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L2.3: Industry Wage S u rve y Candy and Other Confectionery Products, August 1970 Bulletin 1732 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Bureau of Labor Statistics 1972 Dayton & Montgomery Co Public Library MAR 2 9 1972 Industry Wage Survey Candy and Other Confectionery Products, August 1970 Bulletin 1732 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR J. D. Hodgson, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Geoffrey H. Moore, Commissioner 1972 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, TJ.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 45 cents P r e fa c e This bulletin summarizes the results of a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of wages and supplementary benefits in the candy and other confectionery products manufacturing industry in August 1970. A similar survey of this industry was conducted in September 1965. Separate releases were issued earlier for Boston, Mass.; Chicago, 111.; Los Angeles— Long Beach, Calif/, New York, N.Y.; Philadelphia, Pa.— N.J.; and San Francisco— Oakland, Calif. Copies of these releases are available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212, or any of its regional offices. This study was conducted in the Bureau’s Office of Wages and Industrial Relations. The analysis in this bulletin was prepared by Michael Tighe of the Division of Occupational Wage Structures. Field work for the survey was directed by the Assistant Regional Directors for Operations. Other reports available from the Bureau’s program of industry wage studies, as well as the addresses of the Bureau’s regional offices, are listed at the end of this bulletin. iii C o n te n ts Page Summary............................................................................................................................................................................. Industry characteristics..................................................................................................................................................... Em ployment.................................................................................................................................................................. Production .................................................................................................................................................................... Establishment size ....................................................................................................................................................... Union contract coverage.............................................................................................................................................. Method of wage p ay m en t................................................................................................................................ Average hourly earnings..................................................................................................................................................... Occupational earnings........... ............................................................................................................................................ Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions........................................................................................ Scheduled weekly hours and shift practices ............................................................................................................. Paid holidays.................................................................................................................................................................. Paid vacations................................................................................................................................................................ Health, insurance, and retirement plans...................................................................................................................... Other selected b en e fits................................................................................................................................................ 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 Tables: 1. Average hourly earnings: By selected characteristics..................................................................................... 2. Earnings distribution: All production w orkers.............................................................................................. 6 7 Occupational averages— 3. All establishments.............................................................................................................................................. , 4. By size of establishm ent............................................................................................. 5. By labor-management contract coverage and size of establishm ent............................................................. 6. By method of wage paym ent............................................................................................................................. 8 10 11 12 Occupational earnings— 7. Boston, M ass....................................................................................................................................................... 8. Chicago, 111......................................................................................................................................................... 9. Los Angeles— Long Beach, Calif ...................................................................................................................... 10. New York, N .Y ................................................................. 11. Philadelphia, P a .- N .J ........................................................................................................................................ 12. San Francisco— Oakland, C alif.......................................................................................................................... 13 14 15 16 17 18 Establishment practices and supplementary wage provisions— 13. Method of wage p a y m e n t................................................................................................................................. 14. Scheduled weekly h o u r s ................................................................................................................................... 15. Shift differential provisions............................................................................................................................... 16. Shift differential practices................................................................................................................................. 17. Paid holidays....................................................................................................................................................... 18. Paid vacations..................................................................................................................................................... 19. Health, insurance, and retirement plans........................................................................................................... 20. Other selected b e n e fits..................................................................................................................................... 19 19 20 21 22 22 24 25 Appendixes: A. Scope and method of survey................................................................................................................................. B. Occupational descriptions..................................................................................................................................... 26 30 v C a n d y a n d O t h e r C o n fe c tio n e r y P ro d u c ts , A u g u s t 1 9 7 0 Summary and the Middle Atlantic States for one-fourth. About one-tenth were in New England and somewhat smaller proportions in the Pacific and Southeast. About seven-eighths of the workers were in metro politan areas. Among the regions, the proportions in such areas were two-thirds in the Southeast, almost seveneighths in the Great Lakes, and nearly all in the Middle Atlantic, New England, and Pacific regions. The six metropolitan areas studied separately employed approx imately 22,000 workers, a little less than half of the survey total. About 11,500 workers were in the Chicago area, 3,300 in Boston, and from 1,000 to 3,000 were in each of the remaining areas. (See tables 7— 12.) Women, 55 percent of the work force, were pre dominant in occupations such as hand packers, enrobingmachine operators’ helpers, and wrapping-machine oper ators. Men, on the other hand, made up a large majority of the candymakers, mogul operators, and maintenance mechanics. Regionally, the proportions of women ranged from three-fifths in New England and the Southeast to slightly less than half in the Pacific. Women were a majority in all the selected areas except Chicago and Los Angeles— Long Beach. Production. Output of candy and other confectionery products increased 30 percent during the 1960’s. Pro ductivity gains played a major role in this increase as output per production worker man-hour rose 23 percent Straight-time earnings of production and related workers in the Nation’s candy and other confectionery products manufacturing industry averaged $2.52 an hour in August 1970. Nearly all of the 48,112 production workers in the study1 had hourly earnings between $ 1.60 and $4. The middle half earned from $2.04 to $2.84 an hour. Women— percent of the industry’s workers 55 and largely employed as hand packers, wrapping-machine operators, and enrobing-machine operators’ helpers— averaged $2.25 an hour; men averaged $2.83. Regionally, averages ranged from $1.97 in the South east to $3.02 in the Pacific States.2 Workers in the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic regions— three-fifths of the industry’s work force— averaged $2.66 and $2.54 an hour, respectively. Among the occupations studied separately, average hourly earnings ranged from $1.97 for hand dippers to $4.07 for maintenance machinists. Wrapping-machine operators, the largest group, averaged $2.42. Occupa tional earnings varied by size of establishment, labormanagement contract coverage, and method of wage payment. Paid holidays, usually 6 to 9 annually, and paid vacations were provided to nearly all workers in the survey. Typical vacation provisions ranged from 1 week of vacation pay after 1 year of service to 4 weeks after 20 years. Life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance plans, usually financed entirely by the employer, covered more than four-fifths of the workers; pension plans were available to about seven-tenths. See appendix A for scope and method o f survey. For definition of regions, see table A-l in appendix A. See Employment and Earnings Statistics fo r the United States, 1909-70 (BLS Bulletin 1312-7), and Employment and Earnings, Vol. 17, No. 9, 1971. 4 The estimate of the number of production workers is only a general guide to the size and composition of the labor force included in the survey. It differs from the number in the Bureau’s monthly series (55,700 in August 1970) because of the exclusion of establishments employing fewer than 20 workers and the planning necessary to assemble lists of establishments consider ably in advance of data collection. Thus omitted are new estab lishments and establishments originally classified in the candy and other confectionery products industry but found to be in other industries at the time of the survey. Also omitted are establishments manufacturing candy and other confectionery products, but classified incorrectly in other industries at the time the lists were compiled. 2 Industry characteristics 3 Employment. The industry’s employment level is affected greatly by heavy seasonal demands which occur at Halloween, Christmas, and Easter. Employment typi cally drops to its lowest point in July, rises sharply in August, and reaches its peak in October or November. In recent years, production employment in the peak season generally has exceeded the lowest level by 10 to 15,000 workers or 20 to 30 percent.3 Establishments covered by this wage survey employed 48,112 production workers in August 1970.4 The Great Lakes region accounted for almost two-fifths of the total 1 between 1960 and 1969,5 and total man-hours worked went up 6 percent. with the Bakery and Confectionery Workers’ Inter national Union of America (Ind.), is the principal union in the industry. Method o f wage payment. Slightly more than fourfifths of the workers in the survey were paid time rates. (See table 13.) Such rates usually were determined ac cording to formal plans providing either single rates or ranges of rates for specified jobs in the Middle Atlantic, Great Lakes, and Pacific regions. In New England, on the other hand, informal systems, whereby wages were deter mined primarily by the individual’s qualifications, were predominant for time-rated workers. Formal and informal systems applied to equal proportions of the workers in the Southeast. Incentive pay systems, most common in establishments employing at least 250 workers, applied to one-fifth of the work force in the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes regions. The proportions amounted to almost onesixth in New England, one-tenth in the Southeast, and none in the Pacific. Among selected areas, incentive-paid workers made up approximately two-fifths of the em ployment in Philadelphia, three-tenths in Chicago, onefourth in New York, and slightly less than one-tenth in Boston. None of the workers in Los Angeles-Long Beach and San Francisco— Oakland were under incentive systems in the establishments studied. The occupations studied separately in which at least one-third of the workers were paid on incentive systems were wrappingmachine operators and fancy hand packers. Boxed chocolates and other packaged goods were the principal products in establishments employing slightly more than half of the industry’s workers in August 1970. Plants chiefly producing candy bars em ployed another fourth. Five- and 10-cent specialties, bulk goods, and nuts, each accounted for 5 to 7 percent of the work force. Plants producing boxed chocolates and packaged goods employed almost two-thirds of the workers in the Pacific and New England regions, com pared with three-fifths in the Southeast, and about onehalf in the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic. Plants primarily manufacturing candy bars were more prevalent in the Great Lakes region, where they accounted for twofifths of the work force, than in the other regions. Workers in bulk goods plants made up one-fifth of the total in the Pacific and one-eighth or less in each of the remaining regions. Establishment size. Only about one-sixth of the 400 establishments covered by the survey employed 250 workers or more, but these accounted for slightly more than three-fifths of the total production work force. Two-thirds of the establishments covered employed from 20 to 99 workers and one-eighth employed from 100 to 249. Each of these two size groups accounted for slightly less than one-fifth of the total work force. Union contract coverage. Establishments which had collective bargaining agreements covering a majority of their production workers employed slightly more than three-fifths of the industry’s work force in August 1970. In the 1965 survey, only half the workers were in such plants. Much of the increase occurred in the Great Lakes region, where plants having a majority covered by con tracts employed three-fourths of the workers in 1970, compared with only two-fifths 5 years earlier. The pro portions of workers covered by collective bargaining agreements in August 1970 were seven-eighths in the Pacific, seven-tenths in the Middle Atlantic, one-third in New England, and slightly less than one-tenth in the Southeast. Average hourly earnings Straight-time earnings of production and related workers averaged $2.52 an hour in August 1970 6 — up 35 percent since September 1965, when the Bureau conducted a similar survey.7 The average annual rate of increase in this period was 6.3 percent, compared with 3.8 percent recorded during the first half of the 1960’s. 8 5 Indexes o f Output Per Man-Hour, Selected Industries, 1939 and 1947-70 (BLS Bulletin 1692, 1971). 6 The straight-time average hourly earnings in this bulletin differ in concept from the gross average hourly earnings published in the Bureau’s monthly hours and earnings series ($2.74 in August 1970). Unlike the latter, the estimates presented here exclude premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Average earnings were calculated by summing in d ivid u al hourly earnings and dividing by the number of individuals; in the monthly series, the sum of the man-hour totals reported by establishments in the industry was divided into the reported payroll totals. 7 See Industry Wage Survey: Candy and Other Confectionery Products, September 1965 (BLS Bulletin 1520, 1966). 