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INDUSTRY WAGE SURVEY Candy and Other Confectionery Products l SEPTEMBER 1965 B u lle tin N o. 1 5 2 0 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Arthur M. Ross, Commissioner INDUSTRY WAGE SURVEY Candy and Other Confectionery Products SEPTEMBER 1965 B u lle tin N o. 1 5 2 0 August 1966 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Arthur M. Ross, Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 2 040 2 — Price 30 cents Preface This bulletin summarizes the results of a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of wages and supplementary benefits in the candy and other confectionery products manufacturing industry in September 1965. Separate releases were issued earlier, usually within a few months of the payroll period studied, as follows: Boston, Mass. ; Chicago, 111. ; Los A ngelesLong Beach, C alif.; New York, N. Y. ; Philadelphia, P a .— N. J. ; and San Francisco—Oakland, Calif. Copies of these releases are available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D . C . , 20212, or any of its regional offices. This study was conducted in the Bureau's Division of Occupational Pay, Toivo P. Kanninen, Chief, under the general direction of L. R. Linsenmayer, Assistant Com missioner for Wages and Industrial Relations. The analysis was prepared by Charles E. Scott, Jr. , under the immediate supervision of L. Earl Lewis. Field work for the survey was directed by the Assistant Regional Directors for Wages and Industrial Relations. Other reports available from the Bureau's pro gram of industry wage studies as well as the addresses of the Bureau's six regional offices are listed at the end of this bulletin. Hi Contents Page Sum m ary------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- --Industry ch aracteristics______________________________________________________ Employm ent-------------------------------------------------------Production------------------------------------------------- -----------------______________ ____________ Establishment s i z e --------------------------------------------------Union contract coverage------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method of wage payment--------------------------------------------------------...--------------------------Average hourly earnings--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Occupational earnings_________________ _________________________________-__________ Establishment practices and supplementary p rovisions----------------Scheduled weekly hours andshift p ra ctices------------------------------------------Paid holidays________________________________________________________ Paid vacations---------Health, insurance, and pension plans-----------------------------------------------Nonproduction bonuses______________________ 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 6 6 6 6 ? 7 Tables: Average hourly earnings: 1. By selected characteristics____________________________________________ 8 Earnings distribution: 2. All production w orkers---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 Occupational averages: 3. All establishments-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. By size of establishment________________________________________________ 5. By labor-management contract coverage and size of establishm ent_________________________________________________ 6. By method of wage payment------------------------------- 10 12 13 14 Occupational earnings: 7. Boston--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8. Chicago___________________________________________________________________ 9. Los Angeles—Long B each------------------------------------------—------------ -------------10. New York_________________________________________________________________ 11. Philadelphia____ __________________________________________________ 12. San Francisco—Oakland--------------------------------- 15 16 18 19 20 21 Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions: 13. Method of wage payment-----------------------------------------------------------------------14. Scheduled weekly h ou rs-------------------------------------------------------------------15. Shift differential provisions________________________________________ 16. Shift differential p ra c tices____________________________________________ 17. Paid holidays______________________ _____________________________________ — 18. Paid vacations--------------------------------------------------------------------------------19. Health, insurance, and pension plans_________________________________ 20. Nonproduction bonuses------------------------------------------------------ 22 22 23 24 25 25 27 28 Appendixes: A. Scope and method of su rvey------------ ----------------------------------------------------------B. Occupational descriptions---------------------------------------------------------------------------- v 29 33 Industry W age Survey Candy and Other Confectionery Products, September 1965 Summary Straight-time hourly earnings of production and related workers in the Nation's candy and other confectionery products manufacturing industry averaged $ 1 . 8 7 in September 1965. All but 4 percent of the 4 9 ,736 production workers covered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics survey1 had hourly earnings within a range of $ 1. 25 to $ 3; the middle half earned between $ 1 . 5 1 and $ 2. 14 an hour. Women, comprising nearly three-fifths of the workers, averaged $ 1 . 6 9 an hour, compared with $ 2 . 1 1 for men. Regionally, averages ranged from $ 1 . 5 0 an hour in the Southeast to $ 2 . 2 2 in the Pacific S ta tes.2 In the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes regions, which together accounted for 60 percent of total employment, hourly earnings averaged $1 . 88 and $1. 95, respectively. Among the six areas studied separately, 3 the lowest average was recorded in Boston ( $1. 79) and the highest in San Francisco—Oakland ( $2. 28) Among the occupations studied separately, the lowest nationwide hourly average earnings were $ 1 . 5 8 for bulk packers, hand, and $ 1 . 6 1 for dippers, hand (virtually all women). The highest were $ 3 . 0 5 for maintenance machinists and $ 2 . 8 1 for maintenance mechanics (all men). Earnings also varied by size of establishment, by labor-management contract status, and by method of wage payment. Over nine-tenths of the workers were in establishments providing paid holidays and paid vacations. Various types of health, insurance, and pension benefits were also available to a majority of the production workers. Industry C h a ra cteristics Employment. Peak employment in the candy and other confectionery products manufacturing industry usually occurs during October and November; employment is lowest in July. The Bureau's monthly employment s e r ie s 4 shows that production worker employment in the peak month exceeded that in the lowest month by approximately 30 percent in 4 of the last 6 years. Since I960, the date of the Bureau's previous survey, 5 annual average employment has remained relatively stable. * See appendix A for scope and method of survey. For definitions o f regions used in this study, Boston, Chicago, Los A ngeles—Long Beach, definitions of these areas, see footnote 1, tables 7—12. see footnote 1 in appendix A table. New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco— Oakland. 4 See Em ploym ent and Earnings Statistics for the United States, 1909— 6 5 , BLS Bulletin and Earnings, V o l. 12, Nos. 6 through 9. 5 For an account o f the earlier study, see W age Structure: Decem ber I 9 6 0 , BLS Report 195 (1 9 6 1 ). 1 3 1 2 -3 For and Em ploym ent Candy and Other Confectionery Products, Novem ber— 2 Establishments covered by the current survey employed 49, 736 pro duction workers in September 1965. The Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions each accounted for approximately three-tenths of these workers. Slightly more than one-tenth of the workers were in New England, with somewhat sm aller pro portions in the Southeast and Pacific regions. No other region accounted for more than 5 percent of the workers. Nearly nine-tenths of the workers were in metropolitan areas; the pro portions were more than 95 percent in each of three regions and about 84 percent each in the Southeast and Great Lakes regions (table 1). The six metropolitan areas studied separately accounted for nearly one-half of the industry’ s work force. Chicago, the largest candy manufacturing center, employed nearly 10, 000 production workers. Nearly three-fifths of the workers were women. Regionally, the propor tions ranged from one-half in the Great Lakes and Southeast to about three-fifths in the other three regions. Employment of men and women was nearly equal in Chicago; in each of the other areas studied separately, women substantially outnumbered men. Production. While employment remained about the same, production in the industry increased 12 percent between I960 and 1964 (the latest year for which data are available). This increase in production was accompanied by a 13 percent increase in the output per man-hour of work and a 1 percent decrease in total man-hours worked. Boxed chocolates and other packaged goods were the principal products in establishments employing about half of the production workers in September 1965. Approximately one-fourth of the workers were employed in plants primarily making bar goods. Bulk goods were most important in plants with 8 percent of the workers, salted peanuts in plants with 6 percent, and 5- and 10-cent speci alities in plants employing 4 percent. The proportion of workers in plants primarily making boxed chocolates and packaged goods was highest in New England (73 percent) and the Pacific region (62 percent). Bar goods were the principal product in plants employing 3 5 percent of the w orkers in the Great Lakes, 14 percent in the Pacific, and 16 percent in New England. The proportion for bulk goods in each region was one-eighth or le ss. In the Southeast, none of the plants visited produced bulk goods as a principal product. One-fifth of the work force in this region was employed in plants producing salted nuts, reflecting the importance of the peanut growing industry there. Establishment Size. Two-thirds of the 408 establishments covered by the survey had fewer than 100 workers. The median employment size was 65. Although only 55 establishments employed 250 workers or more, they accounted for nearly three-fifths of the industry’ s work force. Regionally, such establish ments employed over three-fourths of the workers in New England, almost two-thirds in the Great Lakes, three-fifths in the Middle Atlantic, nearly two-fifths in the Southeast, and about one-sixth in the Pacific region. Union Contract Coverage. Establishments with collective bargaining agreements covering a majority of their production workers employed half the industry's work force. Plants with such contract coverage employed slightly more than eight-tenths of the workers in the Pacific region, seven-tenths in the Middle Atlantic, four-tenths in the Great Lakes, less than two-tenths in New England, and slightly more than one-tenth in the Southeast. As the following tabulation illustrates, c o n t r a c t coverage was greater in the two larger establishm ent-size groups than in plants with 20—99 workers: 3 Percent of workers in establishments with labor-m anagem ent contract coverage by establishment size 2 0 -9 9 workers Region 1 0 0 -2 4 9 workers 250 workers or more United S tates1 ----------------- ------- 3 0 -3 4 55— 59 5 0 -5 4 New England-----------------------------M iddle A tla n tic ----------------------- ------Southeast-----------------------------------Great Lakes--------------------------------------P acific---------------------------------------- ------- (2 ) 50 54 (2) (2) 7 0 -7 4 2 5 -2 9 4 5 -4 9 8 5 -8 9 2 0 -2 4 8 0 -8 4 1 2 25 70 29 74 (2 ) 4 0 -4 4 (3 ) Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. None o f the establishments visited and classified in this size group had union contracts covering a majority of their production workers. 2 Insufficient data to warrant publication. The major union in the industry was the American Bakery and Workers' International Union. Confectionery Method of Wage Payment. Three-fourths of the production workers were paid on the basis of time rates (table 13). Such rates were usually determined by formalized wage systems in the Middle Atlantic, Great Lakes, and Pacific regions, whereas time rates in the New England and Southeast regions were usually determined on an individual basis. Incentive wage systems applied to slightly more than one-third of the workers in the Great Lakes region, nearly three-tenths of the workers in the New England and Southeast regions, and to one-fourth of the workers in the Middle Atlantic region. Few workers in the Pacific region were paid under incentive wage system s. Among the areas studied separately, the proportion of workers paid under incentive systems were: One-half in Chicago, about three-eighths in New York and Philadelphia, nearly one-fourth in Boston, and virtually none in Los Angeles—Long Beach and San Francisco—Oakland. Regionally, the proportion of workers paid under incentive wage systems was typically larger in establishments with 250 workers or more than in sm aller establish ments. Occupations studied separately in which substantial numbers of workers were paid incentive rates included wrapping-machine operators, and bulk and fancy packers. Average Hourly Earnings Straight-time earnings of production and related workers averaged $ 1.87 an hour in September 1965. 6 This was 19 percent above the average in November— December I960, when the Bureau conducted a similar survey. 7 Earnings in the ^ The straight-tim e average hourly earnings in this bulletin differ in concept from the gross average hourly earnings published in the Bureau's monthly hours and earnings series ( $ 2 .0 6 in Septem ber 1965). Unlike the latter, the estimates presented here exclude prem ium pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Average earnings were calculated by summing individual hourly earnings and dividing by the number of individuals; in the monthly series, the sum of the m an-hour totals reported by establishments in the industry was divided into the reported payroll totals. The estim ate of the number of production workers within scope of the study is intended only as a general guide to the size and com position of the labor force included in the survey. They differ from the number published in the monthly series ( 5 5 .4 thousand in September 1965) by the exclusion of establishments em ploying fewer than 20 workers and because the advance planning necessary to make the survey requires the use of lists o f establishments assembled considerably in advance o f data collection. establishments originally classified in the candy Thus, establishments new to the industry are om itted, as are and other confectionery products industry but found to be in other industries at the tim e of the survey. Also om itted are establishments manufacturing candy and other confectionery products, but classified incorrectly in other industries at the tim e the lists were com piled. 7 Op. cit. BLS Report N o. 195. 4 Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions, where the industry is most heavily concentrated, averaged $ 1. 95 and $ 1. 88 an hour, respectively. Earnings averaged $ 2. 22 in the Pacific region, $ 1. 79 in New England, and $ 1. 50 in the Southeast. Earnings for men averaged $ 2 . 1 1 an hour, compared with $ 1 . 6 9 for women. The average wage advantage for men was 51 cents an hour in the Great Lakes region, about 45 cents in three regions, and 12 cents in the Southeast. Differences in average pay levels for men and women may be the result of several factors, including variation in the distribution of the sexes among estab lishments and among jobs with disparate pay levels. Differences in averages in the same job and area may reflect minor differences in duties. Job descriptions used in classifying workers in wage surveys are usually more generalized than those used in individual establishments because allowance must be made for minor differences among establishments in specific duties performed. Also, earnings in some jobs in the industry are largely determined by production under incentive payment plans. Variations in incentive earnings for individuals or sex groupings may be traceable to differences in work experience, effort, workflow, or other factors which the worker may or may not control. Earnings of all but 4 percent of the workers were within a range of $ 1. 25 to $ 3 an hour (table 2). The middle half of the workers had earnings ranging from $ 1 . 5 1 to $ 2 . 1 4 . Nearly 8 percent of the workers earned less than $ 1 . 3 0 an hour, 16 percent earned less than $ 1 . 4 0 , and 23 percent earned less than $ 1. 50. As shown in the following tabulation, the proportions of workers in these categories varied substantially among the regions: Percent of production workers receiving less than— $ 1 .3 0 $ 1 .4 0 $ 1 .5 0 New England--------------------------------- 6 14 25 M iddle A tla n tic -------------------------Southeast--------------------------------------Great Lakes----------------------------------P acific------------------------------------------- 4 29 4 1 7 48 15 14 64 22 4 3 Earnings of production workers averaged $ 1. 95 an hour in establishments employing 250 workers or more, $ 1. 85 in establishments with 100 to 249 workers, and $ 1 . 6 6 in plants with 20 to 99 workers. In the Great Lakes region, average hourly earnings of workers in these three establishm ent-size groups were $ 2 . 0 9 , $ 1 . 8 6 , and $ 1 . 5 6 ; and in the Middle Atlantic region, $ 2 , $ 1 . 7 7 , and $ 1 . 6 4 , re spective'ly. Nationwide, workers in metropolitan areas averaged 21 cents an hour more than those in nonmetropolitan areas ( $ 1 . 8 9 compared with $ 1 . 6 8 ) . In the Great Lakes, the only region where this comparison was possible, the relationship was similar ( $ 1 . 9 9 and $ 1 . 7 8 ) . Production workers in establishments with union contracts averaged $1.93 an hour, compared with $1.80 in those without such contracts. In the Pacific region, workers in union establishments averaged 25 cents an hour more than those in nonunion establishments; however, in the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes regions, averages were about the same for the two groups of establishments. 5 Occupational Earnings The occupational classifications for w h i c h data are presented in table 3 accounted for about three-fifths of the production and related workers within scope of the survey. Maintenance machinists had the highest average earnings, $ 3. 