk e rs E arnings W ork ers regions, co v ered ^one o r m in o rity covered W arnin gs W o r k e r s E a r n i n g s W o r k e r s E a r n i n g s W o r k e r s E a r n i n g s W o r k e r s E a r n i n g s ELEVATOR OPERATORS C L E A N E R S , BULK.............................................................. F E C E I V E R S ............................................................................. W EI GH ERS............................................................................... _ 149 293 91 $ 6.08 5.76 5.89 16 43 13 $ 3 .8 0 3.87 4.26 149 293 91 $ 6 .0 8 5.76 5 .8 5 1.173 233 186 441 119 6.13 6.14 6 . 16 6.26 6.02 220 42 14 1C9 9 4.25 3.64 4.54 4 . 56 3.86 1,173 233 1 86 4 41 1 19 6.13 6 .1 4 6 . 16 6 .2 6 6.02 17 20 8 4.98 5.29 4.68 860 182 678 5.65 5 .5 7 5.68 3C9 211 3.78 3.97 3.69 860 182 678 5.65 5 .5 7 5.68 59 16 - 899 344 311 33 5.60 6 . 14 6.14 6 . 16 295 46 46 3.78 4 . 04 4.01 899 344 311 33 5.60 6.14 6.14 6.18 10 14 14 95 392 252 286 76 6.77 6.37 6.96 5.81 6.54 8 48 6 20 95 392 252 286 76 6.77 6.37 6.96 5.81 6.54 18 6 6 - 5.51 6.25 5.29 - 739 5 .6 2 62 739 5 .6 2 29 4.81 21 - 87 105 26 $6.05 5.67 5.96 20 $3.95 * 58 8 42 4.24 3.26 4.44 342 59 44 162 4 1 6 .1 7 6 .4 0 6.08 6 .1 7 5.96 4.85 4.58 * 112 24 88 3.34 3.31 3.35 215 49 166 5.70 5.29 5.83 5.08 4.87 4 .87 * 126 11 - 3.25 3.86 “ 219 61 50 11 5.73 6.42 6.49 6 .0 9 48 155 68 102 32 6.96 6.30 6.65 5 .9 2 6.81 287 5.64 $5.01 * PROCESSING P R O C E S S O R S ? ....................................................................... BL E ND E RS .......................................................................... B O L T E R S ............................................................................ H I L L E R S , FLOUR ( SECOND H I L L E R ) . . . PO L L T E ND E RS .............................................................. _ - - PACKI NG P AC KE RS ................................................................................... F E E D ...................................................................................... F L O U R................................................................................... MATERI AL se MOVEMENT LA BO RE RS, MATERI AL H ANDL ING...................... T R U CK E RS , FOWER.......................................................... F O R K L I F T ......................................................................... OTHER THAN F O R K L I F T ....................................... - - MAI NTENANCE E L E C T R I C I A N S ................................................................... ME CH A NI C S, GENERAL U T I L I T Y ......................... MI L L W R I G HT S ...................................................................... O I L E R S ..................................................................................... S H EE T- ME TA L WORKERS.............................................. 4.82 5.03 6.42 3.83 - _ 22 - 8 - _ 4.80 3.68 * S E R V I C E AND CUST OD IA L JANITORS, ends, PORTERS,AND C LE AN ERS............. 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p ay for o v e rtim e and for w o r k on w e e k holidays and late shifts. 2 In clu d es data fo r re g io n s in addition to th o se show n s e p a r ately. 3 I n c l u d e s d a t a f o r w o r k e r s in c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s 3.76 show n 28 separately. N O T E : D a sh e s in d icate th a t no d a ta w a s did not m e e t p ublication c r ite r ia . in a d d i t i o n t o t h o s e 12 3.52 reported o r th at data Table 7. Flour and other grain mill products: Method of wage payment (Percent of production workers by method of wage payment,1 United Statfes and selected regions, September 1977) Method of wage payment United States2 Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Middle West Mountain Pacific All workers............................................ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Time-rated workers.................................. Formal plans.......................................... Single ra te ........................................... Range of rates.................................... Individual ra te s ...................................... 99 91 85 7 8 100 92 84 7 8 100 49 12 37 51 100 56 47 9 44 100 93 74 19 7 99 99 92 8 ~ 100 100 100 100 98 98 100 100 100 1 For definition of method of wage payment, see appendix A. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. - - _ “ 2 - NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 8. Flour and other grain mill products: Scheduled weekly hours (Percent of production workers by scheduled weekly hours,1 United States and selected regions, September 1977) Is Weekly hours All workers............................................ Under 40 ho u rs........................................ 40 h ours................................................... 41 to 43 hours ......................................... 44 hours................................................... 45 to less than 48 hours ........................ 48 hours.................................................... 48 hours or m ore..................................... United States2 100 5 52 2 7 9 17 7 Middle Atlantic Border States Southwest Great Lakes Middle West 100 100 100 100 100 100 8 54 8 29 _ 51 23 26 ” _ 42 13 8 20 12 4 _ 78 12 39 _ 62 - - - - 16 14 12 6 - ' 1 Data relate to the predominant schedule for full-time day-shift workers in each establishment. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Southeast - 7 15 _ 22 16 Mountain Pacific 100 100 55 _ _ 27 16 2 61 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. 19 20 - Table 9. Flour and other grain mill products: Shift differential provisions (Percent of production workers by shift differential provisions,’ United States and selected regions, September 1977) Shift differential United States1 2 Middle Atlantic 96.5 88.4 88.0 10.7 56.3 1.2 1.7 10.5 .6 1.2 1.0 4.1 .6 .5 94.3 87.7 87.3 6.8 1.6 1.4 13.0 2.7 3.0 2.4 42.3 1.0 6.5 1.9 2.6 2.0 .5 Border States Southeast Southwest 92.3 92.3 92.3 8.5 71.4 2.7 4.8 5.0 - 76.6 37.9 37.9 12.1 25.7 - 84.7 52.2 52.2 6.5 12.0 8.8 24.9 - 100.0 92.3 92.3 47.0 25.4 17.3 2.6 - 100.0 91.4 91.4 10.5 63.3 2.3 2.6 12.8 - 87.3 87.3 87.3 8.5 11.0 4.8 46.2 2.7 14.2 ” 65.4 37.9 37.9 12.1 25.7 ” 79.0 52.2 52.2 6.5 3.6 20.8 7.0 14.3 ■,yr “ 92.3 92.3 92.3 18.5 42.3 100.0 91.4 91.4 5.8 5.3 4.7 12.8 4.4 Great Lakes Middle West Mountain Pacific 100.0 100.0 100.0 8.2 71.1 20.7 - 100.0 100.0 89.9 2.1 75.2 12.6 10.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 57.9 14.2 15.5 12.4 - 100.0 100.0 100.0 8.2 13.8 97.9 97.9 87.8 87.8 10.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 - 9.6 Second shift Workers in establishments with second-shift provisions........................... With shift differential.............................. Uniform cents per hour ...................... Under 12 ce n ts ................................ 12 ce n ts............................................ 13 ce n ts............................................ 14 ce n ts............................................ 15 ce n ts............................................ 16 ce n ts............................................ 18 ce n ts............................................ 19 ce n ts............................................ 20 ce n ts............................................ 25 ce n ts............................................ Other formal paid differential............. Third or other late shift Workers in establishments with thirdor other late-shift provisions.................. With shift differential............................. Uniform cents per hour ...................... Under 12 ce n ts................................ 12 ce n ts............................................ 14 ce n ts............................................ 15 ce n ts............................................ 16 ce n ts............................................ 17 ce n ts............................................ 18 ce n ts............................................ 20 ce n ts............................................ Over 20 and under 25 cents .......... 25 ce n ts............................................ 30 ce n ts............................................ Over 30 and under 35 cents .......... Over 35 ce n ts .................................. Other formal paid differential............. 1 Refers to policies of establishments currently operating late shifts or having provisions covering late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. ** it irj’i Sk w Kicjsk ot-aisKte - 17.3 7.0 2.6 4.5 “ - 40.8 2.3 8.2 2.6 4.6 : w, . - 7.4 60.5 10.1 “ - 62.5 12.4 15.5 - NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals, ■ Table 10. Flour and other grain mill products: Shift differential practices (Percent of production workers employed on late shifts by amount of pay differential, United States and selected regions, September 1977) Shift differential United States1 Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest 17.1 16.3 16.3 2.0 11.1 .2 .2 1.8 .1 .1 .3 .5 .1 16.0 16.0 16.0 .9 13.6 .3 1.1 - 11.5 5.9 5.9 2.4 3.6 - 12.0 7.8 7.8 1.7 1.2 4.8 - 18.1 17.6 17.6 8.6 6.1 2.6 .3 - 18.3 18.1 18.1 2.5 13.5 .2 .3 1.6 - 19.5 19.5 19.5 2.0 14.6 2.9 - n 11.5 11.1 11.1 .9 .1 .2 1.6 .3 .2 .2 6.2 .1 .5 .2 .2 .4 I2) 14.6 14.6 14.6 1.4 - 7.1 3.6 3.6 - 6.0 4.5 4.5 - 9.5 9.5 9.5 3.2 - 12.3 12.3 12.3 - - - 12.8 12.5 12.5 1.7 .4 .6 1.5 .2 6.4 .2 .6 .3 .5 Great Lakes Middle West Mountain Pacific 17.2 17.2 15.8 .6 12.2 _ 2.9 _ _ _ _ 1.5 15.9 15.9 15.9 12.2 12.2 11.8 - 10.4 10.4 10.4 - Second shift Workers employed on second shift ....... Receiving differential ............................ Uniform cents per hour ...................... Under 12 ce n ts................................ 12 ce n ts............................................ 13 ce n ts............................................ 14 ce n ts............................................ 15 ce n ts............................................ 16 ce n ts............................................ 18 ce n ts............................................ 19 ce n ts............................................ 20 ce n ts............................................ 25 ce n ts............................................ Other formal paid differential............. - - ' _ 8.2 _ _ 3.0 _ 1.3 3.3 _ _ - Third or other late shift Workers employed on third or other late s h ift.................................... Receiving differential ............................ Uniform cents per h o u r...................... Under 12 ce n ts................................ 12 ce n ts............................................ 14 ce n ts............................................ 15 ce n ts........................................... 16 ce n ts............................................ 17 ce n ts............................................ 18 ce n ts............................................ 20 ce n ts........................................... Over 20 and under 25 cents .......... 25 ce n ts........................................... 30 ce n ts........................................... Over 30 and under 35 cents .......... Over 35 ce n ts .................................. Other formal paid differential............. - .9 1.1 8.1 .2 - - - - - 2.2 1.3 2.1 .3 - - - - - - ” ” 2.7 “ 1 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 2 Less than 0.05 percent. 3.6 - .3 - 1.9 1.8 .5 .4 “ - “ - 3.0 .6 7.6 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - .8 _ _ _ 11.8 1.1 - _ _ 7.3 _ 1.5 .8 _ _ .4 - NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 11. Flour and other grain mill products: Paid holidays (Percent of production workers with formal provisions for paid holidays, United States and selected regions, September 1977) Number of paid holidays All workers............................................ Workers in establishments providing paid holidays........................... 3 days ..................................................... 5 days ..................................................... 6 days ..................................................... 7 days..................................................... 7 days plus 1 half days......................... 8 d a ys..................................................... 9 days ..................................................... 10 days ................................................... 10 days plus 2 half days....................... 11 days................................................... 12 days plus 1 half d a y......................... United States' Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Great Lakes Middle West Mountain Pacific 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 1 4 9 1 (1 2) 6 12 22 100 - 89 “ 51 12 26 “ 100 19 7 10 39 11 14 100 9 13 34 44 100 8 9 8 27 47 “ 100 2 10 88 “ 100 - 16 11 3 65 5 98 6 21 25 6 4 22 14 - {*) 43 1 " 1 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. Southwest — - 23 - 77 “ ' NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 12. Flour and other grain mill products: Paid vacations (Percent of production workers with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, United States and selected regions, September 1977) Vacation policy All workers............................................ United States1 Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Middle West Mountain / Pacific 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 92 8 100 89 11 100 88 12 100 100 - 100 100 - 100 92 8 100 82 18 100 100 - 100 100 - 2 60 34 2 3 11 89 4 71 12 14 - - - 100 96 4 31 65 - - - 3 _ 26 72 2 _ 80 15 5 - 58 33 _ 9 23 5 37 34 24 - - 68 8 - 51 16 33 - 39 11 45 4 21 8 10 60 10 _ 48 42 _ _ 28 72 8 1 50 41 24 68 8 61 39 - 31 4 53 12 11 84 4 23 77 _ _ 58 42 _ _ 28 72 6 1 49 41 3 11 81 8 44 42 11 84 4 _ _ 23 77 _ _ 28 72 - 14 - - - _ _ 51 42 7 _ _ - 24 4 60 12 62 23 16 Method of payment Workers in establishments providing paid vacations........................ Length-of-time payment....................... Percentage payment............................. Amount of vacation pay2 A fter 1 year o f service: Under 1 w e e k........................................ 1 w e e k................................................... Over 1 and under 2 weeks................... 2 w eeks................................................. Over 2 and under 3 weeks................... A fter 2 years of service: 1 w e e k................................................... Over 1 and under 2 weeks................... 2 weeks ................................................. Over 2 and under 3 weeks................... After 3 years of service: 1 w e e k................................................... Over 1 and under 2 weeks................... 2 weeks ................................................. Over 2 and under 3 weeks................... After 5 years of service: 1 w e e k ................................................... Over 1 and under 2 weeks................... 2 weeks ................................................. Over 2 and under 3 weeks................... 3 weeks ................................................. After 10 years of service: 1 w e e k................................................... Over 1 and under 2 weeks................... 2 weeks ................................................. Over 2 and under 3 weeks................... 3 weeks ................................................. Over 3 and under 4 weeks................... After 15 years of service: 1 w e e k................................................... 2 weeks ................................................. Over 2 and under 3 weeks................... 3 weeks ................................................. Over 3 and under 4 weeks.............. .... 4 weeks ................................................. Over 4 and under 5 weeks................... See footnotes at end of table. 4 2 8 1 44 40 4 7 1 15 9 32 31 - - - - - - 100 _ _ _ _ 77 23 - _ _ 77 23 - 44 24 - - _ _ _ 11 13 8 68 - - - - _ _ 16 - 8 2 _ - - - _ 39 - - 20 4 40 12 11 25 59 4 23 77 50 42 26 72 - 44 4 19 8 5 - 68 “ - - 51 - 24 17 4 29 12 14 “ - - _ _ 15 - 8 2 - - - _ 60 8 21 15 56 10 4 40 38 10 - 21 4 _ 16 72 _ 77 23 _ _ _ _ _ 77 23 Table 12. Flour and other grain mill products: Paid vacations—Continued (Percent of production workers with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, United States and selected regions, September 1977) Vacation policy United States' Middle Atlantic 4 6 2 6 2 18 8 23 29 2 - Border States Southeast Southwest 44 4 24 17 - - 15 - - - - - 26 26 - 13 4 30 12 - 43 20 18 4 - - - 4 17 19 6 54 - _ 23 4 27 32 7 44 4 14 24 17 - - - _ 8 19 5 15 - 8 2 - - - _ 24 - - - - - - 68 38 13 4 25 12 5 - 38 18 4 12 21 11 52 - - - " - 4 Great Lakes Middle West Mountain Pacific - _ 8 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Amount of vacation pay2—Continued A fter 20 years of service: 1 w e e k ............................. ...................... 2 weeks .................................................. Over 2 and under 3 weeks................... 3 weeks .................................................. Over 3 and under 4 w eeks................... 4 weeks .................................................. Over 4 and under 5 w eeks................... 5 weeks .................................................. Over 5 and under 6 w eeks................... 6 weeks .................................................. A fter 25 years of service:3 1 w e e k.................................................... 2 weeks .................................................. Over 2 and under 3 w eeks................... 3 weeks .................................................. Over 3 and under 4 w eeks................... 4 w eeks...................... ........................... Over 4 and under 5 weeks................... 5 weeks .................................................. Over 5 and under 6 weeks................... 6 weeks .................................................. Over 6 and under 7 w eeks................... 4 6 2 4 0 15 9 28 28 2 1 8 19 5 68 - - - ” - “ 4 1 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 2 Vacation payments, such as percent of annual earnings, were converted to an equivalent time basis. Periods of service were chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, changes indicated at 10 years may include changes that occurred between 5 and 10 _ 18 4 32 32 7 - 2 10 16 72 12 _ 65 23 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 _ _ 16 72 77 23 - - _ years. 