8 Refers to the period between December 1960 and Septem ber 1965. For an account of the 1960 study, see Wage Structure: Candy and Other Confectionery Products, November-Dec ember 1960 (BLS Report 195, 1961). The extent of unionization varied by size of establish ment and size of community. Seven-tenths of the workers in establishments employing 100 workers or more were in plants operating under collective bargaining agree ments; in smaller establishments, the proportion was about one-third. Nine-tenths of the workers in metro politan areas were in union establishments, compared with less than one-sixth in smaller communities. The American Bakery and Confectionery Workers’ International Union (AFL-CIO), which merged in 1969 2 tract coverage, and other factors affecting wage levels. Examples of these interrelationships were noted in the discussion of industry characteristics, but the exact influence on earnings of any particular factor was not determined in this study. Individual earnings were widely dispersed and ranged from $1.60 to $4 an hour for nearly all workers in August 1970. (See table 2.) The middle half of these workers had hourly earnings from $2.04 to $2.84, com pared with $1.51 to $2.14 in September 1965. The general upward shift in the distribution of earnings dramatically changed the proportions of workers at the lower and upper ends of the array. For example, almost two-thirds of the workers in 1965 earned under $2 an hour, whereas by 1970, the proportion had fallen to only one-fifth. Conversely, at the upper end of the scale, the proportion of workers earning $3 an hour or more climbed from 4 percent in 1965 to almost 20 percent in 1970. The extent of such shifting varied widely by region, as illustrated in the following tabulation: August 1970 wage levels ranged from $1.97 an hour in the Southeast to $3.02 in the Pacific. In the Great Lakes and Middle Atlantic, which employed three-fifths of the workers, earnings averaged $2.66 and $2.54, respectively. Among the six candy manufacturing centers for which separate data were developed, hourly earnings averaged the least in New York ($2.35) and the most in San Francisco— Oakland ($3.08). Men averaged $2.83 an hour in August 1970, com pared with $2.25 for women. The average hourly wage advantage for men was 28 cents in the Southeast, but ranged upward to 63 cents in the Middle Atlantic and 72 cents in the Pacific region. Differences in average pay levels for men and women may result from several factors, including variations in the distribution of men and women among establishments and among jobs with dis parate pay levels. Also, differences in average earnings for men and women in the same job and area may reflect possible minor differences in duties. Job descriptions are more generalized in wage surveys than in individual estab lishments because allowance must be made for possible differences among establishments in specific duties per formed. To the extent that individual pay rates are ad justed for length of service, longer average service can result in higher average pay for one sex than for the other, when both are employed within the same rate range. Workers in metropolitan areas averaged 24 cents more than those in smaller communities ($2.55 compared with $2.31). Differences in favor of metropolitan areas amounted to 16 cents in the Great Lakes and 23 cents in the Southeast, the only two regions in which such comparisons could be made. Production workers in establishments employing 250 or more averaged $2.65 an hour, compared with $2.39 in those employing 100 to 249 workers, and $2.18 in establishments employing from 20 to 99. In the Great Lakes region, averages for workers in the three establish ment size groups were $2.81, $2.45, and $2.14, respec tively; in the Middle Atlantic, the only other region where similar comparisons could be made, the cor responding averages were $2.72, $2.31, and $2.14. Earnings in establishments in which labor-management contracts covered a majority of the production workers averaged $2.59 an hour— 19 cents more than in establish ments without such coverage. These nationwide wage levels partly reflected differences in location between union and nonunion plants: One-third of the workers in nonunion plants were in the relatively low-paid South east and New England, whereas only a small proportion of the workers in union establishments were in these regions. The above comparisons may reflect the interrelation ship of community size, establishment size, union con Percent of production workers earning— Less than $2 ______an hour Sept. 1 9 65 Regions New E n g la n d ............. Middle A tla n tic . . . . S outheast.................... Great L a k e s ............... P a c if ic ......................... $3 an hour or more______ . . .. .. .. .. Aug. 19 70 Sept. 1965 Aug. 1970 7 6 .6 7 0 .3 9 1 .9 5 6 .8 18 .2 2 1 .8 15.3 6 0 .5 12.9 6 .6 1.4 3.6 .2 5.2 5.4 14.5 2 0 .2 1.9 2 4 .0 37 .9 Occupational earnings Occupations for which earnings data are presented in table 3 accounted for almost three-fifths of the pro duction workers in the 1970 survey. The occupations were selected to represent the skill levels and types of opera tions found in the industry. National averages for these jobs ranged from $1.97 an hour for hand dippers (nearly all women) to $4.07 for maintenance machinists (all men). Wrapping-machine operators, mostly women and the largest occupational group studied separately, averaged $2.42. Averages of other numerically important jobs staffed predominantly by women included $2.09 an hour for bulk hand packers; $2.13 for fancy hand packers; $2.25 for enrobing-machine operators’ helpers; and $2.41 for inspectors. Among jobs usually filled by men, class A candymakers (those possessing the full range of candy mixing and cooking skills) averaged $3.22 an hour; class B candymakers (who make candy according to formula 3 or under the direction of others) averaged $2.76; enrobing-machine operators, $2.83; and material handling laborers, $2.61. Wage relationships within individual regions did not always follow the nationwide pattern. Class B candymakers, for example, averaged 26 cents an hour more, nationally, than did candymakers’ helpers ($2.76 com pared with $2.50); in the Pacific region, however, the candymakers’ helpers had the higher average ($2.98 com pared with $2.93). This unexpected relationship in the Pacific region resulted from a greater proportion of the candymakers’ helpers being employed in higher paying establishments than class B candymakers. When com parisons were limited to establishments employing both groups, class B candymakers earned more than helpers in virtually all cases. Occupational averages were nearly always highest in the Pacific and lowest in the Southeast. Wage advantages for workers in the Pacific over those in the Southeast ranged from 31 percent for wrapping-machine operators to 87 percent for material-handing laborers. Such inter regional variations are further illustrated in the following tabulation, which presents regional averages as a percent of those in the Southeast for three occupations. Region P a c if ic ............................ Great L a k e s .................. M iddle A t la n t ic .......... N ew E n g la n d ............... Southeast .................... Class A Maintenance candymakers mechanics 143 128 109 121 10 0 145 111 118 107 10 0 averages (as compared to the overall average in the indus try) earned more than some workers in jobs with much higher averages. The extent of such overlaps is illustrated in the tabulation which shows the number of men class A candymakers (average $2.65) and women fancy hand packers (average $2.15) in New York by specified earnings classes. Men class A candy makers ____ 2 15 30 20 4 6 8 37 181 52 25 4 1 1 1 T o t a l ................................... ____ 85 302 Average hourly earnings............. ____ $ 2 .6 5 $ 2 .1 5 $ 1 .8 0 $ 2 .0 0 $ 2 .2 0 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 .6 0 $ 2 .8 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .2 0 and and and and and and and and under $ 2 . 0 0 ............. under $ 2 . 2 0 ............. under $ 2 . 4 0 ............. under $ 2 . 6 0 ............. under $ 2 . 8 0 ............. under $ 3 . 0 0 ............. under $ 3 . 2 0 ............. over ............................ . . . ____ ____ ____ ____ The range of earnings for workers in the same occu pation differed by establishment. Among the plants in New York which employed class A candymakers, the differential between the highest and lowest paid in this occupation exceeded 90 cents an hour in one-third of the establishments, but was less than 20 cents in the remainder. Janitors 166 147 139 122 100 Establishment practices and Occupational averages were generally higher in estab lishments employing 250 workers or more than in smaller establishments, nationally, and in the regions where com parison could be made. (See table 4.) Occupational averages by establishment size and labor-management contract status are presented in table 5. Incentive-paid workers typically averaged more than time-rated workers in the same occupation. (See table 6.) For example, women fancy hand packers paid under incentive systems averaged 41 cents more than their time-rated counterparts in the Middle Atlantic region and 62 cents more in the Great Lakes. Similarly, in the New York metropolitan area, .women operating wrapping machines on incentive averaged 17 cents an hour more than those paid time rates ($2.43 compared with $2.26). (See table 10.) Earnings of the highest paid workers within a given occupation and area frequently exceeded those of the lowest paid by at least $1 an hour. (See tables 7-1 2 .) Consequently, some workers in jobs with relatively low . Women fancy hand packers supplem entary wage provisions Data were also obtained for production workers on certain establishment practices, such as work schedules and shift practices, and on selected supplementary wage benefits including paid holidays, paid vacations, and health, insurance, and retirement plans. 9 Scheduled weekly hours and shift practices. Work schedules of 40 hours a week were in effect in estab lishments employing 95 percent of the production work force. (See table 14.) Four-fifths of the workers were in establishments having formal provisions for late shifts. (See table 15.) At the time of the survey, however, only about one-fifth of the workers were actually employed Q For an account of employer expenditures for supple mentary wage provisions in the industry, see Employee Conpensation and Payroll Hours, Confectionery and Related Prod ucts Manufacturing, 1967 (BLS Report 364, 1969). 4 on second shifts and less than 5 percent on third or other late shifts. (See table 16.) Second shift workers usually received extra pay above day-shift rates, and of the many shift differentials reported, the most common was 10 cents an hour. Paid holidays. Nearly all establishments granted paid holidays annually to their employees. (See table 17.) The number of holidays most commonly provided ranged from 11 in New England to 5 in the Southeast. Workers in the Great Lakes and Pacific regions usually received 8 or 9 days, while those in the Middle Atlantic States typically received 7, 10, or 11. Paid vacations. Paid vacations, after qualifying periods of service, were provided by plants employing nearly all the workers. (See table 18.) The most common provisions were 1 week’s vacation pay after 1 year of service, 2 weeks after 3 years, 3 weeks after 10 years, and 4 weeks after 20 years. One-fifth of the workers (principally employed in the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes regions) were in establishments providing 5 weeks after 30 years of service. Health, insurance, and retirement plans. Life, hospi talization, surgical, and medical insurance plans, at least partially paid by employers, were available in establish ments employing more than four-fifths of the production workers. (See table 19.) Accidental death and dismember ment and sickness and accident insurance each applied to two-thirds of the workers, and major medical insur ance to slightly more than one-half. Retirement pension plans, in addition to Federal social security benefits, were available in establishments employing seven-tenths of the workers. The incidence of life, hospitalization, and surgical insurance varied little by region, but this was not true for the other benefits. For example, the proportions of workers covered by major medical insurance varied from three-tenths in the Middle Atlantic region to over ninetenths in New England. Similarly, pension plans were available to seven-eighths of the workers in New England, compared with about two-fifths of those in the Southeast. Other selected benefits. Pay provisions for funeral leave and jury duty pay were reported in establishments employing a majority of the production work force in each of the regions studied separately. (See table 20.) Establishments reporting provisions for technological severance pay employed one-third of the workers in the Middle Atlantic States and one-fourth in the Great Lakes. Such payments to workers separated from employment through no fault of their own were rare in the other regions. 5 T a b le 1. A v e r a g e h o u rly e a rn in g s : B y s e le c te d c h a ra c te ris tic s (N u m b er and a v e r a g e s tr a ig h t - t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 of p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s in candy and oth er c o n fe c tio n e r y p ro d u cts m a n u fa ctu rin g e s ta b lish m e n ts by s e le c t e d c h a r a c t e r is t ic s , U n ited S ta te s and s e le c t e d r e g io n s , A ugust 1970) U n ited S ta tes Item 2 N um ber of w orkers A verage h o u rly ea rn in g s 4 8 ,1 1 2 4 1 ,8 9 9 6 ,2 1 3 2.55 2.31 4 ,4 6 9 “ S iz e o f e sta b lish m e n t: 2 0 —9 9 w o r k e r s -------------------------------------------------100— 249 w o r k e r s ---------------------------------------------250 w o r k e r s or m o r e --------------------------------------- 8 ,7 9 0 9 ,2 7 2 3 0 ,0 5 0 2.18 2.39 2.65 3 ,6 3 4 L a b o r -m a n a g e m e n t c o n tr a c ts: E s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith— M a jo r ity of w o r k e r s c o v e r e d --------------------N on e or m in o r ity o f w o r k e r s c o v e r e d ------- 3 0 ,1 5 2 1 7 ,9 6 0 2.59 2.40 3, 192 1 2 3 - - - 2.46 - 1 7 ,9 2 4 8 , 327 9 ,5 9 7 $2 .6 6 2.97 2.38 3, 321 1 ,7 4 3 1 ,5 7 8 $3.02 3.36 2.64 2.04 1.81 1 5 ,1 4 6 2 ,7 7 8 2 .68 3, 321 3.02 2.52 2 ,6 7 1 2 ,6 4 5 2.14 2.45 2.81 1, 141 1 ,3 1 2 “ 2.72 2 .66 2 ,9 0 3 3.13 2 .5 4 “ 2 ,2 2 6 1 ,0 4 0 2 ,2 5 2 2, 123 7 ,5 3 1 2 .1 4 2.31 2.7 2 1 ,9 9 6 1.98 1 2 ,6 0 8 2 ,9 9 2 1.96 1 3 ,4 4 9 4 ,4 7 5 8 , 160 2 .4 2 2.34 D a s h e s in d ic a te no data r e p o r te d or data that do not m e e t p u b lica tio n c r it e r ia . 1.86 1 1 ,7 6 1 - E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m pa y fo r o v e r tim e and fo r w ork on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s , and la te s h ift s . In c lu d e s data fo r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th o se show n se p a r a te ly . Standard M e tr o p o lita n S t a tis tic a l A r e a s a s defin ed by the U .S . O ffice o f M an agem en t and B u d get ( fo r m e r ly U. S. NO TE: $ 1.97 2.14 3 ,2 6 6 2.8 8 2.2 5 2.38 2 6 ,2 2 6 1,2 9 8 $ 2 .5 4 5 ,4 7 0 6 ,4 3 6 $ 2 .40 2.72 2.18 A verage hourly e a rn in g s 1 ,9 6 8 1 1 ,9 0 6 4 ,7 7 6 1 ,9 2 8 2 ,8 4 8 S iz e of com m u n ity: M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s 3 ----------------------------------------N o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s ------------------------------------ 2 1 ,8 8 6 P a c ific N u m ber of w orkers N u m ber of w orkers N u m b er of w orkers N u m b er of w orkers A verage h o u rly ea r n in g s A verage h o u rly ea r n in g s A verage ho u rly ea rn in g s $2.52 2.83 2.25 A ll w o r k e r s -----------------------------------------------------------M e n _- _______ __ _________ _— ------- ------------------ — W o m e n --------------------------------------------------------------- G re a t L ak es S o u th ea st M id d le A tla n tic N ew E ngland N u m ber of w orkers - - B u rea u o f the Budget) through Jan u ary 1968. A verage h ou rly ea r n in g s 2.65 ' 2.9 8 " T a b le 2 . E a rn in g s d is trib u tio n : A ll p ro d u c tio n w o r k e rs ( P e r c e n t d i s t r ib u t io n o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in can d y a n d o th e r c o n fe c tio n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s b y a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s , U n ite d S ta te s a n d s e le c te d r e g i o n s , A u g u st 1970) U n ited S ta te s A v e r a g e h o u r ly ea r n in g s T otal N ew England M id dle A tla n tic S o u th ea st G reat L ak es .9 .7 .4 1. 1 1 1 .4 9. 7 1 1 .4 . . . 2. 1. 3 1. 5 1. 2 3. 2. 4. 3. 4. 4. 0 2. 2 2. 2 4. 1 1. 8 1. 1 .7 3. 8 3. 4 3. 2 5. 6 4. 0 8. 6 7 .4 2. 4 . 1. 2. 1. 3. 9 .6 8. 1 6. 1 5. 8 5. 2 . 3 .0 5. 9 4. 6 5. 1 12. 3 9. 9 6. 2 6. 8 5. 2 6 0 --------------------------------------------------------und er $ 1 .6 5 --------------------------------------und er $ 1. 7 0--------------------------------------und er $ 1. 7 5--------------------------------------- 0. 3 2 .9 1.4 3. 2 $ 1. 75 $ 1 .8 0 $ 1. 85 $ 1. 90 $ 1 .9 5 and and and and and under und er u nd er und er u nd er $ $ $ $ $ 1. 8 0 --------------------------------------1 .8 5 --------------------------------------1. 9 0--------------------------------------1 .9 5 --------------------------------------2. 00--------------------------------------- 2 2 .0 . 1 3. 2 2. 6 3. 0 and and 2. 20 and 2. 30 and 2. 4 0 and und er u n d er un d er und er u n d er $ $ $ $ $ . 1 0 _________________________ . 2 0 _________________________ 2. 30--------------------------------------2. 4 0 --------------------------------------2. 50--------------------------------------2 2 W om en 2. 9 .5 4. 1 $ 1. and and and 2 . 00 2 .1 0 M en 0. 5 4. 2 2. 0 5. 3 U n der $ 1. 60 $ 1. 65 $ 1 .7 0 $ $ $ $ $ 2 1 1. 3 .6 .8 .7 1. 0 6 6 1 9 7 6 4 0 0 .9 .2 13. 0 5. 0 6. 2 8 10 11. 14. 8. 4. 5. 3 3 3 4 1 2 .9 5. 9 6 .4 4. 1 2. 3 0 2 8 2 0 0. 7 2 .4 .4 7 7 9 1. 0 2 1. 0 .4 .7 2 7. 7 5. 5 4. 6 8. 6 5. 9 1. 2 .2 .4 .6 .8 $ 2. 50 $ 2. 60 $ 2 .7 0 $ 2 . 80 $ 2. 90 and and and and and under un d er u nd er und er u nd er $ 2. $ 2. $2. $2. $ 3. 6 0--------------------------------------7 0--------------------------------------8 0--------------------------------------9 0 --------------------------------------0 0--------------------------------------- 5. 1 6.4 6. 3 4. 9 2 .7 6 6 . 1 . 1 5. 1 6 .9 4. 2 4. 6. 7. 3. 1. 3 7 3 2 4 6 . 3 4. 7 3. 8 3. 4 2. 1 5. 6 6 . 2 2 .9 4 .6 1 .9 2. 4 1. 0 .8 1. 2 .2 4. 7. 8. 6. 4. 9 0 9 3 0 7. 2 16. 0 19. 5 5. 5 3 .9 $ $ $ $ $ 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 00 10 20 30 40 and and and and and under un d er und er under under $ $ $ $ $ 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 10--------------------------------------20--------------------------------------30--------------------------------------4 0 --------------------------------------50_________________________ 2 2 .6 .0 3. 0 1. 2 2. 0 4. 3 3. 5 3. 6 2. 2 3. 6 1. 2 .8 2 .4 .4 .6 2. 3 1. 9 1. 1 2. 2 1 .4 2. 1 1 .2 2 .9 .8 3. 8 .6 .2 .3 . 1 . 1 4. 2. 4. 1. 1. 0 9 9 5 3 .0 3. 2 1. 8 1. 8 4. 8 $ $ $ $ $ 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 50 60 70 80 90 and and and and and und er und er und er und er und er $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. $ 3. $4. 6 0 _________________________ 7 0 --------------------------------------8 0--------------------------------------9 0--------------------------------------0 0--------------------------------------- .7 1. 3 2. 3 3. 0 1. 6 . 3 . 1 . 1 .9 1. 4 •9 .4 .5 .6 1. 1 1. 6 . 3 . 1 (3 ) .9 1. 4 .8 1. 2 .5 1. 2 2. 3 8. 3 2. 2 3. 2 $ 4 . 00 and o v e r ____ _________________________ ____ T o ta l----------------------------------------------------------N u m b er o f w o r k e r s ______________________________ A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 ---------------------------------- 1 2 3 1. 1 1 .4 .7 1. 1 2.4 3 .4 7 .4 .0 100. 0 4 8 , 112 $2. 52 2 1 ,8 8 6 100 $2. 83 (?) (3) (3) 100 . 0 2 6 ,2 2 6 $2. 25 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m pay fo r o v e r tim e and for work on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s , and la te s h ifts . In c lu d e s data fo r r e g io n s in addition to th o s e shown s e p a r a te ly . L e s s than 0. 05 p e r c e n t. NO TE: B e c a u s e o f rou n d in g, su m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y not equal 100. 1. 5 100 . 0 4 ,7 7 6 $2. 40 .3 2 .4 3 .4 1 1 (3 ) 0 100. 0 1 1 ,9 0 6 $2. 54 3 ,2 6 6 $ 1 .9 7 100 . . . 4 .6 . 2 7. 1 0 100. 0 1 7 ,9 2 4 $2 . 66 3, 321 $3. 02 100 T a b le 3. O cc u p atio n al averages: A ll establishm ents .(N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in c a n d y a n d o t h e r c o n fe c tio n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , U n ite d S ta te s a n d s e le c te d r e g i o n s , A u g u s t 1970) N ew E n gland United S t a te s 2 O ccu p atio n and s e x w orkers C a n d y m a k er s, c la s s A (848 m en , 12 w o m en )— C a n d y m a k er s, c la s s B (1, 799 m en , 46 w o m e n )— ------------------- —-------------------------------C a n d y m a k er s' h e lp e r s ----------------------------------------M e n -----------------------------------------------------------------W o m en -------— --------— ------------------------------------D ip p e r s , hand (7 m en , 415 w o m en )........................E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s -----------------------------M e n --------------------------------------------- --------------------W o m en ------------------- —-------------------------------------E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s ' h e l p e r s -------------M en —-------------------------------------------------------------— W o m en -----------------------------------------------------------F illin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s --------------------------------M e n -----------------------------------------------------------------W o m en ------------------------------------------------------------I n s p e c to r s , candy (59 m en , 785 w o m e n )----------J a n ito r s ---------------------------------------------------------------M e n -------------------------------------- ------- -------------------W o m en ------------------------------------------------------------L a b o r e r s , m a te r ia l han d lin g (2, 029 m en , 25 w om en )— ----------------- —_______________________ M a c h in is ts, m a in te n a n c e ( a ll m e n ) ------------------M ain ten an ce m en , g e n e r a l u tility ( a ll m e n ) -----M e c h a n ic s , m a in te n a n c e ( a ll m en )--------------------M ogul o p e r a to r s (211 m en , 3 w o m en )---------------M ogul o p e r a to r s ' h e lp e r s (4 4 5 m en , 1 0 w om en )--------------------- -----------------------------------P a c k e r s , hand, bulk (220 m en , 2 , 6 9 0 w o m e n )---------------------------------------------------P a c k e r s , hand, can d y b a r s (1 4 8 m en , 1, 270 w o m e n )---------------------------------------------------P a c k e r s , hand, fa n cy (15 m en , 3, 763 w om en) —________________________________ W atch m en ( a ll m e n ) --------------------------------------------W rapping -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s -----------------------------M e n ---- -------------------------------------- --- -----------------W o m en -------------------------------— -------------------------- See fo o tn o te s at end of tab le, H ourly ea r n in g s N u m b er M ea n 3 1 M ed ian 3 M iddle range 3 $2. 