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1 2 I W . / C O R R U G A T E D A N D S O L I D FIBER B O X E S INDUSTRY, 1 9 5 8 - 6 6 J|p) m m ® * BULLETIN 1 6 4 1 Dayton & D 3 y ^ M o n t g o m e r y p u b l i c FEB6 Co. Library 1970 &0O1MENI COLLECTION ll U .S . D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS BULLETIN 1641 IN DEXES OF OUTPUT PER M A N -H O U R C orru gated and S o lid Fiber Boxes Industry, 1958-66 Decem ber 1969 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR G e o r g e P. S h u l t z , S e c r e t a r y BUREAU O F L A B O R STATISTICS G e o f f r e y H. M o o r e , C o m m i s s i o n e r F or s a le b y th e S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , U .S . G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O ff ic e , W a s h i n g t o n , D .C . 2 0 4 0 2 - Price 3 5 cents Preface T he B u rea u of L ab or S ta t is t ic s h a s b e e n p u b lish in g m e a s u r e s of output p er m a n -h o u r fo r s e le c te d in d u s tr ie s fo r m an y y e a r s . T h e s e m e a s u r e s a p p ea r in In d ex e s o f O u t put P e r M a n -H o u r, S e le c te d I n d u s tr ie s , 1939 and 1947—67 (B L S B u lle tin 1612), D e c e m b e r 1968. T h is r e p o r t p r e s e n ts in d e x e s fo r th e c o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r b o x e s in d u stry fo r the f ir s t t im e . E a r lie r r e p o r ts in th e p a p er and a llie d p ro d u cts grou p c o v e r e d p a p e r, p a p e rb o a rd , pulp, and b u ild in g b o a rd m ills . T he stu d y w a s p r e p a r e d by C a ro ly n S. F eh d , a s s is t e d by Joh n W . F e r r is , J r ., O ffice of P r o d u c tiv ity , T e c h n o lo g y , and G row th , D iv is io n o f In d u stry P r o d u c tiv ity S tu d ie s. i iii Contents Page I n tr o d u c tio n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T r e n d s in p r o d u c tiv ity , ou tp u t, and e m p lo y m e n t-------------------------------------------------------------------------F a c t o r s a ffe c tin g p r o d u c t iv it y -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T e c h n ic a l n o t e ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------O utput p e r m a n -h o u r i n d e x e s -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------O utput in d e x ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------E m p lo y m e n t and m a n -h o u r s in d e x e s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------E m p lo y m e n t and p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s ---------------------------------------------------------------A ll e m p lo y e e m a n - h o u r s ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T a b le s : C o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r b o x e s in d u str y : 1. G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s , 1958—66 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. O utput p e r m a n -h o u r , u n it la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts , and r e la te d d a ta , a ll e m p lo y e e s , 1958—66 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. O utput p e r m a n -h o u r s , u n it la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts , and r e la te d d a ta , p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s , 1958—66 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 . O utput p e r m a n -h o u r , u n it la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts , and r e la te d d a ta , n o n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s , 1958—6 6 _____________________________________________________ 5 . U n it v a lu e w e ig h ts u s e d in c o m p ilin g ou tp u t in d e x e s , and r e la t iv e im p o r ta n c e o f p ro d u ct g r o u p s , 1958 and 1 9 6 3 _____________________________ ________ 1 1 4 4 13 13 13 15 15 16 3 6 8 10 14 C h a r ts: C o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r b o x e s in d u str y : 1. In d e x e s o f ou tp u t p e r a ll e m p lo y e e m a n -h o u r , ou tp u t, and a ll e m p lo y e e m a n -h o u r s , 1958—66 -------------------------------------------------------------------2. In d e x e s o f ou tp u t p e r p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r , ou tp u t, and p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s , 1958—66 ---------------------------------------------------------3. In d e x e s o f ou tp u t p e r n o n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r , ou tp u t, and n o n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s , 1958—66 __________________________________ 4. In d e x e s o f ou tp u t p e r m a n -h o u r , a ll e m p lo y e e s , p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s , and n o n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s , 1958—66 --------------------------------------------------- 12 A p p en d ix . C o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r b o x e s in d u str y : A v e r a g e an n u al r a te s o f ch a n g e ( p e r c e n t ) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 v 7 9 11 In d ex es o f O u tp u t P er M an-H our: C orru gated and S o lid F iber B o x es In d u stry, 1958— 6 6 Introduction M e a s u r in g p r o d u c tiv ity ch a n g e is on e w a y to d e te r m in e w h e th e r r e s o u r c e s a r e b ein g u s e d e f f ic ie n tly . If ou tp u t p e r m a n -h o u r is in c r e a s in g , th en m o r e g o o d s a r e b e in g p r o d u ced p e r u n it o f la b o r in p u t and th e e c o n o m y is p o te n tia lly r ic h e r . T h u s, k n o w led g e o f th e d e g r e e and d ir e c tio n o f p r o d u c tiv ity m o v e m e n ts is e s s e n t ia l fo r th o s e r e s p o n s ib le fo r e n c o u r a g in g e c o n o m ic g r o w th . In d u stry p r o d u c tiv ity m e a s u r e s h a v e s e v e r a l v a lu a b le u s e s . B y c o m b in in g th e s e m e a s u r e s w ith o th e r in d u str y d a ta , on e ca n stu d y th e e f f e c t s o f c h a n g e s in m a n p o w er u tiliz a tio n , p r o je c t fu tu r e m a n p o w er r e q u ir e m e n ts , a n a ly z e tr e n d s in la b o r c o s t s , c o m p a r e p r o d u c tiv ity p r o g r e s s am o n g c o u n tr ie s , and e x a m in e th e im p a c t o f te c h n o lo g ic a l im p r o v e m e n ts on e m p lo y m e n t. T h e m e a s u r e s p r e s e n te d in th is r e p o r t r e la te output to on e input— m a n -h o u r s . T h ey do n ot m e a s u r e th e s p e c if ic c o n tr ib u tio n of la b o r , c a p ita l, o r any o