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1 2 I W . / C O R R U G A T E D A N D S O L I D FIBER B O X E S INDUSTRY, 1 9 5 8 - 6 6 J|p) m m ® * BULLETIN 1 6 4 1 Dayton & D 3 y ^ M o n t g o m e r y p u b l i c FEB6 Co. Library 1970 &0O1MENI COLLECTION ll U .S . D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS BULLETIN 1641 IN DEXES OF OUTPUT PER M A N -H O U R C orru gated and S o lid Fiber Boxes Industry, 1958-66 Decem ber 1969 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR G e o r g e P. S h u l t z , S e c r e t a r y BUREAU O F L A B O R STATISTICS G e o f f r e y H. M o o r e , C o m m i s s i o n e r F or s a le b y th e S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , U .S . G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O ff ic e , W a s h i n g t o n , D .C . 2 0 4 0 2 - Price 3 5 cents Preface T he B u rea u of L ab or S ta t is t ic s h a s b e e n p u b lish in g m e a s u r e s of output p er m a n -h o u r fo r s e le c te d in d u s tr ie s fo r m an y y e a r s . T h e s e m e a s u r e s a p p ea r in In d ex e s o f O u t put P e r M a n -H o u r, S e le c te d I n d u s tr ie s , 1939 and 1947—67 (B L S B u lle tin 1612), D e c e m b e r 1968. T h is r e p o r t p r e s e n ts in d e x e s fo r th e c o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r b o x e s in d u stry fo r the f ir s t t im e . E a r lie r r e p o r ts in th e p a p er and a llie d p ro d u cts grou p c o v e r e d p a p e r, p a p e rb o a rd , pulp, and b u ild in g b o a rd m ills . T he stu d y w a s p r e p a r e d by C a ro ly n S. F eh d , a s s is t e d by Joh n W . F e r r is , J r ., O ffice of P r o d u c tiv ity , T e c h n o lo g y , and G row th , D iv is io n o f In d u stry P r o d u c tiv ity S tu d ie s. i iii Contents Page I n tr o d u c tio n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T r e n d s in p r o d u c tiv ity , ou tp u t, and e m p lo y m e n t-------------------------------------------------------------------------F a c t o r s a ffe c tin g p r o d u c t iv it y -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T e c h n ic a l n o t e ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------O utput p e r m a n -h o u r i n d e x e s -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------O utput in d e x ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------E m p lo y m e n t and m a n -h o u r s in d e x e s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------E m p lo y m e n t and p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s ---------------------------------------------------------------A ll e m p lo y e e m a n - h o u r s ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T a b le s : C o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r b o x e s in d u str y : 1. G e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r is t ic s , 1958—66 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. O utput p e r m a n -h o u r , u n it la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts , and r e la te d d a ta , a ll e m p lo y e e s , 1958—66 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. O utput p e r m a n -h o u r s , u n it la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts , and r e la te d d a ta , p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s , 1958—66 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 . O utput p e r m a n -h o u r , u n it la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts , and r e la te d d a ta , n o n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s , 1958—6 6 _____________________________________________________ 5 . U n it v a lu e w e ig h ts u s e d in c o m p ilin g ou tp u t in d e x e s , and r e la t iv e im p o r ta n c e o f p ro d u ct g r o u p s , 1958 and 1 9 6 3 _____________________________ ________ 1 1 4 4 13 13 13 15 15 16 3 6 8 10 14 C h a r ts: C o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r b o x e s in d u str y : 1. In d e x e s o f ou tp u t p e r a ll e m p lo y e e m a n -h o u r , ou tp u t, and a ll e m p lo y e e m a n -h o u r s , 1958—66 -------------------------------------------------------------------2. In d e x e s o f ou tp u t p e r p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r , ou tp u t, and p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s , 1958—66 ---------------------------------------------------------3. In d e x e s o f ou tp u t p e r n o n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r , ou tp u t, and n o n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s , 1958—66 __________________________________ 4. In d e x e s o f ou tp u t p e r m a n -h o u r , a ll e m p lo y e e s , p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s , and n o n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s , 1958—66 --------------------------------------------------- 12 A p p en d ix . C o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r b o x e s in d u str y : A v e r a g e an n u al r a te s o f ch a n g e ( p e r c e n t ) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 v 7 9 11 In d ex es o f O u tp u t P er M an-H our: C orru gated and S o lid F iber B o x es In d u stry, 1958— 6 6 Introduction M e a s u r in g p r o d u c tiv ity ch a n g e is on e w a y to d e te r m in e w h e th e r r e s o u r c e s a r e b ein g u s e d e f f ic ie n tly . If ou tp u t p e r m a n -h o u r is in c r e a s in g , th en m o r e g o o d s a r e b e in g p r o d u ced p e r u n it o f la b o r in p u t and th e e c o n o m y is p o te n tia lly r ic h e r . T h u s, k n o w led g e o f th e d e g r e e and d ir e c tio n o f p r o d u c tiv ity m o v e m e n ts is e s s e n t ia l fo r th o s e r e s p o n s ib le fo r e n c o u r a g in g e c o n o m ic g r o w th . In d u stry p r o d u c tiv ity m e a s u r e s h a v e s e v e r a l v a lu a b le u s e s . B y c o m b in in g th e s e m e a s u r e s w ith o th e r in d u str y d a ta , on e ca n stu d y th e e f f e c t s o f c h a n g e s in m a n p o w er u tiliz a tio n , p r o je c t fu tu r e m a n p o w er r e q u ir e m e n ts , a n a ly z e tr e n d s in la b o r c o s t s , c o m p a r e p r o d u c tiv ity p r o g r e s s am o n g c o u n tr ie s , and e x a m in e th e im p a c t o f te c h n o lo g ic a l im p r o v e m e n ts on e m p lo y m e n t. T h e m e a s u r e s p r e s e n te d in th is r e p o r t r e la te output to on e input— m a n -h o u r s . T h ey