3 Vacation provisions were virtually the same after longer periods of service. 4 Less than 0.5 percent. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 13. Flour and other grain mill products: Health, insurance, and retirement benefits (Percent of production workers with specified health, insurance, and retirement plans,' United States and selected regions, September 1977) Type of plan All workers............................................ United States2 Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes Middle West Mountain Pacific 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 97 88 92 92 71 31 90 77 100 66 100 91 100 100 100 98 100 88 70 62 81 81 71 31 49 45 67 32 66 57 74 74 63 61 95 83 87 80 74 92 87 87 71 43 31 63 57 49 79 69 51 100 100 91 83 83 83 98 61 61 81 57 44 8 13 40 6 10 9 2 6 15 14 100 90 100 90 99 89 96 86 87 87 83 2 (5) 25 25 100 92 100 92 100 92 100 92 92 92 87 14 100 88 100 88 94 82 94 82 38 38 38 25 25 99 83 96 80 90 77 90 74 58 58 46 16 16 100 f 64 100 64 100 64 90 54 57 57 57 - - Workers in establishments providing: Life insurance........................................ Noncontributory plans......................... Accidental death and dismemberment insurance .................. Noncontributory plans......................... Sickness and accident insurance or sick leave or both3 .......................... Sickness and accident insurance ...... Noncontributory plans...................... Sick leave (full pay, no waiting period) ............................. Sick leave (partial pay or waiting period).............................. Long-term disability insurance.............. Noncontributory plans........................ Hospitalization insurance...................... Noncontributory plans........................ Surgical insurance................................. Noncontributory plans......................... Medical insurance................................. Noncontributory plans........................ Major medical insurance....................... Noncontributory plans........................ Retirement plans4.................................. Pensions............................................. Noncontributory plans...................... Severance p a y .................................... No plans................................................ 8 8 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 37 27 27 ,oi 100 98 100 98 100 98 100 98 98 98 98 61 20 8 100 88 100 88 100 88 100 88 100 100 77 - - - - - - _ “ 1 ” “ “ - - ' Includes those plans for which the employer pays at least part of the cost and excludes legally required plans such as workers’ compensation and social security: however, plans required by State temporary disability laws are included if the employer contributes more than is legally required or the employees receive benefits in excess of legal requirements. “ Noncontributory plans” include only those plans financed entirely by the employer. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 11 11 -s; 100 -j 91 100 ~ 91 100 91 92 83 92 92 92 5 - 3 Unduplicated total of workers receiving sickness and accident insurance and sick leave shown separately. 4 Unduplicated total of workers covered by pension plans and severance pay shown separately. 5 Less than 0.5 percent. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 14. Flour and other grain mill products: Other selected benefits (Percent of production workers in establishments providing funeral leave pay, jury-duty leave, and technological severance pay,1 United States and selected regions, September 1977) Type of benefit United States2 Middle Atlantic Border States Southeast Southwest Great Lakes 56 56 53 49 " " 82 82 23 91 91 48 Middle West Mountain Pacific Workers in establishments with provisions for: Funeral le a ve ............................................. Jury-duty leave ........................................... Technological severance p a y ................... 1 For definition of items, see appendix A. 88 87 44 92 92 65 100 100 48 88 88 88 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 100 100 64 Part II. Rice Milling Men in rice mills averaged $3.91 an hour compared to $3.43 for women, who made up one-eighth of the work force. Part of the difference is attributable to the way workers were distributed among occupations with disparate pay levels. Nearly half the women, for exam ple, were rice packers, with a $3.07 average, while near ly all of the higher paid maintenance workers and cook ers and driers were men. Earnings Straight-time earnings of about 2,600 production and related workers ip rice mills averaged $3.85 an hour in September 1977 (table 15). Individual earnings in the industry were widely dispersed-the middle 50 percent of the workers had earnings between $2.75 and $3.86 (table 16). The index of dispersion-34-was the highest of the four industries studied and one of the highest among the industries in the Industry Wage Survey pro gram .7The primary explanation for the broad range of earnings appears to be wide differences in pay levels among establishments; hourly mill averages, for exam ple, ranged from $2.54 to $7.68. Within establishments, in contrast, the 25 rice mills visited had an average in dex of dispersion of only 12. Location in metropolitan areas and unionization seem to be associated with higher pay levels in the industrya pattern usually found in BLS wage surveys. The hour ly differential for mills in metropolitan areas over those in smaller communities was $1.63 and for union mills over nonunion mills, 94 cents. But for mills in metro politan areas, an anomaly occurs-workers in nonunion mills enjoyed a 38-cent advantage over their union coun terparts. For nonunion mills, the wage advantage of metropolitan areas over smaller communities widened to $2.17. Survey averages do not isolate the independ ent influence of wage-determining characteristics, which are often found in combination. The occupations studied accounted for three-fifths of the rice milling work force. Job averages ranged from $2.89 for receivers to $6.41 for maintenance electricians (table 17). Except for electricians and general utility mechanics ($5.11), job averages did not exceed $4.40 an hour. Workers in processing occupations, the largest group, averaged $3.85 an hour; within this category, cookers and driers averaged $4.40; polishers and separators, $3.49; and hullers and pearlers, $3.46. Averages for two other populous classifications were $3.54 an hour for rice packers and $3.56 for material-handling laborers. Rates of pay were widely dispersed for some jobs, and concentrated in narrow bands for others. For ex ample, the dispersion index was 99 for janitors and 74 for cookers and driers, contrasted with 7 for polishers and separators and 10 for bulk cleaners. The substan tial difference in pay levels among establishments ex plains to a large extent the dispersed earnings. Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions Scheduled weekly hours. Nearly four-fifths of the in dustry’s production workers were in mills scheduling a 40-hour workweek. Most of the remaining workers were on longer work schedules. Shift provisions and practices. Most rice mill workers were employed in establishments that had provisions for late shifts but usually not for premium pay for such work (table 19). Where premiums for shift work were stipulated, typical differentials over day-shift rates were 12.5 cents for the second shift and 22.5 cents for the third shift. At the time of the survey, slightly over onefifth of the production workers were employed on sec ond shifts and one-tenth on third or other late shifts. One-fourth of the second-shift workers and one-half of the third-shift workers received premium pay. Paid holidays. Paid holidays were provided to 95 per cent of the rice mill work force (table 20). Provisions varied widely among establishments-the majority of the workers were granted anywhere from 4 to 10 days a year. Paid vacations. Approximately four-fifths of the work ers were provided paid vacations after qualifying peri ods of service (table 21). Typical vacations were 2 weeks’ pay after 1 year of service and at least 3 weeks after 12 years. After longer periods of service, 4 weeks or more were available to about one-fifth of the workers. Health, insurance, and retirement plans. At least sev en-eighths of the production workers were provided 7 The index o f dispersion was computed by dividing the difference between the first and third quartiles (middle range) by the median. Indexes o f dispersion in the other grain milling branches in this re port were 28 in flour mills, 30 in blended flour mills, and 13 in wet corn mills. 21 tirely by the employer. One-eighth of the workers were also covered by retirement severance pay plans. life, hospitalization, surgical, basic medical, and major medical insurance (table 22). For a majority of work ers with these benefits, the employer and employee shared the cost. Two-thirds of the workers had acci dental death and dismemberment policies, and about half were under pay-continuation plans covering short term illness or disability. Slightly over seven-tenths of the workers were cov ered by retirement pension plans, usually financed en Other selected benefits. Time off with pay to attend fu nerals of specified relatives was provided by rice mills employing three-tenths of the workers. Similar arrange ments for jury-duty service applied to six-tenths of the work force (table 23). Technological severance pay was not provided by the mills visited. 22 Table 15. Rice milling: Average hourly earnings by selected characteristics ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e e a r n i n g s 1 of p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s b y s e l e c t e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , U nited S tates, S e p t e m b e r 1977) U nited States United S tates C haracteristic C haracteristic W orkers W orke rs E arnings SIZE 351 3.93 960 1,6 8 2 3.78 3 .8 9 S I Z E OF E S T A B L I S H S E N T ? days, 1 Excludes p re m iu m pay fo r o v e rtim e fo r w o rk on w eekends, ho liand late shifts. 2 V ir tu a lly a ll w o r k e r s w e r e l o c a te d in the S o u th w e s t r e g io n . Table 16. days, OF COMMUNITY: 3 LABOR-MANAGEMENT CONT RACT S: E ST A BL I SH ME N TS W I T H M J J O B I T Y OF NORKERS C O V E R E D . . . NONE OB t l l l i G B I T I OF HOBKEBS. . . ;‘i 1,408 1,239 $ 9.61 2.98 878 1,7 6 4 4.48 3.59 3 S t a n d a r d M e t r o p o l i t a n S t a t i s t i c a l A r e a a s d e f i n e d b y t h e U. S. O f f i c e of M a n a g e m e n t a n d B u d g e t t h r o u g h F e b r u a r y 1974 . N O T E : D a s h e s in d icate th a t no d a ta w e r e r e p o r t e d o r that d a ta did not m e e t publication c rite ria . Rice milling: Earnings distribution 1 E xcludes p r e m iu m pay fo r o v e rtim e a n d fo r w o rk on w eekends, and late shifts. 2 V i r t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s w e r e l o c a t e d i n th e S o u t h w e s t r e g i o n . E arnings holi- NOTE: 23 D ashes indicate th at no data w e re reported. Table 17. Rice milling: Occupational averages—all establishments ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e e a r n i n g s 1 of p r o d u c t i o n M ean M edian N um ber U nited S ta te s2 of H ourly e a rn in g s1 w o r k e rs M id ra nge ELEVATOR OPERATORS HEN...................................................................... WE IGHE RS................................................................ HEN...................................................................... S e p t e m b e r 1977) D e p a rtm e n t and occu p atio n H ourly e a rn in g s 1 of w orke rs United S tates, U nited S ta te s2 Number D e p a rtm e n t and occupation w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s , M ean M edian M idrange PACKI NG- Con ti nue d 115 90 37 2.89 3.42 3.45 2 .6 0 3.01 2.75 2 .5 0 2 .752 .7 5 - 3.16 3.69 4 .2 5 . 333 176 157 S3.59 3.96 3 .0 7 S3.00 3.33 2.60 $ 2 .5 0 2 .7 5 2 .5 0 - *3.52 4.25 3.35 337 278 83 82 81 80 3.56 3.98 3.94 3.94 3 .9 9 3 .9 9 3.25 3 .2 5 3.35 3.35 3.35 3 .3 3 2 .9 5 2 .7 5 2 .9 3 2 .8 9 2 .8 5 2 .8 5 - 3.5C 3.5C 3.85 3.85 3.85 3.85 27 27 69 69 6.91 6.41 5 .1 1 5.11 6.50 6.50 5 . CO 5.00 5 .5 0 5 .5 0 4 .0 0 9.00- 7.61 7.68 5.75 5.75 60 37 23 9 .0 7 9.96 3.96 3.50 5.20 2.30 2 .3 0 2 .5 0 2.30- 5.77 5 . 7: 5.31 HATERI AL H0VEHEN1 L A BO RE RS , H AT E RI AL HANDLING................ HEN............................................................................... T R UC KE RS , POWER.................................................... PROCESSING 3.35 COOKERS AND D R I E R S ............................ HEN...................................................................... HULLERS AND P E A R L E R S ...................... 7<t 71 197 9.90 9.39 3.46 3.77 3.73 3.20 3 .203 .2 2 2 .7 5 - 6.00 6.00 3.89 P O L I S H E R S AND S E PA RA T OR S-------- 85 81 3.99 3 . 98 3.45 3 .2 5 3 .00- 3.50 3 .50 MAINTENANCE H EN ............................................................................... HEN............................................................................... PACKI NG SERV ICE P ACK ERS................................................................... HEN....................................................................... 367 210 3 .4 9 3.80 3.00 3.25 2 .5 0 2 .7 5 - 3.52 3.85 HEN....................................................................... 39 2.96 2.50 2 .5 0 - 3.19 JA N I T O R S , AND C UST OD IA L P O R I R E S ANC C L E A N E R S . . . . 2 V ir t u a l l y a l l w o r k e r s w e r e l o c a t e d in th e S o u th w e s t r e g io n . 3 Includes data f o r w o r k e r s in c la s s ific a tio n s in ad d itio n to those shown separately. 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and fo r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , a n d l a t e s h i f t s . S e e a p p e n d i x A f o r d e f i n i t i o n of m e a n s , m e d i a n , a n d m iddle ra n g es. M edians and m iddle ra n g e s w ere not com puted fo r o c c u p a t i o n s w i t h f e w e r t h a n 15 w o r k e r s . Table 18. Rice milling: Occupational averages by selected characteritics ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e e a r n i n g s 1 of p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s i n s e l e c t e d occupations, U nited States, S e p t e m b e r 1977) United S tates2 D e p artm en t and occupation M etropolitan areas Earn W ork ings ers N o n m e t r o p o l i t a n L e s s t h a n 1UU areas w orkers W ork W ork E arn Earn ers ings ers ings 1 00 w o r k e r s o r m ore W ork Earn ers ings U nion W orkers Nonunion E arn ings W orkers Earn ings ELEVATOR OPERATORS C LE A N E R S , BU LK .......................................................... .. ........................... R E C E I V E R S ....................................................................................................... .. W EI GH ERS ........................................................................................................... 29 31 16 $3.92 3.37 4 .2 2 66 29 $2.71 2.88 _ 99 22 $ 2 .8 1 2.86 22 73 18 $9.07 2.94 9 . 10 18 - 210 45 58 99 9.61 4.97 9.1 1 3.69 202 29 69 36 3.07 3.51 3.09 3.21 208 26 96 30 3.72 3.49 2 .9 3 3 .0 2 204 98 51 55 3.99 4.89 4 .4 7 3.79 127 - 9 .86 - 27 33 4 .28 3.65 142 137 9.70 9 .7 0 225 2.72 2.66 2.73 1 69 22 142 3.47 2.99 3.55 203 3.51 1S6 191 3 .5 9 102 • 97 238 99 97 3 .8 8 9 .6 0 4.63 99 34 39 2.81 2.98 2.98 62 27 27 2.89 9.13 4.13 275 56 59 3.73 3.89 3.84 139 39 32 25 45 6.61 5.69 _ 24 4.03 24 9.66 22 45 6 .3 7 5.36 19 31 51 4 .3 7 9 2.41 19 2.31 - $ 3.47 - c 99 28 $4.65 2 .7 5 3.17 285 99 120 52 3 .4 0 9.56 3.28 3.38 4.50 26 5 9.99 236 3 .1 0 2.66 3 . 16 3.35 4.35 9.38 203 99 99 3.71 3.65 3.65 6.33 5.84 38 4.52 52 4.16 - PROCESSING PRO CE SSO RS. 23............................................................................ 1 COOKERS AND D R I E R S ...................................................................... HULLERS AND P E A R L E R S........................................ ...................... P O L I S H E R S AND S E PA RA T OR S...................... ... ,.| PACKI NG P ACK ERS .............................................................................................................. BRAN................................................................................................................ R I C E ................................................................................................................ H ATERI AL 29 - - 25 HOVEHENT L A B OR ER S, HAT ERI AL H ANDLI NG..........................• • • • • • • • T R U CK E RS , POWER...................................................................................... F O R K L I F T .................................................................................................... HAI NTENANCE E L E C T R I C I A N S ............................................................................................... H E C H A N I C S . GENERAL O T I I I T T ............................... .................... _ _ _ S E R V I C E AND C UST OD IA L JA N I T O R S , P OR T E R S , A N D C LE AN ERS............. ... 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r ti m e a n d f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s, an d la te sh ifts . - - shown se p arately . 2 V irtu a lly all w o r k e r s w e r e lo cated in the S outhw est region. 3 I n c l u d e s d a t a f o r w o r k e r s in c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s in a d d i t i o n to t h o s e - N O T E : D a sh e s indicate that no d a ta w e r e re p o r te d o r th a t d a ta did n o t m e e t publication c rite ria . 24 Table 19. Rice milling: Shift differential provisions and practices (Percent of production workers by shift differential provisions,1 and percent employed on late shifts by amount of differential, United States, September 1977) Item Item United States Shift provisions Shift practices Workers in establishments with second-shift provisions............................ With shift differential .............................. Uniform cents per hour........................ 5 cents ............................................... 12.5 cents .......................................... 17 cents ............................................. 90.7 20.1 20.1 2.1 11.7 6.4 Workers employed on second s h ift......... Receiving differential.............................. Uniform cents per hour........................ 5 cents ............................................... 12.5 ce n ts .......................................... 17 cents ............................................. Workers in establishments with thirdor other late-shift provisions.................... With shift differential .............................. Uniform cents per hour........................ 22 cents ............................................. 22.5 c e n ts.......................................... 62.5 20.1 20.1 6.4 11.7 Workers employed on third or other late s h ift..................................... Receiving differential.............................. Uniform cents per hour........................ 22 cents .......................................... 22.5 cents .......................................... 1 Refers to policies of establishments currently operating late shifts or having provisions covering late shifts. United States 22.2 4.7 4.7 3.9 .8 9.8 4.6 4.6 8 3.9 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals, Table 20. Rice milling: Paid holidays (Percent of production workers with formal provisions for paid holidays, United States, September 1977) Number of paid holidays United States 100 Workers in establishments 4 days ...................................................... 7 days ...................................................... 95 7 13 11 13 15 19 18 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 25 Table 21. Rice milling: Paid vacations (Percent of production workers in establishments with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, United States, September 1977) Vacation policy All workers ............................................ Method of payment Workers in establishments providing paid vacations.......................... Length-of-time payment......................... Amount of vacation pay1 After 1 year of service: 1 week .................................................... 2 weeks .................................................. After 2 years of service: 1 week .................................................... 2 weeks .................................................. After 3 years of service: 1 week .................................................... 2 weeks .................................................. After 5 years of service: 1 week .................................................... 2 weeks .................................................. 3 weeks .................................................. After 10 years of service: 1 week .................................................... 2 weeks .................................................. 3 weeks .................................................. 4 weeks .................................................. Vacation policy United States 100 Amount of vacation pay1—Continued After 12 years of service: 1 week .................................................... 2 weeks .................................................. 3 weeks .................................................. 4 weeks .................................................. After 15 years of service: 1 week .................................................... 2 weeks .................................................. 3 weeks ....................................... 4 weeks .................................................. After 20 years of service: 1 week .................................................... 2 weeks .................................................. 3 weeks ..................................... 4 weeks .................................................. 5 weeks .................................................. After 30 years of service:2 1 week ......................................... 2 weeks .............................................. 3 weeks .................................................. 4 weeks ........................... 5 weeks ............................. 6 weeks ............................................. 82 82 29 53 12 69 5 77 5 43 34 5 30 35 12 1 Vacation payments, such as percent of annual earnings, were converted to an equivalent time basis. Periods of service were chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, changes indicated at 10 years may include changes that occurred between 5 United States 26 5 23 42 12 5 18 40 18 5 18 38 8 12 5 18 38 2 7 12 and 10 years. 2 Vacation provisions were virtually the same after longer periods of service. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 22. Rice milling: Health, insurance and retirement plans (Percent of production workers in establishments with specified health, insurance, and retirement plans,' United States, September 1977) Type of plan Type of plan United States All workers .................................... United States 100 Workers in establishments providing: Workers in establishments providing: Life insurance................................. Noncontributory plans................. Accidental death and dismemberment insurance........... Noncontributory plans.................. Sickness and accident insurance or sick leave or both2 ................... Sickness and accident insurance Noncontributory plans .............. Sick leave (full pay, no waiting period)....................... Long-term disability insurance....... Noncontributory plans................. Hospitalization insurance........................ Noncontributory p la n s.......................... Surgical insurance.................................. Noncontributory p la n s.......................... Medical insurance................................... Noncontributory p la n s.......................... Major medical insurance......................... Noncontributory p la n s.......................... Retirement plans3 ................................... Pensions ............................................... Noncontributory p la n s ....................... Severance p a y ..................................... No plans .................................................. 88 43 66 21 49 16 16 42 14 12 ' Includes those plans for which the employer pays at least part of the cost and excludes legally required plans such as workers' compensation and social security; however, plans required by State temporary disability laws are included if the employer contributes more than is legally required or the employees receive benefits in excess of legal requirements. “ Noncontributory plans” include only those plans financed entirely by the employer. 2 Unduplicated total of workers receiving sickness and accident insurance and sick leave shown separately. 3 Unduplicated total of workers covered by pension plans and severance pay shown separately. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 23. Rice milling: Other selected benefits (Percent of production workers in establishments providing funeral leave pay and jury-duty leave,’ United States, September 1977) Type of benefit United States Workers in establishments with provisions for: Funeral leave ............................................. Jury-duty leave .......................................... 1 For definition of items, see appendix A. 27 97 44 94 41 94 41 93 40 72 72 59 12 3 29 60 Part III. Blended and Prepared Flour Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions Earnings The almost 5,200 production and related workers in blended flour mills averaged $6.14 an hour in Septem ber 1977 (table 24). Among the major regions, average earnings ranged from $4.57 in the Middle West to $6.93 in the Great Lakes, which accounted for nearly threefifths of the industry’s work force. Most Great Lakes workers were in mills with characteristics typically as sociated with higher pay levels-large unionized work forces and metropolitan area locations. Earnings in the industry were widely dispersed - the middle 50 percent of the workers in the earnings array earned between $5.30 and $7.26 an hour. The relative ly high index of dispersion8 for blended flour mills-30resulted primarily from differences in pay levels among establishments; mean earnings of individual mills, for example, ranged from approximately $3 an hour to about $7.50. As in the other grain mills, there were substantial differences in nationwide average earnings in favor of workers in large establishments over those in mills with 20 to 9J) employees, union mills over nonunion mills, and metropolitan areas over workers in smaller com munities. Occupational averages by these characteris tics are presented, where possible, in tables 26-28. Due to the interrelationships of these characteristics and the relatively small industry under study, the exact influ ence of any one characteristic was not measured. Among the occupations selected for separate study, hourly pay levels typically ranged between $5 and $6 outside the maintenance area and nearly $7.50 in that department (table 25). The highest industry averages were reported for maintenance electricians ($7.45) and general utility mechanics ($7.42) and the lowest aver age, for power truckers (other than forklift)-$4.33. As a group, workers in processing jobs averaged $5.89; 4 in every 5 were machine tenders who mixed and blend ed flour ($6.07 per hour). Men in blended flour mills averaged $6.27 an hour compared with $5.80 for women; women were onefourth of the production work force. Part of the pay spread between the sexes reflects differences in occu pational staffing. For packers and janitors, though, pay levels for women exceeded those for men, both nation wide and in most of the regions. Scheduled weekly hours. Blended flour mills employ ing slightly over nine-tenths of the workers had week ly work schedules of 40 hours at the time of the survey (table 30). The remaining workers were on longer work schedules. Shift differential provisions and practices. Provisions for second shifts covered almost all workers, and provi sions for third or late shifts covered nine-tenths of the production work force (table 31). At the time of the survey, one-fourth of the workers actually were work ing on second shifts; they typically received 12 cents per hour in addition to day-shift rates (table 32). Third or other late-shift workers, about one-eighth of the pro duction workers, were usually provided a 20-cent premium. Paid holidays. All workers were in mills that provid ed paid holidays (table 33). Two-thirds of the workers were granted 11 days a year and one-tenth, 9 days. Most of the remaining workers were provided from 5 to 8 days. Provisions were most liberal in the Great Lakes region. Paid vacations. All workers were eligible for paid va cations, after qualifying periods of service (table 34). Three-fifths were in mills that provided at least 1 week of vacation pay after 1 year of service, 2 weeks or more after 2 years, at least 3 weeks after 10 years, 4 weeks or more after 15 years, and at least 5 weeks after 20 years. Great Lakes workers usually were eligible for a few days more vacation than workers in other regions. Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Hospitalizati on, surgical, basic medical, and major medical insur ance plans covered all workers in the industry (table 35). Employers typically paid the entire cost of finan cing these benefits. Approximately three-tenths of the workers also were covered under long-term disability plans and by accidental death and dismemberment insurance. Retirement pension plans, usually financed entirely by employers, were found in mills employing slightly 28 over nine-tenths of the workers. One-eighth of the work ers were also covered by retirement severance pay plans. Where there were regional differences, worker cov erage was usually highest in the Great Lakes region. Other selected benefits. Pay for time off to attend fu nerals applied to approximately nine-tenths of the work 29 force; jury-duty pay applied to about eight-tenths (ta ble 36). About seven-tenths of the workers were in mills that provided severance pay for workers permanently laid off due to technological change or economic fac tors. The Great Lakes region had the highest propor tion of workers covered by these benefits. Table 24. Blended and prepared flour: Average hourly earnings by selected characteristics '■> irjo* . vhc (N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e e a r n i n g s 1 o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s b y s e le c te d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , U n ite d S ta te s a n d s e l e c t e d r e g io n s , S e p t e m b e r 1 9 7 7 )____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ U n ite d C h a ra c te ris tic s S ta te s 2 S o u th w e s t N um ber of w o rk e rs H o u rly e a r n in g s 1 M ean M e d ia n ALL PRODUCTION W O RK ERS.. . . . . . . . . . . . MEN...................................................................................... W om en. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 , 187 3 , 842 1 ,3 4 5 $ 6 . 14 6 . 27 5 . dO $ 6 .4 9 6 .5 6 6 .2 3 $ 5 .3 0 5 .9 5 5 .0 6- $ 7 . 26 7 .4 5 7 .0 1 995 397 198 S I Z E OF E S T A B L ISH M E N T : 2 0 - 9 9 SO fiK ERS........................................................ 1 0 0 U 0 B K E S 5 ............................ ................................. 789 9 ,3 9 8 9 . 85 6 . 38 4 .5 0 6 .5 0 3 .5 0 5 .6 8 - 6 .1 0 7 . 27 S I Z E OF COMMUNITY: METBOPOLOTAN A REAS......................................... NONMEXROPOLITAN A R a A S ................................ 9 ,6 5 9 466 6 . 41 3 . 53 6 .5 7 3 .4 0 5 .6 8 3 .0 0 - 7 .2 7 3 . 79 LABOR-MAN ASEHENT CO N TRA CTS: E S T A B L ISH M E N TS W ITH M A JO RITY OF WORKERS COVERED___ NONE O a M IN O R ITY OF W O R K E R S ... 4 ,2 9 5 892 6 . 65 3 . 72 6 .7 0 3 .4 6 6 .0 4 3 .0 0 - 7 . 28 3 .9 7 M id d le r a n g e N um ber of w o rk e rs H o u rly M ean 3 ,0 1 5 2 ,2 4 9 766 S I Z E OF E S T A B L ISH M E N T : 2 0 - 9 9 mO u K E R S ............................ ........................... 1 0 0 WORKERS OR MORE.................................. .. 2 ,8 7 7 6 . 97 S I Z E o f COMMUNITY: M ETROPOLITAN A REA S........................................ NONM ETROPOLITAN AREAS............................... 3 , 015 - 6 .9 3 2 ,8 2 8 7 . 12 RAB O R -tlA N A O iiaR NX CONTRACTS: E S T A B L IS H M E N TS W ITH M AJO RITY OF WORKERS C O V E R E D .. . NONE ON M IN O RITY OP SO RK ERS. . . - $ 6 . 93 7 . 03 6 .6 1 - $ 7 .0 6 7 .2 0 7 .0 1 $ 9 .9 2 5 .9 5 9 .5 2 _ - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ $ 6 .1 8 6 .2 8 6 .0 4 M id d le W e s t $ 7 .6 0 7 .7 4 7 . 20 205 7 .0 6 6 .4 9 - 7 .6 3 7 . 06 6 .4 9 - 7 .6 0 “ 7 . 65 - 7 . 12 $ 9 .3 9 4 .4 9 4 .3 9 - ' $ 6 .4 9 6 .4 9 6 .3 7 - - M id d le r a n g e $ 5 .1 2 5 .2 0 9 .9 2 G re a t L akes ALL PRODUCTION WORKERS..................................... Mc.N...................................................................................... WOMEN................................................................................ e a rn in g s 1 M e d ia n 6. 53- 632 $ 9 .5 7 3 .9 0 $ 9 .5 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - 3 .2 5 $ 3 .1 9 2 .6 5 - $ 5 .7 0 5 .9 5 - P a c ific IL L PRODUCTION WORKERS. S e n ... 284 245 $ 5 . 45 5 -4 9 $ 5 -6 9 5 .6 9 $ 3 .5 0 3 .5 0 - $ 6 .7 3 6 .8 3 WOMEN S I Z E OF E S T A B L IS H M E N T : 2 0 - 9 9 W O R K ERS..................................................... 1 0 0 WORKERS OB HQ he . .......... .......................... S I Z E OF COMMUNITY: M ETRO PO LITA N A REAS........................................ NONMETROPOLITAN AREAS............................... LABOR-MANAJfiM x.NT CO N TR A C TS: EST A B L ISH M E N TS W IT tiM A J O R I I I OF WORKERS COVERED. . . NONE OR M IN O R ITY OF WORKERS. . . 1 E x c lu d e s p re m iu m p a y fo r o v e r tim e a n d f o r w o rk o n w e e k 3 S ta n d a r d M e tr o p o lita n S t a t i s t i c a l A r e a s a s d e fin e d b y th e U .S . e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d la te s h if ts . S ee a p p e n d ix A f o r d e fin itio n s o f O ffic e o f M a n a g e m e n t a n d B u d g e t th r o u g h F e b r u a r y 1974. m e a n s , m e d ia n s , a n d m id d le r a n g e s . M e d ia n s a n d m id d le r a n g e s w e r e n o t c o m p u t e d f o r o c c u p a t i o n s w i t h f e w e r t h a n 15 w o r k e r s . . N O T E : D a s h e s in d ic a te th a t no d a ta w e r e r e p o r te d o r th a t d a ta d id n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n c r i t e r i a . I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th o s e sh o w n s e p a r a t e l y . 30 Table 25. Blended and prepared flour: Occupational averages— all establishments (N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e S e p te m b e r 1977) s tra ig h t-tim e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s , ______________________________________ U n ite d S ta te s U n ite d S ta te s 2 D e p a r tm e n t a n d o c c u p a tio n N um ber of w o rk e rs M ean an d r e g io n s , S o u th w e s t H o u rly e a r n in g s 1 N um ber M e d ia n w o rk e rs M id d le r a n g e H o u rly M ean M e d ia n e a rn in g s 1 M id d le ra n g e P R O C E S SIN G PR O C E SSO R S......................................................................... HEN..................................................................................... WOHEN............................................................................... MACHINE T E N D E R S , F IX IN G AND BLEN D IN G ....................................................................... H EN ..................................................................................... BOMEN................................................................................ PANELBOARD O P E R A TO R S, M IXING AND B L E N D IN G ...................................................................... HEN...................................................................................... 577 506 71 * 5 .8 9 6 .0 2 5 .0 1 * 6 .1 6 6 .3 7 5 .2 8 * 4 .9 2 5 .4 2 4 .3 6 - * 6 .7 3 6 .8 7 5 .4 5 74 60 4 57 4 20 37 6 .0 7 6 .0 9 5 .7 9 6 .4 3 6 .5 3 5 .4 5 5 .4 5 5 .4 5 5 .4 5 - 6 .8 9 6 .9 1 6 .5 8 21 21 5 .8 8 5 .8 8 6 .3 5 6 .5 5 5 .5 7 5 .5 7 - 475 194 281 282 57 225 193 137 56 5 .1 2 4 .8 3 5 .3 2 5 .3 0 5 .1 5 5 .3 4 4 .8 6 4 .7 0 5 .2 6 5 .6 8 5 .0 0 5 .6 8 5 .6 8 5 .5 7 5 .6 8 5 .0 5 4 .6 5 5 .7 0 250 2^a 218 211 7 195 188 7 23 23 5 .3 9 5 .3 6 5 .7 0 5 .7 2 5 . 17 5 .8 6 5 .8 9 5 .1 7 4 .3 3 4 .3 3 5 .6 8 5 .6 8 5 .3 6 5 .6 0 18 18 316 316 278 244 34 * 5 .3 1 5 .4 6 - * 4 .9 2 4 .9 2 - _ _ _ - - - _ _ - 6 .4 5 6 .4 5 _ - - - _ - - * - - 4 .3 6 3 .6 5 4 .3 9 4 .3 6 3 .6 7 4. 393 .6 5 3 .6 5 4 .9 1 - 6 .0 4 5 .8 0 6 .2 1 6 .2 1 6 .7 0 6 .2 1 5 .7 0 5 .7 0 5 .7 0 99 4 .5 3 - 77 9S 4 .7 7 4 .5 3 - 77 4 .7 7 - 5 .5 2 5 .5 2 3 .5 2 3 .5 2 4 .7 7 4 .7 7 4 .8 0 4 .8 1 — 2 .8 0 2 .8 0 - 7 .0 1 7 .0 1 7 .2 6 7 .2 6 7 .2 6 7 .2 6 5 .5 2 5 .5 2 7 .4 5 7 .4 5 7 .4 2 7 .4 2 7 .4 7 7 .4 7 7 .4 0 7 .4 0 7 .0 0 7 .0 0 6 .7 0 6 .7 0 - 7 .9 5 7 .9 5 8 .7 0 8 .7 0 36 36 6 .0 2 5 .9 9 6 .2 4 6 .7 8 6 .4 6 6 .9 2 5 .2 0 5 .2 0 5 .9 1 - 6 .9 2 6 .9 2 6 .9 2 _ _ - _ - - - - - - * * * 4 .6 1 4 .7 7 - $ 6 .3 7 6 .4 3 - PACKING PA C K ER S.................................................................................. HEN..................................................................................... WOMEN................................................................................ DOUGHS............................................................................... HEN...................................................................................... WOMEN............................................................................... PLOUR M IX E S................................................................ HEN..................................................................................... WOMEN............................................................................... _ - 4 .3 9 4 .3 9 4 .3 9 4 .3 9 - 3 .9 2 3 .6 7 - 6 .0 4 6 .0 4 6 .0 4 - 3 .9 2 _ 6 .0 4 _ _ 3 .6 7 - - - - - MATERIAL HOVEHENT LA B O R E R S, M ATERIAL HANDLING....................... HEN..................................................................................... T R U C K E R S, POWER.......................................................... HEN..................................................................................... WOMEN............................................................................... F O R K L IF T ......................................................................... HEN..................................................................................... WOMEN............................................................................... OTHER THAN P O R K L IF T ........................................ H EN..................................................................................... - 5 .9 3 5 . S4 _ 29 29 . 29 29 _ _ - - 4 .9 7 4 .9 7 4 .9 7 4 .9 7 - - 4 .8 2 4 .8 2 4 .8 2 4 .8 2 - _ 4 .7 7 4 .7 7 - 4 .8 2 4 .8 2 - 4 .7 7 4 .7 7 — - 4 .8 2 4 .8 2 - - _ - MAINTENANCE E L E C T R IC IA N S .................................................................... HEN..................................................................................... M E C H A N IC S, GENERAL U T IL IT Y ......................... HEN..................................................................................... _ - 6 .0 9 6 .0 9 _ _ - - 6 .7 0 6 .7 0 - 5 .4 5 5 .4 5 - 6 .7 0 6 .7 0 S E R V IC E AND C USTODIAL J A N I T O R S , P O R T E R S , AND C L E A N E R S . .. . HEN..................................................................................... WOMEN............................................................................... _ M id d le W e s t G reat L akes P R O C E S SIN G PR O C E S S O R S ......................................................................... H EN..................................................................................... WOHEN............................................................................... HACHINE T E N D E R S , M IXING AND B LEN D IN G ....................................................................... H EN..................................................................................... WOHEN............................................................................... PANELBOARD O P E R A T O R S, MIXING AND B LEN D IN G ....................................................................... HE N..................................................................................... 227 220 - * 6 .8 9 6 .8 9 1 6 .6 8 6 .6 9 * 6 .5 3 6 .5 3 - * 7 .5 3 7 .5 3 165 125 - * 4 .9 3 5 .0 2 * 5 .4 5 5 .4 5 - S 4 .3 6 4 .3 6 - * 5 .6 3 6 .0 6 “ 192 185 - 6 .9 9 7 .0 0 - 6 .7 3 6 .7 3 - 6 .5 7 6 .5 7 * 7 . 53 7 .6 0 - 121 101 5 .0 4 4 . 96 5 .4 5 5 .4 5 - 4 .5 0 3 .6 5 - 5 .6 3 5 .6 3 - “ ~ ~ * PACKING PA CK ERS.................................................................................. H EN ..................................................................................... WOMEN............................................................................... DOUGHS............................................................................... MEN..................................................................................... WOHEN............................................................................... FLOUR H U E S ................................................................ H EN..................................................................................... WOHEN............................................................................... 113 40 - _ - 5 .8 2 5 .2 7 ~ 6 .2 1 5 .2 5 - - 5 .2 7 4 .8 0 ~ 4 .3 6 3 .4 3 4 .3 6 5 .7 0 3 .3 0 * 3 .5 0 3 .0 0 4 .3 6 - 5 .8 7 5 .8 7 4 . 38 4 .3 8 4 .7 5 4 .7 5 - 6 .1 3 6 .1 3 4 .5 0 4 .5 0 5 .3 0 5 .3 0 “ 5 .8 8 5 .8 8 3 .2 9 3 .2 9 - 46 46 6 . 18 6 . 18 — 6 .7 6 6 .7 6 6 .0 0 6 .0 0 - ~ 6 .8 2 6 .8 2 60 56 4 .9 4 4 .9 9 4 .5 0 4 .5 0 4 .3 6 4 .3 6 - 5 .8 6 5 .9 5 6 .2 8 5 .7 5 ~ 101 34 67 68 32 7 .4 5 7 .4 5 7 .4 5 7 .4 5 * 34 34 52 52 42 42 - 4 .5 1 4 . 02 4 . 76 4 .6 0 3 .9 9 * 3 .2 0 2 .9 9 ■ 5 .7 0 4 .5 0 5 .7 0 “ * 5 .7 0 4 .8 0 " MATERIAL HOVEHENT LA B O R E R S, M ATERIAL HANDLING...................... MEN..................................................................................... T R U C K ER S, POWER.......................................................... MEN..................................................................................... WOHEN............................................................................... F O R K L IF T ......................................................................... H EN..................................................................................... WOHEN............................................................................... OTHER THAN F O R K L IF T ........................................ HEN..................................................................................... _ 86 84 74 72 - 6 .8 4 6 .8 3 7 .0 4 7 .0 3 - 7 .2 6 7 .2 6 7 .2 6 7 .2 6 * - 6 .0 5 .9 7 .2 7 .2 . “ * 4766- ~ 3 .5 5 3 .5 5 • 6 .1 3 6 . 13 5 .3 0 5 .3 0 * 5 .3 0 5 .3 0 ~ " MAINTENANCE E L E C T R IC IA N S ................................................................... H EN..................................................................................... H E C H A H IC S , 56K E E A L O T I I I T X .......................... HEN..................................................................................... 9 9 188 188 7 .7 8 7 .7 8 8 .1 2 8 .1 2 8 .6 3 8 .6 3 - — — 6 .9 1 6 .9 1 - 8 .7 9 8 .7 9 168 144 24 6 .6 4 6 .6 0 6 .8 8 6 .9 2 6 .9 2 6 .9 2 6 .9 2 6 .9 2 6 .9 2 - 7 .0 6 7 .0 6 7 .0 5 - S E B V IC E AND CU STO D IA L J A N I T O B S , P O R T E R S , AND C L E A N E R S .. . . HEN..................................................................................... WOHEN............................................................................... ' 3 I n c ld u e s d a ta f o r w o r k e r s in c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s in a d d itio n to th o s e sh o w n s e p a r a te ly . 1 E x c lu d e s p re m iu m p a y fo r o v e r tim e a n d fo r w o rk o n w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d la te s h if ts . S e e a p p e n d ix A f o r d e f in itio n s o f m e a n s , m e d ia n s , a n d m id d le r a n g e s . M e d ia n s a n d m id d le r a n g e s w e r e n o t c o m p u t e d f o r o c c u p a t i o n s w i t h f e w e r t h a n 15 w o r k e r s . 2 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th o s e sh o w n s e p a r a t e l y . N O T E : D a s h e s in d ic a te th a t n o d a ta w e r e d id n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n c r i t e r i a . 31 re p o rte d o r th a t d a ta Table 26. Blended and prepared flour*. Occupational averages by size of community ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s , U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d G r e a t L a k e s , S e p t e m b e r 19 7 7 )__________ U n i t e d S t a t e s 123 D e p a rtm e n t a n d o c c u p a tio n G re a t L akes M e tro p o lita n a r e a s M e tro p o lita n a r e a s N um ber of w o rk e rs N um ber of w o rk e rs E a rn in g s E a rn in g s PR O C E SSIN G P R O C E S S O R S ... ................................................................ MACHINE T EN D ER S, S IZ IN G AND B L E N D IN G .................................................................... PANELBOARD O PE R A T O R S, S IZ IN G AND B L E N D IN G ...................................................................... 508 $ 6 . 14 227 $ 6 .8 9 401 6 .3 6 1S2 6 .9 9 20 5 .8 2 - 395 281 114 5 .3 1 5 .3 1 5 .3 2 113 — 193 177 165 5 .8 9 6 .0 9 6 .1 3 £6 74 6 .8 4 7 .0 4 17 303 7 .6 2 7 .5 3 9 168 7 .7 8 8 .1 2 260 6 .1 1 168 6 .6 4 - PACKING PA CK ERS.................................................................................. DOUGHS................................................................................ FLOOR S I Z E S ................................................................ 5 .8 2 - - MATERIAL MOVEMENT C LA B O R ER S, MATERIAL HANDLING...................... TR U C K E R S, POWER.......................................................... F O R K L IF T ................... ...................................................... _ _ MAINTENANCE E L E C T R IC IA N S ................................................................... M EC H A N IC S, GENERAL U T I 1 I 1 I ......................... S E R V IC E AND CU STO D IA L J A N IT O R S , PO RTERS, AND C L E A N E R S . .. . 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y fo r o v e r tim e a n d fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d la te s h ifts . 2 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to G r e a t L a k e s . N O T E : D a s h e s in d ic a te th a t n o d a ta w e r e r e p o r te d o r th a t d a ta d id n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n c r i t e r i a . Table 27. Blended and prepared flour: Occupational averages by size of establishment (N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u rly e a r n in g s 1 o f p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s U n ite d S ta te s a n d G r e a t L a k e s , S e p te m b e r 1977) U n ite d D e p a r tm e n t a n d o c c u p a tio n L e s s th a n 100 w o r k e r s W o rk ers E a rn in g s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s , _____________ S ta te s 2 G re a t 100 w o r k e r s o r m o r e W o rk e rs E a rn in g s L akes L e s s th a n 100 w o r k e r s W o rk e rs E a rn in g s PR O C E S S IN G PR O C E SSO R S......................................................................... MACHINE T E N D E R S, R U IN G AND B L E N D IN G ...................................................................... 91 * 5 . 17 466 $ 6 .0 3 202 $ 6 .9 6 57 5 .0 2 4 GO 6 .2 2 186 7 .0 1 154 113 4 .6 6 5 .0 7 321 241 £0 5 .3 4 5 .6 0 4 .5 7 - - - - 75 36 36 * 4 .4 3 £ .4 4 5 .4 4 - 175 162 159 23 5 .8 0 5 .7 5 5 .9 6 4 .3 3 83 71 - - 23 5 .9 3 15 2S3 7 .2 4 7 .5 3 182 8 .1 6 39 4 .8 3 239 6 .2 1 160 6 .7 3 PACKING PA C K ER S.................................................................................. DOUGHS................................................................................ FLOUR M IZ E S ................................................................ MATERIAL _ MOVEMENT L A BO RERS, MATERIAL BA N D U N G ............. ... T R U C K E R S, P O W E R ..* * .............................................. F O R K L IF T ......................................................................... OTHER THAN F O R K L IF T ....................................... _ _ 6 .8 7 7 .0 7 * MAINTENANCE E L E C T R IC IA N S .................................................................... M E C H A N IC S, GENERAL U 1 I L I T I .......................... _ S E R V IC E AND CUSTODIAL J A N IT O R S , PO RTERS, AND C L E A N E R S .. . . 1 E x c lu d e s p re m iu m p a y fo r o v e r tim e a n d fo r w o rk o n w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d la te s h ifts . 2 I n c l u d e s d a t a f o r o t h e r r e g i o n s i n a d d i t i o n to G reat L ak es. 3 I n c l u d e s d a t a f o r w o r k e r s in c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s in a d d itio n to th o s e show n se p a ra te ly . N O T E : D a s h e s in d ic a te th a t n o d a ta w e r e r e p o r te d o r th a t d a ta d id n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n c r i t e r i a . 32 Table 28. Blended and prepared flour: Occupational averages by union contract status (N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s tr a ig h t- tim e h o u rly e a r n in g s 1 o f p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s U n ite d S ta te s a n d G r e a t L a k e s , S e p te m b e r 1977) in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s , U n ite d S ta te s 2 D e p a r tm e n t an d o c c u p a tio n M a jo rity c o v e re d W o rk e rs E a rn in g s G re a t N one o r n in o rity cove r e d L akes M a jo rity c o v e re d W o rk e rs E a rn in g s W o rk e rs E a rn in g s P R O C E S S IN G P R O C E SSO R S......................................................................... MACHINE TEN D ER S, MIXING AND B L EN D IN G ...................................................................... PANELEOABD O E E E A T C B S, B IX IN G ANE B L E N D IN G ...................................................................... 483 $ 6 .2 2 94 $ 4 .1 9 206 $ 6 .9 9 385 6 .4 5 72 4 .0 0 183 7 .0 6 7 5 .9 4 * 360 276 84 5 .4 1 5 .3 3 5 .6 7 162 166 154 ~ “ 115 6 109 4 .2 2 3 .8 6 4 .2 4 - 6 .3 9 6 .2 9 6 .3 4 88 52 41 3 .5 4 3 .8 1 4 .0 5 83 71 6 .9 4 7 .1 7 16 294 7 .6 1 7 .6 2 22 4 .7 2 9 184 7 .7 8 8 . 16 253 6 .2 6 25 3 .5 7 165 6 .7 1 PACKING PA C K ERS.................................................................................. DOUGHS............................................................................... FLOUR M IX E S................................................................ — M ATERIAL MOVEMENT L A B O R ER S, M ATERIAL HANDLING...................... T R U C K ER S, POWER.......................................................... F O R K L IF T ......................................................................... MAINTENANCE E L E C T R IC IA N S ................................................................... M E C H A N IC S, GENERAL U T IL IT Y ......................... S E R V IC E J A N IT O R S , - AND CUSTODIAL PO RTERS, AND C L E A N E R S .. . . ------------------ 4 1 E x c lu d e s p re m iu m p a y fo r o v e r tim e a n d fo r w o rk o n w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d la te s h ifts . 2 I n c l u d e s d a t a f o r o t h e r r e g i o n s i n a d d i t i o n to G reat L ak es. 3 I n c l u d e s d a t a f o r w o r k e r s i n c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s in a d d itio n to th o s e show n s e p a r a te ly . N O T E : D a s h e s in d ic a te th a t n o d a ta w e r e * r e p o r te d o r th a t d a ta d id n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n c r i t e r i a . 33 Table 29. Blended and prepared flour: Method of wage payment (Percent of production workers by method of wage payment,1 United States and selected regions, September 1977) Method of wage payment United States1 2 Southwest Great Lakes Middle West Pacific All workers............................................ 100 100 100 100 100 Time-rated workers.................................. Formal plans.......................................... Single ra te ........................................... Range of rates.................................... Individual ra te s ...................................... 99 94 84 10 6 100 100 85 15 “ 99 97 93 3 3 100 71 59 12 29 100 100 86 14 1 For definition of method of wage payment, see appendix A. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. u> -t*. Table 30. Blended and prepared flour: Scheduled weekly hours (Percent of production workers by scheduled weekly hours,1 United States and selected regions, September 1977) Weekly hours United States2 Southwest Great Lakes Middle West Pacific All workers............................................ 100 100 100 100 100 40 hours................................................... Over 40 hours.......................................... 92 8 96 4 97 3 66 34 100 - 1 Data relate to the predominant schedule for fulltime day-shift workers in each establishment. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal 100. Table 31. Blended and prepared flour: Shift differential provisions (Percent of production workers by shift differential provisions,' United States and selected regions, September 1977) Shift differential United States2 Southwest Great Lakes Middle West Pacific Second shift CO CJ1 Workers in establishments with second-shift provisions........................... With shift differential.............................. Uniform cents per h o u r...................... 10 cents............................................ 