7 0 -$ 3 . 65 N u m ber of w orkers $3. 18 $3. 15 2 .9 1 2. 52 2. 54 . 2. 78 2 . 88 2 . 19 2 .4 4 2. 13 . . 2 . 38 2 .2 5 2. 25 2 .9 5 2. 50 2 . 50 - $3. 30 1, 345 1, 038 484 554 844 2, 004 1, 829 175 2. 76 2. 50 2. 55 2 . 26 1 .9 7 2. 83 3. 19 1 .9 4 2 . 29 2. 51 2. 25 2 .6 1 2. 93 2. 33 2 .4 1 2. 56 2 .5 9 2. 24 2 .7 2 2 .4 2 2 .4 8 2 . 39 1. 85 2 .7 4 3. 17 1 .9 0 2 .2 5 2 . 28 2. 24 2. 50 2 .6 2 2 .0 7 2. 38 2 . 60 2 .6 0 2 . 10 2 .3 0 2 .0 5 2 .0 7 2 .0 3 1 .7 0 2. 2 0 2 .6 1 1 .7 0 1 .9 5 2. 1 0 1 .9 0 2 .0 7 2 .5 0 1 .9 3 2 . 002 . 182 .2 3 2 .0 0 - 2 .6 9 2. 94 2 .6 9 2 .8 6 3 .3 4 2 .7 7 2 .7 9 2 . 86 2 .8 9 2 .6 7 2, 054 326 564 815 214 2 .6 1 4 .0 7 3 .2 7 3 .7 8 2 .9 1 2. 53 4 . 11 3 .2 5 3 .7 9 2 .8 9 2 .2 3 3 .7 2 2 .8 1 3. 3 3 2 .5 0 - 2 .8 0 4 .5 4 3 .6 5 4 .1 0 3 .2 3 181 15 35 455 2. 53 2. 50 2 . 2 5 - 2 .8 4 2, 910 2 .0 9 2 .0 3 1. 8 0 - 2. 25 1, 418 2 .4 9 2 .4 6 2 3, 778 143 4, 527 224 4, 303 2. 13 2. 51 2 .4 2 2. 50 2 .4 2 2. 03 2 .4 2 2. 32 2 .4 5 2. 30 1 .8 0 2 .0 8 2 .0 5 2. 1 0 2 .0 5 - 220 . 00- 2 .0 0 3. 34 3 .5 1 2 .0 9 120 114 . . 44 36 . 86 17 69 . - 39 175 166 - 1 M id dle ra n g e 3 M e d ia n 3 59 $3. 22 3 .0 6 2 .8 7 2 .9 3 2 .4 5 M ean3 99 860 1, 845 2 , 038 1, 722 316 422 529 379 150 1, 565 M id dle A tla n tic H o u rly e a r n in g s - 2 .6 9 2 . 80 2. 25 2. 25. 2. 25 - . 2 .4 0 2 .2 6 2. 27 - - $2. 9 8 - $ 3 . 33 2 .6 7 2 .3 0 2 .4 0 . ■ * 2 .5 0 2 .6 7 . 2 .0 2 2 . 021 .9 7 - 3 .0 3 2 .7 0 2 .7 4 — N u m b er of w orkers $2. 87 $ 2 .7 5 2. 72 2 .2 9 2. 33 2 . 10 1. 83 2. 73 2 .9 7 1. 90 2. 30 . 2. 32 2 . 61 3. 50 2. 33 2 .5 0 2. 58 2 .5 9 2 .2 9 2. 65 2. 27 2. 35 2. 13 1. 85 2 .6 1 2 . 88 1. 90 2 . 16 2. 15 2. 56 3 .9 8 2. 07 2. 52 2 .4 8 2 .4 8 2. 55 2. 0 3 2.04r2 .9 3 2.04r2. 13 2 , 212 .2 2 1 .9 3 - 2 .7 4 2 .7 2 2 .7 2 2 .5 5 2 .4 7 4 . 09 3. 23 3'. 90 2 . 80 2. 35 4. 18 3. 32 3. 84 2 .6 5 2. 1 7 3 .6 2 2 .8 9 3 .5 1 2 .6 3 - 2 .6 7 4 .7 6 3 .5 0 4 .5 7 2 .8 9 226 46 47 3 .0 3 95 27 321 2. 3 0 - 2 .4 0 2 . 0 7 - 2 .3 0 2 . 0 7 - 2 .3 6 - - 244 387 94 293 148 368 352 16 2 .3 0 2 .0 3 2. 0 3 2 .0 4 1 .7 0 2 .5 1 2 .5 8 1 .5 0 2 .0 3 - 2 .9 1 2 .4 8 2. 52 2. 13 1 .8 5 3 .2 9 3 .2 9 1 .9 8 2 .7 4 - 2. 74 2 .8 6 3 .9 8 2 .8 6 22 2. 27 3. 75 2 .9 5 3 .6 0 2 .7 5 2 .2 7 3 .6 5 2 .7 7 3 .3 0 2 .6 9 - 22 2 .4 1 2. 34 2. 1 0 - 2. 83 107 2 .4 1 2 599 1 .9 4 1. 83 1. 7 5 - 2. 14 838 2 .0 6 2 .0 8 548 2. 76 2 86 2. 1 8 - 3. 21 955 36 1, 123 . 1 , 026 2 . 12 2. 36 2. 35 2 . 10 2 . 10 2 .2 7 1 .9 2 - 2 .4 5 2 . 0 0 - 2 .6 5 2 . 0 5 - 2 .5 8 2 .9 8 _ 2 .5 0 4 24 2 .9 8 8 2 .7 5 2 .9 7 2 .7 5 653 . 644 . 26 2. 46 2. 31 2. 31 2 . . 2. 36 . 2 . 0 5 - 2 .5 0 2 .2 0 2 . 0 0 - 2 .3 7 . 20 2 . 0 0 - 2 .4 0 2 - 275 - $2. 53— $3. 23 2 .4 2 3. 76 3. 17 3. 54 2 . 82 61 2 .6 5 4 .0 6 3 .6 5 3 .9 0 3. 1 0 M iddle range 3 158 122 - 1 M e d ia n 3 455 272 2 .9 9 2 .2 5 2 .8 0 2 .2 5 H ou rly e a r n in g s M ean3 68 137 278 41 - 2. 36 . . 26 2 . 2 . 2 6 - 2 .5 4 1 .9 5 - 2 .2 0 26 2 . 0 5 - 2 .6 1 T a b le 3. O c c u p a tio n a l averages: All estab lishm en ts— Continued (N u m b er and a v e r a g e s t r a ig h t -t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s 1 of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in candy and o th er c o n fe c tio n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u fa ctu rin g e s ta b lis h m e n ts , U n ited S ta te s and s e le c te d r e g io n s , A u g u st 1970) S o u th e a st O ccu p atio n and s e x C a n d y m a k er s, c la s s A --------------------------------------C a n d y m a k er s, c la s s B --------------------------------------C a n d y m a k er s' h e lp e r s ----------------------------------------M e n ___________________________________________ W o m en ------------------------------------------------------------D ip p e r s , hand------------------------------------------------------E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ----------------------------M e n ___________________ ______________________ W o m p ------------------------------------------------------------E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s ' h e l p e r s -------------M e n -------- --------------------- ------------- -------------------W o m en --------------------------------- ------- ------------------F illin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s --------------------------------M e n ___________________________________________ W o m en ------------------------------------------------------------I n s p e c to r s , can d y________________ _______________ J a n ito r s --------------------------- ----------------- ---------------M e n --------------------------------------- -----------------------W o m en ________________________________________ L a b o r e r s , m a te r ia l h a n d lin g ------------------- --------M a c h in is ts, m a in t e n a n c e _______________________ M a in ten a n ce m en , g e n e r a l u t i l i t y ............................. M e c h a n ic s , m a in te n a n c e __________ ______________ M ogul o p e r a to r s __________ _____ ____ _____________ M ogul o p e r a to r s ' h e lp e r s -----------------------------------P a c k e r s , hand, b u lk ------------------------------------------P a c k e r s , hand, can d y b a r s ___ - ________________ P a c k e r s , hand, fa n c y -----------------------------------------W a tch m e n -----------------------------------------------------------W r a p p in g -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s ----------------------------M e n -----------------------------------------------------------------W o m en __________________ _____________________ 1 2 N u m ber of w orkers 45 227 215 200 15 42 19 23 90 83 58 27 83 96 83 13 169 39 29 15 42 153 515 8 268 254 G reat L a k es H o u rly e a r n in g s 1 M ean 3 $2. 63 2 . 19 2 . 02 2 . 02 1. 95 - . 22 2. 67 1. 85 1 . 81 1 .7 8 2 .7 6 3. 53 1. 77 1. 85 1 .8 5 1 . 86 2. 04 2 - 2 .6 1 3. 31 2. 50 1.9 6 1. 75 1 .7 8 1.91 2 .0 3 2 . 02 M iddle range 3 M e d ia n 3 $2. 50 2. 15 2 . 10 2 . 11 2 . 00 2. 33 2 .6 2 1 .7 5 1 .8 7 1. 87 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 1 .6 5 1 .7 5 1. 75 2 . 10 - 2 .6 0 3. 13 2 .4 7 1 . 80 1 .7 0 1 .7 5 2 .0 0 2 .0 0 $2. 25—$2. 81 1. 93— 2 .5 0 1. 80- 2 . 20 1. 80- 2 . 20 1. 8 7 - 2 .0 4 1 .7 1 - 2 .5 9 2. 5 7 - 2. 80 1 . 6 5 - 1 .9 5 1 . 6 5 - 1 .8 7 1 . 6 5 - 1 .8 7 1 . 7 5 - 2 .4 2 “ — 1 . 7 2 - 6 .9 5 1. 6 5 - 1. 81 1 . 7 0 - 2 .0 2 1 . 7 0 - 2 .0 1 1 . 7 5 - 2 .3 0 2. 2 5 - 2. 89 3 . 0 8 - 3 .4 5 2 . 3 0 - 2 .8 1 1. 7 0 - 2. 19 1 .6 5 - 1 .8 5 1 . 6 5 - 1 .9 0 - 1 .9 5 - 2 .1 9 1. 9 5 - 2 . 19 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m p a y fo r o v e r tim e and fo r w ork on w eek en d s, h o lid a y s, and la te s h ifts . In c lu d e s d ata fo r r e g io n s in ad d ition to th o s e show n s e p a r a te ly . S ee a p p en d ix A fo r m eth o d u se d in com p uting m ea n s, m ed ia n s, and m id d le r a n g e s o f e a r n in g s. NOTE: D a s h e s in d ic a te no da ta r e p o r te d o r data that do not m e e t p u b lica tio n c r it e r ia . N u m ber of w orkers 270 718 913 803 110 101 226 156 70 612 41 571 437 305 132 429 977 924 53 1, 0 2 1 205 160 295 94 250 666 381 1, 123 58 1, 805 80 1, 725 P a c ific H ourly e a r n in g s 1 M ean3 M e d ia n 3 $3. 37 2 .9 5 • 2. 72 2 .7 9 2. 25 1. 98 3. 00 3 .4 8 1 .9 1 2 .2 9 2 . 92 2. 24 2. 63 2. 77 2. 32 2 .4 8 2. 72 2. 73 2. 52 2. 76 4 . 12 3 .4 5 3 .6 6 2 . 96 2 .6 3 2. 31 2 .7 8 . 2 .2 5 2. 83 2 .6 1 2. 87 2 .6 0 $ 3 .4 6 2. 83 2 .6 5 2 . 80 2 .3 9 2 .0 0 2 .9 9 3 .4 3 1 . 80 2. 30 2 .7 5 2. 15 2. 50 2. 50 2. 24 2 .5 9 2 .7 5 2 .8 6 2 .4 8 2 .6 6 4 . 11 3 .4 5 3. 75 3 .0 9 2 .6 9 ■ .2 0 2 2 .7 9 2 . 10 2 .6 5 2 .4 8 3 .0 9 2 .4 8 M iddle ra n g e 3 $ 2 . 94—$3, 6 6 2. 5 5 - 3. 18 2 . 2 8 - 3 .0 6 2 . 3 1 - 3 .0 6 2 . 0 3 - 2 .4 3 1 . 8 5 - 2 .0 0 2. 1 2 - 3 .7 3 2 . 8 5 - 3 .7 3 1 .7 0 - 2 . 0 0 1 . 9 9 - 2 .6 9 2 . 4 0 - 3. 15 1 . 9 8 - 2 .6 9 2 . 5 0 - 2 .8 4 2 . 5 0 - 3 .2 1 2 . 0 0 - 2 .7 7 2. 1 5 - 2 .7 9 2 . 5 3 - 2 .8 9 2 . 5 3 - 2 .8 9 2 . 3 2 - 2 .8 5 2 . 4 2 - 2 .9 8 3. 84r* 4 .4 3 2 . 9 2 - 3 .7 5 3 . 4 0 - 3 .8 5 2 . 5 0 - 3 .3 7 2. 3 0 - 2. 89 2 . 12- 2 . 6 0 2 . 4 8 - 3 .0 0 1 . 9 5 - 2 .7 2 2 . 5 1 - 3 .3 3 2. 24— 3 .1 3 2 . 9 5 - 3 .0 9 2. 2 4 - 3. 18 N u m b er of w orkers 147 187 167 116 51 51 28 27 . 191 35 156 66 51 15 60 109 109 _ 88 8 47 67 27 . 302 49 161 96 13 83 H ourly ea r n in g s M ean3 M ed ian 3 1 M iddle range 3 $3. 77 2. 93 2 .9 8 3. 15 2 .6 0 2 .6 3 3 .3 8 3 .4 1 „ •2.72 3. 14 2 .6 2 3. 19 3 .4 1 2 .4 5 3. 18 3 .0 7 3 .0 7 $ 3 .7 8 3. 20 2. 87 2 .9 5 2 .7 8 2 . 81 3. 37 3 .4 2 3. 82 4 . 14 4 .0 8 4 .7 9 3 .5 2 3 .8 4 3 . 7 5 - 4. 12 4 . 10 5. 19 3 .6 4 3 . 6 5 - 4. 36 4 . 4 7 - 5. 19 3 . 4 5 - 3 .6 4 2 .5 4 2 .7 8 2 .6 2 2 .6 5 2 .7 8 2 .6 5 2 . 5 0 - 2 .6 7 2 . 7 8 - 2 .9 6 2 . 6 5 - 2 .6 8 _ _ 2 .7 8 2 .9 6 2. 58 2 .9 6 3 .7 2 2 .6 5 3 .4 1 2 .8 7 2. 87 _ $3. 62—$3. 92 2 . 7 8 - 3. 30 2. 78— 3 .1 4 2 . 8 7 - 3 .4 1 2 . 5 1 - 2 .7 8 2 .5 6 - 2 . 8 8 3. 1 4 - 3. 84 3 . 2 3 - 3 .8 6 2 .5 1 2 .9 4 2 .5 1 2 .6 5 2 .7 8 2 .2 1 2 .7 8 2 .7 0 2 .7 0 - 2 .7 8 3 .0 9 2 .7 8 3 .9 2 3 .9 2 2 .6 5 3 .4 9 3 .8 0 3 .8 0 2 .6 5 _ 2 . 5 5 - 2 .7 8 2. 55 2 .6 8 2 .6 5 2 . 5 5 - 2 .7 8 2 .6 6 M ed ia n s and m id d le r a n g e s a r e not p r o v id e d fo r e n t r ie s of fe w e r than 15 w o r k e r s . T a b le 4. O cc u p atio n al averag es: B y size of establishm ent (N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in c a n d y a n d o th e r c o n fe c tio n e r y m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , U n ite d S t a te s a n d s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s , A u g u s t 1970) G reat L ak es M id dle A tla n tic U n ited States E s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith— 2 0 -9 9 w orkers S e x and o c c u p a tio n 100-249 w orkers 250 w o r k e r s or m o r e 1 0 0 -2 4 9 w orkers 2 0 -9 9 w orkers Num ber of w ork ers A ver age h o u rly earn in g s Num b er of w ork ers A ver age hourly earn ings Num ber of w ork ers A ver age ho u rly earn.... in 8 s Num b er of w ork ers A ver age h o u rly earn in g s 222 $ 3 .1 6 2.52 2.2 8 3.00 155 505 306 49 285 312 203 132 41 143 $ 3 .17 2.67 2.35 3.14 2.34 2.48 3.26 3.54 2.74 2.28 471 771 980 277 1,406 1,505 255 644 137 280 $ 3 .2 8 3.0 0 2.72 3.23 26 118 69 13 32 67 45 $2.92 2.5 8 2.31 3.22 389 218 2.30 2.27 86 2.21 2.29 2.56 2.45 650 209 727 1,174 2.13 2.18 2.06 2.23 756 232 607 1,268 827 2,085 2,591 Num b er of w ork ers A ver age h o u rly earn- _ 250 w o r k e r s or m o r e Num ber of w ork ers 2 0 -9 9 w orkers 100-2 4 9 w orkers A ver age h o u r ly earnin g s Num ber of w ork ers A ver age h o u r ly earn in gs Num b er of w ork ers $ 2 .9 5 2.99 2.43 2.94 2.73 2.71 3.26 3 .98 2 .67 56 164 135 17 29 9 - $ 3 .0 1 2.50 2.41 2.42 2.96 2.18 2.50 139 72 446 124 250 w o r k e r s or m o re Num A ver ber age of h ou rly w ork earn ers in g s__ A ver age hou rly earn in gs M en C a n d y m a k er s, c la s s A ---------------------------------------C a n d y m a k er s, c la s s B ---------------------------------------C a n d y m a k e r s 1 h e lp e r s ----------------------------------------, E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s -----------------------------J a n ito r s ----------------------------------------------------------------L a b o r e r s , m a te r ia l h a n d lin g ......... .............................. M a in ten a n ce m e n , g e n e r a l u t ility ................. ............ M e c h a n ic s , m a in te n a n c e ----------------------- 1 -----------M ogul o p e r a to r s ---------------------- ---------------------------M ogul o p e r a to r s ' h e l p e r s ------------------------------------ 523 436 53 138 212 106 39 33 - 2 .12 2.23 3.36 3.81 3.03 - 2.68 2.71 3.25 3.83 2.93 2.6 7 2 .10 2 .20 3.42 - - - " 29 109 65 14 62 77 40 50 21 83 $ 2 .7 5 2.44 2.23 2.85 2 .2 7 2.30 2.96 3.54 2.73 2.39 97 214 92 68 258 131 52 223 16 2.95 23 163 73 9 2.1 1 68 3 .47 “ 75 54 42 42 1.91 1.90 1.95 2.04 117 25 39 99 74 155 453 2 .2 2 12 $3.56 3.21 $ 2 .9 4 2.82 2.77 3.25 2.36 2.53 3.59 3.29 2.64 2.13 185 385 595 130 827 97 233 74 208 3.57 2.78 2.82 3.37 3.70 3.11 2.73 2.33 2.24 2.42 2.15 2.33 315 107 372 455 307 513 1,148 2.36 2.34 2.50 2.40 2.89 2.52 2.76 886 2.92 W om en E n r o b in g -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s ' h e l p e r s -------------F illin g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s --------------------------------I n s p e c to r s , candy------------------------------------------------P a c k e r s , hand, b u lk -------------------------------------------P a c k e r s , hand , candy b a r s -------------------------------P a c k e r s , hand, fancy____________________________ W r a p p in g -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s —--------------- ----------- 1 2 200 - 92 772 234 951 538 1.99 2.0 7 2.06 1.97 1.99 2.1 1 2 .12 D a s h e s in d ic a te data not r e p o r te d or data that do not m e e t p u b lica tio n c r it e r ia . 1.89 2.03 1.98 - 101 255 130 2.61 - 2 .22 196 1.8 8 68 2 .5 7 121 2.09 279 E x c lu d e s p r e m iu m pay fo r o v e r tim e and fo r w ork on w e e k e n d s, h o lid a y s, and la te s h ifts . In clu d es data fo r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th o s e shown s e p a r a te ly . NOTE: 30 27 364 2.14 2.1 4 2 .0 8 2.31 2.15 188 88 - 249 691 626 2 .2 2 2.35 T a b le 5. O cc u p atio n al averages: By lab or-m an agem en t co n tract co verage and size of estab lishm en t ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 1 of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in c a n d y a n d o th e r c o n f e c tio n e r y m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , U n ite d S ta te s a n d s e le c te d r e g i o n s , A u g u s t 1970) U n ite d S ta te s M id d le A tla n tic G re a t L akes E s t a b l i s h m e n ts w ith — S e x , o c c u p a tio n , a n d s iz e of e s ta b l is h m e n t N o n e o r m in o r it y c o v e re d M a jo r ity c o v e re d N um ber of w o rk ers A v e ra g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 1, 123 191 357 575 1, 014 $2.86 2.65 2.85 2 .9 4 2.6 7 120 2.66 189 705 260 2.62 2.6 9 3.1 4 3.30 3.16 3.12 2.61 2 .2 4 2.46 2.65 2.6 7 N um ber of w o rk e rs A v erag e h o u r ly e a r n in g s M a jo r it y c o v e r e d N um ber of w o rk e rs A v e ra g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s M a jo r it y c o v e r e d N um ber of w o rk e rs A v erag e h o u r ly e a r n in g s N one o r m in o r it y c o v e re d N um ber of w o rk e rs A v e ra g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s M en C a n d y m a k e rs , c la s s R __ ...... 20— w o r k e r s _______________________________ 99 100— 249 w o r k e r s _____________________________ 250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e ________________________ C a n d y m a k e r s 1 h e l p e r s ___________________________ 2 20^-99 w o r k e r s -------------------------------100— 249 w o r k e r s ___ 250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e ________________________ E n r o b in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s ___________________ 20— w o r k e r s _______________________________ 99 1 0 0 -2 4 9 w o r k e r s _____________________________ 250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e ________________________ J a n i t o r s ______________ _ 20— w o r k e r s 99 100— 249 w o r k e r s _____________________________ 250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e ________________________ L a b o r e r s , m a t e r i a l h a n d li n g ___________________ 20— w o r k e r s __________________ „ * __________ 99 100— 249 w o r k e r s _____________________________ 250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e ________________________ M e c h a n ic s , m a i n t e n a n c e ________________________ 20—99 w o r k e r s —______________________________ 1 0 0 -2 4 9 w o r k e r s — _ ................. 250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e ________________________ M o g u l o p e r a t o r s _________________________________ 100— 249 w o r k e r s .... ____ 250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e ________________________ 20 38 20 2 1, 372 55 180 I,' 137 1, 470 73 180 1 ,2 1 7 509 - 2.22 2.7 0 2.6 9 3.72 - 106 400 177 38 118 3.58 3.75 3.00 2.7 9 2.9 9 1 , 026 2.3 2 2.4 8 2.2 8 2.4 9 2.46 2 .4 4 2.5 0 2.3 7 2.2 7 2.35 2.39 2.3 8 676 332 148 196 708 316 117 275 119 33 11 75 457 83 105 269 559 139 132 288 306 36 26 244 34 _ 19 $ 2 .6 2 2.45 2 .2 4 3.19 2.36 2 .1 4 1.91 2.81 3.30 2.8 3 3.0 4 3.55 2.5 2 2.0 4 2.1 3 2.82 2.4 9 2.2 3 2.18 2.76 3.90 3.79 3.36 3.97 2.47 _ 2.58 389 94 93 20 2 183 48 49 86 76 10 14 52 252 18 58 176 225 57 55 113 145 _ 40 104 41 21 16 $ 2 .7 7 2.50 2.4 8 3.02 2.4 0 2.4 2 2.32 2 .4 4 2.91 3.36 2.85 2 .8 3 2.3 8 2.09 2.2 8 2.4 4 2.40 2.16 2.35 2 .5 4 3.56 _ 3.56 3.56 2.8 0 2.7 3 2.9 0 507 $ 2 .8 8 205 145 313 557 2 .8 6 2 .93 2 .77 _ _ 246 126 72 476 116 2.78 2.78 3.30 9 104 820 25 52 743 859 3.25 3.33 2.70 2.09 2.36 2 .7 4 2 .7 4 55 795 240 2 .5 4 2.76 3.63 40 74 3.28 3.69 3.06 2.71 3.11 501 _ 117 315 393 2.33 2.36 2.48 2.42 2.50 2.41 _ _ _ 20 0 85 11 40 $3.14 2.84 2 .2 2 4.00 _ _ 161 2.87 20 2.49 3.31 3.83 91 55 _ 33 3.71 _ - - 70 70 1.94 1.94 _ 33 _ 2.52 _ 33 404 404 2.52 1.96 1.96 _ 708 34 2.81 2.19 W om en E n r o b in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s 20— w o r k e r s 99 .. ..... 100— 249 w o r k e r s . _ _ _ , 250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e __ I n s p e c t o r s , c a n d y ________________________________ 20— w o r k e r s -----------------------------------------------99 100— 249 w o r k e r s _____________________________ 250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e .......... _ P a c k e r s , h a n d , f a n c y ___________________________ 20— w o r k e r s ________________________________ 99 100— 249 w o r k e r s _____________________________ 250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e ________________________ W ra p p in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s _____________ 1____ 2 0 -9 9 w o r k e r s _______________________________ 100— 249 w o r k e r s 250 w o r k e r s o r m o r e _ ._ . ..... - 298 635 571 34 53 484 2, 037 225 390 1 ,4 2 2 2, 135 241 488 1, 406 2.10 2.36 2 .4 4 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r tim e a n d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , 2 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g i o n s in a d d itio n to th o s e show n s e p a r a te l y . NOTE: D a s h e s i n d ic a te n o d a ta r e p o r t e d 319 107 91 121 214 58 33 123 1, 726 726 337 663 2 , 168 297 68 6 1, 185 h o lid a y s , a n d la t e s h if t s . d a ta th a t do n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n c r i t e r i a , 2.0 3 1. 