do n ot m e a s u r e th e s p e c if ic c o n tr ib u tio n of la b o r , c a p ita l, o r any o th e r s in g le fa c to r . R a th e r , th e y r e f le c t th e jo in t e f f e c t o f a n u m b er of in t e r r e la t e d in flu e n c e s su c h a s c h a n g e s in te c h n o lo g y , c a p ita l in v e s tm e n t p e r w o r k e r , c a p a c ity u t iliz a tio n , la y o u t and flo w o f o p e r a tio n s , s k ill and e ffo r t o f th e w o r k f o r c e , m a n a g e r ia l a b ility , and la b o r -m a n a g e m e n t r e la t io n s . T h e s e m e a s u r e s a r e s u b je c t to c e r ta in lim it a t io n s . B e c a u s e o f th e d if f ic u lt ie s o f m e a s u r in g q u a lity ch a n g e, o f m a in ta in in g c o n s is t e n t c o v e r a g e b e tw e e n ou tp u t and la b o r in p u t, of r e fle c tin g c h a n g e s in th e d e g r e e of p la n t in te g r a tio n and s p e c ia liz a t io n , and o th e r s t a t is t ic a l lim ita tio n s , p r o d u c tiv ity in d e x e s sh o u ld b e r e g a r d e d a s g e n e r a l r a th e r than s p e c if ic in d ic a tio n s o f output p e r m a n -h o u r m o v e m e n ts . T h is r e p o r t p r e s e n t s m e a s u r e s of ou tp u t p e r m a n -h o u r fo r th e c o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r b o x e s in d u s tr y . T h e in d e x e s fo r th is in d u s tr y b e g in w ith 1958 s in c e an n u a l d a ta on m a n -h o u r s w e r e n ot a v a ila b le e a r lie r ; in a d d itio n , p ro d u ct d e ta il fo r e a r lie r y e a r s w a s n ot s t r ic t ly c o m p a r a b le w ith la te r y e a r s . T h e r e p o r t in c lu d e s s o m e a n a ly s is o f tr e n d s in ou tp u t p e r m a n -h o u r and r e la te d s e r ie s a s w e ll a s an o u tlin e o f t e c h n o lo g ic a l d e v e lo p m e n ts th at h a v e o c c u r r e d in th e in d u s tr y . It a ls o c o n ta in s a d e ta ile d t e c h n ic a l n o te w h ich d e s c r ib e s th e d a ta s o u r c e s and s t a t is t ic a l te c h n iq u e s u t iliz e d . General Characteristics T h e c o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r b o x e s in d u s tr y c o m p r is e s e s ta b lis h m e n ts en g a g e d p r im a r ily in m a n u fa c tu r in g c o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r b o x e s and r e la te d p r o d u c ts fr o m p a p e r b o a r d and fib e r s to c k . 1 T h is in d u s tr y is d e s ig n a te d In d u str y 2653 in th e 1967 S ta n d a rd I n d u s tr ia l C la s s if ic a t io n M an u al and is in c lu d e d in SIC G roup 2 6 5 , p a p e r b o a r d c o n ta in e r s and b o x e s . 1 T he paperboard is eith er purchased from other com p an ies or m anufactured by other establishm ents o f the sam e com p an y (interp lan t transfers). In 1963, about 55 p ercen t of th e paperboard used c a m e from interplant transfers. 1 2 T h e in d u s tr y ’ s m a jo r p ro d u ct— c o r r u g a te d b o x e s — a c c o u n ts fo r ab ou t 95 p e r c e n t o f th e in d u str y * s s h ip m e n ts . 2 T h e r e m a in d e r in c lu d e s s o lid fib e r b o x e s , c o r r u g a te d p a p e r b o a r d , and c o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r p a lle ts , p a d s, and p a r titio n s . M a n u fa c tu r e r s o f fo o d , p a p e r , and g la s s c o n ta in e r s a r e th e m a jo r u s e r s o f th e in d u s tr y ’ s p r o d u c ts . In 196 6, th e c o r r u g a te d b o x in d u str y e m p lo y e d ab ou t 9 6 ,0 0 0 , or 36 p e r c e n t m o r e th an th e n u m b e r e m p lo y e d in 1958. P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s in c r e a s e d 37 p e r c e n t, fr o m ab ou t 5 4 ,0 0 0 in 1958 to o v e r 7 3 ,0 0 0 in 196 6. (S ee ta b le 1 .) In 196 3, th e la s t y e a r fo r w h ic h f ig u r e s a r e a v a ila b le on th e n u m b e r o f e s t a b lis h m e n ts , th e c o r r u g a te d b o x in d u s tr y e m p lo y e d m o r e th an 8 0 ,0 0 0 p e o p le in o v e r 900 e s t a b lis h m e n t s o r an a v e r a g e o f 90 e m p lo y e e s p e r e s ta b lis h m e n t. A b ou t 75 p e r c e n t o f th e e m p lo y e e s w e r e p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s ; th is p r o p o r tio n h a s c h a n g ed lit t le s in c e 1958 and is c lo s e to th e a v e r a g e fo r a ll m a n u fa c tu r in g . E s ta b lis h m e n ts w h ic h e m p lo y e d 100 p e r s o n s o r m o r e in 1963 a c c o u n te d fo r o v e r 75 p e r c e n t o f th e w o r k e r s ; ab ou t 27 p e r c e n t w e r e in e s ta b lis h m e n t s w h ic h e m p lo y e d 250 p e r son s or m o re. T h e F ib r e B o x A s s o c ia t io n d is tin g u is h e s in d e p en d e n t c o m p a n ie s fr o m c o m b in e d c o m p a n ie s . In d ep en d en t c o m p a n ie s buy 50 p e r c e n t o r m o r e o f th e p a p e r b o a r d th e y u s e , w h ile c o m b in e d c o m p a n ie s m a n u fa c tu r e 50 p e r c e n t o r m o r e o f th e ir p a p e r b o a r d . In 1966, c o m b in e d c o m p a n ie s a c c o u n te d fo r 75 p e r c e n t o f th e in d u s tr y ’ s to ta l s h ip m e n ts . C o m b in ed c o m p a n ie s b e c a m e in c r e a s in g ly im p o r ta n t b e tw e e n 1958 and 196 6. O v e r 500 c o m p a n ie s ow n th e 900 p lu s e s ta b lis h m e n t s th a t m a k e up th e in d u s tr y . (S ee ta b le 1 .) In 19 6 6 , th e fo u r la r g e s t c o m p a n ie s a c c o u n te d fo r ab ou t 18 p e r c e n t o f th e in d u s t r y ’ s to ta l s h ip m e n ts . E s ta b lis h m e n ts a r e s p r e a d th ro u g h o u t th e c o u n try ; a ll but fiv e S ta te s h a v e at le a s t o n e . H o w e v e r , o v e r o n e -h a lf of a ll e s t a b lis h m e n t s and o v e r o n e -h a lf o f th o s e e m p lo y in g 100 p e r s o n s o r m o r e a r e lo c a te d in th e e ig h t M id d le A tla n tic and E a s t N o rth C e n tr a l S ta te s . T h e n e a r ly 500 e s t a b lis h m e n t s in th e s e tw o r e g io n s a c c o u n t fo r o v e r o n e -h a lf th e to ta l e m p lo y m e n t and v a lu e o f sh ip m e n ts in th e in d u s tr y . 2 For c o n v e n ie n c e , th e industry w ill b e referred to as the corrugated box industry. T a b le 1. C o rru g a ted and S o lid F ib e r B o x e s In d u stry : G e n e r a l C h a r a c t e r is t ic s , 1958—66 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 805 (2 ) (2 ) 7 0 ,7 9 2 5 3 ,5 3 1 17, 261 (2) 7 7 ,7 6 6 5 9 ,6 0 2 1 8 ,1 6 4 7 9 ,8 9 6 6 0 ,9 2 0 1 8 ,9 7 6 7 9 ,7 2 7 6 0 ,5 8 4 19, 143 (2 ) 8 3 ,2 6 4 6 3 ,6 8 0 1 9 ,5 8 4 P ercen t 75. 