th e r s in g le fa c to r . R a th e r , th e y r e f le c t th e jo in t e f f e c t o f a n u m b er of in t e r r e la t e d in flu e n c e s su c h a s c h a n g e s in te c h n o lo g y , c a p ita l in v e s tm e n t p e r w o r k e r , c a p a c ity u t iliz a tio n , la y o u t and flo w o f o p e r a tio n s , s k ill and e ffo r t o f th e w o r k f o r c e , m a n a g e r ia l a b ility , and la b o r -m a n a g e m e n t r e la t io n s . T h e s e m e a s u r e s a r e s u b je c t to c e r ta in lim it a t io n s . B e c a u s e o f th e d if f ic u lt ie s o f m e a s u r in g q u a lity ch a n g e, o f m a in ta in in g c o n s is t e n t c o v e r a g e b e tw e e n ou tp u t and la b o r in p u t, of r e fle c tin g c h a n g e s in th e d e g r e e of p la n t in te g r a tio n and s p e c ia liz a t io n , and o th e r s t a t is t ic a l lim ita tio n s , p r o d u c tiv ity in d e x e s sh o u ld b e r e g a r d e d a s g e n e r a l r a th e r than s p e c if ic in d ic a tio n s o f output p e r m a n -h o u r m o v e m e n ts . T h is r e p o r t p r e s e n t s m e a s u r e s of ou tp u t p e r m a n -h o u r fo r th e c o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r b o x e s in d u s tr y . T h e in d e x e s fo r th is in d u s tr y b e g in w ith 1958 s in c e an n u a l d a ta on m a n -h o u r s w e r e n ot a v a ila b le e a r lie r ; in a d d itio n , p ro d u ct d e ta il fo r e a r lie r y e a r s w a s n ot s t r ic t ly c o m p a r a b le w ith la te r y e a r s . T h e r e p o r t in c lu d e s s o m e a n a ly s is o f tr e n d s in ou tp u t p e r m a n -h o u r and r e la te d s e r ie s a s w e ll a s an o u tlin e o f t e c h n o lo g ic a l d e v e lo p m e n ts th at h a v e o c c u r r e d in th e in d u s tr y . It a ls o c o n ta in s a d e ta ile d t e c h n ic a l n o te w h ich d e s c r ib e s th e d a ta s o u r c e s and s t a t is t ic a l te c h n iq u e s u t iliz e d . General Characteristics T h e c o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r b o x e s in d u s tr y c o m p r is e s e s ta b lis h m e n ts en g a g e d p r im a r ily in m a n u fa c tu r in g c o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r b o x e s and r e la te d p r o d u c ts fr o m p a p e r b o a r d and fib e r s to c k . 1 T h is in d u s tr y is d e s ig n a te d In d u str y 2653 in th e 1967 S ta n d a rd I n d u s tr ia l C la s s if ic a t io n M an u al and is in c lu d e d in SIC G roup 2 6 5 , p a p e r b o a r d c o n ta in e r s and b o x e s . 1 T he paperboard is eith er purchased from other com p an ies or m anufactured by other establishm ents o f the sam e com p an y (interp lan t transfers). In 1963, about 55 p ercen t of th e paperboard used c a m e from interplant transfers. 1 2 T h e in d u s tr y ’ s m a jo r p ro d u ct— c o r r u g a te d b o x e s — a c c o u n ts fo r ab ou t 95 p e r c e n t o f th e in d u str y * s s h ip m e n ts . 2 T h e r e m a in d e r in c lu d e s s o lid fib e r b o x e s , c o r r u g a te d p a p e r b o a r d , and c o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r p a lle ts , p a d s, and p a r titio n s . M a n u fa c tu r e r s o f fo o d , p a p e r , and g la s s c o n ta in e r s a r e th e m a jo r u s e r s o f th e in d u s tr y ’ s p r o d u c ts . In 196 6, th e c o r r u g a te d b o x in d u str y e m p lo y e d ab ou t 9 6 ,0 0 0 , or 36 p e r c e n t m o r e th an th e n u m b e r e m p lo y e d in 1958. P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in c r e a s e d 37 p e r c e n t, fr o m ab ou t 5 4 ,0 0 0 in 1958 to o v e r 7 3 ,0 0 0 in 196 6. (S ee ta b le 1 .) In 196 3, th e la s t y e a r fo r w h ic h f ig u r e s a r e a v a ila b le on th e n u m b e r o f e s t a b lis h m e n ts , th e c o r r u g a te d b o x in d u s tr y e m p lo y e d m o r e th an 8 0 ,0 0 0 p e o p le in o v e r 900 e s t a b lis h m e n t s o r an a v e r a g e o f 90 e m p lo y e e s p e r e s ta b lis h m e n t. A b ou t 75 p e r c e n t o f th e e m p lo y e e s w e r e p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s ; th is p r o p o r tio n h a s c h a n g ed lit t le s in c e 1958 and is c lo s e to th e a v e r a g e fo r a ll m a n u fa c tu r in g . E s ta b lis h m e n ts w h ic h e m p lo y e d 100 p e r s o n s o r m o r e in 1963 a c c o u n te d fo r o v e r 75 p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s ; ab ou t 27 p e r c e n t w e r e in e s ta b lis h m e n t s w h ic h e m p lo y e d 250 p e r son s or m o re. T h e F ib r e B o x A s s o c ia t io n d is tin g u is h e s in d e p en d e n t c o m p a n ie s fr o m c o m b in e d c o m p a n ie s . In d ep en d en t c o m p a n ie s buy 50 p e r c e n t o r m o r e o f th e p a p e r b o a r d th e y u s e , w h ile c o m b in e d c o m p a n ie s m a n u fa c tu r e 50 p e r c e n t o r m o r e o f th e ir p a p e r b o a r d . In 1966, c o m b in e d c o m p a n ie s a c c o u n te d fo r 75 p e r c e n t o f th e in d u s tr y ’ s to ta l s h ip m e n ts . C o m b in ed c o m p a n ie s b e c a m e in c r e a s in g ly im p o r ta n t b e tw e e n 1958 and 196 6. O v e r 500 c o m p a n ie s ow n th e 900 p lu s e s ta b lis h m e n t s th a t m a k e up th e in d u s tr y . (S ee ta b le 1 .) In 19 6 6 , th e fo u r la r g e s t c o m p a n ie s a c c o u n te d fo r ab ou t 18 p e r c e n t o f th e in d u s t r y ’ s to ta l s h ip m e n ts . E s ta b lis h m e n ts a r e s p r e a d th ro u g h o u t th e c o u n try ; a ll but fiv e S ta te s h a v e at le a s t o n e . H o w e v e r , o v e r o n e -h a lf of a ll e s t a b lis h m e n t s and o v e r o n e -h a lf o f th o s e e m p lo y in g 100 p e r s o n s o r m o r e a r e lo c a te d in th e e ig h t M id d le A tla n tic and E a s t N o rth C e n tr a l S ta te s . T h e n e a r ly 500 e s t a b lis h m e n t s in th e s e tw o r e g io n s a c c o u n t fo r o v e r o n e -h a lf th e to ta l e m p lo y m e n t and v a lu e o f sh ip m e n ts in th e in d u s tr y . 2 For c o n v e n ie n c e , th e industry w ill b e referred to as the corrugated box industry. T a b le 1. C o rru g a ted and S o lid F ib e r B o x e s In d u stry : G e n e r a l C h a r a c t e r is t ic s , 1958—66 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 805 (2 ) (2 ) 7 0 ,7 9 2 5 3 ,5 3 1 17, 261 (2) 7 7 ,7 6 6 5 9 ,6 0 2 1 8 ,1 6 4 7 9 ,8 9 6 6 0 ,9 2 0 1 8 ,9 7 6 7 9 ,7 2 7 6 0 ,5 8 4 19, 143 (2 ) 8 3 ,2 6 4 6 3 ,6 8 0 1 9 ,5 8 4 P ercen t 75. 6 76. 6 76. 2 76. 0 N u m b er 87. 9 (2 ) (2 ) -d o $ m illio n s 66. 