12 cents............................................ 12.5 cents......................................... 13 cents............................................ 15 cents............................................ 17 cents............................................ 20 cents............................................ 25 cents............................................ Uniform percentage ............................ Other formal paid differential............. 96.9 90.1 84.9 8.5 60.9 3.4 2.3 6.1 .5 2.4 .8 2.0 3.3 89.1 78.6 78.6 31.7 46.9 89.5 85.3 80.5 4.5 3.4 7.0 2.3 60.9 .5 1.8 2.0 2.9 - 100.0 97.2 93.8 3.3 85.8 - - - - - 3.0 1.8 3.4 - 74.5 74.5 74.5 27.7 97.2 97.2 93.8 3.3 100.0 66.3 62.8 7.0 8.7 28.2 19.0 100.0 100.0 47.9 _ - 3.5 _ _ 9.5 23.9 14.4 52.1 96.5 62.8 62.8 76.1 76.1 23.9 - Third or other late shift Workers in establishments with thirdor other late-shift provisions.................. With shift differential.............................. Uniform cents per h o u r...................... 10 cents............................................ 12.5 cents......................................... 15 cents............................................ 17 cents............................................ 20 cents............................................ 22 cents............................................ 25 cents............................................ Uniform percentage ............................ Other formal paid differential............. ’ Refers to policies of establishments currently operating late shifts or having provisions covering late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those - - - 3.0 - - 46.9 85.8 - 28.2 7.0 19.0 8.7 - - - - 1.8 3.4 * - - - _ - 9.5 14.4 - 52.1 shown separately. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 32. Blended and prepared flour: Shift differential practices (Percent of production workers employed on late shifts by amount of pay differential, United States and selected regions, September 1977) Shift differential United States' Southwest Great Lakes Middle West Pacific Second shift Workers employed on second shift ........ Receiving differential ............................ Uniform cents per hour ...................... 10 cents............................................ 12 ce n ts............................................ 12.5 cents......................................... 13 ce n ts............................................ 15 ce n ts............................................ 17 ce n ts............................................ 20 cents............................................ 25 cents............................................ Uniform percentage ........................... Other formal paid differential............. 26.5 24.3 23.3 2.0 18.0 1.3 .6 1.0 .1 .3 .1 .9 32.1 27.5 27.5 11.3 16.2 - 28.0 27.3 27.2 .9 25.0 .8 .4 .1 - 27.7 17.2 16.8 .5 1.8 16.2 14.0 12.8 12.7 .6 .3 8.7 8.7 8.7 4.2 4.4 ” 18.3 18.3 18.2 .3 17.4 7.3 7.3 .4 .4 .4 - .9 11.1 4.7 - 18.0 18.0 1.8 - - Third or other late shift Workers employed on third or other late s h ift.................................... Receiving differential ............................ Uniform cents per h o u r...................... 10 ce n ts............................................ 12.5 cents......................................... 15 ce n ts............................................ 17 ce n ts............................................ 20 ce n ts............................................ 22 ce n ts............................................ 25 ce n ts............................................ Uniform percentage ........................... Other formal paid differential............. - .6 11.3 0 - .1 — 1 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 2 Less than 0.05 percent. - 17.9 .1 ” - - 2.5 4.7 ” - - .4 ” NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 33. Blended and prepared flour: Paid holidays (Percent of production workers with formal provisions for paid holidays, United States and selected regions, September 1977)1 2 Number of paid holidays United States' Southwest Great Lakes Middle West Pacific All workers............................................ 100 100 100 100 100 Workers in establishments providing paid holidays........................... 5 days .................................................... 6 days .................................................... 6 days plus 2 half days......................... 7 days.................................................... 7 days plus 2 half days......................... 8 days .................................................... 9 days .................................................... 10 days .................................................. 11 days .................................................. 12 days .................................................. 100 2 5 2 3 1 7 10 2 67 O 100 11 9 2 28 47 4 100 3 3 94 100 37 7 28 9 19 “ 100 38 14 38 10 “ 1 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 36 Table 34. Blended and prepared flour: Paid vacations (Percent of production workers in establishments with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, United States and selected regions, September 1977) Vacation policy United States1 Southwest Great Lakes Middle West Pacific All workers ............................................. 100 100 100 100 100 Method of payment Workers in establishments providing paid vacations .......................... Length-of-time payment.......................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 34 61 4 49 47 4 5 89 6 97 - 100 - 10 29 61 21 32 47 11 89 44 56 - 100 (1 3) 2 33 62 5 2 51 47 - 8 89 3 100 - 52 48 (3) 3 36 61 2 51 47 11 89 3 97 100 Amount of vacation pay2 After 1 year of service: 1 week .................................................... Over 1 and under 2 w eeks.................... 2 weeks ................................................... After 2 years of service: 1 week .................................................... 2 weeks ................................................... Over 2 and under 3 weeks .................... After 5 years of service: 1 week .................................................... 2 weeks .................................................. Over 2 and under 3 w eeks.................... 3 weeks .................................................. After 10 years of service: 1 week .................................................... 2 weeks .................................................. 3 weeks .................................................. Over 3 and under 4 weeks .................... After 15 years of service: 1 week .................................................... 2 weeks .................................................. 3 weeks .................................................. 4 weeks .................................................. Over 4 and under 5 w eeks.................... After 20 years of service: 1 week .................................................... 2 weeks .................................................. 3 weeks .................................................. 4 weeks .................................................. 5 weeks .................................................. Over 5 and under 6 weeks .................... After 25 years of service:4 1 week .................................................... 2 weeks .................................................. 3 weeks .................................................. 4 weeks .................................................. 5 weeks .................................................. Over 5 and under 6 w eeks.................... - - (3) 3 18 18 61 2 - - - - - 24 28 47 6 5 89 3 62 35 - 38 62 _ (3) 3 18 14 4 61 2 20 32 47 6 3 2 89 3 62 16 19 _ _ _ 38 62 _ _ 0 3 18 11 7 61 2 20 4 28 47 6 3 2 89 3 62 16 19 - _ _ 38 52 10 - 1 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 2 Vacation payments, such as percent of annual earnings, were converted to an equivalent time basis. Periods of service were chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, changes indicated at 10 years may include changes that - - occurred between 5 and 10 years. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. 4 Vacation provisions were virtually the same after longer periods of service. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 37 Table 35. Blended and prepared flour: Health, insurance, and retirement benefits (Percent of production workers with specified health, insurance, and retirement plans,1 United States and selected regions, September 1977) Type of plan All workers............................................ United States1 2 Southwest Great Lakes Middle West Pacific 100 100 100 100 100 94 89 100 87 100 93 97 97 76 76 29 26 24 11 14 11 97 97 76 76 91 86 83 71 71 57 100 100 97 97 90 90 62 _ 6 - 6 7 24 - 38 - Workers in establishments providing: Life insurance........................................ Noncontributory plans......................... Accidental death and dismemberment insurance.................. Noncontributory plans......................... Sickness and accident insurance or sick leave or both3 ........................... Sickness and accident insurance ...... Noncontributory plans...................... Sick leave (full pay, no waiting period) ............................. Sick leave (partial pay or waiting period).............................. Long-term disability insurance.............. Noncontributory plans......................... Hospitalization insurance...................... Noncontributory plans......................... Surgical insurance................................. Noncontributory plans......................... Medical insurance................................. Noncontributory plans......................... Major medical insurance....................... Noncontributory plans......................... Retirement plans4 .................................. Pensions.............................................. Noncontributory plans...................... Severance p a y .................................... 13 100 87 100 87 100 87 100 87 89 89 76 “ 15 32 30 100 93 100 93 100 93 100 93 93 93 92 12 1 Includes those plans for which the employer pays at least part of the cost and excludes legally required plans such as workers’ compensation and social security; however, plans required by State temporary disability laws are included if the employer contributes more than is legally required or the employees receive benefits in excess of legal requirements. “ Noncontributory plans” include only those plans financed entirely by the employer. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those 21 49 49 100 97 100 97 100 97 100 97 97 97 97 20 - - - 100 97 100 97 100 97 100 97 90 90 90 ” 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 62 62 62 shown separately. 3 Unduplicated total of workers receiving sickness and accident insurance and sick leave shown separately. 4 Unduplicated total of workers covered by pension plans and severance pay shown separately. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 36. Blended and prepared flour: Other selected benefits (Percent of production workers in establishments providing funeral leave pay, jury-duty leave, and technological severance pay,1 United States and selected regions, September 1977) Type of benefit United States2 Southwest Great Lakes Middle West Pacific 97 35 28 38 24 ” Workers in establishments with provisions for: Funeral leave............................................. Jury-duty leave .......................................... Technological severance p a y................... 94 84 47 92 82 68 1 For definition of items, see appendix A. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 38 100 100 94 Part IV. Wet Corn Milling Earnings Straight-time earnings of the over 6,300 production and related workers in wet corn mills averaged $6.87 in September 1977 (table 37). The averages in the two principal regions, accounting for seven-eighths of the work force, were $7.10 in the Middle West and $6.88 in the Great Lakes. Earnings of individual workers fell within compara tively narrow limits-the middle 50 percent earned be tween $6.49 and $7.40 an hour (table 38). The index of dispersion- 13-was lowest by far of the four industries studied. Few other industries studied in the Bureau’s occupational wage survey program have so little earn ings dispersion. 9 Average earnings for workers in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, for workers in mills with under 100 employees, and for those in larger mills are also presented in table 37. Based on a limited number of comparisons, workers in the larger-size mills averaged substantially more than those in the 20 to 99 size group, whereas little pay differences existed between metro politan areas and smaller communities. Hourly averages among occupations selected for sep arate study ranged from $7.80 for millwrights to just over $6 for janitors and dry starch panelboard opera tors (table 39). As a group, workers in processing oc cupations averaged $6.76; among the seven job classi fications shown separately in this category, averages were between $6.86 and $7.22 for five jobs, $6 for dry starch panelboard operators, and $6.55 for dry starch machine tenders. Paid holidays and vacations. All workers were granted paid holidays; two-thirds received 10 days annually, one-fourth, 9 days, and the remainder, 8 days (table 43). Paid vacations, after qualifying periods of service, were provided to all workers (table 44). For most work ers, the vacation policy was 1 week’s pay after 1 year of service, 2 weeks after 2 years, 3 weeks after 10 years, 4 weeks after 15 years, 5 weeks after 20 years, and 6 weeks after 25 years. Health, insurance, and retirement plans. All workers in wet corn mills had hospitalization, surgical, basic med ical, and major medical insurance which was usually financed jointly by employers and employees (table 45). At least nine-tenths of the workers also had life and sickness and accident policies, usually paid entirely by the employer. Seven-tenths of the workers were cov ered by accidental death and dismemberment insurance and four-tenths by long-term disability insurance. Retirement pension plans, in addition to social secu rity, applied to all workers. A large majority in the Great Lakes had plans entirely financed by their em ployers; the majority in the Middle West, in contrast, contributed to the funding of their plans. Other selected benefits. Approximately nine-tenths of the workers had funeral leave and jury-duty pay plans in their mills (table 46). Severance pay for permanent ly laid-off workers was available in mills employing two-fifths of the work force; these plans were mostly found in the Great Lakes region. Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions Scheduled weekly hours and shift work. Work sched ules of 40 hours a week were found in virtually all wet corn mills visited in September 1977. Nearly all production workers were in mills with for mal provisions for late shifts (table 41). About onefourth of the workers were actually employed on sec ond shifts in September 1977, and one-fifth were em ployed on third or other late shifts (table 42). Shift dif ferentials, almost always uniform cents-per-hour pay ments above day-shift rates, were typically 12, 15, or 18 cents for second-shift work and 18 or 30 cents for third shifts. 8See footnote 7. 9Industries with low dispersion factors include motor vehicles, cig arettes, coal mining, and petroleum refining; all are highly unionized and have predominantly single-rate pay systems. 39 Table 37. W et corn milling: Average hourly earnings by selected characteristics (N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s tr a ig h t- tim e e a r n in g s 1 o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s b y s e le c te d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s , S e p t e m b e r 19 7 7 )___________________ _____________________________ ________ U n ite d C h a ra c te ris tic s G re a t L ak es E a rn in g s W o rk ers M id d le W e s t E a rn in g s WORKERS..................................... 6 .3 3 7 S 6 .8 7 3 ,2 2 9 S I Z E OF L S IA 3 L IS H M L N T : 2 0 - 9 9 WORKERS........................................................ 1 0 0 HOHK.XS OR MORr...................................... 267 6 , 070 4 .6 1 6 . 97 3 ,2 0 0 S I Z E OP C O H d U N IX Y :4 flETR O PO LITA N AU LA S........................................ N D N dL IR O P L IT A N AULAS................................... 4 ,3 7 1 1 ,9 6 6 6 . 87 6 . 85 - - ~ ~ 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y fo r o v e r tim e a n d f o r w o rk o n w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d la te s h if ts . 2 I n c lu d e s d a ta fo r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th o s e sh o w n s e p a r a te ly . ^ ?* 3 V irtu a lly a ll w o rk e rs w e re m e n . W o rk e rs go ALL PRODUCTION S ta te s 2 W o rk e rs 6 .8 9 E a rn in g s 2 ,3 6 2 $ 7 .1 0 2 ,3 1 6 7 .1 4 - - ' 4 S ta n d a rd M e tr o p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A r e a s a s d e fin e d b y th e U . S . O ffic e o f M a n a g e m e n t a n d B u d g e t th ro u g h F e b r u a r y 1974. N O T E : D a s h e s in d ic a te th a t n o d a ta w e r e r e p o r te d o r th a t d a ta d id n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n c r i t e r i a . Table 38. W et corn milling: Earnings distribution ( P e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s b y s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s 1, U n ite d S ta te s a n d s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s , S e p te m b e r 1977) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------— TUTn-ii-'j---------- G _____ r r irda dr lre— ite d r e a it------— rM H o u rly e a r n in g s 1 L akes S ta te s 2 W est NUHBEB O f WORKERS............................................ AVERAGE HOURLY EA RN IN G S ...................... 6 ,3 3 7 $ 6 .8 7 3 ,2 2 9 $ 6 . 88 2 .3 6 2 $ 7 . 10 T O T A L ..---------- ------------------ ---------------- 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 UNDER $ 5 . 