6 76. 6 76. 2 76. 0 N u m b er 87. 9 (2 ) (2 ) -d o $ m illio n s 66. 5 52. 0 (2 ) 59. 5 D o lla r s $ m illio n s -d o -d o -d o -d o -d o - 734 1 ,6 3 6 1 ,0 4 2 597 34 5 234 111 765 1 ,9 0 5 1 ,2 2 9 678 408 276 131 Ite m U nit E s t a b lis h m e n t s ------------------------------------- N u m b er T otal e m p lo y m e n t ____________________ P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s ----------------------N o n p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s __________ R a tio of p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s to a ll e m p lo y e e s _________________ -d o -d o -d o - E m p lo y e e s p er e s t a b lis h m e n t ---------P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s p er e s t a b lis h m e n t ____________________ C a p ita l e x p e n d itu r e s (new ) -------------C a p ita l e x p e n d itu r e s p er e m p lo y e e -------------------------------------V a lu e of sh ip m e n ts ( t o t a l) ___________ C o st o f m a t e r ia ls ( t o t a l) -------------------V a lu e a d d e d -----------------------------------------W a g es and s a la r ie s __ -------------------W a g e s ---------------------------------------- ----S a la r ie s -------------------------------------------1 P r e lim in a r y . 2 N o t a v a ila b le . S o u r ce: B u rea u o f th e C e n su s, U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f C o m m e r c e . 1964 1965 8 3 ,2 2 9 6 2 , 800 2 0 ,4 2 9 (2 ) 8 6 ,3 8 2 6 4 ,7 1 0 2 1 ,6 7 2 (2) 9 0 ,5 4 7 67, 645 22, 902 (2 ) 9 6 ,0 6 4 7 3 ,3 2 6 2 2 ,7 3 8 76. 5 75. 5 74. 9 74. 7 76. 3 (2 ) (2 ) 90. 2 (2 ) (2) (2 ) (2 ) 54. 8 (2 ) 50. 8 (2 ) 65. 2 68. 0 54. 1 (2 ) 71. 6 (2 ) 93. 6 (2 ) 117. 2 686 1 ,9 3 7 1 ,2 5 0 686 418 281 137 637 1, 971 1 ,2 5 5 709 440 294 146 783 2, 179 1,371 80 6 474 320 154 650 2, 166 1,368 804 486 324 162 829 2, 346 1,516 831 534 355 179 1 ,0 3 4 2, 559 1,626 933 578 389 189 1, 220 2, 891 1,806 1,091 635 428 207 1963 923 19661 4 Trends in Productivity, Output, and Employment C o r r u g a te d b o x m a n u fa c tu r e h a s g r o w n s te a d ily s in c e 195 8. O utput, e m p lo y m e n t, and m a n -h o u r s a ll in c r e a s e d b e tw e e n 1958 and 196 6. (S ee ta b le s 2—4 and c h a r ts 1—4. ) O utput p e r m a n -h o u r fo r th e c o r r u g a te d b o x in d u s tr y r o s e s lo w ly b e tw e e n 1958 and 19 6 6 . T h e a v e r a g e an n u al in c r e a s e o f 2 .9 p e r c e n t 3 w a s lo w e r th a n th e 3 .8 p e r c e n t r a te a tta in e d fo r a ll m a n u fa c tu r in g . N e v e r t h e le s s , it r e p o r te d c o n tin u e d g ro w th a s ou tp u t p e r m a n -h o u r in c r e a s e d e v e r y y e a r e x c e p t I9 6 0 ; a b o v e a v e r a g e in c r e a s e s o c c u r r e d in 1961 and 196 3. B y 1966, th e ou tp u t p e r m a n -h o u r in d e x w a s 23. 5 p e r c e n t h ig h e r th an it w a s in 19 5 8 . (S ee a p p e n d ix fo r r a te s o f c h a n g e . ) T h e a v e r a g e an n u al in c r e a s e of ou tp u t p er p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r fr o m 1958 to 1966 w a s at th e s a m e r a te , 2 .9 p e r c e n t, a s w a s ou tp u t p e r a ll e m p lo y e e m a n -h o u r . H o w e v e r , y e a r - t o - y e a r c h a n g e s in ou tp u t p e r p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r a r e m o r e e r r a t ic . T h e ou tp u t of th e c o r r u g a te d b o x in d u str y in c r e a s e d at th e a v e r a g e a n n u a l r a te of 6 .6 p e r c e n t fr o m 1958 to 19 6 6 . E x c e p t fo r 1961, th e in d u s tr y fo llo w e d th e s a m e g e n e r a l tr e n d a s th a t fo r a ll m a n u fa c tu r in g , th ou gh th e in d u s tr y 's r a te o f in c r e a s e w a s s lig h tly h ig h e r th an th e 6. 1 p e r c e n t p e r y e a r fo r a ll m a n u fa c tu r in g . E m p lo y m e n t and m a n -h o u r s in c r e a s e d l e s s r a p id ly th an ou tp u t. E m p lo y m e n t in c r e a s e d 3. 2 p e r c e n t p e r y e a r , w h ile m a n -h o u r s in c r e a s e d 3. 6 p e r c e n t p e r y e a r d u rin g th e s a m e p e r io d . T he g r e a te r in c r e a s e in m a n -h o u r s o v e r e m p lo y m e n t r e f le c t s s o m e in c r e a s e in a v e r a g e an n u al h o u r s w o r k e d . F a c t o r s A ffe c tin g P r o d u c tiv ity P r o d u c tiv ity m o v e m e n ts g e n e r a lly r e s u lt fr o m th e in t e r r e la t e d e f f e c t s o f c h a n g e s in ou tp u t, c a p ita l in v e s tm e n t, and te c h n o lo g y . T h e s e th r e e fa c t o r s in flu e n c e d , in v a r y in g d e g r e e s , p r o d u c tiv ity in th e c o r r u g a te d b o x in d u str y b e tw e e n 1958 and 196 6. T h e ou tp u t in c r e a s e o f 6. 6 p e r c e n t a y e a r f a c t o r s in in c r e a s e d p r o d u c tiv ity . T h is g r o w th , g a in s in m a n u fa c tu r in g ou tp u t d u rin g th is p e r io d p r o d u c ts in e v ita b ly le d to a g r e a te r d em a n d fo r w a s p ro b a b ly on e o f th e m o r e im p o r ta n t in tu rn , w a s c a u s e d p a r tly by th e ste a d y s in c e h ig h e r ou tp u t o f m a n u fa c tu r e d sh ip p in g c o n ta in e r s . C h a n g es in th e p ro d u ct, su c h a s in c r e a s e d and m o r e e la b o r a te p r in tin g on b o x e s , a ls o m a y h a v e c o n tr ib u te d to th e ch a n g e in ou tp u t by e n la r g in g d em a n d fo r a m o r e a ttr a c tiv e p r o d u c t. A t th e s a m e t im e , su c h a d e v e lo p m e n t m a y h a v e h ad a n e g a tiv e im p a c t on p r o d u c tiv ity by in c r e a s in g la b o r r e q u ir e m e n ts . T he 1963 c e n s u s sh o w e d a 31 p e r c e n t in c r e a s e o v e r 1958 in p r o d u c tio n e m p lo y e e s e n g a g e d in d e s ig n and p r in tin g a c t iv it ie s , c o m p a r e d w ith an in c r e a s e o f o n ly 18 p e r c e n t fo r a ll e m p lo y e e s . E x p e n d itu r e s on n ew c a p ita l e q u ip m en t ten d to p r o m o te th e u s e o f m o r e m o d e r n eq u ip m e n t w h ic h u s u a lly in c r e a s e s p r o d u c tiv ity . C a p ita l e x p e n d itu r e p er e m p lo y e e w a s so m e w h a t ir r e g u la r o v e r th e 1958—66 p e r io d . (S ee ta b le 1. ) O v e r a ll, th e r a te in c u r r e n t d o lla r s in c r e a s e d 66 p e r c e n t s in c e 1958, and th e in c r e a s e h a s b e e n ste a d y s in c e 1963. C h a n g es in th e m a n u fa c tu r in g p r o c e s s a ls o h a v e a ffe c te d p r o d u c tiv ity . A lth o u g h m a c h in e r y fo r m a k in g c o r r u g a te d b o a rd h a s c h a n g ed lit t le o v e r th e p a s t 40 y e a r s , im p r o v e m e n ts in h a n d lin g r o llin g s to c k and in glu in g h a v e m a d e n ew c o r r u g a to r s m u ch f a s t e r . In d iv id u a l o p e r a tio n s h a v e b e e n m e c h a n iz e d fo r m a n y y e a r s but im p r o v e m e n ts in la y o u t to lin k and c o o r d in a te th em c o n tr ib u te d to in c r e a s e d p r o d u c tiv ity . 