5 52. 0 (2 ) 59. 5 D o lla r s $ m illio n s -d o -d o -d o -d o -d o - 734 1 ,6 3 6 1 ,0 4 2 597 34 5 234 111 765 1 ,9 0 5 1 ,2 2 9 678 408 276 131 Ite m U nit E s t a b lis h m e n t s ------------------------------------- N u m b er T otal e m p lo y m e n t ____________________ P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s ----------------------N o n p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s __________ R a tio of p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s to a ll e m p lo y e e s _________________ -d o -d o -d o - E m p lo y e e s p er e s t a b lis h m e n t ---------P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s p er e s t a b lis h m e n t ____________________ C a p ita l e x p e n d itu r e s (new ) -------------C a p ita l e x p e n d itu r e s p er e m p lo y e e -------------------------------------V a lu e of sh ip m e n ts ( t o t a l) ___________ C o st o f m a t e r ia ls ( t o t a l) -------------------V a lu e a d d e d -----------------------------------------W a g es and s a la r ie s __ -------------------W a g e s ---------------------------------------- ----S a la r ie s -------------------------------------------1 P r e lim in a r y . 2 N o t a v a ila b le . S o u r ce: B u rea u o f th e C e n su s, U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f C o m m e r c e . 1964 1965 8 3 ,2 2 9 6 2 , 800 2 0 ,4 2 9 (2 ) 8 6 ,3 8 2 6 4 ,7 1 0 2 1 ,6 7 2 (2) 9 0 ,5 4 7 67, 645 22, 902 (2 ) 9 6 ,0 6 4 7 3 ,3 2 6 2 2 ,7 3 8 76. 5 75. 5 74. 9 74. 7 76. 3 (2 ) (2 ) 90. 2 (2 ) (2) (2 ) (2 ) 54. 8 (2 ) 50. 8 (2 ) 65. 2 68. 0 54. 1 (2 ) 71. 6 (2 ) 93. 6 (2 ) 117. 2 686 1 ,9 3 7 1 ,2 5 0 686 418 281 137 637 1, 971 1 ,2 5 5 709 440 294 146 783 2, 179 1,371 80 6 474 320 154 650 2, 166 1,368 804 486 324 162 829 2, 346 1,516 831 534 355 179 1 ,0 3 4 2, 559 1,626 933 578 389 189 1, 220 2, 891 1,806 1,091 635 428 207 1963 923 19661 4 Trends in Productivity, Output, and Employment C o r r u g a te d b o x m a n u fa c tu r e h a s g r o w n s te a d ily s in c e 195 8. O utput, e m p lo y m e n t, and m a n -h o u r s a ll in c r e a s e d b e tw e e n 1958 and 196 6. (S ee ta b le s 2—4 and c h a r ts 1—4. ) O utput p e r m a n -h o u r fo r th e c o r r u g a te d b o x in d u s tr y r o s e s lo w ly b e tw e e n 1958 and 19 6 6 . T h e a v e r a g e an n u al in c r e a s e o f 2 .9 p e r c e n t 3 w a s lo w e r th a n th e 3 .8 p e r c e n t r a te a tta in e d fo r a ll m a n u fa c tu r in g . N e v e r t h e le s s , it r e p o r te d c o n tin u e d g ro w th a s ou tp u t p e r m a n -h o u r in c r e a s e d e v e r y y e a r e x c e p t I9 6 0 ; a b o v e a v e r a g e in c r e a s e s o c c u r r e d in 1961 and 196 3. B y 1966, th e ou tp u t p e r m a n -h o u r in d e x w a s 23. 5 p e r c e n t h ig h e r th an it w a s in 19 5 8 . (S ee a p p e n d ix fo r r a te s o f c h a n g e . ) T h e a v e r a g e an n u al in c r e a s e of ou tp u t p er p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r fr o m 1958 to 1966 w a s at th e s a m e r a te , 2 .9 p e r c e n t, a s w a s ou tp u t p e r a ll e m p lo y e e m a n -h o u r . H o w e v e r , y e a r - t o - y e a r c h a n g e s in ou tp u t p e r p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r a r e m o r e e r r a t ic . T h e ou tp u t of th e c o r r u g a te d b o x in d u str y in c r e a s e d at th e a v e r a g e a n n u a l r a te of 6 .6 p e r c e n t fr o m 1958 to 19 6 6 . E x c e p t fo r 1961, th e in d u s tr y fo llo w e d th e s a m e g e n e r a l tr e n d a s th a t fo r a ll m a n u fa c tu r in g , th ou gh th e in d u s tr y 's r a te o f in c r e a s e w a s s lig h tly h ig h e r th an th e 6. 1 p e r c e n t p e r y e a r fo r a ll m a n u fa c tu r in g . E m p lo y m e n t and m a n -h o u r s in c r e a s e d l e s s r a p id ly th an ou tp u t. E m p lo y m e n t in c r e a s e d 3. 2 p e r c e n t p e r y e a r , w h ile m a n -h o u r s in c r e a s e d 3. 6 p e r c e n t p e r y e a r d u rin g th e s a m e p e r io d . T he g r e a te r in c r e a s e in m a n -h o u r s o v e r e m p lo y m e n t r e f le c t s s o m e in c r e a s e in a v e r a g e an n u al h o u r s w o r k e d . F a c t o r s A ffe c tin g P r o d u c tiv ity P r o d u c tiv ity m o v e m e n ts g e n e r a lly r e s u lt fr o m th e in t e r r e la t e d e f f e c t s o f c h a n g e s in ou tp u t, c a p ita l in v e s tm e n t, and te c h n o lo g y . T h e s e th r e e fa c t o r s in flu e n c e d , in v a r y in g d e g r e e s , p r o d u c tiv ity in th e c o r r u g a te d b o x in d u str y b e tw e e n 1958 and 196 6. T h e ou tp u t in c r e a s e o f 6. 6 p e r c e n t a y e a r f a c t o r s in in c r e a s e d p r o d u c tiv ity . T h is g r o w th , g a in s in m a n u fa c tu r in g ou tp u t d u rin g th is p e r io d p r o d u c ts in e v ita b ly le d to a g r e a te r d em a n d fo r w a s p ro b a b ly on e o f th e m o r e im p o r ta n t in tu rn , w a s c a u s e d p a r tly by th e ste a d y s in c e h ig h e r ou tp u t o f m a n u fa c tu r e d sh ip p in g c o n ta in e r s . C h a n g es in th e p ro d u ct, su c h a s in c r e a s e d and m o r e e la b o r a te p r in tin g on b o x e s , a ls o m a y h a v e c o n tr ib u te d to th e ch a n g e in ou tp u t by e n la r g in g d em a n d fo r a m o r e a ttr a c tiv e p r o d u c t. A t th e s a m e t im e , su c h a d e v e lo p m e n t m a y h a v e h ad a n e g a tiv e im p a c t on p r o d u c tiv ity by in c r e a s in g la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts . T he 1963 c e n s u s sh o w e d a 31 p e r c e n t in c r e a s e o v e r 1958 in p r o d u c tio n e m p lo y e e s e n g a g e d in d e s ig n and p r in tin g a c t iv it ie s , c o m p a r e d w ith an in c r e a s e o f o n ly 18 p e r c e n t fo r a ll e m p lo y e e s . E x p e n d itu r e s on n ew c a p ita l e q u ip m en t ten d to p r o m o te th e u s e o f m o r e m o d e r n eq u ip m e n t w h ic h u s u a lly in c r e a s e s p r o d u c tiv ity . C a p ita l e x p e n d itu r e p er e m p lo y e e w a s so m e w h a t ir r e g u la r o v e r th e 1958—66 p e r io d . (S ee ta b le 1. ) O v e r a ll, th e r a te in c u r r e n t d o lla r s in c r e a s e d 66 p e r c e n t s in c e 1958, and th e in c r e a s e h a s b e e n ste a d y s in c e 1963. C h a n g es in th e m a n u fa c tu r in g p r o c e s s a ls o h a v e a ffe c te d p r o d u c tiv ity . A lth o u g h m a c h in e r y fo r m a k in g c o r r u g a te d b o a rd h a s c h a n g ed lit t le o v e r th e p a s t 40 y e a r s , im p r o v e m e n ts in h a n d lin g r o llin g s to c k and in glu in g h a v e m a d e n ew c o r r u g a to r s m u ch f a s t e r . In d iv id u a l o p e r a tio n s h a v e b e e n m e c h a n iz e d fo r m a n y y e a r s but im p r o v e m e n ts in la y o u t to lin k and c o o r d in a te th em c o n tr ib u te d to in c r e a s e d p r o d u c tiv ity . 