05 an hour. They were followed by maintenance mechanics at $ 2 . 8 1 , class A candymakers at $ 2. 55, general utility maintenance men at $ 2. 48, enrobing-machine operators at $ 2 . 2 8 , and mogul machine operators at $ 2 . 2 7 . Fancy hand packers, numerically the most important job surveyed separately, averaged $ 1 . 6 7 an hour. Other numerically important jobs included bulk packers (hand), and wrapping-machine operators, who averaged $ 1. 58 and $ 1 . 8 5 , respectively. Candymakers1 helpers averaged $ 1 . 8 9 an hour. The large majority of candymakers1 helpers were men, while the other three jobs were held principally by women. Average hourly earnings of women enrobing-machine operators’ helpers exceeded those of women operators by 13 cents nationally, and by 8 cents in the Great Lakes region. In the Southeast, the only other region where comparison was possible, the more likely relationship existed— operators averaged more than helpers. The unexpected relationships in the national and Great Lakes averages resulted from varying proportions of women in these job classifications in estab lishments of different pay levels. Thus, some high-wage establishments may report large numbers of women employed as helpers and none as operators, the latter job being filled by men. In the Great Lakes, for example, in every establishment reporting both women operators and helpers, the operators aver aged more than the helpers. In the 15 jobs where comparison for all regions was possible, average hourly earnings were highest in the Pacific and lowest in the Southeast; differ ences ranged from 40 to nearly 80 percent above the averages in the latter region. Data on occupational earnings were also developed by establishment size and by labor-management contract coverage (tables 4 and 5). In both major regions, averages were generally higher in the largest establishm ent-size group than in the smaller size groups. Occupational averages were generally higher in union establishments than in nonunion establishments in the Middle Atlantic region; but in the Great Lakes, this relationship was reversed. Incentive-paid workers typically averaged higher hourly earnings than their tim e-rated counterparts (table 6). For example, in the Middle Atlantic region, women fancy packers, hand, who were paid on an incentive basis, averaged $ 1 . 8 1 , compared with $ 1 . 5 4 for tim e-rated workers. In the Great Lakes region, the corresponding hourly averages were $ 1 . 9 0 and $ 1 . 4 5 . In Chicago, men candymakers’ helpers, who were paid on incentive, averaged $ 2 .6 5 — 87 cents an hour more than those paid time rates (table 8), For women wrapping-machine operators in New York, the average wage advantage for incentive workers over those paid time rates amounted to 25 cents— $ 1 .8 9 com pared with $ 1 . 6 4 (table 10). Earnings of individual workers varied considerably within the same job and general geographic location. In some instances, hourly earnings of the highest paid workers exceeded those of the lowest paid in the same job and area by $ 1 or more (tables 7—12). Thus, when two jobs with disparate pay levels are compared, some workers in the lower paid jobs may earn as much as some workers in the higher paid jobs. For example, the following tabulation indicates a considerable overlapping of individual rates for incentive-paid men candy m akers’ helpers and women wrapping-machine operators in Chicago, despite a 43-cent difference in the hourly average between the two jobs. 6 Number o f workers M en candymakers' helpers $1. 40 and under $1 . 6 0 --------$ 1. 60 and under $ 1. 8 0 --------$ 1. 80 and under $ 2 . 0 0 --------$ 2. $ 2. $2 . $2. $2. $ 3. 00 20 40 60 80 00 and under $ 2 . 2 0 --------and under $ 2 . 4 0 --------and under $ 2. 6 0 --------and under $ 2 . 8 0 --------and under $ 3 . 0 0 --------or m o r e ------------------------ W om en wrapping-m achine operators 1 4 18 46 6 14 103 205 37 47 4 123 62 387 51 6 - T o ta l-------------------------------- 441 673 Average hourly earnings------- $ 2 .6 5 $ 2. 22 The range of earnings for workers within the same job varied widely by establishment. To illustrate, differences between the highest and lowest paid candymakers1 helpers in individual establishments in Chicago ranged from less than 10 cents an hour to about $ 1 . 2 0 an hour; the highest paid exceeded the lowest paid by 20 percent or less in a majority of the plants employing two workers or more in this classification. Establishment Practices and Supplementary Wage Provisions Data were also obtained on work schedules, shift differentials, and supplementary benefits, including paid holidays and vacations, pension plans, life insurance, sickness and accident insurance, hospitalization, surgical, and medical benefits for production workers. Scheduled Weekly Hours and Shift P ractices. A work schedule of 40 hours a week was in effect in establishments employing four-fifths of all production workers and more than nine-tenths of the workers in all but the Great Lakes region, where schedules of 48 hours or more (principally Chicago) applied to two-fifths of the workers (table 14). Nearly a fifth of the production workers were employed on second shifts at the time of the study (table 16). Most of the workers were paid shift differentials, the single most common amount was 5 cents an hour above first-sh ift rates. Third-shift operations accounted for almost 3 per cent of the workers. Paid Holidays. Nearly all workers were provided paid holidays. The most common provisions were 6 or 7 days annually, with additional half days in some instances (table 17). Holiday provisions varied considerably among the regions. For example, a third of the workers in the Middle Atlantic received 11 paid holidays; whereas, the maximum number provided in the Southeast was 6. Boston and New York were the only areas studied separately in which provisions for as many as 11 days were recorded. Paid Vacations. Virtually all production workers were eligible for paid vacations after qualifying periods of service. Most of the production workers were employed in establishments providing 1 week of vacation pay after 1 year of service, 2 weeks after 3 years, and 3 weeks after 15 years; slightly more than a third were eligible for 4 weeks after 25 years (table 18). Regional differences in provisions were less pronounced after 1 year than after longer periods of service. The proportions of production workers employed in establishments pro viding 1 week after 1 year ranged from 7 5 percent in the Southeast to 97 percent in the Pacific region. After 15 years of service, 22 percent of the workers in the Southeast were eligible for 3 weeks, compared with 89 percent in the Pacific region. 7 Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans. Life, hospitalization and surgical insurance were available to approximately seven-eighths of the workers (table 19). Sickness and accident insurance applied to three-fifths; medical insurance, to seven-tenths; and accidental death and dismemberment insurance, to slightly more than half of the workers. These benefits relate to plans financed at least in part by the employer. Typically, employers paid the total costs, with this practice varying by region. For example, in New England 95 percent of the workers were in establishments providing life insurance but only 26 percent were covered under plans wholly financed by the employer. In the Middle Atlantic region, however, 83 percent were covered by employer financed plans and only 3 percent by jointly financed plans. Retirement pension plans (other than Federal social security benefits) were provided by establishments employing three-fifths of the workers. Region ally, the proportions ranged from 45 percent in the Great Lakes to 87 percent in the Pacific. In each region, most of these workers were covered by employer financed plans. Nonproduction Bonuses. Form al provisions for nonproduction bonuses, usually Christmas or yearend, were in effect in plants accounting for one-fourth of the workers nationally, two-fifths in the Great Lakes region, a third in New England, and a fifth or less in the remaining regions (table 20). Table 1. Average Hourly Earnings: 00 By Selected Characteristics (N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t - t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in ca n d y and oth e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s by s e le c t e d c h a r a c t e r is t i c s , U n ited Sta tes and s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s , S e p te m b e r 1965) United St ate s1 2 Item N u mb er of workers Average ho ur ly earni ngs Mi dd le Atl ant ic New England N u mb er of workers Average h ou r ly ea rn in gs Number of workers G re a t L ak es Southeast Average h ou r ly ea rn in gs Number of workers Average ho ur ly e ar ni ngs N u m b er of workers Average ho ur ly ea rn in gs P acific Number of w orkers Average ho ur ly ea rn in gs A l l w o r k e r s __________________________________________ M e n ____________________ ___________________________ W o m e n _______________ *.____________________________ 49,736 2 0,8 7 2 2 8, 8 64 $1. 87 2. 1 1 1. 69 5, 339 1,96 0 3, 379 $1. 79 2. 07 1. 62 13, 863 5 ,5 4 2 8, 321 $1. 88 2. 15 1.71 3, 628 1,78 2 1,846 $1. 50 1. 56 1. 44 15,9 97 7, 367 8 ,6 3 0 $1.95 2. 23 1. 72 4, 329 1,66 0 2, 669 $2. 22 2. 49 2. 05 Size o f co m m u n i t y : M e t r o p o l it a n a r e a s 3________________ __________ N o n m e t r o p o l it a n a r e a s -------------------------------------- 4 4, 0 01 5, 735 1. 89 1. 68 5, 104 1. 79 13, 514 1. 88 3, 074 1. 53 13, 380 2 ,6 1 7 1.99 1. 78 4, 180 2. 21 Si ze of es t a b l is h m e n t : 20—99 w o r k e r s ___________________________________ 100—249 w o r k e r s ________________________________ 250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e ___________________________ 1 0, 473 11,500 2 7, 7 63 1. 66 1. 85 1. 95 489 4, 120 2, 963 2 ,7 0 2 1 0, 332 1. 56 1. 86 2. 09 1 ,61 0 2, 103 L ab or-m ana gem en t contracts: E s t a b li s h m e n t s with— M a j o r i t y o f w o r k e r s c o v e r e d __ ____________ Non e o r m i n o r i t y o f w o r k e r s c o v e r e d ____ 2 4, 8 44 24,892 1.93 1. 80 4, 384 6, 574 9 ,4 2 3 1. 94 1. 96 3, 590 7 39 - - - - - 2, 853 2, 724 8, 286 1. 64 1. 77 2. 00 1,41 9 1,4 0 4 10,037 3, 826 1. 89 1. 88 3, 216 1. 85 1. 77 - 1. 78 1 E x c l u d e s p r e m i u m pa y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k on w e ek e n d s, ho lid a y s, and late sh ifts. 2 In cl ud es data f o r r e g i o n s in a ddi tio n to tho se shown se p ar at e ly . 3 Standard M e t r o p o l it a n S t a ti st i ca l A r e a s as defin ed by the U. S. Bure au of the Budget th rou gh M a r c h NOTE: D a s h e s in d ic a t e no data r e p o r t e d o r data that d o not m e e t p u b lica tio n c r i t e r i a . “ - 1965. - - - 1.43 1. 64 - 1.49 2. 12 2. 30 - 2. 26 2. 01 Table 2. Earnings Distribution: All Production Workers (P e r c e n t d is t r ib u t io n o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in ca n d y and o th e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s b y a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t -t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s , 1 U n ited S ta tes and s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s , S e p te m b e r 1965) U n ited S t a te s 2 A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 T ota l W om en M en N ew E ngland M id d le A tla n tic _ 0. 2 S ou th ea st G reat L a k es P a c ific U n d er $1. 2 5 ________________________________________ 0. 6 ( 3> 1. 0 1. 5 _ $1. 25 $1. 30 $ 1 .3 5 $1. 40 $1. 45 7. 2. 5. 3. 3. 1 9 4 6 8 3. 1. 2. 2. 2. 6 1 0 1 1 9. 4. 8. 4. 5. 7 2 0 7 0 5. 4. 4. 3. 7. 9 3 2 5 5 3. . 2. 2. 3. 5 6 8 9 5 28. 10. 8. 7. 8. 0 7 7 4 7 2. 3 2. 8 7 .9 4. 4 2. 7 0. 1. . . . 8 8 7 4 5 10. 8 7. 9 8 .9 7. 0 7. 3 8. 5. 7. 6. 7. 2 0 9 3 6 12. 10. 9. 7. 7. 7 0 6 5 1 10. 16. 13. 8. 3. 1 2 1 5 3 16. 9. 10. 10. 10. 2 1 2 4 9 8. 7. 3. 4. 3. 7 5 9 3 5 6. 6. 9. 6. 7. 1 2 1 1 7 . 1. 2. . 9. 4 2 4 7 3 7. 7. 6. 6. 3. 9 8 7 2 5 5. 7. 2. 2. 1. 6 0 5 6 4 3. 3. 2. 2. 3. 4 3 9 3 4 7. 4. 2. 3. 2. 3 6 7 0 0 3. 1. 1. . . 5 7 1 4 3 5. 6 9 .4 6. 2 7. 1 2. 2 17. 25. 11. 6. 2. 6 6 2 0 2 1. 0 . 2 . 1 ( 3) ( 3) 2. 1. 1. . . 3 8 3 8 3 1. 1. 1. . . 9 7 3 9 6 . 3 . 2 . 1 . 2 ( 3) 3. 4. 3. 1. 1. 6 0 3 5 6 and and and and and under under under under under $1. $1. $1. $1. $1. 30_____________________________ 35_____________________________ 4 0 _____________________________ 4 5 _____________________________ 50_____________________________ $1. $1. $1. $1. $1. 50 60 70 80 and and and and 9 0 and under under under under under $1. 60_____________________________ $ 1 .7 0 _____________________________ $1. 80_____________________________ $1. 9 0 _____________________________ $2. 00_____________________________ $2. $2. $2. $2. $2. 00 10 20 30 40 and and and and and under under under under under $2. $2. $2. $2. $2. 10_____________________________ 20_____________________________ 30_____________________________ 4 0 _____________________________ 50_____________________________ 6. 7. 4. 4. 2. $2. $2. $2. $2. $2. 50 60 70 80 90 and and and and and under under under under u n d er $2. $2. $2. $2. $3. 60_____________________________ 70___ _______________________ 80_____________________________ 9 0 ________________________ __ 00_____________________________ 2. 2 1. 7 1 .4 .8 .6 6 3 3 1 2 3. 8 3. 7 3. 1 1 .9 1. 3 0. 5 2. 1. 1. 1. . 6 8 7 0 6 $3. 00 and o v e r ______________________________________ 3. 5 8. 2 ( 3) 1. 4 3. 6 . 2 5. 2 5. 4 T o t a l__________________________________________ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s ________________________________ A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1_________________________ 4 9 ,7 36 $1. 87 20, 872 $2. 11 2 8 ,8 6 4 $1. 69 5, 339 $1. 79 13, 863 $ 1 .8 8 3, 628 $1. 50 1 5 ,9 9 7 $ 1 .9 5 4 , 329 $2. 22 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m pa y fo r o v e r t im e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , and la te s h ift s . 2 I n clu d e s data f o r r e g io n s in addition to t h o s e show n s e p a r a t e ly . 3 L e s s than 0. 05 p e r c e n t . NOTE: B e c a u s e o f rou n d in g , su m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y not eq u a l 100. (0 Table 3. Occupational Averages: All Establishments O (N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t - t im e h o u r ly ea rn in g s 1 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s in ca n d y and oth e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , U nited S ta tes and s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s , S e p te m b e r 1965) U nited S ta tes O c c u p a t io n and s e x C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s A (a ll m en )--------------------------C a n d y m a k ers, c la s s B (1 ,6 8 4 m en and 96 w o m e n )--------------------------------------------------------C a n d y m a k e r s 1 h e l p e r s ______________________________ M e n ________________________ _______________________ W o m e n ____________________________________________ D ip p e r s , hand (15 m e n and 699 w o m e n ) ------------E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s _____________________ M e n ________________________________________________ W o m e n _____________________________ _____________ E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s ---------------M e n ___________ ______________________________ _____ W o m e n ____________________________________________ F il li n g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ________________________ M e n ________________________________________________ W o m e n ____________________________________________ I n s p e c t o r s , ca n d y (1 3 m e n and 419 w o m e n )-----J a n i t o r s ----------------------------------------------------------------------M e n ------------------------------------------------------------------------W o m e n ____________________________________________ L a b o r e r s , m a t e r ia l h a n d lin g (1 ,9 3 6 m en and 18 w o m e n )______________________________________ M a c h in is t s , m a in te n a n c e ( a ll m e n ) --------------------M a in te n a n c e m e n , g e n e r a l u t ilit y (a ll m en)-------M e c h a n ic s , m a in te n a n ce (a ll m e n )_______________ M o g u l o p e r a t o r s ( a ll m e n )_________________________ M o g u l o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s (468 m en and 9 w o m e n )----------------------------------------------------------P a c k e r s , hand, b u lk (57 m en and 3, 318 w o m e n )_________________________________ P a c k e r s , hand, c a n d y b a r s (3 0 m en and 1, 362 w o m e n )-------------------------------------------------P a c k e r s , hand, fa n c y (2 m e n and 5 ,6 3 6 w o m e n )--------------------------------------------------W a tch m e n (a ll m e n ) ________________________________ W r a p p in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s -------------------------------M en -----------------------------------------------------------------------W o m e n ------------------------------------------------------------------- S ee fo o t n o t e s at end o f ta b le . N u m b er of w ork ers New E ngland 1 H ou rly e a rn in g s 1 M ean 3 M edian 4 M id d le ra n g e 5 $ 2 .3 1 —$2.77 M id d le A tla n tic N u m b er of w ork ers M ean 3 M ed ia n 4 M id d le ra n g e 5 $ 2 .1 0 —$ 2.6 5 H o u r ly e a rn in g s 1 773 $2.55 $2.60 131 $2.45 $2.45 1, 780 2, 571 2, 397 174 714 463 378 85 1 ,9 3 0 141 1, 789 853 358 495 432 1 ,5 6 4 1 ,4 4 8 116 2 .1 4 1.89 1.91 1.60 1.61 2.28 2.45 1.54 1.69 2 .0 2 1.67 1.84 2 .10 1.65 1.78 1.83 1.84 1.66 2.20 1.80 1.84 1.64 1.50 2.36 2.46 1.40 1.68 1.90 1.60 1.83 2.25 1.55 1.83 1.82 1.84 1.67 1 .8 5 1 .5 0 1 .5 0 1 ,3 5 1 .3 0 1 .9 0 2 .1 0 1 .2 5 1 .3 6 1 .8 3 1 .3 5 1 .4 5 1 .8 3 1 .4 0 1 .4 5 1 .5 7 1 .5 7 1 .4 0 - 2 .5 0 2 .17 2.19 1.75 1.77 2.65 2.66 1.72 1.97 2.29 1.97 2.22 2.29 1.93 2.08 2.05 2.05 1.89 105 170 169 21 54 37 _ 89 13 76 53 2.25 1.81 1.81 _ 1.76 2 .12 2 .30 _ 1.62 1.94 1,56 1.65 2 .30 1.80 1.80 1.69 2 .0 0 2.18 1 ,9 5 4 262 371 642 227 1.91 3.05 2.48 2.81 2.27 1.90 3.07 2.49 2.80 2.30 1 .6 4 2 .7 2 2 .1 0 2 .4 9 2 .0 0 - 2 .14 3.39 2.80 3.03 2 .52 237 29 41 55 47 477 1.96 2.00 1 .7 5 - 2.15 47 1.92 1.93 3, 375 1.58 1.53 1 .3 5 - 1.79 521 1.39 1.34 1, 392 1.74 1.71 1 .3 6 - 1.96 5 ,6 3 8 144 3, 564 157 3, 407 1.67 1.83 1.85 1.79 1.86 1.63 1.82 1.86 1.78 1.85 1 .4 4 1 .4 3 1 .5 3 1 .5 9 1 .5 3 - 1.86 2.12 2 .1 4 1.91 2 .14 - 52 20 146 130 - 636 302 16 286 $2.50 2 .1 8 1.79 1.83 1.62 1.46 2 .2 4 2 .30 2.12 1.79 1.85 1.71 1.40 2 .28 2.28 1.69 2.15 1.66 1.72 1.78 1.71 1.80 1.92 1.94 1.69 1.71 2.39 1.71 1.55 1.53 1.55 1.80 1.84 1.84 1.61 1 .4 0 1 .9 0 1 .3 5 1 .4 5 1 .5 3 1 .4 5 1 .5 5 1 .7 2 1 .7 2 1 .4 0 - 1.96 2.39 1.95 1.96 1.98 1.96 1.98 2.09 2.10 2.00 356 60 85 204 60 1.91 2 .92 2 .52 2.99 2.19 1.94 3.05 2.61 2 .93 2.20 1 .7 9 2 .3 0 2 .2 2 2 .7 2 1 .8 7 - 2 .02 3.13 2.97 3 .14 2.37 1 .7 5 - 2 .1 0 123 2 .0 0 1.91 1 .8 0 - 2 .02 1 .2 7 - 1.45 1, 195 1.61 1.55 1 .5 3 - 1.67 414 2.10 1.96 1 .9 6 - 2.55 2 ,2 1 3 60 673 42 631 1.63 1.82 1.88 1.84 1.89 1.57 1.90 1.88 1.80 1.90 1 .5 3 1 .4 2 1 .6 0 1 .8 0 1 .5 6 - - 1.75 2 .80 2.35 2 .6 0 2.31 1 .5 3 2 .7 7 2 .0 0 2 .5 5 2 .0 4 - - - - 1.72 2.03 1.65 2.05 1.75 1.88 1.65 1.88 M id d le ra n g e 5 $2.5 3 1.75 2.89 2.49 2.61 2.29 - 1.57 1.68 M e d ia n 4 132 1.68 1.75 1.63 1.70 - - 1.65 1.85 1.67 1.69 - H o u r ly ea rn in g V M ean3 607 486 393 93 238 103 96 _ 484 31 453 232 42 190 128 338 315 23 2 .1 0 1 .6 5 1 .6 5 1 .6 7 1 .7 2 1 .9 7 _ 1 .5 7 1 .5 7 1 .5 9 1 .5 9 1 .6 0 1 .5 0 1 .5 1 - 1.57 N u m b er of w ork ers 2.39 1.90 1.90 1.95 2.35 2 .6 3 1.62 1.58 1.68 1.68 2.11 1.80 1.80 1.79 2.97 2 .60 2.75 2 .42 1 .6 5 1 .6 6 1 .6 0 1 .6 6 - 1.83 2.48 1.70 2.48 - - $ 2 .3 6 —$2.65 1 .8 5 1 .6 0 1 .6 2 1 .3 5 1 .2 5 1 .9 8 2 .0 5 - 2.42 1.93 1.97 1.75 1.57 2.46 2 .46 - 1.79 2.07 2 .03 1.88 2 .03 Table 3. Occupational Averages: All Establishments— Continued (N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t -t im e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 1 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c t e d o c c u p a t io n s in ca n d y and o th e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , U n ited S ta tes and s e l e c t e d r e g io n s , S e p te m b e r 1965) C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s A ( a ll m en)--------------------------C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s B ( 1 ,6 8 4 m e n and 96 w o m e n ) _____________________________________ C a n d y m a k e rs * h e l p e r s _____________________________ M e n ________________________________________________ W o m e n ____________________________________________ D ip p e r s , hand (15 m en and 699 w o m e n )-------------E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s -------------------------------M e n ________________________________________________ W o m e n ____________________________________________ E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s --------------M e n ________________________________________________ W o m e n ____________________________________________ F il li n g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s -----------------------------------M e n ________________________________________________ W o m e n --------------------------------------------- --------------------I n s p e c t o r s , c a n d y (1 3 m e n and 419 w om en )------J a n it o r s ----------------------------------------------------------------------M e n ________________________________________________ W o m e n ____________________________________________ L a b o r e r s , m a t e r ia l h a n d lin g (1 ,9 3 6 m en and 18 w o m e n )_____________________________________ M a c h in is t s , m a in te n a n ce ( a ll m en )---------------------M a in te n a n c e m e n , g e n e r a l u t ilit y (a ll m en)------M e c h a n ic s , m a in te n a n c e ( a ll m e n )---------------------M o g u l o p e r a t o r s (a ll m e n )-------------------------------------M o g u l o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s (4 6 8 m e n and 9 w o m e n )______________________________________ P a c k e r s , h a n d, bu lk (57 m en and 3 ,3 1 8 w o m e n )_________________________________ P a c k e r s , h a n d, ca n d y b a r s (3 0 m e n and 1, 362 w o m e n )_________________________________ P a c k e r s , h a n d, fa n c y (2 m en and 5 ,6 3 6 w o m e n )_________________________________ W a tch m e n (a ll m e n ) ------------------------------------------------W r a p p in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s -------------------------------M e n ________________________________________________ W o m e n ------------------------------------------------------------------- N u m b er of w ork ers H o u r ly e a rn in g s 1 M ean 3 P a c if i c G re a t L a k es S ou th ea st O c c u p a t io n and s e x M ed ia n 4 M id d le ra n g e 5 H o u r ly e a rn in g s 1 M ean 3 M ed ia n 4 $ 2.7 0 $ 1 .5 5 —$ 2.25 246 $ 2.66 1.70 1.57 1.57 1.25 1.50 1.32 1.32 1.45 1.78 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.50 1.45 456 1 ,0 7 1 1 ,0 3 1 40 118 161 145 16 593 63 530 348 153 157 628 584 44 2.31 2 .1 3 2.15 1.68 1.60 2.47 2.58 1.47 1.60 2.05 1.55 1.96 1.64 1.99 1.91 1.91 1.82 2.30 2.11 2.1 1 1.60 1.70 2 .52 2 .56 1.40 1.50 1.90 1.45 1.98 1.55 2 .0 0 1.94 1.94 1.82 1.60 2.25 2 .50 2 .1 2 867 135 98 231 76 2 .0 2 3.19 2.61 2 .72 2.38 2 .0 0 3.17 2 .5 7 2.67 2 .40 52 $1.91 $1.85 253 341 314 27 28 13 15 126 _ 119 89 37 52 94 116 96 20 1.51 1.45 1.47 1.28 1.62 1.92 1.36 1.35 _ 1.34 1.43 1.51 1.36 1.38 1.40 1.41 1.37 1.45 1.35 1.35 1.25 1.50 1.30 1.32 1.32 1.40 1.45 1.32 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1 .2 5 1 .3 0 1 .3 0 1 .3 0 1 .3 0 1 .2 7 1 .2 5 1 .2 5 1 .2 5 1 .2 5 - 136 12 40 35 15 1.45 2. 15 1.96 2.17 1.77 1.45 1.87 2.25 1.75 1 .2 5 1 .5 5 1 .9 2 1 .4 5 - - N u m b er of w ork ers 1 .2 5 1 .2 5 1 .2 5 1 .2 5 1 .3 0 - - 1.85 - M id d le ra n g e 5 N u m b er of w ork ers H o u r ly e a rn in g s 1 M ean 3 M ed ia n 4 M id d le L ange5 $ 2 .5 7 —$2.77 107 $ 2 .8 3 $2.7 2 2 .0 2 1 .7 0 1 .7 4 1 .5 0 1 .3 5 2 .0 3 2 .1 7 1 .0 8 1 .3 6 1 .8 3 1.36— 1.55— 1 .3 6 1 .8 3 1 .7 4 1.75— 1.68— 2.50 2 .34 2 .34 1.82 1.75 2.71 2.71 1.87 1.83 2.28 1.79 2.25 1.95 2.18 2.05 2.05 2.17 194 147 147 130 55 48 347 2.59 2 .30 2 .30 2.21 2.61 2.65 - 2.55 2 .30 2 .30 2 .13 2 .62 2 .69 2 .06 2.06 2 .3 0 2 .42 2.02 2 .2 4 2 .2 4 - 2 .0 4 2 .0 4 2.29 2 .29 2 .0 4 2 .23 2 .23 _ 2 .5 4 2 .1 7 2 .1 7 2 .1 0 2 .5 2 2 .5 4 1 .9 7 1 .9 7 2 .0 4 2 .2 9 1 .9 7 2 .1 2 2 .1 2 _ 1.75— 2 .9 4 2 .2 5 2 .4 3 2 .0 5 - 2 .32 3.60 2.85 3.01 2.71 96 15 47 14 2.57 3 .14 3.37 2 .5 4 2 .5 2 3.01 3.30 - 2 .2 0 - 2.97 2 .7 3 - 3.79 3 .0 7 - 3.75 - - 339 64 44 20 97 96 - $ 2.72—$2.92 2.65 2.39 2.39 2 .24 2.77 2 .85 2 .1 4 2 .14 2.38 2.65 2.04 2.36 2.35 - 39 1.52 1.50 1 .3 5 - 1.66 205 2 .0 0 2 .0 4 1 .8 0 - 2.19 21 2 .38 2 .2 3 2 .1 5 — 2.60 176 1.34 1.27 1 .2 5 - 1.33 795 1.74 1.79 1 .4 6 - 1.92 218 1.88 1.99 1 .3 5 - 2.15 105 1.30 1.32 1 .2 5 - 1.32 553 1.55 1.36 1.36— 1.79 104 2 .05 2.05 1 .9 5 - 2 .14 245 13 401 38 363 1.37 1.34 1.52 1.55 1.52 1.32 1.42 1.65 1.40 1 .2 5 1 .2 5 1 .4 0 1 .2 5 - 1.44 1.78 1.69 1.79 1 ,2 5 8 59 1 ,4 5 7 34 1 ,4 2 3 1.71 1.93 1.95 2.12 1.94 1.67 1.96 1.97 2 .22 1.97 1 .4 0 1 .6 0 1 .6 4 1 .91— 1 .6 2 - 543 223 214 2.05 2.13 2 .1 3 2 .0 4 2 .1 4 2 .1 4 2 .0 4 - 2.11 2 .0 4 - 2.20 2 .0 4 - 2 .14 2.13 2.12 2.36 2 .22 2.36 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t im e and f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , and la te s h ift s , 2 In c lu d e s data f o r r e g io n s in a d d ition to t h o se show n s e p a r a t e ly . 3 T h e m e a n f o r e a ch jo b is co m p u te d b y m u ltip ly in g ea ch ra te b y the n u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s r e c e iv in g the r a te ; the to ta l o f t h e se p r o d u c t s is d iv id e d b y the n u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s . 4 T h e m e d ia n d e s ig n a t e s p o s it io n , that is , h a lf o f the e m p lo y e e s s u r v e y e d r e c e iv e d m o r e than the r a te show n and h a lf r e c e iv e d le s s than the ra te sh ow n . M ed ia n s a re om itte d fo r o c c u p a t io n s that had fe w e r than 15 e m p lo y e e s in a r e g io n . 5 T h e m id d le ra n g e is d e fin e d b y 2 ra te s o f p a y ; a fou rth o f the e m p lo y e e s e a rn e d l e s s than the lo w e r o f t h e s e r a t e s and a fo u r th e a rn e d m o r e than the h ig h e r r a te . M id d le ra n g e s a r e o m it t e d f o r o c c u p a t io n s that had fe w e r than 15 e m p lo y e e s in a r e g io n . NOTE: D a s h e s in d ic a t e no data r e p o r t e d o r data that do not m e e t p u b lic a tio n c r i t e r i a . Table 4. Occupational Averages: By Size o f Establishment 10 (N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t -t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s in ca n d y and o th e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , U n ited S tates and s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s , S e p te m b e r 1965) U n ited States G r e a t L ak es M id d le A tla n tic E s ta b lis h m e n t s w ith — S ex and o c c u p a t io n 2 0-99 w ork ers 250 w o r k e r s or m ore 100 -2 49 w ork ers Num ber of w ork ers A ver a ge h ou rly ea rn ings Num ber of w ork ers A ver age h ou rly ea rn ings Num ber of w ork ers A ver a ge h o u r ly earn ings 216 569 654 85 151 320 128 24 42 40 $2. 51 2. 00 1. 66 2. 36 1 .6 1 1. 77 2. 59 2. 37 2. 1 1 1. 83 170 471 670 77 291 476 170 160 50 116 $2. 2. 1. 2. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 1. 51 09 71 38 85 94 47 77 20 83 387 644 1 ,0 7 3 216 1 ,0 0 6 1, 140 73 458 135 312 492 586 112 34 958 268 1 ,8 3 2 528 1. 44 1. 51 1 .4 0 1. 52 1. 49 1. 61 1. 58 1. 55 109 487 126 156 872 205 1, 255 914 2. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 13 82 63 60 59 54 63 75 98 716 257 229 1 ,4 8 8 889 2, 549 1 ,9 6 5 100--249 w o r ' k er s 2 0 -9 9 w ork ers Num ber of w ork ers A ver a ge h o u r ly earn in gs Num ber of w ork ers 250 w o r k e r s or m ore A ver age h o u r ly ea rn in gs 250 w o r k e r s or m ore 1 0 0 -2 4 9 w ork ers 2 0 -9 9 w ork ers Num ber of w ork ers A ver a ge h o u r ly ea rn in gs Num ber of w ork ers A ver a ge h o u r ly ea rn ings Num ber of w ork ers 60 247 87 66 238 147 24 79 142 27 54 139 27 $2. 55 2. 12 1. 62 2. 30 1 .6 4 1. 78 2. 66 160 34 100 $2. 56 2. 38 1. 98 2. 34 2. 01 1. 96 3. 07 2. 38 2. 08 32 104 122 16 57 140 46 50 18 63 21 275 134 79 629 _ 1, 114 424 2. 29 1. 86 1. 82 1. 87 1. 67 _ 1. 70 1. 94 95 225 _ A ver age h o u r ly ea rn ings Num ber of w ork ers A ver a ge h o u r ly earn ings M en C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s A _____________________________ C a n dy m a k ers, cla s s R C a n d y m a k e r s ' h e l p e r s ________________________ ____ E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s _____________________ J a n i t o r s _______________________________________________ L a b o r e r s , m a t e r ia l h a n d lin g -------------------------------M a in te n a n c e m e n , g e n e r a l u t i l i t y ________________ M e c h a n ic s , m a in t e n a n c e ___________________________ M o g u l o p e r a t o r s _____________________________________ M o g u l o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s __________________________ $2. 2. 2. 2. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 2. - 15 105 165 16 58 132 45 36 14 $2. 2. 1. 2. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. - - - 58 35 18 51 87 95 29 85 34 03 57 173 141 14 19 76 36 8 $2. 2. 1. 2. 1. 1. 2. 2. - - 1. 80 1. 70 1. 76 1. 91 1. 63 1. 79 1. 75 1 .9 9 204 132 _ 214 49 09 80 09 56 79 66 89 54 14 77 33 80 92 37 68 16 - - - - - - - $2. 2. 1. 2. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 1. 53 26 70 34 90 97 80 52 42 90 190 262 767 102 473 579 25 177 51 129 $2. 70 2. 40 2. 31 2. 70 1 .9 5 2. 10 2. 23 2. 79 2. 43 2. 09 _ 245 81 109 351 523 599 1 ,0 6 6 _ 1. 61 1 .7 3 2. 03 1. 86 1. 56 1. 93 2. 00 W om en D ip p e r s , h and_______________________________________ E n r o b i n g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s __________ F i l li n g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ________________________ I n s p e c t o r s , ca n d y ___________________________________ P a c k e r s , hand, b u lk -----------------------------------------------P a c k e r s , hand, ca n d y b a r s ----------------------------------P a c k e r s , h a n d, fa n c y ---------------------------------------------W r a p p in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s -------------------------------- 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y fo r o v e r t i m e and fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , 2 I n clu d e s data f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th o s e show n s e p a r a t e ly . NOTE: h o lid a y s , 656 70 and la te s h ift s . D a s h e s in d ic a t e no data r e p o r t e d o r data that do not m e e t p u b lica tio n c r i t e r i a . - 1. 37 1. 28 _ 1. 50 - 1. 50 1 .7 3 _ 46 _ 27 342 - 44 3 137 _ 1. 58 _ 1 .7 2 1. 56 1. 62 1. 79 - 172 _ 477 88 1. 51 1. 42 _ - 1. 63 1 .4 6 1. 60 _ 60 32 262 - 182 269 _ 1. 80 1. 82 1. 66 - 1. 67 1. 84 Table 5. Occupational Averages: By Labor-Management Contract Coverage and Size o f Establishment (N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t -t im e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 1 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s in ca n d y and o th e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , U n ited S ta tes and s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s , S e p te m b e r 1965) U n ited State M id d le A tla n tic G re a t L a k e s E s ta b lis h m e n t s w ith— S ex , o c c u p a t io n , and s i z e o f e s t a b lis h m e n t M a jo r it y c o v e r e d N one o r m in o r it y cov ered M a jo r it y c o v e r e d N one o r m in o r it y cov ered N u m b er of w ork ers A v era g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s N u m b er of w ork ers A vera ge h o u r ly e a rn in g s 841 402 192 247 1, 504 484 274 746 199 57 26 116 679 115 114 450 948 140 219 589 248 14 65 169 117 23 60 $ 1 .9 8 1. 84 1. 81 2. 32 1 .8 8 1. 53 1. 55 2. 21 2. 44 2. 17 2. 20 2. 62 1 .8 5 1. 55 1 .6 0 1 .9 9 1. 89 1 .6 4 1 .7 7 2. 00 2. 81 1 .8 7 2. 58 2. 98 2. 17 1 .9 2 2. 35 426 95 226 304 $ 2. 25 396 327 179 51 100 769 177 556 988 257 551 394 95 289 110 27 75 $ 2. 34 2. 28 2. 37 1. 95 1. 81 2. 06 2. 47 2. 48 2. 38 1. 83 2. 00 1. 78 1. 94 2. 09 1. 89 2. 81 2. 91 2. 77 2. 37 2. 44 2. 33 151 82 65 15 45 229 52 166 244 71 128 148 30 110 43 11 32 1. 79 1 .9 7 2. 34 2. 35 2. 31 1 .8 3 1. 84 1 .8 4 1 .9 0 1 .9 7 1. 88 2. 85 2. 74 2. 87 2. 35 2. 32 2. 37 14 31 21 86 _ Ill _ 17 - 916 1. 88 873 433 83 357 234 94 112 774 185 482 107 082 406 567 109 1 .4 5 1. 35 1. 34 1. 59 1. 69 1 .4 5 1 .9 6 1. 59 1 .4 4 1 .4 3 1 .8 0 1 .8 3 1 .4 5 1 .6 5 2. 07 245 1 .8 2 1. 58 1 .8 8 1 .8 2 1 .6 7 1 .8 6 i . 68 1. 57 1 .7 2 1 .8 5 1 .7 5 1 .8 8 208 N u m b er of w ork ers A vera ge h ou rly ea rn in g s N u m b er of w ork ers A v era g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s M a jo r it y c o v e r e d N u m b er of w ork ers A vera ge h o u r ly e a rn in g s N one o r m in o r it y cov ered N u m b er of w ork ers A v era g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s M en C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s B -----------------------------------------20—99 w o r k e r s --------------------------------------------------100—249 w o r k e r s _______________________________ 250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e --------------------------------------C a n d y m a k e r s 1 h e l p e r s ------------------------------------------20—99 w o r k e r s --------------------------------------------------100—249 w o r k e r s ----------------------------------------------250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e --------------------------------------E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ------------------------------20—99 w o r k e r s __________________________________ 100—249 w o r k e r s ----------------------------------------------250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e --------------------------------------J a n it o r s --------------------------------------------------------------------20—99 w o r k e r s --------------------------------------------------100—249 w o r k e r s ----------------------------------------------250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e --------------------------------------L a b o r e r s , m a t e r ia l h a n d lin g ------------------------------20—99 w o r k e r s --------------------------------------------------100—249 w o r k e r s ----------------------------------------------250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e --------------------------------------M e c h a n ic s , m a in t e n a n c e --------------------------------------20—99 w o r k e r s __________________________________ 100—249 w o r k e r s ----------------------------------------------250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e _________________________ M o g u l o p e r a t o r s -----------------------------------------------------100—249 w o r k e r s ----------------------------------------------250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e --------------------------------------- 843 279 397 893 - - - 2. 16 2. 37 1. 88 - 99 10 89 - $ 2. 17 1 .9 8 1. 64 - 188 - 62 119 268 180 52 9 37 263 _ 28 223 407 80 $ 2. 30 2. 20 2. 35 1 .9 3 - 1. 77 - 150 _ 27 123 33 10 23 2. 12 2. 53 2. 42 2. 50 1. 84 . 1 .9 9 1 .8 2 1. 97 2. 05 _ 2. 68 _ 2. 51 2. 72 2. 30 2. 46 2. 23 1 .4 8 182 1 .7 3 1 .6 0 2. 22 2. 40 2. 24 _ 1 .9 3 - - 257 72 42 143 763 120 56 587 93 21 7 65 321 42 29 250 451 34 60 357 81 $2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 1. 1. 2. 2. 33 10 34 44 22 63 90 37 61 13 24 81 97 59 81 05 08 67 85 16 79 23 54 43 8 - 2. 53 2. 93 2. 45 2. 37 - 348 201 1. 46 1 .4 2 W om en E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ’ h e l p e r s -------------20—99 w o r k e r s --------------------------------------------------100—249 w o r k e r s _______________________________ 250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e --------------------------------------I n s p e c t o r s , c a n d y --------------------------------------------------100—249 w o r k e r s _______________________________ 250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e _________________________ P a c k e r s , hand, fa n c y _____________________________ 20—99 w o r k e r s --------------------------------------------------100—249 w o r k e r s ----------------------------------------------250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e --------------------------------------W r a p p in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ------------------------------20—99 w o r k e r s --------------------------------------------------100—249 w o r k e r s ----------------------------------------------250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e --------------------------------------- - 404 359 185 62 117 2, 862 773 1 ,4 4 2 1, 325 347 856 - 1. 