3 A verage annual rates in th is report are based on th e lin ear le a st squares trends o f th e logarith m s of th e in dex num bers. 5 T e c h n o lo g ic a l a d v a n c e s p ro b a b ly w ill in flu e n c e th e in d u str y * s p r o d u c tiv ity a s th ey b e c o m e m o r e w id e ly u s e d . F o r m a n y y ea rs-, th e c o r r u g a te d b o a r d b la n k w a s m a d e s e p a r a te ly a d d itio n a l s te p s w e r e n e e d e d to c o m p le te a box: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. S littin g th e b la n k to th e p r o p e r w id th S c o r in g th e b lan k th e lo n g w a y S c o r in g the b lan k th e s h o r t w ay P u ttin g in s lo t s P r in tin g C lo sin g B u n d lin g E a c h s te p w a s done on a s e p a r a te m a c h in e a s e m p lo y e e s m o v e d th e c o r r u g a te d b o a rd b e tw e e n m a c h in e s . N ew in n o v a tio n s c o m b in e s e v e r a l s te p s on on e m a c h in e . F o r e x a m p le , th e c o r r u g a to r now s lit s th e b lan k th e p r o p e r w id th and s c o r e s th e b la n k th e lo n g w a y , w h ile on e o r tw o o th e r m a c h in e s do th e r e m a in in g s te p s . S o m e o f th e n e w e r d e v e lo p m e n ts a r e : ( l) F le x o g r a p h p r in tin g , w h ic h u s e s in s ta n t d r y in g a n ilin e in k to e lim in a te th e d r y in g p e r io d n e e d e d fo r c o n v e n tio n a l ink; (2) h ot m e lte d g lu e , w h ic h h a s r e p la c e d s o m e tap e and s titc h in g in c lo s in g th e b o x b e c a u s e it s e t s q u ic k ly ; and (3) r o ta r y s t e e l d ie s , w h ich r e p la c e th e c o n v e n tio n a l fla tb e d p r o c e s s in th e cu ttin g an d c r e a s in g o f p a p e r b o a r d and m a y d ou b le th e sp e e d of p r o d u c tio n by p r o v id in g g r e a te r d e s ig n f le x ib ilit y and cu ttin g and fo ld in g a c c u r a c y . C o m p a n ie s a ls o a r e e x p e r im e n tin g w ith th e sh a p e o f th e flu tin g in th e h op e o f sp e e d in g up th e m a n u fa c tu r in g p r o c e s s and in c r e a s in g th e s tr e n g th of b o x e s . So fa r , m a n y o f th e s e in n o v a tio n s h a v e n ot b e e n w id e ly a d o p te d . T h e r e fo r e , th e fu ll im p a c t o f t h e s e d e v e lo p m e n ts h a s not y e t b e e n r e fle c t e d in th e p r o d u c tiv ity d a ta . 6 Table 2. C orrugated and Solid F ib er Boxes Industry: Output P e r M an-H our, Unit L abor R eq u irem en ts, and R elated D ata, A ll E m ployees, 1958—66 Y ear 1958 1959 I9 60 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 ________________ -----------------------________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ Unit labor re q u ire Output p e r— m ents in te rm s of— All A ll A ll A ll ployee em ployees em ployee em ployee meman-hour m an -h o u rs 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 103. 6 1 0 1 . 6 96. 5 98. 4 101. 0 101. 2 98. 9 99. 0 108. 2 106. 8 92. 4 93. 6 110. 6 90. 4 108. 4 92. 2 117. 3 115. 6 85. 3 86.5 121. 1 116. 8 82. 5 85. 6 124. 6 119- 7 80. 3 83. 6 127. 0 123. 5 78. 8 81. 0 R elated data A ll ll Output em Aployees em ployee m an -h o u rs 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 112. 1 113. 9 109. 9 114. 0 112. 7 112. 9 121. 8 112. 6 114. 0 130. 1 120. 0 117. 6 137. 9 117. 6 119. 3 147. 8 122. 0 126. 5 133. 1 127. 9 159. 3 172. 3 135. 7 139. 5 Source: Output based on data from the F ib re Box A ssociation and the B ureau of the C ensus, U .S. D epartm ent of C om m erce. E m ploym ent and m an -h o u rs based on data from the B ureau of L abor S ta tistic s, U .S . D epartm ent of L abor and the B ureau of the C ensus. 7 CHART 1. CORRUGATED AND SOLID FIBER BOXES INDUSTRY: INDEXES OF OUTPUT PER ALL EMPLOYEE MAN-HOUR, OUTPUT, AND ALL EMPLOYEE M AN-HOURS, 1958-66 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 8 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 Table 3. C o rrugated and Solid F ib e r Boxes Industry: Output P e r M an-H our, Unit L abor R eq uirem ents, and R elated D ata, P roduction W o rk ers, 1958—66 Indexes (1958 = 100) Unit lab or re q u ire R elated data Output p e r— m ents in te rm s of— Ye a r ctio n P roduction P roduction P roduction P row du P roduction P roduction w orker orker w orker O utput 1 w orker m an-ho ur w o rk ers m an -h o u rs w o rk er s m an-hour s 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 __________ 100. 2 102. 3 97. 7 111.3 114. 1 113. 9 99. 8 --------------100. 4 100. 2 114. 0 113. 8 113. 6 __________ 99. 8 99. 6 121. 8 92. 9 94. 5 113. 2 115. 1 105. 8 107. 6 __________ 130. 1 91. 5 93. 7 121. 9 106. 7 __________ 119. 0 109. 3 86. 8 117. 6 115. 2 85. 1 137. 9 117. 3 __________ 119. 7 122. 2 85. 7 147. 8 120. 9 116. 7 81. 8 126. 7 __________ 83. 7 133. 3 126. 0 126. 4 159. 3 __________ 119. 5 79. 3 172. 3 121. 3 82. 4 142. 0 125. 8 137. 0 __________ 79. 5 1 The m e a su re s of output used in th is table re p re se n t the to tal production of th is in du stry resu ltin g from a ll em ployees and do not re p re se n t the specific output of any single group of em ployees. Source: Output based on data from the F ib re Box A sso ciation and the B ureau of the C ensus, U. S. D epartm ent of C om m erce. E m ploym ent and m an-ho ur data based on data from the B ureau of the C ensus. 9 CHART 2. CORRUGATED AND SOLID FIBER BOXES INDUSTRY! INDEXES OF OUTPUT PER PRODUCTION WORKER MAN-HOUR, OUTPUT, AND PRODUCTION WORKER M AN-HOURS, 1958-66 INDEX (1958=100) RATIO SCALE 10 T able 4. C o rrugated and Solid F ib e r Boxes Industry: Output P e r M an-H our, Unit L abor R eq uirem ents, and R elated D ata, N onproduction W o rk ers, 1958—66 Indexes (1958 = 100) Unit labor re q u ire Output p e r— R elated data m ents in te rm s of— onpro N onpro N onpro Y ear onpro N onpro- Nduction N onpro Nduction duction duc tion o rk er wduction w orker O utput 2 wduction w orker o rk ers m an-ho w o rk er m wan-hour o rk ers m an 1 -h o u rs 1 ur s 1 (100. 