3 A verage annual rates in th is report are based on th e lin ear le a st squares trends o f th e logarith m s of th e in dex num bers. 5 T e c h n o lo g ic a l a d v a n c e s p ro b a b ly w ill in flu e n c e th e in d u str y * s p r o d u c tiv ity a s th ey b e c o m e m o r e w id e ly u s e d . F o r m a n y y ea rs-, th e c o r r u g a te d b o a r d b la n k w a s m a d e s e p a r a te ly a d d itio n a l s te p s w e r e n e e d e d to c o m p le te a box: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. S littin g th e b la n k to th e p r o p e r w id th S c o r in g th e b lan k th e lo n g w a y S c o r in g the b lan k th e s h o r t w ay P u ttin g in s lo t s P r in tin g C lo sin g B u n d lin g E a c h s te p w a s done on a s e p a r a te m a c h in e a s e m p lo y e e s m o v e d th e c o r r u g a te d b o a rd b e tw e e n m a c h in e s . N ew in n o v a tio n s c o m b in e s e v e r a l s te p s on on e m a c h in e . F o r e x a m p le , th e c o r r u g a to r now s lit s th e b lan k th e p r o p e r w id th and s c o r e s th e b la n k th e lo n g w a y , w h ile on e o r tw o o th e r m a c h in e s do th e r e m a in in g s te p s . S o m e o f th e n e w e r d e v e lo p m e n ts a r e : ( l) F le x o g r a p h p r in tin g , w h ic h u s e s in s ta n t d r y in g a n ilin e in k to e lim in a te th e d r y in g p e r io d n e e d e d fo r c o n v e n tio n a l ink; (2) h ot m e lte d g lu e , w h ic h h a s r e p la c e d s o m e tap e and s titc h in g in c lo s in g th e b o x b e c a u s e it s e t s q u ic k ly ; and (3) r o ta r y s t e e l d ie s , w h ich r e p la c e th e c o n v e n tio n a l fla tb e d p r o c e s s in th e cu ttin g an d c r e a s in g o f p a p e r b o a r d and m a y d ou b le th e sp e e d of p r o d u c tio n by p r o v id in g g r e a te r d e s ig n f le x ib ilit y and cu ttin g and fo ld in g a c c u r a c y . C o m p a n ie s a ls o a r e e x p e r im e n tin g w ith th e sh a p e o f th e flu tin g in th e h op e o f sp e e d in g up th e m a n u fa c tu r in g p r o c e s s and in c r e a s in g th e s tr e n g th of b o x e s . So fa r , m a n y o f th e s e in n o v a tio n s h a v e n ot b e e n w id e ly a d o p te d . T h e r e fo r e , th e fu ll im p a c t o f t h e s e d e v e lo p m e n ts h a s not y e t b e e n r e fle c t e d in th e p r o d u c tiv ity d a ta . 6 Table 2. C orrugated and Solid F ib er Boxes Industry: Output P e r M an-H our, Unit L abor R eq u irem en ts, and R elated D ata, A ll E m ployees, 1958—66 Y ear 1958 1959 I9 60 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 ________________ -----------------------________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ Unit labor re q u ire Output p e r— m ents in te rm s of— All A ll A ll A ll em ployee em em ployee m an-hour em ployees m anployee -h o u rs 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 103. 6 1 0 1 . 6 96. 5 98. 4 101. 0 101. 2 98. 9 99. 0 108. 2 106. 8 92. 4 93. 6 110. 6 90. 4 108. 4 92. 2 117. 3 115. 6 85. 3 86.5 121. 1 116. 8 82. 5 85. 6 124. 6 119- 7 80. 3 83. 6 127. 0 123. 5 78. 8 81. 0 R elated data A ll Output em A ll em ployees m anployee -h o u rs 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 112. 1 113. 9 109. 9 114. 0 112. 7 112. 9 121. 8 112. 6 114. 0 130. 1 120. 0 117. 6 137. 9 117. 6 119. 3 147. 8 122. 0 126. 5 133. 1 127. 9 159. 3 172. 3 135. 7 139. 5 Source: Output based on data from the F ib re Box A ssociation and the B ureau of the C ensus, U .S. D epartm ent of C om m erce. E m ploym ent and m an -h o u rs based on data from the B ureau of L abor S ta tistic s, U .S . D epartm ent of L abor and the B ureau of the C ensus. 7 CHART 1. CORRUGATED AND SOLID FIBER BOXES INDUSTRY: INDEXES OF OUTPUT PER ALL EMPLOYEE MAN-HOUR, OUTPUT, AND ALL EMPLOYEE M AN-HOURS, 1958-66 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 8 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 Table 3. C o rrugated and Solid F ib e r Boxes Industry: Output P e r M an-H our, Unit L abor R eq uirem ents, and R elated D ata, P roduction W o rk ers, 1958— 66 Indexes (1958 = 100) Unit lab or re q u ire R elated data Output p e r— m ents in te rm s of— Ye a r P roduction P ro du ctio n P roduction P roduction O utput 1 P roduction P roduction w orker w orker w orker m w orker w o rk er s m an-hour s an-ho ur w o rk ers m an -h o u rs 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 __________ 100. 2 102. 3 97. 7 111.3 114. 1 113. 9 99. 8 --------------100. 4 100. 2 114. 0 113. 8 113. 6 __________ 99. 8 99. 6 121. 8 92. 9 94. 5 113. 2 115. 1 105. 8 107. 6 __________ 130. 1 91. 5 93. 7 121. 9 106. 7 __________ 119. 0 109. 3 86. 8 117. 6 115. 2 85. 1 137. 9 117. 3 __________ 119. 7 122. 2 85. 7 147. 8 120. 9 116. 7 81. 8 126. 7 __________ 83. 7 133. 3 126. 0 126. 4 159. 3 __________ 119. 5 79. 3 172. 3 121. 3 82. 4 142. 0 125. 8 137. 0 __________ 79. 5 1 The m e a su re s of output used in th is table re p re se n t the to tal production of th is in du stry resu ltin g from a ll em ployees and do not re p re se n t the specific output of any single group of em ployees. Source: Output based on data from the F ib re Box A sso ciation and the B ureau of the C ensus, U. S. D epartm ent of C om m erce. E m ploym ent and m an-ho ur data based on data from the B ureau of the C ensus. 9 CHART 2. CORRUGATED AND SOLID FIBER BOXES INDUSTRY! INDEXES OF OUTPUT PER PRODUCTION WORKER MAN-HOUR, OUTPUT, AND PRODUCTION WORKER M AN-HOURS, 1958-66 INDEX (1958=100) RATIO SCALE 10 T able 4. C o rrugated and Solid F ib e r Boxes Industry: Output P e r M an-H our, Unit L abor R eq uirem ents, and R elated D ata, N onproduction W o rk ers, 1958—66 Indexes (1958 = 100) Unit labor re q u ire Output p e r— R elated data m ents in te rm s of— onpro onpro Y ear onpro N onpro- Nduction N onpro Nduction N onpro Nduction duction duc tion O utput 2 duction w w orker w o rk ers m an-ho ur s 1 w o rk er m w o rk er 1 w o rk ers m anorkerrs 1 an-hour -h o u (100. 0) 100. 0 (1 0 0 . 0 ) 100. 0 100. 0 (100 . 0) 1958 _____________ 1 0 0 . 0 92. 4 (92. 3) (108. 4) 113. 9 105. 2 (105. 1) 1959 -------------------- 108. 