91 1. 80 1 .8 6 1 .8 3 1 .8 7 1 .7 5 1 .7 5 1 .7 0 1 .8 9 1 .9 0 1 .8 9 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t im e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , 2 In c lu d e s da ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th ose sh ow n s e p a r a t e ly . NOTE: h o lid a y s , and la te s h ift s . D a s h e s in d ic a t e no data r e p o r t e d o r data that do not m e e t p u b lic a tio n c r i t e r i a . - 46 184 87 19 68 1, 645 351 1, 042 445 44 336 - - _ _ - - _ 186 93 _ _ 1 .9 7 1 .8 1 - 48 110 75 49 323 181 _ 457 83 364 - 1 .8 8 1. 72 1. 89 1 .8 9 1. 64 1 .6 7 _ 1. 89 1 .9 4 1. 88 _ 135 74 12 60 935 423 _ _ 966 78 186 702 . 1. 52 2. 07 1. 78 2. 15 1. 74 1 .4 5 _ _ 1 .9 7 1. 59 1. 79 2. 06 Table 6. Occupational Averages: By Method o f W age Payment (N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t -t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s in ca n d y and o th e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , U n ited S tates and s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s , S e p te m b e r 1965) T im e w o r k e r s S ex and o c c u p a t io n M id d le .A tla n tic New E n gland U n ited S ta te s 2 In cen tiv e w ork ers T im e w o r k e r s Num ber of w ork ers A v e r Num - A v e r N u m a ge ber ber age of h o u r ly of h o u r ly ea rn w o rk ea rn w o rk ers ings ers ings 1 ,2 6 0 1 ,8 7 2 286 121 163 311 $2. 11 1. 73 2. 34 1 .9 6 2. 19 1. 89 T im e w o r k e r s A v e r Num a ge ber h o u r ly of ea rn w o rk ings ers A v er Num a ge ber h o u r ly of ea rn w o rk in gs ers G re a t L a k e s S ou th ea st I n ce n tiv e w ork ers T im e w o r k e r s A ver age h o u r ly ea rn in gs In cen tiv e w ork ers N um A ver - Num A v e r ber age a ge ber of h ou rly of h o u r ly w o rk earn w ork earn ers in gs ers in gs T im e w o r k e r s Num A ver a ge ber h o u r ly of w ork earn ers in gs P a c ific I n ce n tiv e w ork ers T im e w o r k e r s N um A ver - Num age ber ber h o u r ly of of w o rk ea rn w o rk ers ers in gs Av er age h o u r ly ea rn in 8 s M en C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s B _____________ _______________ C a n d y m a k e r s ' h e l p e r s ______________________________ E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ________________ _____ E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s __________ M o g u l o p e r a t o r s _____________ ________________________ M o g u l o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s __________________________ 424 525 92 20 64 157 $2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 31 54 80 38 46 11 73 151 29 13 38 40 427 168 86 1 ,0 2 7 2, 003 1 ,5 5 4 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. 84 88 99 68 81 06 38 20 178 434 79 $2. 18 1. 77 2. 39 1 .9 4 2. 22 1. 85 381 $2. 15 382 1. 81 73 2. 26 31 2. 15 2. 05 47 94 1. 84 144 - 23 13 - $ 2 .4 5 2. 69 - 161 269 12 18 1. 1. 1. 2. 100 37 79 78 166 149 - 2. 44 - $ 1 .4 7 1. 41 1. 96 1 .4 4 9 16 1. 66 1. 59 300 583 94 46 44 99 19 15 78 79 214 1. 51 1. 52 1 .4 3 1. 55 1. 68 430 108 107 563 529 578 92 - $ 1 .5 9 - $2. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 17 77 32. 89 24 94 145 448 51 17 32 102 1. 50 1. 53 1 .9 3 1. 65 1. 45 1. 65 100 45 7 29 845 61 64 07 47 58 08 191 147 48 14 21 $2. 55 2. 30 2. 69 2. 54 2. 38 1. 76 1. 9 0 1. 90 2. 14 325 20 20 2 541 214 2. 05 2. 02 1. 86 2. 04 2. 13 $2. 2. 3. 2. 2. 2. W om en E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s ---------------F il li n g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ________________________ I n s p e c t o r s , c a n d y __________________________________ P a c k e r s , h a n d, b u lk _______________________________ P a c k e r s , h a n d , fa n c y ______________________________ W r a p p in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s _____________________ 1, 362 327 333 2, 291 3, 633 1 ,8 5 3 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 61 53 71 53 59 69 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , 2 In c lu d e s data f o r r e g i o n s in a d d itio n to th o se show n s e p a r a t e ly . NOTE: D ashes _ h o lid a y s , _ 1. 66 1. 85 1 .4 3 1. 66 1 .6 9 260 96 94 801 1 ,5 0 2 358 1. 52 1 .4 5 1. 69 1. 51 1. 54 1. 78 and la te sh ifts . in d ic a t e n o data r e p o r t e d o r data that do not m e e t p u b lica tio n c r i t e r i a . 193 - 384 711 27 3 86 83 81 02 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 30 32 36 27 29 30 Table 7. Occupational Earnings: Boston (N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t -t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s in ca n d y and o th e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , S e p t e m b e r 1965) Sex and o c c u p a t io n A ll p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s __________ M e n --------------------------------------------W o m e n --------------------------------------- Num- A ver- of w ork ci s h o u r ly ea rn - 4 ,1 6 0 1,598 2,5 6 2 $ 1 .7 9 2. 07 1 .6 2 156 2 154 130 12 118 144 15 129 100 17 183 308 44 264 446 141 305 782 94 688 603 173 430 442 162 280 104 90 86 56 111 94 29 21 2. 43 2. 41 2. 28 2. 21 1 .8 9 1 .8 3 2. 25 2. 34 _ _ - _ 2 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 6 _ _ _ 10 10 _ 1 1 12 11 - _ - _ - _ - _ - _ _ 5 5 46 46 1 1 8 119 2. 00 1 .6 8 _ 4 7 2 2 1 29 _ 15 _ 29 2 1 9 27 23 - - - _ _ 1Mumbe r o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t - t im e houi:ly e a rn in g s o f— $1.2 5 $1.3 0 $1.35 $ 1 .4 0 $ 1 .4 5 $ 1 .5 0 $ 1 .6 0 $ 1 .7 0 $ 1 .8 0 $ 1 .9 0 $ 2 .0 0 $ 2 .1 0 $ 2 .2 0 $ 2 .3 0 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 .5 0 $ 2 .6 0 $ 2 .7 0 $ 2 .8 0 $ 2 .9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .1 0 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .3 0 $ 3 .4 0 and un d er $1.30 $ 1 .3 5 $1.40 $ 1 .4 5 $ 1 .5 0 $ 1 .6 0 $ 1 .7 0 $ 1 .8 0 $ 1 .9 0 $ 2 .0 0 $ 2 .1 0 $ 2 .2 0 $ 2 .3 0 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 .5 0 $ 2 .6 0 $ 2 .7 0 $ 2 .8 0 $ 2 .9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .1 0 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .3 0 $ 3 .4 0 o v e r 157 104 53 171 153 18 143 116 27 112 105 7 105 103 2 68 67 1 74 74 52 52 62 62 " - - 3 3 3 3 _ 1 1 8 6 4 4 8 8 1 1 12 11 14 10 10 28 14 1 16 15 6 3 18 5 7 6 8 8 9 1 7 7 2 2 _ _ 9 2 29 29 7 6 16 15 2 2 2 1 _ _ 1 1 1 1 . _ _ 3 3 _ _ 12 2 9 _ 8 5 2 67 11 4 4 21 2 1 _ 1 3 8 _ 3 6 1 2 4 _ _ _ _ 8 7 7 7 2 10 8 2 2 5 5 2 2 5 1 12 2 1 _ 1 2 5 5 5 4 1 _ _ 2 14 _ 10 10 1 5 5 5 5 - - - - - - - _ _ 1 6 2 7 _ _ 29 29 13 13 21 20 1 27 25 2 6 6 2 2 5 5 10 10 - S e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s — m e n C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s A __________ T im e ------------------------------------------C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s B __________ T im e ------------------------------------------C a n d y m a k e r s 1 h e l p e r s ___________ T im e ------------------------------------------E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ___ T im e ------------------------------------------E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s (a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) _____ J a n it o r s (a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) ______ L a b o r e r s , m a t e r ia l h a n d lin g (a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) _______________ M a c h in is t s , m a in te n a n ce (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) . M a in te n a n c e m e n , g e n e r a l u t ilit y (a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) ---------M e c h a n ic s , m a in te n a n ce (a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) ----------------------M o g u l o p e r a t o r s ___________________ T im e -------------------------------------------M o g u l o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s ________ T im e -------------------------------------------- 172 1 .7 6 23 2. 83 37 2. 50 38 41 32 39 32 2. 62 2. 28 2. 21 1 .9 5 1 .8 7 76 34 147 113 542 343 100 58 1. 56 1 .6 8 1. 50 1 .4 6 1 .7 4 1 .6 8 1 .7 3 1 .7 8 _ 1 1 2 2 1 - - _ - “ - 3 1 14 14 7 7 _ 20 19 17 16 - 1 1 1 1 4 8 6 20 19 12 12 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 50 7 28 18 15 15 1 1 14 21 22 10 135 131 52 10 4 _ 2 - 34 3 1 1 - " - - S e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s ---- 'w om en E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ' h e lp e rs 2 4 --------------------------------------3 F il li n g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s 4 ____ P a c k e r s , hand, b u lk _____!________ T im e -------------------------------------------P a c k e r s , hand, fa n c y ____________ T im e -------------------------------------------W r a p p in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ___ T im e -------------------------------------------- _ _ 13 13 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 15 14 164 151 24 24 4 7 176 11 21 21 1 1 1 2 T h e E o s to n S ta n d a rd M e t r o p o lit a n S ta tis tic a l A r e a c o n s is t s o f S u ffolk C ounty, 15 c o m m u n it ie s in E s s e x C ounty, 30 in M id d le s e x C ou n ty , 20 in N o r fo lk C ou n ty, and 9 in P ly m ou th C ounty. E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t im e and fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s , and la te s h ift s . A p p r o x im a t e ly 77 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d by the study w e re paid on tim e b a s i s . ’ * r 3 W o r k e r s w e r e d is t r ib u t e d as fo l lo w s : 3 at $ 3 . 6 0 to $ 3 . 7 0 ; and 1 at $ 3 . 7 0 to $ 3 . 8 0 . I n s u ffic ie n t data to w a r r a n t p r e s e n t a t io n o f s e p a r a te a v e r a g e s by m e th o d o f w ag e p a y m en t; p r e d o m in a n t ly t im e w o r k e r s . Table 8. Occupational Earnings: 0) Chicago (N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t - t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s in ca n d y and o th e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , S e p te m b e r 1965) Sex and o c c u p a t io n A ll p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s -------W o m e n ____________________ Num ber of w ork ers N u m b er o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t - tim e h o u r ly e a r n in g s o fA verage $ 1 .2 5 $ 1.3 0 $1.3 5 $1.40 $1.45 $ 1.50 $1.60 $ 1.70 $1.8 0 $ 1 . 9 0 $ 2.0 0 $2.1 0 $ 2 .2 0 $ 2.3 0 $2.4 0 $ 2.5 0 $ 2 .6 0 $ 2.7 0 $ 2.8 0 $ 2.9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $3.1 0 $ 3.2 0 $3.40 '$ 3 .6 0 $3.8 0 h o u r ly and and ea rn u n d er in gs 2 $ 1 .3 0 $ 1.3 5 $ 1 .4 0 $ 1.45 $1.50 $ 1.60 $1.70 $1.80 $ 1 .?0 $2.0 0 $2.1 0 $2.2 0 $ 2.3 0 $ 2.4 0 $2.5 0 $2.6 0 $ 2 .7 0 $ 2.8 0 .£ 4 2 P $ 3 .0 0 $3.1 0 $ 3.20 $ 3.4 0 $3.6 0 $ 3.8 0 o v e r 9 ,9 7 6 5, 159 4 , 817 $2. 09 2. 30 1. 86 132 14 118 255 70 185 _ _ 3 3 - _ _ 10 10 - 459 118 341 439 134 305 135 35 100 503 173 330 603 214 389 597 242 355 527 206 321 759 297 462 6 32 361 271 1241 558 683 790 462 328 990 528 462 229 180 49 291 198 93 197 187 10 215 215 146 146 “ ~ 161 161 8 8 " 4 3 4 - - - - 17 - 4 4 3 4 4 - 3 2 58 60 17 - - 4 - 3 2 58 60 - - 6 6 - 3 3 - - 19 19 - - 127 127 172 170 2 71 71 ~ 63 60 3 234 224 10 ' S e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s — m e n C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s B _____ C a n d y m a k e r s ' h e l p e r s --------I n c e n t iv e ___________________ E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ___________________ T i m e _______________________ I n c e n t iv e ___________________ E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s ------------T i m e ........................................... I n c e n t iv e __________________ J a n i t o r s _______________________ T i m e ........................................... L a b o r e r s , m a t e r ia l h a n d lin g _____________________ T i m e _______________________ M a c h in is t s , m a in t e n a n c e . . . T im e _______________________ M a in te n a n c e m e n , g e n e r a l u t ilit y ( a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) -------------M e c h a n ic s , m a in te n a n ce ( a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) -------------M o g u l o p e r a t o r s -------------------T im e _______________________ M ogul o p e r a to r s ' h e l p e r s ______________________ T im e _______________________ W a tch m e n (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) ----------------------W ra p p in g - m a ch in e o p e r a t o r s 3a / ----------------------- 305 177 128 744 30 3 441 2. 2. 2. 2. 1. 2. 38 19 65 29 78 65 _ . 22 22 - . 20 20 - . 4 4 - 5 5 15 14 1 7 7 69 67 2 10 10 38 36 2 6 5 1 17 16 1 23 21 2 21 16 5 10 5 5 17 11 6 24 20 4 79 71 8 51 36 15 43 11 32 21 18 3 175 2 173 23 18 5 32 68 31 37 5 29 1 28 43 32 5 43 4 .8 3 5 20 20 - 16 1 15 90 44 46 2. 82 2. 47 3. 15 - - - - - - - - 3 3 - 6 6 - - 2 2 - 1 1 2 2 - 4 4 - 33 16 17 4 53 332 2. 18 1. 87 2. 47 1 .9 2 1. 87 _ - 22 22 1 1 42 42 28 27 10 8 2 71 71 2 2 133 13 2 2 24 24 1 1 1 1 7 2 5 60 60 4 ' ~ - - - 5 5 21 21 4 - 3 3 1 _ 37 37 1 - 11 11 - - 49 3 270 104 53 2. 1. 3. 3. 13 88 32 39 9 9 1 1 6 6 4 4 4 4 13 13 14 14 48 48 32 31 50 50 39 38 27 27 13 13 185 9 3 2 2. 95 - 30 - 1 1 - - - 12 13 19 - - - - - - 2 5 5 3 1 4 1 19 6 12 2 4 2 19 5 36 31 - 4 1 " 16 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 " 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 1 1 7 “ 8 1 1 4 20 5 10 46 5 10 - " " 36 3 140 43 16 2. 89 2. 36 1. 99 - - - - - - - - 11 11 1 1 1 * 104 33 2. 03 1 .7 3 - - - 3 3 3 3 3 3 11 11 6 6 - 7 - 11 1 24 3 44 1. 97 - - - 10 - 3 1 3 - - ~ 18 - - - 21 2. 19 1 1 2 1 12 2 1 - 1 - 4 2 " - 15 6 " 4 “ ■ - - - " - - " ' " " 9 " " " " • ■ “ ~ " " - - - - - - - - " " " 1 S e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s — w o m e n C a n d y m a k e r s ' h e l p e r s 3b / — D ip p e r s , hand 3a / ----------------E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s ------------T i m e ----------------------------------- 13 46 1. 65 1. 78 - - 3 - 4 - 1 2 1 2 2 - 1 27 2 2 1 2 213 158 1. 51 1 .4 3 30 30 20 20 10 10 63 63 15 15 5 11 11 40 12 8 8 S ee fo o t n o t e s at end o f t a b le . 2 - - Table 8. Occupational Earnings: Chicago1— Continued (N u m b er and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t -t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s in ca n d y and o th e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , S e p te m b e r 1965) NumS ex and o c c u p a t io n of w ork er s N u m b er o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t - t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s ofA verage ^1725 $1.3 0 $ 1.35 $1.40 $1.4 5 $1.5 0 $ 1.6 0 $1.7 0 $ 1.8 0 $1.9 0 $ 2 .0 0 $2.1 0 $2.2 0 $ 2.3 0 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 .5 0 $ 2 .6 0 $ 2.7 0 $ 2 .8 0 $ 2 .9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .1 0 $ 3 .2 0 $3.40 $ 3.6 0 $3.8 0 h ou rly ea rn and ings 2 $1.3 0 $ 1.35 $ 1.40 $1.45 $ 1 .5 0 $ 1.6 0 $1.70 $ 1 .8 0 $ 1.9 0 $2.0 0 $2.1 0 $2.2 0 $ 2.30 $ 2.4 0 $ 2 .5 0 $ 2.6 0 $2.7 0 $ 2.8 0 $^•90 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .1 0 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .4 0 $3.60 $ 3.80 o v e r S e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s — w o m e n — C o n tin u ed F i l li n g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s _____________ T im e ________________ I n c e n t iv e ____________ I n s p e c t o r s , ca n d y ____ T i m e ------------------------J a n i t o r s ------------------------T im e ------------------------P a c k e r s , h a n d , b u lk ., T i m e . _______________ P a c k e r s , h a n d, fa n cy . T i m e ________________ I n c e n t iv e ___________ W ra p p in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ____________ T i m e ________________ I n c e n t iv e ___________ *2 3 99 54 45 116 75 29 23 284 96 8 36 240 596 $1. 77 1. 66 868 195 673 2. 11 1. 72 2. 22 1.9 0 2. 04 1. 99 1. 92 1 .9 3 1. 83 1. 39 1 .8 1 1 .4 7 1 .9 4 45 45 5 3 2 13 13 41 36 5 12 12 _ _ 6 6 2 2 6 6 90 40 50 8 8 8 8 2 2 87 62 25 1 1 12 12 9 9 - 21 16 5 1 1 1 1 1 39 39 - 10 3 7 4 3 5 5 21 48 33 15 4 1 3 1 1 16 12 82 3 79 8 1 7 5 6 . 11 4 47 15 32 27 18 9 27 27 4 4 5 2 29 9 350 29 9 350 7 7 7 6 1 11 10 1 66 50 16 38 9 29 32 15 17 43 13 30 112 39 73 54 34 20 42 23 364 42 23 364 7 1 3 1 2 7 8 8 _ _ 2 1 46 11 11 11 150 3 1 1 1 15 15 2 _ 51 51 _ 6 _ . _ _ _ _ 6 T h e C h ic a g o Sta nda rd M e t r o p o lit a n S t a tis t ic a l A r e a c o n s is t s o f C o o k , D u P a g e , K an e, L a k e , M c H e n r y , and W ill C o u n tie s . In the B u r e a u 's I960 s u r v e y o f th is in d u s tr y , the a r e a w as lim it e d to C o o k C ou n ty ; the a d d itio n a l co u n tie s in the cu r r e n t stu d y a c c o u n te d f o r le s s than 1 p e r c e n t o f the e s t a b lis h m e n t s and e m p lo y m e n t. 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t im e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , and la te s h ift s . A p p r o x im a t e ly 51 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d by the stud y w e r e pa id on an in c e n t iv e b a s is . 3 I n s u ffic ie n t data to w a r r a n t p r e s e n t a t io n o f se p a r a te a v e r a g e s b y m eth od o f w a g e p a y m en t; (a) p r e d o m in a n t ly t im e w o r k e r s , and (b) p r e d o m in a n t ly in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s . Table 9. Occupational Earnings: Los A ngeles-L on g Beach 00 (N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t - t im e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c t e d o c c u p a t io n s in ca n d y and o th e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , S e p t e m b e r 1965) S e x and o c c u p a t io n Num ber of w ork ers N u m b er o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a i g h t - t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s o f— A v erage $ 1 .5 0 $ 1 .6 0 $1.70 $1.80 $1.90 $2.00 $ 2.10 $ 2.20 $ 2.3 0 $ 2.40 $ 2.50 $2.60 $2.70 $2.8 0 $2.9 0 $3.00 $ 3.10 $3.20 $3.30 h o u r ly $1.2 5 $1.3 0 $ 1 .3 5 $ 1 .4 0 $ 1 .4 5 and and ea rn under in gs 2 $ 1.3 0 $ 1 .3 5 $ 1 .4 0 $ 1.4 5 $ 1 .5 0 $ 1.60 $ 1.70 $1.80 $1.90 $2.00 $ 2.10 $ 2.20 $ 2.3 0 $ 2.4 0 $2.5 0 $ 2.60 $2.7 0 $2.80 $2.90 $3.00 $3.10 $ 3.20 $3.30 o v e r A ll p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s ___________________ M en — ____________________________________ W nm pn . _ . . . 1 ,4 2 2 627 795 $2.11 2 .40 1.88 20 61 24 19 19 53 46 13 6 3. 