0) 100. 0 (1 0 0 . 0 ) 100. 0 100. 0 (100 . 0) 1958 _____________ 1 0 0 . 0 92. 4 (92. 3) (108. 4) 113. 9 105. 2 (105. 1) 1959 -------------------- 108. 3 I 9 6 0 _____________ 103. 7 (103. 8 ) 96. 4 (96. 3) 114. 0 109. 9 (109. 8 ) (110. 3) (9 0 . 6 ) 121. 8 (110. 4) 19 61_____________ 109. 8 110. 9 91. 1 1 9 6 2 . __________ 114. 6 (114. 8 ) 130. 1 113. 5 87. 2 (87. 1) (113. 3) 1963 _____________ 116. 5 (116. 8 ) (85. 6 ) 85. 9 (118. 1 ) 137. 9 118. 4 (117. 5) (85. 1) 1964 _____________ 117. 7 85. 0 147..8 125. 6 (125. 8 ) (120. 3) (83. 1) (132. 4) 1965 _____________ 1 2 0 . 0 83. 3 159. 3 132. 7 130. 8 (131. 6 ) 76. 4 (76.0) 172. 3 131. 7 1 9 6 6 _____________ (130. 9) 1 The fig u res shown in p a re n th eses a-re subject to a w ider m arg in of e r r o r than are other m e a su re s for this in d u stry because of the m ethod of estim atin g nonproduction w orker m an -h o u rs. (See T echnical N ote, p. 16. ) 2 The m e a su re s of output used in this table re p re se n t the to tal production of the in d u stry resu ltin g from all em ployees and do not re p re se n t the specific output of any single group of em ployees. Source: Output based on data from the F ib re Box A sso ciation and the B ureau of the C ensus, U .S. D epartm ent of C om m erce. Em ploym ent and m an -h o u rs based on data from the B ureau of L abor S ta tistic s, U .S. D epartm ent of L abor and the B ureau of the C ensus. 11 CHART 3 . CORRUGATED AND SOLID FIB ER BOXES INDUSTRY: INDEXES O F O U TPU T PER NONPRODUCTION WORKER M AN-HOUR, O U TPU T, AND NONPRODUCTION WORKER M AN-HOURS, 1 9 5 8 - 6 6 INDEX ( 1 9 5 8 = 1 0 0 ) RATIO SC A L E 12 CHART 4 . CORRUGATED AND SOLID FIB ER BOXES INDUSTRY.’ INDEXES O F O U TPU T PER M AN-HOUR, A LL EM PLO Y EES,PR O D U C TIO N W ORKERS, AND NONPRODUCTION W O RK ERS, 1 9 5 8 - 6 6 INDEX ( 1 9 5 8 = 1 0 0 ) RATIO SC A L E 13 Technical Note O utput P e r M a n -H o u r I n d e x e s 4 T he in d e x e s o f ou tp u t p e r m a n -h o u r p r e s e n te d in th is r e p o r t h a v e b e e n d e v e lo p e d a c c o r d in g to p r o c e d u r e s fo llo w e d by th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s fo r m e a s u r in g ch a n g e in th e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n in d u str y output and th e m a n -h o u r s e x p en d e d on th a t ou tp u t. F o r an in d u str y p ro d u cin g a s in g le u n ifo r m p ro d u ct o r p e r fo r m in g a s in g le s e r v ic e , th e in d e x e s s im p ly m e a s u r e th e ch a n g e o v e r tim e in th e r a tio : U n its p r o d u c e d to m a n h o u r s . F o r an in d u str y p ro d u cin g a n u m b e r o f p r o d u c ts , th e in d e x e s r e p r e s e n t th e ch a n g e o v e r tim e in th e r a tio : W e ig h ted ou tp u t (of a s p e c if ie d c o m p o s ite o f p r o d u c ts) to m a n h o u r s . A n in d e x of output p er m a n -h o u r fo r e a c h y e a r is o b ta in e d by d iv id in g th e output in d e x b y th e m a n -h o u r in d e x . O utput In d ex F o r c o n str u c tin g in d e x e s o f output p e r m a n -h o u r , th e id e a l ou tp u t in d e x w e ig h ts (m u ltip lie s ) th e q u a n titie s o f a ll p r o d u c ts p r o d u c e d in th e in d u s tr y by th e m a n -h o u r s r e q u ir e d to m a k e on e u n it o f e a c h p ro d u ct in a s p e c if ie d y e a r . T h u s, th o s e p r o d u c ts w h ic h r e q u ir e m o r e la b o r tim e a r e g iv e n m o r e im p o r ta n c e . A lth o u g h u n it m a n -h o u r w e ig h ts a r e p r e fe r a b le fo r c o m b in in g p ro d u ct d a ta , th e y a r e fr e q u e n tly n ot a v a ila b le . T h e r e fo r e , s u b s titu te w e ig h ts b e lie v e d to b e p r o p o r tio n a l to u n it m a n -h o u r w e ig h ts a r e o fte n n e c e s s a r y ---u s u a lly u n it v a lu e w e ig h ts . T h e ou tp u t in d e x e s fo r th e c o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r b o x e s in d u s tr y w e r e c o n s tr u c te d w ith u n it v a lu e w e ig h ts . T h e ou tp u t in d e x e s a r e d e r iv e d fr o m c o m p r e h e n s iv e d a ta c o lle c t e d by th e C e n su s of M a n u fa c tu r e s fo r 1958 and 1963 and an n u al d ata p u b lish e d by th e F ib r e B o x A s s o c ia t io n (F B A ). In d e x e s w e r e co m p u te d fo r 1958 and 1963 fr o m th e c e n s u s d ata (1958 - 100) and a r e r e fe r r e d to a s b e n c h m a r k in d e x e s . A n n u al in d e x e s fo r in t e r c e n s a l y e a r s w e r e b a s e d on l e s s d e ta ile d in fo r m a tio n p u b lish e d by th e tr a d e a s s o c ia t io n and w e r e a d ju ste d to th e le v e l o f th e b e n c h m a r k in d e x e s . T h e 1958—63 b e n c h m a r k in d e x w a s c o n s tr u c te d in th e fo llo w in g m a n n e r : 1. A p h y s ic a l q u a n tity of sh ip m e n ts in d e x w a s co m p u te d fo r th e in d u stry * s p r im a r y p r o d u c ts . T h is in d e x w a s d e r iv e d by co m b in in g th e q u a n titie s w ith 1958 u n it v a lu e w e ig h ts . T a b le 5 sh o w s th e li s t o f p r im a r y p r o d u c ts and 1958 u n it v a lu e w e ig h ts . T h e in d e x r e f le c t s sh ip m e n ts o f c o r r u g a te d and fib e r b o x p r o d u c ts by th e in d u s tr y , and a ls o th o s e sh ip p ed a s s e c o n d a r y p r o d u c ts by o th e r in d u s t r ie s . T h e la tte r a c c o u n te d fo r ab ou t 5 p e r c e n t o f to ta l sh ip m e n ts o f t h e s e p r o d u c ts . Z. T h e in d e x o f p r im a r y p r o d u c ts is a d ju ste d by a " c o v e r a g e " r a tio to r e p r e s e n t to ta l ou tput of th e in d u s tr y . T h e c o v e r a g e a d ju stm e n t is th e r a tio o f th e in d e x o f th e v a lu e o f in d u s tr y p r o d u c tio n (v a lu e of s h ip m e n ts a fte r e x c lu s io n o f r e s a le s and in c lu s io n of n e t a d d itio n s to in v e n to r ie s ) to th e in d e x o f th e v a lu e of sh ip m e n ts o f p r im a r y p r o d u c ts . T h e fin a l in d u s tr y ou tp u t in d e x th u s r e f le c t s in v e n to r y b u ild u p s and ch a n g in g p r o p o r tio n s o f s e c o n d a r y p r o d u c ts , a s w e ll a s th e p r im a r y p r o d u c ts sh ip p e d by th e in d u s tr y . T h is p r o c e d u r e a s s u m e s th a t th e p r ic e m o v e m e n ts b e tw e e n c e n s u s y e a r s fo r th e p r o d u c ts p r im a r y to th e in d u s tr y (in c lu d in g th o s e sh ip p ed by o th e r in d u s tr ie s ) w e r e th e s a m e a s p r ic e m o v e m e n ts fo r th e in d u str y * s to ta l s h ip m e n ts . S in c e p r im a r y p r o d u c ts a c c o u n te d fo r 97 p e r c e n t o f to ta l sh ip m e n ts in 1963 and 1958 and th e in d u str y a c c o u n te d fo r 95 p e r c e n t o f th e p r im a r y p r o d u c ts , lit t le d iffe r e n c e ca n o c c u r in th e p r ic e m o v e m e n ts . 