3 I 9 6 0 _____________ 103. 7 (103. 8 ) 96. 4 (96. 3) 114. 0 109. 9 (109. 8 ) (110. 3) (9 0 . 6 ) 121. 8 (110. 4) 19 61_____________ 109. 8 110. 9 91. 1 1 9 6 2 . __________ 114. 6 (114. 8 ) 130. 1 113. 5 87. 2 (87. 1) (113. 3) 1963 _____________ 116. 5 (116. 8 ) (85. 6 ) 85. 9 (118. 1 ) 137. 9 118. 4 (117. 5) (85. 1) 1964 _____________ 117. 7 85. 0 147..8 125. 6 (125. 8 ) (120. 3) (83. 1) (132. 4) 1965 _____________ 1 2 0 . 0 83. 3 159. 3 132. 7 130. 8 (131. 6 ) 76. 4 (76.0) 172. 3 131. 7 1 9 6 6 _____________ (130. 9) 1 The fig u res shown in p a re n th eses a-re subject to a w ider m arg in of e r r o r than are other m e a su re s for this in d u stry because of the m ethod of estim atin g nonproduction w orker m an -h o u rs. (See T echnical N ote, p. 16. ) 2 The m e a su re s of output used in this table re p re se n t the to tal production of the in d u stry resu ltin g from all em ployees and do not re p re se n t the specific output of any single group of em ployees. Source: Output based on data from the F ib re Box A sso ciation and the B ureau of the C ensus, U .S. D epartm ent of C om m erce. Em ploym ent and m an -h o u rs based on data from the B ureau of L abor S ta tistic s, U .S. D epartm ent of L abor and the B ureau of the C ensus. 11 CHART 3 . CORRUGATED AND SOLID FIB ER BOXES INDUSTRY: INDEXES O F O U TPU T PER NONPRODUCTION WORKER M AN-HOUR, O U TPU T, AND NONPRODUCTION WORKER M AN-HOURS, 1 9 5 8 - 6 6 INDEX ( 1 9 5 8 = 1 0 0 ) RATIO SC A L E 12 CHART 4 . CORRUGATED AND SOLID FIB ER BOXES INDUSTRY.’ INDEXES O F O U TPU T PER M AN-HOUR, A LL EM PLO Y EES,PR O D U C TIO N W ORKERS, AND NONPRODUCTION W O RK ERS, 1 9 5 8 - 6 6 INDEX ( 1 9 5 8 = 1 0 0 ) RATIO SC A L E 13 Technical Note O utput P e r M a n -H o u r I n d e x e s 4 T he in d e x e s o f ou tp u t p e r m a n -h o u r p r e s e n te d in th is r e p o r t h a v e b e e n d e v e lo p e d a c c o r d in g to p r o c e d u r e s fo llo w e d by th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s fo r m e a s u r in g ch a n g e in th e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n in d u str y output and th e m a n -h o u r s e x p en d e d on th a t ou tp u t. F o r an in d u str y p ro d u cin g a s in g le u n ifo r m p ro d u ct o r p e r fo r m in g a s in g le s e r v ic e , th e in d e x e s s im p ly m e a s u r e th e ch a n g e o v e r tim e in th e r a tio : U n its p r o d u c e d to m a n h o u r s . F o r an in d u str y p ro d u cin g a n u m b e r o f p r o d u c ts , th e in d e x e s r e p r e s e n t th e ch a n g e o v e r tim e in th e r a tio : W e ig h ted ou tp u t (of a s p e c if ie d c o m p o s ite o f p r o d u c ts) to m a n h o u r s . A n in d e x of output p er m a n -h o u r fo r e a c h y e a r is o b ta in e d by d iv id in g th e output in d e x b y th e m a n -h o u r in d e x . O utput In d ex F o r c o n str u c tin g in d e x e s o f output p e r m a n -h o u r , th e id e a l ou tp u t in d e x w e ig h ts (m u ltip lie s ) th e q u a n titie s o f a ll p r o d u c ts p r o d u c e d in th e in d u s tr y by th e m a n -h o u r s r e q u ir e d to m a k e on e u n it o f e a c h p ro d u ct in a s p e c if ie d y e a r . T h u s, th o s e p r o d u c ts w h ic h r e q u ir e m o r e la b o r tim e a r e g iv e n m o r e im p o r ta n c e . A lth o u g h u n it m a n -h o u r w e ig h ts a r e p r e fe r a b le fo r c o m b in in g p ro d u ct d a ta , th e y a r e fr e q u e n tly n ot a v a ila b le . T h e r e fo r e , s u b s titu te w e ig h ts b e lie v e d to b e p r o p o r tio n a l to u n it m a n -h o u r w e ig h ts a r e o fte n n e c e s s a r y ---u s u a lly u n it v a lu e w e ig h ts . T h e ou tp u t in d e x e s fo r th e c o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r b o x e s in d u s tr y w e r e c o n s tr u c te d w ith u n it v a lu e w e ig h ts . T h e ou tp u t in d e x e s a r e d e r iv e d fr o m c o m p r e h e n s iv e d a ta c o lle c t e d by th e C e n su s of M a n u fa c tu r e s fo r 1958 and 1963 and an n u al d ata p u b lish e d by th e F ib r e B o x A s s o c ia t io n (F B A ). In d e x e s w e r e co m p u te d fo r 1958 and 1963 fr o m th e c e n s u s d ata (1958 - 100) and a r e r e fe r r e d to a s b e n c h m a r k in d e x e s . A n n u al in d e x e s fo r in t e r c e n s a l y e a r s w e r e b a s e d on l e s s d e ta ile d in fo r m a tio n p u b lish e d by th e tr a d e a s s o c ia t io n and w e r e a d ju ste d to th e le v e l o f th e b e n c h m a r k in d e x e s . T h e 1958—63 b e n c h m a r k in d e x w a s c o n s tr u c te d in th e fo llo w in g m a n n e r : 1. A p h y s ic a l q u a n tity of sh ip m e n ts in d e x w a s co m p u te d fo r th e in d u stry * s p r im a r y p r o d u c ts . T h is in d e x w a s d e r iv e d by co m b in in g th e q u a n titie s w ith 1958 u n it v a lu e w e ig h ts . T a b le 5 sh o w s th e li s t o f p r im a r y p r o d u c ts and 1958 u n it v a lu e w e ig h ts . T h e in d e x r e f le c t s sh ip m e n ts o f c o r r u g a te d and fib e r b o x p r o d u c ts by th e in d u s tr y , and a ls o th o s e sh ip p ed a s s e c o n d a r y p r o d u c ts by o th e r in d u s t r ie s . T h e la tte r a c c o u n te d fo r ab ou t 5 p e r c e n t o f to ta l sh ip m e n ts o f t h e s e p r o d u c ts . Z. T h e in d e x o f p r im a r y p r o d u c ts is a d ju ste d by a " c o v e r a g e " r a tio to r e p r e s e n t to ta l ou tput of th e in d u s tr y . T h e c o v e r a g e a d ju stm e n t is th e r a tio o f th e in d e x o f th e v a lu e o f in d u s tr y p r o d u c tio n (v a lu e of s h ip m e n ts a fte r e x c lu s io n o f r e s a le s and in c lu s io n of n e t a d d itio n s to in v e n to r ie s ) to th e in d e x o f th e v a lu e of sh ip m e n ts o f p r im a r y p r o d u c ts . T h e fin a l in d u s tr y ou tp u t in d e x th u s r e f le c t s in v e n to r y b u ild u p s and ch a n g in g p r o p o r tio n s o f s e c o n d a r y p r o d u c ts , a s w e ll a s th e p r im a r y p r o d u c ts sh ip p e d by th e in d u s tr y . T h is p r o c e d u r e a s s u m e s th a t th e p r ic e m o v e m e n ts b e tw e e n c e n s u s y e a r s fo r th e p r o d u c ts p r im a r y to th e in d u s tr y (in c lu d in g th o s e sh ip p ed by o th e r in d u s tr ie s ) w e r e th e s a m e a s p r ic e m o v e m e n ts fo r th e in d u str y * s to ta l s h ip m e n ts . S in c e p r im a r y p r o d u c ts a c c o u n te d fo r 97 p e r c e n t o f to ta l sh ip m e n ts in 1963 and 1958 and th e in d u str y a c c o u n te d fo r 95 p e r c e n t o f th e p r im a r y p r o d u c ts , lit t le d iffe r e n c e ca n o c c u r in th e p r ic e m o v e m e n ts . 