Full text of Illustrated History of the United States Mint
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I! t . . ·. Dig,trzed by G ogle Digitized by Google ' ~ I I Digitized by Google Digitized by Google .I I I iv ( J Dig1l1zodbyGoogle I Digitized by Google Digitized by Google ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 01" THE UNITED STATES MINT WITH A COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF AMERICAN COINAGE, From the earliest period to the present time. The Process of Melting, Refining, Assaying, and Coining Gold arid Silver fully described: WITH BIOGR.A.PHIC.A.L SXETCHE OP Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, John Jay Knox, James P. Kimball, Daniel M. Fox, and the Mint Officers from its foundation to the present time, TO WHICH ARE ADDED A GLOSSARY OF MINT TERMS AND THK LATEST OFFICIAL TABLES OF·THE Annual Products of Gold and Silver in the different States, and Foreign Countries, with Monetary Statistics of all Nations. ILLUSTRATED with PHOTOTYPES, STEEL PLATE PORTRAITS and WOOD ENGRAVINGS,. with NUMEROUS PLATES of Photographic Reproductions of RARE AMERICAN COINS, and Price list of their numismatic value, New R_evised Edi"tion, Edi"ted by the Publi"sher~ PHILADELPHIA: GEORGE G. EV ANS, PUBLISHER. 1887. Digitized by Google • r 'HARV/\R J-., UN !Vt= RSITY ue;<ARY ~61 -V:'b~ -... Oot,yrlght.od by G. Ev4lllb, 1886, 6:11:0BOE DUNLAP .. CLARKE, Pan,,. .... .f,)IIIJ Book BntDSU 819•21 ll'U, HRT 8TJl&&T, PHILA.DSLPI IU,. Digitized by Google INDEX. Adjuoting room ............................................................................................... .. American coins In Hawaii................................................................................ . II fil~~~~i:~~:::::•.:::•.:::•::::••::::•:::::::::.:•::::::.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.::::::::::::::::: gold product of the dlJferent states and territories ............................ . silver u " " ............................ . A.mount coined In 1884 (fiocal year) .................................................................. . " of Coin In the United States ............................................................... . Ancient coining .............................................................................................. . PAGB 32 141 129 129 136 136 13~ 136 2 « " Greek coins ........................................................................................ . " Roman coins ...................................................................................... . 46 1~hti!;1~!;~\~~;bted·~·~~i·~·~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::..:::::: 29 5 137 Persian coins ...................................................................................... . , 45 8 ;i;J:ti~t±Et;/t/'.'.\/E//:i/\/\}//\)HH:Hii/H/I 23 112 24 25 rooms ................................................................................................ . 24 ~~er, ~itff:,~·• Mint ~ngraver_-_-:.:::::··:::.:·_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-.-.:::::·:::::::::::::::::::.::::::::::::::::::: 116 116 Bars manufactured at Minta during fi•cal year ending June 30, 1884 ................. . 128 Bland dollar, hl•tory of .................................................................................... . Bond of Indemnity signed by employees of first mint, 1799 ...•••.••..•...............•.•.•.• 62 17 112 102 111 113 FJ::~~:litrt~::t~~~~:·::::.:::::::::::::.::::::::::::.:::::·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·::·::::·:·:·:·:·::·:·:·:·:·:·::·::·:·: Boyd, N. B., ABBiatant Melter and Refiner ........................................................ . Brazilian coins ................................................................................................ . Bullion deposit and purchase of (table) ............................................................. . ::" 58 132 ~~ t~~j"!l\E~ :i'~t~~~.~~~.~~~.~~::::::::::::::::::::::::.::::::::::::::::::::::::·:::.:::::: 132 135 133 0 wasted in operation........................... . ............................................... . Brief explanation of terms commonly used In treating of bullion, Mint coinage, and money, (see oummary) ......................................................................... . 150 Cabinet of coin• and relics................................................................................ 41 g~rJ:;'"J:.~::: N:ig~i~~~·.-.:::::::::·.·:.:::·::::.::·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: us, llI Chinese coins.. .-................................................................................................. 51 · 136 137 112 Circulation of gold and silver In the United States....................................... 130-132, " ot silver dollars.............................................................................. Cloud, Joseph................................................................................................... Cobb, Mark H, Cashier..................................................................................... Cotge.fn~·::~1if~i·~~·~~~·~~~i;;~~:·:·::::·.··:·:·::·:·.::.::·:·::·:·:·::::::::'.:::::::::'.::·:::::::::::::·::::::::: and milling rooms............................... ............................................... for Foreign States at the Mint of the United States............................... of first silver dollar ............................ ~................... ............. ............... of standard dollars............................................................................... of the United States in 1884.................................................................. " 99 117 ' ;; of various countries, (see table)............................................................ 35 141 rn 137 13.5 1:-39 Coiner• of Mint. ............................................................................................... 109-112 Coins claBBlficatlon of........................................................................................ 48-68 " English, of the Commonwealth and Cromwell............................................ 56,57 " issued at the U.S. Mint at Philadelphia, from its establishment In 1792, · to 1885............................................................................................... 81-89 " ot Athens................................................................................................ 4i " ot China ................................................................................. :........ ,........ 51 "" ~~of Kalakaua.. ~~l[~;;~d·;,:;;,i""j~;;_i;~i"i.;:::::::::::::::::::::·.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::i::.:·:::::::::::::::::: ........ .. . . . ... ... .. . .. .... ... .. . .. .... . .... .. . .. .... ... . . . ... ... . ...... ... ...... ... .. . . . . 11 of Siam ........................................................................ ,........................... ~ 141 50 " ~~f:'z~~r:!~t~::::::::::::::·::·.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: lll5-tg~46 " Syrian............................................. ......................................................... Digitized by Google IV Colonial coins ................................................................................................. .. " paper money ................................ ............................................. . ,,u, .•• pine tree money ................................................................................ .. ~:~=~ (iJ. es.11'.\~~~~/~~ .~.~~.~~~~.°.~.~~'..~. '..~..~~~.~.~~.~.~~·l·•·~'..~~~.~.~..~.~~~::·.:· Co.Py of p"J'er laid in corner stone of the Mint ................................................ .. 1 Costu::.~ Cox, Albion ..................................................................................................... . Curator of the Mint......................................................................................... . Curiosities and n1inerala .................................................................................. . Currency of the United States, (table of) ........................................................... . 0.!':J!~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::·::.'.'.'.'.".'.'.:·::::.:·.::·::.'.'.'.'.".'.'.'::::::::::::::::::::::: II u world, " .............................................................. . Def.""its of ~old of domestic production at Mints, for year endln~ June, 1884...... De;aus•?'il!~!i~Whi¥=;:~~~;:::·:·::·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:.:·.':·::::::::::::::::::::::: Dies and medals............................................................ ..... ...... ...... ...... ............ 0 mad.e in 1884............. .................................................. ........... " P£GB 69 122 69 s., 162 18 12 6 117 118 48 148 140 lfJ 1~I 147 147 Dimes and half dimes....................................................................................... 130 Directors and Superintendent. ol Mints ............................................................ 101-109 Distribution of currency or the United States................................................... l-i6 ~:1:~ Do)[ar bistor, of:::::::::·.::·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:::::::::::::::::::::::.::::::::::::::::::: " trade " .................................................................................... Donations or old coins .............. ,........................................................................ Double eagle of 1849, history of.............................. ........................................... ~ 61 69 65 ~~ ti!; tifil.:''it.~:;!~.~.~~?~.::::·.:::·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 12a-I¥ Earnings and expenditures of Philadelphia Mint .............................................. 135,136 :!..~~f~~~~"/i=f i/ /Ct/\\}ii ,Jg " of the Commonwealth and Cromwell............................................. 67 Engravers and die-sinkers at the Mint.. ............................................................ 113-116 l?..iif!t;;~j:~~~:~;~i:.:.:_::::::::::.:·:·:·:·::::·:·:·::·::·:::::::::::::::::::::::::.:.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~f:".:rt;:' c" ~~~li~~1~~ ~,i~~e<u~1i~ t~i~~~:.:::::::·::::.::·:::::::.::·::::::::::::::::::::: " report of the Director of the Mint................................................ tt m Resolution of Congress relating to Mint....................................... 120 19 1 lf:.1f rn~~~n~i~J~'.~~:.:·:.::::·::::::.:::·:::::.:·.:::::::::.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::. " U.S.money " .......................................................... ......................... 14 " tr Foreign coins, value ofin United States money, (table of)................................. 144 Fox, Hon. Daniel M., Sunerintendent............................................................... 106-109 French coins, Marie Antoinette, etc.................................................................. 54 German coins .................................................................................................. . g~-;,s:::lt~~~\~\~~:'.'.~::::::.::·::.:::·:::.:·.:·:.:·.:::·:·.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :n;:~ G~}d .:~~ i;,u.~:~ii~~~ho"t~t!';.,~~fa~~.i~~~ .~~~'.~~~.~.~-~.~~•.~.~ " bars exchanged for coin, (table of) ........................................................ ,.. . " " " " ~~~.i.'.'.~.:.~.~~ ~~Y~~~lJu'v:at:o~~:ri:.....:: ....... ::::::::::·::::::::.:·.:·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: coins of the United States ........................................................................ . fluctuations of, from 1862 to 1878 ............................................................. .. medallic ducat, head of Luther .................................................................. silver, and bronze medals made in 1884..................................................... . &~~~f!1nd:;i~;~~~-~~~~~-.".".".".".".".::·.:·:::.·:.:·::.".".".".".".".".·.~:::::·:.:·:.::::·:.:·.:~:::·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Greek Republic .............................................................................................. .. Gun money of James II ................................................................................... . Hamilton, Alexander ...................................................................................... . Head of Jupiter Ammon, (a specimen of) ......................................................... . " Minerva, with Greek helmet.. ............................................................ .. Heraldic emblems ...................................................... , .................................... .. Historical sketch of first U.S. Mint.. ............................................... ................. . ::::; iti~f::~t I£Fil~r:z:t.~.:.:..-_.:_.: .: : :.: :.-:.:·:.-: : : : : : . .: :.-: : : : : : : : : : : : 0 Digitized by Google 55 150 116 132 139 134 128 67 154 148 66 147 46 44 46 57 92 -!7 66 5 7-10 1-6 17 6 ' V lmporie, 1882 to 1884, comparative statement ...................................... :............. . Incidents of hll!tory on coins ............................................................................. introduction .................................................................................................... . PAGB 1-1.2 ' 1,2 53 90, 91 58 Xalall:aua, coin• of....: ...................................................................................... . Kimball, .raw.,. Putnam ..................................................................................... . f~!~iw:w;a~·; i:~:~:~ .~!~~~~ :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::·.-.-.:::::·.-.-.-.-.::::::·:.::::::·.:·.::: K:nox, John Jay, ....................................................................•............................. Langungc upon coins and medals .................................................................... . Linderman, Henry Richard, M. D., Superintendent ................... ................... ... . Longacre, James B., EngraTer .......................................................................... . McClure, R. A., Curator...................................................................... .............. 141 98,94 116 114 95-98 6 104 115 118 ri~~~ a,h:!~1~:i~~i~·~:::::::·.·_-_-.::::·.::::::::::::::::::.::::::::::·.::·_-_-_-_-_-_-::::::::::::::::::::::::.:: " and dies made at the Philadelphia Mint .................... ,........................... :f; 147 gf''&~ectf n'°~!~;,;{j;j;;;:::·_-_-.-.::·.:::·::.:::·.:·.::: :::::::::::: :·::::.:·.-. :::::::::::::::::·:::.::::::::: French " ...... .. . ......... .......... .. .... ... ... .. .......... ........ ......... . ..... . gi54 f:!i:~d/.;;;i~!~::::::::::::::::::::::::.:·:::::::.·.:·.·.·.·_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-.·_-.·.·_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-:::::::::::::: J 0 and proof sets sold at the Mint .................................................. ,............ 147 partial list of, for sale at the Mint .......................................................... 151-153 Melter and refiner's office.................................................................................. 23 Melters and refiners or the Mint ..........................................................•........... 112,113 !!citing rooms .............................................................. , ......... ...... .... ,................ 26 l\letallic money In Colonial t.imes..................... ...... .. . ..................... ...... ...... ...... 60 Mexican coins.................................................................................................. 58 Mint earnings and expenditures ...................................... ,................................ 185 " engravers ................................................................................................ 113-116 " officers.................................................... ................................................. 123 M~?ey " German Grecian " " ........................................................ .................... ...... ................... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. ....... Time of Moses.............................................................................. Turki•h Empire........................................................................... United States............................................................................... Moore, Samuel, M. D., Director.......................................................................... Morgan, Geor~e T., Assistant Engraver........................................... .................. Morris, Robert, diary of.................................................................................... 1 ' 55 46 46 64 61 102 116 7 National medals ................................................................................................ 151-153 New Yorll:doubloon.......................................................................................... 61 Note to visitors of the Philadelphia Mint.......................................................... 163 Notes on the early history of the Mint.............................................................. 7-10 Number of ounces of standard ailver purchased for fiscal year or 1884............... 134 Oak tree money ............................................................................................... . Officera of Mint ............................................................................................... . Oliver f:romwell, cast of.................................................................................... . Oriental coins .......................................................................... ........................ . Paciftc coast coins ............................................................................................ . Paper money, agip-egate issue in war times ....................................................... . Parting and refimng ........................................................................................ . ro:;!•/.;_~· D., Dir4;:'tor_-::::::·_-_-_-_-.-.:::::::::::::.'.':::::.'.':::.'.'::::::::::::::::·::.::::::::: Patt,'.'rson, Pay roll of first Mint ....................................................................................... . Peale, Franklin, Coiner and Assayer ............................................................... . Penny of William the Conqueror ..................................................................... . Persian coins ...... ............................................................................................ . ;~~}:,rf~!~! f/.~ g1~~!t~~~~~:-.'.'.'.'.'.·:.::::::::·.::•.-:.·::::::::::::::::::::::::::·.:::::::::::::.:::::::::: Philadelphia Mint, operations of.................................................................... . 9 Pine tree money .............................................................................................. . Pollock, James, A.M. LL. D., Director .............................................................. . ~ortraiture upon coins .................................................................................. .. . ;~~:l~f!~1fn°:, ~h!~}!~ Fi!!t·::::::.::::·.:·::.:::::::·.::::::::·.:::::·.::·.::::::·::.:::::·.:·.:::::::·.:::::::: Precious metals, production of, from 1493 to 1875 (table of) ................................ . 60 123 42 50, 67 62 146 26 102 102 12 110 M 4.5 43 103 138 59 103 3 58 56 Preoidential medals ...................................................... ,.................................. . 142 152 i~::~1!i~';,1~f;!n.~~~.•..~'.~.~~~.~.~~.".".·.:·:::::.·:.:·::::::.·.·::::::::.·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 138 33 Proof sets and medals sold, (table or) ............................................................... . Digitized by Google 1'7 VI PAGB B&re coiru,, price II.lit, (approximate value) ........................... :u ......... ; .••••.••••••••••• lM-181 '2 Relics in Cabinet ... . •..••... .. . ..•....... •..•.• ...... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ..• .••••• ... ... ...... ...... ....... .. Reaolution of Congre811, establishing the Mint.................................................... U f~~b~r,er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-: . .-.-. .-.-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _-_-_-_-. _-_-_-. . . . :::;:::::::: Rlcba:;dson, Rittenhouse, David, first Director..................................................................... m 101 E~1 t;~:::::~:::·:·::.:::::.-..:.: : : ·:·:·: :·: :.:.: .:.:.:.: : .:.:.:.:.: :.: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 5 Rules and regulations of first mint.................................................................... Rush, Benjauiin, Treasurer...................................................................... . ... ... Russian coins................................................................................................... " double rouble, head of Peter the Great................................... ............. Ryal or royal, of Queen Elizabeth..................................................................... 16-16 116 :t~~~f ss~f! ::~~:::·::::::.:.::::::·::.:::::::·::.::.:.:_:_:_:_:i:.:.:_:_::·:·::·:·:·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: t~!~a!~1g :i! ~~ii t~fif~~~~:~:~~i:~:~: \~~.~:b!.~i:~:·:·: :·:·:·:·:·:·:·:· --::.: :·: : : : : .: : : " dollars, coinage and circulation of, (see table).......................................... Siamese coins...... .... .. ... ... ...... ...... .. . .. ... . ... .. . .. . .. .... ...... ...... .. ... . .. . .• ... . ... ... ...... ... ... Silver, coins of the United States, (see table)...................................................... " first American.................................................................................... ..• " production of, 1883, by States, (see table)................................................. Snowden, Col. A. Loudon, Coiner, Superintendent............................................. " James Roos, LL. D. Superintendent................................................... Sovereign of Oliver Cromwel1.................................... ................................. ..... Specie and paper circulation of the United States, table of............ .............. ...... " " " World,(seetable)........................................ " clrcalatlon .............................................................................................. coinage at the Philadelphia Min~ fiscal year 1884, (table of)..................... " " from the organization 01 Mint, " ............... ...... Standard weights ......................................•...................................................... Statement by months, of fine gold bars exchanged for coin, (see table)................ " of coinage from organization to June SO, 1884, (see tables) .................. of gold and silver bullion purchased, and silver dollars coined for year " ending June, 1884, (see table) ....•............................................... 1 ~~;ld~ ~n!ge~~'..~~::.:·.::·:::. :::::::::::. . . . .-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: M M 56 ~= 129 50 121 14 1116 UM 103 S7 140 140 148, 149 129 129 118-120 134 129,180 134, 135 f~ Summary of Annual Report of the Director of all the Mints, for the fiscal year ending June 30th, 188S............................................................................... . 162 ~:=~~rn_rt:;;aihi"g"~r·i:.;;"iu~;;;·;;;i;;i~;~~i·;;;,:j~;-.;;d·;;;~·;;e;;:::::::::::: 150 0 ~~::::::~. 142 Table of circulation of gold and stlver....•..............................•........• ,..•.............. 148,149 135 " coinage In the United State•................................................................ " showing the circulation of paper money, and gold and sliver In the United States.................................................................................. 140 " " where the precious metals come from.......................................... 136 Table for the whole world............................ .......................................•............ 140 The Mint Engravers......................................................................................... 118-116 "The temple sweepers," Grecian coin................................................................ 49 Total coinage of the U.S. Mints to June so, 1884................................................ 135 Trade dollar, history of..................................................................................... 62 ~~ '!::l~a:..~~'.~!.'.'.~'.:'.'. ~~-~~~::·.:::::·.::·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : United States, circulation of coin in, (table of)................................................... United States coins.......................................................................................... " " Mint first establillhed........ ... .............. ........................ ......... ......... U.S. Mint test for gold and silver......................................................... ............ 180 61 7 150 Valuable and rare coins, price-list of....•..................................••........................ 155-161 Val~f' ~':.!1:.!~..~~.~~.~~.~~~~.::.~~..~.~.~..~~~~~.~~'...~~.!~'.~'..~~.~'.~~~~~..~.~~ 162 ~~1~ti!~~~~1;;;;;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::. :::::::::. . ::::::::::::: 1~ fit;E~!7,s~r:f~;1n~~?.~~~~:::·::·::·::::·::·:::·:·:·:·:·.:.:::::·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.::::·::.::::::: 153 133 68 World's coinage, (table of) ............................................................................... . " 11roductlon of gold and sliver, (table of) .............................................• Wright, Joseph, EngraTer ................................................................................ . Digitized by Google 140 189 114 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. Ancient coining press ..............................................................................." ...... Automatic weighing scales ............................................................................... . Ill 22 Coining room .................................., ............................................................... . Continental currency (fa.o-elmile photo reproduction) ........................................ . g:!:~t=-~~~~::·::::::·.·.·.·.·.·.:::·.:·.·.·.·.·.-.:·.·.·_-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.::::::::·.·.-.-.-.-.-.:::·.-.-.:·.-.-.-.-.::::::::::·.-.:::'.·::::::::: 38 122 31 40 Dies ................................................................................................................ .. 34 urawlng bench ................................................................................................ . 30 First steam coining press ................................................................................ .. Frontispiece profile likeness of Washlngton, from plllllter cast, taken from him at Mount Vernon, October, 1785, (phototype by Gutekunst). 34 Ingots and Ingot casting ................................................................................... . 'J:1 Milling machine .............................................................................................. . 86 Original Resolution of Congress establishing a mint, (photo-engraving by Levytype Company) ........................................................................................... . 11 Perfected coining press .................................................................................... . Phototype portrait or Dr. James P. Kimball, Director of all the U. S. Minta, (by Gutekunst) .......................................................................................... . Picture of first U. S. Mint.. .............................................................................. . Portrait or Hon. Daniel M. Fox, (phototype by Gutekunst) .............................. . 37 Rolling machine ........................................... _ .................................................. . 29 Scales for weighing bullion .............................................................................. . Standard troy pound weight (fac-slmlle, exact size) .......................................... . Steel plate portrait of Robert Morris .................. !!........................................... . " David Rittenhouse ......................................................... . " Benjamin Rush ............................................................. . " Elias Boudinot ............................................................... . " Thomas Jefferson .......................................................... .. " Alexander Hamilton ..................................................... .. " John Jay Knox .............................................................. . Steel plate engraving of the present U.S. Mint at Philadelphia ........................ .. Strip from which planchets are cut ................................................................... . 21 120 7 101 Ten full page plates of rare Colonial coins (photo reproduction by Levytype process) .................................................................................................... .. Ten plates, full pages of rare American coins issued at mint, from 1792 to 1885, (photo reproduction by the Levytype process) ............................................ .. Test scales ........................................................................................................ . 'Ft'ansfer lathe .................................................................................................. Two plates, full pa~es of rare foreign coins (Levytype process) ........................... Two full page photos or rare Grecian, Roman and Hebrew coins (Levytype process) ..................................................................................................... . Digitized by Google 93 13 8 116 102 90 92 98 13 31 69-81 69-81 32 36 69-81 69-81 I • I Digitized by Goog Ie INTRODUCTION. MONEY OF THE PAST AND PRESENT. The need of a circulating medium of exchange has been :acknowledged since the earliest ages of man. In the primeval days, bartering was the foundation of commercial intercourse between the various races ; but this gave way in time, as exchanges increased. In the different ages many commodities have been made to serve as money, -tin was used in ancient Syracuse and Britain; iron, in Sparta; cattle, in Rome and Germany ; platinum, in Ru.ssia ; lead, in Burmah ; nails, in Scotland; silk, in China; cubes of pressed tea, in Tartary; salt, in Abyssinia ; slaves, amongst the Anglo Saxons; tobacco, in the earliest settlements of Virginia; codfish, in New Foundland; bullets and wampum, in Ma..,sachusetts; logwood, in Campeachy; sugar, in the West Indies; and soap, in Mexico. Money of leather and wood was in circulation in the early days of Rome ; and the natives of Siam, Bengal, and some parts of Africa used the brillrantly-colored cowr_y shell to represent value, and some travelers allege that it is still in use in the remote portions of the last-named country. But the moneys of all civilized nations have been, for the greater part, made of gold, silver, copper, and bronze. Shekels of silver are mentioned in the Bible as having existed in the days of Abraham, but the metals are believed to have been in bars, from which proportionate weights were chipped to suit convenience. The necessity for some convenient medium having an intrinsic value of its own led to coinage, but the exact date of its introduction is a question history has not yet determined. It is .supposed the Lydians stamped metal to be used as money twelve hundred years before Christ, but the oldest coins extant were made 800 B. C., though it is alleged that the Chinese circulated a square bronze coin as early as 1120 B. C. All of these coins were rude and shapeless, and generally engraved with representations of animals, deities, nymphs, and the like; but. the Greeks issued coins, about 300 B. C., which .were fine specimens of workmanship, and which are not even surpassed in boldness and beauty of design by the products of the coiners -of these modern times. Even while these coins were in circulation spits and skewers were accepted by the Greeks in exehange for products, just as wooden and metal coins were cir- Digitized by Google 2 INTRODUCTION. I culated simultaneously in Rome, 700 B. C., and leather and metal coins in France, as late as 1360 A. D. The earliest coins bearing portraits are believed to have been issued about 480 B. C., and these were profiles. In the third century, coins stamped with Gothic front faces were issued, and after that date a profusion of coins were brought into the world,as every selfgoverning city issued money of its own. The earliest money of America was coined of brass, in 1612, and the earliest colonial coins were stamped in Massachusetts, forty years lat.er. Ancient and extensive as the use of money has been in all its numerous forms and varied materials, it merely represented a property value which had been created by manual labor and preserved by the organic action of society. In a primitive state, herds of cattle and crops of grain were almost the only forms of wealth; the natural tendency and disposition of men to accumulate riches led them to fix a special value upon the metals, as a durable and alwaysavailabTe kind of property. When their value in this way was generally recognized, the taxes and other revenues, created by kings and other potentates, was collected in part or wholly in that form of money. The government, to facilitate public business, stamped the various pieces of metal with their weight and quality, as they were received at the Treasury; and according to these stamps and marks, the same pieces were paid out of the Treasury, and circulated among the people at an authorized and fixed value. The next step was to reduce current prices of metal to a uniform size, shape, and quality, value and denomination, and make them, by special enactment, a legal tender for the payment of all taxes or public dues. Thus, a legalized currency of coined money was created, and the exchangeable value of the various metals used for that purpose fully established, to the great convenience of the world at large. ANCIENT COINING. The die for the obverse of the piece to be struck having been engraved, so as to proper-ly present the religious or national symbol used for a device and whatever else was to be impressed upon the coin, was fixed immovably in an anvil or pedestal, face upwards. The lumps or balls of metal to be coined, having been made of a fixed and uniform weight and nearly of an oblate sphere in form, were grasped in a peculiarly constructed pair of tongs and laid upon the upturned die. A second operative then placed a punch squarely upon the ball of metal; iieavy blows from a large hammer forced the punch down until the metal beneath it had been forced into every p'.trt of the die, and a good impress secured. In the meantime the punch Digitized by Google a INTRODUCTION. wouhl be imbedded in the lump of metal, and on being withdrawn the reverse of the coin would show a rough depression corresponding to the shape given the end of the punch, t.hereby making an uneven surface and disfiguring the piece; punch marks gradually developed into forms, and these forms combined with figures wrought into artistic design, until, by degrees, the punch itself became a die, making the reverse of each piece upon which it was used equal in every respect to the obverse of which it was the opposite. This perfection of the reverse was, however, secured at the expense of the effectiveness of the punch for its original purpose. The striking of coin between two dies, which were required to accurately oppose each other, was an operation requiring great dexterity, and the results were not at all certain. The artisans at this stage of the work, hit upon the expedient of using both the obverse and reverse die in a ring of such a size and depth, as to be a guide to each of them. The balls or disks of metal being struck inside the ring, between the dies, were forced to assume an even thickness, and a circultir form corresponding with the inside of the ring. After the ring had been used in this way for some time, it was engraved upon the inside, and the coins produced were not only circular in shape, but stamped upon their edges. Thus was produced the perfect coin, and through the introduction of machinery has secured uniformity· in the result and saved an immense amount of labor in striking vast sums of money ; the artistic beauty of some of the antique specimens has not been surpassed in modern times. PoR'IBAITURE UPON Corns. It is said that no human head was ever stamped upon coins until after the death of Alexander the Great; he being regarded as somewhat of a divinity, his effigy was impressed upon money, like that of other gods. The knowledge of coins and medals, through the inscriptions and devices thereon, is, to an extent, a history of the world from that date in which metals were applied to such uses. Events engraven upon these, remain hidden in tombs or buried in the bosom of the earth, deposited there in ages long past, by careful and miserly hands, only awaiting the research of the patient investigator to tell the story of their origin. Numismatic treasures are scanned as evidence of facts to substantiate statements upon papyrus or stone, and dates are often supplied to define the border line between asserted tradition and positive history. Gibbon remarks: " If there were no other record of Hadrian, his caree.r would be found written upon the coins of his reign." Digitized by Google INTRODUCTION. The rudeness or perfection of coins and medals furnish testimony of the chll,racter and culture of the periods of their production. This is equally true of that rarest specimen of antiquity, the Syracusan silver.medal-the oldest known to collectors-and the latest triumph of the graver's art in gold, the Metis medal. It is not generally known that the rarest portraits of famous heroes are found upon coins and medals. The historian, especially the historic artist, is indebted to this source alone for the portraits of Alexander, Ptolemy, Cleopatra, Mark Antony, Cresar, and many other celebrities. · Perhaps the valuation of a rare coin or medal may be estimated by reference to one piece in the Philadelphia Mint. It is an Egyptian coin as large as a half-eagle, and has on the obverse the head of the wife of Ptolemy-Arsinoe-the only portrait of her yet discovered. INCIDENTS OF HISTORY Are not alone recorded; and as an example of a very different nature may be cited the medals commemorating the destruction of Jerusalem, and the whole series marking that episode, especially those classed " J udrea capta." They tell sad! y of a people's humiliation: the tied or chained captive; the mocking goddess of victory, all made more real by reason of the introduction, on the reverse of each piece, of a Jewess weeping bitterly, and though she sits under a palm-tree, the national lament of another captivity is forcibly recalled. An interesting specimen of the series above mentioned was recently found in the south of France called, "Judrea Navillas," valuable particularly because it strengthens Josephus's assertion which had provoked some com'ment, viz.: the fact of the escape of a large number of Jews from the Romans, by means of ships, at Joppa. Coins and medals mark the introduction of laws ; for example, an old Porcian coin gives the date of the " law of appeal," under which, two centuries and a half later, Paul appealed to Cresar. Another relic dates the introduction of the ballot-box ; and a fact interesting to the agriculturist is established by an old silver coin of Ptolemy, upon which a man is represented cutting millet (a variety of Indian corn) with a scythe. Religions have been promulgat.ed by coins. Islamism says upon a gold coin, "No God but God. Mohammed is the Prophet and God's chosen apostle." Persian coins, in mystic characters, symbolize the dreadful sacrifices of the Fire-Worshippers. Henry VIII, with characteristic egotism, upon a medal announces in Hebrew, Greek, a!ld Latin : " Henry Eighth, King of England, France, and Digitized by Google 5 INTRODUCTION. Ireland; Defender of the Faith, and in the land of 'England and Ireland, under Christ, the Supreme Head of the Church." COSTUMES ON COINS. We also find stamped upon coins and medals the costumes of all ages, from the golden net confining the soft tresses of the "sorceress of the Nile," and the gemmed robe of Queen Irene, to the broidered stomacher of Queen Anne, and the stately ruff of Elizabeth of England. In this connection may be mentioned the "bonnet piece" of Scotland, a coin of the reign of James VI., which is extremely rare, one of them having been sold for £41. The coin received its name from a representation of the king upon it, with a c;mriously plaited hat or bonnet which this monarch wore, a fashion that gave occasion for the ballad, " Blue Bonnets over the Border." HERALDIC EMBLEMS Are faithfully preserved throul!h this medium ; in truth, medalic honors may be claimed as the very foundation of heraldic art. We discover medals perpetuating revolutions, sieges, plots, and murders, etc. We prefer directing at.tention to the fact that coins and medals are not only the land-marks. of history, but a favorite medium t>f the poetry of all nations. Epics are thus preserved by the graver's art in exceedingly small space. Poets turn with confidence to old coins for symbol as well as fact. One of the most graceful historical allusions is conveyed in the great seal of Queen Anne, after the union of Scotland with England. A rose and a thistle are growing on one stem, while, from above, the crown of England sheds effulgence upon the tender young plant. HUMOR PICTURED ON MEDALS. The medal of George I., on the reverse, boastfully presents a the horse of Brunswick" flying over the northwest of Europe, symbolizing the Hanoverian succession. The overthrow of the i. Invincible Armada" was the occasio1. of a Dutch medal, showing the Hollanders richer in faith than in art culture, for the obverse of this medal presents the church upon a rock, in mid-ocean, while the reverse suggests the thought that the luckless Spanish mariner was driving against the walls of the actual building. ARCHITECTURE INDEBTED TO COINS. Architecture is largely indebted to coins, medals, and seals for accuracy and data. We learn from the medal of Septimus. Digitized by Google 6 INTRODUCTION. Severus the faultless beauty of the triumphal arch erected to celebrate his victory over Arabs and Parthians. This medal was produced two centuries before the Christian era, and is a marvel of art, for its perspective is wrought in bas-relief-an achievement which was not again attained before the execution of the celebrated Bronze Gates by Ghiberti, for the Baptistery at Florence, A. D. 1425. This exhumed arch was excavated long after its form and structure were familiar to men of letters through the medals. LANGUAGE UPON Corns AND MEDALS. The effect of coin on language is direct, and many words may be found whose origin was a coin, such· as Daric, a pure goid coin; Talent, mental ability ; Sterling, genuine, pure ; while Guinea represents the aristocratic element, and, though out of circulation long ago, " no one who pretends to gentility in England would think of subscribing to any charity or fashionable object by contributing the vulgar pound. An extra shilling added to the pound makes the guinea, and lifts the subscriber at once into the aristocratic world." Copper is much preferred to gold for medals. Its firm, unchanging surface accepts and retains finer lines than have yet been produced upon gold and silver, and it offers no temptation to be thrown into the crucible.