4 For a more detailed description of the general concepts and procedures, see ch. 23, "Output Per Man-Hour Measures: Industries, " BLS Handbook of Methods for Surveys and Studies (BLS Bulletin 1458, 1966). 14 T a b le 5 . C o r r u g a te d and S o lid F ib e r B o x e s In d u stry : U n it V a lu e W eig h ts U s e d in C o m p ilin g O utput I n d e x e s, and R e la tiv e Im p o r ta n c e o f P r o d u c t G r o u p s, 1958 and 1963 P rod u ct group B e n c h m a r k in d ex: C o r r u g a te d sh ip p in g c o n t a in e r s --------S o lid fib e r b o x e s ________________________ C o rru g a ted p a p e r b o a r d in s h e e ts and r o l l s , lin e d and u n lin e d ----------C o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r p a lle ts , p ad s an d p a r titio n s ----------------------------C o r r u g a te d and s o lid fib e r b o x e s , (not s p e c if ie d by kind) ----------------------T o ta l __________________________________ A n n u al in d ex: C o r r u g a te d sh ip p in g c o n t a in e r s --------S o lid fib e r b o x e s ------------------------------------- U n it v a lu e w e ig h ts 1963 1958 R e la tiv e im p o r ta n c e 1963 1958 (D o lla r s pe r sh o r t ton) (P e r cent) 2 2 4 .5 1 2 4 0 .7 4 214. 92 262. 77 90. 53 2. 68 93. 73 1. 18 1 9 6 .2 6 169. 70 3. 59 2. 00 2 4 0 .3 9 221. 73 1. 06 1. 27 2 2 5 .2 5 265. 00 2. 15 1 0 0 .0 0 1. 82 100. 00 (D o lla r s pc;r th o u sa n d square feet) 15. 99 34. 21 15. 89 35. 94 S o u r c e : B e n c h m a r k w e ig h ts d e r iv e d fr o m the C e n su s o f M a n u fa c tu r e s : 1963, B u rea u of th e C e n su s, U .S . D e p a r tm e n t o f C o m m e r c e . A n n u al w e ig h ts d e r iv e d fr o m d ata p u b lish e d in F ib r e B o x In d u str y S t a t is t ic s , 1958 and 1963, F ib r e B o x A s s o c ia t io n . 15 T he in d e x e s fo r in t e r c e n s a l y e a r s a r e b a s e d on d ata p u b lish e d by th e F B A in th e F ib r e B o x In d u stry S t a t is t ic s , th e ir an n u al p u b lic a tio n . F B A d ata a ls o w e r e u s e d to co m p u te th e u n it v a lu e w e ig h ts n e e d e d to c o m b in e an n u a l p r o d u ct ou tp u t b e c a u s e q u an tity u n its r e p o r te d in th e C e n su s of M a n u fa c tu r e s d iffe r fr o m th o s e r e p o r te d by th e F B A . T h e C e n su s of M a n u fa c tu r e s r e p o r ts ou tp u t in to n s w h ile th e F B A r e p o r ts p ro d u c tio n in th o u sa n d s o f sq u a r e f e e t . T a b le 5 sh o w s th e p ro d u ct b rea k d o w n r e p o r te d by th e F B A and th e c o r r e s p o n d in g u n it v a lu e w e ig h ts fo r 1958 and 1963. T h e an n u al ou tp u t in d e x e s w e r e d e r iv e d by th e fo llo w in g p r o c e d u r e s : 1. T h e q u an tity o f e a c h p r o d u ct p r o d u c e d fo r th e y e a r s 1958 th ro u g h 1963 w a s m u ltip lie d by th e a p p r o p r ia te 1958 u n it v a lu e w e ig h t. 2. T h e r e s u ltin g w e ig h te d a g g r e g a te s , su m m e d fo r e a c h y e a r , w e r e d iv id e d by th e 1958 w e ig h te d a g g r e g a te to o b ta in an n u al ou tp u t in d e x e s (1 9 5 8 z 100). 3. T h e an n u al in d e x e s th en w e r e a d ju ste d to th e 1958—6 3 b e n c h m a r k in d e x e s d e v e lo p e d fr o m C e n su s o f M a n u fa c tu r e s d a ta . T h e c u m u la tiv e a d ju stm e n t b e tw e e n 1958 and 1963 w a s about 4 p e r c e n t. 4. T h e 1963—66 in d e x e s a r e b a s e d on 1963 u n it v a lu e w e ig h ts , lin k e d to th e 1958 w e ig h te d in d e x e s in 1963. E m p lo y m e n t and M a n -H o u r s In d e x e s E m p lo y m e n t and m a n -h o u r in d e x e s m e a s u r e ch a n g e in th e s e e le m e n ts o v e r a p e r io d of t im e . E m p lo y e e s and e m p lo y e e m a n -h o u r s a r e tr e a te d a s h o m o g e n e o u s and a d d itiv e . T h u s, th e in d e x e s do n ot r e f le c t c h a n g e s in q u a lita tiv e a s p e c ts o f e m p lo y m e n t su c h a s s k ill, e ff ic ie n c y , h e a lth , e x p e r ie n c e , a g e , and s e x o f p e r s o n s c o n stitu tin g th e a g g r e g a te . T h e m a n -h o u r d a ta r e la te to to ta l tim e ex p en d e d by e m p lo y e e s in e s ta b lis h m e n ts c l a s s i fie d in th e in d u s tr y . T h e s e d a ta in c lu d e h o u r s sp e n t n o t o n ly on p r o d u c tio n o f p r im a r y p r o d u c ts , but a ls o on s e c o n d a r y p r o d u c ts and m is c e lla n e o u s p r o d u c tio n . S ix la b o r in p u t in d e x e s h a v e b e e n d e v e lo p e d fo r th e c o r r u g a te d b o x in d u str y : A ll e m p lo y e e s , p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s , n o n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s , a ll e m p lo y e e m a n -h o u r s , p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s , and n o n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s . " P r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s" c o v e r w o r k in g fo r e m e n and a ll n o n s u p e r v is o r y w o r k e r s (in clu d in g le a d m e n and tr a in e e s ) e n g a g e d in fa b r ic a tin g , p r o c e s s in g , a s s e m b lin g , in s p e c tio n , r e c e iv in g , s to r a g e , h a n d lin g , p a c k in g , w a r e h o u sin g , sh ip p in g , m a in te n a n c e , r e p a ir , j a n it o r ia l and w a tc h m a n s e r v ic e s , p ro d u ct d e v e lo p m e n t, a u x ilia r y p r o d u c tio n fo r plan t*s ow n u s e (e. g. , p o w erp la n t o p e r a tio n s ), r e c o r d k e e p in g , and o th e r s e r v ic e s c lo s e ly a s s o c ia te d w ith p ro d u ctio n a c t iv it ie s . T h e te r m th u s in c lu d e s s o m e in d ir e c t a s w e ll a s d ir e c t p la n t la b o r . " N o n p ro d u ctio n w o r k e r s" in c lu d e e m p lo y e e s e n g a g e d in th e fo llo w in g a c tiv it ie s : E x