4 For a more detailed description of the general concepts and procedures, see ch. 23, "Output Per Man-Hour Measures: Industries, " BLS Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458, 1966). 14 T a b le 5 . C o r r u g a te d and S o lid F ib e r B o x e s In d u stry : U n it V a lu e W eig h ts U s e d in C o m p ilin g O utput I n d e x e s, and R e la tiv e Im p o r ta n c e o f P r o d u c t G r o u p s, 1958 and 1963 P rod u ct group B e n c h m a r k in d ex: C o r r u g a te d sh ip p in g c o n t a in e r s --------S o lid fib e r b o x e s ________________________ C o rru g a ted p a p e r b o a r d in s h e e ts and r o l l s , lin e d and u n lin e d ----------C o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r p a lle ts , p ad s an d p a r titio n s ----------------------------C o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r b o x e s , (not s p e c if ie d by kind) ----------------------T o ta l __________________________________ A n n u al in d ex: C o r r u g a te d sh ip p in g c o n t a in e r s --------S o lid fib e r b o x e s ------------------------------------- U n it v a lu e w e ig h ts 1963 1958 R e la tiv e im p o r ta n c e 1963 1958 (D o lla r s pe r sh o r t ton) (P e r cent) 2 2 4 .5 1 2 4 0 .7 4 214. 92 262. 77 90. 53 2. 68 93. 73 1. 18 1 9 6 .2 6 169. 70 3. 59 2. 00 2 4 0 .3 9 221. 73 1. 06 1. 27 2 2 5 .2 5 265. 00 2. 15 1 0 0 .0 0 1. 82 100. 00 (D o lla r s pc;r th o u sa n d square feet) 15. 99 34. 21 15. 89 35. 94 S o u r c e : B e n c h m a r k w e ig h ts d e r iv e d fr o m the C e n su s o f M a n u fa c tu r e s : 1963, B u rea u of th e C e n su s, U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f C o m m e r c e . A n n u al w e ig h ts d e r iv e d fr o m d ata p u b lish e d in F ib r e B o x In d u str y S t a t is t ic s , 1958 and 1963, F ib r e B o x A s s o c ia t io n . 15 T he in d e x e s fo r in t e r c e n s a l y e a r s a r e b a s e d on d ata p u b lish e d by th e F B A in th e F ib r e B o x In d u stry S t a t is t ic s , th e ir an n u al p u b lic a tio n . F B A d ata a ls o w e r e u s e d to co m p u te th e u n it v a lu e w e ig h ts n e e d e d to c o m b in e an n u a l p r o d u ct ou tp u t b e c a u s e q u an tity u n its r e p o r te d in th e C e n su s of M a n u fa c tu r e s d iffe r fr o m th o s e r e p o r te d by th e F B A . T h e C e n su s of M a n u fa c tu r e s r e p o r ts ou tp u t in to n s w h ile th e F B A r e p o r ts p ro d u c tio n in th o u sa n d s o f sq u a r e f e e t . T a b le 5 sh o w s th e p ro d u ct b rea k d o w n r e p o r te d by th e F B A and th e c o r r e s p o n d in g u n it v a lu e w e ig h ts fo r 1958 and 1963. T h e an n u al ou tp u t in d e x e s w e r e d e r iv e d by th e fo llo w in g p r o c e d u r e s : 1. T h e q u an tity o f e a c h p r o d u ct p r o d u c e d fo r th e y e a r s 1958 th ro u g h 1963 w a s m u ltip lie d by th e a p p r o p r ia te 1958 u n it v a lu e w e ig h t. 2. T h e r e s u ltin g w e ig h te d a g g r e g a te s , su m m e d fo r e a c h y e a r , w e r e d iv id e d by th e 1958 w e ig h te d a g g r e g a te to o b ta in an n u al ou tp u t in d e x e s (1 9 5 8 z 100). 3. T h e an n u al in d e x e s th en w e r e a d ju ste d to th e 1958—6 3 b e n c h m a r k in d e x e s d e v e lo p e d fr o m C e n su s o f M a n u fa c tu r e s d a ta . T h e c u m u la tiv e a d ju stm e n t b e tw e e n 1958 and 1963 w a s about 4 p e r c e n t. 4. T h e 1963—66 in d e x e s a r e b a s e d on 1963 u n it v a lu e w e ig h ts , lin k e d to th e 1958 w e ig h te d in d e x e s in 1963. E m p lo y m e n t and M a n -H o u r s In d e x e s E m p lo y m e n t and m a n -h o u r in d e x e s m e a s u r e ch a n g e in th e s e e le m e n ts o v e r a p e r io d of t im e . E m p lo y e e s and e m p lo y e e m a n -h o u r s a r e tr e a te d a s h o m o g e n e o u s and a d d itiv e . T h u s, th e in d e x e s do n ot r e f le c t c h a n g e s in q u a lita tiv e a s p e c ts o f e m p lo y m e n t su c h a s s k ill, e ff ic ie n c y , h e a lth , e x p e r ie n c e , a g e , and s e x o f p e r s o n s c o n stitu tin g th e a g g r e g a te . T h e m a n -h o u r d a ta r e la te to to ta l tim e ex p en d e d by e m p lo y e e s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts c l a s s i fie d in th e in d u s tr y . T h e s e d a ta in c lu d e h o u r s sp e n t n o t o n ly on p r o d u c tio n o f p r im a r y p r o d u c ts , but a ls o on s e c o n d a r y p r o d u c ts and m is c e lla n e o u s p r o d u c tio n . S ix la b o r in p u t in d e x e s h a v e b e e n d e v e lo p e d fo r th e c o r r u g a te d b o x in d u str y : A ll e m p lo y e e s , p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s , n o n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s , a ll e m p lo y e e m a n -h o u r s , p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s , and n o n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s . " P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s" c o v e r w o r k in g fo r e m e n and a ll n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s (in clu d in g le a d m e n and tr a in e e s ) e n g a g e d in fa b r ic a tin g , p r o c e s s in g , a s s e m b lin g , in s p e c tio n , r e c e iv in g , s to r a g e , h a n d lin g , p a c k in g , w a r e h o u sin g , sh ip p in g , m a in te n a n c e , r e p a ir , j a n it o r ia l and w a tc h m a n s e r v ic e s , p ro d u ct d e v e lo p m e n t, a u x ilia r y p r o d u c tio n fo r plan t*s ow n u s e (e. g. , p o w erp la n t o p e r a tio n s ), r e c o r d k e e p in g , and o th e r s e r v ic e s c lo s e ly a s s o c ia te d w ith p ro d u ctio n a c t iv it ie s . T h e te r m th u s in c lu d e s s o m e in d ir e c t a s w e ll a s d ir e c t p la n t la b o r . " N o n p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s" in c lu d e e m p lo y e e s e n g a g e d in th e fo llo w in g a c tiv it ie s : E x e c u tiv e , p u r c h a s in g , fin a n c e , a c c o u n tin g , le g a l, p e r s o n n e l, c a fe te r ia , m e d ic a l, p r o f e s s io n a l and te c h n ic a l a c t iv it ie s , s a le s , a d v e r tis in g , c r e d it, c o lle c t io n , in s ta lla tio n and s e r v ic in g o f ow n p r o d u c ts , r o u tin e o ffic e fu n c tio n s , fa c to r y s u p e r v is io