* In the preparation of this work, I am much in'debted to several gentlemen connected with the United States Mint; also, to Messrs. R. Coulton Davis, Ph.G., and E. Locke Mason, who are acknowledged authority on the subject of numismatics. If it shall be found useful to the public, and especially to visitors of the Mint, it will be a source of satisfaction, and more than repay the labor bestowed in its preparation. G. G.E. Philadelphia, July 1, 1885. • Collectors estimate the loss to numismatography as very great by reason of the temptation the gold possesses for hoarding, and they are possibly the only class of people who have any apology to offer for the miser. Yet the world is debtor to this despised habit for some of its most invaluable •pecimens of art, and important corroborative history of ~he old world. Digitized by Google THE UNITED ST ATES MINT. THE subject of a National Mint for the United States was first introduced by Robert Morris,* the patriot and financier of the revolution; as head of the Finance Department, Mr. Morris was instructed by Congress to prepare a report on the foreign coins, then in circulation in the United States. On the 15th of January, 1782, he laid before Congress an exposition of the whole subject. Accompanying this report was a plan for American coinage. But it was mainly through his efforts, in connection with Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, that a mint was established in the early history of the Union of the States. On the 15th of April, 1790, Congress instructed the Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, to prepare and report a proper plan for the establishment of a National Mint, and Mr. Hamilton presented his report at the next session. An act was framed establishing the mint, which finally passed both Houses and received President Washin~ton's approval April 2, 1792. t NOTES ON THE EARLY HISTORY OF TIIE MINT. FROM ROBERT MORRIS'S DIARY. 1781. July 16th. Wrote to Mr. Dudley at Boston inviting him hither in consequence of .the Continental Agent Mr. Bradford's Letter respecting him referred to me by Congress. July 17th. Wrote Mr. Bradford respecting Mr. Dudley. Nov. 10th. Ordered some money on application of Mr. Dudley to pay his expences. Nov. 12th. Sent for Mr Dudley to consult him respecting the quantity of Alloy Silver will bear without being discoloured, he says he can put 6 drops into an ounce. Desired him to assay some Spanish Dollars and French Crowns, in order to know the quantity of pure Silver in each. Nov. 16th. Mr. Dudley assayed a number of Crowns and dollars for our inform~.tion respecting the Mint. 1782. Jan. 2d. .Mr. Benjamin Dudley applied for money to pay his Board which I directed to be paid by Mr. Swanwick, this gentleman is detained at the public expence "s a person absolutely necessary in the Mint, which I hope soon to see established. My propositions on that subject are to be submitted to Congress so soon as I can get the proper assays made on Silver coins &c. • Robert Morris was born in England, and came to America when he was thirteen years old, (Sparks' life of Governeur Morris.) t During the Confederatlon the different States had the unquestioned right to coin money, but only according to the standard of fineness, weight, and value, prescribed by the central government. Digitized by Google 8 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF Jan. 7th. Mr. Dudley applies about' getting his wife from England. I promised him every assi~tance in my power.* Jan. 18th. I went to Mr. Gouvr Morris's Lodging to examine the plan we had agreed on, and which we had drawn up respecting the Establishment of a Mint, we made some alterations and amendments to my satisfaction and from a belief that this is a necessary and salutary measure. I have ordered it copiec! to be ~ent into Congress. Jan. 26th. Mr. Dudley applied for monPy to pay his Lodgings &c. I ordered Mr. Swanwick to supply him with fifty dollars, informed him that. the Plan of a Mint is before Congress, and when passed, that he shall be directly employed, if not agreed to by Congress, I shall compensate him for his time &c. Feb. 26th. Mr. Benjamin Dudley brought me the rough drafts or plan for the rooms of a Mint &c. I desired him to go to Mr. Whitehead Humphreys to consult him about Screws, Smith work &c. that will be wanted forthe Mint, and to bring me a list thereof with an estimate of the C~t. Feb 28th. Mr. Dudley informs me that a Mr. Wheeler, a Smith in the Country, can make the Screws, Rollers &c. for the Mint. Mr. Dudley proposes the Dutch Church, that which is now unoccupied, as a place suitable for the Mint, I sent him to view it, & he returns satisfied that 1t will answer, wherefore I mmt enquire about it. March 22d. Mr. Dudley and Mr. Wheeler came and brought with them some Models of the Screws and Rollers necessary for the Mint. I found Mr. Wheeler entertained some doubts respecting one of these Machines which Mr. Dudley insists will answer the purposes and says he will be responsible for it. I agreed with Mr. Wheeler that he should perform the work; and, as neither he or I could judge of the value that ought to bepaid for it, he is to perform the ~ame agreeable to Mr. Dudley's directions, and when finished, we are to have it valued by some Honest Man, judges of such work, he mentioned Philip Syng, F..dwd. Duffield, William Rush and---all of whom I believe are good judges and very honest men, therefore I readily agreed to this proposition. And I desired Mr. Dudley to consult Mr. Rittenhouse and Francis Hopkinson Esquire, as to the Machine or Wheel in dispute, and let me have their opinion. March 23d. Mr. Dudley called to inform me that Mr. Rittenhouse &. Mr. Hopkinson agree to his plan of the Machine &c. April 12th. Mr. Dudley wants a horse to go up to Mr. Wheelers &c. • The f0Jlowing, from the Morris Papers, serve to illustrate this subject: "1.-RoBT, MORRIS TO RICHARD YATES. "PHILAD'A, Jan. 23, 1782. "SIR "At the request of a very honest Man who seems much distressed for the welfare ot "his wife, now In London, I beg to trouble you with the enclosed Letter, praying that "you will forward it, and if in consequence thereof Mrs. Dudley should come to New "York, I beg of you to p•ocure Liberty for her to come to her Husband at this place. "The money for her Passage and reasonable expenses in New York, which must be "reasonable as possible, she may draw upon her Husband, Mr. Benjamin Dudley, and "I engage that the Draft shall be paid. I shall thank you for your attention to th!$ '"poor Lady when she arrives, and remain Sir, "your most obedient and '· humble servant " H.OHERT MORRIS." "2.-ROBT. MORRIS TO THR COHKISSARY GENERAL OF PRISONERS. "PHILAD'A, Jan. 23, 1782. "SIR •·r'send herewith an open letter for Mr. Richard Yates containiug one for Mrs. Dud" ley in London, from her Husband now here. I wish these may be safely delivered to "Mr. Yates, ana therefore pray you to send them into New York, by some person thai "will not only promise, but perform the delivery of them. .I am Sir, "your most obedient and "humble servant "RoBERT MORRI&.'1 Digitized by Google 9 THE UNITED STATES MINT. May 20th. Mr. Dudley wrote me a Letter this day and wanted money. I directed Mr. Swanwick to supply him, and then disired him to view the Mason's Lodge to see if it would Answer for a Mint, which he thinks it will, I desired him to go up to Mr. Wheelers to see how he goes on with the Rollers &c. June 17th. Mr. Dudley applif1 for money to pay his Bill. I directed Mr. 8wanwick to supply him. June 18th. Issued a warrant in favor of B. Dudley .£7.11.6. July 15th. Mr. B. IJudley applied for money, he is very uneasy for want of employment, and the Mint in which he is to be employed and for which I have engaged him, goes on so slowly that I am also uneasy at having this gentleman on pay and no work for him. He offered to go and assist Mr. Byers to establish the Brass Cannon Foundry at Springfield. I advised to make that proposal to Genl. Lincoln and inform me the result to-morrow.* July 16th. Mr. B. Dudley to whom I gave an order on Mr. Swanwick for fifty dollars, and desired him to seek after Mr. Wheeler to know whether the Rollers &c. are ready for him to go to work on rolling the copper for the Mint. August 22d. Mr. Sarni. Wheeler who made the Rollers for the Mint, applies for money. I had a good deal of conversation with this ingenious gentleman. August 26th. Mr. Dudley called and pressed very much to be set at work. Sept 3d. Mr. B. Dudley applied for a passa~e for his Friend Mr. Sprague, pr. the Washington to France & for Mrs. Dudley back. Mr. Wheeler applied for money which I promised in a short time. Sept. 4th. Mr. Wheeler for money. I desired him to leave his claim with Mr. McCall Secretary in this office, and I will enable the discharge of his notes in the Bank when due. · Novr. 8th. Mr. Dudley applies for the amount of his Bill for Lodgings and Diet &c. and I directed Mr. Swanwick to pay him, but am very uneasy that the Mint is not going on. Dec. 23d. Mr. Dudley and Mr. Wilcox brought the subsistance paper, and I desired Mr. Dudley to deliver 4000 sheets to Hall and Sellers.t • This letter will illustrate this subject: ROBERT MORRIii TO THE REV. WILLIAM GORDON, D. D. [From the Morris Papers.] " Sta, " PHILAD' A 25t '1 July, 1782. "In consequence of your Letter of the nineteenth of June, I sent for Mr. Dudley, 11 told him the information you had so kindly given to me, and assured him of my desire "to make him easy and happy. The business in which he is intended to be employed, "Is like many other important matters, retarded by the tediousness of the States in usupplying the Continental Treasury. "The Hon'ble Secretary at War has commenced a correspondence with General Gates "at my request, which I think, will produce what he wishes. Be assured that I take "particular pleasure in promoting the interest and happiness of worthy men, and that "I am with great esteem Sir, u your most obedient "and humble Servant, t This letter will illustrate th.is matter: "RoBERT MORRIS.'" ROBERT lllORRIS TO BENJAMIN DUDLEY. (From the Morris Papers.] ' S1R : ''OFFICE OF FINANCE, 29 Novr., 1782'. '·You will herewith receive the Form for making a particular kind of Paper-YoQ "are to proceed to the Paper lllill of Jllr. Mark Wilcox, in Ash Town Chester County "who has the Stuff prepared, and there to superintend the making of sundry reams of 11 Paper upon this Form-in doing of which you are to be particularly careful not tou leave it in the power of any person or persons to make any paper upon this Form 0 without your immediate Inspection. "You are to attend the Workmen constantly whilst they are at work, and when you, "retire from the lllill upon any occasion. you are to take the Form with you. You are "to ,count the Paper as it is made sheet by sheet and when you have finished the whole. "you are to bring it to me together with the Form. I am Sir, "Your most obedient servant, 11 ROBERT MORIUs.'' 1 Digitized by Google 10 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF Deer. 26th. Mr. Hall the printer brought 100 Sheeta of the subsistence notes this day, and desired that more paper might be sent to his Printing Office, accordingly I sent for Mr. Dudley and desired him to deliver the same from time to time, until the whole shall amount to 4000 Sheets. 1783. April 2d. I sent for Mr. Dudley who delivered me a J?iece of Silver Coin, being the first that has been struck as an American Com. April 16th. Sent for Mr. Dudley and· urged him to produce the Coins to lay before Congress to establish a Mint. April 17th. Sent for Mr. Dudley to urge the preparing of Coins &c for Establishing a Mint. April 22d. Mr. Dudley sent in several Pieces of Money as patterns of the intended American Coins. May 6th. Sent for Mr. Dudley and desired him to go down to Mr. Mark Wilcox's, to see 15,Q00 Sheets of paper made fit to print my Notes on. May 7th. This day delivered Mr. Dudley the paper Mold for making :paper, mark'd United States, and dispatched him to Mr. Wilcok's, but was -obliged to advance him 20 dollars. May 27th. I sent for Mr. Dudley to know if he has compleated the paper cat Mr. Wilcock's paper mill for the Certificates intended for the pay of the Army. He says it is made, but not yet sufficiently dry for the printers use. I desired him to repair down to the Mill and bring it up as soon as possible, May 28th. Mr. Whitehead Humphreys to offer his lot and buildings for erecting a Mint. July 5th. Mr. Benjn. Dudley gave notice that he has received back from Messrs. Hall and Sellers the Printers, three thousand sheets of the last paper made by Mr. Wi\cocks. I desired him to bring it to this office. He also informs of a Minting Press being in New York for sale, and urges me to purchase it for the use of the American Mint. July 7th. Mr. Dudley respecting the Minting Press, bnt I had not time to see him. August 19th. I sent for Mr. Benjamin Dudley, and informed him of my doubts about the establishment of a Mint, and desired him to think of some employment in private service, in which I am willing to assist him all in my power. I told him to make out an account for the services he had performed for the public, and submit at the Treasury office for inspection and settlement. August 30th. Mr. Dudley brought the dies for Coining in the American Mint. Sept. 3d. Mr. Dudley applies for money for his expenses which I agree to supply, but urge his going into private business. Sept. 4th. Mr. Dudley for money, which is granted. Directed him to make three models for constructing Dry--N ov. 21st. Mr. Dudley applies for money. He says he was at half a guinea a week and his expenses borne when he left Boston to come about the Mint, and he thinks the public ought to make that good to him. I desired him to write me and I will state his claims to Congress. Nov. 26th. Mr. Dudley for money, which was granted. Dec. 17th. Mr. Dudley with his account for final settlement. I referred him to Mr. Milligan. 1784. Jan. 5th. Mr. Dudley applies for a Certificate of the Time which he was detained in the public service. I granted him one accordingly. Jan. 7th. Mr. Dudley after the settlement of his account, which I compleated by signing a warrant. Digitized by Google [Fae simile of original, photo-engraved by Levytype Company.] Congrefs of the United St~tes: AT THE THIRD SESSION, Begun and held at the City of Philadelphia, on Monday the fnth of December, one tbPufand feven hundred and ninety. R ESOLVED oy the SENATB and HousE of REPRESENTATIVES of . the United States of America in Congrefs qffembled, That a Jillnt 1hall be eftablifhed under fuchregulations as :fhallbe directed by law. R.efal"'ea, That the P.refident of the United States be, and he is hereby authorized. to caofe to be engaged, fuch principal attifts as 1ha11 be neceffary to carry the preceeding refolution into effea, and to ilipulatethe terms and conditions of their fervice, and alfo to caufe to be procuredfuch apparatus as fhall be requifite for the fame purpofe. FREDERICK AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, Speaker of the Holffe of Reprifentnli-ve1. JOHN ADAMS, Vice-Prefidenl ofthe United States., arzd Pryident of the Senate,. .APPllOV.ED, March the third, 1791. GEORGE WASHINGTON, Preftdent of the United State,. DEPOSITED among the RoLLS in the Ontc.E of the SECllETAllY (?f STATE. Digitized by Google 12 ILLU,TRATED HISTORY OF ThejollOIJJing i,a a copy of an old pay roll, framed and hanging upon the VJall tM Cabinet. <d NAMES AND SALARIES' OF THE OFFICERS, CLERKS, AND WORKMEN EMPLOYED AT THE MINT THE 10th OcTOilER, 1795. Henry Wm. DeSaussure, Director ........................ (ii Nicholas Way, Treasurer ................................... ·· Henry Voigt, Chief Coiner................................ Albion Cox, Assayer.......................................... Robert Scott, Engraver...................................... David Ott, Melter and Refiner pro tern.......... ...... Nathaniel Thomas, Clerk to the Treasurer............ lsaac Hough, ditto to Director and Assayer............ Lodewyk Sharp, ditto to Chief Coiner.................. John 8. Gardiner, Assistant Engraver.................. Adam Eckfeldt, Die Forger and Turner............... 2,000 Drs. per Ann. 1 200 •· " 1'500 '' " 1' 500 " " 1'200 " " 1'200 " " '700 " " 500 " " 500 " " 936 " " 500 " " Workmen Employed in Chief Coiner's Department. Wages per day. Doll. (.,'ts. John Schreiner, Chief Pressman ............................................. John Cope, Chief Adjuster ..................................................... William Hayley, Roller, ........................................................ Nicholas Sinderling, Annealer ............................................... John WaFd, Miller ............................................................... Joseph Germon, Drawer........................................................ Lewis Laurenger, Brusher...................................................... Henry Voigt, Junr, Adjuster......................................... :........ Sarah Waldrake, ditto........................................................... Rac~ael .S~mme~ ditto......................................................... Lewis B1ttmg, ditto ............................................................... Lawrence Ford, ditto............................................................. Christopher Baum, Pressman.................................................. John Keyser, ditto ................................................................ Frederick Banek, ditto ........................................................... Barney Miers, Cleaner........................................................... Martin Summers, Doorkeeper... ... .. .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . ... ... .. ..... ... .. . .. .. . Adam Seyfert, Hostler ........................................ , .................. John Bay, Boy..................................................................... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 80 60 40 40 20 20 20 88 50 50 1 20 1 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 66 Workmen Employed at the Furnace of the Mint. Peter LaChase, Melter ........................................................... George Myers, ditto ...... : ....................................................... Eberhart Kl um back, ditto...................................................... Patrick Ryan, Filer............................................................... Valentine Flegler, Labourer ................................................... Andrew Brunet, ditto............................................................. William Ryan, ditto............................................................. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 60 50 40 25 25 Endorsed jn two places, ''Names and Salaries of the Officers, Clerka and Workmen employed in the Mint the 10th Oct. 1795." Digitized by Google Digitized by Google '!J. S. M KN 'I!' PMJL A t> Etl •MIA Drgitized by G o o g le 13 THE UNITED STATES MINT. THE PHILADELPHIA MINT. THE popular estimation in which the Mint is held in the United States, is, for obvious reasons, more distinctively marked than that entertained for other public institutions. Its position, in a financial point of view, is so important, its use so apparent, and its integrity of management so generally conceded, that it enjoys a. pre-eminence and dignity beyond that accorded to general governmental departments. Party muta- THE FIRST MINT IN THE UNITED STATES, ERECTED IN li92. tions usually effect changes in its directorship, with but slight interference, however, with the other officials, as those of attainments, skill, and long experience in the professional branches, required to intelligently perform the various duties assigned, are few in all countries. Those occupying positions are chosen for their proficiency in the various departments, their characters being always above question. The confidence reposed in the officials of the United States Mint has never been violated, as, for nearly a century of its operations, no Digitized by Google 14 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF shadow of suspicion has marred the fair name of any identified with its history. The need of a mint in the Colonies was keenly felt to be a. serious grievance against England for years before the Revolution, and as soon as practicable after the establishment of Independence, the United States Mint was authorized by an Act of Congress-April 2, 1792, A lot of ground was purchased on Seventh Street near Arch, and appropriations were made for erecting the requisite buildings. An old still-house, which stood on the lot, had first to be removed. In an account book of that time we find an entry on the 31st of July, 1792, of the sale of some old materials of the still-house for seven shillings and sixpence, which '' Mr. Rittenhouse directed should be laid out for punch in laying the foundation stone."* The first building erected in the United States for public use, under the authority of the Federal Government, was a. structure for the United States Mint. This was a plain brick edifice, on the east side of Seventh street, near Arch, the corner-stone of which was laid by David Rittenhouse, Director of the Mint, on July 31, 1792. In the following October operations of coining commenced. It was occupied for about forty years. On the 19th of May, 1829, an Act was passed by Congress locating the United States Mint on its present site. The first coinage of the United States, was silver half-dimes in October, 1792, of which Washington makes mention in his address to Congress, on November 6, 1792, as follows : " There has been a small beginning in the coinage of half-dimes ; the want of small coins in circulation, calling the first attention to them." The first metal purchased for coinage was six pounds of old copper at one shilling and three pence per pound, which was coined and delivered to the Treasurer, in 1793. The first deposit of silver bullion was made on July 18, 1794, by the Bank of Maryland. It consisted of" coins of France," amounting to $80,715.7 3½. The first returns of silver coins to the Treasurer, was made on October 15, 1794. The first deposit of gold bullion for coinage, was made by Moses Brown, merchant, of Boston, on February 12, 1795; it was of gold ingots, worth $2,276.72, which was paid for in silver coins. The first return of gold coinage, was on July 31, 1795, and consisted of 744 half.eagles. The first delivery of eagles was in September 22, same year, and consisted of four hundred pieces, *The building is still standing (1885), in the rear of Nos 37 and 39 North Seventh street, and is occupied as a carpenter shop. Digitized by Google 15 THE UNIT.EI) STATES MINT. Previous to the coinage of silver dollars, at the Philadelphia Mint, in 1794, the following amusing incidents occurred in Congress, while the emblems and devices proposed for the reverse field of that coin were being discussed. A member of the House from the South bitterly opposed the choice of the eagle, on the ground of its being the "king of birds," and hence neither proper nor suitable to represent a nation whose institutions and interests were wholly inimical to monarchical forms of government. Judge Thatcher playfully, in reply, suggested that perhaps a goose might suit the gentleman, as it was a rather humble and republican bird, and would also be serviceable in other respects, as the goslings would answer to place upon the dimes. This answer created considerable merriment, and the irate Southerner, conceiving the humorous rejoinder as an insult, sent a challenge to the Judge, who promptly declined it. The bearer, rather astonished, asked, "Will you be branded as a coward?" "Certainly, if he pleases," replied Thatcher; "I always was one and he knew it, or he would never have risked a challenge." The at.air occasioned much mirth, and, in due time, former existing cordial relations were restored between the parties; the irritable Southerner concluding there was nothing to be gained in fighting with one who fired nothing but jokes. EXTRACT 1.<'ROM THE RULES AND REGULATIONS ADOPTED FOR THE MINT, JANUARY 1, 1825. The operations of the Mint throughout the year, are to commence at 5 o'clock m the morning, under the superintendence of an.officer, and continue until 4 o'clock in the afternoon, except on Saturdays, when the business of the day will close at 2 o'clock, unless on special occasions it may be otherwise directed by an officer. Extra work will be paid for in proportion, on a statement being made of it through the proper officer, at the end of each month. A strict account is to be kept by one of the officers, as they may agree of the absentees from duty, if the absence be voluntary, the full wages for the time will be deducted, if it arise from sickness a deduction will be made at the discretion of the proper officer. A statement of these deductions will be rendered at the end of the month, and the several accounts made out accordingly. The allowance under the name of drink money is hereafter to be discontinued, and in place of it three dollars extra wages per month will be allowed for the three summer months to th0se workmen who continue in the Mint through that season. No workman can be permitted to bring spirituous liquors into the Mint. Any workman who shall be found intoxicated within the Mint must be reported to the Director, in order that he may be discharged. No profane or indecent language can be tolerated in the Mint. Smoking within the Mint is inadmissible. The practice is of dangerous tendency; experience proves that this indulgence in public institutions, ends at last in disaster. Visitors may be admitted by permission of an officer, to see the various operations of the Mint on all working days except Saturdays and rainy days; they are to be attended by an officer, or some person designated by him. The new coins must not be given in Digitized by Google 16 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF exchange for others to accommodate visitors, without the consent of the Chief Coiner. Christmas day and the Fourth of July, and no other days, are established holidays at the Mint. The pressmen will carefully lock the several coining presses when the work for the day is finished, and leave the keys in such places as the Chief Coiner shall designate. When light is necessary to be carried from one part of the l\Iint to the other, the watchman will use a dark Janthorn but not an open candle. He will keep in a proper arm chest securely locked, a musket and bayonet, two pistols and a sword. The arms are to be kept in perfect order and to be inspected by an officer once a month, when the arms are to be discharged and charged anew. The watchman of the Mint must attend from 6 o'clock in the evening to 6 o'clock in the morning, and until relieved by the permission of an otlicer, or until the arrival of the door-keeper. He will ring the yard bell precisely every hour by the Mint clock, from 10 o'clock until relieved by the door-k_eeper, or an officer, or the workmen on working day•, and will send the watch dog through the yard immediately after ringing the bell. He will particularly examine the departments of the engine and all the rooms where fire has been on the preceding day, conformably to his secret instructions. For this purpose he will have keys of access to such rooms as he cannot examine without entering them. If an attempt be made on the Mint he will act conformably to his secret in5trnctions on that sul~ject. In case of fire occurring in or near the Mint, he will ring the Alarm Bell if one has been provided, or sound the alarm with his rattle, and thus as soon as possible bring some one to him who can be dispatched to call an officer, and in other particulars will follow his Recret instructions. The secret instructions given him from time to time he must be careful not to disclose. The delicate trust reposed in all persons employed in the Mint, presupposes that their character is free from all suspicion, but the director feels it his duty neverthe, less, in order that none may plead ignorance ou the suliject, to warn th<:'m of the danger of violating so high a trust. Such a crime as the embezzlement of any of the coins struck at the Mint, or of any of the metals brought to the Mint for coinage, would be punished under the laws of Pennsylvania, by a fine and penitentiary imprisonment at hard labor. The punishment annexed to this crime by the laws of the rnited !'hates, enacted for the special protection of deposits made at the Mint, is DEATH. The 1\Jth Section of the Act of Congress, establishing the Mint, passed April 12, 1792, is in the following words: Section 19, and be it further enacted, That if any of the gold or silver coins, which shall be struck or coined at the said Mint, shall be debased or made worse as to the proportion of fine gold or fine silver, therein contained, or shall be of less weight or value than the same ought to be; pursuant to the directions of this act, through the default or with the connivance of any of the officers or persons who shall be employed at said Mint, for the purpose of profit or gain, or otherwise, with a fraudulent intent, and if any of the said officers or persons shall embezzle any of the metal whieh shall at any time be committed to their charge, for the purpose of being coined, or any of the coins which shall be struck or coined at the said Mint, every such officer or person who shall commit any or either of the said offences, shall be deemed guilty of F<:'lony, and shall suffer death. Printed copies of the Rules here recited are to be kept in convenient places for the inspection of the workmen, but as all may not be capable of reading them, it shall be the duty of the proper officer of the several departments, or such person as he may appoint, to read them in the hearing of the workmen, at least once a year, and especially to read them to every person newly employed in the Mint. SAMUEL MOORE, Director. Digitized by Google 17 THE UNITED STATES MINT. Up to 1836 the work at the Mint was done entirely by hand -or horse power. In that year steam was introduced. At different periods during the years 1797, 1798, 1799, 1802, and 1803, the operations of the Mint were suspended on account · -of the prevalence of yellow fever. "BOND OF INDEMNITY OR AGREEMENT of Operatives to return to the -service of the Mint." Dated August, 1799. "We, the subscribers, do hereby promise and engage to return to the service of the Mint as soon as the same shall be again opened, after the prevailing fever is over, on the penalty of twenty pounds." '' As witn~ss our hands this 31st day of August, 1799. "GEORGE WATT'N,. GEORGE MYERS, JOHN COPE, CHARLES BENJ. K - - , LEWIS BITTING, GEORGE BAILY, GEO. BOEMING, JOHN MANN, JAMES ANDERSON, (In German) .JOHANNES--, JOHN SCHREINER, SA.ML. THOMPSON, JOHN _BIRNBAUM, MARTIN SUMMERS." The above are the signatures of the parties agreeing, written on old handmade unruled foolscap paper. This is part of the Mint records, which has been framed for convenience and µrotection. It hangs in the Cabinet. THE MINT ESTABLISHED. The Mint was established by Act of Congress the second of April, 1792, and a few half-dimes were issued towards the close of that year. The general operations of the institution commenced in 1793. The coinage effected from the commencement of the establishment to the end of the year 1800 may be stated in round numbers at $2,534,000; the coinage of the decade endirig 1810 amounted to $6,971,000, and within the ten years ending with 1820-$9,328,000. The amount within the ten years ending with 1830 is stated at $18,000,000, and the whole coinage from the commencement of the institution at $37,000,000. On the second of March, 1829, provisions were made by Congress for extending the Mint establishment, the supply of bullion for coinage having increased beyond the -capacity of the existing accommodations .. The Mint edifice, -erected under this provision, stands on a lot purchased for the -object at the northwest corner of Chestnut and Juniper streets, fronting 150 feet on Chestnut street and extending 204 feet to Penn Square, (the central and formerly the largest public square in the city). 1'he corner-stone of the new edifice was . laid on the fourth of July, 1829; the building is of marble and of the Grecian style of architecture, the roof being covered with copper. It presents on "Chestnut street and Penn Square a front of 123 feet, each front being ornamented with a portico Digitized by Google 18 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF of 60 feet, containing six Ionic columns. In the centre of the structure there was formerly a court-yard (now built up) extend• ing 85 by 84 feet, surrounded by a piazza to each story, affording an easy access to all parts of the edifice. Present officers of the Mint: Hon. Daniel M. Fox, Superintendent; William S. Steel, Coiner; Jacob B. Eckfeldt, Assayer; Patterson Du Bois, Assistant Assayer, James C. Booth, Melter and Refiner; N. B. Boyd, Assistant Melter and Refiner; Charles E. Barber, Engraver; George T. Morgan and William H. Key, Assistant Engravers; M. H. Cobb, Cashier; George W. Brown, Doorkeeper. On July 4, 1829, Samuel Moore, then Director, laid the corner stone of the present building, located at the northwest corner of Chestnut and Juniper streets. It is of white marble, and of the Grecian style of architecture, and was finished, and commenced operations, in 1833. Subsequent to that date necessary changes in the interior arrangements, to accommodate the increase in business, have been introduced at various times, and it was made more secure as a depository for the great amount of bullion contained within its vaults, by having been rendered fire-proof in 1856. COPY OF THE p APER LAID IN THE CORNER MINT, JULY 4, 1829. STONE OF THH This corner stone of the Mint of the United States of America, laid on the 4th day of July, 1829, beiug the fiftythird anniversary of our independence, in the presence of the Officers thereof, Members of Congress of the adjacent districts, architect, and artificers employed in the building, and a number of citizens of Philadelphia, in the which with this instrument are deposited specimens of the Coins of our Country struck in the present year. The Mint of the United States commenced operations in the year A. D., 1793, increasing constantly in utility, until its locality and convenience required extension and enlargement, which was ordered by the passage of a bill appropriating $120,000 for the erection of new and convenient buildings, to accommodate its operations, vesting the disbursement in the judgment and taste of the Director and President of the United States. In pursuance of the above bill, passed during the Presidency of John Quincy Adams, arrangements were made and designs adopted; William Strickland appointed architect; John Struthers, marble mason; Daniel Groves, bricklayer; Robert O'Neil, master carpenter, and in the first year of the Presidency of Andrew Jackson, this cornerstone was placed in southeast corner of the edifice. Digitized by Google 19 THE UNITED STATES MINT. The names of the officers of the Mint of the United States at this time, are as follows : DocTOR SAMUEL MooRE, Director, ADAM EcKFELDT, Coiner, JOSEPH CLOUD, Melter and Refiner, JOSEPH RICHARDSON, Assayer, DOCTOR JAMES RusH, Treasurer, WM. KNEASS, Engraver, GEORGE EHRENZELDER, Clerk. MINT OF THE UNITED STATES, Philadelphia, March 20, 1838. To HoN. LEVI WooDBURY, Secretary of the Treasury. Sir :-I had the honor to receive your letter asking my attention to a resolution of the House of Representatives of the United States, passed March 5, 1838, as follows : EXTRACT FROM RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS RELATING TO MINT. " Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury report to this House the cost of erecting the principal Mint and its branches, including buildings, fixtures, and apparatus; the salaries and expenses of the different officers; the amount expended in the purchase of bullion; the loss arising from wastage, and all other expenses; and the average length of time it ·requires to coin at the principal Mint all the bullion with which it can be furnished; and further, what amount of coin has been struck at the several branch mints, since their organization." MINT OF THE UNITED STATES, PHILADELPHIA. The cost of the edifice, machinery, and fixtures, was... Ground, enclosure, paving, etc................................ $173,390 35,840 Total cost of buildings, etc.................. ,......... $'.!09,230 This amount does not include expenditures made under special appropriations for the years 1836 and 1837, for milling and coining by steam power; and for extensive improvements in the assaying, melting, and parting rooms, and machine shops, amounting to $28,270. · It may be proper to mention that the Mint building is on the best street in the city, is of large dimensions, with the whole exterior of marble, and two Ionic porticos; and that the machinery and apparatus are of the best construction. The cost must therefore be considered as very moderate. The new Mint lately erected by the British India Government at Calcutta, cost 24 lacs of rupees, or about $1,138,000. Digitized by Google 20 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF "The Director receives per annum .................................... . Treasurer ...••......... : ............................................... . Chief Coiner .......................................................... . Assayer ................................................................ . Melter and Refiner ................................................. . Engraver .............................................................. . Second Engraver .................................................... . Assistant Assayer................................................... . Treasurer's Clerk.................................................. .. Bookkeeper.............................................. . ............ . Clerk of the weighing room ...................................... . Director's Clerk .................................................... . Total for salaries ........................................ . $3,500 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 1,500 1,300 1,200 1,000 1,200 700 $20,400 No expenses are allowe<l, beyond the above sums, to any -officer, assistant, or clerk, for the performance of his duties. As all the gold and silver brought to the l\Iint is purchased -at the nett Mint price, there is no expense, properly so called, incurred on this account. R. M. PATTERSON, IJirector of tlte Mint. Previous to the passage of the law by the Federal government for regulating the coins of the U nite<l States, much perplexity arose from the use of no less than four different currencies or rates, at which one species of coin was recoined, in the different parts of the Union. Thus, in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, Virginia and Kentucky, the dollar was recoined at six shillings; in New York and North Carolina at eight shillings; in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland at seven shillings and six pence; in Georgia and South Carolina at four shillings and eight pence. The subject had engaged the attention of the Congress of the old -confederation, an~l the present system of the coins is formed upon the principles laid down in their resolution of 1786, by which the denominations of money of account were required to be dollars (the dollar being the unit), dismes or tenths, cents or hundredths, and mills or thousandths of a dollar. Nothing can be more simple or convenient than this decimal subdivision. The terms are proper because they express the proportions which they are intended to designate. The dollar was wisely -chosen, as it corresponded with the Spanish coin, with which we had been long familiar. VISITING THE MINT. The Mint, on Chestnut street near Broad, is open to the public daily, excepting Sundays and holidays, from 9 to 12 A. M. Visitors are met by the courteous ushers, who attend them through Digitized by Google THE UNITED STATES MINT. the various departments. It is estimated that over forty thousand persons have visited the institution in the course of a singie year. Owing to the immense amount of the precious metals which is. always in course of transition, and the watchful care necessary to a correct transaction of business, the public are necessarily excluded from some of the departments. These, however, are of but little interest to the many and are described under their · proper heads. The system adopted in the Mint is so precise and the weighing so accurate, that the abstraction of the smallest particle of metal would lead to almost immediate detection. On entering the rotunda, the offices of the Treasurer and Cashier are to the right and left. Farther in, in the hall, to the rear, on the right, is the room.of the Treasurer's clerks; a part of this was formerly used by the Adams Express Company, who transport to and from the Mint millions of dollars worth of metal, coin, etc. THE DEPOSIT OR WEIGHING-ROOM. On the left is the Deposit or Weighing-room, where all thegold and silver for coining is received and first weighed. The largest weight used in this room is five hundred ounces, the SCALES. smallest, is the thousandth part of an ounce. The scales arewonderfully delicate, and are examined and adjusted on alternate days. On the right of this room is one of the twelve• Digitized by Google 22 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF vaults in the building. Of solid masonry, several of them are iron-lined, with double doors of the same metal and most complicated a.nd burglar-proof locks. It is estimated that about fifteen hundred million dollars worth of gold has been received and weighed in this .room ; probably nine-tenths of this amount was from California, since its discovery there in the year 1848. Previous to that time the supplies of gold came principally from Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia. During the past ten years considerable quantities have been received from Nova Scotia, but most of AUTOMATIC WEIGHING SCALES. the gold that reaches the Mint, at the present time, comes from California1 Montana, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona, Oregon, Dakota, Virginia, South Carolina, and New Mexico. Formerly the silver used by the Mint came principally from Mexico and South America, but since the discovery of the immense veins of that metal in the territories of the United States the supply is furnished from the great West. The copper used comes principally from the mines of Lake Superior, the finest from1\iinnesota. The nickel is chiefly from Lancaster County, Pa. Digitized by co- le 23 THE UNITED STATES MINT. THE DEPOSIT MELTING RooM. After the metal h!IB been carefully weighed in the presence of the depositor and the proper officials, it is locked in iron boxes and taken to the melting room, where it is opened by two men, each. provided with a key to one of the separate locks. There are four furnaces in this room, and the first process of melting takes place here. The gold and silver, being mixed with borax and other fluxing material, is placed in pots, melted and placed in iron moulds, and when cooled is again taken to the deposit room in bars, where it is reweighed, and a small piece cut from each lot by the Assayer. From this the fineness of the whole is ascertained, the value calculated, and the depositor paid. The metal in its rough state is then transferred to the Melter and Refiner. OFFICE OF THE MELTER AND REFINER. Adjoining the Deposit Melting Room are the Melter and Refiner and assistants. This is the general business office of the head of this department, and is also used for weighing the necessary quantities of the metals used in alloying coin. THE PROCESS OF ASSAY. The two essential things regarding every piece of metal offered in payment of any dues were, first, the weight or quantity, next, the foneness or purity of the same. The process of weighing even the baser metals used in coining must be conducted by the careful use of accurate scales, with precise notes of the results. In precious metals, gold, silver, and their high grade alloys, a very small variation in the fineness makes a great difference in the value. Nothing is more essential than the accurate determination of the weight of the sample and of the metal obtained from it. It requires keen sight and most delicate adjustment in the hand which manipulates the Lilliputian scales of an Assayer's table. The smallest weight used in the Mint is found in the Assay Room ; it is the thirteenhundredth part of a grain, and can scarcely be seen with the / naked eye, unless on a white ground. The Assay Department is strictly a technical and scientific branch of the service. It has been practically under one regime, for the last fifty years. There have been but three Chief Assayers in that time, the only removals being by death, the only appointments by promotion. Its workmen are all picked men, selected from other parts of the Mint for special fitness and good character. Digitized by Google 24 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE ASSAYING ROOMS. These are on the second floor, in the southwest corner of the building. In one of these are fires, stills, and other appliances used in the delicate and complicated process of assay,. by which the specific standard of the fineness and purity of the various metals are established and declared. I ASSAYING GOLD. The gold is melted down and stirred, by which a complete mixture is effected, so that an assay piece may betaken from any part of the bar after it is cast. The piece taken for this purpose is rolled out for the convenience of cutting. It is then taken to an assay balance (sensible to theten-thousandth of a half gramme or less), and from it is weighed a half gramme, which is the normal assay weight for gold, being about 7. 7 grains troy. This weight is stamped 1000; and all the lesser weights (afterwards brought intorequisition) are decimal divisions of this weight, down to one ten-thousandth part. Silver is next weighed out for the quartation (alloying), and as the assay piece, if standard, should contain 90Q-thousandths. of gold, there must be three times this weight, or 2700-thousandths of silver; and this is the quantity used. The lead used for the cupellation is kept prepared in thin sheets, cut in square pieces, which should each weigh about ten times as much as the gold under assay. The lead is now rolled intothe form of a hollow cone; and into this are introduced the assay gold and the quartation silver, when the lead is closed around them and pressed into a ball. The furnace having been properly heated, and the cupels placed in it and brought to the same temperature, the leaden ball, with its contents, is put into a cupel (a small cup made of burned bones, capable of absorbing base metals), the furnace closed, and the operation allowed to proceed, until all agita.tion is ceased to be observed in the melted metal, and its surface has become bright. This is an indication that the whole of the base metals have been converted into oxides, and absorbed by the cupel. The cupellation being thus finished, the metal is allowed to cool slowly, and the disc or button which it forms is taken from the cupel. The button is then flattened by a hammer; is annealed by bringing it to a red heat; is laminated by passing it between the rollers; is again annealed; and is rolled loosely into a spiral or coil called a cornet. It is now ready for the process of quartation. Th~ waa formerly effected in Digitized by Google • 25 THE UNITED STATES MINT. a glass matrass, aud that mode is still used occasionally, when there are few assays. But a great improvement, first introduced into this country by the Assayer in 1867, was the-" platinum apparatus," invented ii;i. England. It consists of a platinum vessel in which to boil the nitric acid, which is to dissolve out the silver, and a small tray containing a set of platinum thimbles with fine slits in the bottom. In these the silver is taken out, by successive supplies of nitric acid, without any decanting as in the case of glass vessels. The cornets are also annealed in the thimbles ; in fact there is no shifting from the coiling to the final weighing, which determines the fineness of the original sample by proportionate weights in thousandths. In this process extra care has to be taken in adding the proportions of silver, as the "sh11,king " of any one cornet, might damage the others. ASSAYING SILVER. The process of assaying silver differs from that of gold. To obtain the assay sample, a little of the metals is dipped from the pot and poured quickly into water, producing a granulation, from portions of which that needed for assay is taken. In the case of silver alloyed with copper there is separation, to a greater or less degree, between the two metals in the act of solidification. Thus an ingot or bar, cooled in a mould, or any single piece cut from either, though really 900-thousandths fine on the average, will show such variations, according to the place of cutting, as might exceed the limits allowed by law. But the sudden chill produced by throwing the liquid metal into water, yields a granulation of entirely homogeneous mixture that the same fineness results, whether by assaying a. single granule, or part of one, or a number. From this sample the weight of 1115 thousandths is taken; this is dissolved in a glass bottle with nitric acid. The standard · solution of salt is introduced and chloride of silver is the result, which contains of the metallic silver 1000 parts; this is repeated until the addition of the salt water shows but a faint trace of chloride below the upper surface of the liquid. For instance: if three measures of the decimal solution have been used with effect, the result will show that the 1115 parts of the piece contained 1003 of pure silver; and thus the proportion of pure silver in the whole alloyed metal is ascertained. Extensive knowledge and experience are required in such matters as making the bone-ash cupels, fine proof gold and silver, testing acids, and other special examinations and operations. The Assayer must, himself, be familiar with all the operations of minting, as critical questions are naturally carried to him. Digitized by Google 26 • ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF The rendering of decisions upon counterfeit or suspicious coins hHB long been a specialty in this department. Once a year the President appoints a scientific commission to examine the coins of the preceding year. There has never yet been a Philadelphia coin found out.side of the tolerance of fineness. THE SEPARATING RooM. This department occupies the largest part of the west side of the building, on the second floor. Here the gold and silver used by the Mint in the manufacture of coin and fine bare are separated from each other, or whatever other metals may be mixed with them, and purified. It goes to this room after having been once melted and assayed. · In separating and purifying gold, it is always necessary to add to it a certain quantity of pure silver. The whole is then immersed in nitric acid, which dissolves the silver into a liquid which looks like pure water. The acid does not dissolve the gold, but leaves it pure. The silver solution is then drawn off, leaving the gold at the bottom of the tub. It is then gathered up into pans and washed. The silver in the condition in which it is received from the hands of the depositor, and generally filled with foreign impurities, is melted and then granulated, after which the whole mass is dissolved with nitric acid. The acid dissolves the base metals as well as the silver. The liquid metals are then run into tubs prepared for it, and precipitated, or rendered into a partially hard state, by being mixed with common salt water. After being precipitated it is called "chloride," and resembles very closely new slacked lime. By putting spelter or zinc on the precipitated chloride, it becomes metallic silver, and only needs washing and melting to make the purest virgin metal. The base metals remain in a liquid state, and being of little value are generally thrown away. The process of refining silver is of two kinds; that of melting it with saltpetre, etc., which was known some thousands of years since, and the modern process of dissolving it in nitric acid, like the method of extracting it from gold in the above described operation. After the separating process has been completed, the gold or silver is conveyed to the Drying Cellar, where it is put under pressure of some eighty tons, and all the water pressed out. It is then dried with heat, and afterwards conveyed in large cakes to the furnaces. THE MELTING ROOMS. are on the first floor, in the west side of the building. Here all the metal used in coining is alloyed, melted and poured into Digitized by Google r 27 THE UNITED STATES MINT. narrow moulds. These castings are called ingots ; they are about twelve inches long, a half-inch thick, and vary from one to two a half-inches in breadth, according to the coin for which they are used, one end being wedge-shaped to allow its being CASTING INGOTS. passed through the rollers. The value of gold ingots is from $600 to $1,400; those of silver, about $60. The fine gold and silver bars used in the arts and for commercial purposes, are also cast in this department. INGOTS. These are stamped with their weight and value in the deposit \ oom. The floors that cover the melting rooms are made of iron in honey-comb pattern, divided into small sections, so Digitized by Google 28 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF that they can be readily taken up to save the dust; their roughness acting as a scraper, preventing any metallic particles from clinging to the soles of the shoes of those who pass through the department, the sweepings of which, and including the entire building, averages $23,000 per annum, for the last five years. The copper and nickel melting rooms, wherein all the base metals used are melted and mixed, is on the same side and adjoining to the gold and silver department. Up to the year 1856, the base coin of the United States was exclusively copper. In this year the coinage of what was called the nickel cents was commenced. These pieces, although called nickel, were composed of one-eighth nickel ; the balance was copper. The composition of the five and three cent pieces is onef'ourth nickel; the balance cqpper. The bronze pieces were changed in 1859, and are a mixture of copper, zinc and tin, about equal parts of each of the two last; the former contributing about 95 per cent. There are seven furnaces in this room, each capable of melting five hundred pounds of metal per day. When the metal is heated and sufficiently mixed, it is poured into iron moulds, and when cool, and the rough ends clipped off, is ready to be conveyed to the rolling room. THE ROLLING RooM. From the melting rooms through the corridor we reach the rolling room. The upright engine, on the right, of one hundred and sixty horse power, supplies the motive force to the rolling machines, four in number. Those on the left, are massive and substantial in their frame-work, with rollers of steel, polished by service in reducing the ingots to planchets for coining. The first process or rolling is termed breaking down ; after that it requires to be passed through the machine until it is reduced to the required thinness-ten times if gold, eight if silver, being annealed in the intervals to prevent breaking. The rollers are adjustable and the space between them can be increased or diminished at pleasure, by the operator. About two hundred ingots are run through per hour on each pair of , rollers. The pressure applied is so intense that half a day's rolling heats, not only the strips and rollers, but even the huge iron stanchions, weighing several tons, so hot that you can hardly hold your hand on them. When the rolling is completed the strip is about six feet long, or six times as long as the ingot. Digitized by Google 29 THE UNITED STATES MINT. It is impossible to roll perfectly true. At times there will be a lump of hard gold, which will not be quite so much compressed as the rest. If the planchets were. cut from this place, it would be heavier and more valuable than one cut from a thinner portion of the strip. It is, therefore, necessary to " draw" the strips, after being softened by annealing. ROLLING MACHINE. ANNEALING FURNACES. These are in the same room, to the right facing the rollers. The gold and strips are placed in copper canisters, and then placed in the furnaces and heated to a red heat; silver strips being laid loosely in the furnace. When they become soft a~d pliable, they are taken out and allowed to cool slowly. THE DRAWING BENCHES. These machines resemble long tables, with a bench on either side, at one end of which is an iron box secured to the table. In this are fastened two perpendicular steel cylinders, firmly supported in a bed, to prevent their bending or turning around, and presenting but a small portion of their circumference to the strip. These are exactly at the same distance apart that the thickness of the strip is required to be. One end of the Digitized by Google 30 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF strip is somewhat thinner than the rest, to allow it to p1U!8 easily between the cylinders. When through, this end is put between the jaws of a powerful pair of tongs, or pincers, fastened to a little carriage running on the table. The carriage to the further bench is up close to the cylinders, ready to receive a strip, which is inserted edgewise. When the end is between the pincers, the operator touches a foot pedal which closes the pincers firmly on the strip, and pressing another pedal, forces down a strong hook at the left end of the carriage, which catches in a link of the moving chain. This draws the carriage away from the cylinders, and . the strip being connected with it has to follow. It is drawn between the cylinders, DRAWING BENCH, which operating on the thick part of the strip with greater power than upon the thin, reduces the whole to an equal thickness. When the strip is through, the strain on the tongs instantly ceases, which allows a spring to open them and drop the strip. · At the same time another spring raises the hook and disengages the carriage from the chain. A cord fastened to the carriage runs back over the wheel near the head of the table, and then up to a couple of combination weights on the wall beyond, which draw the carriage back to the starting place, ready for another strip. THE CUTTING MACHINES. After being thoroughly washed, the strips are consigned to the cutting machines. These are in the rear of the rolling mills, Digitized by Google 31 THB UNITED STATES MINT. and are several in number, each when in active operation cutting two hundred and ·twenty-five planchets per minute. The press now used, consists of a vertical steel punch, which works in a round hole or matrix, cut in a solid steel plate. The action of the punch is obtained by an eccentric wheel. For instance, in an ordinary carriage wheel, the axis is in the centre, and the wheel revolves evenly around it. But if the CUTTING MACHINE. axis is placed, say four inches from the centre, then it would revolve with a kind of hobble. From this peculiar motion its name is derived. Suppose the tire of the wheel is arranged, not to revolve with, but to slip easily around the wheel, and a rod is fastened to one side of th~ tire which prevents its turn- STRIP FROM WHICH PLANCHETS ARE CUT. ing. Now as the wheel revolves and brings the long side nearest the rod, it will push forward the rod, and when the long side of the wheel is away from the rod, it draws the rod with it. The upper shaft, on which are seen the three large wheels, has also fastened to it. over each press, an eccentric wheel. In Digitized by Google 32 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF ---------~---- -~-------the first illustration will be seen three upright rods running from near the table to the top. The middle one is connected with a tire around the eccentric wheel, and rises and falls with each revolution. The eccentric power gives great rapidity of motion with but little jerking. The operator places one end of a strip of metal in the immense jaws of the press, and cuts out a couple of planchets, which are a fraction larger than the coin to be struck. As the · strips are of uniform thickness, if these two are of the right weight, all cut from that strip will be the same. They are therefore weighed accurately. If right, or a little heavy, they are allowed to pass, as the extra weight can be filed off. If too light, the whole strip has to be re-melted. As fast as cut the planchets fall into a box below, and the perforated strips are folded into convenient lengths to be re-melted. From a strip worth say eleven hundred dollars, eight hundred dollars of planchets will be cut. ADJUSTING RooM. The planchets are then removed to the adjusting room, where they are adjusted. This work is performed by ladies. After DELICATE SCALES. inspection they are weighep. on very accurate scales. If a planchet is too heavy, but near the weight, it is filed off at the edges ; if too heavy for filing, it is thrown aside with the light I ~ Digitized by Google I THE UNITED STATES MINT. 33 ones, to be re-melted. To adjust coin so accurately requires great delicacy and skill, as a too free use of the file would make it too lip;ht. Yet by long practice, so accustomed do the operators become, that they work with apparent unconcern, scarce glancing at either pla.nchets or scales, and guided as it were by unerring touch. The exceedingly delicate scales were made under the direction of Mr. Peale, who greatly improved on the old ones in use. So precise and sensitive are they that the slightest breath of air affects their accuracy, rendering it necessary to exclude every draft from the room. · PROGRESS IN COINING. The methods of coining mo~ey have varied with the progress in mechanic arts, and are but indefinitely traced from the beginning ; the primitive mode, being by the casting of the piece in sand, the impression being made with a hammer • ANCIENT COINING PRESS, and punch. In the middle ages the metal was hammered into sheets of the required thickness, cut with shears into shape, and then stamped by hand with the design. The mill and screw, by which greater increase in power, with finer finish was gained, dates back to the Sixteenth Century. This process, with various modifications and improvements, continued in use in the Philadelphia Mint until 1836. Digitized by Google 34, ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF The first steam coining press was invented by M. Thonnelier, of France, in 1833, and was first used in the United States Mint in 1836. It was remodeled and rebuilt in 1858, but iµ 1874 was superseded by the one now in operation, the very STEAM COINING PRESS. perfection of mechanism, in which the vibration and unsteady bearing of the former press were entirely obviated, ·and precision attained by the solid stroke with a saving of over seventyfive per cent. in the wearing and breaking of the dies. Drns. · The dies for coining are prepared by engravers, especially employed at the Mint for that purpose. The process of engraving them consists in cutting the devices and legends in soft steel, those parts being depressed which, in the coin, appear in relief. This, having been finished and hardened, constitutes an " ori,qinal die," which, being the result of a tedious and difficult task, is deemed too precious to be directly employed in striking coins; but it is used for multiplying dies. It is finit used to DIES, impress another piece of soft steel, which then presents the appearance of a coin, and is c!tlled a. hub. This hub, being hardened, is used to impress other Digitized by Googte"c - 35 THE uNITED STATES :.::.XT. pieces of steel in like manner which, being like the original die, are hardened and used for striking the coins. A pair of these will, on an average, perform two weeks' work. TRANSI,'ER LATHE. The transfer lathe, a very complicated piece of machinery, is used in making dies, for coins and medals. By it, from a large cast, the design can be transferred and engraved in smaller size, in perfect proportion to the original. THE COINING AND :MILLING ROOMS. This department, the most interesting to the general visitor, occupies the larger portion of the first floor on the east side of the building. The rooms are divided by an iron railing, which aepar,ttes the visitors, on either side, from the machinery, etc., but allows everything to be seen. Digitized by Google "' -36 I ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF The planchets, after being adjusted, are received here, and, in order to protect the surface of the coin, are passed through the milling-machine. The planchets are fed to this machine i MILLING MACHINE. through an upright tube, and, as they descend from the lower aperture, they are caught upoP. the edge of a revolving wheel Digitized by Google - 37" THE UXITED STATES :MI:S-T. and carried about a quarter of a revolution, during which the edge is compressed and forced up-the space between the wheel and the rim being a little le~ than the diameter of the planchet. This apparatus moves so nimbly that five hundred and sixty half-dimes can be milled in a minute; but, for large pieces, the average is about one hundre<l and twenty. In this. PERFECTED COINING PRESS. room are the milling machines, and the massive, but delicate,_ coining presses, ten in number. Each of these is capable oi coining from eighty to one hundred pieces a minute. Onlythe largest are used in making coins of large denominations. The arch is a solid piece of cast iron, weighing several tons, and unites with its beauty great strength. The table is also, Digitized by Google 38 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF of iron, brightly polished and very heavy. In the interior of the arch is a. nearly round plate of brass, called a triangle. It is fastened to a lever above by two steel bands, termed stirrups, one of which can be seen to the right of the arch. The stout 1,rm above it, looking so dark in the picture, is also connected ~~,,-~-...~---=-=·-- · _--,--~ .. ~--- '---- ---~ _, ""l_ -- ·~~'r ----~ - - ;:;1/_? - :: / ///~ . .,,. .,,. / ,/ / COINING PRESS, with the triangle by a ball-and-socket joint, and it is this arm which forces down the triangle. The arm is connected with the end of the lever above by a joint somewhat like that of the knee. One end of the lever can b~ seen reaching behind the arch to a crank near the large fly-wheel. When the triangle Digitiz€d by G~o~ --- --- 39 THE UNITED STATES MINT. is raised, the arm and near end of the lever extends outward. When the cra-r,.k lifts the further end of the lever it draws in the knee and forces down the arm until it is perfectly straight. By that time- the crank has revolved and is lowering the lever, which forces out the knee again and raises the arm. As the triangle is fastened to the arm it has to follow all its movements. Under the triangle, buried in the lower part of the arch, is a st.eel cup, or, technically, a "die stake." Into this is fastened the reverse die. The die stake is arranged to rise one-eighth of an inch; when down it rests firmly on the solid foundation of the arch. Over the die stake is a steel collar or plate, in which is a hole large enough to allow a planchet to drop upon the die. In the triangle above, the obverse die is fastened, which moves with the triangle; when the knee is straightened the die fits into the collar and presses down upon the reverse die. Just in front of the triangle will be seen an upright tube made of brass, and of the size to hold the planchets to be coined. These are placed in this tube. As they reach the bottom they are seized singly by a pair of steel feeders, in motion as similar to that of the finger and thumb as is possible in machinery, and carried over the collar and deposited between the dies, and, while the fingers are expanding and returning for another planchet, the dies close on the one within the collar, and by a rotary motion are made to impress it silently but powerfully. The fingers, as they again close upon a planchet at the mouth of the tube, also seize the coin, and, while conveying a second planchet on to the die, carry the coin off, dropping it into a box provided for that purpose, and the operation is continued ad infinitum. These presses are attended by ladies, and do their work in a perfect manner. The engine that drives the machinery is of one hundred and sixty horse-power. After being stamped the coins are taken to the Coiner's room. and placed on a long table-the double eagles in piles of ten each. It will be remembered that, in the Adjusting Room, a differenec of one-half a grain was made in the weight of some of the double eagles. The light and heavy ones are kept separate in coining, and when delivered to the treasurer, they are mixed together in such proportions as to give him full weight in every delivery. By law the deviation from the standard weight, in delivering to him, must not exceed three pennyweights in one thousand double eagles. The gold coins-as small as quarter eagles being counted and weighed to verify the count-are put up in bags of $5,000 each. The three-dollar pieces are put up in bags of $3,000, and one-dollar pieces in $1,000 bags. The silver pieces, and sometimes small gold, are counted on a very ingenious contrivance called a "counting-board." Digitized by Google 40 ILLUSTRA'rED HISTORY OF COUNTING BOARD, By this process twenty-five dollars in five-cent pieces can be counted in less than a minute. The "boards" are a simple flat surface of wood, with copper partitions, the height and size of the coin to be counted, rising from the surface at regular intervals, and running parallel with each other from top to bottom. They somewhat resemble a common household "washing board," with the grooves running parallel with the sides but much larger. The boards are worked by hand, over a box, and as the piece11 are counted they slide into a drawer prepared to receive them. They are then put into bags and are ready for shipment.* • For the various duties or the Mint there are over three hundred persons employed as clerks, workmen, etc.