e c u tiv e , p u r c h a s in g , fin a n c e , a c c o u n tin g , le g a l, p e r s o n n e l, c a fe te r ia , m e d ic a l, p r o f e s s io n a l and te c h n ic a l a c t iv it ie s , s a le s , a d v e r tis in g , c r e d it, c o lle c t io n , in s ta lla tio n and s e r v ic in g o f ow n p r o d u c ts , r o u tin e o ffic e fu n c tio n s , fa c to r y s u p e r v is io n (a b o v e th e w o rk in g fo r e m a n le v e l) , and f o r c e - a c c o u n t c o n s tr u c tio n e m p lo y e e s on th e p a y r o ll e n g a g e d in c o n s tr u c tio n o f m a jo r a d d itio n s o r a lte r a tio n s to th e p la n t w ho a r e u t iliz e d a s a s e p a r a te w ork fo r c e . " A ll e m p lo y e e s " r e p r e s e n t th e su m o f p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s and n o n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s . E m p lo y m e n t and P r o d u c tio n W o rk er M a n -H o u r s . T h e in d e x e s o f to ta l e m p lo y m e n t, p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s , p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r m a n -h o u r s , and n o n p ro d u c tio n w o r k e r s w e r e b a s e d on d ata p u b lish e d by th e B u rea u o f th e C e n s u s . D a ta fo r 1958 and 1963 w e r e o b ta in e d fr o m the 16 C en su s of M anufactures and data for the rem ain in g y e a r s from the Annual Survey of M an u factu res7^ P rodu ction w ork er m a n -h o u rs includ e a ll the hou rs at the plant, w orked or paid fo r, and exclud e paid tim e for v a ca tio n s, h o lid a y s, or sic k le a v e . O vertim e and other prem iu m pay hou rs are includ ed on the b a sis of actu al tim e at the plant. A ll E m p loyee M an -H ou rs. The ind ex of a ll em p lo y ee m a n -h o u rs for th is ind ustry is d eriv ed from th ree com pon ents: (l) P rodu ction w ork er m a n -h o u rs (from cen su s data); (2) num ber of nonproduction w o rk ers (from cen su s data); and (3) an estim a te of average annual hou rs at w ork for nonproduction w o rk ers (p repared by the B ureau of Labor S ta tistics for th is rep ort and d eriv ed p rim a rily from D ep artm ent of Labor stu d ies). A v erage annual hours for nonproduction w o rk ers w ere d eriv ed by m u ltip lyin g e s t i m ated sch ed u led w eek ly hou rs by the num ber of w eek s in the y ea r. T im e aw ay from the job, as rep resen ted by v a rio u s typ es of lea v e , w as su b tracted from to ta l annual hours to obtain annual hou rs at w ork. Scheduled w eek ly hou rs for nonproduction w o rk ers w ere estim a ted from unpublished data c o lle c te d in BLS su rv ey s of em p loyer exp en d itu res for s e le c te d sup plem en tary rem u n erativ e p r a c tic e s. T h ese sch ed u led hours w ere a v aila b le for SIC Group 26, paper and a llied prod u cts, of w hich the co rru gated and so lid fib er b oxes ind ustry is a part. The a v erage annual hou rs w orked by nonproduction w o rk ers in th is ind ustry for se le c te d y e a r s w ere estim a ted as fo llo w s: A verage annual hours 1958 ____________ I960 ____________ 1963 ____________ 1, 876 1, 873 1, 872 T h ese e stim a te s w ere m u ltip lied by the num ber of nonproduction w o rk ers to obtain the m an -h ou r in d exes for nonproduction w o rk ers shown on table 4. Since em p loym ent tren d s for nonproduction w o rk ers la r g e ly d eterm in e th eir m an -h ou r tren d s, any rea so n a b le a ltern a tiv e e stim a te s of paid tim e off w ould r e su lt in only m inor d iffe ren c es in the non production w ork er m an-h our in d ex es and in no sig n ifica n t ch an ges in the a ll em p loyee m an -h ou r in d ex es. 5 Employees in central administrative offices and auxiliaries of corrugated box companies are not included. Appendix. Corrugated and Solid Fiber Boxes Industry: Average Annual Rates of Change (Percent) 1 (To obtain annual ra tes of change betw een any 2 y e a r s show n, find row for in itia l y ea r at left of tab le and read fig u re in that row under the term in a l yea r shown on top) Initial year 1958 1959 1959 I960 1. 6 0. 6 4 - I960 T erm in a l y ea r 1962 1964 1961 1963 Output per a ll em p loyee m an-h our 2. 0 2. 5 5. 6 _ - 1961 _ - _ 1963 1964 1965 - - - - - - - - 1962 “ ” 2. 8 3. 3 4. 2 4. 0 6. 6 2. 1 2. 5 3. 5 1. 5 “ 1965 - 2 .9 3. 2 3. 7 3. 4 3. 8 1. 1 - 2 .9 3. 1 3 .4 3. 1 3. 1 1. 8 2. 4 ” 6. 1 6.2 6.4 6. 1 6.8 6.9 7. 0 7. 5 7. 8 - “ Output 13. 9 _ - 1958 1959 I9 6 0 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 6.8 .1 - 6. 1 6. 1 4. 8 6.8 6.8 ' 3.4 6.8 ' 5. 3 6.6 6.4 6.0 “ 5. 7 6.6 6.6 6.6 7. 2 - A ll em p loyee m a n -h o u rs 12. 1 1958 1959 mm I960 - 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 — 6.2 .5 - 4. 1 .8 1. 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - See footnote at end of ta b le. 3. 9 3. 2 5. 3 - 2. 2 17 3. 2 1. 9 2.2 2. 3 6 - 3. 2 2. 4 2.8 3. 1 2. 7 6.0 - 3. 4 9 3. 3 3. 7 3. 8 5. 6 5. 2 2. 18 (To obtain annual ra te s of change betw een any 2 y e a rs shown, find row for in itia l y ear at left of table and read figure in th at row under the te rm in a l y ear shown on top) In itial y ea r 1958 ________________ 1959 ___________________ 1960 _ 1 9 6 1 ...................................... 1962 _____ ___________ 1963 ___________________ 1964 ___________________ 1965 ____________ ______ T erm in a l yea r 1962 1963 1959 I960 1961 1964 Output per a ll em p lo y ee 3. 6 - 0. 5 -2 . 6 - 2. 1 2. 2 7. 1 - - - 2. 5 2. 7 4. 7 2. 3 - - 3. 1 3. 4 4. 8 4. 1 6. 0 - - 3. 3 3. 6 4. 6 4. 1 4. 6 3. 3 - 1965 1966 3. 4 3. 6 4. 2 3. 8 4. 0 3. 1 2. 8 - 3. 3 3. 5 3 .9 3. 5 3 .4 2. 7 2. 4 1 .9 3. 0 3. 4 3. 6 3. 4 3. 6 1 .8 2. 4 - 2. 9 3. 2 3. 3 3. 0 3. 0 1 .8 2. 0 1. 5 3. 3 2. 6 3. 1 3. 4 3. 6 3. 1 3. 6 4. 0 4. 2 5. 8 5. 9 6. 5 Output per production w orker m an -h ou r 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 _____________ ______ ______ _____________ ___________________ ___________________ ..................................... ___________________ -0 . 2 - 0. 2 .5 - - 1 .8 3. 0 5. 4 - 1 .9 2. 6 3. 1 .9 - - 2. 8 3. 5 4. 3 4. 3 7. 9 - 2. 9 3. 5 3. 9 3. 8 4. 5 1. 3 - - P rodu ction w orker m an -hours 1958 1959 I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ____ ______________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ 14. 1 - 6. 6 4 - 4. 3 .4 1. 3 - 4. 1 2. 1 3. 6 5. 9 - - - - - - - - “ - - - “ 3. 2 1. 7 2. 2 2. 0 - 1 .8 - 3. 2 2. 1 2. 6 2. 7 1. 9 5. 8 - - 3. 3 5. 5 5. 