0 0 ................... .......................................... 3 .3 - 0 .7 _ 0. 1 -2 .2 i* ) - . 3 5 .0 0 $ 5 .1 0 $ 5 .2 0 $ 5 . 30 $ 5 .4 0 AliO ANO A lio AND AMD UNDl.fi UNDER UNDoR UM0t.il UNooR $ 5 . 1 0 ................................ $ 5 . 2 0 ................................ $ 5 . 3 0 ...................... ... $ 5 . 4 0 . ............................ $ 5 . 5 0 ............. ................. $ 5 .5 0 $ 5 . oO $ 5 .7 0 $ 5 .8 0 $ 5 .5 0 AMD AMD «MO AMD AMO UNDi.fi UNDER UNDER UMOOR UNDiR $ 5 . 6 0 . . .......................... $ 5 . 7 0 ................................ $ 5 . 8 0 ................................ $ 5 . 9 0 ............................... $ 6 . 0 0 ................................ .1 .7 .4 2 .0 2 .9 .6 . 2 3 .8 5 .6 $ 6 .0 0 $ 0 .2 0 $ 6 .4 0 $ 6 .o 0 $ 6 .3 0 AMO AMO AND AND AND 0 MOOR UNDER UNDER JN D i.ii UNDER $ 6 . 2 0 ................................ $ 6 . 4 0 ....... ........................ $ 6 . 6 0 ................................ i b . b u ................................ $ 7 . 0 0 ............................... 2 .0 8 .2 1 4 .2 9 .4 1 1 .1 2 .8 1 5 .5 12. 5 6 -2 1 2 .4 . 1 7 .7 1 2 .8 1 0 .7 $ 7 .0 0 $ 7 .2 0 $ 7 .4 0 $ 7 .6 0 $ 7 .8 0 AMO AMO AND AMD AND UNDER UNDER UMOfeR UNDUE UNDt.fi $ 7 . 2 0 ................................ $ 7 . 4 0 ................................ $ 7 . 6 0 ............................. $ 7 . 8 0 ................................ $ 6 . 0 0 ................................ 1 2 .1 9 .0 9 .6 1 .3 1 .5 8 .2 1 1 .0 8 .0 1 .2 1. 3 1 9 .4 9 .0 1 2 .4 1 .1 1 .6 $ 8 .0 0 3 8 .2 0 $ 8 .4 0 $ 8 .o 0 $ 8 .8 0 ANO AND AMD AND AND UNDER U H o tfi UNDER UNDe e UNDtR $ 8 . 2 0 . . ....................... 3 8 . 4 0 ....... ........................ $ 8 . 6 0 ................................ $ 8 . 6 0 . . . ....................... $ 9 . 0 0 ............................... 7 .1 3 .3 .5 .1 * 3 .8 6. 1 . 1 . 1 1 1 .7 .5 1 .2 3 9 .0 0 AND UNDER $ 9 . 2 0 ................................ - - .1 .1 . 1 .1 -9 a d d itio n to th o s e 1 E x c lu d e s p re m iu m p a y fo r o v e rtim e a n d fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s a n d la te s h if ts . i I n c l u d e s d a t a f o r r e g i o n s in _ 1 -0 (* ) <*) - sh o w n s e p a r a te ly . N O T E : D a s h e s in d ic a te n o d a ta re p o rte d . 40 Table 39. W et corn milling: Occupational averages—all establishments (N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s tr a ig n t- tim e h o u rly e a rn in g s * o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a tio n s , U n ite d S ta te s D e p a rtm e n t a n d o c c u p a tio n N um ber of w o rk e rs an d s e le c te d r e g io n s , G reat L akes U n ite d S ta te s 2 H o u rly e a r n in g s 1 M id d le ra n g e N um ber of w o rk ers H o u rly e a rn in g s 1 M ean M e d ia n M id d le ra n g e $ 6 .9 3 5 6 .8 5 $6. 45- $ 7 .2 0 _ M ean M e d ia n 43 24 S 6 .9 6 6 .9 3 * 7 .1 1 7 .0 2 1 ,4 6 0 226 27 4 185 188 53 40 6 .7 6 6 .8 6 6 .5 5 7 .0 2 6 .9 6 6 .0 5 7 .2 2 6 .8 4 6 .8 3 6 . 96 7 .1 3 7 .0 1 6 .5 4 7 .0 0 6 .4 6 .4 6 .3 6 .7 6 .6 4 .6 6 .5 9958985- 7 .2 7 7 .3 2 7 .4 4 7 .3 2 7 .2 2 6 .5 4 7 .6 9 150 54 78 10 25 _ 7 .0 3 6 .9 8 6 .8 6 7 .3 7 7 .2 4 73 6 .9 8 7 .0 1 6 .0 3 - 7 .2 2 16 245 39 34 128 34 6 .5 6 6 .8 4 6 .6 6 6 .3 2 6 .9 4 6 . 77 6 .8 4 6 .7 0 6 .5 4 7 .0 7 6 .5 3 6 .7 2 6 .2 3 6 .2 3 6 .7 9 - 7 .0 1 6 .9 6 7 .0 1 6 .8 6 7 .0 7 57 _ - 187 199 194 6 .1 6 6 .5 1 6 .5 0 6 .5 9 6 .5 4 6 .5 4 5 .9 7 6 .3 7 6 .3 7 - 6 .8 0 6 .8 9 6 .8 9 135 182 131 62 70 7 .7 6 6 .9 7 7 .8 0 6 .9 0 7 .7 6 8 .0 5 7 .2 6 8 .0 5 7 . 13 7 .5 1 7 .4 9 6 .6 7 7 .4 9 6. 797 .4 0 - 8 .0 8 7 .6 7 8 .0 5 7 . 17 8 .1 3 89 297 6 .2 3 6 . 10 6 .5 5 6 .4 3 6 .0 5 5 .8 1 - 6 .8 8 6 .4 3 ELEVATOfi O PE R A T IO N S a EC EX VERS............. ............................................................... MBIGHER3 ............................... „ ............................................ * 6 .5 9 6 .7 0 - 5 7 .3 2 7 . 12 26 - - - P R O C E S SIN G PR O C E S S O R S.................. ...................................................... CONVERTER OPERA TO RS......................................... SA C H IN E TENDERS* DRY STA R C H ................ MACHINE T E N D E R S , H IL L IN G ......................... MACHINE T E N D E R S, SYRUP R E F I N I N G .. PANELBOARD O PE R A T O R S, DRY STARCH. PANELBOARD O PE R A T O R S, H I L L I N G . . . . PANELBOARD O P E R A T O R S, SYRUP R E F I N I N G ...................................................................... _ _ 7 .4 8 7 .4 4 7 .1 1 7 .6 9 _ 0 .5 9 6 .5 0 6 .4 9 6 .5 5 - 7 .7 0 8 -0 1 7 .6 1 - 8 .2 1 6 .5 8 ~ 0 .6 5 - 6 .6 0 6 .2 3 6 .2 3 - 6 .8 4 7 .2 7 - 93 72 70 6 .2 0 6 .6 7 6 .6 6 5 .9 7 6 .7 0 6 .7 0 5 .9 7 6 .2 3 6 .2 3 - 6 .3 2 7 .2 0 7 .2 0 57 7 .7 8 7 .8 4 7. 407 .4 0 6 .7 0 - 8 .0 8 7 .8 4 7 .1 6 - 7 .3 1 7 .2 0 6 .9 7 - - - 7 .7 0 PA C K IN G PA C K ER S.................................................................................. DRY SY R U P....................................................................... F E E D ......................... .. .................... .................................... STA RCH ............................................................................... SYRU P.................................................................................. 30 - 6 .6 0 - M ATERIAL MOVEMENT L A B O R E R S, M ATERIAL HANDLING...................... T R U C K E R S, POWER............. ............................................. F O R K L IF T ......................................................................... MAINTENANCE E L E C T R IC IA N S .................................................................... M EC H A N IC S, GENERAL U T IL I T Y ......................... M IL L W R IG H T S...................................................................... O I L E R S ............................... .......................... - ....................... S H E E T -M E T A L WORKERS............................................... - 56 25 - - 7 .6 2 6 . do " - 7 .4 0 6 .7 9 - S E R V IC E AND C U STO D IA L G U A R D S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... J A N I T O R S , P O R T E R S , AND C L E A N E R S . .. . _ _ _ _ - M id d le W e s t ELEVATOR O PER A TIO N S R E C E I V E R S . . . . .................. ............................................. W E I G H E R S ................................................................ ........ 15 ” S 6 .9 5 ~ * 7 . 11 - * 6 .7 8 - * 7 .3 2 - 7 .1 4 7 .3 2 7 .0 0 7 . 17 7 .0 9 - 7 .1 3 7 .4 2 7 .0 1 7 . 13 7 .1 3 - 7 .0 1 7 .2 5 6 .9 6 7. 05 6 .9 0 - 7 .3 2 7 .4 2 7 .1 3 7 .3 2 7 .3 2 - P R O C E S SIN G P R O C E S S O R S ..................................................................... CONVERTER O PE R A T O R S........................................ MACHINE T E N D E R S , DRY S T A R C H ................ MACHINE T E N D E R S , M IL L IN G ......................... MACHINE T E N D E R S , SYRUP R E F I N I N G . . ' PANELBOARD O P E R A T O R S, DRY STA R C H . PANELBOARD O P E R A T O R S, H I L L I N G . . . . PANELBOARD O P E R A T O R S, SY R U P............. R E F I N I N G ...................................................................... 493 94 73 115 84 ~ * - - PA CK ING PA C K E R S................................................................................... DRY SY R U P...................................................................... ... F E E D . . ............. .................................................................. STARCH............................................................................... SYRUP................................................................................... 160 27 19 78 28 6 .7 8 6 .8 2 6 .9 7 6 . 57 7 .1 1 6 .8 6 6 .7 7 7 .0 1 6 .6 2 7 .0 7 6. 646 .6 8 7 .0 1 6 .5 4 7 .0 2 - 67 108 105 6 . 70 6 .6 2 6 .6 2 6 .7 7 6 .5 4 6 .5 4 .6 6 6 .5 4 6. 54- 21 7 .9 1 _ 8 .0 5 - _ 7 .0 2 6 .9 6 7 .0 2 6 .8 6 7 .0 7 M ATERIAL MOVEMENT LA B O R E R S, M ATERIAL H A N D L IN G .. . . . . . . T R U C K ER S, P O W E R . . . . ............................................... F O R K L IF T ....................................................... 6 6 .7 8 6 .7 8 6 .7 8 MAINTENANCE E L E C T R I C ! A N S ................................................................. M E C H A N IC S, GENERAL U T I L I T Y ......................... M ILLW R IG H TS...................................................................... O IL E R S ...................................................................................... SH EET-M ETA L WORKERS............................................... S E R V IC E - _ 7 .5 1 - _ - 8 . 13 AND CU STO D IA L GUARDS...................................................................................... J A N I T O R S , P O R T E R S , AND C L E A N E R S . .. . 1 E x c lu d e s e n d s , h o lid a y s , m e a n s , m e d ia n s , n o t c o m p u te d f o r - _ _ " p re m iu m p a y fo r o v e rtim e a n d f o r w o rk o n w e e k and la te s h ifts . S e e a p p e n d ix A f o r d e fin itio n s o f a n d m id d le r a n g e s . M e d ia n s a n d m id d le r a n g e s w e r e o c c u p a t i o n s w i t h f e w e r t h a n 15 w o r k e r s . 2 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g i o n s in a d d itio n to th o s e N O T E : D a s h e s in d ic a te th a t no d a ta w e r e d id n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n c r i t e r i a . 41 sh o w n s e p a ra te ly . re p o rte d o r th a t d a ta Table 40. Wet corn milling: Method of wage payment (Percent of production workers by method of wage payment,1 United States and selected regions, September 1977) Method of wage payment United States2 Great Lakes Middle West All workers ............................................. 100 100 100 Time-rated workers ................................... Formal p la n s........................................... Single rate ............................................ Range of rate s..................................... 100 99 70 30 100 99 99 1 100 100 28 72 1 2 For definition of method of wage payment, see appendix A. Includes data for regions in addition to those separately. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 41. Wet corn milling: Shift differential provisions (Percent of production workers by shift differential provisions,1 United States and selected regions, September 1977) United States2 Shift differential Great Lakes Middle West Second shift Workers in establishments with second-shift provisions........................... With shift differential.............................. Uniform cents per h o u r...................... Under 12 ce n ts ................................ 12 cents............................................ 14 cents............................................ 15 cents............................................ 18 cents............................................ 20 cents............................................ 99.3 97.9 97.9 3.0 25.2 2.7 32.1 27.5 7.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 .9 49.4 29.0 20.7 - 42.2 45.6 10.3 99.3 97.9 97.9 2.5 .5 26.8 5.3 2.7 7.7 2.1 21.3 12.0 17.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.1 98.1 98.1 14.2 38.3 - 98.1 98.1 98.1 - Third or other late shift Workers in establishments with thirdor other late-shift provisions.................. With shift differential.............................. Uniform cents per h o u r...................... 15 cents............................................ 16 cents............................................ 18 cents............................................ 20 cents............................................ Over 20 and under 25 cents ........... 25 cents............................................ Over 25 and under 30 cents .......... 30 cents............................................ 35 cents............................................ Over 35 ce n ts .................................. - .9 49.4 15.2 4.0 13.9 16.7 “ - 45.6 1 Refers to policies of establishments currently operating late shifts or having provisions covering late shifts. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 42 Table 42. Wet corn milling: Shift differential practices (Percent of production workers employed on late shifts by amount of pay differential, United States and selected regions, September 1977) United States1 Shift differential Great Lakes Middle West Second shift Workers employed on second shift ........ Receiving differential ............................. Uniform cents per hour ...................... Under 12 ce n ts................................ 12 cents............................................ 14 cents............................................ 15 cents............................................ 18 cents............................................ 20 cents............................................ 23.1 22.8 22.8 .6 7.1 .5 7.0 6.5 1.1 23.4 23.4 23.4 .2 13.9 20.3 20.1 20.1 .5 0 5.8 1.3 .5 1.2 .3 4.1 1.6 4.7 19.0 19.0 19.0 .1 10.8 _ 2.3 .5 2.8 2.5 - - 5.8 3.4 - 24.1 24.1 24.1 _ _ _ 9.3 12.7 2.2 Third or other late shift Workers employed on third or other late sh ift.................................... Receiving differential ............................. Uniform cents per h o u r...................... 15 cents............................................ 16 cents............................................ 18 cents............................................ 20 cents............................................ Over 20 and under 25 cents .......... 25 cents............................................ Over 25 and under 30 cents ........... 30 cents............................................ 35 cents............................................ Over 35 ce n ts.................................. 23.5 23.5 23.5 _ _ _ 3.6 _ _ _ 7.2 _ 12.7 ' Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 2 Less than 0.05 percent. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 43. Wet corn milling: Paid holidays (Percent of production workers with formal provisions for paid holidays, United States and selected regions, September 1977) United States’ Number of paid holidays Great Lakes Middle West All workers............................................ 100 100 100 Workers in establishments providing paid holidays........................... 8 days ..................................................... 9 days ..................................................... 10 days ................................................... 100 7 25 68 100 14 17 69 100 29 71 1 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 43 Table 44. Wet corn milling: Paid vacations (Percent of production workers with formal provisions for paid vacations after selected periods of service, United States and selected regions, September 1977) Vacation policy All workers............................................. United States' 100 Great Lakes Middle West 100 100 98 2 100 96 4 100 100 Amount of vacation pay2 After 1 year of service: 88 8 1 100 92 7 1 86 14 72 7 18 3 67 14 15 4 74 14 2 After 2 years of service: 98 2 84 _ 14 2 1 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 2 Vacation payments, such as percent of annual earnings, were converted to an equivalent time basis. Periods of service were chosen arbitrarily and do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, changes indicated at 10 years may include changes that occurred Great Lakes Middle West Amount of vacation pay2 Workers in establishments After 5 years of service: 2 weeks .................................................. United States’ 100 Method of payment -tk Vacation policy After 10 years of service: 3 weeks .................................................. Over 3 and under 4 weeks................... 5 weeks .................................................. 6 weeks .................................................. After 15 years of service: 3 weeks .................................................. 4 weeks .................................................. Over 4 and under 5 weeks................... 5 weeks .................................................. Over 7 weeks ........................................ After 20 years of service: 3 weeks .................................................. 5 weeks .................................................. Over 5 and under 6 weeks................... Over 7 weeks ........................................ After 25 years of service:3 3 weeks .................................................. 5 weeks .................................................. 6 weeks .................................................. Over 6 and under 7 weeks................... Over 7 weeks ........................................ 90 7 2 1 82 14 4 - 2 7 83 7 2 1 - 82 14 4 14 84 7 85 7 1 86 14 7 35 51 7 1 98 2 14 84 2 14 54 32 14 - 84 2 between 5 and 10 years. 3 Vacation provisions were virtually the same after longer periods of service. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 45. Wet corn milling: Health, insurance, and retirement benefits (Percent of production workers with specified health, insurance, and retirement plans,’ United States and selected regions, September 1977) United States2 Type of plan All workers............................................ Great Lakes Middle West 100 100 100 92 64 83 83 100 36 69 46 68 68 67 22 96 92 71 100 100 100 91 89 33 Workers in establishments providing: Life insurance........................................ Noncontributory plans......................... Accidental death and dismemberment insurance .................. Noncontributory plans......................... Sickness and accident insurance or sick leave or both3 ........................... Sickness and accident insurance ...... Noncontributory plans...................... Sick leave (full pay, no waiting period) .............................. Sick leave (partial pay or waiting period) ............................... Long-term disability insurance.............. Noncontributory plans......................... Hospitalization insurance...................... Noncontributory plans......................... Surgical insurance................................. Noncontributory plans......................... Medical insurance................................. Noncontributory plans......................... Major medical insurance....................... Noncontributory plans......................... Retirement plans4.................................. Pensions.............................................. Noncontributory plans...................... 