92 1.72 2.35 2.0 7 1.84 1.82 2.25 1.85 1.91 1.71 1.85 2.46 148 _ _ 119 75 _ 63 692 76 68 548 744 2.12 121 2 .1 4 2.7 3 145 478 2.20 _ _ 2 .2 1 2.41 _ _ 2.41 2.26 1. 88 2.31 2.30 2.3 0 2.09 2.07 2.4 3 2.29 39 339 710 _ 155 518 1 ,0 1 7 2.52 2.45 282 645 2 .53 2.48 _ 2 .2 2 ■ T a b le 6. O c c u p a tio n a l averag es: B y m ethod o f w age paym ent (N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 1 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in c a n d y a n d o t h e r c o n f e c tio n e r y m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , U n ite d S t a te s a n d s e le c te d r e g i o n s , A u g u s t 1970) T im e w o r k e r s S e x a n d o c c u p a tio n M id d le A tla n tic N ew E n g la n d U n ited S ta te s 2 I n c e n tiv e w o rk e rs N um ber of w o rk e rs N um ber of w o rk e rs A v e r ag e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 1 ,4 8 1 1, 332 $2. 71 2 .4 8 3. 11 2 . 61 2 . 80 2. 44 318 390 89 37 87 1. 94 76 281 94 467 1 ,2 6 8 1 ,4 7 8 A v e r age h o u rly e a rn ings T im e w o rk e rs N um ber of w o rk e rs A v er age h o u r ly e a rn in g s T im e w o rk e rs N um ber of w o rk e rs A v e r age h o u r ly e a rn in g s S o u th e a s t In c e n tiv e w o rk ers N um ber of w o rk e rs T im e w o rk e rs A v e r age h o u r ly e a rn in g s N um ber of w o rk e rs $ 3 . 09 2 .4 5 168 140 9 15 32 $ 2 . 08 1 .9 5 2. 76 2. 50 1. 98 _ 83 27 70 118 468 167 _ 1. 78 3. 53 1. 72 1. 74 1. 76 1 .9 2 A v er age h o u r ly e a rn in g s P a c if ic G re a t L akes T im e w o rk e rs I n c e n tiv e w o rk e rs T im e w o r k e r s N um ber of w o rk e rs A v e r age h o u r ly e a rn in g 8___ A v e r age h o u r ly ' e a rn in g s N um ber of w o rk e rs 588 521 118 27 69 187 $ 2 .9 3 2. 72 3. 33 2 .9 3 2. 76 2. 50 124 282 38 14 - $3. 10 2 .9 1 3 .9 6 2. 92 - 183 116 27 35 _ $ 2 .9 5 3. 15 3 .4 1 3. 14 “ 57 469 107 301 426 593 1 ,2 7 9 1 .9 6 2. 17 2. 27 2. 38 2. 23 1 .9 6 2 . 59 _ 25 - _ 2. 54 2 .4 7 2. 58 2 . 62 48 156 15 - 2 . 61 2 . 62 N um ber of w o rk e rs A v e r age h o u r ly e a rn in g s M en C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s B ---------------------------------------C a n d y m a k e r s ' h e l p e r s ----------------------------------------E n r o b in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s -----------------------------E n r o b in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s 1 h e l p e r s --------------M o g u l o p e r a t o r s --------------------------------------------------M o g u l o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s ------------------------------------ 290 139 174 358 - $3. 03 2. 76 3 .4 3 3. 44 2 .9 7 54 94 31 17 18 " $2 .9 2 2. 51 2. 94 2 .4 4 2. 74 - 2. 04 2 .4 0 2 . 28 2 . 20 2 .4 0 2. 50 _ 69 33 450 424 285 _ 2. 13 2 .4 0 1. 94 2 . 26 2. 15 - 304 200 68 14 34 93 $2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 59 32 137 26 96 - - - 33 - 68 - 33 - 1. 83 2. 36 2. 37 2. 25 2 . 06 1 .9 3 2. 33 _ 97 - W om en D i p p e r s , h a n d ------------------------------------------------------E n r o b in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s -------------F i ll in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s ---------------------------------I n s p e c t o r s , c a n d y ------------------------------------------------P a c k e r s , h a n d , b u l k -------------------------------------------P a c k e r s , h a n d , f a n c y -----------------------------------------W ra p p in g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ------------------------------ 339 1 ,0 6 4 46 0 628 2 ,2 2 3 2 ,4 9 5 2 ,8 2 5 2 . 21 2. 34 2. 30 2 . 09 2 . 00 2 . 38 1 E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , 2 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g i o n s in a d d itio n to t h o s e sh o w n s e p a r a te l y . NOTE: h o lid a y s , a n d l a t e s h if t s . D a s h e s i n d ic a te no d a ta r e p o r t e d o r d a ta th a t do n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n c r i t e r i a . 47 147 224 94 689 514 547 - 441 479 _ 2. 27 - 2. 34 2 . 39 2 00 521 446 292 161 83 2 .4 5 2. 54 2 . 62 2 . 68 T a b le 7. O c c u p a tio n a l earnings: Boston, M a s s .1 (N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 2 of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in c a n d y a n d o t h e r c o n fe c tio n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1970) N um O c c u p a tio n a n d s e x A ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s _________ M e n ...................................................... W o m e n _______________________ of w o rk - A v e rage $ 1 .7 0 $ 1 .7 5 h o u r ly e a rn under in g s $ 1 .7 5 $ 1 .8 0 3,3 0 1 1,470 1,831 $ 2 .4 0 2.70 2.15 80 65 47 42 71 51 28 23 3.15 3.19 2.83 2.83 2.56 2.49 2.79 22 1 21 163 N u m b e r of w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n in g s of— $1.80 $ 1 .8 5 $ 1 .9 0 $1.85 $ 1 .9 0 $ 1 .9 5 69 $ 1 .9 5 $ 2 . 0 0 $ 2.10 $ 2.00 $ 2 .5 0 154 58 96 $ 2.10 $ 2.20 $ 2 .3 0 “ $ 2 .4 0 192 45 147 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 .6 0 $ 2 .7 0 $2.80“ $ 2 .9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3 .6 0 $ 3 .8 0 $4.0 0 $ 4 .2 0 $4.4 0 ■$476 $ 2.60 $ 2 .7 0 $ 2 .8 0 “ $ 2 .9 0 " “ $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3 .6 0 $ 3 .8 0 $ 4 .0 0 $4.2 0 $ 4 .4 0 $ 4 .6 0 $ 4.8 274 95 179 $ 2 .3 0 $ 2 .5 0 " $ 2.20 " 158 141 17 119 117 77 74 3 68 109 59 9 106 72 71 1 35 35 " 73 73 3 7 6 2 2 7 7 2 - 8 1 20 20 28 28 7 7 9 8 8 3 3 3 9 9 4 4 1 1 1 5 5 1 1 2 2 - $ 3 .0 0 71 15 56 153 98 55 61 17 44 332 115 217 432 67 365 562 176 3 86 - - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 14 14 - - - - - - - - _ 5 30 _ _ 6 2 11 2 21 3 3 - _ 8 4 60 _ - - - 15 1 57 2 1 2 15 16 12 6 6 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 1 2 11 2 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 1 2 2 8 8 _ - _ _ 6 - 2 163 67 - - - - - - 2. 86 - - - - - 15 164 2.41 2.25 . _ _ _ - - 1 11 10 137 2.48 - - 1 - - - 2 38 38 “ 33 33 " 15 15 " 12 12 “ 7 7 - 6 6 1 1 2 2 - - - 1 1 - - - _ _ _ _ - - - - - S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s — m e n c a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s A _................. T im e __________________________ C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s B -------------C a n d y m a k e r s 1 h e l p e r s __________ 2 T im e --------------------------------------E n r o b in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s _ _ T im e __________________________ E n r o b in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s ( a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) ____ J a n i t o r s (a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) _____ L a b o r e r s , m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g ( a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) _____________ M a c h i n i s t s , m a i n te n a n c e ( a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) _____________ M a in te n a n c e m e n , g e n e r a l u t il it y ( a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) ............ M e c h a n ic s , m a i n te n a n c e ( a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) _____________ M o g u l o p e r a t o r s ------------------------T i m e --------------------------------------M o g u l o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s 3 _____ W a tc h m e n ( a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) ___ - _ 11 3.75 35 3.17 - 46 19 15 19 7 3.61 2.80 2.71 2.39 2.48 _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ - _ _ - ' 7 - 3 1 1 4 7 2 2 10 9 5 - _ - _ 17 267 252 2.34 1.98 1.98 _ 311 392 248 2.31 2.19 2 .2 2 - " _ _ 115 115 _ _ - 1 1 - - - - 1 - _ _ _ _ - - - 1 2.13 69 - 2 1 1 2 1 _ _ _ _ _ 4 3 _ 1 1 1 2 10 - _ 4 1 5 5 8 2 9 6 1 1 - - - - “ - - - _ _ _ - - - - - 2 - 1 - 1 - 4 1 3 1 - - 1 3 1 6 6 - - - - _ 3 5 8 6 20 2 . _ _ - 6 2 - _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ 2 2 4 4 32 32 4 7 4 39 38 14 5 9 4 50 73 47 50 105 50 3 61 55 1 39 _ 10 10 6 6 12 5 14 14 6 1 10 4 4 3 5 35 59 12 12 5 28 28 _ 43 43 3 _ 1 “ - - - 156 5 5 _ _ 3 3 1 T h e B o s to n S ta n d a r d M e tr o p o lita n S t a ti s t i c a l A r e a c o n s is ts of S u ffo lk C o u n ty , 15 c o m m u n itie s in E s s e x C o u n ty , 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o l id a y s , a n d l a t e s h if t s . 3 I n s u f f ic i e n t d a ta to w a r r a n t p u b lic a tio n of s e p a r a t e a v e r a g e s b y m e th o d of w a g e p a y m e n t, p r e d o m in a n tly t i m e w o r k e r s . 14 14 ' S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s — w o m e n E n r o b in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s ( a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) ____ I n s p e c t o r s , c a n d y ( a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) __________________ P a c k e r s , h a n d , b u l k ____________ T im e ---------------------------------------P a c k e r s , h a n d , fa n c y ( a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) _____________ W r a p p in g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ___ T i m e __________________________ 7 - 30 in M id d le s e x 5 5 C o u n ty , 20 in N o rfo lk C o u n ty , and 9 in P ly m o u th C ounty. T a b le 8. O c c u p a tio n a l earnings: C h icag o , III.1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in c a n d y a n d o t h e r c o n f e c tio n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1970) N um O c c u p a tio n a n d s e x A v e r- N u m b e r of w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a rn in g !3 Of--- of h o u r ly U J w o rk - e a rn $ 1 .7 5 ex 6s A ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s __________ 1 1 ,5 7 2 M e n ------------------------------------------ 6 , 135 W o m e n ________________________ 5, 437 $1 .7 5 $1 .8 0 $1 .8 5 $ 1. 90 $1.95 $2.00 $2.10 $ 2 . 2 0 $ 2 .3 0 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 .5 0 $ 2 .6 0 $ 2 .7 0 $2 .8 0 $ 2 .9 0 $3.00 $3.2 0 $3.4 0 $ 3 .6 0 $ 3 .8 0 $4.00 $ 4 .2 0 "$4.40 $4,60 $4.80 under $ 1 .80 $1.85 $ 1 .90 $1.95 $2 . 0 0 $ 2.10 $2.20 and $ 2 .3 0 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 .5 0 $ 2 . 6 0 $ 2 .7 0 $ 2 .8 0 $ 2 . 9 0 $3 .0 0 $3.2 0 $3.4 0 $ 3 .6 0 $ 3 .8 0 $4.0 0 $4.2 0 $ 4 .4 0 $ 4 .6 0 $4.80 o v e r 362 131 38 93 238 757 246 511 688 . _ 77 76 1 2 2 3 4 4 3 3 - $ 2 .7 9 3.0 2 2 .5 3 99 16 83 30 30 155 19 136 3 .4 4 3.0 2 3.00 3.11 - - - - - 8 354 88 150 428 261 167 621 333 288 548 224 324 591 438 153 _ 8 16 58 58 18 15 3 _ 14 14 34 26 _ 31 31 _ 32 16 16 3 3 24 44 17 27 24 249 439 588 223 365 1333 318 1015 845 629 216 561 369 _ 7 _ 29 26 3 17 4 13 - 4 89 72 17 17 - _ 17 17 _ 123 _ 123 4 4 9 - - 192 1017 523 494 305 226 79 318 294 24 256 245 252 244 110 11 8 1 1 10 35 17 10 2 2 2 1 1 16 39 36 3 33 4 _ _ _ 24 24 _ _ _ 6 40 34 53 16 10 71 50 3 3 _ _ _ _ 4 _ 60 60 _ _ _ . 26 24 _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 _ 6 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 968 664 304 109 124 124 - 151 151 - 96 96 S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s — m e n C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s A 3 b / _______ C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s B __________ T i m e ___________________________ I n c e n tiv e ___ - __________________ C a n d y m a k e r s ' h e l p e r s ___________ T im e __________________ ______ I n c e n tiv e _______________________ E n r o b in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s ____ T im e ___________________________ E n r o b in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s ------------------------------------T im s _ _ In r.p n tiv p _ _ __ _ F i ll in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s 3 a / ___ J a n i t o r s ( a l l t i m e w o r k e r s ) ______ L a b o r e r s , m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g ( a l l t i m e w o r k e r s ) ---------------------M a c h i n i s t s , m a in te n a n c e ^all ej M a in te n a n c e m e n , g e n e r a l u t il it y ( a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) —_____ M e c h a n ic s , m a in te n a n c e |»11 f i r m p\x/nrlfAr c^ M o g u l o p e r a t o r s ------------------------T im e ___________________________ M o g u l npprat-.nrB 1 h f » l p # » r s . . . T im e ___________________________ W a tc h m e n ( a l l t i m e w o r k e r s ) —___ 1 1 - . - 16 - _ 4 4 - 1 - - - 169 516 408 108 642 367 275 103 67 36 2.81 2 .9 2 3 .7 3 3.5 9 4 .0 0 33 19 14 268 704 3.0 2 3.10 2.9 2 2.7 6 2 .7 4 - . - 1 8 1 . 5 _ 16 _ 31 4 23 49 4 29 157 32 _ 25 43 16 360 6 9 _ 69 75 663 2 .7 7 - - - - 3 2 7 6 25 142 37 72 61 71 43 7 19 109 183 4 .1 9 53 3.5 9 190 55 35 155 105 48 3.8 3 2.9 6 2.51 2.6 5 2 .3 9 2 .9 4 199 126 63 47 345 229 28 310 117 537 370 986 679 307 2 .2 9 2 .0 3 2 .55 2 .50 2 .5 3 2.41 2.86 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 16 19 16 2 2 - 1 - 8 1 1 1 1 2 6 1 28 1 1 12 16 2 2 1 - 8 16 2 2 11 6 21 6 15 108 75 33 5 5 28 _ 28 _ _ 6 6 12 11 10 - - _ 8 3 3 _ _ _ _ _ 24 24 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 £ g 1 1 10 7 2 28 29 _ _ , CO - - - 5 5 - - 4 4 - - 4 4 1 1 - . - - - - 2 - - 8 8 - . - 1 1 1 1 _ - - - 7 7 3 1 1 1 22 22 2 - 54 54 - - 24 24 16 1 1 1 1 11 11 - 10 10 - - - 1 - 4 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 _ 25 25 2 4 4 33 33 _ 1 9 9 11 - 2 2 _ _ _ 7 7 - 1 - _ _ 1 20 1A 1o 2 17 1Q 3 3 7Q W 5 5 14 36 8 13 _ 5 3 _ 8 13 _ _ _ 28 _ 19 _ I 55 20 . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 3 2 1 - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ' S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s — w o m e n E n r o b in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s ---------------------------------------T i m e ---- —— -----------------------------F i ll in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s —— — T i m e --------------------------------------------------------I n s p e c t o r s , c a n d y ______________________ T im e _____________________________________ J a n i t o r s ( a l l t i m e w o r k e r s ) ---------"Pa r 'l c p r ft j V ia n H j K n llc Tnoenti vp _ ___ P a r l f p r B j V ia n r l, T n r p n tiT rP fa -n ry .. W ra p p in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s -----T im e __- _______________________ T n r p n tiv p _ ____ _ _ _____ 2.68 2 .3 0 2 .6 4 2 .4 7 2 .7 0 2 .7 8 2 .8 4 2 .6 2 - 7 10 17 6 4 4 - 3 3 17 17 1 5 5 4 7 7 11 8 - - - - 23 23 15 4 139 16 69 69 4 155 14 3 - 28 28 - - - 66 - 7 - - 1 8 - - 1 2 1 2 4 3 2 31 30 93 _ 2 - - 3 1 21 8 1 4 4 10 - - 6 1 32 32 _ 7 7 24 24 30 32 31 10 . 8 7 12 48 46 102 - 104 38 17 9 96 - 1 1 1 66 5 2 6 30 9 9 8 1 22 22 g g 18 _ 18 32 _ 32 68 68 244 244 78 39 39 - 1 1 15 4 4 16 _ 16 30 14 3 3 26 26 19 _ 19 23 23 7 7 22 22 71 _ 71 15 15 1 2 401 401 1 T h e C h ic a g o S ta n d a r d M e tr o p o lita n S t a t i s t i c a l A r e a c o n s is t s of C o o k , D u P a g e , K a n e , L a k e , M c H e n ry , a n d W ill C o u n tie s . 2 • E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d la t e s h if t s . 3 I n s u f f ic i e n t d a ta to w a r r a n t p u b lic a tio n of s e p a r a t e a v e r a g e s by m e th o d of w age p a y m e n t; (a) p r e d o m in a n tly t im e w o r k e r s , o r (b) p r e d o m in a n tly in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s . T a b le 9. O c c u p a tio n a l earnings: Los A n g e le s —Long B each, C alif. (N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 2 o f w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in c a n d y a n d o t h e r c o n f e c tio n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u f a c tu r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1970) N um O c c u p a tio n a n d s e x A ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s -------------M e n ----------------------------------------W o m e n ________________________ A v er- of w o rk e rs h o u r ly $ 1.6 0 e a rn in g s u n d e r $1.65 1 ,0 0 8 508 500 $2.58 2.82 2.34 13 73 3.48 2.99 2.32 2.60 3.39 S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s — m e n C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s A _________ C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s B _________ F i ll in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s -------J a n i t o r s --------------------------------------L a b o r e r s , m a t e r i a l h a n d li n g ---M a in te n a n c e m e n , g e n e r a l u t i l i t y ----------------------------------------W r a p p in g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s ----- 10 43 16 N u m b e r of w o r k e r s r e c e i v in g s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n in g s of— 24 24 $1.65 $ 1 .70 $1.75 $1 .8 0 $1.85 $ 1 .9 0 $ 1 .9 5 $2.00 $2.10 $ 2 . 2 0 $ 2 .3 0 $ 2 .4 0 $2 .5 0 $2.60 $ 2 .? 0 $2.80 $2.90 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .2 0 $3.4 0 $3.60 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 $1.85 $1.90 $1 .9 5 " - - $1.75 $1 .8 0 $2.00 $2.10 $2.20 $ 2 .3 0 $2 .4 0 $ 2 .5 0 $ 2 . 6 0 $ 2 .7 0 $2.8 0 a nd $ 2 . 9 0 $3.00 $3.2 0 $ 3 .4 0 $3.6 0 $3.80 $4.00 $4.20 o v e r 10 81 18 63 13 13 14 6 8 34 18 16 23 4 19 32 15 17 - 3 - “ - _ 3 - “ 4 - _ _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 “ " 4 4 ' 13 3.65 2.55 165 31 2.32 24 2 .21 2 10 $1.70 15 _ 5 ■ 15 15 ' 3 6 7 _ 3 6 6 _ - _ - 20 2 18 _ - 26 7 19 _ _ 230 26 204 136 45 91 _ _ 2 2 2 37 28 9 71 59 16 14 2 1 55 55 “ 21 67 12 18 35 3 _ _ 1 2 5 - 9 - 3 - 19 17 16 2 1 3 _ 25 25 18 18 5 11 11 2 - 15 - - - 12 4 - - " 5 - 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 1 - - 6 - - 1 - . " _ 68 1 1 3 1 2 1 - 7 “ S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s — w o m e n — P a c k e r s , h a n d , b u l k -----------------P a c k e r s , h a n d , f a n c y ___________ 8 9 2 6 2 T h e L o s A n g e le s — o n g B e a c h S ta n d a r d M e tr o p o lita n S t a ti s t i c a l A r e a c o n s is t s o f L o s A n g e le s C o u n ty . L E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y fo r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d l a t e s h if t s . 48 17 54 " T a b le 10. O c c u p a tio n a l earnings: N e w Y o rk, N .Y .1 ( N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in c a n d y a n d o t h e r c o n fe c tio n e r y p r o d u c t s m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1970) N um O c c u p a tio n a n d s e x A ll p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s ---------------M e n ____________________________ W o m e n ------------------------------------- of w o rk e rs A v erage h o u r ly e a rn in g s 1 2 N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s i r e c e i v in g s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a rn in g s of— $ 1 .8 0 and under $1 .8 5 $1.85 $ 1 .9 0 $1.95 $2.0 0 $2.10 $2.20 $ 2 .3 0 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 .5 0 $2.60 $2 .7 0 $ 2 .8 0 $ 2 .9 0 $3.00 $3.2 0 $3.4 0 $3.6 0 $ 3 .8 0 $4.0 0 $4.20 $4.40 $ 1. 90 $1 .9 5 $2.00 $2.1 0 $2.20 $ 2 .30 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 .5 0 $ 2 .6 0 $ 2 .7 0 $ 2 .8 0 $2 .9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $3.20 $3.40 $3.60 $3.8 0 $4.00 $4.20 $4.40 over 123 32 91 163 25 138 573 134 439 381 211 418 153 265 134 79 55 126 95 31 173 82 91 93 40 53 91 77 14 51 26 25 50 46 4 119 87 32 32 29 3 _ 5 5 . - 9 5 6 2 1 3- 2 2 1 3 i - 2 1 1 1 4 3 - 3 - 6 10 10 10 10 6 1 1 1 10 6 3 3 15 9 17 17 15 4 22 21 6 - a nd 2 ,9 2 5 1 ,4 1 2 1 ,5 1 3 $ 2 .3 5 2 .5 3 2.1 7 9 221 1 8 128 93 85 42 118 2 .6 5 2.71 2.5 7 2.5 6 . - . 