-say about two-thirds men and one-third women-the number depending, or course, upon the amount of work to be done. Digitized by Google THE UNITED STATES MINT. 41 -------------------------THE CABINET; THE room in the Mint used for the Cabinet is on 'the second floor. It waa formerly a suite of three apartments connected by folding-doors, but the doors have been removed, and it is now a pleasant saloon fifty-four feet long by sixteen wide. The eastern and western sections are of the same proportions, each with a broad window. The central section is lighted from the dome, which is suported by four columns. There is an open space immediately under the dome, to give light to the hall below, which is the main entrance to the Mint. Around this space is a railing and a circular case for coins. The Cabinet of Coins was established in 1838, by Dr. R. M. Patterson, then Director of the Mint. Anticipating such a demand, reserves had been made for many years by Adam Eckfeldt, * the Coiner, of the "master coins" of the Mint; a term used to signify first pieces from new dies, bearing a high polish and struck with extra care. These are now more commonly called "proof pieces." With this nucleus, and a few other valuable pieces from Mr. Eckfeldt, the business was committed to the Assay Department, and especially to Mr. Du Bois, Assistant Assayer. The collection grew, year by year, by making exchanges to supply deficiencies, by purchases, by adding our own coin, and by saving foreign coins from the melting-pot-a large part in this way, at a cost of not more than their bullion value, though demanding great care, appreciation, and study. Vi;luable donations were also made by travelers, consuls, and missionaries. In 1839, Congress appropriated the sum of $1,000 for the purchase of "specimens of ores and coins to be preserved at the Mint." Annually, since, the sum of $300 has been appropriated by the Government for this object. More has not been asked or desired, for the officers of the Mint have not sought to vie with the long established collections of the national cabinets of the old world, or even to equal the extravagance of some private numismatists; but they have admirably succeeded in their purpose to secure such coins as would interest all, from the schoolboy to the most enthusiastic archreologist. The economic principle upon which the collection has been gathered is a lesson to all governmental departments in frugality, as well as a restraint upon the natural tendency to extravagance which has heretofore distinguished those who have a passion for old coins. There are thousands of coin collectors in the United * Aclam F.ckfeldt'• portrait, by f'amuel Du Bois, bangs in the Cabinet. A short oketch of him will be found in the list of Coiners. Digitized by Google 42 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF States, and fortunes have been accumulated in this strange More than one authenticated instance has been known in this country where a man has lived in penury, and died from want, yet possessed of affiuence in time-defaced coins. way. RELICS. Having referred to the portraits of the Directors of the Mint, we will cite other interesting subjects of observation, before describing the coins. The first object in the Cabinet attracting attention is a framed copy of the law of Congress establishing the Mint, with its quaint phraseology with the signature of Thomas Jefferson. (See facsimile on page 11.) In the first section, near the western window, is the assorting machine, the invention of a Frenchman, Baron Seguier, and which is now in use in the Mint at Paris. The planchets for coinage are liabJe to be a little too heavy or too light; it is therefore necessary, at least in the case of gold, to assort them by weighing. This machine is designed to enable one person to do the work of many. "The planchets are thrown into the hopper at the rear, and, being arranged by the action of the wheel, slide down balances. By machinery beneath they are carried one by one to the nearest platforms to be weighed. If too heavy, the tall needle of the beam leans to the right and lifts a pallet-wire, which connects with an apparatus under the table by which the planchet is pushed off and• slides into one of the brass pans in front. If the piece be light, the needle is drawn over to the left, and touches the other pallet, which makes a passage to another brass pan. If the piece be of true weight, or near enough, the needle stands perpendicular between the pallets, and the piece finds its way into the third brass pan." On the opposite wall is a fine cast of Cromwell, a duplicate of one taken shortly after his death. It was placed here by Mr. W. E. Du Bois, who received it from H. W. Field, Esq., late Assayer of the Royal Mint, London, who is a descendant of the great Protector. Below the cast of Cromwell is a cage showing progressive "alloys of gold." The plates comprise gold alloyed with copper, gold alloyed with silver, and gold fine. In the eastern section are the Standard Test Scales, used to test the weights sent to all the mints and assay offices in the United States, and are so delicate as to weigh the twentythousandth part of an ounce. These scales were manufactured by employees of the Mint, and have been in use more than a Digitized by Google 43 THE UNITED STATES MINT. quarter of a century. The beam is hollow, and filled with Spanish cedar to guard against the effect of dampness; the bearings are ~dges of knife-blades, which impinge on a surface of agate plate. These scales are tested by the Annual.Assay Committee, which meets on the second Tuesday in February of ~very year. CURIOSITIES AND MINERALS. The most interesting objects of this curious display are three golden images from graves in the Island of Chiriqui, off Central America. They were dug up in 1858, and sent to the Mint as bullion, to be melted. They are of pure gold, but the workmanship is very crude. The images are in the forms of a reptile, a bird, and a man with symbols of power in his hands, not unlike those designating Jupiter. There are also, in the first section, two large cases with choice selections of mineral specimens, carefully classified and labeled. These are from well selected results of years of patient collecting, and are deserving of more study than can be devoted to them by <Jasual visi!;ors. They are chiefly from different parts of the United States, and are an "index book" to the vast mineral wealth of the nation. Near the exit door of the Cabinet, in a large glass case, is a magnificent American eagle, which is worthy of the visitor's attention. It is superbly mounted, with grand breadth of wing and won(jrous piercing eyes. The portrait of this " pet " can be recognized on Reverse of the " Pattern " Silver Dollars of 1836, 1838, and 1839, and on the Obverse of the first nickel cent pieces coined in 1856. "PETER," the name which the noble bird recognized, was an inhabitant of the Mint six years. He would fly about the city, but no one interfered with the going or coming of the " Mint bird," and he never failed to. return from his daily exercise before the time for closing the building. In an evil hour he unfortunately perched upon a large fly wheel, and getting caught in the machinery, received a fatal injury to his wing, and this ended rather an unusual career for an eagle. EASTERN CORRIDOR. Opening into the eastern corridor are the rooms of the Superintendent, the Chief Clerk, and the library of Historical and Scientific Works, including many valuable books upon the .art of coinage. Passing out upon the gallery, we enter Digitized by Google 44 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF the Machinists' and Engravers' rooms. Here are engraved and finished the dies used in this Mint and in all the branch mints. Visitors are not ordinarily allowed access to these rooms, or to the assay office, or to the cellar. (In the latter are a number of immense vaults, and in the main cellar are engines, which supply the power and light used throughout the building.) Here are also blacksmith, carpenter, and paint shops; and in the rear, west side, is the medal-striking room, where medals are struck by a screw press, worked by hand. The cellar also contains the "sweep '' grinding rooms. Near this room are the wells, which are receptacles for the water used in washing the precious metals. These wells are cleaned out every few years and the deposit is then treated in the same way as the sweepings. The little wooden building in the court was formerly the cent-room, where copper cents were exchanged for nickels;* it is now the office of the agent of the Adams Express Company,. who brings to the Philadelphia Mint millions of dollars worth of precious metals in the shape of bullion from the far west, to be converted into American Coin, when it isagain transported by the same company to various points to be put intocirculation. Corns. The ancient coins are chiefly arranged in upright cases against the walls in the doorways and the middle section of the saloon. The modern coins are placed in nearly level cases at either end of the room and in the circular or central cases. Of antique coins the portion labeled Cabinet Nos. 97, 98, 99, " Massilia," are interesting as belonging to a Greek colony which settled about six hurnlred years before Christ upon the coast of Gaul, on the spot now known as Marseilles. This little colony fled their native country and the rule of a governor placed over it by a Persian monarch. They were distinguished for their civilization, and the work upon these small coins is the most palpable witness of that fact in existence to-day. GREEK Corns. Their surfaces, of gold, silver, and bronze, bristle with lance :tnd spear, helmet and shield. On one of these coins Jove is seated and bearing an eagle, defying Alexander of Macedon, while on the obverse the same mighty conqueror impersonates Hercules. The oldest coin here is supposed to date back to 550 B.C. It is well to mention the fact that coins were • The exchange at the present time (1885) is made at the Sub-Treasury in the Custom. House. Digitized by Google 45 THE UNITED STATES MINT, never dated until the fifteenth century ; and previous to that time the ages of coins can only be determined by the legends upon them, as answering to the page of corroborative history and the art era to which they belonged. No. 9 bears on the obverse the Macedonian horse, a favorite animal, which the then war-loving Greeks are said to have deified At this period the haughty royal families began to chronicle in coin their line of descent. The kings of Macedon claimed Her<mles for 11,n ancestor, and in proof thereof the lion's skin was a royal insignia. An old historian says, " The kings of Macedon, instead of the crown, the diadem, the purple, bear upon their effigy the skin of a lion." Several pieces of money in this case, upon which are heads of Alexander, have rings in them, -and were worn by gracious dames as ornaments. The value of thii;i series of coins is priceless, as furnishing portraits -0f the heroes of that period which can be received without question as accurate, for the art patronage of the kingdom was regulated by the strictest laws. Alexander was especially jealous of how the future nations should regard his physique, allowing only three artists, during his reign, the privilege of drawing, painting, or modeling his head.* To such royal guardianship may be attributed the perfection to which Greek art attained; and it may well be a matter of regret that the same firmness in this regard was not universal. The last coin of this series is a small bronze coin, and was issued by Perseus, the last king of Macedon. PERSIAN. In this case is a collection of Persian coins, very choice, and of no mean workmanship, and, of course, portraying the faith and rites of the fire-worshippers. One era is distinctly Greek in style, and marks the period of Greek supremacy. The oldest gold coin known to the collector is the gold Daric -0f King Darius, with the head of the king in bold- relief; and all Persian coins are so called in remembrance of this monarch. Their money was very fine, so the word IJaric has become incorporated into numismatic terminology to designate any pure gold coin. Nos. 58 to 67, inclusive, of this series, are silver coins of the Sassanian kings. EGYPT is also represented in this case, as is proper, for that nation had no coinage until it was taught the art when conquered by • Horace says that Alexander tlw Great ordained that no one should take his portrait -On gems but Pyrgotelcs; no one should paint him hut. Apclles; and no one should stamp his head on coins but Lysippus.-American Bibliopolist. Digitized by Google ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF Alexander. Here are some very attractive data of Egyptian history, and from these coins are obtained the only portraits of Arsinoe, Cleopatra, and others. THE SYRIAN Corns are embraced in the division called " Greek monarchies," and in them are found many coins not only important in history, but of the very finest Greek art, from the third to the first century B.C. In this period the Syriac and Hebrew coins become intermingled, a fact abundantly sustained by the Jewish shekel of Simon Maccabees. The legend of this interesting relic is in the language of Samaria; on one side the budding rod of Aaron, legend, "Jerusalem the Holy;" on the other, a cup of incense or pot of manna, and the inscription, '' Shekel of Israel.'' This shekel is well preserved, and · is one of the most prized coins known. (See Plate and CaseXV., marked " Selections." In this collection are some coins from Bactria, considered priceless by savans. These are trophies of recent British explorations, and are judged to be of sufficient importance to call forth from an English professor an extended treatise on the "Antiquities and Coins of Afghanistan." They are exceedingly rude in workmanship, and nearly all of baser metal, the most important being a small, square, brass coin, in the case marked "Selections." RoMAN Corns. The collection of Roman coins in this Cabinet numbers. nearly one thousand, and an acquaintance with it is invaluable for object teaching, as in it is the condensed history, not only of the glory of Rome, "Mistress of the World," but of her customs, faith, conquests, wealth, culture, divisions, and downfall. Through this entire section of time-one-third of the known history of the world-Roman art, though high, never reached the exalted purity of Greek lines. In their finest coins we see no Phidias, no Myron, no Praxiteles, but they deteriorate and fluctuate visibly when in or out of contact with the influence of the Grecian mind. GREEK REPUBLIC will be first in interest. both historic and artistic. It is conceded that to the Greeks the world owes the introduction of the art of coinage, and though centuries numbered by tens have passed, some of the old Greek coins equal many modern productions jn purity of lines, and surpass nearly all in poetic. Digitized by Google 47 THE UNITED STATES MINT. sentiment. On the first coins no earthly potentate was allowed to be pictured, no deed of heroiAm portrayed. The glory of the gods was considered the only appropriate theme for impressions on the surface of bronze, silver, and gold. The coins of the republic embrace a large variety, as nearly a thousand towns were allowed the privilege of coinage. Upon this varied issue are preserved nearly all the legends of Greek mythology. Upon the coins are the heads of Jupiter, Juno, Minerva, Bacchus, Apollo, and Diana, with many sacred animals, and the work is to-day the standi,,rd of artistic perfection. Of course, the collection of this ancient period cannot be extensive. In thjs case there are, however, more than one hundred and fifty specimens, and these present a study so attractive and so intense that it is almost impossible to imagine what classic poetry would be without it. Nos. 4, 5, and 6, are silver coins of 1Egina, which have on the obverse, for a device, the tortoise, emblematic of the security of the islanJ amid the waves, and the protection of the gods of the sea. On the reverse are the marks of the punches only, probably denoting the value of the coins. These are claim<id to belong to an era seven hundred years before Christ. No. 28 is a silver coin of Athens, with a head of Minerva splendidly drawn upon the obverse, while the reverse presents a large owl, the bird sacred to the goddess of Wisdom. The devices upon this coin indicate its age to be from twenty-one to twenty-three centuries. The Greek proverb of "taking owls to Athens" referred to this coin, which was necessarily of great importance to the tradespeople of that city. FAMILY COINS. . These comprise about one hundred and seventy-five, of which one hundred and twenty-six are in the collection. They were struck to record the heroic deeds which first introduced any notable ancestor to fame, and hence are to-day family charts of respectability for many of the patricians of Rome, albeit some of them have plebeian roots. Be that as it may, they are as much the trusted patents of aristocracy as is the "Book of the Peerage" of England. Here are found the same distinctions between patrician and plebeian which mark all countries, the patricians being always designated by a symbol of warfare, while the plebeians were indicated by the tools and instruments of common trade. The more noticeable of the coins are as follows: No. 16, Acilia; the reverse a female leaning against a pillar, with a serpent chitched in her right hand, indicating the wisdo19 or courage Digitized by Google 48 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF of some ancestor. N~. 20, 1Emilia; on the obverse of this curious coin is a figure kneeling by the side of a camel, presenting an olive branch, from which depends a fillet or ancient diadem; on the reverse, a figure guiding a triumphal chariot, a scorpion in the field. Josephus tells us of an invasion of Arabia, and that Aretus, the king of the country, purchased peace of the Romans for five hundred talents. The diadem hanging from the olive branch chronicles the entire humiliation of Aretus, and the scorpion doubtless indicates the month of ihe Roman triumph.- No. 30, Aquillia, a small silver coin; the reverse shows a woman kneeling before a soldier. The motto below the figures (or in the exergue of the coin, as is the art term) is "Sicil." This commemorates the suppression of a revolt of slaves in Sicily, which was achieved by Manlius Aquillia. No. 41, Calpurnia, the family of Cresar's noble wife; reverse, a horseman riding at full speed, a head of wheat above him; legend, L. Piso-Trugi. The coin recallsthe fact that in the year 507 B. c. there was a famine in Rome, and Calpurnius Piso was dispatched to Africa to buy corn. This seemingly small service is magnified upon a large number of coins. Nos. 95 and 96, Hostilia, a coin with a sacrifice to Pallor and Pavor (fear and trembling), offered by Tullus Hostilius in some great emergency. No. 97, Julia; obverse, a helmeted head; legend, Cresar; reverse, a warricr in a chariot drawn by two horses. No. 98, Junia; obverse, head of Liberty; reverse, Junius Brutus guarded by lictors, and preceded by a herald, showing that an ancestor of Junius Brutus was the first consul of Rome. Nos. 181, 182, Tituria. The reverse shows two soldiers throwing their shields upon a prostrate female, illustrating the famous story of the " Tarpeian Rock." Reverse rep: resents the Romans carrying off Sabine women-a witness. in coin of the fact that the family of Tituria trace their ancestry from the Sabines. To do justice to this case is impossible, for here are coins relating to the ancestors of .i\.ntonia, Aurelia, Cornelia, Fulvia, Horatio, Lucretia, Lucilla, Sempronia, Titia Valeria, and many others familiar to the readers of history. This era of coins terminated about the time of the birth of Christ, when the IMPERIAL Corns were introduced. In noticing these, little save the labels on the case can be given. Division IL Julius Cre,sar to Trajan, inclusive. Beginning 49 B. c., and ending 117 A.D. A simple catalogue of the illustrious names Digitized by Google 49 THE UNITED STATES MINT. -on these coins would convey an idea of their importance. All the victories of Cresar are marked by coinage ; but out of the two hundred belonging to this case reference need only be made to No. 24, r, beautiful gold coin, with the undraped head -of Augustus, exquisitely severe, the interest attaching chiefly to the legend, " The Son of God," referring to the deification ,of Cresar. IJivision IIL embraces from Hadrian to Elagabalus, 117-222. In the reign of Hadrian much coin was issued, though it did not bear marks of the disasters and revolts that signalized the foregoing. That he was a merciful ruler is indicated by the coins, especially one-Hispania; the reverse showing the emperor raising Spain-a female figure-from the ground. His travels are .also illustrated in coin. IJivision IV. From Severus Alexander to Claudius Gothicus, 222-270. 'These coins indicate the vicious effect of the rulers immediately preceding. IJivision V. From Aurelian to the end of the Western Empire; includes 270-47fl. A brilliant succession; Aurelian's busy reign, ,ending in assassination·; the war-like Probus, the slave-emperor; Diocletian's despotism and vindictive persecution of Christians; the usurpation of Carausius; the happy reign of ·Constantine the Great, Julian, Theodosius, down to Julius N epos. These are a few of the historic names and events presented in this division. IJivision VL -covers the period of the Byzantine or Eastern Empire, and a )apse of eight centuries; but the coinage is not comparable with that of other eras, nor were events of so stirring and heroic a character. A general decay, painful to contemplate, marked this long lapse of time, which began near the accept-1.mce of Christianity, and extended through the dark ages. "THE TEMPLE SWEEPERS." A small case attracts no little attention, because it contains a single coin ; and the interest does not decrease when the in~cription is read: "Struck in the Philadelphia Mint, at least two thousand years ago." The late Assayer of the Philadelphia Digitized by Google 50 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF Mint, Mr. W. E. Du Bois, under title of" The Temple Sweepers," wrote, not long since, a valuable sketch of this coin, made in the City of Attalus Philadelphus, Asia Minor, and for which William Penn called his city, because the ancient one was a monument of "brotherly love." Diana was the patroness of Philadelphia. "On one side, then, we have a head; not a king's nor an emperor's; as yet the free city had a pride and a privilege above that. It is a female head, an ideal, representing the city itself; or rather the dwellers in it, the Demos. Here in this head and title, we have the radix of Democracy. " This is all we can gather from the obverse. On the other side we have a larger variety : a running female figure ; a dog also on the trot ; a legend of some length and of more significance. " _The half-clad figure is that of the goddess known to theGreeks as Artemis, to the Latins as Diana ; and otherwise called Selene, Phoobe, Delia, or Cynthia. " She was the favorite divinity of the cities of Asia Minor. Once the patroness of chastity and purity. Goddess of the chase." The legend on the obverse of this coin explains its name ~ "Friends of Philadelphia's [her] Temple Sweepers." ORIENTAL. Oriental coins are not as attractive as other varieties, though there are special coins among them which have no rival in historic importance. Antique coins from the East were usually without device, and, their legends being rudely inscribed in a. dead language, proved frequently to be sealed fountains to the thirsting antiquarian. Therefore in cases marked " Oriental'' the visitor is undetermined where to begin to study, and often decides to give it but little time. · Those having for device the sacred peacock are from Burmah ; there is, however, in the division marked " Selections" a very curious coin belonging to that country, which certainly formed a part of its earliest currency. It is a common gravelstone, encased in a circling band of brass. Corns OF SIAM. The coins of Siam are much sought for. Some of them, known to European travelers as '' bullet money," are lumps of gold or silver, hammered by rude implements into a doubtful roundness, and a few Siamese characters stamped irregularly upon Digitized by Google 51 THE UNITED STATES :lil~T. or them. The sacred elephant is found on a large proportion their money. A Siamese coin in the Cabinet, of modern date, is quite handsome in both workmanship and design. On the obverse is the sacred elephant in ponderous proportion, which delights the eyes of the devout, and the reverse presents a. group of three pagodas, finely drawn. In the case marked " Selections" is a Siamese coin of gold, comparatively modem, called " Tecal," corresponding in some respects to the •' Shekel," or " Oxen," of biblical fame. CHINESE Corns. On the south side of the first section is a case of seven hundred coins of the Celestial Empire. With but few exceptions these coins are bronzed. Dynasty succeeds dynasty ; usurpation, insurrection, are all writ in bronze. The Chinese assert an uninterrupted coinage for forty-one centuries. The manuscript attesting this is in the case, and was prepared under authority. Large numbers of their coins were considered charms, sufficient to protect the owner against fever, or even the more dreaded horrors of spiritual menace. In this connection it may be said that the Chinese had an exalted reverence for the coin-charm, and a small coin was often placed in the mouth of the dead (now, if a Chinaman dies in California, a small silver United States coin is placed on his tongue). These coins were covered with cabalistic characters, symbolic animals, birds, etc. Two worthy of notice in this regard, and said to be of the oldest issue, are Nos. 1 and 2. The first might be mistaken for an iron safe-key ; the second is known as the "razor coin," its form and almost its size being that of a razor. . In another case, appropriately labeled, is the Chinese porcelain money." They are the only people who have made porcelain a "legal tender," though it would appear that almost every part of the three kingdoms of nature has been laid under contribution. The specimen here may be mistaken for the popular Chinese sleeve-button, bought in any bazaar for a few cents. The Chinese, as did also the Afrtcans, utilized the small sea-shells for trade. In the same case are some of the variety legalized. Ten small shells made one " cash." This is a small, round, copper-bronzed coin, with a square hole in the centre. The Chinese dames of high degree wore such strung around their throats. One thousand of them are equal to our dollar. The Japanese, however, outcount their neighbors, as they have a bronze coin called the "One-hundredth, .. of which just seven thousand make one Spanish dollar. Digitized by Google -52 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF Shell money of pure gold, "or gold beaten into small solid shells, was made by those natives who supplied the Portuguese ·slave-traders with slaves," and was called by the traders "Spondylus Macutus," from which, some contend, came the -slang term "spondulics." Forty of those small coins, each worth about a dollar of Spanish money, was a high price for .a slave. There is also in the Cabinet a valuable collection of African ring money. These ornaments are very massive and pure, -comprised of elaborately carved "signet-rings, armlets, anklets," etc. One article, more novel and valuable than the others, is a pipe of fine gold, bowl and handle of curious basrelief figures, and a heavy, square-linked chain attaching a large meclallion, on which is the head of a monarch poorly drawn. The Chinese government, like all despotisms, is very jealous of its coining prerogatives; yet it does not fail to appreciate an advantage when offered, as is evident to us by the following: Proclamation for general information: "WHEREAS, The foreign silver (coin) in daily use among the people of the Kwang Tung Provinces has long been in -circulation, and is moreover admitted to be advantageous and convenient. In the 5th and 11th years of Tung Chih (1866 .and 1872) the Hong Kong Mint coined a new Dollar which, upon comparison with pure silver, bore a proportion of fully ninety per cent., and as the Records will prove. Proclamations were issued notifying the people that it might come into general circulation. There has lately come to Hong Kong a. newly coined American Eagle Dollar, called the " Trade Dollar," and Sir Brooke Robinson, the British Consul, having requested that officers might be appointed to assay it, the Viceroy and Haikwan thereupon appointed officers to melt it down and assay it, in concert with (an officer from the British Consulate), when, taking the Haikwan Tael of pure silver as the standard, an outturn was obtained of fully 89. 61-or Taels 111.6 of this new Eagle Dollar are equal to 100 Haikwan Taels of pure silver. Minutes of the assay were drawn up in proof thereof. "For the convenience of Traders and people, therefore, this eoin should be allowed to be tenclered in payment of duties at the rate of touch obtained at the assay, and to come into daily eirculation. It becomes the duty then of the Viceroy and his colleagues to issue a Proclamation on the subject for general information. "This Proclamation, therefore, is for the information of yo11 merchants, traders, soldiers, and people of every district. Digitized by Google THE UNITED STATES MINT. You must know that the 'Eagle Trade Dollar' that hae lately come to Hong Kong has been jointly assayed by officers. specially appointed for the purpose, and it can be taken in payment of duties, and come into general circulation. You must not look upon it with suspicion. At the same time rogues, sharpers, and the like, arc hereby strictly forbidden to fabricate spurious imitations of this new Eagle Dollar, with a view to their own profit. "And should they dare to set this prohibition at defiance, and fabricate false coin, they shall, upon discovery, most &Ssuredly be arrested and punished. Let every one obey with trembling! Let there be no disobedience! "A Special Proclamation. Tung Chih 12th year, 9th moon-day (October, 1873.) " Translated by " (Signed) WALTER C. HILLIER.'' JAPAN. Perhaps the peculiar adaptability of the Japanese character· cannot be better illustrated than by their late monetary revolution, especially as their coinage is hedged around with laws, with penal attachments of no douhtful character. In the small morocco case marked "Japan" are a few specimens of their original coin. Of this series the large goltl plate, four inches by three arnl a half, is known as the "Gold Ohan," their most valuable coin, worth about seventy-five dollars. This coin is of perfectly smooth surface, with an elaborate black inscription of Japanese text, burnt in by a chemical process. To take the "Gold Ohan" out of the kingdom is punishable with death; to remove it by mistake, suhjccts the offender to imprisonment for life. The other coins in this case are, in their composition and shape, as distinctive as the Japanese are peculiar as a people. The progressive character of the Japanese is exemplified by their recent acceptance of the United States system of coinage. The mind of the Japanese proletaire has been much trouble,! in recent years with regard to the coinage of his country; not that he ever has much of the currency in question, but the Japanese proletaire has no pockets, and he finds it awkward to carry in his hands such coins as he contrives to possess. In ancient times his rulers were more considerate. They punched square holes in the centre of the coins, through which he passed a string, and was thus able to carry about his available capital tied around his neck or to his waistband, which in those Digitized by Google 54 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OP' days was his sole garment. The coins were not large in amount; it took a thousand of them to make a few shillings, while a cart was required to convey five dollars worth. But with civilization came an improved coinage, larger in value, and with no holes, and the pocketless proletaire naturally grumbled that civilization treated him hardly in this respect. Paper currency for small amounts partially satisfied him for a time; but at last his cries have been heard, and the Japanese Government has promised to issue a new coin specially for his behoof. Its value is rather less than one cent, and is to possess the indispensable hole, by which he can string it as a child strings beads, and he is probably content. TURKEY. Turkish coins often bear texts from the Koran on either side, so it may be said the tenets of their religion are their circulating medium. The piastres in this collection are generally those now in circulation. EGYPT. Egypt's antique coins were of Greek or Roman workmanship, of which the very finest is in the case marked "Selections," and has not its superior for interest or beauty in the world. It was the work of some Greek artist, and presents the head of Arsinoe, wife of Ptolemy. It was found in 1868, and bought by the United States Government at a high price; but as only three had been found, its market value may be named by thousands, though its metal value is not more than twenty dollars. This notice of Oriental coins may conclude with suggestive reference to the "Cufic coins," of which there are some valuable specimens. The first is the silver dirhem of Walid, the eccentric caliph of Damascus, A. D. 713. There is also in case XV. a coin of the reign of Haroun Alraschid. FRENCH COINAGE. The French have the credit of making the greatest improve, ments in modern coinage. The French coins are a history of that nation, from the small coin issued in the reign of Louis " the Meek " to the last currency of the republic of France, spanning a period of one thousand years. In design and execution the French coins bear the impress of the ·national character, and also give assurance of the art patronage in which her rulers, failing in much, have never wavered, but brought all their power and cunning to bear on Digitized by Google 55 THE UNITED STATES MINT. securing the best artists, as in the instance of Francis I. beguiling from the holy father that exquisite artist Benvenuto Cellini, or the· later enterprise of Napoleon Bonaparte. No. 83,-a medalet of the unhappy Marie Antoinette,-which is in itself very beautiful, and from its tragic association attracts general interest. GERMANY. The collection of Germany is very large and divided and sub-divided by its kingdoms and principalities. One of the most interesting coins of any age, and excelling in beauty as well, is the gold medallic ducat on which are the heads of Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon. This coin is very generally admired by visitors to the Cabinet. Corns OF SWITZERLAND. Switz~rland is modestly represented in all her cantons, each, like the classic Greek town, enjoying th~ coining privilege. There are several pieces of commemorative and artistic worth, especially the two issues of the :republic of 1796. RussIAN Corns. The double rouble, with a magnificent draped head of Peter the Great, is unexcelled for strength of outline, and valuable as a correct portrait of one of the very greatest and most selfreliant of modern rulers. Turning to another rouble, the features of Elizabeth II. are recognized. It may be assumed, with all due deference to royalty, that this portrayal is the most laughter-provoking figure ever stamped on metal. She is so fat as to have the effect of "spreading herself" all over the coin. Another rouble presents the majestic Catherine II. Ot the coins marked Denmark, Norway, Sweden, there can be only the copper half-daler of Sweden mentioned. This coin is four inches square, weighs about twelve ounces, and is equivalent to a United States silver half-dollar. The daler of Sweden, thaler of Germany, dollar of Spain and America, are a.II synonymous terms. ENGLAND. The first coins of Great Britain were of tin, according to Cresar's authority, who mentions the "tin money of Britain," which has lately been sustained by the discovery, in some work of excavation, of coins of that metal in antique design. These coins are, however, of little use, by reason of the obscure inscription, or rather the frequent absence of all device. The English collection in the Cabinet begins with a. coin made after the stater of Greece, presenting the head of Minerva, Digitized by Google 56 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF with Greek helmet on obverse, while the reverse gives thefigure of a woman most crudely drawn. It is supposed this rude attempt at art was coined about the time of the Roman invasion. Note the contrast presented in placing this relic by the side of the Victorian sovereign, where, on the obverse, is. the queen's head superbly cut; on the reverse, Wyon's inimitable figure of Una and the Lion. These two coins are the Alpha and the Omega of British coinage, while the thousands issued between them are progressive links to civilization. Two small coins are placed here, thought to be contemporary with the Christian era, having no device, but an attempt. to portray the sun on one side. No. 2 is the skeattae of Ethelbert I, king of Saxony, and is the first Saxon coin which has yet been appropriated. It bears upon the obverse the, head of the king; on the reverse is the figure of a bird. Next in interest is No. 6, the penny of William the Conqueror. The bust of that famous monarch is attempted;. 1068 is about the year it is supposed to have been made. During the three centuries following, the condition of England, whether she was at peace or war, is plainly indicated by her coinage. Every added province is memorialized in coin. The rose, thistle, and fleur-de-lis, all tell in strange language for flowers of bloody battles, long sieges, perils by the sea and land; at last all resistance bowing before the ever-increasing power of Great Britain. The first coin of English issue was dated in 1553, being either the close of Edward VI.'s or the beginning of Queen Mary's reign. This is claimed by many to be the first coin dated, though old medals of the preceding century have been found with date. In 1558, the ryal or royal of Queen Elizabeth was issued. On the obverse the queen is grandly enthroned, while thereverse is a large rose, in the centre of which are the Danish arms of Britain, and the arms of Anjou quartered. Thia coin and the pound sterling of Charles I. are in Case XV., '' Selections." This pound sterling is one of the famous "siege pieces,,. of that unhappy king,-which were often made on the field with hammer and anvil out of the family plate brought to theclosely-pressed Stuart by his faithful followers. It is to be regretted that so much valuable family plate of no mean workmanship was thus sacrificed. This "siege piece" is. 1ihe largest silver coin known. The legend upon it, rudely inscribed, is, "Let God arise; let his enemies be scattered;.•• above are three fleurs-de-lis, with date, "1642.'' Digitized by Google THE UNITED STATES MINT. 51 In 1684-88, during the short reign of James II., several varieties of new coins were introduced, notably, "Maundy Money," a small coin made to be distributed by the king on "Maundy Thursday." Beggars, on that day, received from his majesty bags containing as many maundy pieces as the king had lived years. • King James II. also had issued "gun money." This variety was made out of old cannon, after the suppression of an Irish rebellion. Though not even giving a glance towards the interesting series of Queen Anne, it is impossible to pass unnoticed the beautiful bust of George IV., by Chantrey, upon a pattern five-sovereign piece. This well-executed bust of "the handsomest man in Europe,''. was said to be the means of Sir Francis Chantrey being knighted. That vain monarch was as careful about how his face would appear to future generations as was Alexander of Macedon; and Chantrey well knew if he placed upon the shoulders of sixty years the head of forty years, he had given the cabalistic words. which would be the "open sesame" to royal favor. The gold sovereign of Victoria, Nos. 183-184, has, on thereverse, an evidence of coins as a deposit of law archives. ·The shield surrounded by a crown, and bearing the arms of Great Britian quartered; but the arms of Hanover are omitted~ Although Victoria was next heir to William IV., she was prevented by the Salic law from assuming the sceptre of Hanover. On this coin, it may be remembered, are very beautifully presented the rose, the thistle, and the shamrock. A recent addition has been made to the Mint Cabinet of a. very fine sovereign of the times of Oliver Cromwell, purchased at the coin sale of May 14 and 15, 1885. · Scotch moneys of any variety, are very much prized by collectors (see, in Case XV., "Selections," "Groat of Robert Bruce, 1602.") A very rare coin is the penny of Robert II. of Scotland, said to be the only specimen in existence of that monarch's reign. In the seventeenth century the coinage of Scotland merged into that of England. ENGLISH SILVER TOKENS, issued in England, Scotland, and Ireland. '' During the long suspension of specie payments, occasioned by the wars with. Napoleon, the minor currency of England was supplied, not with small paper notes, but with silver tokens, issued by banks and traders, and made redeemable in bank notes. They 11Vere of roouced weight, to keep within the premium, and to Digitized by Google 58 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF prevent hoarding. They continued to circulate until the return of better times and of regular silver coinage. There were many varieties, most of which are here. PORTUGAL AND SPAIN. The coinage of Portugal and Spain in the fifteenth century, held greater sway than that of other countries. Of their coins, there are many fine specime11s in the Mint Cabinet. The "joe and half-joe *" of Portugal are known of all nations, while the Spanish dollar, with its pretentious two globes under a crown, did not claim too much, and only tells the almost limitless rule <Jf the great Philip. The coins of these nations became, through their possessions in the New World, the circulating medium of that portion of the earth. Spanish and Mexican dollars were :almost synonymous, while the real and joe of South America. was patterned after that of Portugal, which fact can be learned in this Cabinet. As nations decay it will be seen their coins become inevitably less trustworthy ; even a glance at the cases marked " Portugal," " Spain," will give this lesson. In the Mexican collection there are issues which seem to contradict this assertion, for the " Mexican dollar " has, for generations, had a position in the monetary world of almost unchallenged credit, yet not by reason of the recognition given Mexico, but because of the United States using it so extensively; for, until the introduction of the " trade dollar," this country had no currency that would meet the demand of the Oriental market. MEXICO. The Mexicans use only gold and silver, and their national series is full of tragic interest, embracing, as it does, three and a half centuries of Mexican history, from Cortez to Maximilian. The "pillar dollar," "windmill dollar," "cast dollar" (the Mexicans are the only nation that cast money), and the "cob money" (a series so called by reason of its clumsiness), are all to be seen in this collection. Corns OF BRAZIL. One coin, a gold "half-joe," issued in 1832, with the infant head of DoDjl Pedro, is very beautiful. By the side of this, in every way a contr&Bt to it, is a series of copper coins of a late issue with the head of the " child " now seated on the throne. •"In box, three pictures (miniatures), two half jou, two small piece• of gold," Dec. 16, 1780.