n (a b o v e th e w o rk in g fo r e m a n le v e l) , and f o r c e - a c c o u n t c o n s tr u c tio n e m p lo y e e s on th e p a y r o ll e n g a g e d in c o n s tr u c tio n o f m a jo r a d d itio n s o r a lte r a tio n s to th e p la n t w ho a r e u t iliz e d a s a s e p a r a te w ork fo r c e . " A ll e m p lo y e e s " r e p r e s e n t th e su m o f p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s and n o n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s . E m p lo y m e n t and P r o d u c tio n W o rk er M a n -H o u r s . T h e in d e x e s o f to ta l e m p lo y m e n t, p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s , p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s , and n o n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s w e r e b a s e d on d ata p u b lish e d by th e B u rea u o f th e C e n s u s . D a ta fo r 1958 and 1963 w e r e o b ta in e d fr o m the 16 C en su s of M anufactures and data for the rem ain in g y e a r s from the Annual Survey of M an u factu res7^ P rodu ction w ork er m a n -h o u rs includ e a ll the hou rs at the plant, w orked or paid fo r, and exclud e paid tim e for v a ca tio n s, h o lid a y s, or sic k le a v e . O vertim e and other prem iu m pay hou rs are includ ed on the b a sis of actu al tim e at the plant. A ll E m p loyee M an -H ou rs. The ind ex of a ll em p lo y ee m a n -h o u rs for th is ind ustry is d eriv ed from th ree com pon ents: (l) P rodu ction w ork er m a n -h o u rs (from cen su s data); (2) num ber of nonproduction w o rk ers (from cen su s data); and (3) an estim a te of average annual hou rs at w ork for nonproduction w o rk ers (p repared by the B ureau of Labor S ta tistics for th is rep ort and d eriv ed p rim a rily from D ep artm ent of Labor stu d ies). A v erage annual hours for nonproduction w o rk ers w ere d eriv ed by m u ltip lyin g e s t i m ated sch ed u led w eek ly hou rs by the num ber of w eek s in the y ea r. T im e aw ay from the job, as rep resen ted by v a rio u s typ es of lea v e , w as su b tracted from to ta l annual hours to obtain annual hou rs at w ork. Scheduled w eek ly hou rs for nonproduction w o rk ers w ere estim a ted from unpublished data c o lle c te d in BLS su rv ey s of em p loyer exp en d itu res for s e le c te d sup plem en tary rem u n erativ e p r a c tic e s. T h ese sch ed u led hours w ere a v aila b le for SIC Group 26, paper and a llied prod u cts, of w hich the co rru gated and so lid fib er b oxes ind ustry is a part. The a v erage annual hou rs w orked by nonproduction w o rk ers in th is ind ustry for se le c te d y e a r s w ere estim a ted as fo llo w s: A verage annual hours 1958 ____________ I960 ____________ 1963 ____________ 1, 876 1, 873 1, 872 T h ese e stim a te s w ere m u ltip lied by the num ber of nonproduction w o rk ers to obtain the m an -h ou r in d exes for nonproduction w o rk ers shown on table 4. Since em p loym ent tren d s for nonproduction w o rk ers la r g e ly d eterm in e th eir m an -h ou r tren d s, any rea so n a b le a ltern a tiv e e stim a te s of paid tim e off w ould r e su lt in only m inor d iffe ren c es in the non production w ork er m an-h our in d ex es and in no sig n ifica n t ch an ges in the a ll em p loyee m an -h ou r in d ex es. 5 Employees in central administrative offices and auxiliaries of corrugated box companies are not included. Appendix. Corrugated and Solid Fiber Boxes Industry: Average Annual Rates of Change (Percent) 1 (To obtain annual ra tes of change betw een any 2 y e a r s show n, find row for in itia l y ea r at left of tab le and read fig u re in that row under the term in a l yea r shown on top) Initial year 1959 1. 6 1958 1959 I960 0. 6 4 - I960 T erm in a l y ea r 1962 1964 1961 1963 Output per a ll em p loyee m an-h our 2. 0 2. 5 5. 6 2. 8 3. 3 4. 2 4. 0 6. 6 2. 1 2. 5 3. 5 1. 5 _ - 1961 _ - _ 1963 1964 1965 - - - - - - - - 2 .9 3. 2 3. 7 3. 4 3. 8 1. 1 - 2 .9 3. 1 3 .4 3. 1 3. 1 1. 8 2. 4 ” 6. 1 6.2 6.4 6. 1 6.8 6.9 7. 0 7. 5 7. 8 - 1962 “ ” “ 1965 - “ Output 13. 9 _ - 1958 1959 I9 6 0 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 6.8 .1 - 6. 1 6. 1 4. 8 6.8 6.8 ' 3.4 6.8 ' 5. 3 6.6 6.4 6.0 “ 5. 7 6.6 6.6 6.6 7. 2 - A ll em p loyee m a n -h o u rs 12. 1 1958 1959 m m I960 - 1961 1962 6.2 .5 - 4. 1 .8 1. 2 - — - - - - 1963 1964 1965 - - - - - - - See footnote at end of ta b le. 3. 9 3. 2 5. 3 - 2. 2 17 3. 2 1. 9 2.2 2. 3 6 - 3. 2 2. 4 2.8 3. 1 2. 7 6.0 - 3. 4 9 3. 3 3. 7 3. 8 5. 6 5. 2 2. 18 (To obtain annual ra te s of change betw een any 2 y e a rs shown, find row for in itia l y ear at left of table and read figure in th at row under the te rm in a l y ear shown on top) In itial y ea r 1958 ________________ 1959 ___________________ 1960 _ 1 9 6 1 ...................................... 1962 _____ ___________ 1963 ___________________ 1964 ___________________ 1965 ____________ ______ T erm in a l yea r 1962 1963 1959 I960 1961 1964 Output per a ll em p lo y ee 3. 6 - 0. 5 -2 . 6 - 2. 1 2. 2 7. 1 - - - 2. 5 2. 7 4. 7 2. 3 - - 3. 1 3. 4 4. 8 4. 1 6. 0 - - 3. 3 3. 6 4. 6 4. 1 4. 6 3. 3 - 1965 1966 3. 4 3. 6 4. 2 3. 8 4. 0 3. 1 2. 8 - 3. 3 3. 5 3 .9 3. 5 3 .4 2. 7 2. 4 1 .9 3. 0 3. 4 3. 6 3. 4 3. 6 1 .8 2. 4 - 2. 9 3. 2 3. 3 3. 0 3. 0 1 .8 2. 0 1. 5 3. 3 2. 6 3. 1 3. 4 3. 6 3. 1 3. 6 4. 0 4. 2 5. 8 5. 9 6. 5 Output per production w orker m an -h ou r 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 _____________ ______ ______ _____________ ___________________ ___________________ ..................................... ___________________ -0 . 2 - 0. 2 .5 - - 1 .8 3. 0 5. 4 - 1 .9 2. 6 3. 1 .9 - - 2. 8 3. 5 4. 3 4. 3 7. 9 - 2. 9 3. 5 3. 9 3. 8 4. 5 1. 3 - - P rodu ction w orker m an -hours 1958 1959 I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ____ ______________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ 14. 1 - 6. 6 4 - 4. 3 .4 1. 3 - 4. 1 2. 1 3. 6 5. 9 - - - - - - - - “ - - - “ 3. 2 1. 7 2. 2 2. 0 - 1 .8 - 3. 2 2. 1 2. 6 2. 7 1. 9 5. 8 - - 3. 3 5. 5 5. 2 - 19 (To obtain annual ra te s of change betw een any 2 y e a rs shown, find row for in itial y ear at left of table and read figure in that row under the te rm in a l y ear shown on top) Initial year 1958 __________________ 1959 ...................... ........ . I 9 6 0 __________________ 1961 ________ ___ _____ 1 9 6 2 _________ ____ ___ 1963 __________________ 1 9 8 4 ................. 1985 1959 I960 2. 3 . . . 0. 1 - 2. 1 - - . . T erm in al y ear 1964 1963 1961 1962 Output per production w orker 2.0 2. 5 7. 4 . _ - - 2. 3 2. 7 4. 5 1. 6 - . - 3. 1 3. 