4 4 13 - - 12 2 170 30 30 - 12 12 - 36 36 - 10 10 1 5 5 - 21 20 1 - - - - 65 64 “ 15 15 " S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s — m e n C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s A __________ T i m e ----------------------------------------C a n d y m a k e r s , c la s s B ---------------T i m e ___________________________ C a n d y m a k e r s ' h e l p e r s ----------------T i m e ----------------------------------------J a n i t o r s ( a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) ----------L a b o r e r s , m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g ( a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) _______________ M a c h i n i s t s , m a in te n a n c e ( a ll tim e w o r k e r s ) ----------------------M a in te n a n c e m e n , g e n e r a l u t il it y ( a l l t im e w o r k e r s ) -----------M e c h a n ic s , m a i n te n a n c e ( a l l tim e w o r k e r s ) ----------------------W a tc h m e n ( a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) ------- 101 67 53 93 2.10 2.0 9 2 .3 6 10 10 - 1 1 1 1 - 6 3 12 10 12 2 1 5 7 23 4 18 4 8 6 6 - 14 - 12 1 1 2 28 - - 149 2 .2 9 1 6 2 1 25 37 35 8 4 6 6 1 3 13 1 - - - - - - - 15 4 .0 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 7 - 3 2 2 2 36 3.51 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 10 1 7 5 4 3 - 43 ~ - - - - - - - - ~ “ Z 3 12 6 " ~ ■ 16 - 1 1 3 2 6 - - 11 3.81 1.98 95 373 300 2 .0 5 2.1 5 2 .1 5 8 3 4 15 5 170 155 10 1 10 10 - 57 31 13 12 55 79 57 2 1 - 8 21 20 8 - - 5 5 - - - - 108 302 2.1 6 2 .1 5 2.31 - 13 17 3 1 - 11 11 3 5 21 - 16 1 5 5 1 1 " S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s — w o m e n E n r o b in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s 3 ________________________ P a c k e r s , h a n d , b u l k -------------------T i m e ___________________________ P a c k e r s , h an d , candy b a rs ( a l l t im e w o r k e r s ) ----------------------P a c k e r s , h a n d , f a n c y 3 ---------------W ra p p in g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s -----T i m e ___________________________ I n c e n t iv e ----------------------------------- 222 151 71 2.26 2.4 3 6 3 9 12 11 1 32 25 9 8 1 19 129 67 59 8 8 52 20 6 14 26 38 15 15 14 25 12 5 20 - 5 5 2 2 1 2 - 1 - 1 - - - 1 1 - - - - - " - - - 3 - - - - " - - 2 22 - 16 - 6 1 3 2 1 T h e N ew Y o r k S t a n d a r d M e tr o p o li t a n S t a t i s t i c a l A r e a c o n s is t s of New Y o r k C ity ( B r o n x , K in g s , N ew Y o r k , Q u e e n s , a n d R ic h m o n d C o u n tie s ) a n d N a s s a u , R o c k la n d , S u ffo lk , a n d W e s tc h e s te r C o u n t ie s . 2 E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d l a t e s h if t s . 3 I n s u f f ic ie n t d a ta to w a r r a n t p u b lic a tio n o f s e p a r a te a v e r a g e s b y m eth o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t, p r e d o m in a n tly in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s . T a b le 11. O c c u p a tio n a l earnings: P hiladelphia, Pa.—N .J .1 (N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a rn in g s 2 of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in c a n d y a n d o t h e r c o n f e c tio n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1970) O c c u p a tio n a n d s e x N um A v erber ag e of h o u r ly $ 1.6 0 $ 1.65 $T .70 $ 1 .7 5 $ 1 .8 0 $1 .8 5 and w o rk e a rn e rs in g s 2 u n d e r $1 .6 5 $ 1 .7 0 $1 .7 5 $ 1 .8 0 $ 1 .8 5 $ 1 .9 0 A ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s 2 ,1 3 7 M e n __________________________ _ 838 W om en. .. ....... ... 1,299 $2 .5 1 2.7 7 2.34 12 4 8 - - 8 - - - 4 4 14 N u m b e r of w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s of— $ 1 .9 0 $ 1 .9 5 $ 2.00 $ 2.10 $ 2.20 $ 2 .3 0 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 .5 0 $ 2 .6 0 $ 2 .7 0 $ 2 .8 0 $ 2 .9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .4 0 1 3 .6 0 $3.8 0 $4.0 0 $4.2 0 $ 1 .9 5 $ 2.00 $ 2.10 $ 2.20 $ 2 .3 0 $ 2 .4 0 $ 2 .5 0 $ 2 .6 0 $ 2 .7 0 $ 2 .8 0 $ 2 .9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3 .6 0 $3.8 0 $ 4 .0 0 $4.2 0 240 37 203 91 44 47 and 1 1 168 44 22 0 10 - 8 160 - 4 8 44 28 192 199 75 124 116 58 58 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 4 2 2 _ _ _ _ 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 7 7 7 7 4 4 3 3 6 6 5 5 2 5 5 15 8 9 _ _ _ 3 2 3 2 - - - 2 2 2 7 4 4 - 4 4 - - 148 77 71 139 40 99 261 66 195 94 69 57 26 12 106 70 36 74 65 9 48 45 3 35 35 4 68 2 6 7 29 29 14 14 3 3 - - S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s — m e n C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s A __________ T im e ----------------------------------------C a n d y m a k e rs , c la s s B T im e ___ C a n d y m a k e r s ' h e lp e r s T im e ----------------------------------------E n r o b in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s ___ T im e ___________________________ J a n i t o r s ( a ll t im e w o r k e r s ) M a in te n a n c e m e n , g e n e r a l u t il it y ( a ll t i m e w o r k e r s ) M o g u l o p e r a t o r s _________________ T im e ___________________________ 28 3.25 12 2.88 31 29 56 47 32 18 63 2.83 2.80 2.64 2.58 3.17 3.01 2.40 28 15 11 3.06 2.84 2.69 78 80 70 2.08 1.95 1.93 150 2. 21 - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 _ 15 - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - 8 9 5 4 5 2 3 4 8 8 _ 3 1 3 12 12 12 8 10 4 2 4 3 4 - 2 2 1 1 - l S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s — w o m e n F i ll in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s 3 b / ~ _ P a c k e r s , h a n d , b u l k _____________ T im e — W r a p p i n g - m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s 3 a / ___________________ 2 . 8 8 _ _ _ 8 8 _ _ 4 4 _ _ 2 6 6 20 _ 16 76 4 1 7 50 40 68 4 4 3 9 5 13 4 T h e P h i ia d e i p h ia S t a n d a r d M e tr o p o lita n S t a ti s t i c a l A r e a c o n s is t s of B u c k s , C h e s t e r , D e la w a r e , M o n tg o m e ry , a n d P h ila d e l p h ia C o u n tie s , P a .; a n d B u r lin g to n , C a m d e n , a nd G lo u c e s t e r C o u n tie s E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d fo r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , an d la t e s h if t s . ’ 3 I n s u f f ic i e n t d a ta to w a r r a n t p u b lic a tio n of s e p a r a te a v e r a g e s by m e th o d of w a g e p a y m e n t; (a) p r e d o m in a n tly t i m e w o r k e r s , o r (b) p r e d o m in a n tly in c e n tiv e w o r k e r s . NJ T a b le 12. O c c u p a tio n a l earnings: S an F ran cis co —O akland , C a lif.1 (N u m b e r a n d a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s 2 of w o r k e r s in s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s in c a n d y a n d o t h e r c o n f e c tio n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , A u g u s t 1970) O c c u p a tio n a n d s e x A ll p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s ................... M e n __________________________ W o m e n .'.............. ............................ — N um - A v erg age of h o u r ly w o rk e a rn e rs in g s 2 N u m b e r of w o r k e r s r e c e i v in g s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n in g s of— $ 2 .6 0 $ 2 .7 0 $ 2 .8 0 $ 2 .9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .1 0 and U nder $ 2 .6 0 u n d e r $ 2 .7 0 $ 2 .8 0 $2 .9 0 $ 3 .0 0 $ 3 .1 0 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .2 0 $ 3 .3 0 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3 .5 0 $ 3 .6 0 $ 3 .7 0 $ 3 .8 0 $ 3 .9 0 $ 4 .0 0 $4710 $ 4 .2 0 $ 4 .3 0 $ 4 .4 0 $ 4 .5 0 $ 4 .6 0 ' $ 4 .7 0 $ 4 .8 0 $ 3 .3 0 $ 3 .4 0 $ 3 .5 0 $ 3 .6 0 $ 3 .7 0 $ 3 .8 0 $ 3 .9 0 $ 4 .0 0 $ 4 .1 0 $ 4 .2 0 $ 4 .5 0 $ 4 .6 0 $ 4 .7 0 $ 4 .8 0 and 1,252 583 669 $ 3 .0 8 3.41 2 .8 0 3 3 “ 77 39 38 579 47 532 91 45 46 96 57 39 42 41 54 46 1 8 33 33 " 30 27 3 57 65 23 - - - 1 - - 13 - 13 - 12 2 8 3 .7 8 3.25 3.1 5 3.61 13 4 19 - 25 23 37 3 .0 4 3.21 4 .0 6 15 7 _ 1 21 3 .9 0 . 4 .4 7 27 25 5 5 $ 4 .4 0 5 5 " 16 16 " 22 22 3 - _ _ 1 _ - - 1 _ 1 _ _ . . _ _ 2 20 1 _ - 12 4 1 _ " " 13 13 “ - 14 14 19 10 4 2 _ _ _ _ _ - - “ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - " 1 4 _ 9 9 " 39 39 8 8 7 3 1 _ _ - 2 $ 4 .3 0 - 10 10 - 64 64 over 2 2 5 5 " 13 13 " _ - _ _ _ - - - _ _ _ 1 . _ _ _ - - - - - 2 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 " 3 3 " S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s — m e n C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s A -------------C a n d y m a k e r s , c l a s s B -------------C a n d y m a k e r s ' h e l p e r s ..................... E n r o b in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s ---E n r o b in g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s ' h e l p e r s -------------------------------------J a n i t o r s _______________ ________— L a b o r e r s , m a t e r i a l h a n d li n g ___ M a in te n a n c e m e n , g e n e r a l u t il it y ___________________________ M e c h a n ic s , m a i n t e n a n c e ------------ 15 _ 1 - _ - 2 _ 3 - _ _ - 2 2 1 1 2 8 - - - - 4 - 1 - _ _ _ _ 1 _ _ 2 2 _ 2 2 7 _ " S e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s — w o m e n I n s p e c t o r s , c a n d y ---------------P a c k e rs , hand, candy b a rs P a c k e r s , h a n d , f a n c y --------- 12 3 .0 8 38 54 2 .8 2 2.86 _ _ 14 3 20 20 _ 2 6 3 18 18 T h e San F r a n c i s c o — a k la n d S ta n d a r d M e tr o p o lita n S t a ti s t i c a l A r e a in c lu d e s A la m e d a , C o n tr a C o s ta , M a rin , S an F r a n c i s c o , a n d San M a te o C o u n tie s . O E x c lu d e s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o rk on w e e k e n d s , h o lid a y s , a n d la t e s h if ts . T a b le 1 3 . M e th o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t ( P e r c e n t of p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in c a n d y a n d o th e r c o n fe c tio n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s by m e th o d of w a g e p a y m e n t, U n ite d S t a te s , s e le c te d r e g i o n s , a n d a r e a s , A u g u s t 1970) R e g io n s U n ited S ta te s 2 M e th o d of w a g e p a y m e n t 1 N ew E n g la n d M id d le A tla n tic A re a s S o u th e a s t G reat Lakes P a c if i c B o s to n C h ic a g o Los A n g e le sL ong B e a c h New Y o rk P h ila d e lp h ia San F ra n c is c o — O ak la n d A ll w o r k e r s . . _______________________________ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 T i m e - r a t e d w o r k e r s ___________________________ F o r m a l p l a n s _________ ^______________________ S in g le r a t e s _______________________________ R a n g e of r a t e s ___________________________ In d iv id u a l r a t e s -------- ------------------------------------- 83 65 31 34 18 86 89 44 24 78 100 100 68 21 68 59 77 67 8 20 47 10 59 41 59 44 10 57 48 48 _ 9 100 100 100 12 9 59 4 - 49 87 70 18 13 93 47 42 5 45 72 8 79 67 34 33 I n c e n tiv e w o r k e r s --------------------------------------------- I n d iv id u a l p i e c e w o r k ------------------------------------G ro u p p i e c e w o r k .............. ................................... ...... I n d iv id u a l b o n u s _____________________________ G ro u p b o n u s _________________________________ 17 3 14 7 21 11 22 _ 7 23 43 . 5 3 - 2 28 5 _ 4 - - - - 2 2 - 1 - - 4 13 - 5 17 - 15 3 2 21 20 - 6 - 8 2 8 8 - 4 2 2 1 2 37 29 5 8 _ - _ F o r d e fin itio n o f m e th o d of w a g e p a y m e n t, s e e ap p e n d ix A. I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g i o n s in a d d itio n to th o s e sh o w n s e p a r a te l y . NOTE: B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l i te m s m a y n o t e q u a l t o t a l s . T a b le 1 4 . S c h e d u le d w e e k ly h o u rs ( P e r c e n t of p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in c a n d y a n d o th e r c o n fe c tio n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s by m e th o d of w a g e p a y m e n t, U n ite d S t a te s , s e le c te d r e g i o n s , a n d a r e a s , A u g u s t 1970) Regions U nited S ta tes 2 W eek ly h o u r s 1 2 N ew England Middle At lanti c A ll w o r k e r s _______________________________ _ 100 100 100 U n der 40 h o u r s __________________ ______________ 40 h o u r s _________________________________________ O ver 40 and u n d er 4 8 h o u r s ____________________ 48 h o u r s _______________________________________ O ver 48 h o u r s ___________________________________ 1 95 2 1 . 100 _ _ 1 98 1 _ 1 2 1 Southeast 100 Areas Great Lakes 100 3 100 _ _ 91 _ 2 3 D a ta r e l a t e to p r e d o m in a n t w o rk s c h e d u le s f o r f u ll - t i m e d a y - s h i f t w o r k e r s in e a c h e s ta b l is h m e n t . I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g i o n s in a d d itio n to t h o s e sh o w n s e p a r a te l y . NOTE: B e c a u s e of r o u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l 100. P acific 100 100 _ Boston 100 100 _ _ L os A n g e l e s Long B e ac h C h ic a g o 100 100 3 88 _ 4 5 100 _ _ . New York Philade lphia San Franci sc o Oa kl a nd 100 100 100 100 6 94 100 _ _ _ _ _ _ T a b le 15. S h ift d iffe ren tial provisions ( P e r c e n t of p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s b y s h if t d i f f e r e n t i a l p r o v is i o n s 1 in c a n d y a n d o th e r c o n f e c tio n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s , U n ite d S t a te s , s e le c te d r e g i o n s , a n d a r e a s , A u g u s t 1970) R e g io n s S h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l S ta te s 2 New E n g la n d M id d le A tla n tic 84.8 57.8 50.8 4 .2 18.0 28.6 7.0 7.0 27.0 15.2 80.8 8 0 .4 67.2 - 24.4 24 .4 17.4 6 .4 - 65.2 65 .2 56 .4 .9 S o u th e a s t A reas G reat L akes P a c if i c B o s to n C h ic a g o 86.8 86.8 86.8 79.1 5 7 .6 57 .6 - 8 4.8 8 4.8 38.7 5.2 8.5 2.9 6.9 13.7 1.5 46.1 - L o s A n g e le sL ong B e a c h ’ N ew Y o rk P h ila d e lp h ia San F ra n c is c o — O a k la n d S e c o n d s h if t W o r k e r s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s h a v in g s e c o n d - s h if t p r o v i s i o n s _______________ ______ W ith s h if t d i f f e r e n t ia l -------------------------------------U n if o rm c e n ts p e r h o u r __________ ________ 3 c e n t s ------------------------------- -------------------5 c e n t s —__________ - ---------------- ----------6 c e n ts —________________________________ 7 c e n t s _________________________________ 7 l/ i c e n t s —____________________________— 8 c e n t s . ..................... ....................... —.................. c e n t s _________________________________ 10 c e n t s -------------------------------------------------12 c e n ts _________________________________ 1 2 V c e n t s ______________________________ 2 15 c e n ts _________________________________ 17 c e n t s -------------------------------------------------25 c e n ts a n d o v e r ---------------------------------U n if o rm p e r c e n t a g e ----------------------------------4 p e r c e n t _______________________________ 5 p e r c e n t -----------------------------------------------6 p e r c e n t -----------------------------------------------8 p e r c e n t _______________________________ 10 p e r c e n t ---------------------------------------------F u l l d a y 's p a y f o r r e d u c e d h o u r s ________ W ith no s h if t d i f f e r e n t i a l -------------------------------No p r o v is i o n s f o r la t e s h i f t -------------------------------- 79.2 70 .9 52.6 3.2 3.8 .7 4.2 2 .8 7.0 .3 16.7 2 .0 3.9 5.5 1.3 1.1 17.8 .7 6.5 1.3 .4 8.9 .5 8 .3 20.8 12.7 3.7 - 77.6 36.0 17.6 5.3 - 79.1 74 .3 44 .5 3.4 5.5 3.8 16.3 10.8 6 .1 3.4 - 12.8 3.0 8.5 3.0 12.6 11.2 3.1 1.5 6 .7 1.9 .4 19.2 - 2 .2 8 .8 6.2 1.2 18.4 18.4 41 .5 2 2 .4 29.7 7.9 2 .4 19.5 4 .8 20.9 20 .8 16.6 6 7.8 6 7 .8 38.8 - 10.1 33.7 3.4 17.4 18.8 3.5 13.2 6. 1 26.1 25.5 _ _ 2 1 .4 20.9 12 .2 3.7 30.2 15.2 6 4.9 6 4 .9 6 4.9 6 4 .9 35.1 66.7 6 6.7 4 2 .0 - 51.8 5 1 .8 41.7 41.7 - 4 9 .4 4 9 .4 2 8.8 12.3 16.4 18.5 12.5 5.9 - 6 .8 12.3 22.8 24.6 12.5 12.1 33.3 86.2 8 3.9 83.9 59.0 25.0 2.3 13.8 93.3 93.3 93.3 26.7 37.1 9.1 11.2 9.3 6.7 T h ir d s h if t W o r k e r s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s h a v in g th ir d - o r o th e r la te -s h ift p r o v is i o n s ----------------------------------------------------------W ith s h if t d i f f e r e n t i a l ------------------------------------U n if o rm c e n ts p e r h o u r ___________________ 5 c e n t s _________________________________ 7 c e n ts ------------------------------------------------8 c e n t s _________________________________ 10 c e n t s _________________________________ 11 c e n ts _______________________________ 1 2 c e n t s — _—__ - ____ _________________ 15 c e n ts -------------------------------------------------17 c e n ts _________________________________ 18 c e n t s _________________________________ 20 c e n t s -------------------------------------------------21 c e n t s _________________________________ 22 c e n ts a n d o v e r ---------------------------------U n if o rm p e r c e n t a g e ------------------------- ------5 p e r c e n t -----------------------------------------------5 Vi p e r c e n t ----------------- ----------— -----8 p e r c e n t ---------------------------------------- ----8 V p e r c e n t —_____ _____________________ 2 10 p e r c e n t ------------ -------- ------------------------15 p e r c e n t ---------------------------------------------F u l l d a y 's p a y f o r r e d u c e d h o u r s ------------O th e r f o r m a l p a id d i f f e r e n t i a l -----------------W ith no s h if t d i f f e r e n t i a l --------------------------No p r o v is i o n s f o r la t e s h i f t --------------------------------------------- 57.1 56 .7 4 0 .4 3.2 .6 3.1 11.6 1.5 .7 9.0 11.0 12.6 18.0 5.1 5 .2 3.7 - 5.3 5.3 11.3 11.3 - .8 7.0 - .7 - - - 7.0 - 1.5 3.7 - - - .5 - - .2 .9 1.8 6.0 1.7 15.0 1.5 2.9 8.0 .9 .9 .3 .5 4 2 .9 75.6 10 .8 8 .3 3.1 - 34.8 4 .2 79 .2 10 .2 1.9 12.6 4.1 8 .8 1.2 26.5 - 7.9 18.7 2.5 - 32.2 71.5 71.5 68 .5 28 .9 13.2 3 .4 4 .2 18.8 - 3.1 - 28.5 1 R e f e r s to p o l ic ie s o f e s ta b lis h m e n t s e ith e r c u r r e n tly o p era tin g la te sh ifts or h aving p r o v is io n s c o v e r in g la te s h ift s . 2 In c lu d e s data fo r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to th o s e show n s e p a r a te ly . NOTE: B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta l s . 15.8 15.8 15.8 15.8 - 8 4 .2 77.7 77.7 32.8 4 .2 14.9 13.7 41.1 T 12 .2 29.0 3.8 - 22.3 10.1 - 4 8 .2 2.2 - 50.6 49.5 49.5 4 9.5 49.5 - 63.3 63.3 63.3 43.1 9.1 11.2 - - - - - - 50.5 - 36.7 T a b le 16. S h ift d iffe ren tial practices ( P e r c e n t of ^ p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d on l a t e s h if ts in can d y a n d o th e r c o n fe c tio n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s by a m o u n t o f s h if t d i f f e r e n t ia l , U n ite d S ta te s , s e l e c t e d r e g i o n s , a n d a r e a s , A u g u st 1970) R e g io n s U n ited S ta te s 1 S h ift d i f f e r e n t ia l New E n g la n d M id d le A tla n tic 13. 7 8. 7 6. 1 - 16. 1 16. 0 13. 8 _ 2. 5 .5 1. 8 . 1 4. 5 _ 1. 0 .4 3. 1 S o u th e a s t A reas G reat L akes P a c if i c B o s to n C h ic a g o 1 0 .4 5 .9 5 .9 29. 2 29. 