-Martha Washington. These were sent to he used in the manufacture of tbe miniature cases for the above pictures. This Jetter Is in the possession ot R. Coultor. D&Tia, 1:'h. G., of thla city. Digitized by Google 59 THE UNITED STATES MINT. The coins of Bolivia proudly present the bust of Simon Bolivar. Among the West Indies are many samples of " cut money." The law permitting money to be quartered had to be repealed, because the traders of the West Indies made the wonderful mathematical discovery that five quarters make a whole! * * * * *' * * Leaving both the eastern and the western world and their_ coins, there is a single piece, of small commercial valne, which is yet a light-house in mid-ocean." This is the one cent of the Sandwich Islands, the only venture of that kind made by the enterprising little kingdom. The inscription is "Kamehameha III., one hundredth, Hawaii." The name of the king being interpreted signifies "the solitary one," which is singularly well adapted to the coin. COLONIAL Corns. In 1684, the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company was revoked, and the governor recalled ; one of the alleged grievances by the crown was a colonial law concerning the Mint. The currency used by the _colonies was chiefly from England, Spain, and Portugal, but the supply was limited from these sources, and the mother-country was jealous of any infringement of her prerogative of coinage. There are various specimens of the "pine-tree" money of Massachusetts in the Cabinet. Some doubt has arisen as to the species of tree intended, but it is generally accepted as the emblematic pine. This is claimed to be about the second colonial issue, a kind of semi-official coin. The first was from the Bermudas.* It is a shilling piece, stamped by one John Hall, silversmith, of the city of Boston, 1652, who made a very good speculation of the privilege. There has lately been added to the Cabinet a sixpence of this rare money. The work on this species of coins is so exceedingly simple as to present little save a planchet. On the obverse, a double ring around a pine-tree; legeDd, " Massachusetts in;" and on the reverse, a double ring also, containing the legend, " New England An Dom. t" Charles II., it appears, was easily deceived in regard to the significance of the "pine-tree shilling." Sir Thomas Temple, a friend of the colonies, adroitly presented one of these obnoxious coins to the irate monarch, explaining that the tree • This iMue being made at Sommer Islancb, gave the nameof"Sommer money." The old story of the weighing of John Hall'• daughter on her marrla~ay is re- , ca Jed In seeing these coins. Ber dowry was her weight In "pine-tree" shlllings; and \he suggestion is allowable that these specimens formed a part of the portion of the \lushing bride two centuries ago. ! Digitized by Google 60 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF was the "royal oak" which had saved his majesty's life, Whereupon the king, laughing, denominated his trans-Atlantic subjects "honest dogs," and allowed the coinage to proceed. During the reign of George I. a new species of coin was issued from the English Mint, denomination half penny, and it is asserted upon good authority that this was the only issue ever authorized by the home government for general circulation in the colonies. It was a coin of mixed metal, resembling brass. The head of the king was on the obverse; inscription, " Georgi us Rex." The reverse, a large double rose under a crown; legend, "Rosa Americana." Upon a scroll, "Utile Dulci.*" "Peltry," we learn, was one of the principal articles of currency, and was known as "pelt," or Massachusetts currency, and was extensively used in trading between Indians and whites, sometimes called "Beaver Money," "Corne, Wheate, Barley, and Rye;" and a still more quaint currency was established, as will be found in an old Massachusetts court order, as follows : "It is likewise ordered that muskett balletts of a full boare shall passe current for a f artlting a peece, provided that noe man be compeUed to take above 12d. att a tyme of them" In Maryland, not only cattle, tobacco, and other produce was accepted as currency, but powder and shot were also included. Lord Baltimore, in 1660, sent over to Maryland the "Baltimore" shilling. In the colonial case there is a series of these exceedingly rare coins. They were a shilling, sixpence, groats, and are all of the same design, differing only in denomination. They were coined in London, and compare favorably with any minting of that age. The bust of Lord Baltimore on the obverse is very well cut; his name "Cecil," is the legend. On the reverse, the coat of arms of Cecil, Lord Baltimore, is given; this device has been re-adopted by the State of Maryland. The substitution of any legal tender seems to be fraught with· danger, and at best is jealously scanned by the people; and there was trouble to put this coin into circulation. The people, though demanding coin, did not yield their old currency of "wheat, corn, tobacco, powder, and shot," without a demonstration. The Carolinas, Virginia, and New Hampshire all followed Maryland in the introduction of a colonial coinage. In the interval of the Revolution, known as the Confederacy, the growth of the spirit of independence in the people • This is the coin which caused such excitement and so much feeling in Ireland, and which Dean Swilt attacked from the pulpit. Digitized by Google THE UNITED STATES MINT. 61 -------------------------- is plainly written on their coins, especially upon their tokens or individual coins. We notice one inscription attributed to Franklin, "Mind your business;" and others, such as "Good copper," "Gut your way through," and like characteristic expressions. The "New York Doubloon" was coined in 1787, value sixteen dollars. This coin is highly esteemed by reason of its rarity, and its market value to-day is about five hundred dollars, as only three or four are known ~-o be in existence. The Washington cent of 1791 (so-called) was not a coin of the United States, but was struck at a private mint in Birmingham, England, (Boulton's), partly, no doubt, to bespeak the "job," and partly to please Americans generally. It has been said that Washington objected to putting his head on the coins, and it may be true; but it was also objected that no man's head should appear on the coin of a republic, which, whether good doctrine or not, is still the prevailing idea. The "cent of 1791" is of two types, one very rare and costly, with a small eagle. The other, with a large eagle, is more common, and perhaps sells for about five dollars at a public coin sale. UNITED STATES Corns. The first copper coins made by the United States Mint were one cent and one-half cent issues, of which there were four designs: 1st, the " chain cent; '' 2d, the " wreath cent; '' 3d, the "flowing hair;" and 4th, the "liberty cap," which was used for a number of years. The "chain" device was not acceptable to the sensitive American mind, and of consequence the accidental breaking of the die was not a subject of regret, but "quite the contrary." 'l'he pattern sections of United States coins are very beautiful and varied, especially those in gold. THE TRADE DOLLAR. This coin bears on the obverse a female figure seated on bales of merchandise, holding in her left hand a scroll on which is the word "liberty." At her back is a sheaf of wheat; this and the bales of goods indicate the commercial character of the coin. Her right hand, extended, offers the olive branch. On a scroll beneath the figure are the words "In God we trust," and the date below, "1873." The reverse has a circling inscription, " United States of America, Trade Dollar." In the centre is an eagle, in his claws three arrows and a sprig of olive. On a label above are the words "E Pluribus Unum." Below, "420 grains fine," very beautiful in design. Digitized by Google L G2 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF HISTORY OF THE TRADE DOLLAR. The coinage of the Trade Dollar was authorized by act of February 12, 1873, and was not intended for circulation in the United States, but for export to China. It was designed to compete with the Spanish and Mexican dollar. That empire, having no mint for the coinage of gold or silver, depended upon foreign coin for it.s domestii circulation, and until the institution of the Trade Dollar· the principal shipments of coin to China were in the form of Mexican dollars. The Trade Dollar was made a trifle more valuable than the American and Mexican dollar, thus not only affording a market for the surplus silver of the mines of the Pacific Coast, but furnishing merchants and importers from China. with silver in a convenient form for payment for commodities, instead of their being obliged to. purchase Mexican dollars for thai. purpose.. . When it.s coinage was authorized it was inadvertently made a legal tender to amount of five dollars, but this was repealed by section 2, Act of Ju1y 22, 1876. BRIEF HISTORY OF _THE STANDARD SILVER DOLLAR. Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 416 grains, standard silver; fineness, 892.4; equivalent to 371¼ grains of fine silver, with 44! grains alloy of pure copper. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 412½ grains, and fineness changed to 900, preserving the same amount of pure silver= 371¼ grains, with fo alloy. Coinage discontinued, Act of February 12, 1873. Tota.I amount coined, from 1792 to 1873, $8,045,838. Coinage revived, two million dollars per month required to be coined, and issue made legal tender for all debts, public and private, Act of February 28, 1878. Total amount coined, February 28, 1878, to November 1, 1884, $184,730,829. PACIFIC COAST. The semi-official coins of the Pacific coast present quite a glittering array of monetary enterprise, and signify the great wealth and daring spirit of that part of the world. The fiftydollar octagon gold piece, issued in 1851, is a very beautiful coin. "Gold slugs" are novelties; are oblong gold pieces, Digitized by Google 63 THE UNITED STATES MINT, and are valued at sixteen dollars. The Utah coins also attract attention. They are of gold, fine. The device is an " allseeing eye" and two clasped hands; reverse, "a bee-hive," with inscription, " Holiness to the Lord." Some have for legend, "G. S. L. C. P. G.," which the initiated receive as "Great Salt Lake City, Pure Gold." The series of the United States coins is complete, and can be readily examined. The changes have been very gradual. The motto, "In God we trust," was introduced in 1866. There is one specimen which illustrates how a coin may become famous without the least premonition, and also is a witness of the positive law which protects and governs coinage. A law passed Congress in 1849 ordering twenty-dollar gold pieces to be issued. One piece was struck. Something intervened to delay the work, and the year closed ; then, of course, the dies had to be destroyed, as no more could be lawfully issued of 1849. The coin just beside this, marked 1850, of same value, is not worth the collector's consideration, while "1849" .cannot to be purchased. It is marked "umque," and is really the only one in gold. One specimen exists in brass. COINS OF THE SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY. It has been said and repeated as a historical fact that the Southern Confederacy had no metallic currency. After a lapse of eighteen years the following official document from the Confederate archives explains itself; and substantiates the fact that silver to a limited extent was coined at the New Orleans Mint by order of the Confederate Government, in the early days of the rebellion, and only suspended operations on account of the difficulty in obtaining bullion for coinage. WAR DEPARTMENT, .ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE, . WASHINGTON, March 27, 1879. DR. B. F. TAYLOR, New Orlmns, La. DEAR Sm :-The enclosed circular will explain to you the nature of the dnties upon which I am now engaged; I would like to have from you, from file with confederate archives, a letter stating when you were appointed Chier Coiner of the Confederate States Mint, instructions received copies of the originals of any official papers, sketches, descriptions, etc.' of all the coins made, etc. This will make a valuable addition to Con-, federate history, and I know no one but you can give it. Very truly yours, MARCUS J. WRIGHT. NEW ORLEANS, LA., April 7, 1879. To HoN. MA1tcus J. WRIGHT. DEAR Sm :-Your favor requesting a statement of the history of the New Orleans Mint, in reference to the coinage under the Confederate Digitized by Google L 64 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF Government, is received. That institution was turned over by the State of Louisiana, the last of February, 18611 to the Confederate States of America, the old officers being retained and confirmed by the government, viz.: Wm. A. Elmore, Superintendent; A. J. Guyrot, Treasurer; M. F. Bonzano, M. D., Melter and Refiner; and Howard Millspaugh, Assayer. In the month of April, orderR were issued by Mr. Memminger, Secretary of the Treasury, to the effect that designs for half-dollars should be submitted to him for approval. Among several sent, the one approved bore on the -obverse of the coin a representation of the Goddess of Liberty, surrounded by thirteen stars, denoting the thirteen States from · whence the Confederacy sprung, and on the lower rim the figures, 1861. On the reverse there is a shield with seven stars, representing the seceding States; above the shield is a liberty-cap, and entwined around it stalks of sugar cane and cotton, "Confederate States of America." The dies were engraved by A. H. M. Peterson, Engraver and Die Sinker, who is now living in Commercial Place. They were prepared for the coining press by Conrad Schmidt, foreman of the coining room (who is still living), from which four pieces only were struck. About this period an order came from the secretary suspending operations on account of the difficulty of obtaining bullion, and the Mint was closed April 30, 1861. Of the four pieces mentioned, one was sent to the Government, one presented to Prof. Biddle, of the University of Louisiana, one sent to Dr. E. Ames of New Orleans, the remaining one being retained by myself. Upon diligent inquiry I am unable to find but one piece besides my own, that being in the possession of a Confederate officer of this city, who transmitted it to his son as a souvenir of his father's in the Confederate cause. So soon as copies are made I will take pleasure in sending you a specimen for the archives you represent. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, B. F. TAYLOR, M. D. Fcrrmerly Chief Coiner 0. S. A. The most notable and valuable silver coin is the dollar of 1804. It is said that the scarcity of this dollar was owing to the sinking of a China-bound vessel having on board almost the entire mintage of the 1804 dollars in lieu of the Spanish milled dollars. It is believed that there are not more than seven, possibly eight, genuine 1804 dollars extant. The rarity of the piece and the almost fabulous prices offered for it are patent facts. SKETCH OF THE 1804 DOLLAR.* This coin among collectors is known as the " king of Ameriean rarities." But seven or eight pieces are known to exist. The 1804 dollars are of two classes, to wit: first, originals, which are from but one obverse and one reverse die,-draped bust of Liberty facing right; the head bound with a fillet; hair :flowing; 6 stars before and 7 behind the bust above LIBERTY, upper right hand star almost touching letter y ; reverse heraldic eagle bearing on his breast a broad shield, in his beak a scroll, inscribed E PLURIBUS UNUM; 12 arrows in right talon, a branch of olive in left; above, an arc of clouds from wing to • From Chapman's Collection Catalogue, May 14-15, pp. 24-25. Digitized by Google THE UNITED STATES MINT. S5 wing of eagle; in field beneath 13 stars; UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; edge lettered ONE HUNDRED CENTS, ONE DOLLAR OR UNIT, which are lightly struck in some parts. The first specimen in the Mint Cabinet weighs 415.2 grs.; second, Mr. M. A. Stickney procured from the Mint in 1843 in exchange for other coins; third, W. S. Appleton bought, at an advance of $750, in 1868, from E. Cogan, who purchased it from W. A. Lilliendahl, who bought it at a sale <>f collection of J. J. Mickley, 1867, for $750; fourth, L. G. Parmelee bought, at sale of E. IL Sandford's collection, 1874, for $700, who obtained it in 1868 from an aged lady, who got it at the Mint many years before; fifth, W. B. Wetmore bought of Mr. Parmelee, 1868, for $600, from sale of H. S. Adams' collection, 1876, at $500, from sale of M. J. Cohen's collection, 187 5, at $325 (in fair condition) ; sixth, present <>wner unknown to us, formerly in possession of collection of Mr. Robert C. Davis, of Philadelphia, and recently sold for $1200 ; seventh, S. H. and H. Chapman purchased October, 1884, at a sale in Berlin, and resold to a Mr. Scott, a dealer in eoins, for $1000 at their Philadelphia sale, in May, 1885. Restrikes. There were struck at the Mint in 1858 restrikes with plain edges, of which three were recovered after. diligent search; two of these were n.estroyed in the Mint, and the other placed in the Cabinet, where it remains .. The difference between these and the originals are as follows : obverse, the <>riginal die was re-cut in the word LIBERTY, the stars and date, which made them larger and deeper, especially noticeable in the stars, which are broadened; also in the date, it making the outline sharp and square, whereas in the originals they are somewhat rounded ; reverse, not having the original ,lie, they · used another, which differs in many respects, most easily noticeable in that the A touches the eagle's claw, the OF much nearer of the end of eagle's wing than S in States (in the <>riginal it is equally spaced); edge, plain ; weight, 381.5 grains. One specimen is in the Mint and another in England, -struck between 1860 and 1869, as in the latter year all dies remaining were destroyed, same as the above, but endeavors were made to letter the edges i~ the absence of a complete collar by using pieces of collars which did not contain all the letters, but repeated some of them several times. There was one of these pieces sold in the Berg collection in 1883 for $7 40, and showed all the peculiarities mentioned, and its weight was said to be inaccurate. The dies were destroyed in the winter of 1868-69. No counterfeit dies of the 1804 dollar were ever made. After the close of each year all dies are now destroyed. Digitized by Google • 6b ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF DOUBLE EAGLE. Among the rare coins in the Cabinet at the Mint is a Double Eagle. The dies for this piece were made in 1849, and only one was struck. "UNIQUE" and beyond price. There is also 11 Quarter Eagle of 1842, and the only one known extant at the Mint. SELECTIONS. Having referred many times to this case, it may be as well to append the entire list of its contents, as they, almost without exception, are rare, spanning the world from remotest antiquity to the present day, beginning with the gold Daric of Darius, and ending with the twenty-mark piece of Kaiser- W~~. - GREECE. 1. Four drachma, Athens, B. c. 500; 2. Oboloi of Athens;. 3. One-half obolos, 1¼ of a cent; 4. Daric, Darius, of Persiar B. c. 520, value, five dollars and fifty cents ; 5. Silver Daric ;. 6.. Brass Ob. Berenice, B. c. 284 ; 7. Ptolemy and Berenice► copy; 8. Maneh of Ptolemy Philadelphus, B. c. 284, value► $17.70; 9. Drachma, Cyrene, B. c. 322; 10. Coin of Syracuse, copy, about B. c. 300; 11. Silver coin, Bactria, B. c. 126 ; 12. Brass of Bactria, B. c. 180 ; 13. Cleopatra, B. c. 30; 13a. Denarius of Cleopatra and Mark Antony; 14. Alexander the Great, B. c. 36; 15. Philip, B. c. 323; 16. Stater of Seleucus; 17. Alexander Balas, B. c. 150; 18. Antiochus. VI ; 19. Philip, King of Syria, B. c. 93. ROME. 20. Roman aes, B. c. 500; 21. Denarius of Augustus, B. o. 31 ; 22. Tiberius, A. D. 14; 23. Simon, Bar Cochab, false Christ, A. D. 133; 24. Vespasian, A. D. 49 ; 25. Gold bezants, A. D. 610; 26. Justinian, A. D. 527; 26a. Kingdom of Cyprus and Jerusalem, Peter 1, 1361 to 1372, testoon, Kingdom of Jerusalem; 26b. Amaury II., 1194 to 1205. ENGLISH. 27. Gold of Britain; 28. Carausius, Roman Emperor of Britain, A. D. 287 ; 29. Penny of Ethelbert, King of Kent, 858 Digitized by Google 67 THE UNITED STATES MINT. 30. Harold the Dane, A. D. 1036; 31. William the Conqueror, 1066, A, D.; 32. Edward the Confessor, A. D. 1041 ; 33. Robert the Bruce, A. n. 1306; 34. Elizabeth, Double Ryal, A. D. 1558; 35. James I, 1603, Ryal (30 shillings) and sovereign; 36. Charles I, sovereign; 37. Siege pound of Charles I, 1642 ; 37 a. Gold sovereign of Oliver Cromwell ; 38. Crown, and half crown and shilling, Oliver Cromwell, 1658; 38a. Farthing, Queen Anne; 39. George IV ; 40. Coins of Australia. A: D.; FRANCE. 41. Deniers of Charlemagne 806; 42. Meda let, Marie Antoinette; 43. Five francs, Napoleon I; 44. Gold, Napoleon I, 1851; 45. Five francs, Paris Commune. GERMANY. 46. Bracteats; 47. ,German Crown, Ob. St. Stephen; 48. Ducat, Ob. Luther and Melancthon, 1730; 49. Crown, Maximilian, A. D. 1615; 50. Ducat, Nuremburg; 51. Ducat Hamburg; 52. Monument, Bavaria; 53. King's family, Bavaria; 54. Coins of Prussia; 55. Silver piece, Frederick William and Augusta. SPAIN. 56. Ferdinand and Isabella; 57. Charles II., Spain; 58. Alphonso, Spain. ITALY. 59. Silver of Venice under the Doges, twelfth century; 60. Ducat of Venice; 61. Copper of San Marino; 62. Silver piece of Lombardy; 63. Gold twenty lira piece; 64. Swiss crown, ob. St. Vincent; 65. African shell money; 66. African ring money. ORIENTAL. 67. Siamese coins; 68. Chinese tael; 69. Widow's mite; 70. Jewish shekel; 70a. Herod the Great, 37 B. c.; 70b. Herod Archelaus, 4 B. c.; 71. Glass coin, Egypt; 72. Gold of Alnaser, A. D. 1222; 73. Dirhem of Mahome~ V., A. D, 854; 74. Dir hem of Walid, Caliph of Damascus, A. D. 713; Digitized by Google -68 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF 75. Haroun Alraschid, Koran text, 806; 76. Fire Worshippers, A. D. 300; 77. Gold of Japan, 1634; 78. Gravel stone -of Burmah; 79. Late coin of Turkey; 80. Mexican dollar used in China; 81. Coin of Cochin China. Tne most notable coin in this case, and perhaps the most •celebrated coin in the world, is the "Widow's Mite." Its name bespeaks its commercial insignificance. Yet visitors every ilay, upon entering the Cabinet of the Mint, ask first to see the "Widow's Mite.'' The following letter from Wm. E. Du Bois, will be found of interest to the reader. THE WIDOW'S MITE. SIR: The curators of the mint cabinet do not consent to the intimation in a statement recently made that their widaw's mit.e is not the real coin. The exprei;sion of a doubt as to any-received fact is thought to be a sign of superior insight. Hence we have so much "destructive criticism," a good deal of it being fatal to the critio himself. The widow's mite in our showcase of specialties, always attracting much .attention, is precisely what the Scriptures speak of-a lepton, the smallest of Greek and Syriac coins. The name comes from lepws, very small. The word "mite" is English, and was formerly a weight representing the twentieth part of a grain, but has long fallen into disuse. It was employed -in the translation of the New Testament to represent the word lepton, simply because it was so very small. l t is pretty certain that there was no Jewish or Hebrew coin so small as the lepwn,· that people depended very much upon outside coins for their -circulation. Even their money terms had changed to those of the SyrianGreek Empire and of .Rome, as we see from all the instances in the New Testament. What few copper or bronze pieces they had, struck by local princes for a limited time, and now very rare, were large enough to bear a ·show of devices and inscriptions, for which the lepton was too minute. The one in our cabinet has a diameter of only three-tenths of an inch, and weighs but ten grains. On one side nothing is discernible, on the other a mint monogram, such as were common in that era, occupies the space. It is much like the letter x, with a line crossing it near the top. Whether it is Samaritan, or Syriac, or Greek, we cannot be sure; nor is it of any con·1lequence. It is enough to show that it is a coin, and belongs to the age shortly before and after the advent of Christ, and its size proves it to be a lepwn. It is an interesting and confirmatory fact, that this piece was found -among the rubbish of the Temple grounds, by Dr. Barclay, long resident in Jerusalem, and author of "The City of the Great King." By him it was presented to the mint cabinet. The objector may soberly doubt whether this was one of the identical mites offered by the widow ; for the rest of his doubts they are of no value. We are often asked how much this famous offering amounted to? There is some obscurity and confusion about their coin-tables, and, therefore, some variety in the estimation. We may say, however, that the current value ·of the lepton, or mite, was about one-fifth of a cent in our money; being eighty to the drachma or denarius, which was 16 or 15 cents. But as the purchasing or paying power of a drachma was probably as great in that day and country as a dollar is in ours, we may say that the value of a lepton, judge?, by our ideas, was.about one cent. As the treasurer would not take a less gift than two lepta, 1t follows that the poor but very liberal woman contributed fully two cents, which is more than some .persons-neither poor nor in widowhood-throw into the church basket. Digitized by Google THE UNITED STATES MINT. It is worth while to add that a visitor at the mint saw a similar piece in Jerusalem, and tried to obtain one, bat on account of its rarity did not succeed. W.E.D. DONATIONS OF OLD COINS. &ra£tfrom the American Journal af Numismatir,s, April, 1884. Under the head of donatwns, we have from Quartermaster General Meigs,. a half-dollar and pistareen of Carolus and Johana of Spain. These pieces were presented to General Meigs at Corpus Christi, Texas, in 1870. The special interest attached to them, is their having been found on the beach of Padre Island, off the southerly coast of Texas. The supposition is that. they were washed up from a sunken treasure ship wrecked on the coast, while carrying funds to the Army of Cortez, who entered the City of Mexico in 1519. Their good condition may warrant our accepting this briny romance Oum gmno salis. Antiquarian stories must expect to stand the test of the chemist, as well as of the historian. This reminds me, however, of some specimens of the Mint Cabinet, from the wreck of the 8an Pedro, some account of which may not be uninteresting here.* "Early in 1815, a naval armament was fitted ont in Spain, by .Ferdinand VII., for the purposeof reducing the Rebellious Colonies in South America. The military forceof this expedition amounted to ten thousand men, of whom two thousand v•ere on board the flag ship "San Pedro." The vessel was also freighted toa large amount with gunpowder, cannon balls and specie." The account then goes on to state that the fleet touched at the Island of Marguerita near the coast of Venezuela. After leaving the island, the vessel took fire, burnt four hours until the magazine caught and exploded, and the wreck went down with four hundred men. The right of working the· wreck, was granted abont thirty years after, to a Baltimore Companv, known as the "San Pedro Company." Divers were set to work, and the wreck found in sixty feet of water on a hard bed of coral. Over this there was a. depo«it of mud, and again over this a layer of coral, which had to be pierced to arrive at the treasure. The Spanish dollars recovered were sent to Philadelphia, and (up to September, 1848) about seventy-five thousand dollars had been recovered and re-coined. The dollars were much corroded and encrusted, the coating having first to be removed, to bring the pieces into fit condition for mint-ing; the loss from corrosion was considerable; :me dollar with the impression still visible, being redured to thirty-four cents in value. In the light of these and other facts, it is difficult to conceive how the pieces fouI)d in Texas, could have come so clean from their reputed berth, of over three hundred years, but they are worth keeping for all that, and General Meigs has the thanks of the Republic for them. • From the proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, reported by Wm. E.. Du Bois, in October, 1845. Digitized by Google -68 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF 75. Haroun Alraschid, Koran text, 806; 76. Fire Worshippers, A. D. 300; 77. Gold of Japan, 1634; 78. Gravel stone -of Burmah; 79. Late coin of Turkey; 80. Mexican dollar used in China; 81. Coin of Cochin China. Tlie most notable coin in this case, and perhaps the most -celebrated coin in the world, is the "Widow's Mite." Its name bespeaks its commercial insignificance. Yet visitors every ilay, upon entering the Cabinet of the Mint, ask first to see the "Widow's Mite." The following letter from Wm. E. Du Bois, will be found of interest to the reader. THE WIDOW'S MITE. Srn: The curators of the mint cabinet do not consent to the intimation in a statement recentlv made that their widaw's mite is not the real coin. The expression of doubt as to any-received fact ·is thought to be a sign -of superior insight. Hence we have so much "destructive criticism," a ,good deal of it being fatal to the critic himself. The widow's mite in our showcase of specialties, always attracting much .attention, is precisely what the Scriptures speak of-a lepton, the smallest of Greek and Syriac coins. The name comes from leptos, very small. The word "mite" is English, and was formerly a weight representing the twentieth part of a grain, but has long fallen into disuse. It was employed in the translation of the New Testament to represent the word lepton, simply because it was so very small. lt is pretty certain that there was no Jewish or Hebrew coin so small as the lepton; that people depended very much upon outside coin~ for their -circulation. Even their money terms had changed to those of the SyrianGreek Empire and of .Rome, as we see from all the instances in the New Testament. What few copper or bronze pieces they had, struck by local princes for a limited time, and now very rare, were large enough to bear a ,show of devices and inscriptions, for which the lepton was too minute. The one in our cabinet has a diameter of only three-tenths of an inch, and weighs but ten grains. On one side nothing is discernible, on the other a mint monogram, such as were common in that era, occupies the space. ft is much like the letter x, with a line crossing it near the top. Whether it is Samaritan, or Syriac, or Greek, we cannot be sure; nor is it of any con.11equence. It is enough to show that it is a coin, and belongs to the age ·shortly before and after the advent of Christ, and its size proves it to be a lepton. It is an interesting and confirmatory fact, that this piece was found -among the rubbish of the Temple grounds, by Dr. Barclay, long resident in Jerusalem, and author of "The City of the Great King." By him it was presented to the mint cabinet. The objector may soberly doubt whether this was one of the identical mites offered by the widow ; for the rest of his doubts they are of no value. We are often asked how much this famous offering amounted to? There is some obscurity and confusion about their coin-tables, and, therefore, some variety in the estimation. We may say, however, that the current value ·of the lepton, or mite, was about one-fifth of a cent in our money; being eighty to the drachma or denarius, which was 16 or 15 cents. But as the purchasing or paying power of a drachma was probably as great in that day and country as a dollar is in ours, we may say that the value of a lepton, judged by our ideas, was about one cent. As the treasurer would not take a less gift than two lepta, it follows that the poor but very liberal woman contributed fully two cents, which is more than some .persons-neither poor nor in widowhood-throw into the church basket. a Digitized by Google THE UNITED STATES MINT. It is worth while to add that a visitor at the mint saw a similar piece in Jerusalem, and tried to obtain one, but on account of its rarity did not succeed. W.E.D. DONATIONS OF OLD COINS. Extra£t,jrom the American Journal of NumismatiC-S, April, 1884. Under the head of donations, we have from Quartermaster General Meigs,. a half-dollar and pistareen of Carolus and Johana of Spain. These pieces were presented to General Meigs at Corpus Christi, Texas, in 1870. The special interest attached to them, is their having been found on the beach of Padre Island, off the southerly coast of Texas. The supposition is that. they were washed up from a sunken treasure ship wrecked on the coast, while carrying funds to the Army of Cortez, who entered the City of Mexico in 1519. Their good condition may warrant our accepting this briny romance Cum gmno salis. Antiquarian stories must expect to stand the test of the chemist, ns well as of the historian. This reminds me, however, of some specimens of the Mint Cabinet, from the wreck of the 8an Pedro, some account of which may not be uninteresting here.* "Early in 181,5, a na\'al armament was fitted ont in Spain, by .Ferdinand VII., for the pnrpose· of reducing the Rebellious Colonie8 in South America. The military forceof this expedition amounted to ten thousand men, of whom two thousand v•ere on board the flag ship "San Pedro." The vessel was also freighted to a large amount with gunpowder, cannon balls and specie." The account then goes on to state that the fleet touched at the Island of Marguerita near the coast of Venezuela. After leaving the island, the vessel took fire, burnt four hours until the magazine caught and exploded, and the wreck went down with four hundred men. The right of working the· wreck, was granted abont thirty years after, to a Baltimore Company, known as the "San Pedro Company." Divers were set to work, and the wreck found in sixty feet of water on a hard bed of coral. Over this there was a. depo«it of mud, and again over this a layer of coral, which had to lie pierced to arrive at the treasure. The SpaniRh dollars recovered were sent to Philadelphia, and (up to September, 1848) about seventy-five thousand dollars had been recovered and re-coined. The dollars were much corroded and encrusted, the coating· having first to be removed, to bring the pieces into fit condition for minting; the loss from corrosion was considerable; one dollar with the impression still visible, being rednred to thirty-four cents in value. In the light of these and other factR, it is difficult to conceive how the pieces fom)d in Texas, could have come so clean from their reputed berth, of over three hundred years, but they are worth keeping for all that, and General Meigs has the thanks of the Republic for them. • From the proccedini:s of the American Philosophical Society, reported by Wm. E.. Du Bois, in October, 1S4a, Digitized by Google i ! • ! Digitized by Google Digitized by Google PLATE I. NOVA CONSTELLATIO •'QUL'{T," 1783. 8oHHER ISLAND SHILLING. u HOOGIE." NOVA CONSTELLATIO "MARK." 1783. NOVA CONSTELLATIO, 1.JDIUNE COLUHBIA. NEW JERSEY IHHUNIS. CONFEDERATI(" INIKICA, BTC. See description. Digitized by Google PLATE IL CoNNECTICUT CENT, 1787. MASSACHUSETTS H.u.F CENT. 1787. NEW ENGLAND ELEPHANT TOKEN. VERY RARE. 1694. MAsl!ACHUSETTS CENT. Goon SAMARITAN SHILLING, MAss. NEWYORL See deocription. Digitized by Google D1911,zodbyGoogle THE UNITED STATES MINT. 71 COLONIAL COINAGES. NovA CoNsTELLATIO. Obverse: An eye, the center of a glory, thirteen points cross, equidistant; a circle of as many stars. Legend: ''NOVA CONSTELLATIO.'' Reverse: " U. S. 500 " inscribed in two lines, a wreath surrounding. Legend: "LIBERTA.S JUSTITIA 1783." Border, beaded; edge, leaf work. Known as the " Quint." No. 2.-Obverse: An eye, around which a narrow, plain, circular field; outside a glory, thirteen points cross, equidistant; a circle of as many stars. Legend: "NOVA CONSTELLATIO." Reverse: "U. S. 1000 " inscribed in two lines, a wreath surrounding. Legend: "LIBERTAS JUSTITIA 1783." Border, a wreath of leaves; edge, leaf work ; silver; size, 21 ; weight, 270 grains. Known as the "Mark." THE IMMUNE COLUMBIA. Obverse: An eye, on a small, plain, circular field; from the outside of the field radiates a glory of thirteen blunt points, crossing, equidistant, the spaces between as many ·stars in a circular constellation. Legend: "NOVA CONSTELLATIO." Border, serrated. Revenie: The Goddess of Liberty, seated upon a paneled cubic pedestal, facing right; her left hand is well extended and balances the scales of justice. A short liberty staff, crowned with a cap and bearing a flag, rests against her right shoulder, e.nd is supported by the right hand. Legend: "IMMUNE COLUMBIA." Exergue: the date 1785. Border, serrated; edge, plain or milled; size, 17; weight, gold, 128.8 grains; silver, 92 grains; copper 148 grains. BERMUDA SHILLING-{" B 0GGE-PENNY ''). Obverse: Device-A hog, standing, facing left, above which are displayed the Roman numerals "XII.," the whole ,urrounded by a beaded circle. Legend: "SOMMER ISLANDS" 11,round which is a beaded circle like that enclosing the device. Reverse: Device-A full-rigged ship under sail to the left, a flag flying from each of her four masts-enclosed in a beaded eircle, the beads larger than on the obverse. Copper; size, 19; weight, 177 grains. Digitized by Google 72 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF NEW JERSEY !MMUNIS. Obverse: Goddess of Liberty, seated upon a globe, facing right; in her extended left hand the scales of justice; right han<l staff of liberty bearing a flag an<l crowned with a cap. Legend: "IMMUNIS COLUMBIA." Exergue: "1786." Border, serrated; edge, plain; size, 18; weight, 160 grains. Reverse: A shield argent, six pales gules, a chief azure. Legend: "E PLURIBUS UNUM." Border, serrated; edge, plain; size, 18; weight, 160 grains. · CoNFEDERATIO AND lNIMICA TYRANNIS. Obverse : A circular central field, size 6, covered with a cluster of thirteen small stars ; around this device a glory of fine rays, presenting a corrugated outline of sixteen points. Legend: "CONFEDERATIO 1785." Border, serrated. Reverse : 4-n Indian, standing beside an altar or pedestal, his right foot upon a crown, an arrow in his right hand, a how in his left ; at his back a quiver full of arrows. Legend: "INIMICA TYRANNIS AMERICA." Border, serrated ; edge, plain ; size, 18 ; weight, 112 grains. CONNECTICUT CENT, 1788. Obverse~ Identical with one of 1787. Reverse: The same as one of the coins of Vermont. Another Connecticut coin of this year, has the same reverse as the " GEORGIVS III REX" issue of Machin & Co., from the mint establishe<l by them in the State of New York. NoTE.