7 5. 1 4. 5 7. 5 _ . - 3. 5 4.-0 5. 0 4. 7 5. 7 4. 0 _ - 1965 1966 3. 6 4. 0 4. 7 4 .4 4. 8 3. 5 3. 1 - 3.4 3. 7 4. 0 3. 6 3. 6 2.4 1.4 -. 2 3. 8 3. 8 4. 0 4. 8 5. 4 5. 9 5. 2 3. 6 3. 5 3. 6 4. 0 4. 1 3. 7 2.0 N onproduction w o rk er m an -h o u rs 1958 __________________ 1959 __________________ I 9 6 0 __________________ 1 9 6 1 __________________ 1962 __________________ 1963 __________________ 1964 ___ _____________ 1965 __________________ 5. 1 . . . - 4. 8 4. 5 - 3. 5 2. 5 .5 . - 3. 0 2. 3 1. 6 2.6 . - 3. 1 2. 7 2. 5 3.4 4. 2 _ - 3. 5 3. 3 3. 5 4. 4 5. 4 6.5 - - -1. 1 Output p er nonproduction w o rk er m an-ho ur 1958 1959 I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1985 __________________ _______________________ __________________ __________________ _________________ _________________ __________________ 8 .4 . . - 1. 9 -4 . 2 . . - 2.6 .9 6. 3 . “ 3. 0 2. 4 5. 2 4. 1 “ 2. 9 2. 5 4. 0 2.9 1. 7 ” 2. 7 2. 3 3. 1 2. 1 1. 2 .6 “ 2. 5 2. 2 2. 7 2.0 1. 5 1. 5 2. 4 “ 2.9 2.8 3. 3 3. 0 3. 1 3. 9 5. 8 9.4 1 A verage annual ra te s a re based on the lin ear le a st sq u ares tren d line fitted to the lo g arith m s of the index n u m b ers. Other Recent BLS Publications on Productivity and Automation I n d e x e s of O utput P e r M a n -H o u r— S e le c t e d I n d u s tr ie s , 1939 and 1947—67 (B u lle tin 1 61 2). O cto b er 196 8. 102 pp. 65 c e n ts . A ir T r a n s p o r ta tio n In d u str y , 1947—64 (R e p o r t 3 0 8 ). A u g u st 1 9 6 6 . 14 pp. ( F r e e ) . A lu m in u m R o llin g and D ra w in g I n d u str y , 1958—65 (R e p o r t 3 1 4 ). D e c e m b e r 196 6. 20 pp. ( F r e e ) . C o n c r e te P r o d u c ts In d u str y , 1947—63 (R e p o r t 3 0 0 ). N o v e m b e r 19 6 5 . 20 pp. (F r ee). F o o tw e a r In d u str y , 1947—6 3 . J u ly 196 5. 17 pp. ( F r e e ) . G as and E le c t r ic U t ilit ie s In d u str y , 1932—6 2 . A p r il 19 6 4 . 19 pp. ( F r e e ) . H o s ie r y I n d u str y , 1947—6 4 . (R e p o r t 3 07 ). Ju n e 196 6. 22 pp. ( F r e e ) . M a n -M a d e F ib e r s In d u str y , 1957—6 3 . O c to b er 19 6 5 . 20 pp. ( F r e e ) . M o to r V e h ic le s and E q u ip m en t In d u s tr y , 1957—6 6 . (B u lle tin 1 6 1 3 ). D e c e m b e r 196 8. 31 pp. 45 c e n ts . P r im a r y A lu m in u m In d u str y , 1947—6 2 . S e p te m b e r 19 6 4 . 15 pp. ( F r e e ) . R a d io and T e le v is io n R e c e iv in g S e ts In d u str y , 1958—6 6 . N o v e m b e r 19 6 8 . 27 pp. (F r ee). I m p lic a tio n s o f A u to m a tio n and O th er T e c h n o lo g ic a l D e v e lo p m e n ts T e c h n o lo g y and M an p ow er in th e T e x tile In d u str y o f th e 1 9 7 0 's (B u lle tin 15 7 8 , 1 9 6 8 ). 60 c e n ts . M a n p o w er P la n n in g fo r T e c h n o lo g ic a l C h an ge: C a se S tu d ie s o f T e le p h o n e O p e r a to r s (B u lle tin 15 7 4 , 196 8). 34 pp. 30 c e n ts . Job R e d e s ig n fo r O ld er W o r k e r s, T en C a se S tu d ie s (B u lle tin 1 5 2 3 , 1 96 7). 63 pp. 40 c e n ts . T e c h n o lo g ic a l T r e n d s in M ajo r A m e r ic a n I n d u s tr ie s (B u lle tin 1 4 7 4 , 1 9 6 6 ). 269 pp. $ 1. 50. T e c h n o lo g ic a l C h an ge and D is e m p lo y m e n t o f L a b o r a t th e E s ta b lis h m e n t L e v e l. 196 6. 17 pp. ( F r e e ) . Im p a ct o f O ffic e A u to m a tio n in th e I n su r a n c e In d u str y (B u lle tin 1 4 6 8 , 1 9 6 6 ). 7 1 pp. 45 c e n ts . O u tloo k fo r N u m e r ic a l C o n tr o l o f M a ch in e T o o ls : A Stu d y o f a K ey T e c h n o lo g ic a l D e v e lo p m e n t in M e ta lw o r k in g I n d u s tr ie s (B u lle tin 1 4 3 7 , 1 9 6 5 ). 63 pp. 40 c e n ts . L a b o r and M a te r ia l R e q u ir e m e n ts fo r — S c h o o l C o n str u c tio n (B u lle tin 1 5 8 6 , 1 96 8). 23 pp. 30 c e n ts . P r iv a te O n e -F a m ily H o u se C o n str u c tio n (B u lle tin 1 4 0 4 , 1 9 6 4 ). 37 pp. 30 c e n ts . P u b lic H o u sin g C o n str u c tio n (B u lle tin 1 4 0 2 , 1 9 6 4 ). 42 pp. 30 c e n ts . C o lle g e H o u sin g C o n str u c tio n (B u lle tin 1 4 4 1 , 1 9 6 5 ). 34 pp. 30 c e n ts . S e w e r W ork s C o n str u c tio n (B u lle tin 1 4 9 0 , 1 9 6 6). 31 pp. 30 c e n ts . C o n str u c tio n o f F e d e r a lly A id e d H ig h w a y s, 1 9 5 8 , 1 9 6 1 , and 19 6 4 . (R e p o r t 2 9 9 , 1 9 6 6). 17 pp. ( F r e e ) . P r o d u c tiv ity : A B ib lio g r a p h y , J u ly 196 6. (B u lle tin 1 5 1 4 ). 129 pp. 65 c e n ts . In d u str y P r o d u c tiv ity P r o j e c tio n s , A M e th o d o lo g ic a l S tu d y . 19 6 6 . 5 pp. ( F r e e ) . I n d e x e s of O utput P e r M a n -H o u r , H o u rly C o m p e n s a tio n , and U n it L a b o r C o s ts in th e M a n u fa ctu rin g S e c to r , 1947—6 8 . O cto b er 19 6 9 . 1 p. ( F r e e ) . I n d e x e s o f O utput P e r M a n -H o u r fo r th e P r iv a te E c o n o m y , 1947—6 8 . O cto b er 196 9. 4 p p . (F r ee). I n d e x e s o f O utput P e r M a n -H o u r , H o u rly C o m p e n sa tio n , and U n it L a b o r C o s ts in th e P r iv a te S e c to r o f th e E c o n o m y and th e N o n fa rm S e c to r , 1947—6 8 . O c to b er 196 9. 2 pp. ( F r e e ) . S a l e s p u b lic a t io n s m a y b e p u r c h a s e d f r o m th e S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , U . S . G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O f f ic e , W a s h in g to n , D . C . 2 0 4 0 2 , o r f r o m r e g io n a l o f f i c e s o f th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s a t th e a d d r e s s e s s h o w n b e lo w . F r e e p u b lic a t io n s a r e a v a i l a b le a s lo n g a s th e s u p p ly l a s t s , f r o m th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s , U .S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , W a s h in g to n , D . C . 2 0 2 1 2 . REGIONAL OFFICES Region I 1603-A Federal Office Building Boston, Mass. 02203 Region II 341 Ninth Avenue New York, N. Y. 10001 Region III Penn Square Building, Room 406 1317 Filbert St. Philadelphia, Pa. 19107 Region IV 1371 Peachtree S t., NE. Atlanta, Ga. 30309 Region V 219 S. Dearborn St. Chicago, 111. 60604 Region VI 411 N. Akard S t., Room 337 Dallas, Tex. 75201 Regions VII and VIII Federal Office Building 911 Walnut St. Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Regions IX and X 450 Golden Gate Avenue Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif. 94102 U .S . D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS W A S H IN G T O N , D .C . 20212 OFFICIAL BUSINESS POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR r~ F IR S T C LA S S M A IL