2 Los A n g e le sL ong B e a c h N ew Y o rk P h ila d e lp h ia San F ra n c is c o — O a k la n d S e c o n d s h if t W o r k e r s e m p lo y e d on S e c o n d s h if t _____________ R e c e iv in g s h if t d i f f e r e n t i a l __________________ U n if o rm c e n ts p e r h o u r __________________ 3 c e n t s _________________________________ 5 c e n t s _________________________________ 6 c e n t s --------------------------------------------------7 c e n t s --------------------------------------------------l l/z c e n t s ------------------------------------------------8 c e n t s --------------------------------------------------9 c e n t s --------------------------------------------------10 c e n t s -------------------------------------------------12 c e n ts -------------------------------------------------1 2 V c e n t s ---------------------------------------------2 15 c e n t s -------------------------------------------------17 c e n ts ________________________________ 25 c e n ts a n d o v e r ______________________ U n if o rm p e r c e n t a g e _______________________ 4 p e r c e n t ----------------------------------------------5 p e r c e n t ----------------------------------------------6 p e r c e n t _______________________________ 10 p e r c e n t ______________________________ F u ll d a y 's p a y f o r r e d u c e d h o u r s _________ R e c e iv in g no s h if t d i f f e r e n t i a l _ _ 1 9 .7 17. 8 11. 5 1. 0 .8 . 1 .7 .6 1. 7 (2) 3. 7 .4 1. 0 .9 .3 .4 6. 3 .4 2 .9 .5 2. 5 (2) 1. 8 - _ 2. 1 - 4. 0 2. 6 _ 2. 6 - 5. 0 - _ 2. 1 _ 1. 3 .8 . 1 . 1 20. 6 11. 3 3. 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3. 1 8. 2 _ 8. 2 _ _ _ 9. 3 25. 3 23. 7 12. 6 _ _ _ .7 1. 5 1. 0 _ 5. 5 .6 2. 7 . 3 _ .4 11. 1 _ 3 .9 .9 6. 2 9. 7 9. 7 9 .7 _ _ _ _ _ .8 _ 3. 5 _ _ _ _ 3. 0 _ 2 .9 .6 _ .9 3. 8 .2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ 1. 6 - 4. 5 6. 0 6. 0 4. 3 _ _ _ _ _ 12.1 _ _ _ 1. 0 2. 3 1 .4 2. 8 _ 10. 8 10 . 8 10 . 8 _ _ 10 . 8 1. 5 9. 6 - - _ 17. 2 _ 6. 1 .3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4. 1 .4 6. 2 6. 2 18. 0 17. 5 17. 5 6. 6 6. 6 6. 6 14. 0 . 3 2. 1 _ _ 3 .4 .5 1. 6 _ _ 2. 0 .5 5. 8 5. 1 .7 - .5 - ■ " T h i r d s h if t W o r k e r s e m p lo y e d on t h i r d o r o t h e r l a t e s h if t __________________________ _ _ R e c e iv in g s h if t d i f f e r e n t i a l __________________ U n if o rm c e n ts p e r h o u r __________________ 5 c e n t s _________________________________ 8 c e n t s _________________________________ 10 c e n t s ________________________________ 11 c e n t s ________________________________ 12 c e n t s _________________________________ 15 c e n ts -----------------------------------------------------------------------18 c e n ts ________________________________ 21 c e n t s -----------------------------------------------------------------------25 c e n ts a n d o v e r ________________________ U n if o rm p e r c e n t a g e _________________________ 5 p e r c e n t -------------------------------------------------------------------5 72 p e r c e n t ________________________________ 10 p e r c e n t _________________________________ F u l l d a y 's p a y f o r r e d u c e d h o u r s _________ R e c e iv in g no s h if t d i f f e r e n t i a l _________________ 1 In c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g i o n s 2 L e s s th a n 0. 05 p e r c e n t . NOTE: . 1 .2 . 1 .6 . 1 1. 7 (2 ) . . . . . 8 1 1 5 1 .3 .3 .2 _ - .2 _ . . . 1 . 1 - 5. 5 5. 5 5. 3 _ .8 .2 .9 _ . 1 . 3 3. 1 _ .2 . 2 - (2) in a d d itio n to th o s e sh o w n s e p a r a te l y . B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , 4. 3 4. 3 3 .4 .4 .2 s u m s of in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta ls , 1. 1 .9 _ _ _ _ _ . _ .9 .9 _ . 2 _ _ _ . 3 _ _ 2. 6 . 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8. 8 8. 8 6. 1 _ _ _ _ _ .9 .9 _ _ . _ 2. 0 _ _ _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ „ _ _ _ .. 2. 2 _ _ 2. 2 . 5 _ 4. 1 1 .4 _ _ _ 1. 4 . 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ .9 .9 _ _ _ _ * ■ T a b le 17. Paid holidays ( P e r c e n t o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in c a n d y a n d o t h e r c o n f e c tio n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith f o r m a l p r o v is i o n s f o r p a id h o l id a y s , U n ite d S t a te s , s e le c te d r e g i o n s , a n d a r e a s , A u g u s t 1970) A reas R e g io n s N u m b e r of p a id h o lid a y s A ll w o r k e r s --------------------------------------------------W o r k e r s in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s p r o v id in g p a id h o l i d a y s -----------------------------------------------------L e s s th a n 5 d a y s _____________________________ 5 d a y s --------------------------------------------------------------5 d a y s p lu s 1 h a lf d a y ------------------------------------6 d a y s --------------------------------------------------------------6 d a y s p lu s 1 h a lf d a y ________________________ 6 d a y s p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s ----------------------------------7 d a y s _________________________________________ 7 d a y s p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s _______________________ 8 d a y s --------------------------------------------------------------8 d a y s p lu s 1 h a lf d a y ------------------------------------8 d a y s p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s ----------------------------------9 d a y s --------------------------------------------------------------9 d a y s p lu s 1 h a lf d a y ------------------------------------9 d a y s p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s ----------------------------------10 d a y s ------------------------------------------------------------10 d a y s p lu s 1 h a lf d a y ............................................. 10 d a y s p lu s 2 h a lf d a y s ---------------------------------11 d a y s ________________________________________ 12 d a y s ——-------------------------------------------------------12 d a y s p lu s 1 h a lf d a y ---------------------- -----------W o r k e r s in e s ta b l is h m e n t s p ro v id in g no p a id h o l i d a y s ------------------------------------------------- U n ited S ta te s 1 New E n g la n d M id d le A tla n tic 100 100 100 97 100 97 2 - ( 2) - 1 1 - (2) 5 20 1 10 2 5 1 12 1 1 13 1 20 1 1 17 1 2 6 1 (2 ) 10 (2) 1 C h ic a g o L os A n g e le sL ong B e a c h N ew Y o rk P h ila d e lp h ia San F ra n c is c o — O a k la n d 100 100 100 100 100 100 . 100 S o u th e a s t G reat L akes P a c if ic B o s to n 100 100 100 86 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 5 2 ~ ■ - - 2 ■ ~ 3 20 3 ■ ■ ‘ ■ " ■ “ - " ' - ~ " 13 38 3 8 - 48 26 7 - 3 14 1 12 7 4 4 8 5 22 8 4 - 2 43 15 21 2 3 1 8 6 4 - 1 3 19 - 32 41 19 ■ 1 " 1 32 2 2 27 1 ~ - 1 " 5 - 36 - 2 6 12 ■ ■ ~ " 2 53 - ■ " 48 “ “ “ ■ ~ 13 ■ ~ 10 13 - 3 3 ■ 75 " ■ 1 “ " 3 9 2 20 12 “ 5 “ 49 " “ ■ 6 21 " " “ " " “ ■ ' 100 " “ ■ “ “ ■ “ ■ " 1 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g i o n s in a d d itio n to th o s e show n s e p a r a te l y . 2 L e s s th a n 0.5 p e r c e n t . NOTE: B e c a u s e of r o u n d in g , s u m s of i n d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l t o ta ls . T a b le 1 8 . P a id v a c a tio n s ( P e r c e n t of p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in c a n d y a n d o t h e r c o n fe c tio n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith f o r m a l p r o v is io n s f o r p a id v a c a tio n s , U n ite d S t a te s , s e le c te d r e g i o n s , a n d a r e a s , A u g u s t 1970) A reas R e g io n s V a c a tio n p o lic y A ll w o r k e r s —...........-.....................................-........... - U n ited S ta te s 1 New E n g la n d M id d le A tla n tic S o u th e a s t G re a t Lakes P a c if i c B o s to n C h ic a g o L os A n g e le sL ong B e a c h N ew Y o rk P h ila d e lp h ia San F ra n c is c o O akland 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 97 83 14 95 76 19 98 74 24 100 98 85 13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 - ■ 87 13 37 63 100 100 - 98 79 19 100 87 13 3 5 2 - 2 - - 2 “ ■ ' 1 78 4 1 86 12 76 - 98 - 12 12 11 79 19 - - 79 19 95 5 96 4 M e th o d of p a y m e n t W o rk e r s in e s ta b l is h m e n t s p r o v id in g p a id v a c a t i o n s ---------------------------------------------------L e n g t h - o f - t i m e p a y m e n t -------------------------------P e r c e n t a g e p a y m e n t---------------------------------------W o rk e r s in e s ta b l is h m e n t s p r o v id in g no p a id v a c a t i o n s ......... ............................ ......................... _ - A m o u n t of v a c a tio n p a y 2 A f te r 1 y e a r of s e r v i c e : U n d e r 1 w e e k _________________________________ 1 w e e k _________________________________________ O v e r 1 a n d u n d e r 2 w e e k s -----------------------------2 w e e k s -----------------------------------------------------------See fo o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le . 79 4 13 2 86 6 8 - - 100 100 “ ■ T a b le 18. P aid v a ca tio n s— Continued ( P e r c e n t of p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in c a n d y a n d o th e r c o n fe c tio n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith f o r m a l p r o v is io n s f o r p a id v a c a tio n s , U n ite d S t a te s , s e le c te d r e g i o n s , a n d a r e a s , A u g u s t 1970) R e g io n s U n ited S ta te s 1 V a c a tio n p o lic y New E n g la n d M id d le A tla n tic S o u th e a s t A reas G reat L akes P a c if ic B o s to n C h ic a g o L os A n g e le sL ong B e a c h N ew Y o rk P h i la d e lp h ia San F ra n c is c o — O ak la n d A m o u n t of v a c a tio n p a y 2— C o n tin u e d A f te r 2 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : U n d e r 1 w e e k _________________________________ 1 w e e k -------------------------------------------------------------O v e r 1 a n d u n d e r 2 w e e k s ----------------------------2 w e e k s -----------------------------------------------------------A f te r 3 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : U n d e r 1 w e e k _________________________________ 1 w e e k _________________________________________ O v e r 1 a n d u n d e r 2 w e e k s ___________________ 2 w e e k s _______________________________________ O v e r 2 a n d u n d e r 3 w e e k s ----------------------------A f te r 5 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : 1 w e e k _________________________________________ O v e r 1 a n d u n d e r 2 w e e k s ----------------------------2 w e e k s -----------------------------------------------------------O v e r 2 a n d u n d e r 3 w e e k s ___________________ 3 w e e k s -----------------------------------------------------------A f te r 10 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : 1 w e e k -------------------------------- ----------------------------2 w e e k s _______________________________________ 3 w e e k s ------------------------------------------ ----------------O v e r 3 a n d u n d e r 4 w e e k s ___________________ A f te r 15 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : 1 w e e k -------------------------------------------------------------2 w e e k s -----------------------------------------------------------3 w e e k s -----------------------------------------------------------O v e r 3 a n d u n d e r 4 w e e k s ___________________ 4 w e e k s ----------------------------------------- ------- ----------A f te r 20 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : i w e e k ______ ____ _____________________________ 2 w e e k s _______________________________________ 3 w e e k s -----------------------------------------------------------4 w e e k s _______________________________________ 5 w e e k s -----------------------------------------------------------A f te r 25 y e a r s of s e r v i c e : 1 w e e k -------------------------------------------------------------2 w e e k s _______________________________________ 3 w e e k s _______________________________________ 4 w e e k s _______________________________________ O v e r 4 a n d u n d e r 5 w e e k s ----------------------------5 w e e k s -----------------------------------------------------------A f te r 30 y e a r s of s e r v i c e :4 1 w e e k _________________________________________ 2 w e e k s _______________________________________ 3 w e e k s -----------------------------------------------------------4 w e e k s -----------------------------------------------------------5 w e e k s ------------------------------------------------------------ (3) 46 7 44 29 4 62 44 (3 ) 14 4 76 - 11 4 80 1 1 80 3 26 67 11 1 8 6 87 - 28 72 - 16 84 - 6 8 86 - - 9 72 17 28 47 24 3 97 - 6 8 86 91 9 - 6 9 91 - 16 84 - 11 1 10 - 73 14 66 5 92 3 1 10 22 _ 9 61 4 83 5 19 76 - - 1 10 _ 9 17 50 8 5 13 72 - - 6 10 3 16 74 5 33 50 17 - 3 90 - 3 5 84 5 2 1 33 17 50 - 69 1 3 3 5 2 12 _ 3 9 69 _ 13 3 10 3 5 11 33 17 43 7 33 17 28 60 5 15 22 - 3 33 3 5 17 28 9 69 13 13 84 _ 3 100 89 _ - 21 76 _ 24 _ 44 _ 56 66 15 48 13 87 - 100 2 15 54 - 13 87 _ 90 _ 80 5 20 10 - 6 1 3 26 3 4 94 - 49 44 - 1 25 56 10 _ 48 . 52 - 6 - _ 26 _ 74 40 51 _ 5 3 _ 76 24 6 74 _ _ 49 50 11 1 30 65 _ 15 13 38 • _ 41 _ 59 48 1 8 1 1 74 _ 56 75 7 _ 95 5 1 10 6 6 11 51 29 - 22 8 1 16 81 - 2 18 1 10 17 39 31 _ - 9 25 8 79 _ 4 9 6 79 3 6 91 - _ 10 5 92 _ - 9 28 3 10 10 20 73 62 6 - 77 - 9 5 53 4 28 28 48 13 9 28 79 13 72 41 4 10 44 8 100 5 10 1 0 48 13 3 3 81 13 45 49 6 5 26 64 6 5 24 65 - 6 _ _ _ 100 100 9 91 100 14 86 14 86 - 3 3 24 14 81 13 16 86 49 - 5 1 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g i o n s in a d d itio n to th o s e show n s e p a r a te l y . 2 V a c a tio n p a y m e n ts s u c h a s p e r c e n t of a n n u a l e a rn in g s w e r e c o n v e r te d to a n e q u iv a le n t tim e b a s i s . P e r io d s of s e r v i c e w e r e a r b i t r a r i l y c h o s e n a n d do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y r e f l e c t th e in d iv id u a l e s ta b l is h m e n t p r o v is i o n s f o r p r o g r e s s i o n . F o r e x a m p le , c h a n g e s in p r o p o r t io n s a t 10 y e a r s m a y in c lu d e c h a n g e s o c c u r r in g b e tw e e n 5 a n d 10 y e a r s . 3 L e s s th a n 0.5 p e r c e n t . 4 V a c a tio n p r o v is i o n s w e r e s u b s ta n t ia l ly th e s a m e a f t e r lo n g e r p e r i o d s of s e r v i c e . NOTE: B e c a u s e of ro u n d in g , s u m s of in d iv id u a l i te m s m a y n o t e q u a l t o ta l s . T a b le 1 9 . H e a lth , in s u ra n c e , a n d re tire m e n t p la n s ( P e r c e n t of p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in c a n d y a n d o t h e r c o n fe c tio n e r y p r o d u c ts m a n u f a c tu r in g e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith s p e c if ie d h e a lt h , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e t i r e m e n t p l a n s , U n ite d S t a te s , s e le c te d r e g i o n s , a n d a r e a , A u g u s t 1970) A reas R e g io n s T y p e of p la n 1 A ll w o r k e r s -------------------------------------------------W o r k e r s in e s ta b l is h m e n t s p r o v id in g : L ife i n s u r a n c e ________________________________ N o n c o n tr ib u to r y p l a n s ------------------------------A c c i d e n t a l d e a th a n d d i s m e m b e r m e n t i n s u r a n c e -------------- -------- ------------------------------N o n c o n tr ib u to r y p l a n s ------------------------------S ic k n e ss an d a c c id e n t in s u ra n c e o r s ic k l e a v e o r b o th 3 _________________________ S ic k n e s s a n d a c c i d e n t i n s u r a n c e -----------— N o n c o n tr ib u to r y p l a n s . . ----------------------S ic k le a v e ( fu ll p a y , n o w a itin g p e r i o d ) — S ic k l e a v e ( p a r t i a l p a y o r w a itin g p e r i o d ) ....................................................... H o s p i ta l iz a t io n i n s u r a n c e ........................................ N on c o n tr i b u to r y p l a n s ........................................S u r g ic a l i n s u r a n c e ....................................... ................ N o n c o n tr ib u to r y p l a n s ------------------------------M e d ic a l i n s u r a n c e -----------------------------------------N on c o n tr i b u to r y p l a n s ------------------------------M a jo r m e d i c a l i n s u r a n c e ------------------------------N on c o n tr i b u to r y p l a n s ------------------------------R e t ir e m e n t p l a n s 4 ......................................... ........... — P e n s io n p l a n s .......................................... ................ N o n c o n tr ib u to r y p l a n s -------------------------R e t ir e m e n t s e v e r a n c e p a y ________________ No p l a n s ................... - ------------------------------------------- M id d le A tla n tic S o u th e a s t G reat L akes P a c if i c B o s to n C h ic a g o 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 86 90 27 92 91 94 39 86 46 83 79 93 59 89 46 53 40 96 96 94 94 92 92 71 69 49 35 74 42 83 79 61 83 46 53 40 78 78 37 37 92 92 77 74 73 18 75 71 41 4 83 82 44 14 82 24 61 61 86 86 20 22 6 44 17 55 13 24 87 81 81 13 89 89 89 89 7 7 ■ 14 96 89 96 89 85 81 30 25 81 81 80 5 3 - 16 94 53 94 53 91 53 56 36 69 67 46 4 4 39 95 - 17 84 61 84 16 49 92 89 92 89 81 79 5 3 S ta te s 2 66 68 47 23 74 67 45 13 55 55 13 94 63 94 62 84 56 54 35 72 71 60 3 5 - 11 - 95 23 95 11 95 11 93 23 88 88 82 - 5 99 50 99 50 66 45 55 38 38 38 33 - 88 95 88 95 88 83 76 84 84 69 4 5 12 6 100 6 100 6 100 6 98 6 90 90 81 - 24 98 54 98 54 93 54 50 33 67 64 38 7 2 61 84 61 60 37 55 55 55 ~ 16 N ew Y o rk San P h ila d e lp h ia F r a n c i s c o O akland N ew E n g la n d L o s A n g e le sL ong B e a c h 100 100 100 100 100 100 25 12 86 86 86 18 12 86 86 86 - 89 100 100 100 100 100 100 97 97 93 93 93 11 6 1 I n c lu d e s on ly t h o s e p la n s f o r w h ic h a t l e a s t p a r t of th e c o s t is b o rn e by th e e m p lo y e r a n d e x c lu d e s le g a lly r e q u i r e d p la n s s u c h a s w o r k m e n 's c o m p e n s a tio n a n d s o c ia l s e c u r i ty ; h o w e v e r , p la n s r e q u i r e d b y S ta te t e m p o r a r y d i s a b i li ty i n s u r a n c e la w s a r e in c lu d e d if th e e m p lo y e r c o n tr i b u te s m o r e th a n is le g a l ly r e q u i r e d o r th e e m p lo y e e r e c e i v e s b e n e fits in e x c e s s of th e l e g a l r e q u i r e m e n ts . " N o n c o n tr ib u to r y p l a n s " in c lu d e o n ly t h o s e p la n s f in a n c e d e n ti r e l y by th e e m p lo y e r. 2 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to t h o s e show n s e p a r a te l y . 3 U n d u p lic a te d t o t a l of w o r k e r s r e c e i v in g s ic k le a v e o r s ic k n e s s and a c c i d e n t i n s u r a n c e sh o w n s e p a r a te l y . 4 U n d u p lic a te d t o t a l of w o r k e r s h a v in g p e n s io n a n d r e t i r e m e n t s e v e r a n c e p a y p la n s sh o w n s e p a r a te l y . T a b le 2 0 . O th e r s e le c te d b e n e fits ( P e r c e n t of p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in c a n d y and o th e r c o n fe c tio n e r y p r o d u c ts e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith f u n e r a l l e a v e p a y , j u r y d u ty p a y , a n d te c h n o lo g ic a l s e v e r a n c e p a y , U n ite d S ta te s a n d s e le c te d r e g i o n s , A u g u s t 1970) R e g io n s I te m W o r k e r s in e s ta b l is h m e n t s w ith p r o v is i o n s fo r: F u n e r a l le a v e p a y ____________________________ J u r y d u ty p a y ________________________________ T e c h n o lo g ic a l s e v e r a n c e p ay 2 ______________ TTnii 4 d u -*« ite A S ta te s 1 2 76 77 19 N ew E n g la n d 74 77 1 In c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e g io n s in a d d itio n to t h o s e sh o w n s e p a r a te l y . 