-The obverse and reverse dies of the Connecticut cents are too numerous to mention, there being no less than one hundred and sixty-four of the fin;t, and eighty-four of the latter. NEW ENGLAND TOKEN. Obverse : Same as that of the common type of the Carolina Token of 1694, an<l from the same die as that and the " London Halfpenny." Reverse: An inscription, in five lines, occupying the whole field, '' GOD PRESERVE NEW ENGLAND 1694." Borders, milled; edge, plain; copper; size, 18½ ; wei~ht, 133 and 236 grains. Goon SAMARITAN SHl'LLINGs. The liame general type and variety as the Pine Tree Shilling, but bearing upon the obverse a well-executed device, illustrating the parable of the Good Samaritan ; but two or Digitized by Google ,., fp, Digitized by Google PLATE III, LARGE PATTERN CENT. NOT ISSUED. BAR CENT. VERY RARE. Fumo. lNDIICA TYRANNIS AMERICANA. "MIND YOUR BUSINESS." FIRST. Fumo. ,I MIND YOUR BUSINESS." SECOND. See description. Digitized by Google PLATE IV. HALF CENT. 1836. HALF CENT. 1845. C. HALF CENT. CONFEDERATE HALF DOLLAR. s. A. 1840. "JEFFERSON HEAD" CENT. HALF CENT. 1846. See description. Digitized by Google Digit12cd by Google THE UNITED STATES MINT. 73 three specimens of this coin have been known, two of which are in existence and of unique varieties ; they are supposed to have been· pattern pieces, struck at the origin of the Mint of Massachusetts Colony. MASSACHUSETTS HALF CENT, 1787. Obverse: Same general description as the Cent of 1787. Reverse: Same in general as the Cent of 1787, except that the shield upon some specimens, bears only "HALF CENT." Borders, milled; edge plain; size, 15 to 15½ ; weight, 7 5 to 83 grains. The" Cent," 1788. Twelve Types. Thirteen Varieties. MASSACHUSETTS CENT, 1788. Obverse: A clothed Indian, standing, facing left, in his right hand a bow, in his left an arrow. Legend: "COMMONWEALTH.'' Reverse: A spread eagle, a broad shield upon his breast, six pales gules (upright), a chief azure (open or plain). Upon the chief, or upper part of the shield, the word " CENT," in bold Roman lettering. In exergue, beneath a heavy horizontal bar, the date 1787. Borders, milled; edge, plain; size, 16½ to 19; weight, 146 to 165 grains. FuGios OR FRANKLIN CENTS. The Fugios or Franklin Cents are the earliest coins issued by authority of the United States. They being all dated 17 87, and made in conformity with resolution of Congress, dated July 6, 1787: " Resolved, That the Board of Treasury direct the contractor for the copper coinage to stamp on one side of each piece the following devices, viz. : Thirteen circles linked together, a small circle in the middle, with the words ' UNITED STATES' round it, and in the centre the words, 'WE ARE ONE' ; on the other side of the same piece the following device, viz. : a dial with the hours expressed on the face of it; a meridian sun above, on one side of which is to be the word 'FUGIO,' and on the other the year in figures ' 1787 ' ; below the dial the words 'MIND YOUR BUSINESS.' " us THE BAR CENT, OR A .COPPER. This coin, presumed to have belonged to the same issue as · the Nova Constellatio Coppers, was probably made in Bir- Digitized by Goog1e 74 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF mingham, England, by Thomas W yon, for circulation in America. The " U S A" Copper was first passe<l as money in the City of New York, in November, 1785. The device was taken from an old Continental button, to which fact and the light weight of the piece, has been attributed the disfavor shown the coinage and the limited circulation given the same. Obverse: Large Roman "U S A" in a monogram, on a plain field. Reverse: Thirteen horizontal bars. Border, serrated; Edge, plain ; size, 15½; weight, 85 grains. Two pairs of dies. MARYLAND PENNY. The Maryland Penny .. One Type. One Variety. Unique. Obverse: Similar to that of the sixpence. Reverse: A Ducal Coronet, upon which are erected two masts, each bearing a flying pennant. Legend: "DENARIVM TERRE-MARllE." Copper; size, 13. The only specimen of this piece extant was imported into America from England, at a cost of £7 5, and was sold for $370 with the collection of J. J. Mickley, Esq., of Phi1adelphia. ROSA AMERICANA HALF-PENNY, 1722. Obverse : Laureated head of King George I, facing right. Legend: "GEORGIUS D.EI GRATIA REX." Reverse : A full double rose; from this project five barbed points. Legend: "ROSA AMERICANA UTILE DULCI 1722" which encircles the piece. Border, beaded ; edge, plain; "Bath Metal;" size, 16 to 18; weight, 139 grains. Devices : Same as those of the Penny of this coinage. Legends: Same import as those upon the Penny, but varied by abbreviations and in punctuation. Border, beaded; edge, plain; " Bath Metal;" size, 13 to 14 ; .weight, 7 5 grains. LIBER NATUS LIBERTATEM DEFENDo-First. Reverse: Arms of the State of New York. Upon an oval shield at the center is shown the sun rising from behind a range of hills, the sea i~ the foreground ; left of the shield, Justice, with sword and scales; right, Liberty, with staff and cap. Upon a hemisphere, above the shield, stands an eagle, wings outspread, facing right. Exergue: 1787; beneath thisi next the border, " EXCELSIOR." Border, serrated ; edge, plain; size, 17; weight, 157 grains. Digitized by Google Digitized by Google PLATE V. MARYLAND PENNY. HALF CENT, Ros.A. AMERICANA 1847. fuLF PENNY, 1722. LIBER NATUS LIBERNATUM DEFENDO. FIRST. GRANBY OR HIGLEY • TOKEN, 1737. LIBER NATUS LIBERNATUII DEFENDO, SECOND. See description. Digitized by Google PLATE VI. WASHINGTON CENT, 1783.., NON DEPENDENS STATUS. WASHINGTON LIVERPOOL HALI' PENNY, "NAKED BUST." CENT. W ASHllfOTON 1793, li92. PATTERN CENT. HALF CENT. 1792. 1842. See description. Digitized by Google Digitized by Google 75 THE UNITED STATES MINT. LIBER NATUS LIBERTATEM DEFENDO.-Second. Obverse: An Indian, standing, crowned with feathers, and (acing left ; in his right hand he wields a tomahawk, his left sup'ports a bow, the end of which rests on the ground near his feet; over his right shoulder appears the top of a quiver of arrows, which is borne upon his back. Legend : "LIBER NATUS LIBERATEM DEFENDO." Reverse: A hemisphere of the globe, marked by longitudinal and meridiana.l lines; upon this stands a large heavybodied eagle, wings spread, somewhat• drooping, beak toward the right. Legend: "NEO-EBORACUS 1787 EXCELSIOR." Border, serrated; edge, plain; size, 17 ; weight, 153 grains. GRANBY OR HIGLEY TOKEN, 1737. Obverse: A deer, standing, facing left, occupying the whole field. Legend: "VALVE ME AS YOU PLEASE." Exergue: The Roman numerals III upon a small scroll; .a little crescent is shown below. · Reverse: Three hammers, each bearing a crown upon the head. Legend: "I AM GOOD COPPER 1737." WASHINGTON CENT, 1783. Obverse: Large laurei,.ted bust of Washington, draped, facing left. Legend: "wASHINGTON & INDEPENDENCE 17 83." Reverse: A figure of a female, facing left, seated upon a rock; right hand holds an olive branch; left, staff of liberty, with cap. Legend: "UNITED STATES." Exergue: T. w. r. E. s. Border, beaded; edge, plain; size, 17½; weight, 120 grains. Two obverse and three reverse dies. wASHINGTON LIVERPOOL HALF-PENNY. Obverse: Bust of Washington, in uniform, facing left, hair in a queue. Legend: "WASHINGTON PRESIDENT." Reverse: A ship, under sail, to the right: Legend: "HALFPENNY" under the ship, waves, and in the foreground, on a panel, the date 1793. Border, milled; edge, lettered: "PAYABLE IN ANGLESEY LONDON OR LIVERPOOL." Size, 19; weight, 163 grains. WASHINGTON NAKED BUST CENT, 1792. Obverse: A classical bust of Washington, undraped, facing right; the head is encircled by a fillet, confining the hair, which is cut short and is curly; the fillet is tied at the back of the head by a bow knot with long pendent ends. Legend: "WASHINGTON PRESIDENT 1792." Digitized by Google 76 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF Reverse: A small eagle, displayed, wings upraised; on his breast a shield argent, six pales gules; right talon, an olive branch, fourteen leaves, six berries; left talon, thirteen arrows; about the head of the eagle are six mullets, and above is the word "CENT." Border, milled; edge, plain, or inscribed: "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." Size, 19; weight, 198 grains. Some six or eight specimens only are known. NON DEPEND ENS STATUS. Obverse : A full bust, facing right; flowing hair to the shoulders. Upon the drapery of the bust a small oval shield as an epaulet, emblazoned with a staff bearing a flag; across the staff, saltierwise, rests a naked sword. In each angle of this device is displayed a fleur delis. Upon the breast of the bust is a head with spreading wings. Legend: "NON-DEPENDENS STATTS.'' Reverse : An Indian, seated upon a globe, facing left; nude, except a cap or bandeau upon his head, and a feather tunic around the lower part of the body. In his extended right hand he holds a bunch of tobacco ; the left reaches behind him and rests upon a shield, bearing the same emb"lems displayed upon the epaulets upon the bust on the obverse. Legend: "AMER ICA," divided by the figure of the Indian. Exergue: 1778. Border, plain; edge plain; size, 19. Some coin dealers advertise the Non Dependens Status as "a rare copper, worth $100." PATTERN CENT, 1792. Obverse: A bust of Liberty, facing to right, the hair confined by a fillet. Above is inscribed the word "LIBERTY," and beneath the date "1792." Reverse: A portion of a globe, on which stands an eagle, with raised wings. Legend: "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." This cent has a grained edge, li,ke the cents of 1793. Some numismatists give it ·the preference as the first cent. GEORGE CLINTON COPPER, 1787. The George Clinton Copper has the bust of Governor Clinton facing right, with legend "GEORGE CLINTON." Reverse: The State arms of New York, and in the exergue, "1787 EXCELSIOR." This last reverse is found also combined with the Liber Natus, which has an Indian standing, facing left, with tomahawk in the right hand and bow in the left, a bundle of arrows also at his back. Legend: "LIBER NATUS LIB ER TATEM DEFENDO." This latter obverse is also found combined with another reverse, as follows: An eagle stands upon a section of the globe. Legend: "NEO EMBORACUS 1787 EXCELSIOR." i ' Digitized by Google I Digitized by Google PLATE VII. GEORGE CLINT01" KEliTuCJtY ToltEN. CoPPEB. 1787. MASSACHUSETTS PINE TREE SHILLING. CoLUl!lBLL 1787. lllllUNIS MYDDELTON ToltEN. CHAIN CENT. 1793. 1652. Bee deacrlptlon. Digitized by Google PLATE VIII. GRLEK EGYPTIAN Cour. PTOLEM.a!:US 8oTER, 286--300B. C. ROMAN COIN. FAUSTINA, DAUGHTER OF ANTONINUS Prns, WIFE OF MARCUS MACEDONIAN SILVER COIN. ALEXANDER THE GREAT, 300 YEARS B. C, AmtELIUS. DIED, 175 A. D. SILVER SHEI<EL OF JUDEA, SIKON MACCABEES, PERSIAN SILVER COIN. VOLOGESES III. JUDEAN COPPER COIN. SilllON MACCABEES 148-190 A. D. , 145 B. C 145 B. C. See description. Digitized by Google Digitized by Google THE UNITED STATES 77 MINT. KENTUCKY 1.'oKEN OR CENT Has a hand holding a scroll inscribed "Our Cause is Just." Legend: "UNANIMITY IS THE STRENGTH OF SOCIETY." Reverse: A radiant pyramid, triangular in shape, of fifteen stars united by rings, each star having placed in it the initial of a State, Kentucky being at the top. Legend: "E PLURIBUS UNUM." SHEKEL (SIMON MACCABEES). The Shekel was originally a weight. The first form in which money was used by the Jews, and by all other natiou,; of which we have any knowledge, was the pieces without any regular shape or any marks or devices upon them. Precious metals passed by weight. Thus it is said of the purchase made by Abraham of the cave and field of Machpelah, "And Abraham hearkened unto Ephron; and Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver1 which he had named in the audience of the sons of Heth, four hundred shekels of silver, current with the merchant." Gen. xxiii. 16. The weight of a shekel was a little less than one-half an ounce troy. The term "current with the merchant," probably refers to the purity of the silver, which was about ninety-five per cent. fine, and the value in our money was fifty-eight cents. It first appeared as a coin in the time of the Maccabees, who lived about 140 B. C. The amount of silver in the coin is the same as was contained in the piece of silver denomip.ated a shekel. It will be seen that on one side is the golden cup that had manna (see Exod. xvi. 33, and Heb. ix. 4), with the inscription in old Hebrew character, "SHEKEL OF ISRAEL;" on the other side appears Aaron's rod that budded with the legend in the same character, "JERUSALEM THE HOLY." This specimen is in the Mint cabinet; one of the most rare and interesting coins in the collection. IMMUNIS COLUMBIA, 1787. Obverse: The Goddess of Liberty, seated upon a globe, facing right; in her fully extended left hand she balances the scales of justice; the right hand supports a liberty staff, bearing a flag and crowned with a cap. . Legend: "IMM UN IS COLUMBIA." Exergue: 1787. Reverse: An eagle, displayed; right talon, an olive branch, thirteen leaves; left talon, thirteen arrows. Legend: "E PLURIBUS UNUM." Borders, serrated; edge, plain; size, 16½; weight, 135 grains. Digitized by Google 78 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS PINE TREE SHILLING. "John Hull and Robert Saunderson were equal officers in the 'gainful business' of the Mint. How much they coined in all for the colony, or the exact amount of their profits under the -contract they carried out, cannot be determined." The coinage was certainly large in amount, and they, as was well understood, became men of wealth and substance. When the daughter of John Hull was married to Judge Samuel Sewall, the founder of the town of Newbury, Mass., the prosperous mint-master gave the bride a dowery of her weight in silver. At the conclusion of the wedding ceremony, a large steel-yard was brought into the room, and the blushing bride placed upon one of the platforms of the same, while into a tub upon the other side were poured the Pine Tree Shillings, until the steel-yard bala,nced. CHAIN CENTS. These have a bust with flowing hair, looking right, with the date below and word "LIBERTY" above it; on the reverse side, in the centre, is "ONE CENT," with "Th-" below it, enclosed in an endless chain of fifteen links, typifying the number of States then in the Union. The legend is "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" in all excepting one die, which reads "UNITED STATES OF AMER!," the engraver evidently not having room to complete the word. THE MYDDLETON TOKENS. Obverse: A figure, representing Hope, beside an anchor; she presents two children to a female, the last extending her right hand in reception of the charge; the left hand supports a liberty staff, which is crowned with a cap; in front of the figure with the staff is an olive branch and a wreath, to the rear a cornucopia. Legend: "BRITISH SETTLEMENT KENTUCKY." Reverse: Brittania, seated disconsolate amid the down-cast emblems of her power, and facing left; her head is bowed; she holds in her right hand an inverted spear, the head of which penetrates the ground; at her right side a bundle of fasces or lictors' rods have fallen near the cap of Liberty; upon the ground, before the figure, are the scales of justice, upon which Brittania has set her left foot and the sword of justice, with broken blade; the left arm of the figure rests upon a large Legend: shield, bearing the cross of the British ensigns. "PAYABLE BY P. P. P. MYDDLETON." D~gitized by Google Digitized by Google PLATE IX. ~LPCJU<T. 1802. W.UWNOTON .MEDA.L. 1789. HA.LP CEST. Wll:&ATH CENT. 1794. 1798. HA.LP CENT. NEW YORK CENT . 1847. Bee description. Digitized by Google PLATE X. • GREEK EGYPTIAN Cour. PTOLEMY. Wrnow's MITE. COPPER COIN. ROMAN BRONZE CoIN. TU.TAN AUGUSTUS. V~-117 A. D. ANTIOCHl'S EPIPllANES. COUNTERFEIT JUDEAN SHEKEL. DATING AROUT THE TIME O>' CHRIST. MACEDONIAN COIN. PHILIP III. 317-324 B. C. Bee description. Digitized by Google i Dig,tized by Google 79 THE UNITED STA'I'ES MINT. THE SMALL PATTERN CENT. Obverse: A head, facing right, hair unconfined, floating backward in flowing locks. Legend: '' LIBERTY PARENT OF SCIENCE & INDUST." Exergue: Beneath the head the date 1792. Reverse: A wreath, two olive branches crossed at the lower ends and tied with a ribbon; within the wreath a field bearing an inscription "ONE CENT" in two lines. Legend: "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." Exergue: "rtir." Border, milled; edge, reeded; size, 14; weight, 65 grains. Extremely rare. THE DOUBLE HEAD wASHINGTON A small head on both obverse and reverse. The forme, has the legend, "wASHINGTON;" the latter the legend "ONE CENT." No date. NEW y ORK wASHINGTON CENT. Bust of Washington with a wig, and with military draping, face right. Legend: "NON VI VIRTUTE VICI." Reverse: The Goddess of Liberty, seated, with libert1 pole and scales of justice. Legend: "NEO EBORACENSIS." Date, 1786. CAROLINA ELEPHANT (TOKEN.) A token much prized by collectors is known as the Carolina Elephant. The obverse is from a rather common English token known now as the London Elephant. The animal is standing v.ith his head down. There is no legend. Reverse: "GOD PRESERVE CAROLINA AND THE LORDS PROPRIETERS J 694." COPPER HALF-CENT OF 1794. I~ 1794 and 1795 similar device to that of 1793; bat face Liberty facing to the right. Weight, 104 grains. CENT, 1799. The liberty cap is omitted, as is the lettering on the edge, not to reappear on the American cent. Liberty Cap Cents are very rare. In the year 1798 a slight change was made in the obverse of the cent, giving some of the curls a different termination from those of 1796, 1797, and the early part of 1798. The latter device was continued each year, until and including 1807. The reverse remained unchanged during the same time, excepting some slight varia,tions, probably unintentional, if not positive mistakes. For instance, in 1797 and 1802 we end some without stems to the wreath..", and in one case only Digitized by Google 80 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 011' one stem. In 1801 and 1802 some have m instead of the fraction Th. In addition to this error, a variety of the cent of 1802 has "Iinited," instead of "{Tnited." In 1796 we have in one instance "Liberty," instead of " Liberty." LIBERTY CENT, 1809. In 1809 an obverse head of Liberty; forehead encircled by a band, ''LIBERTY" inscribed upon it, surrounded by thirteen stars. Exergue: "1809." · · Reverse: Wreath in a circular garland inclosing the words "ONE CENT." No change took place during the issues of 1808 to 1814, inclusive. HALF-CENT OF 1793. The first half-cent was issued in 1793, having on obverse: Bust of Liberty, facing to the left; staff surmounted by liberty-cap over right shoulder. Legend: "LIBERTY." Exergue: "1793." Reverse; Inscription, "HALF CENT," surrounded by a wreath, tied with a ribbon. Weight, 132 grains. WREATH CENT. Obverse: Bust of Liberty, hair flowing. Legend,: "LIBERTY." Exergue: "1793." Reverse: A wreath with berries, the stems of wreath tied in a bow with a ribbon. Inscription: '' ONE CENT." Legend: "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." Exergue: "Th." · Third. Known as the "Liberty Cap Cent." tIBERTY AND SECURITY W AS~INGTON CoIN. Obverse: A bust of Washington, in uniform, facing right, hair in a queue.. Legend: "GEORGE WASHINGTON." Reverse: A shield with sixteen argent and gules impaling argent, fifteen mullets; above the shield an eagle, left talon, an olive branch, right talon, six arrows. Legend: "LIBERTY AND SECURITY." Exergue: "17 95," divided by the point of the shield. Border: A plain circle, and outside of the same, milled edge, lettered "AN ASYLUM FOR ALL NATIONS." Size, 20½; weight, 310 grains. This piece is extremely rare. VrnGnnA HALF-PENNY. The well-known Virginia half-pennies seem to have been very plentiful. A number of different dies were used. A laureated bust of George the Third is surrounded, as ou the English half-penny, with his title, "GEORGIVS III. REX." The reverse bas an ornamental and crowned shield, emblazoned quarterly: 1, England em paling Scotland; 2, France; 3, Ireland; 4, the electoral dominions. Legend: "VIRGINIA." Digitized by Google Digitized by Google PLATE XI. CENT, 1809. • • PATTERN ..Two CENT" PIECE. HALF CEN,. CHAIN (;'ENT. 1793. 1793• CENT, 1799. SMALL PATTEllN CENT. See deocription. Digitized by Goog Ie 1791 PLATE XII. DoUBLE HEAD WASHIMGTON, N. Y. CoLONIAL CKNT. 1787. LIBERTY .um SECURITY WASHINGTON MEDAT. li~. CAROLINA EI.EPHANT TOKEN, GRANBY OR HIGLEY CoPPER TOKEN, VIRGISIA 1694, HAL>' CENT. See deocriptlon. Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google PLATE XIII. MEDAL OF 17i6, COMMEMORATIVE OE THE NATION'S lNDKPENDKNCE. "KITTANNING MEDAL," ONE OP' TH E EARLIEST MEDALS EXECUTED I N AMERICA. Digitized by Goog Ie PLA TE XIV. 179ii SILVE R l>oLLAR . OBVERS E AND REVERS E. 1798 SILVER l>oLL,.B . OBVERS E AND REVERS E, Digitized by Google ( I Digitized by Google Digitized by Google PLATE XV. ROSA AMERICANA. MASSACHUSETTS HALF CENT. RHODE I SLAND MEDAL. Pi1T MEDAL. lMMUNIS CoLUMBIA . NEW YORK TOKEN. See description. Digitized by Google PLATE XVI. PATTIIBN HALF DoLI,All, 1859. LIJiuTY HA.LIi' CENT, 1795. PATTERN CIINT. LIBIIRTY OENT. 1854. 1793. 0 0 PATTERN CENT, CoPPEB AND SILVER. PA'ITEBN Cli:NT. 18., 5. 1850. Digitized by Google Dig1t12ed by Google D,g, zcdbyGoogle PLATE XVII. *RARE CoLONIAL CENT, OF NEW JERSEY, WASHINGTON CENT, 1;sa. W ABBINGTON HALF DoLLAB. 1792, WASHINGTON Vl!RY RARE. CENT. 1792. WASHINGTON CENT. 1783. WASHINGTON CENT, 1791, • Considered unique, one recently sold for 8640.00 at a public sale in New York. Digitized by Google PLATE XVIII. TRIBUTE MONEY. COUNTERFEIT SHEKEL, OF EUROPEAN MANUFACTURE. CONSTANTINE THE GREAT. JEWISH. JEWISH, LEPTON, GRECIAN. B. C. LEPTON, A. D. ::l!Axnrus PHILLIPUS. Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google PLATE XIX. DOUBLE EAGLE 1849. •Unique," .beyond price. HALF E-'-GLE, 1849. EAGLE, 1849• DOUBLE EAGLE. 1885. GOLD DoLLAR, 1849. TEN DOLLAR EAGLE, 1795. HALF EAGLE!', 1885. HALF EAGLE, 1795. E..lGLB, 1885. •••• THREE DoLLARS. Gold Piece, 1885. QUARTER EAGLE, 1847. QUARTER EAGLE, 1885. Digitized by GOLD DOLLAR, 1885. Google PLATE XX. RHODES. GREEK CoIN, ALEX4NDER THE GBBA.T. A.!iTIOCHUS VIL SYB4BIS. IIBBOCLBA. ATHENS. 300 B. C. Digitized by Google D,g,tizcd by Goog Ie Digitized by Goog Ie PLATE XXI. 1804 DOLLAR, PATTERN D OLLAR, "The King among Rarities." PATTERN DOLLAR O>" 1871, Rejected . None issued. PATTERN PIECE XNOWN AS THR BARBER DOLLAR, Rejected. Digitized by Google PLATE XXII. SILVER DoLLAR, 1849, STA.'WARD DOLLAR, 1885. HALI' DOLLAR, 1849. RALF DoLLAR, 1794. luJ3 DIKE, 1849. llALJI' DOLLAR, 1885. l>IllE, 1849. QtJUTER DOLLAR, 1885. QUARTER DoLLAR, 1$49, Dunt, 1885. DIKE, 1796. Digitized by Goog1e Dig1t1zcd by Goog Ie Dig1t12ed by Google PLATE XXIII. LIBERTY CAP CENT, 1793. CHAIN CENT, 1793. Fil'lil issue. HALF CE1'T, 1798. CHAIN CENT, 1793. Second Issue. CENT, 1849. PATTERN TWENTY C&IIT PIECE, Rejected. _CENT, 1885. THREE CENT NICKEL. 1885. HALF CENT, 1849. Digitized by THRRE CENT PUCCB, 1885. Goog Ie PLAT E XXIV . .ANTIOCUU S VU. .ANTIOCHU S VIII. PRUSIAS. ABDJtJU. .ALEXAND ER THE GREAT. P.urORIIU S. EPIPHANE S, Grecian Coins aboul 300 years B. c. Drgrtrzed by Google L D1g1tized by Google 81 THE UNITED STATES MINT. Corns ISSUED AT THE UNITED STATES MINT AT DELPHIA, FROM ITS ESTABLISHMENT IN 1792 TO PHILA- 1885. 0oLD. DuuhleEagk. Authorize<l to be coined, Act of March 3, 1849. Weight, 516. grains; fineness, 900 ; size, 21. 1850 to 1865, inclusive. No. I. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, hair tied behind, a coronet on the forehead inscribed "LIBERTY," thirteen stars and date. Reverse: An eagle with shield upon its breast, and an olive branch an.J three arrows in its talons; in its beak, an elaborate RCroll, inscribed "E PLURIBUS 1:NUM." A hove, a circle of thirteen stars and a curved line of rays extending from wing to wing. ,, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." ◄< TWF.NTY D.'' . 1866 to 1876, inclusive. No. 2, same, with the motto "IN GOD WE TRUST" Inscribed within the circlA of stars on the reverse. 1877. No. 3. Harne, with "TWENTY DOLLARS" for "TWENTY D." Eagle. Anthorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 270 grains; fineness, 916i, Weight changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 258 grains. Fineness changed, Act of Jnne 28, 1834, to 899.225. Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 183i, to 900. 179,3. Obverse: Liberty head, wearing a cap, facing rigl1t. Fifteen ,stars. Above, "LIBERTY;" beneath, "1795 ;" size, 21. Reverse: An eagle with displayed wings, standing on a palm branch; in be~k, a laurel wreath. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." 1796. Rame, with sixteen stars. 1797. No. 1. Same, with sixteen star~. 1797. No. 2. Obverse: Same, with sixteen stars. Reverse: An eagle with the United States shield upon its breast, a bundle of arrows in the right talon, and an olive branch in the left; in its beak, a scroll inscribed "E PLURIBUS UNUM." Around the head are sixteen stars; above, is a curved line of clouds extending from wing to wing. .,UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." 1798 tfl 1801, inclusive. Same, with thirteen stars on the obverse. Of 1798, two varieties with four stars facing. 1802. None issued. 1803 and 1804. Same as No. 2 or 1797. Thirteen stars. 1805 to 1837, inclusive. None issued. 1838 to 1865, inclnsive. Obverse: Liberty head facing left, hair tied behind, a coronet on the forehead inscribed "LIBERTY," thirteen stars, and date. Reverse: An eagle with the United States shield upon its breast, and an olive branch and three arrows in the talons. "UNITED STATES oF AMERICA." Size, 17. 1866. Sam.e, with a scroll above the eagle inscribed "rN GOD wB TRUST," Half Eagle. Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 135 grains; fineness, 916!. Weight changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 129 grains. Digitized by Google 82 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF Fineness changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 899.225. Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. 1795. No. 1. Same type as the Eagle; size, 16. 1795. No. 2. Obverse: Same. Reverse: An eagle, wings extended upwards, with the United States shield upon its breast, a bundle of thirteen arrows in the right talon, and an olive branch in the left. In its beak, a scroll inscribed "E PLURIBUS UNUM." Around the head are sixteen stars, and above is a curved line of clouds extending from wing to wing. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." 1796. Same as No. 1 of 1795; fifteen stars on obverse. 1797. No. 1. Same as No. 1 of 1795. 1797. No. 2. Same, with sixteen stars on obverse. 1797. No. 3. Obverse: Same, with fifteen stars. Reverse: Same as No. 2 of 1795, sixteen stars around the eagle. 1798. No. 1. Same as No. 1 of 1795, with thirteen stars. 1798. No. 2. Obverse: Same. Reverse: Sa.me as No. 2 of 1795, thirteen stars. 1799 and 1800. Same as No. 2 of 179,5, with thirteen stars on the obverse. 1801. None issued. 1802 to 1806, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1795, with thirteen stars on the obverse. 1807. No. 1. Obverse: Same as No. 1, 1795, with thirteen stars. Reverse: Same as No. 2, 1795. 1807. No. 2. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left; bust, draped, wearing a kind of turban with a band in front inscribed "LIBERTY," thirteen stars, and date. Reverse: An eagle, with the United States shield upon its breast, an olive branch and three arrows in the talons. Above, a scroll, inscribed "E PLURTBUS UNUM." United States of America "5. D." 1808 to 1812 inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1807. 1813 to 1815, inclusive. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, wearing a kind of turban, a band in front inscribed "LIBERTY." Thirteen stars and date. No shoulders. Reverse: Same ns No. 2 of 1807. 1816 and 1817, inclusive. None issued. 1818 to 1828, inclusive. Same as 1813. 182l1. No. 1. Same as 1813; size, 16. 1829. No. 2. Same. but smaller; size, 15. 1830 to 1833, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1829. 1834. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1829. 1834. No. 2. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, hair confined by a band lnscribed "LIBERTY." ReYerse: Same as No. 2 of 1807, without the motto'' E PLURIBUS UNU!l" <1mitted; size, 14. 1835 to 1838, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1834. 1839 to 1865, inclusive. Same type as the Eagle of 1838. 1866. Same type as Eagle of same date. Three-Dollar Piece. Authorized to be coined, Act of February 21, 1853. Weight, 77.4, grains; fineness, 900. 18.54. Obverse: An Indian head, wearin!;' a crown of eagle feathers, on band of which is inscribed "LIBERTY"-'' UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." Reverse: "3 dollars 1854" within a wreath of corn, wheat, cotton, and t<>bacco. Size, 13. Digitized by Google 83 THE UNITED STATES MINT. Quarter-Eag/,e. Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 67.5 grains; fineness, 916i. Weight changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to 64.5 grains. Fineness changed, Act of June 28, 1834, to l:!99.225. Fineness changed, .Act of January 18, 18::17, to 900. 1796. No. 1. Obverse: Liberty head, facing right, above "LIBERTY"aixteen stars. Reverse: Same type as No. 2 half-eagle of 1795, size 13. No. 2. Same, with no stars on obverse. 1797-1798. Same as No . 1 of 1796, with thirteen stars. 1799-1801, inclusive. None issued. 1802. Same as 1798. 1803. None issned. 1804 to 1807, inclusive. Same as 1798. 1808. Same type as No. 2 half-eagle of 1807, with" 2z D." 1809 to !SW, inclusive. None issued. 1821. Obverse: Same type as the half-eagle of 1813, size 12. Reverse: Same type as No. 2 half-eagle of 1807. 1822 and 1823. None issued. 1821-1827, inclusive. Same as 1821. 1823. None iss,1ed. 1829 to 1833, inclusive. Same as 1821. 183!. No. 1. Same as 1821. No. 2. Same type as No. 2 half-eagle of 1834, size 11. 1835 to 1839, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1834. 1840 to 1865. Same type as the eagle of 1834. 1866. Same type as eagle of 1866. Dollar. Authorized to be coined, Act of March 3, 1849. Weight, 25.8 graiill!; fineness, 900. 1849 to 1853, inclusive. Obverse: Same type as the eagle, without date. Reverse: "l DOLLAR 1849" within a laurel wreath, "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." Size 8. 1854. No. I. Same. No. 2. Sarne type as the three-dollar piece, aize 9. SILVER. Dollar. Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 416 grains; fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 412½ grains. Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Coinage discontinued, Act of February 12, 1873. Coinage reauthorized, Act of February 28, 18i8. 179!. Obverse: Liberty head, facing right., flowing hair, fifteen stars: above, "LIBERTY;" b£neath, "1794." Reverse: An eagle with raised wings, encircled by branches of laurel cr,.ssed; "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." On the edge," HUNDRED CENTS, ONE DOLLAR OR UNIT." Size, 24. 1795. No. 1. Same. 1795. No. 2. Bust of Liberty, facing right, hair bound by a ribbon, shoulders draped, fifteen stars. Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings, standing upon clouds, within a wreath of palm and laurel, which is crossed and tied. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." 1796. Same as No. 2, of 1795. Digitized by Google ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF 1797. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1795, with sixteen stars, six of which .are facing. 1797. No. 2. Same, with-seven stars facing. 1798. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1795, with fifteen stars. 1798. No. 2. Same, with thirteen stars. 1798. No. 3. Obverse : Same, with thirteen stars. Reverse: An eagle with raised wings, bearing the United States shield upon its breast, in beak, a scroll inscribed "E PLURIBUS UNUM." A bundle of thirteen arrows in the right talon, and an olive branch in the left. Above, are clouds, and thirteen i;tars. "UNITED ST.A.TES OF .A.MERICA." .Size, 25. 179!.l to 1804, inclusive. Same as No. 3, of 1798. 1805 to 1839, inclu~ive. None issued. 1840 to 1865, inclusive. Obverse: Liberty seated upon a rock, supporting with her right hand the United States shield, across which floats a scroll inscribed "LIBERTY," and with her left the staff and liberty cap; beneath, the date. Reverse: An eagle with expanrled wings, bearing the United States shield upon its breast,and an (!live branch and three arrows in its talons. •• UNITED -ST.A.TES OF AMERICA." "ONE DOLL." Reeded erlge; size, 24. 1866 to 1873, inclusive. Same, with a bcroll above the eagle, inscribed, "IN GOD WE TRUST." 1874 to 1877, inclusive. None issued. 1878. Obverse: Liberty head facing left, upon which is a cap, a wheat .and cotton wreath, and a band inscribed "LIBERTY;" above, "E PLURIBUS UNUM f' beneath, the date. Thirteen stars. Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings pointing upwards; in right talon an olive branch with nine leaves; in the left, three arrows. In the field .above, "IN GOD WE TRUST;" beneath, a semi-wreath, til"d and crossed, reaching upwards to the wings; "UNITED STATI:S OF AMERICA." Some pieces of the above date (1878) were coined with eight feathers in the tail during the year, but seven have been adopted. SILVER. Tra<le Dollar. Authorized to be coined, Act of February 12, 1873. Weight, 420 grains; -fineness, 900. 1873. Obverse: Liberty seated upon a cotton bale, facing left; in her extended right hand an olive branch ; in her left a scroll incribed "LIBERTY ;" behind her a sheaf of wheat; beneath, a scroll inscribed "IN GOD WE TRUST;" thirteen stars; "1873." Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings; in talons three arrows and an olive branch ; abovt", a scroll inscribed "E PLURIBUS UNUM;" beneath, on field, ., 420 grains;" ,, 900 fine." "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.. Size, 24. Half Dollar. Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 208 grains; fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 206!- grains. Fineness ehanged, Act of ,January 18, 1837, to 900. Weight changed, Act of February 21, 1853, to 192 grains. Weight changed, Act of February 12, 1873, to 12¼ grammes, or 192.9 grains. 1794 and 1795. Same type as the dollar of 1791. On the edge, "FIFTY <lENTS OR HALF A DOLLAR." Size, 21. 1796. No. 1. Same type as No. 2, dollar of 1795, with the denomination, "½," inscribed on the base of the reverse. No. 2. Same, with sixteen starro (ID the obverse. Digitized by Google THE UNITED STATES MINT. 1797. Same as No. 2, of 1796. 1798 to 1800, inclnsivt-. None issued. 1801 to 18031 inclusive. Same type as No. 3, dollar of 1798. 1804. None l.Sl'ued. 1805 and 1806. Same as No. 3, dollar of 1798. 1807. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Obverse: Liberty head facing left, wearing a kind of turban, with. "LIBERTY" inscribed upon the band. Thirteen stars and date. Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings pointing downwards, bearing· upon its breast, the U. S. Shield, an o:ive branch and three arrows in itstalons; above, in the field, a scroll inscribed "E PLURIBUS UNUM;" beneath 60 C. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." 1808 to 1835 inclusive, same as No. 2 of 1807. 1836. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1807. No. 2. Obverse: Same. Reverse: An eagle with expanded wings pointing downwards, the U.S. shield upon its breast, an olive branch and three arrows in its talons,. "UNITED STATES OF AMEKICA," reeded edge. 1837. Same as No. 2 of 1836. 1838. Obverse : Same as No. 2 of 1836. Reverse: Same; '· HALI,' DOL." for '' 50 c." 1839. No. 1. Same as 1838. No. 2. i-ame t,rpe as dollar of 1840. 1840 to 1852 inclusive, same. 1853. Obverse: Same with an arrow head on each side of the date. , Reverse: Same, wi1h a halo of rays around the edge. 1854. Same, without the rays. · 1855. Same. 18-->6 to 1865 inclusive, same, without the arrow heads. 1866 to 1872 inclusive, same, with scroll above the eagle inscribed "IN" GOD w~: ·rRUST." (:-iome have been occasioMlly met with, which have been.. issued by the San Francisc-o Mint, without this legend in 1866.) 1873. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with arrow heads on each side of the date. 1874. Same. 1875. Same, without the arrow heads. SILVER. Quarter Dollar. Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 104 grains;.: fineness, 892.4. Weight chang, d, Act of January 18, 1837, to 103} grains. Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Weight changed, Act of February 21, 1853, to 96 grains. Weight changed, Act of February 12, 1873, to 6¼ grammes, or 96.45 grains. 1796. Same type as No. 2 dollar of 1795, with reeded edge; size, 18; fifteen s•ars. 1797 to 1803. None iRBued. 1804 to 1807, inclusive. Same type as No. 3 dollar of 1798, beneath,. "25c." 1808 to 1814, inclusive. None issued. 1815. ~ame type as No. 2 half dollar of 1807. 1816 and 1817. None issued. 1818 to 1825, inclusive. !fame type as No. 2 half dollar of 1807, size 1718:16. None issued. 1827 and 1828. Same type as No •. 2 half dollar of 1807. 11!29 and 1830. None i88ued. Digitized by Google 86 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF 1831 to 1837, inclusive. Same type as half dollar of 1807, with the diameter reduced from size 17 to size 15, and a corresponding increase in thickness and decrease of the size of devices, and the omission of the scroll, inscribed "E PLURIBUS UNUM." 1838. :No. 1. Same as 1837. No. 2. Same type as the dollar of 1840, with "QUAR. DOL." for "ONE DOLL." 1839 to 1852, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1838. 1853. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with arrow heads on each side of date, and a halo of rays around the edge. 1854 and 1855. Same, without the rays. 1856 to 1865. Same, without the arrow heads. 1866 to 1872, inclusive. Same, with the scroll above the eagle, inscribed "IN GOD WE TRUST." 1873. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with an arrow head on each side of the date. 1874. Same. 1875. Same, without the arrow head. Twenty-Cent Pie,ce. Authorized to be coined, Act of March 3, 1875. ·weight, 5 grammes, or 77.16 grains; fineness, 900. Coinage discontinued, Act ,,f May 2; 1878. 1875 to 1878, inclusive. Obverse: Same type as the dollar of.1840. Reverse: An eagle with displayed wings, three arrows, and an olive branch, two of the leaves of wh 1ch nearest the stem, together with those drooping from the centre, overlap; the terminating leaves on the end of the branch, however, do not. On each side a star. Plain edge. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." "TWENTY CENTS." Size, 14. Dime. Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 41.6 grains; fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 41! grains. Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Weight changed, Act of Eebruary 21, 1853, to 38.4 grains. Weight changed, Act of February 12, 1873, to 21 grammes, or 38.58 grains. 1796. Same type as the No. 2 dollar of 1795; size 13 ; fifteen stars. 1797. No. 1. Same, with sixteen stars on the obveroe. No. 2. Same, with thirteen stars on the obverse. 1798. No. 1. Same type as No. 3 dollar of 1798, with sixteen stars. No. 2. With thirteen stars on the obverse. 1799. None issued. 1800 to 180-5, inclusive. Same as No. 3 of 1798. 1806. None issm·d. 1807. Same as N". 2 of 1798. 1808. None iosued. 1809. Same type as No. 2 half-dollar of 1807; size, 12. 1810, None issued. 1811. Same as 1809. 1812 to 1813, inclusive. None issued. 1814. Same as 1809. 1815 to 1819, inclusive. None issued. 1820 to 11'25, inclusive. Sarne as 1809. 1826. None issued. 1827 to 1836, inclusive. Same ns 1809. 1837. No. 1. Same as 1809. No. 2. Obverse: Liberty seatad. No stars. Reverse: "ONE DIME" within a wreath of laurel., "UNITED STATES OK AMERICA.'' Size, 11. · 1838. No. 1. Same as No. 2 of 1837. No. 2. Same, with thirteen stars. 1839 to 1852, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1838. Digitized by Google 87 THE UNITED STATES MINT. 1853. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with an arrow head on each side of the date. 1854 and 1855. Same as No. 2 of 1853. 1856 to 1859, inclusive. Same, without arrow heads. 1860 to 1872, inclusive. Obverse: Same, with '' UNITED S'l'ATER OF AMERICA " instead of stars. Reverse: "ONE DIME" within a wreath of corn, wheat, cotton, arid tobacco. 1873. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with an arrow head on each side of the date. 1874. Same as No. 2 of 1873. 1875. Same, without arrow heads. Half Dime. Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 20.8 grains; fineness, 892.4. Weight changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 20ft grains. Fineness changed, Act of January 18, 1837, to 900. Weight changed, Act of February 21, 1853, to 19.2 grains. Coinage discontinued, Act of February 12, 1873. 1794 and 1795. Same type as the half dollar; size, 10. 1796. Same type as No. 2 dollar of 1795; fifteen stars. 1797. No. I. Same, with fifteen stars. No. 2. Same, with sixteen stars. No. 3. Same, with thirteen stan<. 1798 and 1799. None issued. 1800 to 1803, inclusive. Same type as No. 3 dollar of 1798. 1804. None issued. 1805. Same as 1800. 1806 to 1828, inclusive. None issued. 1829 to 1873. See dime. Three Cent Piece. Authorized to be coined, Act of March 3, 1851. Weight, 12¾ grains; fineness, 750. Weight changed, Aet of March 3, 18,53, to 11.52 grains. Fineness changed, Act of March 3, 1853, to 900. Coinage discontinued, Act of February 12, 1873. 1851 to 1853, inclusive. Obverse: A star bearing the United States shield. "UNITED !'TATES OF AMERICA." Reverse: An ornamented "c," within which is the denomination "III;" around the border, thirteen stars; size, 9. 1854 to 1858. Obverse: Same, with two lines around the star. Reverse: An olive branch above the "In," and three arrows below, all within the "c." 1858 to 18731 inclusive. Same. with one line around the star. MINOR Corns. Fit-e cent piece. (Nickle.) Authorized to be coined. Act of May 16, 1866. Weight, 77.16 grains; composed of 75 per cent. copper, and 25 per cent. nick le. 1866. Obverse: A United States shield surmounted by a cross, an olive branch pendent at each side, back of the base of the shield are two arrows, the heads and feathers are only visible; beneath, "1866 ;" above, in the field, "IN GOD WE TRUST." Reverse: "5" within a circl!' of thirteen stars, and rays," UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." Size, 13. 1867. Same. No. 2. Same, without the rays 1868. Same as No. 2 of 1867. 1869 to 1882. Same as No. 2 of 1867. Digitized by Google ss ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF 1883. No. 1. Bame. No. 2. Obverse: Liberty head wearing a coronet which is inscribed "LIBERTY," thirteen stars, and date, " 1883." Reverse: A "V" within a wreath of corn and cotton. Legend, '' UNITEI> STATES OF AMERICA." Exergue, "E PLURIBUS UNUM." No. 3, Obverse: Same as No. 2. Reverse: Same, with "CENTS" as the exergue, and "E PLURIBUS UNUll" above the wreath. 1884. Same as No. 3 of the preceding. Three cent piece. (Nulck.) Authorized to be coined, Act of April 3, 1865. Weight, 30 grains; composed of 75 per cent. copper, and 25 per cent. nickle. 1865. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, hair bound by a ribbon, on the forehead a coronet inscribed "LIBERTY;" beneath, the date, "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." Reverse: "III" within a laurel wreath. MINOR COINS. 7wo Cent Piece (bronze). Authorized to be coined, Act of April 22, 1864. Weight, 96 grains, composed of ninety-five per cent. copp1,r •md five per cent. of tiu and zinc. Coinage discontinued, Act of February 12, 1873. lil64 to 1873, inclusive. Obvnse: The United States shield, behind which are two arrows, crossed, on each side a branch of laurel; abo•,e, a scroll inscribed "IN GOD WE TRUST" ; beneath, the date. Reverse: ,. 2 CENTS" within a wreath of wheat. "UNITED STATES OP AMERICA." ~ize, 14. Cent (copper). Authorized to be coined, Act of April 22, 1792. Weight, 264 grains. Weight changed, Act of J,anuary 14, 1793, to 208 grains. Weight changed by proclamation of the President, .January 26, li96, in conformity with an Act of March 3, 1795, to 168 grains. Coinage discontinued, Act of February 21, 1857. 1793. No. 1. Obverse: Liberty head, facing right, flowing hair. Above, "LIBERTY": beneath, "179::S." ReverRe: A chain of fifteen links, within which is inscribed "ONE CENT" and the fraction "rh•" UniteJ States of America; reed,d edge; size, 17. No. 2. Same, with the abbreviation "AMER!" in the Leg.-nd. No. 3. Obverse: Same liB No. 1, with a sprig heneath. Reverse: "ONE CENT'' within a wreath of laurel. "UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. Reeded edge. No.4. Obverse: A bust of Liberty, (ar-ing right, with pole and liberty -cap. Above, "LIBERTY"; beneath, "1793." Reverse: Same as No. 3; OD the erlge, "ONE HUNDRED FOR A DOLLAR." Size, 18. 1794 and 1795. Same as No. 4 of li93. 1796. No.]. Same. No. 2. Sam<', wi1h hair bound by a rihbon, and without pol" and li'Jnty cap on the ohver,e. Plain 1.:dge. 1797 to 1807 inl'luRi ve. SRme a.~ No. 2 of 1796. 1808 to 1814, inclusive. Obverse: Liberty head, fadng left. hair confined by a band; inscribed "LIRERTY.'' Thir1een stars and elate. Reverse: "ONE CENT," within a lanrel wreath. "UNITED STATES OP .A.MERICA" The fraction "r½ir" is omitted. 1815. None i88ued. Digitized by Goog1e · 89 THE UNITED STATES MINT. 1816. Obverse: Liberty head, facing left, the hair is confined by a roll, and tied by a cord, whilet he forehead is bedecked with a tiara, inscribed "LIBERTY." Reverse: Same as 1808. 1817. No. 1. Same. No. 2. Same, with fifteen stars. 1818 to 1836. Same as No. 1 of 1817. 1'337. No. I. Same. No. 2. Same, with the hair tied by a stringofbeada instead of a cord. 1838 to 1857, inclusive. Same as No. 2 of 1837. Cent (Nickle). Authorized to be coined, Act of February 21, 1857. Weight 72 grains; composed of 88 per cent. copper and 12 per cent. nickle. Coinage discontinued, Act of April 22, 1864. ' 1857 and 1858. Obverse: An eagle flying to the left. "UNITED STATESOF AMERICA." Reverse: "ONE CENT," within a wreath. of corn, wheat, cotton, and tobacco. Size, 11. 1859. Obverse: An Indian-head, facing left, bedecked with eagle plumes,. confined. "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." Beneath, the date. Reverse: '' ONE CENT." within a wreath of laurel. 1860 to 1864, inclusive. Obverse: Same. Reverse: "ONE CENT," within an oak wreath and shield, Cent (Bronze). Coinage authorized, Act of April 22, 1857. Weight, 48 grains; composed' of 95 per cent. copper and 5 per cent. of tin and zinc. 1864. Same type as nickle cent of 1860. Size, 12. " Half Cent (Copper). Authorized to be coined, Act of April 2, 1792. Weight, 132 grains. Weight changed, Act of January 14, 1793, to 104 grains. Weight changed by proclamation of the President, January 26, 1796, in conformity with Act of March 3, 1705, to 84 grains. Coiyage discontinued, Act of Februa.ry 21, 1857. 1793. Same type as cent No. 4, 1793, with head facing left. On the edge, "TWO HUNDRED FOR A DOLLAR." Size, 14. 1794. Same type as the cent of 1794. 1795 to 1797, inclusive. Same, with plain edge. 1798 and 1799. None issued. 1800. Same type as No. 2 cent of 1796, with the fraction ""2"h-" on the base of the reverse. 1801. None issued. 1802 to 1808, inclusive. Same as 1800. From 1808, the fraction ""2"h,. omitted. · 1809 to 1811, inclusive. Same type as cent of 1808. 1812 to 1824, inclusive. None issued. 1825 and 1826. Same type as cent of 1808. 1827, None issued. 1808, with thirteen stars. No. 2. 1828. No. 1. Same type as cent Same, with twelve stars. 1829. Same, with thirteen stars. 1830. None i,sued. 1831 to 1836, inclusive. Same type as cent of 1808. 1837 to 1839, inclusive. None issued. 1840 to 1857, inclusive. Same type as No. 2 cent of 1837; size, 14. Digitized by Google 90 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THOMAS JEFFERSON, an eminent American Statesman, and third President of the United States, was born. April 2, 17 43, at Shadwell, Virginia, near the spot which afterwards became his residence, with the name of Monticello. He was the oldest son in a. family of eight children. His father, Peter Jefferson, was a. man of great force of character and of extraordinary physical strength. His mother, Jane Randolph, of Goochland, was descended from an English family of great note and respectability. Young Jefferson began his classical studies at the age of nine, and at seventeen he entered an advance class at William and Mary College; on his way thither, he formed the acquaintance of Patrick Henry, who was then a bankrupt merchant, but who afterwards became the great orator of the Revolution. At college, Jefferson was distinguished by his close application, and devoted, it is said, from twelve to fifteen hours per day to study, and we are told became well versed in Latin, Greek, Italian, French, and Spanish, at the same time proficient in his mathematical studies. After a few years course of law under Judge Wythe, he was admitted to the bar in 1767. His success in the legal profession was remarkable ; his fees during the first year amounted to nearly three thousand dollars. In 1769, Jefferson commenced his public career as a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, in which he had while a student of law, listened to Patrick Henry's great speech on the Stamp Act. In 1773 he united with Patrick Henry and other revolutionary patriots in devising the celebrated committee of correspondence for disseminating intelligence between the Colonies. of which Jefferson was one of the most active and influential members. He was elected in 177 4 to a convention to choose delegates to the first Continental Congress at Philadelphia, and introduced at that convention his famous "Summary vie-w of the rights of British America." On the 21st of June, 1775, Jefferson took his seat in the Continental Congress. His reputation as a Statesman and accomplished writer at once placed him among the leaders of that renowned body. He served on the most important committees, and among other papers drew up the reply of Congress to the proposal of Lord North, and assisted in preparing in behalf of the Colonies, a declaration of the cause of taking up arms against the Mother Country. The rejection of a final petition to King George, destroyed all hope of an honorable reconciliation with England. Congress, early in 1776, appointed a committee to draw up a Declaration of Independence, of which Jefferson was made Chairman; in this capacity he drafted, at the request of th Digitized by Google 91 THE UNITED STATES MINT. other members of the committee, (Franklin, Adams, Sherman, and Livingston), and reported to Congress, June 28, the great Charter of Freedom, known as the " Declaration of American Independence," which, on July 4, was unanimously adopted, and signed by every member present, with a single exception. "The Declaration of Independence," says Edward Everett, "is equal to anything ever borne on parchment, or expressed in the visible signs of thought." "The heart of Jefferson in writing it," adds Bancroft, "and of Congress in adopting it, beat for all humanity." After resigning his seat in Congress, Jefferson _revised the laws of Virginia; among other reforms, he procured the repeal of the laws of entail, the abolition of primogeniture, and the restoration of the rights of consc;ence, a reform which he believed would abolish "every fibre of ancient or future aristocracy;" he also originated a complete system of elementary and collegiate education for Virginia. In 1779, Jefferson succeeded Patrick Henry as Governor of Virginia, and held the office during the most gloomy period of the Revolution, and declined a re-election in 1781. In li83, he returned to Congress, and reported the treaty of peace, concluded at Paris, September 3, 1783, acknowledging the independence of the United States. He also proposed and carried through Congress a bill establishing the present Federal system of coinage, which took the place of the English pounds, shillings, pence, etc., and also introduced measures for establishing a Mint in Philadelphia, (the first public building built by the general Government, still standing on Seventh street, east side, near Filbert). In 1785, he succeeded Dr. Franklin as resident Minister at Paris. In organizing the Government after the adoption of the Constitution, he accepted the position of Secretary of State, tendered him by President Washington during his first term. Jefferson was Vice-President 'of the United States from 1797 to 1801, and President for the two consecutive terms following. After participating in the inauguration of his friend and successor, James Madison, Jefferson returned to Monticello, where he passed the remainder of his life in directing the educational and industrial institutions of his native State and entertaining his many visitors and friends. His death occurred on the same <lay with that of John Adams, July 4, 1826. Digitized by Google 92 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OP ALEXANDER HAMILTON, Statesman, orator, and financier, born in the West Indian island of Nevis, 11th of January, 17 5 7. His father was a Scotch merchant, and his mother was thedaughterofa French Huguenot. He was educated at King's College, N. Y. When he was 18 years of age he surprised the people by his pubiic speeches and pamphlets in favor of American independence. He was commissioned Captain of a Company of Artillery in March, 1776, and serv.ed with distinction at the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Trenton, and Princeton, and was appointed Aid-de-camp and Private Secretary to General Washington in March, 1777, and gained his special favor and confidence in planning campaigns and devising means to support the army. In 1782 he was elected a member of the Continental Congress, and Washington expressed the opinion that no one excelled him in probity and sterling virtue. He was an active member of an anti-slavery party in New York, and offered a resolution in 1784, that every member of that society should liberate his own slaves. He was a delegate to the convention which met in Philadelphia in May, 1787, to form a Federal Constitution and to promote the Union of the States, and it appears was the principal author of the movement. Hamilton was appointed Secretary of the Treasury in 1789, at the time the nation was burdened with a heavy debt, almost destitute of credit, and on the verge of bankruptcy. The results of his financial policy were the restoration of public credit, protection to American industry, and a rapid revival of trade and commerce. He resigned his office to resume his practice of law, January 31, 1795. He declined the position of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States previously tendered him. Washington testified his great esteem for Hamilton by consulting him in the preparation of his Farewell Address, as well as in many other acts of his noble career. . In 1804, Aaron Burr, presenting himself as a candidate for Governor of New York, but Hamilton opposed his election expressing the opinion that "Burr was a dangerous man and unfit to be trusted with power." The election of Gen. Lewis blasted the ambitious projects of Burr, who insolently demanded an explanation of Hamilton, and finally challenged him, Hamilton accepted the challenge, was mortally wounded at Weehawken, and died July 12, 1804. His death was profoundly lamented throughout the country. N0TE.-His eldest son had been killed in" duel by a political adversary about 1802° Mr. Hamilton was the principal author of the Federalist., and the real father of our tl.nancial system. Immediately after adopting the constitution, he strongly advocated the establishment of a Mint, so that the New World would not be dependant on the Old for a circulating medium. Digitized by Google 93 THE UNITED STATES MINT. HON. JAMES PUTNAM KIMBALL, PRESIDENT DIRECTOR OF ALL THE MINTS, was born in Salem, Mass., April 26, 1836. After graduating the High School of his riative town in 1854, he entered ihe Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University. In the summer of the following year he went to Germany, and matriculated at the University of Frederick Wilhelm, Berlin, in the Fall of the same year, and was graduated at the University of George Augusta, at Gottingen, in the Autumn of 1857, with the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy. Upon his graduation he entered upon a practical course in Mining and Metallurgy, at the Mining School of Freiburg, in Saxony. Aftet making a tour of the Continent and England, he returned home and engaged as the Assistant of Prof..J. D. 'Whitrn:,y, now of Harvard University, in the State Geological Surveyb of the States of Wisconsin and Illinois, embracing the Upper Mississippi lead region. He continued with Prof. Whitney during rr,e survey, comprising the soutHeastern part of Iowa. On the establishment of the New York State Agricultural College at Ovid, the foundation of which was subsequently merged with that of Cornell University, Dr. Kimball was appointed to the Chair of Professor of Chemistry and Economic Geology. Upon the appointment of the President of the college, Gen. Patrick, as Brigadier-General of Volunteers, Dr. Kimball became that officer's Chief of Staff, with a commission from the President of the United States, as Assistant Adjutant-General of Volunteers, with the rank of Captain. This was in 1862. His first service in the field was with the Army of the Rappahannock, under Gen. McDowell. He took p,wt in numerous engagements, notably, those of Groveton, Manassas, Chantilly, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. G,eneral Patrick having been assigned to duty as Provost-Marshal of the Army of the Potomac·, Capt. Kimball accompanied him, and served on the General Staff, of that army under Generals McClellan, Burnside, Hooker, and Meade, successively. When the army went into winter quarters, Capt. Kimball, whose health had become impaired, resigned from the army, and settled in New York. He resumed the practice of his profession as Mining Engineer and Metallurgist. Upon his marriage, in 187 4, he accepted an honorary Professorship in Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., removing from New York t,o one of the houses in the beautiful park and grounds of that <it Digitized by Google 94 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF institution, though retaining his office and business m New York City. Dr. Kimball has been largely identified with the mineral development of Bedford County, Pa., and at the time of his appointment 11.'l Director of the Mints, WM President of the Everett Iron Company, whose blast furnace, built in 1883-84, is one of the largest and finest in this country. As a scientist he is a contributor to various scientific journals at home and abroad, aud among others the American Journal of Science, published at New Haven. Several of his papers have appeared in the proceedings of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, of which he has been Vice President. Dr. Kimball has traveled extensively in the United States, Mexico, and the West Indies, in prosecuting his professional practice,. and as a. man of scientific accomplishments and of affairs, bears a deservedly high reputation. Dr. Kimball comes of Revolutionary stock. His paternal great-grandfather, William Russell, of Boston, was associated with the Sons of Liberty, and the leaders in public affairs in the times that tried men's souls. He was present, disguised as as an Indian, and assisted in the famous Tea Party in Boston harbor on the memorable 16th of December, 1773. Later, Mr. Russell was adjutant of the Massachusetts Artillery, rai!,ed for the defense of Boston, and which served in the Rhode Island campaign of 1777-78. Still later, while serving as Secretary to Commander John Manley, of the U.S. war vessel Jason, Uussell was captured by the British frigate Surprise, and confined in Mill prison till June 24, 1782, when he was exchanged. But so sturdy a patriot could not rest unemployed, and twenty days after his liberation, found him again in the naval service. He was again made prisoner by the British, in November following, and consigned to the notorious British prison ship, Jersey, lying off New York. An anecdote is related by Mr. James Kimball, father of the subject of this sketch, in a memoir on the Tea Party in Boston harbor furnished the Essex Institute Historical collections (187 4), which illustrates the temper of Mr. Russell as a patriot. Returning to his home after the destruction of the tea, he took off his shoes, and carefully dusted them over the fire; he then took the tea canister and emptied its contents. Next morning he had printed on one side of the canister, "Coffee," and on the other, "No Tea." This was the brief decree of banishment promulgated by the Tea Destroyers, and the prohibited luxury disappeared from their tables. Digitized by Google THE VNJTED STATES MINT. 95 HON. JOHN JAY KNOX. Late Comptroller of the Currency, now President of the NaNational Bank of the Republic, New York City, we are indebted to The Financier, August, 1885, for the following biographical sketch : Hon. John Jay Knox was Comptroller or Deputy Comptroller of the National currency for seventeen years. He was bor:.1 in Oneida county, New York, March 19, 1828. His ancestors were Scotch Irish, and came originally from Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland, in 17 59. He received his early education at the Augusta Academy and the Watertown Classical Institute, and was graduated from Hamilton College in the Class of 184g. Among those in college with him were Senator Hawley of Connecticut, and Chas. Dudley Warner. After leaving college he b9came teller in a bank at Vernon, of which his father was President, at a salary of $300 a year, where he remained from 1850 to 18.52. He spent some time in the Burnet Bank at Syracuse, and was afterwards cashier of the Susquehanna. Valley Bank at Binghampton. He and his brother, Henry M. Knox, established a banking house at St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1857, shortly before that State was admitted into the Union. The first steamboat launched on the Red River of the North, establishing a most important communication for the business interests of Minnesota, was transported in the dead of winter across country on runners, from Sauk Rapids to Breckenridge, and Mr. Knox was one of the few who paid the expenses of the enterprise. In the financial discussions which preceded the establishment of the National banks, Mr. Knox took a prominent part, and made many valuable suggestions on the currency question. He advocated a safe and convertible currency, the issue of a. uniform series of circulating notes to all the banks, and the guarantee by the Government of circulation secured by its own bonds. In 1862 he was introduced to Secretary Chase and the Hon. Hugh McCulloch, then Comptroller of the currency. The attention of the Secretary had previously been attracted to the financial articles of Mr. Knox, published in Hunt's Merchants' Ma_qazine. He was shortly afterward appointed to a clerkship under Treasurer Spinner, and was subsequently transferred to the office of Mr. Chase, as disbursing clerk, at a salary of $2,000 a year. After three years in this position he became cashier of the Exchange National Bank at Norfolk, Va., but finding Digitized by Google 96 ( ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF the southern climate uncongenial, after a year he returned to Washington. He was commissioned by Secretary McCulloch to examine the mint at San Francisco, and to select a site there for a new one. His report upon the Mint service of the Pacific Coast was printed in the Fina.nee Report of 1866, with a complimentary notice by the Secretary. The site selected was purchased from Eugene Kelly of New York for $100,000. He subsequently visited New Orleans and discovered a deficiency of$1,100,000 in the office of the Assistant Treasurer. He took possession of that office, and for 1,ome weeks acted as Assistant Treasurer of the United States. 'l'he promotion of Mr. Knox to the office in which he was able to do himself the most credit, and perform those services w the country which are part and parcel of its financial progress, occurred in 1867. At this time a vacancy was brought about in the Deputy-Comptrollership of the Currency. and Secretary McCulloch appointed him to fill it. Until May 1, 1884, he remained as Deputy or head of the Bureau, his terms of office being as follows: Five years as Deputy-Comptroller, from 1867 to 1872; five years as Comptroller, from 1872 to 1877, appointed by General Grant; five years, second term as Comptroller, from 1877 to 1882, by President Hayes, on the recommendation of Secretary Sherman-the reappointment being made without his knowledge, before the expiration of the preceding term, and confirmed by the Senate without reference to any committee. He was again reappointed, by President Arthur, April 12, 1882. · In 1870 he made an elaborate report to Congress (Senate Mis. Doc., No. 132, XLI. Cong., 2d Sess.), including a codification of the Mint and Coinage laws, with important amendments, which was highly commended. The bill which accompanied the report comprised, within the compass of twelve pages of the Revised Statutes, every important provision contained in more than sixty different enactments upon the Mint and Coinage of the United States-the result of eighty years of legislation. This bill, with slight amendments, was subsequently passed, and is known as" The Coinage Act of 1873 ;" and the Senate :Finance Committee, in recognition of his services, by an amendment, made the Comptroller of the Currency an ex-officio member of the Assay Commission, which meets annually at the Mint in Philadelphia for the purpose of testing the weight and fineness of the coinage of the year. Through his official reports, twelve in number, and his addresses on the currency question, Mr. Knox has indirectly exercised great influence in financial legislation, and he took Digitized by Google 97 THE UNITED STATES MINT. :an active, though quiet and unassuming part, in the great financial coup d'etat of the resumption of specie payment. In April, 1878, he accompanied Secretary Sherman and Attorney-General Devens to New York, and arranged a meeting between these two members of the Cabinet and the officers •of ten of the principal banks of the city at the National Bank of Commerce, with the view of negotiating the sale of $50,000,000 •Of 4½ per cent. bonds, the avails of which wern to be used for resumption purposes. The Presidents of the banks, who were present, gave Secretary Sherman no encouragement as to the purchase of the bonds at the rates proposed by him. Upon the return of the Secretary and Comptroller to the Fifth Avenue Hotel, in the evening, they were met by August Belmont, who had a cable· dispatch from the Rothchilds, authorizing a purchase of the whole amount at a premium of one and one-half per cent. for the account of the syndicate. Upon the following day the Secretary and the Comptroller returned to Washington, after an absence of three days, and the success of the negotiation was announced, much to the chagrin of some members of the Finance Committee of the House of Representatives, who were then bitterly opposing the scheme pr9posed by the Secretary for the resumption of specie payments. ·This negotiation was the first of a series of brillia!lt financial transactions preceding and following resumption on January 1, 1879. • Subsequently he arranged a conference, which was held in ·the Treasury at Washington, in the evening, between leading ,bank officials of New York and Secretaries Sherman and Evarts, which resulted in the admission of the Assistant Treasurer as a member of the clearing house, and the receipt :by the banks of legal tender notes on a par with gold; and in 1881, by request of President Garfield, he attended a conference in New York between the leading financial men of the city and Secretary Windom and Attorney-General Mc Veagh, which resulted in the issue and successful negotiation of three .and one-half per cent. bonds. At the time of his resignation, Mr. Knox was the oldest ·officer in term of service in the <lepartment. One of the leading financial writers in the country, in noticing his retirement, in the Nation said : "The retirement of Mr. John Jay Knox from the office of Comptroller of the Currency is a loss to the public service of no common kind. The intelligence which he has brought to .the complicated duties of his office has never been surpassed :in any similar station, and has not been equalled in the par- Digitized by Google 98 ILLU8TRATRD lll8TORY OF ticular station which he has so long filled. The National banking system owes much of its present carefulness in detail management to his mastery of all the facts and principles of sound finance. His annual reports embrace perhaps the most complete and satisfactory arrangement of information needful to the business-man, the student, and the legislator that ha.sever been furnished in this country on any economical subject. Mr. Knox resigns the Cqmptrollership to take the Presidency of the National Bank of the Republic of New York City." In a speech before the Merchants' Club of Boston, in February, 1885, Mr. Knox alluded to the subjects of civil servicereform and the coinage of silver in the following trenchant language: " The platforms of both parties in the late campaign contained nothing but platitudes upon the silver question, which should have been the burning issue. The candidate of the Republicans seemed to avoid the issue in his letter of acceptance, rather than to express the sentiments of the best men in his party. 'fhe candidate of the Democrats said nothing. Yet I am told by good authority that Governor Cleveland is earnest in his desire to stop the coinage, and that nothing would please him more than to have a clause inserted in an appropriation bill which would repeal the law which was passed in the interest of silver miners when the who_Ie production is not equal, according to Edward Atkinson, who is an authority upon such subjects, to the production of eggs by the hens of this country! If Governor Cleveland has the bottom and pluck to carry out these two reforms, his administration will be one of the most memorable in the annals of the country. It will elevate not only every branch of the civil service, but. will greatly improve the character of the representatives sent to Congress from every State of the Union, and will serve to lift the depression which now burdens every industrial interest. It will require some intellect to work out these reforms. But it will require more bottom than brains, and if he has the grit to stand by his pledges, he will have the united support of all intelligent, upright, and honest men everywhere without distinction of party." Mr. Knox has written a valuab1e book, which is justly popular, entitled'' United States Notes." It is published by the Scribners, and republished in London, and is a history of the various issues of paper money by the Government, and is said by George Bancroft to be "a clear, thorough, able, accurateand impartial work 011 United States Notes." Digitized by Google 99 THE UNITED STATES MINT. ------ ---- THE Co1NAGE AcT oF 1873. The enactment of the Mint Law of 1873 marks an era in the Mint Service of the United States. Prior to this, the Director of the Mint at Philadelphia was the Director of all the Mints-the institution at Philadelphia being regarded as the" Mother Mint," and the others, at San .Francisco, New Orleans, etc., were called Branch Mints. Each branch had its Superintendent, reporting direct to Philadelphia. But the authors of the Act of 187 3 regarded the Mint Service as so large and important a part of the Government, that it shoul<l be constituted a separate Bureau of the Treasury, with the Director located at Washington. '.l'he principal author of this Act was the Hon. John Jay Knox, late Comptroller of the Currency, and now President of the National Bank of the Republic, New York. The following sketch of the origin and history of the new law may prove of interest. It was originally published in Rhodes' Journal of Banking, July, 1884. Referring to Mr. Knox, the author says: "In 1870 he made an elaborate report to Congress (Senate Mis. Doc. No. 132, XLI. Cong., 2d Sess.), including a codification of the Mint and Coinage laws, with important amendments, which was highly commended. The method adopted in this codification was, first, to arrange in as concise a form as possible the coinage laws then in existence, with such addiThe tional sections and suggestions as seemed valuable. proposed bill was then printed upon paper having a wide margin, and transmitted to the officers of the different Mints and Assay offices, and to such other gentlemen as were known to be conversant and intelligent upon the subject of the coinage, with the request that the printed bill should be returned with such notes as experience and education should dictate. In this way the views of many gentlemen who were conversant with tPese subjects were obtained, with but little inconvenience to such correspondents. This correspondence was subsequently published by order of Congress, in H. R. Ex. Doc. No. 307, XLI. Cong., 2d Ses,. Having received these suggestions, the bill, which comprised within the compass of eight or ten pages of the Revised Statutes every important provision contained in more than sixty different enactments upon the Mint and Coinage of the United States-the result of eighty years of legislation-was prepared and submitted to Congress. 'l'his bill, with but slight amendments, was subsequently passed, and was known as 'The Coinage Act of 1873 ;' and the Senate Finance Digitized by Google 100 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF ·Committee, in recognition of the services of the Comptroller of the Currency, by an amendment, made that officer an ex-officio member of the Assay Commission, which meets annually at the Mint in Philadelphia for the purpose of testing the weight =and fineness of the coinage of the year. Upon his suggestion the coinage of the silver dollar was discontinued, and the para. _graph in the report upon this subject was as follows: " The coinage of the silver dollar-piece, the history of which is here given, is discontinued in the proposed bill. It is by law the dollar unit; and, assuming the value of gold to be fifteen and one-half times that of silver, being about the mean ratio for the past six; years, is worth in gold a premium of about three per cent., its value being $1.03.12, and intrinsically more than seven per cent. premium in our other silver coins, its .value thus being $1.07.42. The present laws consequently .authorize both a gold dollar unit and a silver dollar unit, differing from each other in intrinsic value. The present gold dollar-piece is made the dollar unit in the proposed bill, and the silver piece is discontinued." The first Director of the Mint under this new law, was the Hon. Henry R. Linderman. The title of the chief officer at Philadelphia being changed to Superintendent-the first in-cumbent with that title was the Hor,. James Pollock. Biographical notices of these officers will be found in their .appropriate place in this volume. ' I I Digitized by Google THE UNITED STATES MINT. 101 DIRECTORS OF THE MINT. __ ..... __ DAVID RITTENHOUSE, FIRST DIRECTOR OF THE MINT. Entering the Cabinet, the portraits of the different Directors attract attention. That of David Rittenhouse is the copy of a painting by Charles Willson Peale. Mr. Rittenhouse was appointed by Washington, April 14, 1792, and remained in charge of the Mint until June, 1795, when his declining health compelled him to resign. At an early age he indicated mechanical talent of a high order in the construction of a clock, and his studies from that· time were principally mathematical. His genius soon attracted attention, and he was appointed by the colonial governor a surveyor, and in that capacity determined the famous. Mason and Dixon line. He succeeded Benjamin Franklin 88President of the American Philosophical Society. Mr. Barber, late Engravt;i_r of the Mint, executed a bronze meJal of Dr. Rittenhouse. Possibly, excepting Duvivier's head of Washington after Houdon, it cannot be surpassed in the Cabinet. The engraver had a very fine subject, and treated it in the highest style of art. On the obverse is "David ,Rittenhouse," with date of birth and death. On the reverse, inscrip-tion, ' 4 He belonged to the whole human race."