9 4 40 26 100 41 100 41 100 41 100 41 100 100 72 - 14 - 2 21 2 100 16 100 16 100 16 100 16 100 100 45 64 50 100 54 100 54 100 54 100 54 100 100 86 1 Includes those plans for which the employer pays at least part of the cost and excludes legally required plans such as workers’ compensation and social security; however, plans required by State temporary disability laws are included if the employer contributes more than is legally required or the employees receive benefits in excess of legal requirements. “ Noncontributory plans” include only those plans financed entirely by the employer. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 3 Unduplicated total of workers receiving sickness and accident insurance and sick leave shown separately. 4 Unduplicated total of workers covered by pension plans and severance pay shown separately. NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Table 46. Wet corn milling: Other selected benefits (Percent of production workers with provisions for funeral leave , jury duty , and technological severance pay, ' United States and selected regions, September 1977) United States2 Type of benefit Great Lakes Middle West Workers in establishments with provisions for: 92 90 40 Funeral leave............................................ Jury-duty leave......................................... Technological severance pay ................. 83 83 65 ’ For definition of items, see appendix A. 2 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. 45 100 100 19 Appendix A. Scope and Method of Survey performed. An establishment is not necessarily identical with a company, which may consist of one establish ment or more. Scope of survey The survey included establishments engaged primari ly in the following manufacturing activities as defined in the 1972 edition of the Standard Industrial Classifica tion Manual (SIC) prepared by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget: Employment Estimates of the number of workers within the scope of the study are intended as a general guide to the size and composition of the industry’s labor force, rather than as precise measures of employment. 1. Milling flour or meal from grain, except rice (SIC 2041). The products of the flour and other grain mill products industry may be sold plain or in the form of prepared mixes or doughs for specific purposes. 2. Cleaning and polishing rice, and in manufacturing rice flour or meal (SIC 2044). Other important products of the rice milling industry include brown rice, milled rice (including polished rice), rice polish, and rice bran. 3. Preparing blended flours and flour mixes or doughs from purchased flour (SIC 2045). 4. Milling corn or sorgum grain (milo) by the wet process method, and producing starch, syrup, oil, sugar, and byproducts, such as gluten feed and meal (SIC 2046). Also included in the wet corn milling industry are establishments primarily manufacturing starch from other vegetable sources (potatoes, wheat, etc.). Production workers The terms “production workers” and “production and related workers,” used interchangeably in this bulletin, include working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonoffice activities. Admin istrative, executive, professional, and technical person nel, and force-account construction employees, who are used as a separate work force on the firm’s own properties, are excluded. Occupational classification Occupational classification was based on a uniform set of job descriptions designed to take account of interestablishment and interarea variations in duties within the same job. (See appendix B for these descrip tions.) The criteria for selection of the occupations were: The number of workers in the occupation; the usefulness of the data in collective bargaining; and appropriate representation of the entire job scale in the industry. Working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, tempo rary, and probationary workers were not reported in the data for selected occupations but were included in the data for all production workers. Separate auxiliary units such as central offices were excluded. Establishments studied were selected from those employing 20 workers or more at the time of reference of the data used in compiling the universe lists. Table A-l shows the number of establishments and workers estimated to be within the scope of the survey, as well as the number actually studied. Method of study Wage data Data were obtained by personal visits of the Bureau’s field staff to a representative sample of establishments within the scope of the survey. To obtain appropriate accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion of large than of small establishments was studied. All estimates are presented, therefore, as relating to all establishments in the industry, excluding only those below the minimum size at the time of reference of the universe data. Information on wages relates to straight-time hourly earnings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems, and cost-of-living bonuses were included as part of the workers’ regular pay. Nonproduction bonus payments, such as Christmas or yearend bonuses, were excluded. Average (mean) hourly rates or earnings for each occupation or category of workers, such as production workers, were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earnings) by the number of workers receiving Establishment definition An establishment is defined for this study as a single physical location where manufacturing operations are 46 Table A-1. Estimated number of establishments and employees within scope of survey and number studied, grain mill products, September 1977 Number of establishments2 Region’ Workers in establishments Within scope of study Within scope of Actually studied study Total3 Production workers Actually studied Flour and other grain mill products: United States4................................................................. Middle Atlantic............................................................. Border States............................................................... Southeast.................................................................... Southwest ................................................................... Great Lakes................................................................. Middle W est................................................................. Mountain...................................................................... Pacific .......................................................................... 193 25 14 30 15 48 37 11 13 102 11 7 20 12 20 14 9 9 14,539 1,612 450 1,723 1,120 4,602 3,147 633 1,252 10,550 1,278 338 1,225 756 3,176 2,476 476 825 9,683 1,088 226 1,422 1,002 2,758 1,565 570 1,052 Rice milling: United States.................................................................. 40 25 3,590 2,642 2,742 Blended and prepared flour: United States4................................................................. Southwest ................................................................... Great Lakes................................................................. Middle W e st................................................................. Pacific.......................................................................... 45 8 12 7 7 36 6 10 6 5 6,851 671 3,846 898 419 5,187 495 3,015 632 284 6,432 651 3,742 788 293 Wet corn milling: United States4................................................................. Great Lakes ................................................................ Middle W est................................................................. 22 6 9 17 6 6 10,089 4,875 4,220 6,337 3,229 2,362 8,417 4,875 2,671 The regions used in this study include Middle A tla n tic New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Border States— Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia; Southeast—Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Southwest—Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Great Lakes—Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Middle West—Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, North Da kota, and South Dakota; Mountain—Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific— California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. 2 Includes only those establishments with 20 workers or more at the time of reference of the universe data. 3 Includes executive, professional, office, and other workers in addition to the production worker category shown sep arately. 4 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown sep arately. Alaska and Hawaii were not Included In the study. according to certain criteria, they are essentially metro politan in character and are socially and economically integrated with the central city. In New England, where the city and town are administratively more important than the county, they are the units used in defining Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas. the rate, totaling, and dividing by the number of individuals. The hourly earnings of salaried workers were obtained by dividing straight-time salaries by the normal (or standard) hours to which the salaries correspond. The median designates position; that is, one-half of the employees surveyed received more than this rate and one-half received less. The middle range is defined by two rates of pay such that one-fourth of the employees earned less than the lower of these rates and one-fourth earned more than the higher rate. Labor-management agreements Separate wage data are presented, where possible, for establishments that had (1) a majority of the production workers covered by labor-management contracts, and (2) none or a minority of the production workers covered by labor-management contracts. Size of community Tabulations by size of community pertain to metro politan and nonmetropolitan areas. The term “metro politan areas,” as used in this bulletin, refers to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget through February 1974. Except in New England, a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area is defined as a county or group of contiguous counties which contains at least one city of 50,000 inhabitants or more. Counties contiguous to the one containing such a city are included in a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area if, Method of wage payment Tabulations by method of wage payment relate to the number of workers paid under the various time and incentive wage systems. Formal rate structures for time-rated workers provide single rates or a range of rates for individual job categories. In the absence of a formal rate structure, pay rates are determined primari ly by the qualifications of the individual worker. A single rate structure is one in which the same rate is paid to all experienced workers in the same job 47 classification. Learners, apprentices, or probationary workers may be paid according to rate schedules which start below the single rate and permit the workers to achieve the full job rate over a period of time. An experienced worker occasionally may be paid above or below the single rate for special reasons, but such payments are exceptions. Range-of-rate plans are those in which the minimum, maximum, or both of these rates paid experienced workers for the same job are speci fied. Specific rates of individual workers within the range may be determined by merit, length of service, or a combination of these. Incentive workers are classified under piecework or bonus plans. Piecework is work for which a predetermined rate is paid for each unit of output. Production bonuses are for production in excess of a quota or for completion of a task in less than standard time. Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Data are presen ted for health, insurance, pension, and retirement severance plans for which the employer pays all or a part of the cost, excluding programs required by law such as workers’ compensation and social security. Among plans included are those underwritten by a commercial insurance company and those paid directly by the employer from his current op erating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose. Death benefits are included as a form of life insur ance. Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type of insurance under which predetermined cash payments are made directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis during illness or accident disability. Information is presented for all such plans to which the employer contributes at least a part of the cost. However, in New York and New Jersey, where temporary disability insurance laws require employer contributions,1 plans are included only if the employer (1) contributes more than is legally required, or (2) provides the employees with benefits which exceed the requirements of the law. Tabulations of paid sick leave plans are limited to formal plans which provide full pay or a proportion of the worker’s pay during absence from work because of illness; informal arrangements have been omitted. Sepa rate tabulations are provided for (1) plans which provide full pay and no waiting period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or a waiting period. Long-term disability insurance plans provide pay ments to totally disabled employees upon the expiration of sick leave, sickness and accident insurance, or both, or after a specified period of disability (typically 6 months). Payments are made until the end of disability, a maximum age, or eligibility for retirement benefits. Payments may be full or partial, but are almost always reduced by social security, workers’ compensation, and private pension benefits payable to the disabled em ployee. Medical insurance refers to plans providing for complete or partial payment of doctors’ fees. Such plans may be underwritten by a commercial insurance company or a nonprofit organization, or they may be a form of self-insurance. Major medical insurance, sometimes referred to as extended medical or catastrophe insurance, includes plans designed to cover employees for sickness or injury involving an expense which exceeds the normal coverage of hospitalization, medical, and surgical plans. Tabulations of retirement pensions are limited to plans which provide regular payments for the remain der of the retiree’s life. Data are presented separately for retirement severance pay (one payment or several over a specified period of time) made to employees on Scheduled weekly hours Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work schedule for full-time production workers employed on the day shift. Shift provisions and practices Shift provisions relate to the policies of establish ments either currently operating late shifts or having formal provisions covering late-shift work. Practices relate to workers employed on late shifts at the time of the survey. Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions Supplementary benefits in an establishment were considered applicable to all production workers if they applied to half or more of such workers in the establishment. Similarly, if fewer than half of the workers were covered, the benefit was considered nonexistent in the establishment. Because of length-ofservice and other eligibility requirements, the propor tion of workers receiving the benefits may be smaller than estimated. Paid holidays. Paid holiday provisions relate to full-day and half-day holidays provided annually. Paid vacations. The summaries of vacation plans are limited to formal arrangements and exclude informal plans whereby time off with pay is granted at the discretion of the employer or supervisor. Payments not on a time basis were converted; for example, a payment of 2 percent of annual earnings was considered the equivalent of 1 week’s pay. The periods of service for which data are presented represent the most common practices, but they do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, changes in proportions indicated at 10 years of service may include changes which occurred between 5 and 10 years. ‘The temporary disability laws in California and Rhode Island do not require employer contributions. 