13 2.42 2.09 2 .74 2.45 2 .10 2.62 3 .04 2.71 73 137 65 44 2.07 1.72 1.84 1.95 33 33 77 _ 77 29 _ 29 18 4 14 21 _ 21 16 4 12 43 11 32 33 12 21 32 8 24 383 12 371 26 26 8 8 22 22 4 3 4 - 2 5 _ 1 _ 1 3 1 3 - 2 - 82 16 66 110 68 42 200 150 50 46 34 12 30 21 9 76 63 13 30 28 2 6 _ 10 8 2 5 22 - 10 7 _ 2 2 30 2 8 2 31 31 30 30 28 28 18 18 6 4 5 2 - - - - _ _ _ 18 1 33 - - S e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s — m e n C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s A ___________________ C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s B ----------------------------C a n d y m a k e r s ' h e l p e r s ------------------------------E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ------------------F il li n g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ---------------------J a n itn rs ....... L a b o r e r s , m a t e r ia l h a n d lin g ____________ M a in te n a n c e m e n , g e n e r a l u t il it y ---------M o g u l o p e r a t o r s ___________________________ _ - - - 3 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 - - - - - 2 _ _ _ 1 2 _ 1 _ _ _ _ _ : 2 11 7 6 5 2 _ 1 3 : : : 2 14 2 2 19 4 - 2 8 6 - - 6 2 2 : : 2 2 S e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s — w o m e n D ip p e r s , h a n d ______________________________ P a c k e r s , ha nd, b u l k . -----------------------------P a c k e r s , h a n d , f a n c y -------------- ---------------W r a p p in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ------------------ _ _ 48 _ ' ‘ 4 9 6 1 1 1 2 . 1 . _ 1 1 3 9 _ 2 6 2 1 9 1 14 61 33 28 6 2 6 2 2 - - - - - - ' 1 T h e L o s A n g e l e s - L o n g B e a ch S ta n d a rd M e tr o p o lita n S t a tis t ic a l A r e a c o n s is t s o f L o s A n g e le s C ou n ty . In the B u r e a u 's I960 s u r v e y , the a r e a a ls o in clu d e d O ra n g e C ou n ty w h ich had no e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith in s c o p e o f the c u r r e n t su r v e y . 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and fo r w o r k on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s , and la te s h ift s . V ir t u a lly a ll o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y the stu d y w e r e paid on a t im e b a s is . 3 W o r k e r s w e r e at $ 3 .7 0 to $ 3 .8 0 . Table 10. Occupational Earnings: New York (N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t -t im e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s in ca n d y and o th e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , S e p te m b e r 1965) NumS ex and o c c u p a t io n A ll p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s — M e n -------------------------------W o m e n -------------------------- of w ork ers 3, 845 1, 399 2, 446 N u m b er o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t - tim e h o u r ly e a rn in g s ofA v erage $ 1 .2 5 $1 .30 $ 1 .3 5 $ 1 .4 0 $ 1 .4 5 $ 1 .5 0 $ 1 .6 0 $1.70 $1.80 $1.90 $ 2.00 $2.1 0 $ 2 .2 0 $2.30 $ 2.4 0 $ 2.5 0 $ 2 .6 0 $ 2 .7 0 $ 2.8 0 $ 2 .9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .1 0 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3.30 $3.4 0 $3.5 0 h o u r ly ea rn and in gs 1 23 $ 1 .3 0 $ ! .35 $ 1 .4 0 $ 1 .4 5 $ 1 .5 0 $ 1 .6 0 $ 1 .7 0 $1.80 $1.90 $2.00 $ 2.1 0 $ 2.2 0 $ 2 .3 0 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 .5 0 $2.6 0 $ 2.7 0 $2.8 0 $2.9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .1 0 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .3 0 $ 3.4 0 $3.5 0 o v e r $ 1 .8 6 2. 09 1. 74 109 33 76 30 6 24 87 3 84 70 23 47 128 53 75 438 66 372 541 85 456 518 218 300 692 128 564 316 136 180 233 98 135 153 86 67 101 82 19 87 73 14 83 75 8 40 29 11 24 19 5 28 22 6 ' S e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s — m e n C a n dym a k ers, c la s s A — T im e ____________________ C a n d y m a k ers, cla s s B T im e -----------------------------I n c e n t iv e ----------------------C a n d y m a k ers' h e lp e r s — T im e -----------------------------E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ------------------------T im e -----------------------------J a n it o r s (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) ___________ L a b o r e r s , m a t e r ia l h a n d lin g (a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) ----------------M a in te n a n c e m e n , g e n e r a l u t ilit y (a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) --------M e c h a n ic s , m a in te n a n ce (a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) --------M og u l o p e r a t o r s 3 -----------W a tch m e n (a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) ----------------W r a p p in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s (a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) ----------------- 35 35 40 20 140 121 19 163 153 2. 52 2. 52 2. 30 2. 26 2. 50 1 .9 3 1 .9 1 24 9 2. 27 2. 30 96 1. 78 101 _ _ _ 16 13 3 16 13 2 2 11 9 2 24 23 5 3 14 11 3 17 14 7 4 35 32 3 2 1 9 2 25 25 16 16 9 8 1 23 23 1 1 1 " 1 - 5 2 4 9 4 44 17 11 4 1 1 6 21 9 19 14 5 2 1 1 1 - - 1 1 3 - - - 2 2 8 1 11 17 2 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - 2 2 5 5 3 3 17 17 _ _ _ . . . . - - - - - - - 1 1 - 4 2 3 7 1. 80 - - - 1 18 5 32 2. 74 - - - - - - 39 15 2. 87 2. 42 - 1 - 1 - - - - 1 14 1 .8 6 1 - - 2 - - - - - 29 1 .7 9 - - * - - - 6 - 23 125 383 193 190 918 376 1. 81 1 .7 0 1. 51 1 .8 9 1 .7 3 1 .6 1 23 23 19 18 1 5 5 9 6 3 14 10 3 5 4 1 1 - 18 75 68 7 155 105 16 41 32 9 193 162 18 28 11 17 140 30 34 76 14 62 325 25 169 40 129 1 .8 3 1. 64 1 .8 9 1 1 13 7 6 15 14 1 29 4 25 46 2 44 8 8 33 33 _ 3 3 " _ 2 2 5 3 1 1 3 2 3 - 3 2 5 5 _ - - 3 _ 3 3 2 - - - 1 - 2 2 - 2 4 4 2 2 2 - - - - 2 2 - _ 2 1 2 1 - - 1 11 35 10 36 2 17 36 10 35 8 - 36 - - 2 2 - - " 16 6 10 31 7 4 31 7 4 - 3 _ " 30 30 27 27 16 16 ' _ 3 2 13 13 14 14 3 3 ' ' ' _ _ _ _ _ _ - 29 26 3 _ _ _ _ _ 2 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ . 2 2 _ . - - - - - - 1 5 13 - - - - 10 10 - 4 - _ _ . - 4 - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - 2 2 4 S e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s — w o m e n E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s 3 ----P a c k e r s , hand, b u lk -----T im e -----------------------------I n c e n t iv e ----------------------P a c k e r s , hand, fa n c y ----T im e -----------------------------W r a p p in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s -----------------------T im e -----------------------------I n c e n t iv e ----------------------- - 25 25 _ _ _ - 2 19 17 2 6 1 1 6 5 1 4 2 - 1 T he N ew Y o r k S ta n d a rd M e tr o p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A r e a c o n s is t s o f N ew Y o r k C ity (B r o n x , K in g s, New Y o r k , Q u een s, and R ich m o n d C o u n tie s) and N a ss a u , R o c k la n d , S u ffolk , and W e s t c h e s t e r C o u n tie s . In th e B u r e a u 's I960 s u r v e y o f this in d u str y , the a r e a w as lim it e d to N ew Y o r k C ity ; the a d d itio n a l c o u n tie s in the c u r r e n t stu d y a c c o u n te d f o r about o n e -s ix t h o f the e s t a b lis h m e n t s and o n e - s ix t h o f the e m p lo y m e n t. 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t im e and fo r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , and la te s h ift s . A p p r o x im a t e ly 63 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s w e r e pa id on a tim e b a s is . 3 I n s u ffic ie n t data to w a r r a n t p r e s e n ta tio n o f se p a r a te a v e r a g e s b y m e th o d o f w a g e p a y m en t; p r e d o m in a n tly in c e n t iv e w o r k e r s . Tabic 11. Occupational Earnings: Philadelphia1 (N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t -t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s '1 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s in ca n d y and o th e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , S e p te m b e r 1965) S ex and o c c u p a t io n A ll p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s M e n ------------------------------ Num - A v er- of w ork ers h o u r ly ea rn in gs 2 2,5 8 8 959 1, 629 $ 1 .9 3 2. 14 1 .8 1 24 66 51 99 98 26 18 57 2. 25 2. 28 2. 16 1 .7 4 1 .7 4 2. 28 2. 05 1 .8 4 33 9 1 .9 4 2. 41 63 46 1 .7 6 1. 57 132 62 10 230 195 37 1 .6 4 1 .4 8 1 .9 6 1. 65 1. 54 1. 74 N u m b er o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g *s t r a ig h t -t im e hou r ly e a rn in g s o f— $1.25 $1.30 $1.35 $ 1.40 $1.4 5 $ 1 .5 0 $ 1 .6 0 $ 1 .7 0 $ 1 .8 0 $ 1 .9 0 $ 2 .0 0 $ 2 .1 0 $ 2 .2 0 $ 2 .3 0 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 .5 0 $ 2 .6 0 $ 2 .7 0 $ 2 .8 0 $ 2 .9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .1 0 $ 3 .2 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - and - $1.30 $1.35 $1.40 $ 1.45 $ 1.5 0 $ 1 .6 0 $ 1.7 0 $ 1 .8 0 $ 1 .? 0 $ 2 .0 0 $ 2 .1 0 $ 2 .2 0 $ 2 .3 0 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 .5 0 $ 2 .6 0 $ 2 .7 0 $ 2 .8 0 $ 2 . 9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .1 0 $ 3 .2 0 o v e r 36 20 16 46 18 28 68 6 62 _ _ - . 102 28 74 237 19 218 334 38 296 212 93 119 168 106 62 - - 12 12 - 14 14 26 26 12 12 5 - - - - - - 2 2 21 17 _ 2 4 1 7 2 127 25 102 162 47 115 _ 251 48 203 304 115 189 121 59 62 18 18 1 10 1 1 3 3 120 87 33 69 38 31 45 36 9 38 33 5 56 53 3 30 30 18 18 18 16 2 17 17 1 9 5 3 2 2 - - - _ _ _ _ - - 5 3 - 7 4 2 1 1 - _ - 3 3 1 3 4 - _ - - 9 9 S e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s — m e n C a n dym a k ers, c la s s A ( a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) --------------------------------------------C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s B -------------------------------------T im e -----------------------------------------------------------------C a n d y m a k e r s 1 h e l p e r s --------------------------------------E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s --------------------------J a n it o r s ( a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) ____________________ L a b o r e r s , m a t e r ia l ha n dlin g (a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) _____________________________ M og u l o p e r a t o r s 3 ------------------------------------------------ 6 _ _ _ _ - _ - - _ _ - 6 - 2 - 3 3 9 6 6 26 26 1 1 8 2 _ _ _ 3 _ _ _ - - . 20 20 10 10 - - - 2 2 _ - _ _ - _ - _ - _ - - 3 1 S e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s — w o m e n D ip p e r s , ha n d-----------------------------------------------------T im e -----------------------------------------------------------------E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s ---------------------------------------------------------------T im e ----------------------------------------------------------------J a n it o r s (a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) ------------------------------P a c k e r s , hand, fa n c y ----------------------------------------W r a p p in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s 3 ------------------------ - - - 6 6 6 6 18 18 - - 10 10 10 10 _ 34 34 - 12 2 - _ 34 34 _ 12 12 3 2 3 2 3 - " " “ - - - - - - 20 15 29 10 4 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ 3 1 6 - - - 4 19 11 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 6 2 _ _ 27 15 - - - - 25 25 60 60 17 56 56 10 1 1 - 2 1 - - - 1 T he P h ila d e lp h ia S ta n d a rd M e t r o p o lit a n S ta tis tic a l A r e a c o n s is t s of B u c k s , C h e s t e r , D e la w a r e , M o n t g o m e r y , and P h ila d e lp h ia C o u n tie s , P a . ; and B u r lin g to n , C a m d e n , and G lo u c e s t e r C o u n t ie s , N. J. In the B u r e a u 's I960 s u r v e y o f this in d u str y , the a re a w as lim it e d to D e la w a r e and P h ila d e lp h ia C o u n tie s , P a . , and C a m d e n C ou n ty , N. J. ; the a d d itio n a l c o u n tie s in the c u r r e n t stu d y a c c o u n te d f o r a bou t 3 p e r c e n t o f the e s t a b lis h m e n t s and 12 p e r c e n t o f the e m p lo y m e n t. 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s , and la te s h ifts . A p p r o x im a t e ly 62 p e r c e n t o f the p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y the study w e r e paid on a t im e b a s is . 3 I n s u ffic ie n t data to w a r r a n t p r e s e n t a t io n o f s e p a r a te a v e r a g e s b y m e th o d o f w a g e p a y m en t; p r e d o m in a n tly t im e w o r k e r s . Table 12. Occupational Earnings: San Francisco—Oakland (N u m b e r and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t -t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s in ca n d y and o th e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , S e p te m b e r 1965) N u m b er o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a ig h t - t im e h o u r ly e a rn in g s of— S e x and o c c u p a t io n A l l p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s ______ ____ __ __ __ M e n ___ _____ __ _____ ________ ___ W o m e n _________ ______________ _________ ___ __ N u m b er of w ork ers A vera ge h o u r ly U n der ea rn in g s 1 2 $ 2 .1 0 1, 572 547 1 ,0 2 5 $ 2 .2 8 2.53 2.15 16 102 68 25 24 26 9 2.91 2.62 2.36 2.64 2.30 2.47 3.45 49 143 72 43 195 95 2.19 2.15 2.16 2.13 2 .12 2 .14 $ 2 .1 0 and u n d er $ 2 .2 0 $ 2 .2 0 $ 2 .3 0 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 .5 0 $ 2 .6 0 $ 2 .7 0 $ 2 .8 0 $ 2 .9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .1 0 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .3 0 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3 .5 0 $ 3 .6 0 $ 2 .3 0 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 .5 0 $ 2 .6 0 $ 2 .7 0 $ 2 .8 0 $ 2 .9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .1 0 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .3 0 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3 .5 0 $ 3 .6 0 over 908 79 829 253 116 137 64 56 8 28 24 4 53 51 2 64 64 30 30 - - - - - 14 34 _ 8 _ _ 18 _ 6 7 2 10 2 7 2 46 _ 7 _ - 6 12 _ 44 _ 4 2 - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 58 21 37 and 22 17 5 23 22 1 6 4 9 19 18 1 6 6 2 2 13 13 13 13 - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 2 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - 6 5 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 10 S e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s — m en C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s A ____________________________ C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s B ______ __ __ _________ C a n d y m a k e r s ' h e l p e r s _______ „ _________ ____ E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s _____________________ J a n i t o r s __________ __________________ ___ __ __ L a b o r e r s , m a t e r ia l h a n d lin g ______________ ___ M e c h a n ic s , m a in t e n a n c e __________________________ - _ _ _ _ _ 2 3 _ _ _ _ 1 - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 1 _ - 1 _ _ 1 _ _ S e le c t e d p r o d u c t io n o c c u p a t io n s — w o m e n D ip p e r s , hand _______________________________________ E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s ________ _ P a c k e r s , h a n d , b u lk ______________ _______________ _ P a c k e r s , h a n d , c a n d y b a r s __ P a c k e r s , ha n d, fa n c y ________________ ____________ W r a p p in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s _____________________ 1 2 - 16 109 62 43 185 87 33 34 10 _ 10 8 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ T h e San F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d S ta n d a rd M e tr o p o lita n S ta tis t ic a l A r e a c o n s is t s o f A la m e d a , C o n tr a C o s ta , M a r in , San F r a n c i s c o , and San M a te o C o u n tie s . E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y f o r o v e r t im e and f o r w o r k on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , and la te s h ift s . A l l p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y the stu d y w e r e p a id on a tim e b a s is . 2 Table 13. Method o f Wage Payment ( P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in ca n d y and o th e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s b y m e th o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t, U nited S ta tes , s e le c t e d r e g i o n s , and a r e a s , S e p t e m b e r 1965) A reas R e g io n s U nited S ta tes 2 M ethod o f w a g e p a y m e n t 1 N ew E ngland M idd le A tla n tic S o u th ea st G reat L a k es P a c ific B o s to n 100 C h ic a g o L os A n g e le s L on g B e a ch N ew Y ork San P h ila d e lp h ia F r a n c i s c o — O akland A ll w o r k e r s _____________________________________ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 T im e - r a t e d w o r k e r s _______________________________ F o r m a l p la n s _____________________________________ S in g le r a t e ____________________________________ R a n g e o f r a t e s -----------------------------------------------In d iv id u a l r a t e s __________________________________ 75 44 28 16 31 73 19 12 7 54 75 46 31 15 30 71 25 21 3 46 64 41 17 24 23 99 88 87 (3) 11 77 24 16 9 53 49 31 9 21 19 98 63 63 35 63 13 10 3 50 62 42 42 100 100 100 - - In c e n tiv e w o r k e r s ___________________________________ In d iv id u a l p i e c e w o r k ____________________________ G ro u p p i e c e w o r k ________________________________ In d iv id u a l b o n u s _________________________________ G ro u p b o n u s ______________________________________ 25 6 2 4 12 27 22 2 2 25 5 3 5 11 29 13 9 7 36 4 2 7 23 1 1 - 23 17 3 3 51 7 ( 3) 10 34 2 2 37 3 5 14 15 38 8 8 22 - - - 20 _ - 1 F o r d e fin it io n o f m e th o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t, s e e a p p en d ix A . 2 In c lu d e s data f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to t h o se show n s e p a r a t e ly . 3 L e s s than 0 .5 p e r c e n t . NOTE: B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y not eq u al to ta ls . Table 14. Scheduled Weekly Hours ( P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in ca n d y and oth er c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s b y sc h e d u le d w e e k ly h o u r s , U nited S ta tes, s e le c t e d r e g i o n s , and a r e a s , S e p te m b e r 1965) A reas R e g io n s U nited Sta tes 2 W e e k ly h o u r s 1 A ll w o r k e r s ---------------------------------------------- --------35 h o u r s ______________________________________________ 40 h o u r s ______________________________________________ O v e r 40 and u n d er 48 h o u r s ----------------------------------48 h o u r s ______________________________________________ 50 h o u r s ______________________________________________ 54 h o u r s ______________________________________________ 55 h o u r s ______________________________________________ 100 (3) 83 3 10 (3) 3 1 New England 100 100 - M idd le A tlan tic 100 97 2 1 - S ou th ea st 100 100 - G reat L akes P a c ifi c 100 54 7 28 1 8 2 1 D ata r e la t e to p r e d o m in a n t w o r k s c h e d u le s f o r fu l l- t im e d a y -s h ift w o r k e r s in e a ch e st a b lis h m e n t . 