2 P a y to e m p lo y e e s p e rm a n e n tly s e p a r a te d f r o m th e c o m p a n y b e c a u s e M id d le A tla n tic 90 86 S o u th e a s t 61 61 S o u th w e s t 44 65 35 of a te c h n o lo g ic a l c h a n g e o r c lo s in g of th e p la n t. G re a t Lakes 81 80 24 P a c if i c 78 57 4 A p p e n d ix A . S c o p e a n d M e t h o d o f S u r v e y Scope o f survey The survey included establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing candy and other confectionery prod ucts (industry 2071 as defined in the 1967 edition of the S ta n d a r d I n d u s tria l G a s s ific a tio n M a n u a l , prepared by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, formerly U.S. Bureau of the Budget). Establishments primarily manufacturing solid chocolate bars (SIC 2072), those pri marily manufacturing chewing gum (SIC 2073), those making confectionery primarily for direct sale on the premises and those primarily engaged in shelling and roasting nuts (which are classified in trade industries) were excluded. Also excluded were separate auxiliary units such as central offices. The establishments studied were selected from those employing 20 workers or more at the time of reference of the data used in compiling the universe lists. The number of establishments and workers actually studied by the Bureau, as well as the number estimated to be in the industry during the payroll period studied, is shown in table A-l. M ethod o f study Data were obtained by personal visits of the Bureau’s field staff. The survey was conducted on a sample basis. To obtain appropriate accuracy at minimum cost, a greater proportion of large than of small establishments was studied. In combining the data, however, all estab lishments were given their appropriate weight. All esti mates are presented, therefore, as relating to all establish ments in the industry, excluding only those below the minimum size at the time of reference of the universe data. Establishment definition An establishment, for purposes of this study, is de fined as a single physical location where industrial operations are performed. An establishment is not Table A -1. Estimated num ber o f establishments and workers w ith in scope o f survey and number studied, candy and other confectionery products manufacturing establishments, August 19 7 0 Num ber o f establishments 1 2 3 Workers in establishments W ithin scope o f study Studied W ithin scope of study Studied United States 5 ........................................ 400 185 58.501 4 8 .1 1 2 4 5 .9 3 8 New E n g la n d ............................................................... B o s to n .................................................................... M iddle A t la n t ic .......................................................... New Y o rk ............................................................ P h ila d e lp h ia .......................................................... S outheast...................................................................... Great L a k e s ................................................................. Chicago ................................................................. P a c if ic ........................................................................... Los Angeles—Long B eac h ................................. San Francisco—O a k la n d ................................... 29 18 117 34 25 28 118 53 44 17 16 16 5,731 4 ,0 7 2 1 4 ,880 3 ,5 8 8 2 ,6 3 6 4 ,1 8 8 2 1 ,2 7 8 13,601 4,151 1,2 19 1,6 29 4 ,7 7 6 3,301 1 1 ,906 2 ,9 2 5 2,1 3 7 3 ,2 6 6 1 7 ,924 1 1 ,565 3,321 1,0 08 1,2 52 5,2 0 7 3 ,7 6 7 11,081 2 ,6 4 4 2 ,2 3 0 3 ,5 9 3 16 ,724 1 1 ,199 2 ,9 4 6 90 7 1,2 88 Region and area 11 51 16 12 16 49 22 24 9 10 T o ta l 4 Production workers Total The regions used in this study include: New England—Connecticut. Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, R hode Island, and V erm o nt; M iddle A tla n tic —N ew Jersey, N ew Y o rk , and Pennsylvania; Southeast—Alabam a. Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, N orth Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; Great Lakes—Illinois. Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, O h io, and Wisconsin; and Pacific— California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. Regional data include areas in addition to those shown separately. ^ For d e fin ition of th e respective areas, see fo o tn o te 1, tables 7 —12. Includes only establishments w ith 2 0 workers or more a t the tim e o f reference o f the universe data. Includes executive, professional, office, and other workers excluded fro m the production w orker category shown separately. Includes data fo r regions in addition to those shown separately. Alaska and Hawaii were not included in the study. 26 necessarily identical with the company, which may con sist of one establishment or more. Employment The estimates of the number of workers within the scope of the study are intended as a general guide to the size and composition of the labor force included in the survey. The advance planning necessary to make a wage survey requires the use of lists of establishments as sembled considerably in advance of the payroll period studied. salaried workers were obtained by dividing their straighttime salary by normal rather than actual hours. The m e d ia n designates position, that is, half of the em ployees surveyed received more than this rate, and half received less. The m id d le ra n g e is defined by two rates of pay; a fourth of the employees earned less than the lower of these rates and a fourth earned more than the higher rate. Size of community Tabulations by size of community pertain to metro politan and nonmetropolitan areas. The term “metro politan area,” as used in this bulletin, refers to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget through January 1968. Except in New England, a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area is defined as a county or group of contiguous counties which contains at least one city of 50,000 inhabitants or more. Counties contiguous to the one containing such a city are included in a Stand ard Metropolitan Statistical Area, if, according to certain criteria, they are essentially metropolitan in character and are socially and economically integrated with the central city. In New England, the city and town are administratively more important than the country, and they are the units used in defining Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Production workers The term “production workers” as used in this bul letin, includes working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers engaged in nonoffice functions. Administrative, executive, professional, and technical personnel, and force-account construction employees, who were uti lized as a separate work force on the firm’s own proper ties, were excluded. Occupations selected for study Occupational classification was based on a uniform set of job descriptions designed to take account of interestablishment and interarea variations in duties within the same job. (See appendix B for these job descrip tions.) The occupations were chosen for their numerical importance, their usefulness in collective bargaining, or their representativeness of the entire job scale in the in dustry. Working supervisors, apprentices, learners, be ginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, tempo rary, and probationary workers were not reported in the data for selected occupations, but were included in the data for all production workers. Labor-management agreements Separate wage data are presented, where possible, for establishments with (1) a majority of the produc tion workers covered by labor-management contracts, and (2) none or a minority of the production workers covered by labor-management contracts. Method of wage payment Wage data Tabulations by method of wage payment relate to the number of workers paid under the various time and incentive wage systems. Formal rate structures for time rated workers provide single rates or a range of rates for individual job categories. In the absence of a formal rate structure, pay rates are determined primarily with reference to the qualifications of the individual worker. A single rate structure is one in which the same rate is paid to all experienced workers in the same job classifi cation, .Learners, apprentices, or probationary workers may be paid according to rate schedules which start below the single rate and permit the workers to achieve the full job rate over a period of time. Individual experi enced workers occasionally may be paid above or below the single rate for special reasons, but such payments are Information on wages relates to average straighttime hourly earnings, excluding premium pay for over time and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. Incentive payments, such as those resulting from piecework or production bonus systems and cost-ofliving bonuses were included as part of the workers’ regular pay; but nonproduction bonus payments, such as Christmas or yearend bonuses, were excluded. Average (mean) hourly rates or earnings for each occupation or other group of workers, such as men, women, or production workers were calculated by weighting each rate (or hourly earnings) by the number of workers receiving the rate, totaling, and dividing by the number of individuals. The hourly earnings of 27 regarded as exceptions. Range-of-rate plans are those in which the minimum and/or maximum rates paid ex perienced workers for the same job are specified. Speci fic rates of individual workers within the range may be determined by merit, length of service, or a combination of various concepts of merit and length of service. Incen tive workers are classified under piecework or bonus plans. Piecework is work for which a predetermined rate is paid for each unit of output. Production bonuses are based on production in excess of a quota or for comple tion of a job in less than standard time. Scheduled weekly hours Data on weekly hours refer to the predominant work schedule for full-time production workers employed on the day shift, regardless of sex. Shift provisions and practices Shift provisions relate to the policies of establish ments either currently operating late shifts or having formal provisions covering late-shift work. Practices re late to workers employed on late shifts at the time of the survey. Supplementary wage provisions Supplementary benefits were treated statistically on the basis that if formal provisions were applicable to half or more of the production workers in an establishment, the benefits were considered applicable to all such workers. Similarly, if fewer than half of the workers were covered, the benefit was considered nonexistent in the establishment. Because of length-of-service and other eligibility requirements, the proportion of workers receiving the benefits may be smaller than estimated. Because of rounding, the sums of individual items may not equal totals. P a id h o lid a y s . Paid holiday provisions related to fullday and half-day holidays provided annually. P a id v a c a tio n s . The summaries of vacation plans are limited to formal arrangements, excluding informal plans whereby time off with pay is granted at the discre tion of the employer or the supervisor. Payments not on a time basis were converted; for example, a payment of 2 percent of annual earnings was considered the equiva lent of 1 week’s pay. The periods of service for which data are presented were selected as representative of the most common practices, but they do not necessarily re flect individual establishment provisions for progression. For example, the changes in proportions indicated at 10 years of service may include changes which occurred be tween 5 and 10 years. H e a lth , in su ra n c e , a n d r e tir e m e n t p la n s. Data are presented for health, insurance, pension, and retire ment severance plans for which all or a part of the cost is borne by the employer, excluding programs re quired by law, such as workmen’s compensation and social security* Among the plans included are those underwritten by a commercial insurance company and those paid directly by the employer from his current operating funds or from a fund set aside for this purpose. Death benefits are included as a form of life insur ance. Sickness and accident insurance is limited to that type of insurance under which predetermined cash pay ments are made directly to the insured on a weekly or monthly basis during illness or accident disability. Infor mation is presented for all such plans to which the em ployer contributes at least a part of the cost. However, in New York and New Jersey, where temporary dis ability insurance laws require employer contributions,1 plans are included only if the employer (1) contributes more than is legally required or (2) provides the em ployees with benefits which exceed the requirements of the law. Tabulations of paid sick leave plans are limited to formal plans which provide full pay or a proportion of the worker’s pay during absence from work because of illness; informal arrangements have been omitted. Sepa rate tabulations are provided according to (1) plans which provide full pay and no waiting period, and (2) plans providing either partial pay or a waiting period. Medical insurance refers to plans providing for complete or partial payment of doctor’s fees. Such plans may be underwritten by a commerical insur ance company or a nonprofit organization, or they may be a form of self-insurance. Major medical insurance, sometimes referred to as extended medical or catastrophe insurance, includes the plans designed to cover employees in case of sickness or injury involving an expense which exceeds the normal coverage of hospitalization, medical, and surgical plans. Tabulations of retirement pensions are limited to plans which provide regular payments for the remainder of the retiree’s life. Data are presented separately for retirement severance pay (one payment or several over a specified period of time) made to employees on retire ment. Establishments providing both retirement sever ance payments and retirement pensions to employees 1 The temporary disability insurance laws in California and Rhode Island do not require employer contributions. 28 were considered as having both retirement pension and retirement severance plans. Establishments having optional plans providing employees a choice o f either retirement severance pay or pensions were considered as having only retirement pension benefits. Paid funeral and jury du ty leave. Data for paid funeral and jury duty leave relate to formal provisions 29 for at least partial payment for time lost as a result of attending funerals o f specified family members or while serving as a juror. Technological severance pay. Data relate to formal plans providing for payment to employees perma nently separated from employment because o f a techno logical change or plant closing. A p p e n d ix B . O c c u p a tio n a l D e s c r ip tio n s The primary purpose o f preparing job descriptions for the Bureau’s wage surveys is to assist its field staff in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety o f payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This permits the grouping o f occupational wage rates representing comparable job content. Because o f this emphasis on interestablish ment and interarea comparability of occupational content, the Bureau’s job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau’s field staff is in structed to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, and handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers. Dipper, hand Candymaker (Batch maker; boiler; confectioner; cook, candy; cookery batch; fondant maker; hard-candymaker; jelly- or gum-candy maker; taffy-candy maker) (Bonbon dipper; candy dipper, hand; caramel dipper; chocolate dipper, hand; coater, hand; cream dipper; dipper, fork; icing dipper; stripper) Measures, weighs, mixes and/or cooks ingredients in making candies or in preparing bases for making candies. May, in addition, operate heating, pulling, molding, and other types o f candymaking machines, or may specialize in making one type o f candy such as hard, cream, caramel, or nougat. Class A. Makes one or more types of candy. Work involves most o f the following: Knowledge o f various ingredients, formulas, methods, and equipment used in producing candy; the exercise of judgment, initia tive, and ingenuity in creating new candy items or in meeting production difficulties; working with a mini mum o f supervision; and directing the activities of candymakers o f lesser skill and/or helpers. Class B. Makes candy according to formulas, or under the direction of others, usually preparing one type o f candy or performing only some o f the opera tions required in candymaking. May be assisted by, and assign work to, one or more helpers. Dips candy centers, fruits, or nuts into fondant, choc olate, or other icing material and finishes the surface by hand. Work involves: Regulating temperature of small dipping vat with valve or switch; dropping candy center, fruit, or nut into vat o f icing and removing it with fingers or fork; and smoothing the surface and making an identifying mark on the top. May, in addition, pre pare icing in small quantities in dipping vat or place nut or other garnishing on top o f candy. Enrobing-machine operator (Coating-machine operator; coater, machine; dipper, machine; dipping-machine operator; enrober man) Controls the operation o f one or more machines that automatically coat (dip) candy centers with chocolate or other icing material. Work includes: Regulating supply and temperature of chocolate or other icing material, and making minor mechanical adjustments to keep machines operating efficiently. May be assisted by several helpers. Candymaker's, helper Assists the candymaker by performing such tasks as: Obtaining, measuring, or weighing sugar, glucose, and other ingredients according to formulas or instructions; lifting or conveying ingredients to cooking kettles; cutting or chopping fruits or nuts; mixing cream-candy batches; washing cooking equipment and utensils;*and cleaning working areas. May, in addition, perform vari ous candy forming and cutting operations. 