48 retirement. Establishments providing both retirement severance payments and retirement pensions to em ployees were considered as having both retirement pensions and retirement severance plans; however, establishments having optional plans providing employ ees a choice of either retirement severance payments or pensions were considered as having only retirement pension benefits. and jury-duty leave relate to formal plans which provide at least partial payment for time lost as a result of attending funerals of specified family members or serving as a juror. Technological severance pay. Data relate to formal plans providing for payments to employees permanently separated from the company because of a technological change or plant closing. Paid funeral and jury-duty leave. Data for paid funeral 49 Appendix B. Occupational Descriptions The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau’s wage survey is to assist its field representatives in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from estab lishment to establishment and from area to area. This permits the grouping of occupa tional wage rates representing comparable job content. Because of this emphasis on interestablishment and interarea comparability of occupational content, the Bureau’s job description may differ significantly from those used in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau’s field representatives are instructed to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers. grinding mills for further processing; adjusts feed slides so machine can take in only as much grain as it will sift. Elevator operations Cleaner, bulk Miller, flour Tends one or more separating, aspirating, scouring, wash ing, or tempering machines to remove foreign materials, such as dirt, stones, sticks, or metal fragments from bulk inputs prior to processing. May also repair such machinery. (Second miller) Performs any or all necessary cleaning, grinding, bolting (sifting), and packing jobs in a grain mill. Starts machinery and examines grain at various stages of manufacture to de termine degree of fineness. Inspects various mills for proper operation and makes any necessary adjustments Receiver (Elevator operator) Controls conveyor or elevator systems which transfer bulk inputs from vehicles to stockpiles or to cleaning or weighing processes. May also repair, clean, or adjust such machinery. May initiate cleaning process or weigh or tally deliveries. Roll tender Regulates flow of grain between various grinding rollers of a rolling mill. Work includes: Moving rollers together so that grain passing between them will be crushed; starts feeder roll which moves grain out of supply hopper of mill and causes it to fall between rotating grinding rolls. Weigher Weighs deliveries received through conveyor system, usually using beam scale. Records weights, descriptions, and source of bulk deliveries. May assist or be assisted by re ceiver in duties. Processing—rice milling Cooker and drier Tends steam pressure cooker for parboiling or cooking rice prior to removal of hulls and/or tends heating or drying machines to prepare moist or parboiled rice for hul ling. (Also includes freezedry operators in instant or quickcook operations.) May also repair such machinery. Processing—flour and other grain mill products Blender Blends milled grains into prescribed proportions for spe cific quality flours. May tend enriching machines to pro duce patent or other flours. Huller and pearler Tends any of various machines which separate the hull from the rice and/or any of the various machines for the removal of the cuticle and bran layers from the separate rice kernels. May also repair such machinery. Bolter (Sifter; purifier operator) Sifts ground grain in the sifting and aspirating machines to remove the broken kernels and lumps to be returned to 50 Polisher and separator Tends any of various machines for the buffing or polish ing of white rice and/or any of various sorting machines for the removal and collection of resulting byproducts, such as brokens, bran, and rice polish. May also repair such machin ery. Processing—blended and prepared flour Machine tender, mixing and blending Tends one or more areas, conveyors, or mixing vats. Adjusts or sets up machines, independently or under the direction of panelboard operator, to facilitate continuous process flow. the continuous flow of syrups through purification and concentration operations. Panelboard operator, dry starch Operates a panelboard to monitor and control some or all of the blending, filtering, dewatering, or drying opera tions in the production of dry starch at a corn processing plant. Observes dials, meters, lights, and gauges for indica tions of overloads, malfunctions, or system blockages. Notifies specific area or machine tenders involved of ob served deficiencies or maladjustments. Notifies maintenance personnel of equipment malfunctions or failures. Panelboard operator, milling Panelboard operator, mixing and blending Operates a panelboard to monitor and control some or all of the mixing, blending, and conveying operations in volved in the manufacture of flour mixes or doughs. Ob serves dials, meters, lights, and gauges for indications of overloads, malfunctions, or system blockages. Notifies spe cific area or machine tenders involved of observed de ficiencies or maladjustments. Notifies maintenance person nel of equipment malfunctions or failures. Processing—wet corn milling Converter operator Operates converter that changes starch into glucose or corn syrup and tests product to verify purity. Turns valves to admit steam, water, and starch into converter. Monitors cooking of starch, treating with acid or enzymes; makes titration tests and routes syrup to refining or storage areas when conversion is complete. Operates a panelboard to monitor and control some or all of the steeping, degerminating, grinding, separating, and fiber washing operations of a corn processing plant. Ob serves dials, meters, lights, and gauges for indications of overloads, malfunctions, or system blockages. Notifies spe cific area or machine tenders involved of observed defi ciencies or maladjustments. Notifies maintenance personnel of equipment malfunctions or failures. Panelboard operator, syrup refining Operates a panelboard to monitor and control some or all of the filtering, purifying, cooling, or concentrating operations in the production of corn syrup and syrup solids. Observes dials, meters, lights, and gauges for indications of overloads, malfunctions, or system blockages. Notifies spe cific area or machine tenders involved of observed defi ciencies or maladjustments. Notifies maintenance person nel of equipment malfunctions or failures. Packing Machine tender, dry starch Packer Tends one or more of the following machines or areas: Blending tank, filter, dewatering press, and drier. Observes, adjusts, or sets up machines, independently or under the direction of panelboard operator, to facilitate continuous flow of starch through treating, purifying, and drying op erations. Tends a machine that packs and weighs finished pro ducts or materials; places empty sack, bag, or other con tainer over discharge nozzle or spout of packing machine; starts flow of product or material into container; and shuts off or stops flow of product or material when specified weight or amount has entered the container (machine may do this automatically). May seal or close containers by hand or machine. May make adjustments and minor repairs. For wage study purposes, packers in flour and other grain mill products are classified as follows: Packer, feed Packer, flour For wage study purposes, packers in rice milling are clas sified as follows: Packer, bran Packer, rice For wage study purposes, packers in blended and pre pared flour are classified as follows: Packer, doughs Packer, flour mixes Machine tender, milling Tends one or more of the following machines or areas: Steep tanks, degerminators, grinders, fiber washers, or centrifrigers. Observes, digests, or sets up machines, inde pendently or under the direction of panelboard operator, to facilitate continuous flow of corn kernels through the ini tial milling operations. Machine tender, syrup refining Tends one or more of the following machines or areas: Filters (charcoal or other), coolers, driers, or evaporators. Observes, adjusts, or sets up machines, independently or under the direction of panelboard operator, to facilitate 51 For wage study purposes, packers are classified as fol lows: Packer, dry syrup Packer, feed Packer, germ Packer, starch Packer, syrup Mechanic, general utility Performs the work of two or more maintenance trades rather than specializing in only one trade or one type of maintenance work. Typically, the work of a general me chanic requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. The classification includes workers who regularly per form two or more types of skilled maintenance work within a section or department of a large establishment, such as pipefitting, millwrighting, welding, machining, machine and equipment repairing, and carpentry, among others. It also includes workers that maintain and repair machines, me chanical and electrical equipment, and/or the structure of a small establishment where specialization in maintenance work is impractical. It does not, however, include workers who only make minor repairs or adjustments. Material movement Laborer, material handling (Loader and unloader; handler and stacker; shelver; trucker; stockman or stock helper; warehouseman or ware house helper) A worker employed in a warehouse, manufacturing plant, or other establishment whose duties involve one or more o f the following: Loading and unloading various ma terials and merchandise on or from freight cars, trucks, or other transporting devices; unpacking, shelving, or placing materials or merchandise in proper storage location; or transporting materials or merchandise by hand truck, car, or wheelbarrow. Longshoremen, who load and unload ships, are excluded. Millwright Installs new machines or heavy equipment and disman tles and installs machines or heavy equipment when changes in the plant layout are required. Work involves most o f the following: Planning and laying out of the work; interpreting blueprints or other specifications; using a variety of handtools and rigging; making standard shop computations relat ing to stresses, strength of materials, and centers of gravity; aligning and balancing of equipment; 'selecting standard tools, equipment, and parts to be used; and installing and maintaining in good order power transmission equipment, such as drives and speed reducers. In general, a millwright normally must have rounded training and experience in the trade acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equiva lent training and experience. Trucker, power Operates a manually controlled gasoline- or electricpowered truck or tractor to transport goods and materials in a warehouse, manufacturing plant, or other establish ment. For wage study purposes, workers are classified by type of truck, as follows: Trucker, power (forklift) Trucker, power (other than forklift) Oiler Maintenance Lubricates, with oil or grease, the moving parts or wear ing surfaces of mechanical equipment of an establishment. May also clean surface of, or around, machines. Electrician Performs a variety of electrical trade functions, such as the installation, maintenance, or repair of equipment for the generation, distribution, or utilization of electric energy in an establishment. Work involves most o f the following: Installing or repairing any of a variety of electrical equip ment, such as generators, transformers, switchboards, con trollers, circuit breakers, motors, heating units, conduit systems, or other transmission equipment; working from blueprints, drawings, layout, or other specifications; lo cating and diagnosing trouble in the electrical system or equipment; working standard computations relating to load requirements of wiring or electrical equipment; and using a variety of electrician’s handtools and measuring and testing instruments. In general, the work of the main tenance electrician requires rounded training and experi ence usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Sheet-metal worker Fabricates, installs, and maintains in good repair the sheet-metal equipment and fixtures (such as machine guards, grease pans, shelves, lockers, tanks, ventilators, chutes, ducts, metal roofing) of an establishment. Work involves most o f the following-. Planning and laying out all types of sheet-metal maintenance work from blueprints, models, or other specifications; setting up and operating all available types of sheet-metal working machines; using a variety of handtools in cutting, bending, forming, shaping, fitting, and assembling; and installing sheet-metal articles as re quired. In general, the work of the maintenance sheet-metal worker requires rounded training and experience usually ac quired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent train ing and experience. 52 Service and custodial Guard Performs routine police duties, either at fixed post or on tour, maintaining order, using arms or force where neces sary. Includes gate tenders who are stationed at gate and check on identity of employees and other persons entering. Janitor, porter, and cleaner (Sweeper; charwoman; janitress) 53 Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory work ing areas and washrooms, or premises of an office or other establishment. Duties involve a combination o f the follow ing: Sweeping, mopping, or scrubbing, and polishing floors; removing chips, trash, and other refuse; dusting equipment, furniture, or fixtures; polishing metal fixtures or trimmings; providing supplies and minor maintenance services; and cleaning lavatories, showers, and restrooms. Workers who specialize in window washing are excluded. Industry Wage Studies The most recent reports providing occupational wage data for industries included in the Bureau’s program of industry wage surveys since 1960 are listed below. Copies are for sale from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or from any of its regional sales offices, and from the regional offices of the Bureau of Labor Statistics shown on the inside back cover. Copies that are out of stock are available for reference pur poses at leading public, college, or university libraries, or at the Bureau’s Washington or regional offices. Manufacturing Basic Iron and Steel, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1839 Candy and Other Confectionery Products, 1975. Bulletin 1939 Cigar Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1976 Cigarette Manufacturing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1944 Corrugated and Solid Fiber Boxes, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1921 Fabricated Structural Steel, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1935 Fertilizer Manufacturing, 1971. BLS Bulletin 1763 Fluid Milk Industry, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1871 Footwear, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1946 Grain Mill Products, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2026 Hosiery, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1987 Industrial Chemicals, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1978 Iron and Steel Foundries, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1894 Leather Tanning and Finishing, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1835 Machinery Manufacturing, 1978. BLS Bulletin 2022 Meat Products, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1896 Men’s and Boys’ Separate Trousers, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1906 Men’s and Boys’ Shirts (Except Work Shirts) and Night wear, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1901 Men’s and Boys’ Suits and Coats, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1962 Miscellaneous Plastics Products, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1914 Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1973-74. BLS Bulletin 1912 Nonferrous Foundries, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1952 "Paints and Varnishes, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1973 Paperboard Containers and Boxes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1719 Petroleum Refining, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1948 Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1923 Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2008 Semiconductors, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2021 Shipbuilding and Repairing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1968 Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1694 Structural Clay Products, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1942 Manufacturing-Continued Synthetic Fibers, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1975 Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1967 Textiles, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1945 Wages and Demographic Characteristics in Work Clothing Manufacturing, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1858 West Coast Sawmilling, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1704 Women’s and Misses’ Coats and Suits, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1728 Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2007 Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered, 1974. BLS Bulletin 1930 Nonmanufacturing Appliance Repair Shops, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1936 Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1876 Banking and Life Insurance, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1988 Bituminous Coal Mining, 1976-81. BLS Bulletin 1999 Communications, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1991 Computer and Data Processing services, March 1978. BLS Bulletin 2028 Contract Cleaning Services, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2009 Contract Construction, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1911 Department Stores, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2006 Educational Institutions: Nonteaching Employees, 1968-69. BLS Bulletin 1671 Electric and Gas Utilities, 1972. BLS Bulletin 1834 Hospitals, 1975-76. BLS Bulletin 1949 Hotels and Motels, 1973. BLS Bulletin 1883 Laundry and Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin 16451 Metal Mining, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2017 Motion Picture Theaters, 1966. BLS Bulletin 15421 Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, 1976. BLS Bulletin 1964 Oil and Gas Extraction, 1977. BLS Bulletin 2014 Scheduled Airlines, 1975. BLS Bulletin 1951 Wages and Tips in Restaurants and Hotels, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1712 1 Bulletin out o f stock 54 ☆ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1979 0 - 2 8 1 - 4 1 2 (1 0 4 ) Bureau of Labor Statistics Regional Offices Region I 1603 JFK Federal Building Government Center Boston. Mass 02203 Phone (617) 223-6761 Region IV 1371 Peachtree Street. NE Atlanta. Ga 30309 Phone: (404) 881-4418 Region V Region II Suite 3400 1515 Broadway New York. N Y 10036 Phone (212)3 99-5 40 5 Region III 3535 Market Street P O Box 13309 Philadelphia. Pa 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 9th Floor Federal Office Building 230 S Dearborn Street Chicago, III 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Regions VII and V III* 911 Walnut Street Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: (816)374-2481 Regions IX and X ** 450 Golden Gate Avenue Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif 94102 Phone: (415) 556-4678 Region VI Second Floor 555 Griffin Square Building Dallas, Tex 75202 Phone: (214) 749-3516 * Regions VII and VIII are serviced by Kansas City "Regions IX and X are serviced by San Francisco