2 I n clu d e s da ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to t h o se show n s e p a r a t e ly . 3 L e s s than 0 .5 p e r c e n t . NOTE: B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , su m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y not eq ual 100. B o s to n C h ic a g o L os A n g e le s L ong B e a ch N ew Y ork San P h ila d e lp h ia F r a n c i s c o — O akland 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 . . 100 - 100 - . 33 4 45 2 13 2 . 100 - _ 100 - _ 94 6 - _ 100 - Table 15. Shift Differential Provisions ( P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s by shift d i ff e r e n t ia l p r o v i s i o n s 1 in ca n d y and oth e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , U n ited S ta te s , s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s , and a r e a s , S e p te m b e r 1965) R e g io n s U nited States 2 Shift d i ff e r e n t ia l New England M id d le A tla n tic S ou th ea st A reas G reat L a k es P a c ific B o s to n C h ic a g o L os A n g e le s L on g B e a ch New Y ork P h ila d e lp h ia San F ra n cis c o — O akland S e co n d sh ift W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s ha vin g s e c o n d - s h if t p r o v i s i o n s __________________________ W ith sh ift d i f f e r e n t ia l___________________________ U n ifo r m ce n t s p e r h o u r ------------------------------3 c e n t s _____________________________________ 5 c e n t s _____________________________________ 6 c e n t s ______________________ ______________ 7 c e n t s _____________________________________ 7 V2 c e n t s ___________________________________ 8V2 c e n t s ___________________________________ 9 c e n t s _____________________________________ 10 c e n t s ____________________________________ 12 c e n t s ____________________________________ U n ifo r m p e r c e n t a g e _________________________ 4 p e r c e n t __________________________________ 5 p e r c e n t __________________________________ 7 p e r c e n t __________________________________ 10 p e r c e n t _________________________________ 8 h o u r s ' p a y f o r 7 V2 h o u r s ' w o r k -------------W ith no sh ift d i f f e r e n t ia l----------------------------------- 76. 9 66. 9 49. 5 2. 6 24. 2 .7 4. 5 1. 5 2. 8 . 3 9. 8 3. 1 17. 1 . 3 8. 0 2. 7 6. 1 . 3 10. 0 80. 2 7 1 .4 43. 7 3. 4 9. 7 12. 2 18. 3 27. 6 4. 7 23. 0 8. 8 81. 8 75. 5 70. 5 54. 0 2. 7 4. 0 .8 9. 1 5. 0 .7 4. 2 6. 3 69. 5 24. 1 13. 7 13. 7 10. 4 10. 4 45. 4 77. 7 70. 0 38. 0 11. 1 6. 0 8. 8 .9 7 .9 3. 3 32. 0 16. 6 15. 3 7. 7 86. 4 86. 4 86. 4 36. 3 27. 0 23. 2 - 48. 1 47. 3 33. 0 6. 7 .4 . 2 17. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 6 12. 2 3. 4 . 3 7. 6 .9 1. 8 . 3 .7 32. 7 32. 7 28. 0 - 57. 4 57. 4 50. 2 14. 8 1. 3 27. 4 2. 5 4. 2 3. 1 - 10. 4 10. 4 - 56. 2 54. 5 21. 2 - 72. 1 72. 1 72. 1 - - - 10. 4 10. 4 .7 8. 3 8. 8 3. 3 30. 3 8. 1 44. 6 23. 2 4. 3 - - - - - - - - - 4. 7 - 3. 1 2 .9 1. 1 - 22. 1 3. 1 1. 7 - - 35. 5 4. 9 - - 4. 0 - 79. 7 79. 7 50. 3 4. 3 6. 9 15. 7 23. 5 29. 4 29. 4 " 85. 7 85. 7 39. 9 13. 3 9. 6 _ 14. 1 2. 8 45. 9 21. 3 24. 6 - 69. 0 69. 0 69. 0 69. 0 - 79. 9 76. 5 76. 5 58. 4 18. 1 3. 4 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 _ - 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 - 7 1 .6 7 1 .6 7 1 .6 10. 4 7. 0 54. 3 - - - 87. 9 84. 1 77. 5 74. 8 2. 7 6. 6 2. 6 4. 0 - 3. 7 " T h ir d o r o th e r la te sh ift W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s ha vin g t h ir d o r o t h e r la t e - s h if t p r o v i s i o n s ______________________ W ith sh ift d i f f e r e n t ia l___________________________ U n ifo r m c e n t s p e r h o u r ____________________ 5 c e n t s _____________________________________ 7 V2 c e n t s ___________________________________ 9 c e n t s _____________________________________ 10 c e n t s ____________________________________ 12 c e n t s ____________________________________ 14 */2 c e n t s _________________________________ 15 c e n t s ____________________________________ U n ifo r m p e r c e n t a g e _________________ ________ 5 p e r c e n t ________________________________ 8 p e r c e n t __________________________________ 10 p e r c e n t _________________________________ 15 p e r c e n t _________________________________ F u ll d a y 's p a y f o r r,ed u ced h o u r s _________ O th er f o r m a l p a y d i f f e r e n t i a l _____________ W ith no s h ift d i f f e r e n t ia l_______________________ - 28. 0 4. 7 - 1 R e f e r s to p o l i c i e s o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s eith e r c u r r e n t ly op e r a tin g la te s h ifts o 2 In c lu d e s data f o r r e g i o n s in a d d itio n to th o s e show n s e p a r a t e ly . NOTE: B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , - having p r o v is i o n s c o v e r in g 30. 30. 30. 30. - 2 2 2 2 74. 0 74. 0 20. 6 1. 1 5. 4 14. 1 4 8. 5 13. 0 25. 25. 25. 25. - 3 3 3 3 30. 6 30. 6 26. 7 26. 7 - - 100. 0 - - la te s h ift s . s u m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y not eq u a l t o t a ls . 10 CO Table 16. Shift Differential Practices 10 * ( P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d on la te sh ifts in ca n d y and o th e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s by a m ou n t o f sh ift d i ff e r e n t ia l , U n ited S t a te s , s e le c t e d r e g i o n s , and a r e a s , S e p te m b e r 1965) R e g io n s U n ited S ta te s 1 S hift d iff e r e n t ia l A reas New E ngland M id d le A tla n tic S ou th ea st G rea t L a k es 17. 3 12. 7 7. 0 _ _ 16. 0 14. 4 13. 6 1 1. 3 .6 . 3 1. 3 . .8 ( 2) .8 1.6 16. 3 5. 3 2. 3 2. 3 _ 3. 0 3. 0 10 . 9 25. 4 22. 5 8 .9 2. 8 .9 3. 0 . 3 1. 4 .6 13. 6 7. 2 6. 4 2. 9 9 .4 9 .4 9 .4 3. 0 3. 6 2. 9 - .2 . 2 - 4. 5 4. 3 2. 7 .5 2. 2 .8 .8 .7 .4 .4 .4 .4 - .6 .6 .6 .6 - - - - - - P a c ific B o s to n C h ica g o 14. 9 14. 9 8. 5 _ 1.8 1. 2 5. 6 _ 6. 4 6. 4 - 30. 2 30. 2 11. 0 4. 4 1 .4 4. 8 .4 19. 2 9. 0 10 . 2 - L os A n g e le s L ong B e a ch N ew Y ork P h ila d e lp h ia San F ra n cis co — O ak la nd S e co n d s h ift W o r k e r s e m p lo y e d on s e c o n d s h ift _______________ R e c e iv in g sh ift d i f f e r e n t ia l____________________ U n ifo r m ce n t s p e r h o u r ____________________ 3 c e n t s _____________________ ________________ 5 c e n ts _ _ _ _ __ _ ______ 7 c e n t s _____________________________________ 7 l/z c e n t s ___________________________________ 8 lh c e n t s ___________________________________ 9 c e n t s _____________________________________ 1 0 c e n t s ____________________________________ 1 2 c e n t s ____________________________________ U n ifo r m p e r c e n t a g e _________________________ 4 p e r c e n t __________________________________ 5 p e r c e n t __________________________________ 7 p e r c e n t __________________________________ 1 0 p e r c e n t _________________________________ 8 h o u r s ' p a y f o r l xf z h o u r s ' w o r k _________ R e c e iv in g no sh ift d i f f e r e n t ia l_________________ 18. 5 15. 5 9. 3 .4 4. 8 .7 .2 1. 0 . 1 1.8 . 5 6. 1 . 1 3. 1 .6 2. 3 ( 2) 3. 0 1 .8 .9 4. 3 _ 5. 6 .6 5. 0 _ 4. 6 8. 4 8. 4 8. 4 _ 8.4 - - 9. 2 8. 2 7. 1 6. 0 1. 1 1. 1 . 1 .9 1. 0 10 . 8 9. 3 9. 3 8. 4 1. 0 1. 5 8. 2 8. 2 8. 2 8. 2 - T h ir d o r o t h e r la te sh ift W o r k e r s e m p lo y e d on t h ir d o r o t h e r la te s h i ft .__________________________ - _____ ___ R e c e iv in g sh ift d i f f e r e n t ia l____________________ U n ifo r m c e n t s p e r h o u r ____________________ 5 c e n t s _____________________________________ 1 0 c e n t s ____________________________________ 1 2 c e n t s ____________________________________ 14*/2 c e n t s --------------------------------------------------15 c e n t s ____________________________________ U n ifo r m p e r c e n t a g e _________________________ 5 p e r c e n t __________________________________ 8 p e r c e n t ---------------------------------------------------1 0 p e r c e n t _________________________________ F u ll -d a y 's p a y f o r r e d u c e d h o u r s _________ O th er f o r m a l p a y d i f f e r e n t i a l _____________ R e c e iv in g no sh ift d i f f e r e n t ia l_________________ 1 2 I n clu d e s da ta f o r r e g io n s L e s s than 0. 05 p e r c e n t . NOTE: 2. 2. 2. . . . . . . 7 6 0 6 3 1 7 3 3 (!) ( z) . 3 . 2 ( 2) . 1 .5 .5 .5 .5 - 3. 3. 3. 1. . . - 1. 2 . 1 . 1 - 2 2 0 3 3 2 - . 1 . 1 in a d d itio n to th o s e show n s e p a r a t e ly . B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , su m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y not eq u al to ta ls. - .2 . 2 - . 3 1. 1 1. 1 1. 1 - 6. 7 6. 7 4. 2 .7 3. 6 1. 3 1. 3 1. 1 - - - - . 3 . 3 - - - - - - . 3 - - - - 1. 1 - - Tabic 17. Paid Holidays (P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in ca n d y and o th e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith f o r m a l p r o v is i o n s f o r pa id h o lid a y s , U nited S ta te s , s e le c t e d r e g i o n s , and a r e a s , S e p te m b e r 1965) R e g io n s United Sta tes 1 N u m b e r o f pa id h o lid a y s A l l w o r k e r s __________________________ ________— W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g pa id h o l i d a y s ----------- ,--------------------------- -----------------L e s s than 5 d a y s ............ ........... ................................. 5 d a y s -------------------------------------j.----------------------------6 d a y s -------------------------------------------------------------------6 d a y s plu s 2 h a lf d a y s —----------------------------------7 d a y s -------------------------------------------------------------------7 d a y s plu s 1 h a lf d a y ---------------------------------------7 d a y s plu s 2 h a lf d a y s ------------------------------------8 d a y s _______ *— ,.-------------------------------------------------8 d a y s plu s 1 o r 2 h a lf d a y s ----------------------------9 d a y s -------------------------------------------------------------------9 d a y s plu s 1 h a lf d a y ---------------------------------------9 d a y s plu s 2 h a lf d a y s ------------------------------------1 0 d a y s — -------------------------------- ----------------------------1 0 d a y s p lu s 1 o r 2 h a lf d a y s -------------------------1 1 d a y s _______________________________ ____________ 1 2 d a y s plu s 1 h a lf d a y _________________________ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g no pa id h o l i d a y s -----,----------------------------------------------- 1 2 10 0 94 3 5 25 1 25 ( 2) 1 7 3 5 2 (2) 4 1 11 1 6 N ew E ngland M id d le A tla n tic S ou th ea st 10 0 10 0 10 0 94 ( 2) 71 1 42 7 25 9 4 16 20 2 1 8 1 2 12 10 3 32 - - 2 6 29 N ew Y ork P h ila d e lp h ia San F ra n cis c o — O akland P a c ifi c B o s to n C h ic a g o L os A n g e le s L ong B e a ch 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 98 - 10 0 10 0 2 94 - 10 0 - 10 0 98 3 5 32 3 23 A reas G rea t L a k es 96 ( 2) 3 52 10 4 - 25 4 - - - - 22 8 - 41 4 29 13 - 4 “ “ 2 8 30 - 1 33 1 1 3 1 1 54 42 1 25 - 4 - 22 22 17 - 28 54 - - 12 21 5 7 82 - 42 - 51 - * ~ 6 " - I n c lu d e s da ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d ition to th o se show n s e p a r a t e ly . L e s s than 0 .5 p e r c e n t . NOTE: B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , su m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y not eq u a l t o t a ls . Table 18. Paid Vacations ( P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in cand y and oth e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith f o r m a l p r o v is i o n s f o r pa id v a c a t io n s a fte r s e le c t e d p e r io d s o f s e r v i c e , U n ited S ta te s , s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s , and a r e a s , S e p te m b e r 1965) R e g io n s V a c a t io n p o l ic y A ll w o r k e r s _____________________________________ U nited S ta tes 1 New England M id d le A tla n tic 10 0 10 0 10 0 95 84 98 90 9 5 1 86 A reas G reat L ak es P a c ifi c 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 97 81 15 88 94 80 14 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 - - 97 78 19 2 3 12 6 85 5 89 14 75 88 97 _ _ _ . 8 7 4 3 S ou th ea st B o s to n C h ic a g o N ew Y ork P h ila d e lp h ia San F ra n cis c o — O akland 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 98 98 - 94 36 58 10 0 10 0 - 2 6 L os A n g e le s L ong B e a ch M eth od o f p a y m en t W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g pa id v a c a t i o n s ______________________________________ L en gth - o f - t i m e p a y m e n t _______________________ P e r c e n t a g e p a y m e n t____________________________ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g no p a id v a c a t i o n s __________________________________ 11 78 3 _ A m ou n t o f v a c a t io n p a y 2 A fte r 1 y e a r o f s e r v ic e : U n d er 1 w e e k _____________________________________ 1 w e e k .____________________________________________ O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s -------------------------------2 w e e k s ___________________________________________ S e e fo o t n o t e s at end o f t a b le . 3 5 - - - - - 89 7 4 91 10 0 98 . 91 10 0 _ - _ _ _ 4 - 3 - _ Table 18. Paid Vacations— Continued (P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in ca n d y and o th e r c o n f e c t io n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith fo r m a l p r o v is io n s f o r paid v a c a tio n s a fte r s e le c t e d p e r io d s o f s e r v i c e , U n ited S ta te s , s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s , and a r e a s , S e p te m b e r 1965) A reas R e g io n s U nited S ta tes 1 V a c a t io n p o l ic y N ew England M id d le A tlan tic (3) 50 9 36 36 5 57 35 (3) 19 7 9 5 84 7 78 1 98 - 7 79 3 4 - 8 (3) 4 45 3 43 18 S ou th ea st G reat L a k es L os A n g e le s L ong B e a c h N ew Y ork 6 83 5 P a c if i c B o s to n C h ic a g o 51 30 7 63 60 30 12 7 92 7 93 19 5 95 4 94 95 - 92 - - 8 - 16 P h ila d e lp h ia San F r a n cis c o — O akland A m ou n t o f v a c a t io n p a y 2— C on tin u ed A fte r 2 y e a r s o f s e r v ic e : U n der 1 w e e k _____________________________________ 1 w e e k ----------------------------------- ..-------------------------------O v e r 1 and u n d e r 2 w e e k s --------------------------------2 w e e k s ___________________________________________ A fte r 3 y e a r s o f s e r v ic e : U n der 1 w e e k _____________________________________ 1 w e e k _____________________________________________ O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s --------------------------------2 w e e k s _ --------------------------- ------------------------------A fte r 5 y e a r s o f s e r v ic e : U n der 1 w e e k -------------------------------------------------------1 w e e k _____________________________________________ O v e r 1 and u n d er 2 w e e k s --------------------------------2 w e e k s ___________________________________________ O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s -------------------------------3 w e e k s ----------------- -----------------------------------------------A f t e r 10 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e : U n der 1 w e e k -------------------------------------------------------1 w e e k _____________________________________________ 2 w e e k s ___________________________________________ O v e r 2 and u n d er 3 w e e k s --------------------------------3 w e e k s ----------------------------------------------------------------A f t e r 15 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e : U n der 1 w e e k -------------------------------------------------------1 w e e k _____________________________________________ 2 w e e k s -----------------------------------------------------------------3 w e e k s ___________________________________________ 4 w e e k s ___________________________________________ A f t e r 20 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e : U n d er 1 w e e k -------------------------------------------------------1 w e e k _____________________________________________ 2 w e e k s -----------------------------------------------------------------3 w e e k s -----------------------------------------------------------------O v e r 3 and u n d e r 4 w e e k s -------------------------------4 w e e k s ----------------------------------------------------------------A f t e r 25 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e : U n der 1 w e e k -------------------------------------------------------1 w e e k _____________________________________________ 2 w e e k s ___________________________________________ 3 w e e k s ___________________________________________ 4 w e e k s ___________________________________________ O v e r 4 w e e k s ----------------------------------------------------- — 68 (3) 4 1 85 (3) 4 18 73 1 10 71 18 78 3 24 18 54 27 (3) 4 14 41 36 14 17 67 (3) 4 15 51 1 1 8 53 6 73 9 63 5 25 2 48 - 6 - 11 63 19 22 - 4 2 68 98 6 - 13 2 8 62 - 92 - 80 - - - 20 9 91 - 6 - 6 13 63 - 70 24 5 62 6 1 2 21 10 0 - - 48 - 53 32 - - 7 45 42 - 57 27 3 32 64 16 57 27 3 24 72 7 39 48 8 1 8 10 0 10 0 5 82 - 6 13 59 - - 21 12 - - 4 6 6 24 58 3 23 7 87 6 12 7 92 5 93 - - 51 49 16 67 17 83 - 52 42 - - 48 98 - - 22 1 10 0 84 83 9 71 13 82 - 5 89 6 - 13 - 13 12 7 85 1 10 21 10 0 2 6 - 45 82 13 48 7 28 3 53 2 - - - 6 70 12 8 6 8 . 6 37 8 88 69 23 5 82 4 21 12 75 2 4 91 " 2 4 73 18 2 4 49 42 16 10 0 10 0 - 1 In clu d e s da ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to t h o se show n s e p a r a t e ly . 2 V a c a t io n p a y m e n ts su c h as p e r c e n t o f annual e a rn in g s w e r e co n v e r te d to an e q u iv a le n t t im e b a s is . P e r i o d s o f s e r v i c e w e r e a r b it r a r i ly c h o s e n and d o not n e c e s s a r i l y r e f l e c t the in d iv id u a l e s t a b lis h m e n t p r o v is i o n s f o r p r o g r e s s i o n . F o r e x a m p le , ch a n g es in p r o p o r t io n s at 10 y e a r s m a y in c lu d e ch a n g e s o c c u r r in g b e tw e e n 5 and 10 y e a r s . 3 L e s s than 0 .5 p e r c e n t . NOTE: B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y not equal to t a ls . Table 19. Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans ( P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in ca n d y and o th e r c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa ctu rin g e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith s p e c i fie d h ea lth , in s u r a n c e , and p e n s io n p la n s, U n ited S t a te s , s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s , and a r e a s , S e p te m b e r 1965) R e g io n s T yp e o f p la n 1 A l l w o r k e r s ____________________________________ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g : L ife i n s u r a n c e ___________________________________ E m p lo y e r fin a n c e d __________________________ J o in t ly fin a n c e d ______________________________ A c c id e n t a l dea th and d i s m e m b e r m e n t in s u r a n c e _______________________________________ E m p lo y e r fin a n c e d __________________________ J o in t ly fin a n c e d ______________________________ S ic k n e s s and a c c id e n t in s u r a n c e or s i c k le a v e o r b oth 3 ___________________________ S ic k n e s s and a c c id e n t in s u r a n c e __________ E m p lo y e r fin a n c e d _______________________ J o in tly fin a n c e d __________________________ S ic k le a v e (fu ll p a y , no w a itin g p e r i o d ) _____________________________ S ic k le a v e (p a r t ia l p a y o r w a itin g p e r i o d ) _____________________________ H o s p it a liz a t io n in s u r a n c e ______________________ E m p lo y e r fin a n c e d __________________________ J o in t ly fin a n c e d ______________________________ S u r g ic a l in s u r a n c e ______________________________ E m p lo y e r fin a n c e d ---------------------------------------J o in t ly fin a n c e d ______________________________ M e d ic a l in s u r a n c e ______________________________ E m p lo y e r fin a n c e d __________________________ J o in t ly fin a n c e d ______________________________ C a t a s t r o p h e in s u r a n c e _________________________ E m p lo y e r fin a n c ed __ ________________________ J o in t ly fin a n c e d ______________________________ R e t ir e m e n t p e n s io n _____________________________ E m p lo y e r fin a n c e d __________________________ J o in t ly fin a n c e d ______________________________ N o p l a n s __________________________________________ U nited S ta te s 2 N ew E ngland M id d le A tla n tic 10 0 10 0 10 0 86 95 26 70 86 52 34 A reas G reat L a k es P a c ific B o s to n C h ica g o L os A n g e le s L on g B e a ch 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 89 43 46 84 33 51 81 64 17 96 13 83 86 83 3 23 62 83 62 56 36 66 20 38 37 81 64 17 45 9 37 75 75 9 S ou th ea st 55 31 24 53 33 1 20 23 43 71 61 42 19 67 67 57 57 42 15 69 54 29 25 80 23 23 56 80 80 76 4 4 7 4 4 3 „ 72 23 49 72 23 49 64 15 49 39 8 88 13 53 98 85 13 98 85 13 98 85 13 11 87 57 29 87 57 30 69 42 27 25 13 11 _ 59 55 4 7 7 93 48 45 93 48 45 69 32 37 57 37 82 6 88 88 12 31 - 20 61 55 66 78 72 50 50 6 8 6 6 - 42 46 79 37 42 33 16 17 45 38 7 5 9 2 10 8 60 82 88 42 46 6 - 66 8 2 4 8 San F r a n cis c o — O akland 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 97 94 3 87 87 _ _ 77 19 58 83 62 18 18 28 28 10 0 10 0 21 _ _ _ 71 50 26 24 39 87 87 87 10 0 _ _ 92 92 92 _ _ _ . 87 87 10 0 10 0 10 0 _ 10 21 9 87 79 20 11 10 0 P h ila d e lp h ia 21 9 67 13 54 67 13 54 67 13 54 38 4 34 70 62 N ew Y ork 91 31 60 91 31 60 80 25 56 33 11 22 50 45 5 9 28 95 55 40 95 55 40 95 55 40 36 22 96 96 _ _ _ 96 96 87 87 10 0 10 0 _ _ _ 67 67 13 13 10 0 10 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ 28 61 50 _ - 97 97 69 63 10 0 10 0 10 _ 6 _ 5 2 13 8 _ I n clu d e s o n ly th o s e p la n s f o r w h ich at le a s t p a rt o f the c o s t is b o r n e b y the e m p lo y e r and e x c lu d e s le g a lly r e q u ir e d p la n s su c h a s w o r k m e n 's c o m p e n s a t io n and s o c ia l s e c u r it y ; h o w e v e r , p la n s r e q u ir e d b y State t e m p o r a r y d is a b ilit y in s u ra n ce la w s a r e in clu d e d if the e m p lo y e r c o n t r ib u t e s m o r e than is le g a lly r e q u i r e d o r the e m p lo y e e r e c e i v e s b e n e fits in e x c e s s o f the le g a l r e q u i r e m e n t s . 2 I n clu d e s data f o r r e g i o n s in a d d ition to t h o se show n s e p a r a t e ly . 3 U n d u p lic a te d t o t a l o f w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s ic k le a v e o r s ic k n e s s and a c c id e n t in s u r a n c e sh ow n s e p a r a t e ly . 10 Table 20. Nonproduction Bonuses ( P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c t io n w o r k e r s in cand y' and o th er c o n f e c t i o n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u fa c tu r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith s p e c i fie d ty p e s o f n o n p r o d u c tio n b o n u s e s , U nited S ta tes, s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s , and a r e a s , S e p te m b e r 1965) A reas R e g io n s U nited States 1 T y p e o f b on u s A ll w o r k e r s ----------------------- --------------------------------W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith n o n p r o d u c t io n b o n u s e s -----------------------------------------C h r is t m a s o r y e a r e n d ---------------------------------------P r o f i t s h a r in g ________ ___________________ _____ O t h e r _______________________________________________ W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith no n o n p r o d u c t io n b o n u s e s ------------------------------------- New E ngland M idd le A tla n tic S ou th ea st G re a t L akes P a c ifi c B o s to n C h ic a g o L os A n g e le s L on g B e a ch N ew Y o r k P h ila d e lp h ia 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 26 19 33 33 12 21 42 31 54 12 12 16 16 2 - 1 2 28 - - 4 74 In clu d e s data f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th o se NOTE: B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , 67 9 88 show n s e p a r a t e ly . su m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s m a y not equal t o t a ls . 17 5 - 79 San F ra n cis co — O akland 10 0 1 10 18 5 9 3 36 36 - 54 38 16 10 - 12 - 58 82 64 46 46 88 84 10 0 5 - Appendix A. Scope and Method of Survey Scope of Survey The survey included establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing candy and other confectionery products (industry 2071 as defined in the 1957 edition and 1963 Supplement of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual). Establishments primarily manufacturing solid chocolate bars (SIC 2072), those primarily manufacturing chewing gum (SIC 2073), those making confectionery primarily for direct sale on the premises and those primarily engaged in shelling and roasting nuts (which are classified in trade industries) were excluded. Also excluded from the study were separate auxiliary units such as central offices. The establishments studied were selected from those employing 20 workers or more at the time of reference of the data used in compiling the universe lists. The number of establishments and workers actually studied by the Bureau, as well as the number estimated to be in the industry during the payroll period studied, are shown in the table below. Estimated Number of Establishments and Workers Within Scope of Survey and Number Studied, Candy and Other Confectionery Products Manufacturing Industry, September 1965 Number of establishments 3 Region 1 and area2 Workers in establishments Within scope of study Within scope of study Studied T o ta l4 Studied Production workers Total United States 5 ------------------------------------------------- 408 190 5 9 ,0 7 5 4 9 ,7 3 6 4 6 ,5 5 0 New England----- ------------------------------------------------------Boston------------------------------------------------------------------Middle A tlan tic------------------------------------------------------New York------------------------------------------------------------Philadelphia------------------------------------------------------Southeast------------------------------------------------------------------Great Lakes--------------------------------------------------------------C hicago--------------------------------------------------------------Pacific----------------------------------------------------------------------Los Angeles—Long Beach----------------------------------San Francisco— Oakland------------------------------------- 30 22 129 40 29 32 105 45 50 16 11 52 17 11 16 54 23 25 10 10 6 ,3 2 6 4 ,9 7 3 1 6 ,4 3 0 4 ,6 5 7 2 ,9 7 6 4 ,3 0 7 1 9 ,0 2 4 1 1,929 5 ,2 1 8 1,7 8 8 1,871 5 ,3 3 9 4 ,1 6 0 1 3,863 3 ,8 4 5 2 ,5 8 8 3 ,6 2 8 1 5 ,9 9 7 9 ,9 7 6 4 ,3 2 9 1 ,4 2 2 1 ,5 7 2 5 ,6 5 8 4 ,4 4 1 1 2,918 3 ,6 9 7 2 ,2 5 4 3 ,4 9 7 1 5 ,5 7 0 10,221 3, 378 1 ,1 6 7 1 ,3 2 3 18 20 1 The regions used in this study include: New England— Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Middle Atlantic— New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; Southeast— Alabam a, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes— Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin; and Pacific— California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. Regional data include areas in addition to those shown separately. 2 For definition of the respective areas, see footnote 1, tables 7— 12. 3 Includes only establishments with 20 workers or more at the time of reference of the universe data. 4 Includes executive, professional, office, and other workers excluded from the production worker category shown separately. 5 Includes data for regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the study. Method of Study Data were obtained by personal visits of Bureau field economists under the direction of the Bureau's Assistant Regional Directors for Wages and Industrial Relations. The survey was conducted on a sample basis. To obtain appropriate accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion of large than of small establishments was studied. In combining the data, however, all establishments were given their appropriate weight. All estimates are presented, therefore, as relating to all establishments in the industry, excluding only those below the minimum size at the time of reference of the universe data. 29 30 Establishment Definition An establishment, for purposes of this study, is defined as a single physical lo cation where industrial operations are performed. An establishment is not necessarily identical with the company, which may consist of one establishment or more. The terms "establishment" and "plant" have been used interchangeably in this bulletin. Employment The estimates of the number of workers within the scope of the study are intended as a general guide to the size and composition of the labor force included in the survey. The advance planning necessary to make a wage survey requires the use of lists of establish ments assembled considerably in advance of the payroll period studied. Production Workers The term "production workers" as used in this bulletin, includes working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonoffice functions. Administrative, executive, professional, and technical personnel, and force-account construction employees, who were utilized as a separate work force on the firm ’ s own properties, were excluded. Occupations Selected for Study Occupational classification was based on a uniform set of job descriptions designed to take account of interestablishment and interarea variations in duties within the same job. (See appendix B for these job descriptions.) The occupations were chosen for their numerical importance, their usefulness in collective bargaining, or their representativeness of the entire job scale in the industry. Working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers were not reported in the data for selected occupations, but were included in the data for all production workers. Wage Data The wage information relates to average straight-time hourly earnings, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems and costof-living bonuses were included as part of the workers* regular pay; but nonproduction bonus payments, such as Christmas or year end bonuses, were excluded. Average (mean) hourly rates or earnings for each occupation or other group of workers, such as men, women, or production workers were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earnings) by the number of workers receiving the rate, totaling, and dividing by the number of individuals. The hourly earnings of salaried workers were obtained by dividing their straight-time salary by normal rather than actual hours. The median desig nates position, that is, half of the employees surveyed received more than this rate, and half received less. The middle range is defined by two rates of pay; a fourth of the em ployees earned less than the lower of these rates and a fourth earned more than the higher rate. Size of Community Tabulations by size of community pertain to metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The term "metropolitan area," as used in this bulletin, refers to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget through March 1965. Except in New England, a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area is defined as a county or group of contiguous counties which contains at least one city of 50, 000 inhabitants or more. Contiguous counties to the one containing such a city are included in a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, if, according to certain criteria, they are essentially metro politan in character and are socially and economically integrated with the central city. In New England, where the city and town are administratively more important than the county, they are the units used in defining Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas. 31 Labor-Management Agreements Separate wage data are presented, where possible, for establishments with (l) a majority of the production workers covered by labor-management contracts, and (Z) none or a minority of the production workers covered by labor-management contracts. Method of Wage Payment Tabulations by method of wage payment relate to the number of workers paid under the various time and incentive wage systems. Formal rate structures for time-rated workers provide single rates or a range of rates for individual job categories. In the absence of a formal rate structure, pay rates are determined primarily with reference to the qualifications of the individual worker. A single rate structure is one in which the same rate is paid to all experienced workers in the same job classification. Learners, apprentices, or proba tionary workers may be paid according to rate schedules which start below the single rate and permit the workers to achieve the full job rate over a period of time. Individual experienced workers may occasionally be paid above or below the single rate for special reasons, but such payments are regarded as exceptions. Range-of-rate plans are those in which the minimum and/or maximum rates paid experienced workers for the same job are specified. Specific rates of individual workers within the range may be determined by merit, length of service or a combination of various concepts of merit and length of service. In centive workers are classified under piecework or bonus plans. Piecework is work for which a predetermined rate is paid for each unit of output. Production bonuses are based on pro duction in excess of a quota or for completion of a job in less than standard time. Scheduled Weekly Hours Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work schedule for full-time production workers employed on the day shift. Shift Provisions and Practices Shift provisions relate to the policies of establishments either currently operating late shifts or having formal provisions covering late-shift work. Practices relate to workers employed on late shifts at the time of the survey. Supplementary Wage Provisions Supplementary benefits were treated statistically on the basis that if formal pro visions were applicable to half or more of the production workers in an establishment, the benefits were considered applicable to all such workers. Similarly, if fewer than half of the workers were covered, the benefit was considered nonexistent in the establishment. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility requirements, the proportion of workers receiving the benefits may be smaller than estimated. Because of rounding, the sums of individual items may not equal totals. Paid Holidays. provided annually. Paid holiday provisions relate to full-day and half-day holidays Paid Vacations. The summary of vacation plans is limited to formal arrangements, excluding informal plans whereby time off with pay is granted at the discretion of the em ployer or the supervisor. Payments not on a time basis were converted; for example, a payment of 2 percent of annual earnings was considered the equivalent of 1 week's pay. The periods of service for which data are presented were selected as representative of the most common practices, but they do not necessarily reflect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, the changes in proportions indicated at 10 years of service may include changes which occurred between 5 and 10 years. Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans. Data are presented for health, insurance, and pension plans for which all or a part of the cost is borne by the employer, excluding programs required by law, such as workmen's compensation and social security. Among the plans included are those underwritten by a commercial insurance company and those paid directly by the employer from his current operating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose. 32 Death benefits are included as a form of life insurance. Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type of insurance under which predetermined cash payments are made directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis during illness or accident dis ability. Information is presented for all such plans to which the employer contributes at least a part of the cost. However, in New York and New Jersey, where temporary dis ability insurance laws require employer contributions, 8 plans are included only if the em ployer (1) contributes more than is legally required or (2) provides the employees with benefits which exceed the requirements of the law. Tabulations of paid sick leave plans are limited to formal plans which provide full pay or a proportion of the worker's pay during absence from work because of illness; in formal arrangements have been omitted. Separate tabulations are provided according to (1) plans which provide full pay and no waiting period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or a waiting period. Medical insurance refers to plans providing for complete or partial payment of doctors' fees. Such plans may be underwritten by a commercial insurance company or a nonprofit organization, or they may be self-insured. Catastrophe insurance, sometimes referred to as extended medical insurance, in cludes the plans designed to cover employees in case of sickness or injury involving an ex pense which goes beyond the normal coverage of hospitalization, medical, and surgical plans. Tabulations of retirement pensions are limited to plans which provide, on retire ment, regular payments for the remainder of the worker's life. Nonproduction Bonuses. Nonproduction bonuses are defined for this study as bonuses that depend on factors other than the output of the individual worker or group of workers. Plans that defer payments beyond 1 year were excluded. 8 The temporary disability insurance laws in California and Rhode Island do not require employer contributions. Appendix B. Occupational Descriptions The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau's wage surveys is to assist its field staff in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This permits the grouping of oc cupational wage rates representing comparable job content. Because of this emphasis on inter establishment and inter area comparability of occupational content, the Bureau's job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau's field economists are instructed to exclude working super visors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, handi capped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers. CANDYMAKER (Batch maker; boiler; confectioner; cook, candy; cooker, batch; fondant maker; hardcandy-maker; jelly- or gum-candymaker; taffy-candymaker) Measures, weighs, mixes and/or cooks ingredients in making candies or in preparing bases for making candies. May, in addition, operate heating, pulling, molding, and other types of candymaking machines, or may specialize in making one type of candy such as hard, cream, caramel, or nougat. Class A . Makes one or more types of candy. Work involves most of the following: Knowledge of various ingredients, formulas, methods, and equipment used in producing candy; the exercise of judgment, initiative, and ingenuity in creating new candy items or in meeting production difficulties; working with a minimum of supervision; and directing the activities of candymakers of lesser skill and/or helpers. Class B . Makes candy according to formulas or under the direction of others, usually preparing one type of candy or performing only some of the operations required in candymaking. May be assisted by, and assign work to, one helper or more. CANDYMAKER'S HELPER Assists the candymaker by performing such tasks as: Obtaining, measuring, or weighing sugar, glucose, and other ingredients according to formulas or instructions; lifting or conveying ingredients to cooking kettles; cutting or chopping fruits or nuts; mixing creamcandy batches; washing cooking equipment and utensils; and cleaning working areas. May, in addition, perform various candy forming and cutting operations. DIPPER, HAND (Bonbon dipper; candy dipper, hand; caramel dipper; chocolate dipper, hand; coater, hand; cream dipper; dipper, fork; icing dipper; stripper) Dips candy centers, fruits, or nuts into fondant, chocolate, or other icing material and finishes the surface by hand. Work involves: Regulating temperature of small dipping vat with valve or switch; dropping candy center, fruit, or nut into vat of icing and removing it with fingers or fork; and smoothing the surface and making an identifying mark on the top. May, in addition, prepare icing in small quantities in dipping vat or place nut or other gar nishing on top of candy. 33 34 ENROBING-MACHINE OPERATOR (Coating-maching operator; coater, machine; dipper, machine; dipping-machine operator; enrober man) Controls the operation of one machine or more that automatically coat (dip) candy centers with chocolate or other icing material. Work involves: Regulating supply and tem perature of chocolate or other icing material, and making minor mechanical adjustments to keep machines operating efficiently. May be assisted by several helpers. ENROBING-MACHINE OPERATOR’S HELPER (Candy liner; coating-machine feeder; corder; decorator; dipping-machine feeder, offbearer; dipping-machine operator’s helper; enrober's helper; separator; slider; straight ener; streaker; stringer; stroker; take-off girl; tray filler) Assists the enrobing-machine operator by performing one hand operation or more involved in the candymaking process. Typical of such operations are: Placing and arranging candy centers on the feed conveyor of the coating machine; dumping centers into a mechanical feed hopper which discharges them on the feed conveyor; finishing the top of coated candies by applying coating material with fingers; separating coated candies with a wire tool to prevent them from sticking together; lifting wax paper plaques of candies from discharge conveyor and sliding them onto candy trays; and stacking trays of candy on handtrucks. This classification does not include off-bearers who also pack candy into boxes or other containers. FILLING - MACHINE OPERATOR Controls the operation of a filling machine which automatically fills containers such as cartons, boxes, bottles, cans, or jars with a specified weight or amount of the commodity being packaged. May, in some plants, feed containers to the machine and remove filled containers from the machine where these operations are not assigned to other workers. This classification includes workers who tend machines that perform other operations such as closing, sealing, capping, or wrapping, in addition to filling containers. INSPECTOR, CANDY Examines boxes or other containers of candy to see that candy is properly formed, polished, wrapped, and packed; and stamps or indicates date of inspection on box or container, or returns candy to packer with explanation for rejection. May, in addition, weigh candy, or pack boxes or containers of candy in cartons. JANITOR (Sweeper; charwoman; janitress; cleaner) Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory working areas and washrooms, or premises of an office, apartment house, or commercial or other establishment. Duties involve a combination of the following: Sweeping, mopping or scrubbing, and polishing floors; removing chips, trash, and other refuse; dusting equipment, furniture, or fixtures; polishing metal fixtures or trimmings; providing supplies and minor maintenance services; and clean ing lavatories, showers, and restrooms. Workers who specialize in window washing are excluded. LABORER, MATERIAL HANDLING (Loader and unloader; handler and stacker; shelver; trucker; stockman or stock helper; warehouseman or warehouse helper) A worker employed in a warehouse, manufacturing plant, store, or other establish ment whose duties involve one or more of the following: Loading and unloading various 35 LABORER, MATERIAL HANDLING— Continued materials and merchandise on or from freight cars, trucks, or other transporting devices; unpacking, shelving, or placing materials or merchandise in proper storage location; and transporting materials or merchandise by handtruck, car, or wheelbarrow. Longshoremen, who load and unload ships are excluded. MACHINIST, MAINTENANCE Produces replacement parts and new parts in making repairs of metal parts of mechanical equipment operated in an establishment. Work involves most of the following: Interpreting written instructions and specifications; planning and laying out of work; using a variety of machinists handtools and precision measuring instruments; setting up and operating standard machine tools; shaping of metal parts to close tolerances; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work, tooling, feeds, and speeds of machining; knowl edge of the working properties of the common metals; selecting standard materials, parts, and equipment required for his work; and fitting and assembling parts into mechanical equip ment. In general, the machinist's work normally requires a rounded training in machineshop practice usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. MAINTENANCE MAN, GENERAL UTILITY Keeps the machines, mechanical equipment and/or structure of an establishment (usually a small plant where specialization in maintenance work is impractical) in repair. Duties involve the performance of operations and the use of tools and equipment of several trades, rather than specialization in one trade or one type of maintenance work only. Work involves a combination of the following: Planning and laying out of work relating to repair of buildings, machines, mechanical and/or electrical equipment; repairing electrical and/or mechanical equipment; installing, alining, and balancing new equipment; and repairing build ings, floors, and stairs as well as making and repairing bins, cribs, and partitions. MECHANIC, MAINTENANCE Repairs machinery or mechanical equipment of an establishment. Work involves most of the following: Examining machines and mechanical equipment to diagnose source of trouble; dismantling or partly dismantling machines and performing repairs that mainly involve the use of handtools in scraping and fitting parts; replacing broken or defective parts with items obtained from stock; ordering the production of a replacement part by a machine shop or sending of the machine to a machine shop for major repairs; preparing written speci fications for major repairs or for the production of parts ordered from machine shop; reassembling machines; and making all necessary adjustments for operation. In general, the work of a maintenance mechanic requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Excluded from this classification are workers whose primary duties involve setting up or adjusting machines. MOGUL OPERATOR Molds soft candy centers, such as gums and jellies, by operating a mogul machine. Work involves the following: Inserting mold die in machine and fastening it in place with wedges or by tightening thumb screws; starting machine and turning valve to supply steam to jacket of candy hopper; adjusting setscrews to regulate flow of candy from depositors; oiling machine and observing its proper operation; and directing one helper or more. MOGUL OPERATOR'S HELPER Assists the mogul-machine operator by feeding, catching, stacking, and trucking candy. Typical of the specific duties performed by the helper are: Lifting trays of freshly molded candy from conveyor or machine and stacking them on handtrucks to be pushed to hardening room; placing trays of hardened candy in starch molds on automatic feed rack of mogul machine; placing empty trays under conveyor of machine to catch candy after it has been separated from starch; spreading candy on trays; and pushing loaded handtrucks to and from hardening room. 36 PACKER, HAND Packs candy or other confectionery products by hand in various size of shaped boxes, cartons, jars, or other containers. Packer, hand, bulk. Pours, scoops, or funnels loose candy into boxes, cartons, jars, pails, bags, or other containers. Packer, hand, candy bars. Fills cartons with a specified number of wrapped candy bars of the same kind, shape, and size. Packer, hand, fancy. Places pieces of wrapped or unwrapped candy in boxes by hand, following a prescribed packing arrangement; packs a complete box or places a few pieces of more than one type of candy in each box; may also wrap individual pieces of candy in paper, or place candy in paper cups, and count or weigh candy. WATCHMAN Makes rounds of premises periodically in protecting property against fire, theft, and illegal entry. WRAPPING-MACHINE OPERATOR Packages rolls, bars, slabs, or individual pieces of candy in advertising or desig nating wrapper by feeding to a candy wrapping machine. Work involves most of the following: Feeding candy items onto a conveyor belt and guiding to slots of machine which automatically wraps them; starts and stops machine and may thread paper through the rolls of the machine as necessary; catching and removing wrapped items as they come from the machine and may also pack by putting specified number of items in boxes or other containers. (Both feeders and catchers are to be included regardless of whether they alternate between the two types of work.) Industry Wage Studies The m o s t recent reports for industries included in the Bureau's program o f industry wage surveys since January 1950 are listed below. Those for which a p r i c e is shown are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. G ov ern m en t Printing Office, Washington, D. C. , 20402, or any of its regional sales o f f i c e s . Those for which a price is not shown may be obtained free as long as a supply is available, from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D. C. , 20212, or f r o m any of the regional offices shown on the inside back cover. I. Occupational Wage Studies Manufa c tur ing Basic Iron and Steel, 1962. BLS Bulletin 1358 (30 cents). Candy and Other Confectionery Products, I960. BLS Report 195. ^Canning and Freezing, 1957. BLS Report 136. Cigar Manufacturing, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1436 (30 cents). Cigarette Manufacturing, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1472 (20 cents). Cotton Textiles, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1506 (40 cents). Distilled Liquors, 1952. Series 2, No. 88. Fabricated Structural Steel, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1463 (30 cents). Fertilizer Manufacturing, 1962. BLS Bulletin 1362 (40 cents). Flour and Other Grain M ill Products, 1961. BLS Bulletin 1337 (30 cents). Fluid Milk Industry, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1464 (30 cents). Footwear, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1503 (50 cents). H osiery, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1456 (45 cents). Industrial Chemicals, 1955. BLS Report 103. Iron and Steel Foundries, 1962. BLS Bulletin 1386 (40 cents). Leather Tanning and Finishing, 1963. BLS Bulletin 1378 (40 cents). Machinery Manufacturing, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1476 (25 cents). Meat Products, 1963. BLS Bulletin 1415 (75 cents). Men’ s and B oys’ Shirts (Except Work Shirt* * .ghtwear, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1457 (40 cents). Men’ s and Boys’ Suits and Coats, 1963. BLS Bulletin 1424 (65 cents). Miscellaneous Plastics Products, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1439 (35 cents). Miscellaneous Textiles, 195 3. BLS Report 56. Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle P arts, 1963. BLS Bulletin 1393 (45 cents). Nonferrous Foundries, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1498 (40 cents). Paints and V arnishes, 1961. BLS Bulletin 1318 (30 cents). Paperboard Containers and Boxes, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1478 (70 cents). Petroleum Refining, 1959. BLS Report 158. P ressed or Blown Glass and Glassw are, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1423 (30 cents). "P ro cessed W aste, 1957. BLS Report 124. Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard M ills, 1962. BLS Bulletin 1341 (40 cents). Radio, Television, and Related Products, 1951. Series 2, No. 84. Railroad C ars, 1952. Series 2, No. 86. '"Raw Sugar, 1957. BLS Report 136. Southern Sawmills and Planing M ills, 1962. BLS Bulletin 1361 (30 cents). Structural Clay Products, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1459 (45 cents). Synthetic F ibers, 1958. BLS Report 143. Synthetic Textiles, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1509 (40 cents). Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1961. BLS Bulletin 1311 (35 cents). ^Tobacco Stemming and Redrying, 1957. BLS Report 136. * Studies of the effects of the $1 m inim um w age. I. Occupational Wage Studies--- Continued Manufacturing— Cont inued West Coast Sawmilling, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1455 (30 cents). Women’ s and M isse s' Coats and Suits, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1508 (25 cents). Women's and M is s e s 1 D resses, 1963. BLS Bulletin 1391 (30 cents). Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1496 (40 cents). ^Wooden Containers, 1957. BLS Report 126. Wool T extiles, 1962. BLS Bulletin 1372 (45 cents). Work Clothing, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1440 (35 cents). Nonmanufacturing Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1452 (30 cents). Banking, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1466 (30 cents). Bituminous Coal Mining, 1962. BLS Bulletin 1383 (45 cents). Communications, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1467 (20 cents). Contract Cleaning Services, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1507 (30 cents). Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Production, I960. BLS Report 181. Department and Women's R eady-to-W ear Stores, 1950. Series 2, No. 78. Eating and Drinking P laces, 1963. BLS Bulletin 1400 (40 cents). Electric and Gas U tilities, 1962. BLS Bulletin 1374 (50 cents). Hospitals, 1963. BLS Bulletin 1409 (50 cents). Hotels and M otels, 196 3. BLS Bulletin 1406 (40 cents). Laundries and Cleaning Services, 1963. BLS Bulletin 1401 (50 cents). Life Insurance, 1961. BLS Bulletin 1324 (30 cents). Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1492 (45 cents). II. Earnings Distributions Studies Factory W orkers' Earnings— Distribution by Straight-Time Hourly Earnings, 1958. BLS Bulletin 1252 (40 cents). Factory W orkers' Earnings— Selected Manufacturing Industries, 1959. BLS Bulletin 1275 (35 cents). Retail Trade: Employee Earnings and Hours, June 1965— Building M aterials, Hardware, and Farm Equipment Dealers. BLS Bulletin 1501-1 (25 cents). General Merchandise Stores. BLS Bulletin 1501-2 (40 cents). Food Stores. BLS Bulletin 1501-3 (30 cents). Automotive Dealers and Gasoline Service Stations. BLS Bulletin 1501-4 (40 cents). Apparel and A ccessory Stores. BLS Bulletin 1501-5 (45 cents). Furniture, Home Furnishings, and Household Appliance Stores. BLS Bulletin 1501-6 (40 cents). Miscellaneous Stores. BLS Bulletin 1501-7 (30 cents). Employee Earnings in Nonmetropolitan Areas of the South and North Central Regions, 1962. BLS Bulletin 1416 (40 cents).* * Studies of the effects of the $1 m inim um w age. ☆ U.S. GOVERNMENT PR IN TIN G OFFICE : 1966 0 - 2 3 0 - 0 9 5
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