30 Enrobing-machine operator's helper (Candy liner; coating-machine feeder; corder; decora tor; dipping-machine feeder, off-bearer; dippingmachine operator’ helper; enrober’ helper; sepa s s rator; slider; straightener; streaker; stringer; stroker, take-off girl; tray filler) Labor, material handling Assists the enrobing-machine operator by perform ing one or more hand operations involved in the candy making process. Typical o f such operations are: Plac ing and arranging candy centers on the feed conveyor o f the coating machine; dumping centers into a mechani cal feed hopper which discharges them on the feed con veyor; finishing the top o f coated candies by applying coating material with fingers; separating coated candies with a wire tool to prevent them from sticking together; lifting was paper plaques o f candies from discharge con veyor and sliding them onto candy trays; and stacking trays o f candy on handtrucks. This classification does n o t include off-bearers who also pack candy into boxes or other containers. A worker employed in a warehouse, manufacturing plant, store, or other establishment whose duties in volve one or m ore o f the following: Loading and unloading various materials and merchandise on or from freight cars, trucks, or other transporting devices; unpacking, shelving, or placing materials or merchandise in proper storage location; and transporting materials or merchandise by handtruck, car, or wheelbarrow. Longshoremen, who load and unload ships, are excluded. Filling-machine operator Machinist, maintenance Controls the operation o f a filling machine which automatically fills containers such as cartons, boxes, bottles, cans, or jars with a specified weight or amount o f the commodity being packaged. May, in some plants, feed containers to the machine and remove filled con tainers from the machine where these operations are not assigned to other workers. This classification includes workers who tend ma chines that perform other operations such as closing, sealing, capping, or wrapping, in addition to filling containers. Produces replacement parts and new parts in making repairs o f metal parts o f mechanical equipment operated in an establishment. Work involves m ost o f the follow ing: Interpreting written instructions and specifications; planning and laying out o f work; using a variety of machinist’s handtools and precision measuring instru ments; setting up and operating standard machine tools; shaping o f metal parts to close tolerances; making standard shop computations relating to dimenstions of work, tooling, feeds, and speeds o f machining; knowl edge of the working properties o f the common metals; selecting standard materials, parts, and equipment re quired for his work; and fitting and assembling parts into mechancial equipment. In general, the machinist’s work normally requires a rounded training in machine-shop practice usually acquired through a formal apprentice ship or equivalent training and experience. (Loader and unloader; handler and stacker; shelver; trucker; stockm an or stock helper; warehouseman or warehouse helper) Inspector, candy Examines boxes or other containers o f candy to see that candy is properly formed, polished, wrapped, and packed; and stamps or indicates data o f inspection on box or container, or returns candy to packer with ex planation for rejection. May, in addition, weigh candy, or pack boxes or containers o f candy in cartons. Maintenance man, general utility Janitor (Sweeper; charwoman; fanitress; cleaner) Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory work ing areas and washrooms, or premises o f an office, apart ment house, or commercial or other establishment. Duties involve a com bination o f the follow ing: Sweep ing, mopping or scrubbing, and polishing floors; re moving chips, trash, and other refuse; dusting equip ment, furniture, or fixtures; polishing metal fixtures or trimmings; providing supplies and minor maintenance services; and cleaning lavatories, showers, and restrooms. Workers who specialize in window washing are excluded. 31 Keeps the machines, mechanical equipment and/or structure o f an establishment (usually a small plant where specialization in maintenance work is impractical) in repair. Duties involve the performance o f operations and the use o f tools and equipment o f several trades, rather than specialization in one trade or one type of maintenance work only. Work involves a com bination o f the following: Planning and laying out o f work relating to repair o f building?, machines, mechanical and/or electrical equipment; repairing electrical and/or mechanical equipment; installing, alining and balancing new equipment; and repairing buildings, floors, and stairs as well as making and repairing bins, cribs and partitions. Mechanic, maintenance Repairs machinery or mechanical equipment o f an establishment. Work involves most o f the following: Examining machines and mechanical equipment to diag nose source of trouble; dismantling or partly dismantling machines and performing repairs that mainly involve the use of handtools in scraping and fitting parts; replacing broken or defective parts with items obtained from stock; ordering the production o f a replacement part by a machine shop or sending o f the machine to a machine shop for major repairs; preparing written specifications for major repairs or for the production o f parts ordered from machine shop; reassembling machines; and making all necessary adjustments for operation. In general, the work o f a maintenance mechanic requires rounded train ing and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Excluded from this classification are workers whose pri mary duties involve setting up or adjusting machines. Mogul operator Molds soft candy centers, such as gums and jellies, by operating a mogul machine. Work involves the following: Inserting mold die in machine and fastening it in place with wedges or by tightening thumb screws; starting machine and turning valve to supply steam to jacket of candy hopper; adjusting setscrews to regulate flow of candy from depositors; oiling machine and observing its proper operation; and directing one or more helpers. Mogul operator's helper Assists the mogul-machine operator by feeding, catch ing, stacking, and trucking candy. Typical of the specific duties performed by the helper are: Lifting trays of freshly molded candy from conveyor or machine and stacking them on handtrucks to be pushed to hardening room; placing trays o f hardened candy in starch molds on automatic feed rack o f mogul machine; placing empty trays under conveyor o f machine to catch candy 32 after it has been separated from starch; spreading candy on trays; and pushing loaded handtrucks to and from hardening room. Packer, hand Packs candy or other confectionery products by hand in various size or shaped boxes, cartons, jars, or other containers. Packer, hand, bulk . Pours, scoops, or funnels loose candy into boxes, cartons, jars, pails, bags, or other containers. Packer, hand, candy bars. Fills cartons with a specified number o f wrapped candy bars o f the same kind, shape, and size. Packer, hand, fancy. Places pieces o f wrapped or un wrapped candy in boxes by hand, following a pre scribed packing arrangement, packs a complete box or places a few pieces o f more than one type of candy in each box; may also wrap individual pieces of candy in paper, or place candy in paper cups, and count or weigh candy. Watchman Makes rounds o f premises periodically in protecting property against fire, theft, and illegal entry. Wrapping-machine operator Packages rolls, bars, slabs, or individual pieces of candy in advertising or designating wrapper by feeding to a candy wrapping machine. Work involves most o f the following: Feeding candy items onto a conveyor belt and guiding to slots of machine which automatically wraps them; starts and stops machine and may thread paper through the rolls o f the machine as necessary; catching and removing wrapped items as they come from the machine and may also pack by putting specified number o f items in boxes or other containers. (Both feeders and catchers are to be included regardless of whether they alternate between the two types o f work.) In d u s try W a g e S tu d ie s The most recent reports for industries included in the Bureau’s program of industry wage surveys since Jan uary 1960 are listed below. Copies are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government I. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402, or any of its regional sales offices, and from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C., 20212, or from any of its regional offices shown on the inside back cover. Occupational Wage Studies Manufacturing Price Basic Iron and Steel, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1602 ......................................................................................................... $0.55 Candy and Other Confectionery Products, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1520 ....................................................................... .30 Cigar Manufacturing, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1581 ........................................................................................................... .25 Cigarette Manufacturing, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1472 ............................................................................................................... 20 Cotton and Man-Made Fiber Textiles, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1637................................................................................ 1.00 Fabricated Structural Steel, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1695 ...........................................................................................................50 Fertilizer Manufacturing, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1 5 3 1 ............................................................................................................... 30 Flour and Other Grain Mill Products, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1576 ...........................................................................................25 Fluid Milk Industry, 1964. BLS Bulletin 1464 ........................................................................................................................ 30 Footwear, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1 6 3 4 ................................................................................................................................ .75 Hosiery, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1562 .............................................................................................................................................70 Industrial Chemicals, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1529 ........................................................................................................... .40 Iron and Steel Foundries, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1626 ..................................................................................................... 1.00 Leather Tanning and Finishing, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1618 ......................................................................................... .55 Machinery Manufacturing, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1664 ............................................................................................................. 65 Meat Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1677 ....................................................................................................................... 1.00 Men’s and Boys’ Shirts (except Work Shirts) and Nightwear, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1659 ..................................................65 Men’s and Boys’ Suits and Coats, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1 7 1 6 ....................................................................................... 1.00 Miscellaneous Plastics Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1690 ....................................................................................................60 Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1679 ................ .............................................................................................. 75 Nonferrous Foundries, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1498 ....................................................................................................... .40 Paints and Varnishes, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1524 ........................................................................................................... .40 Paperboard Containers and Boxes, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1 7 1 9 ..................................................................................... 1.25 Petroleum Refining, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1526 ........................................................................................................................ 30 Pressed or Blown Glass and Glassware, 1970. BLS Bulletin 1 7 1 3 .............................................................................. .50 Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1608 .................................................................................. .60 Southern Sawmills and Planing Mills, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1694 ...........................................................................................50 Structural Clay Products, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1697 .................................................................................................... .65 Synthetic Fibers, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1540 ............................................................................................................................. 30 Synthetic Textiles, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1509 ...........................................................................................................................40 Textile Dyeing and Finishing, 1 9 6 5 -6 6 . BLS Bulletin 1527 ............................................................................................... 45 West Coast Sawmilling, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1 7 0 4 ......................................................................................................... .45 Women’s and Misses’ Coats and Suits, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1508 ........................................................................................25 Women’s and Misses’ Dresses, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1649 ........................................................................................................45 Wood Household Furniture, Except Upholstered, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1 6 5 1 .................................................................... 60 Wool Textiles, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1551 ..................................................................................................................................45 Work Clothing, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1624 ................................................................................................................ .50 I. Occupational Wage Studies— Continued Nonmanufacturing Price Auto Dealer Repair Shops, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1689 ................................................................................................... $0.50 Banking, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1703 ............................................................................................................................................. 65 Bituminous Coal Mining, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1583 ............................................................................................................... 50 Communications, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1662 .............................................................................................................................30 Contract Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1644 ...........................................................................................................55 Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas Production, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1566 ...........................................................................30 Eating and Drinking Places, 1966— 67. BLS Bulletin 1588 ....................................................................................................40 Educational Institutions: Nonteaching Employees, 1968— 69. BLS Bulletin 1 6 7 1 ...........................................................50 Electric and Gas Utilities, 1967. BLS Bulletin 1 6 1 4 ............................................................................................................... 70 Hospitals, 1969. BLS Bulletin 1688 .................................................................................................................................. 1.00 Hotels and Motels, 1966— 67. BLS Bulletin 1587 ....................................................................................................................40 Laundry and Cleaning Services, 1968. BLS Bulletin 1645...................................................................................................... 75 Life Insurance, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1569 ................................................................................................................................. 30 Motion Picture Theaters, 1966. BLS Bulletin 1542 ............................................................................................................... 35 Nursing Homes and Related Facilities, 1967— 68. BLS Bulletin 1 6 3 8 ..................................................................................75 II. Other Industry Wage Studies Employee Earnings and Hours in Nonmetropolitan Areas o f the South and North Central Regions, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1552 ......................................................................................................................................... 50 Employee Earnings and Hours in Eight Metropolitan Areas o f the South, 1965. BLS Bulletin 1 5 3 3 .............................................................................................................................................................. .40 Employee Earnings and Hours in Retail Trade, June 1966— Retail Trade (Overall Summary). BLS Bulletin 1584 ................................................................................................ 1.00 Building Materials, Hardware, and Farm Equipment Dealers. BLS Bulletin 1584-1 ......................................................30 General Merchandise Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-2 ............................................................................................................... 55 Food Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-3 .......................................................................................................................................... 60 Automotive Dealers and Gasoline Service Stations. BLS Bulletin 1584-4 ........................................................................ 50 Apparel and Accessory Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-5............................................................................................................. 55 Furniture, Home Furnishings, and Household Appliance Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-6..................................................50 Miscellaneous Retail Stores. BLS Bulletin 1584-7..................................................................................................................65 * U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1972 O - 484-789 (67) B U R E A U O F L A B O R R E G IO N A L Region I 1603-JFK Federal Building Government Center Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: 223-6762 (Area Code 617 S T A T IS T IC S O F F IC E S Region V 8th Floor, 300 South Wacker Drive Chicago, III, 60606 Phone: 353-1880 (Area Code 312) Region II 341 Ninth Ave., Rm. 1025 New York, N.Y. 10001 Phone: 971-5405 (Area Code 212) Region VI 1100 Commerce St., Rm. 6B7 Dallas, Tex. 75202 Phone: 749-3516 (Area Code 214) Region III 406 Penn Square Building 1317 Filbert St. Philadelphia, Pa. 19107 Phone: 597-7796 (Area Code 215) Regions V II and V III Federal Office Building 911 Walnut St., 10th Floor Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: 374-2481 (Area Code 816) Region IV Suite 540 1371 Peachtree St. NE. Atlanta, Ga. 30309 Phone: 526-5418 (Area Code 404) Regions IX and X 450 Golden Gate Ave. Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: 5 5 6 ^ 6 7 8 (Area Code 415) Regions V II and V III will be serviced by Kansas City. Regions IX and X will be serviced by San Francisco. U.S. DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S T H IR D C LA SS M A IL WASHINGTON, D.C. 20212 OFFICIAL BUSINESS P E N A L T Y FO R P R IV A T E U S E, $ 3 0 0 POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. D E P A R T M E N T O F LA B O R