2 - 19 (To obtain annual ra te s of change betw een any 2 y e a rs shown, find row for in itial y ear at left of table and read figure in that row under the te rm in a l y ear shown on top) Initial year 1958 __________________ 1959 ...................... ........ . I 9 6 0 __________________ 1961 ________ ___ _____ 1 9 6 2 _________ ____ ___ 1963 __________________ 1 9 8 4 ................. 1985 1959 I960 2. 3 . . . 0. 1 - 2. 1 - - . . T erm in al y ear 1964 1963 1961 1962 Output per production w orker 2.0 2. 5 7. 4 . _ - - 2. 3 2. 7 4. 5 1. 6 - . - 3. 1 3. 7 5. 1 4. 5 7. 5 _ . - 3. 5 4.-0 5. 0 4. 7 5. 7 4. 0 _ - 1965 1966 3. 6 4. 0 4. 7 4 .4 4. 8 3. 5 3. 1 - 3.4 3. 7 4. 0 3. 6 3. 6 2.4 1.4 -. 2 3. 8 3. 8 4. 0 4. 8 5. 4 5. 9 5. 2 3. 6 3. 5 3. 6 4. 0 4. 1 3. 7 2.0 N onproduction w o rk er m an -h o u rs 1958 __________________ 1959 __________________ I 9 6 0 __________________ 1 9 6 1 __________________ 1962 __________________ 1963 __________________ 1964 ___ _____________ 1965 __________________ 5. 1 . . . - 4. 8 4. 5 - 3. 5 2. 5 .5 . - 3. 0 2. 3 1. 6 2.6 . - 3. 1 2. 7 2. 5 3.4 4. 2 _ - 3. 5 3. 3 3. 5 4. 4 5. 4 6.5 - - -1. 1 Output p er nonproduction w o rk er m an-ho ur 1958 1959 I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1985 __________________ _______________________ __________________ __________________ _________________ _________________ __________________ 8 .4 . . - 1. 9 -4 . 2 . . - 2.6 .9 6. 3 . “ 3. 0 2. 4 5. 2 4. 1 “ 2. 9 2. 5 4. 0 2.9 1. 7 ” 2. 7 2. 3 3. 1 2. 1 1. 2 .6 “ 2. 5 2. 2 2. 7 2.0 1. 5 1. 5 2. 4 “ 2.9 2.8 3. 3 3. 0 3. 1 3. 9 5. 8 9.4 1 A verage annual ra te s a re based on the lin ear le a st sq u ares tren d line fitted to the lo g arith m s of the index n u m b ers. Other Recent BLS Publications on Productivity and Automation I n d e x e s of O utput P e r M a n -H o u r— S e le c t e d I n d u s tr ie s , 1939 and 1947—67 (B u lle tin 1 61 2). O cto b er 196 8. 102 pp. 65 c e n ts . A ir T r a n s p o r ta tio n In d u str y , 1947—64 (R e p o r t 3 0 8 ). A u g u st 1 9 6 6 . 14 pp. ( F r e e ) . A lu m in u m R o llin g and D ra w in g I n d u str y , 1958—65 (R e p o r t 3 1 4 ). D e c e m b e r 196 6. 20 pp. ( F r e e ) . C o n c r e te P r o d u c ts In d u str y , 1947—63 (R e p o r t 3 0 0 ). N o v e m b e r 19 6 5 . 20 pp. (F r ee). F o o tw e a r In d u str y , 1947—6 3 . J u ly 196 5. 17 pp. ( F r e e ) . G as and E le c t r ic U t ilit ie s In d u str y , 1932—6 2 . A p r il 19 6 4 . 19 pp. ( F r e e ) . H o s ie r y I n d u str y , 1947—6 4 . (R e p o r t 3 07 ). Ju n e 196 6. 22 pp. ( F r e e ) . M a n -M a d e F ib e r s In d u str y , 1957—6 3 . O c to b er 19 6 5 . 20 pp. ( F r e e ) . M o to r V e h ic le s and E q u ip m en t In d u s tr y , 1957—6 6 . (B u lle tin 1 6 1 3 ). D e c e m b e r 196 8. 31 pp. 45 c e n ts . P r im a r y A lu m in u m In d u str y , 1947—6 2 . S e p te m b e r 19 6 4 . 15 pp. ( F r e e ) . R a d io and T e le v is io n R e c e iv in g S e ts In d u str y , 1958—6 6 . N o v e m b e r 19 6 8 . 27 pp. (F r ee). I m p lic a tio n s o f A u to m a tio n and O th er T e c h n o lo g ic a l D e v e lo p m e n ts T e c h n o lo g y and M an p ow er in th e T e x tile In d u str y o f th e 1 9 7 0 's (B u lle tin 15 7 8 , 1 9 6 8 ). 60 c e n ts . M a n p o w er P la n n in g fo r T e c h n o lo g ic a l C h an ge: C a se S tu d ie s o f T e le p h o n e O p e r a to r s (B u lle tin 15 7 4 , 196 8). 34 pp. 30 c e n ts . Job R e d e s ig n fo r O ld er W o r k e r s, T en C a se S tu d ie s (B u lle tin 1 5 2 3 , 1 96 7). 63 pp. 40 c e n ts . T e c h n o lo g ic a l T r e n d s in M ajo r A m e r ic a n I n d u s tr ie s (B u lle tin 1 4 7 4 , 1 9 6 6 ). 269 pp. $ 1. 50. T e c h n o lo g ic a l C h an ge and D is e m p lo y m e n t o f L a b o r a t th e E s ta b lis h m e n t L e v e l. 196 6. 17 pp. ( F r e e ) . Im p a ct o f O ffic e A u to m a tio n in th e I n su r a n c e In d u str y (B u lle tin 1 4 6 8 , 1 9 6 6 ). 7 1 pp. 45 c e n ts . O u tloo k fo r N u m e r ic a l C o n tr o l o f M a ch in e T o o ls : A Stu d y o f a K ey T e c h n o lo g ic a l D e v e lo p m e n t in M e ta lw o r k in g I n d u s tr ie s (B u lle tin 1 4 3 7 , 1 9 6 5 ). 63 pp. 40 c e n ts . L a b o r and M a te r ia l R e q u ir e m e n ts fo r — S c h o o l C o n str u c tio n (B u lle tin 1 5 8 6 , 1 96 8). 23 pp. 30 c e n ts . P r iv a te O n e -F a m ily H o u se C o n str u c tio n (B u lle tin 1 4 0 4 , 1 9 6 4 ). 37 pp. 30 c e n ts . P u b lic H o u sin g C o n str u c tio n (B u lle tin 1 4 0 2 , 1 9 6 4 ). 42 pp. 30 c e n ts . C o lle g e H o u sin g C o n str u c tio n (B u lle tin 1 4 4 1 , 1 9 6 5 ). 34 pp. 30 c e n ts . S e w e r W ork s C o n str u c tio n (B u lle tin 1 4 9 0 , 1 9 6 6). 31 pp. 30 c e n ts . C o n str u c tio n o f F e d e r a lly A id e d H ig h w a y s, 1 9 5 8 , 1 9 6 1 , and 19 6 4 . (R e p o r t 2 9 9 , 1 9 6 6). 17 pp. ( F r e e ) . P r o d u c tiv ity : A B ib lio g r a p h y , J u ly 196 6. (B u lle tin 1 5 1 4 ). 129 pp. 65 c e n ts . In d u str y P r o d u c tiv ity P r o j e c tio n s , A M e th o d o lo g ic a l S tu d y . 19 6 6 . 5 pp. ( F r e e ) . I n d e x e s of O utput P e r M a n -H o u r , H o u rly C o m p e n s a tio n , and U n it L a b o r C o s ts in th e M a n u fa ctu rin g S e c to r , 1947—6 8 . O cto b er 19 6 9 . 1 p. ( F r e e ) . I n d e x e s o f O utput P e r M a n -H o u r fo r th e P r iv a te E c o n o m y , 1947—6 8 . O cto b er 196 9. 4 p p . (F r ee). I n d e x e s o f O utput P e r M a n -H o u r , H o u rly C o m p e n sa tio n , and U n it L a b o r C o s ts in th e P r iv a te S e c to r o f th e E c o n o m y and th e N o n fa rm S e c to r , 1947—6 8 . O c to b er 196 9. 2 pp. ( F r e e ) . S a l e s p u b lic a t io n s m a y b e p u r c h a s e d f r o m th e S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , U . S . G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O f f ic e , W a s h in g to n , D . C . 2 0 4 0 2 , o r f r o m r e g io n a l o f f i c e s o f th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s a t th e a d d r e s s e s s h o w n b e lo w . F r e e p u b lic a t io n s a r e a v a i l a b le a s lo n g a s th e s u p p ly l a s t s , f r o m th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s , U .S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , W a s h in g to n , D . C . 2 0 2 1 2 . REGIONAL OFFICES Region I 1603-A Federal Office Building Boston, Mass. 02203 Region II 341 Ninth Avenue New York, N. 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