-" Wm. Barber." This beautiful memento is highly prized. HENRY WILLIAM DESAUSSURE, SECOND DIRECTOR OF THE MINT. The portrait of Henry William Desaussure, now in the cabinet, was painted by Samuel Du Bois, from a daguerreotype taken from a family picture. This Director was distinguished for his legal ability, as well as his strict integrity. He entered upon his duties with a protest, as he claimed no knowledge of the requirements of the position, having long been a practicing lawyer; but he was reassured by Alex. Hamilton, then Secretary of the Treasury, and proved himself a fine officer for theshort term of his service. He was appointed by Washington, July 8, 1795, but resigned in the following October. Washington not only expressed regret at losing so valuable an officer~. but consulted him as to the selection of a successor. Digitized by Google 102 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF ELIAS BOUDINOT, THIRD DIRECTOR OF THE MINT, was appointed October 28, 1795, and remained in office eleven years. In the summer and autumn of 1797 and the two following years, and also of 1802 and 1803, the Mint was closed on account of the ravages of the yellow fever. Mr. Boudinot resigned in 1805, and devoted the remainder of his life to benevolent and literary pursuits. He died on the 24th of October, 1821, at the advanced age of eighty-two. The fine portrait of this venerable Director seen in the Cabinet was presented by a relative, and is a good copy of a painting by Waldo and Jewett. ROBERT PATTERSON, LL.D., FOURTH DIRECTOR OF THE MINT, was appointed by President Jefferson, January 17, 1806. He was a native of Ireland, distinguished for his acquirements and ability. He held the office of Director for an exceptionally long term of service. His portrait, which hangs in the Cabinet, is a copy of a fine original by Rembrandt Peale. SAMUEL MOORE, M.D. FIFTH DIRECTOR OF THE MINT, was appointed by President James Monroe, July 15, 1824. He was a native of New Jersey, and the son of a distinguished Revolutionary officer. He was one of the first graduates of the Penn University, in 1791, and was afterwards a tutor in that institution. During his directorship the Mint was removed to the present building. His portrait was painted from life by B. Samuel· Du Bois, now in the Cabinet. ROBERT MASKELL PATTERSON, M.D. SIXTH DIRECTOR OF THE MINT, son of a former Director, was appointed by President Andrew Jackson, May 26, 1835. His term of office was marked by an entire revolution in the coinage, and the ready acceptance of those improvements which followed so rapidly upon the introduction of steam. Dr. Patterson possessed the advantage of foreign travel; and having become familiar with the discoveries which had been adopted in the French Mint, he inaugurated and perfected them, also introducing improvements, which are still in use, in the machinery of the Mint. Hi1 portrait is in the Cabinet . • Digitized by Google 103 THE UNITED STATES MINT. GEORGE N. ECKERT, M. D. SEVENTH DIRECTOR OF THE MINT, was appointed by President Fillmore, July 1, 1851. served nearly two years, and, resigning, was followed by He THOMAS M. PETTIT, EIGHTH DIRECTOR OF THE MINT, who was appointed by President Pierce, April 4, 1853. He -died a few weeks after his appointment. No portrait of him in the Cabinet. He was succeeded by HON. JAMES ROSS SNOWDEN, LL.D. NINTH DIRECTOR OF THE MINT. Mr. Snowden, who was appointed by President Pierce, .June 8, 1853, was formerly a member of the State Legislature, and served two terms as Speaker ; was afterwards elected for two terms as State Treasurer. During his official term the building was made fire-proof, the large collection of minerals was added, and nickel was first coined. Mr. Snowden has placed the numismatic world under ma,ny obligations, by directing the publication of two valuable quarto volumes,-one of them a description of the coins in the Cabinet, under the title of " The Mint Manual of Coins of all Nations," the other " The Medallic Memorials of Washington," being mainly a description of a special collection made by himself. In the preface to the former work he gives due credit to the literary labors of Mr. George Bull, then Curator, and also to a reprint of the account of the ancient collection, by Mr. Du Bois, who also furnished other valuable material. These books are valuable as authority, and by reason of the national character of the last mentioned. JAMES POLLOCK, A.M., LL.D., TENTH DIRECTOit Al\D FIRST 8L'PERINTENDENT, -was appointed by Abraham Lincoln in 1861, and was re-appointed by President Grant to succeed Dr. Linderman in 1869 to 1873. Born in Pennsylvania in 1810; graduated at Princeton College, New Jersey, in 1831, and commenced the practice of the law in 1833 ; he served in Congress three terms; was dected Governor of Pennsylvania in 1854, and in 1860 was a peacedelegate to Washington from his State to counsel with representatives from different parts of the Union as to the possibility of amicably adjusting our unhappy national troubles. His portrait, by Winner, hangs in the eastern section of the Cabinet.* * After the resignation of ex-Governor Pollock the title of Director was changed to Superintendent. The Director of all the Mints is now located at Washington. Digitized by Google 104 ILLUSTRATED llISTORY OF HENRY RICHARD LINDERMAN, M.D., ELEVENTH DIRECTOR AND AGAIN FIRST DIRECTOR UNDER NEW MINT LAW a. native of Pennsylvania; born December 26, 1825. He was the son of Dr. John Linderman, and commenced the practice of his profession with his father in 1845. His association with the United States Mint began in 1853, when he was made chief clerk. He was appointed eleventh director of the Mint by Andrew Johnson, April 1, 1867, but resigned in 1869. COL. A. LOUDON, SNOWDEN, SECOND Sul'ERINTENDENT. was born in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, and descends from one of the old families of Pennsylvania. He was educated at the Jefferson College in Washington, Pennsylvania. On the completion of his collegiate course he studied law, but on May 7, 1857, just before being admitted to the bar, accepted the position of Register, tendered him by his uncle, the late Hon. James Ross Snowden, then Director of the United States Mint. In 1866, a vacancy having occurred in the office of Coiner of the Mint, he was appointed by the President, and entered upon the duties of this office October 1, 1866. At the request of President Grant, in 1876, he was induced to accept the Postmastership of Philadelphia. He assumed the duties of that office January 1, 1877, with much reluctance, but soon manifested as Postmaster the same capacity for thorough discipline and organization which had distinguished him in the Mint. President Hayes, in December, 1878, tendered him the position of Director of all the Mints of the United States, made vacant by the expiration of the commission of Dr. Linderman. After the death of Dr. Linderman the President again sent for him and urged his acceptance of the place, which he was believed to have declined previous to Dr. Linderman's death from motives of delicacy, having long been the friend of the late Director. This offer he again declined, as the acceptance of it would necessitate his removal from Philadelphia to Washington. In the following February the President again made a ten:. der of office. This time it was the superintendency of the Philadelphia Mint, and, as its acceptance of it restored him to a service agreeable to him in every particular, and permitted him to remain among his friends in Philadelphia, he promptly accepted, and assumed control of the Mint on the 1st of March, 1879, and continued in charge of the "Parent Mint" of the United States until June, 1885, when he resigned his commission. Digitized by Google Digitized by Google ~ Digitized by Google THE UNITED STATES MINT. 105 In January, 1873, he was elected vice-president of the Fire Association, one of the oldest and largest fire insurance companies of the United States. In 1868 he was elected its president. In October, 1880, he was elected president of the "United Fire Underwriters of America," an organization embracing the officers of more than one hundred and fifty of the leading American and foreign companies doing business in the United States, representing a capital of over $118,000,000. DANIEL M. FOX. Hon. Daniel M. Fox, the new Superintendent of the United States Mint, was born in this city on the 16th of June, 1819. His ancestors, both on his father's and mother's side, are not without fame, many of them having figured more or less conspicuously in the early history of the country. Daniel Miller, his maternal grandfather, took quite a prominent part in the Revolutionary war, being present with Washington at Germantown, Pa., New Brunswick, N. J., the Highlands, N. Y., Valley Forge, Pa., the siege of Yorktown, and witnessed the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. During the campaign in New Jersey he was taken by the British as a spy and brought to Philadelphia, but effected his escape and rejoined the army. At the termination of the war he finally settled with his family in the old Northern Liberties, where Mr. Fox's grandfather, by the father's side, John Fox, resided. Here Daniel's father and mother were born, and here he himself first saw the light, and was reared and ,educated. His parents were possessed of very little of this world's goods, but that did not prevent them from ~iving their son a liberal education, which he was not backward in taking advantage of. After leaving school the first two years were employed as clerk in a store, after which he turned his attention to conveyancing, as he intended to make that his permanent profession. He devoted the next five years to the close study of all its intricate details in the office of the late Jacob F. Hoeckley, who at that period stood at the head of the profession in this city, and graduating with eminent credit he commenced practice for himself. The profession is one affording many temptations to men who are not well grounded in strict integrity, and sustained in Digitized by Google 106 ILLUSTRATED HISTOitY OF the paths of rectitude and virtue by a conscientious regard for the meum and tuum of a well-ordered business life; but Mr. Fox, looking upon his profession as one of dignity and trust, soon commanded and permanently secured the confidence of the public, by avoiding those speculative ventures which have brought so much disrepute upon it, and by a scrupulous regard for the interests of those who placed their property in his keeping. In consequence, the business entrusted to him has increased to such an extent from year to year that it is said he has more estates in his charge for settlement, as administrator, <lXecutor, or trustee, than any other single individual in Philadelphia. His practice constantly increasing as time rolled on, the laws touching real estate operations becoming more complicated year by year, and appreciating the necessity in many ,cases for court proceedings to secure perfection of title, he submitted himself to a legal examination, and was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in November, 1878. His PUBLIC CAREER. His first step in public life was at the age of, twenty-one, when he was elected a member of the Board of School Direc-tors of the district in which he then lived, and for many years prior to 1854, when the city was consolidated, and the law in that regard changed, he was President of the Board. For many years he had taken an active interest in the public schools, and was a pioneer in the night-school system for adults. He was chosen two consecutive terms by the City Councils as a Director of Girard College, and also represented the Northern Liberties in the Board of Health, having charge of the sanitary matters and the quarantine regulations of the city, and was quite actiye and efficient in the abatement of the ,cholera, which was epidemic here twice during the nine years he served in that Board. Fo_r three years he represented his ward in the Select Council of Philadelphia with credit and ability. In 1861 he retired from Councils, and in the year following was unanimously nominated for the Mayoralty by the Democratic party. The city at that time was strongly Republican, and he was defeated by Hon. Alexander Henry, although he ran largely ahead of his ticket. In 1865 he again received a unanimous nomination for the same office, and ran against Hon. Morton McMichael and with the same result. His personal popularity, however, was in the ascendant, and when he was placed in nomination in 1868 against General Hector Tyndale, he was duly elected. Digitized by Google • 107 THE UNITED STATES MINT. On January 1, 1869, he was inaugurated, and his first official duty as Mayor was to formally receive on behalf of the city authorities General Grant as President-elect. 'l'he reeeption took place in Independence Hall, in the presence of Councils and a large number of prominent citizens, ancl was conducted on the part of the new Mayor with ease, grace, and elegance. His municipal administration was marked by many reformatory and sanitary measures, especially in those portions of the city where the impurity of the denizens hazarded the health of more respectable neighborhoods .. It was during his official term that the Volunteer Fire Department ceased to exist. It had been his practice during its closing days to attend all conflagrations for the double purpose of holding a moral check on the lawless and to stimu;tate the police in their duties of keeping the streets clear for the free exercise of those whose business it was to extinguish the flames. The passage by Councils of the ordinance establishing a Paid Fire Department created a profound sensation in the city, arousing the bitter feelings of many of the volunteer firemen, and kindling an intense anxiety on the part of the people generally as to the fate of the bill when it reached the hands of the Mayor. He retained it for a fortnight, unsigned, evidently desiring to soften the feeling engendered by its passage, and also to perfect such arrangements as would be necessary to meet any emergency in carrying the act into effect. The latter being accomplished, he formally approved the ordinance and it became a law. This course was very unpalatable to the riotous element of the volunteers, who manifested their feelings in various ways, such as suspending the effigy of the Mayor in several engine houses, but no other violent demonstrations of any moment occurred, as the steps taken by his officers proved effective and rigorous; these, coupled with the co-operation of many of the discreet firemen, enabled the new "Paid Department" to go into operation without any disturbance whatever, and the city has ever since rejoiced in an efficient system without any of the former accompaniments of noise, riot, and public disturbance. A startling attempt at assassiRation occurred during Mayor Fox's incumbency, in the shooting of United States Revenue Detective James Brooks, in open day, in a Front street store, by some miscreants. The case was at once taken in hand by the Mayor, who by stimulating the police and offering heavy rewards caused the arrest of the parties. Their conviction soon followed. Whenever any question of grave public im\1': l'tance presented itself, it was his practice to invite con- Digitized by Google 108 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF ferences with the most prominent citizens at his office, as to the best course to be pursued; thus, while showing a true devotion to the public interests, he was enabled to act with great sagacity; he also brought to his support the power of eloquence, which he p@ssesses in an eminent degree; this added much to his. popularity. He did not hesitate to use the veto whenever he differed with Councils, and during his term he transmitted to these bodies thirty-two messages of this character, the majority of which were sustained. His official term ended in a most gratifying manner, both chambers of Councils unanimously passing resolutions of thanks for his able and energetic administration of the city's affairs. This was followed by a grand banquet at the Academy of Music, tendered to him by our most distinguished citizens, irrespective of party. In two successive State conventions he received complimentary votes for the Gubernatorial nominations. The great International Exposition in commemoration of the, centennial anniversary of the birth of our nation was held in this city in 1876. · In the preparation for this grand demonstration, in its opening and down to its close, in the autumn of that year, Mr. Fox took a leading part, the incipient step having been taken in the Mayor's Office during his administration, in a consultation with a committee from the Franklin Institute, who waited upon him for that purpose. As an active, and earriest member of the Centennial Board of Finance, which had charge of all the funds for the Exposition, Mr. Fox contributed his time, his means, and his voice greatly to it.a promotion and final success. Once more Mr. Fox was called to the discharge of an important public duty. For a number of years a controversy had existed between the general Government and the railroad corporations with reference to the transportation of the United States mails, the former complaining that the service was not satisfactorily rendered, and the latter that they were not adeq uately compensated. On the 12th of July, 1876, Congress passed a bill authorizing the President to appoint a Commission of three civilians to investigate the subject and make report upon it. Mr. Fox was one of the appointees, his colleagues being selected from other States. The Commission, in the exercise of its functions, visited every section of the country, embracing a distance of travel of over twenty-eight thousand miles. Sessions were held in all the principal cities, much testimony taken, and when its labors were completed a report of great value was prepared and presented, which went far towards a satisfactory settlement of the controversy. Digitized by Google THE UNITED STATES 109 MINT. Mr. Fox's participation in the philanthropic and benevolent movements of the city has always been unlimited. As President of The Pennsylvania Society for the Protection of Children from Cruelty, 1.'rustee of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and in his connection with many other -charitable works, his constant aim has been the alleviation of the sufferings and the general welfare of his fellow men. Personally, Mr. Fox is "of dignified and distinguished pres,ence, yet in manner affable, courteous, and kind. Always interested in his fellow men, he draws men toward him and impresses them with the sincerity of his nature and the unselfishness of his purpose. Love of justice is one of the strong characteristics of the man, and his life has been singularly free from the petty strifes which disfigure the lives of so many who have had to fight their battle against odds. His selection for the Superintendency of the Mint being unsought, was a just tribute to his unquestioned integrity and his eminent abilities as a public man. 'fhe country is fortunate in his preferment, and his administration of the affairs of the Mint will fitly crown an honored career. Superintendent Fox has greatly improved the immediate surroundings of the Mint since his entrance upon duty. The .areas have been cleared of rubbish, temporary wooden structures demolished, where it is possible to dispense with them, .and a systematic policing of the premises has been adopted. The plots on either hand of the entrance on Chestnut street -show some happy efforts to please the eye, in a renewal of the sward and landscape gardening in colors. The fine specimens -of American cypress in the centre of these plots seem to have borrowed fresh attractions from their new and beautiful setting, and their foliage contrasts pleasingly with the clumps of foliage plants and exotics beneath. Throughout the premises the supervision of a thorough business man is apparent; nothing seems to escape the eyes of the vigilant Superintendent. COINERS. HENRY VoIGT, the first Chief Coiner, was appointed by "President Washington, January 29, 1793. He was selected -on account of his mechanical knowledge and skill, being a -clockmaker by trade. Many of our old families bear witness to the skill of Mr. Voigt in the affection they hav-e for many .an '' old clock on the stairs," for the manufacture of which timekeepers he was quite famous. Mr. Voigt held office until removed by death in February, 1814. Digitized by Google 110 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF ADAM EcKFELDT was born in Philadelphia, June 15, 1769. He was trained to mechanical pursuits by his father, who waa a large manufacturer of edge-tools and implements. On theestablishment of the Mint he was engaged to construct some of the machinery for it. He built the first screw-coining presses. The contrivance for ejecting the piece from thecollar, together with some other mechanical appliances, were his invention. In an old pay-roll of 1795 (see page 12), we find the nameot "Adam Eckfeldt, Die Forger and Turner." His official connection dates from January 1, 1796, when he was appointed Assistant Coiner by Director Boudinot, with theconsent of President Washington. Upon the death of Henry Voigt, Mr. Eckfeldt was appointed to succeed him as Chief Coiner: and remained in that position until he resigned, in 1839. He continued to visit the Mint for some years after; and he is yet remembered as a hard worker in the Mint, without compensation. For half a century he was one of thecentral figures of the Mint service. His mechanical skill, his zeal, energy, and uprightness, brought him many distinctions~ both as an officer and a citizen. In his letter of resignation he warmly recommends theappointment of Franklin Peale, in tho following terms: "I feel it my duty, in leaving office, to recommend that my place be filled by Mr. Franklin Peale, the present Melter and Refiner. Our close association as fellow-officers has made meacquainted with his peculiar qualifications, and I thereforeknow him to be fitted for the situation ; and I do not know any other person that is." He had a high ideal of what a chief coiner should be. Mr. Eckfeldt died February 6, 1852, in his 83d year. FRANKLIN PEALE was the son of Charles Willson Peale, the eminent artist and founder of Peale's Museum. Born in the Hall of the American Philosophical Society, October 15, 1795, he was presented to the society by his father, when four months old, as "the first chilcl born in the Philosophical Hall," and with a request that the society should name him. He was accordingly named after the chief founder and first President of the Society-Franklin. Young Peale early showed a taste for mechanics, and his father gave him every facility to improve himself in any direction in which nature seemed to lead him. Part of his general education was received at the University of Pennsylvania and part at the Gtrmantown Academy. At the age of seventeen he entered the machine shop of Hodgson & Bro., Delaware. Digitized by Google THE UNITED STATES 111 MINT. He soon grew to be a skilled mechanic and draughtsman. Some time after he became manager of his father's Museum. He assisted Baldwin in the construction of the first locomotive built in this country. In 1833 Mr. Peale entered the Mint service, and was sent to Europe by Director Moore to examine into foreign Mint methods. He brought with him valuable apparatus for the Assay Department, together with other important improvements and suggestions. He was appointed Melter and Refiner in 1836 and Chief Coiner in 1839. He introduced the first steam coining press, the milling machine and some other of our more modern forms of Mint machinery. Mr. Peale's administration as Chief Coiner may be said to mark an era in the mechanic arts of Minting. Being specially. fitted, by natural genius as well as education, for the position which he adorned, his mildness, integrity, gentlrmanly bearing and high moral and mental culture constituted liim a model officer. His connection with the service lasted until 1854. He died on the 5th of May, 1870. GEORGE K. CHILDS, appointed December 12, 1854. LEWIS R. BRoOMALL, appointed June 30, 1861. JOHN G. BUTLER, appointed November 30, 1863. A. LOUDON SNOWDEN, appointed October 1, 1866. (For sketch of A. Loudon Snowden, see list of Direct.on and Superintendents, page 92.) COLONEL 0. C. BosnYRHELL. On the 4th of May, 1869, Ex-Governor Pollock, then Director of the Mint, appointed Col. Bosbyshell Register of Deposits. His course in the Mint was so satisfactory that, without solicitation, he was made assistant coiner by Col. A. L. Snowden, the then coiner, on the 1st of October, 1872. Upon Col. Snow<lcn's appointment as Postmaster of Philadelphia, Col. Bosbyshell was appointed Coiner of the Mint by President Grant, on the 15th of December, 1876, and remained in that capacity until January, 1885, when, to the regret of all parties having business relations with him, he tendered his resignation to accept a responsible position in the Controller's Office, tendered him by his friend, Col. Robert P. Dechert. WILLIAM S. STEEL was born in the City of Philadelphia, on the 1st of March, 1841. He received a good common school education, and in 1856 entered the office of David Cooper & Co., at Girard's wharves, remaining engaged in mercantile pursuits till 1861. At 19 years of age he was appointed by Colonel James Ross Snowden, then Director of the United States Mint, First Assistant Weigh Clerk. In this position Digitized by Google 112 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF he served continuously through Colonel J. Ross Snowden, ExGovernor Pollock, and Colonel A. Loudon Snowden's administrations. In September, 1862, just before the battle of Antietam, Mr. Steel entered the State service, and served with the Thirty-second Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, until discharged by expiration of term. When Colonel A. Loudon Snowden was transferred to the Post Office, January, 1877, Mr. Steel, upon the recommendation of the then Coiner, Colonel 0. C. Bosbyshell, became Assistant Coiner, a position he filled in a most acceptable manner, until Colonel Bosbyshell's retirement in February, 1885, when he was made Coiner. ASSAYERS. JACOB R. EcKFELDT, Sixth Assayer, was born in Philadelphia, 1846. He entered the Assay Department, as Second Weigher, in 1865. By regular promotions he rea~hed the position of Assistant Assayer in 1872, and upon the death of his superior, he was appointed and confirmed as Assayer, December 21, 1881. The position of Assayer is one of great responsibility, and demands not only scientific training, but wide and special knowledge and experience upon subjects relating to the history and arts of Coinage. Since the foundation of the Mint there have been but six official heads of this department. PATTERSON Du Bors was born in Philadelphia, 1847. He entered the Assay Department of the Mint, as Second Weigher, in January, 1867, and by regular promotions attained the position of Assistant Assayer, to which he was appointed in January, 1882. MELTERS AND REFINERS. JOSEPH CLOUD, appointed January, 1797; served until January, 1836 (39 years). FRANKLIN PEALE, appointed ,fanuary 5, 1836. JONAS R. McCLINTOCK, appointed. February 19, 1840. RICHARD S. McCuLLOH, app:::inted in April, 1846 ; served until April 1, 1849. JAMES CURTIS BOOTH, Melter and Refiner, was born in Philadelphia in 1810, educated in the same place, and graduated in the University of Pennsylvania 1829. After study and field practice in the Rensselaer School, at Troy, N. Y., in 1831-32, under the late Professor A. Eaton, Mr. Booth studied Practical Chemistry in Germany, in 1833-34-35, in the laboratories of Professors F. Wohler and G. Magnus, and Digitized by Google 113 THE UNITED STATES MINT. in visiting accessible manufacturing establishments in Germany and England having relation to chemistry. The late Prof. J. F. Frazer and Mr. Booth were the two Assistants on the Geological Survey of Pennsylvania in its first year, 1836. Mr. Booth next had charge of the Geological Survey of Delaware in 1837-38 (being often assisted by Prof. Frazer), and published his report on the survey in 1839-40. Mr. Booth, observing the great deficiency in the knowledge of Applied Chemistry in his native place, opened a laboratory for teaching the same, by chemical analysis and by operating, in 1836, and the same laboratory has been continued successfully to the present time by Dr. T. H. Garrett and Mr. A. Blair. With the same object in view, Mr. Booth lectured at the Franklin Institute for nine successive winters, giving three full courses of lectures, each of three winters' duration (18361845). Prior to 1850 Mr. Booth published the Encyclopredia of Chemistry, being the author of the m3:jority of the articles ~ontained in it, with valuable contributions by Prof. R. S. McCulloch and others. It was a valuable adjunct 'to the study -of chemistry for many years. The Director and officers of the Mint unsuccessfully solicited the appointment of Mr. Booth as Melter and Refiner of the Mint in 1838-40, but in 1849 Mr. Booth obtained, through l1is friend, Mr. Meredith, the appointment, over the signature of President Z. Taylor, and has continued in the same position from that date to the present writing (1885), a period of more than thirty-four years. ASSISTANT MELTER AND REFINER. NATHANIEL B. BOYD, Assistant Melter and Refiner, was born in Philadelphia, January, 1832. Twenty years later, he was graduated with honors at Burlington College. After leaving College he studied law, and was admitted to the Philadelphia Bar in 1854. In 1869 he accepted an appointment in the National Mint, tendered him by Director Pollock. In 187.3 he was appointed Assistant Melter and Refiner, a. position which he still occupies (1885). THE MINT ENGRAVERS. (Extract from Patterson Du Bois' Biographical Sketch of '' Our Jllint Engravers.") Whatever may be said concerning the peculiar responsibili- • -ties of the officers of the Mint, who are occupied with the Digitized by Google 114 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OP various operations of turning bullion into coin, it must beconceded that none of them occupies a position so dubious and, in some ways, so uneviable as the Engraver. In th& general transactions of the Mint, he is the most retired-the most obscure--of its officers ; yet his card is in every one's pocket. As to the types of coinage, the standards are as numerous,. as the eyes that water for them, and there is no piece but may be said to be outside of somebody's tolerance. No other artist undergoes such an ordeal, for those who do not admire this painting or that statue are not compelled to hug and hoard it, much less to toil for its possession. The engraver who can, from his retired window, see the critical millions clutching for his little relievos, is in some sort a hero ex-officio, and it hM been well suggested that we look briefly upon the uneventful lives of this worthy line of officers. I. Robert Scot received his appointment as the first Engraver of the Mint, November 23, 1793. Information is wanting as to his nativity, but at the time of his appointment he seems to have been turning the down-hill of life. He is. remembered as rather under size, and as an honorable and agreeable gentleman. According to Loubat, Joseph Wright was "appointed first a.. draughtsman and die-sinker to the United States Mint, and made the dies of a medal, the bust on t}ie obverse of which was considered to be the best medallic profile likeness of Washington.* He also made the medal voted by Congress to Major LeE>." Wright died in 1793. II. William Kneass, second of the line, was born in Lancaster, Pa., September, 1781, and was appointed Engraver January 29, 1824. Mr. Kneass had been chiefly a plate· engraver for book-work. There were some changes in the coinage during his term, notably in 1834 and 1838, for gold, and 1836, 1837, 1838, and 1840, for silver. But some of this work was done by Gobrecht as assistant. Kneass appears upon a pattern half dollar of 1838; but the silver dollar of 1836, as well as a pattern half of 1838, were the work of his assistant. Prior to his appointment he had an engraving office on Fourth above Chestnut street, Philadelphia, which was a well-known rendezvous for the leading wits and men of culture, for which Philadelphia was then eminent. Mr. Kneass died in office, August 27, 1840. A good engraving of him hangs in the Assayer's Office, inscribed "~ • The Phototype of Washington's Profile likeness in the bound edition of this boo~ ti from this Medal, known as the Houdon MedaL Digitized by Google 115 THE UNITED STATES MINT. his friend Adam Eckfeldt, Chief Coiner,"-who had been chiefly instrumental in securing his appointment. III. Christian Gobrecht was appointed December 21, 1840, to fill the vacancy made by the death of Kneass. He was born in Hanover, York Co., Pa., December 23, 1785. In 1811 he went to Philadelphia, and became an engraver of bank notes, seals, palico printers' rolls, bookbinders' dies, etc. In 1836 he received an appointment as assistant to Mr. Kneass at the Mint, in which capacity he executed some important work. Among other similar performances he was highly commended for his Franklin Institute Medal. Christian Gobrecht continued in office until his death, July 23, 1844. IV. James B. Longacre was born August 11, 1794, in Delaware Co., Pa. He served an apprenticeship as a line engraver with George Murray, Philadelphia, and did some high class plate-work before he was free, in 1819. He was one of the originators of the National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans, the first volume of which appeared in 1834. Longacre drew from life and engraved many of the portraits entire. Like his predecessors, he died in office-January 1, 1869. During his term Mr. Longacre was variously assisted by P. F. Cross, William Barber, Anthony C. Paquet, and William H. Key. Cross was born in Sheffield, England, served several years in the Mint here, and died in 1856. He engraved the obverse of the Ingraham medal. Paquet was born in Hamburg, 1814, emigrated 1848, served as assistant 1857 to 1864, died, 1882. He engraved the medals of Grant, Johnson, Buchanan, Everett, and the Life Saving Medals, with some • others. Key is a native of Brooklyn, was appointed an assistant, 1864, and is still in the service. He executed the Kane Expedition and Archbishop Wood Medals. The changes and additions during the Longacre term were numerous and important, both as to alloys and denominations. The pattern pieces also record various experiments in the art of coining. V. William Barber, fifth Engraver of the Mint, was born in London, May 2, 1807. He learned his profession from his father, John, Barber, and was employed on silver-plate work, after his emigration to this country. He resided in Boston ten years, and was variously employed in his line of work. His skill in this way came to the knowledge of Mr. Longacre, then Engraver of the Mint, and he secured his services as an assistant in 1865. Digitized by Google ·116 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF In January, 1869, upon the death of Mr. Longacre, he was -appointed as his successor, and continued in that position for the remainder of his life. His death, which resulted from severe chills, brought on by bathing at the seashore, occurred in Philadelphia, August 31, 1879. Besides much original work on pattern coins, he also produced over forty medals, public and private. .The work on .all of them was creditable, but we may specify those of Agassiz, Rittenhouse, and Henry, M very superior specimens of art. Mr. Barber was assisted b'y Mr. William H. Key, Mr. Charles E. Barber, and Mr. George T. Morgan. VI. Charles E. Barber, sixth Engraver, is a son of the preceding, and was born in London in 1840. He was appointed an assistant in _1869, and became the official head by promotion in 1880, to fill the vacancy caused by his father's death. The appointment was not unmerited. One of Mr. Barber's latest cards to the public is the new five-cent piecea successful venture in very low relief. But his handiwork is more or less visible in all the principal medals executed since 1869. Since his appointment as Chief Engraver, the work of his department has been enormously increased by the number of medal dies demanded for the War Department and from other Government sources. Mr. Barber's best work is seen in the medals of Presidents Garfield, Arthur, Indian Peace, Army Marksmanship, and Great Seal. He is particularly happy in "catching a likeness." The head of Superintendent Snowden is a rare specimen of medallic portraiture.* Messrs. Key and Morgan are the Engraver's assistants. The former has already received notice; the latter, Mr. George T. Morgan, was born in Birmingham, England, in 1845; he studied at the Art School there, and won a National Scholar- · ship at the South Kensington, where he was a student two _years. He is best known to the country by the so-called "Bland dollar," which is his design and execution. We have reason to congratulate both the Government and the people that the engraving service is well and judiciously furnished. BENJAMIN RUSH, An eminent physician and philanthropist, was born near Phila-delphia, December 24, 17 45 ; he graduated from Princeton College in 1760; he afterwards studied medicine in Edinburgh, - -- - - - - -- . - - -- - - - - . • Mr. Barber has latel:, completed a large and very fine medallic likeness of President Cleveland. Digitized by Goog Ie THE UNITED STATES MINT. London, and Paris; returning to this country, he was elected. Professor of Chemistry in the Medical College of Philadelphia.. in 1769. In 1776 he was elected to the Continental Congress, and was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence in the same year; he was afterwards appointed SurgeonGeneral of Revolutionary Army, and voted for the adoption of the Oonstitution of the United States in 1787. Dr. Rush was a popular lecturer, and eminently qualified as a teacher of medicine. When the yellow fever scourged the City, and the public buildings were closed in 1799 and 1800, he was very successful in his treatment of the victims of that epidemic. It is said that he visited and prescribed for one hundred patients in a single day. He was treasurer of the first United States Mint during the last fourteen years of his life. Dr. Rush died in Philadelphia in April, 1813. Among his nine children was Richard Rush, the statesman. NOTE.-Dr. Rush was the author of the first pamphlet on temperance published In this country, showing the injurious effects of alcoholic drinks on the human sy•tem1 and is justly regarded as the father of the temperance movement, the Centennial 01 · which has lately been celebrated throughout the United ftat••· September, 1885. CASHIER. MARK H. COBB, the Cashier of the Mint from 1871 until the present time (1885), was born in Colebrook, Connecticut, in 1828. In 1861, Hon. Simon Cameron, then Secretary of War, appointed him Chief Clerk in the War Department, he having previously been his private secretary. After Mr. Cameron's resignation as Secretary, Mr. Cobb, at the solicitation of the late Col. John W. Forney, accepted the position of Enrolling Clerk of the United States Senate in 1862. In 1871 he was. appointed to the responsible position of Cashier in the United States Mint. ALBION Cox, first assayer of the Mint was appointed April 4, 1794. His commission, signed by Washington, until recently, hung upon the walls of the assay office. But little is known of Mr. Cox, save that he was an Englishman by birth, and a good officer, as appears from the following report to the Secretary of the Treasury made by Director Boudinot, under date, December 3, 1795. He says: "The sudden and unexpected death of the assayer, Mr. Albion Cox, on Fryday last by an apoplectic fit, deprived the Mint of an intelligent officer, essentially necessary to the future progress in the coinage of the precious metals. Until this officer is replaced, the. business at the Mint must be confined to striking cents only." He therefore held office about a. year and eight months. Digitized by Google 118 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY 01!' Joseph Richardson, second assayer, was appointed December 12, 1795. He belonged to an old Quaker family distinguished for ability and character. Mr. Richardson fulfilled the duties of his office with credit and honor He died in March, 1831. A water color portrait of him, dressed in plain Quaker garb, hangs in the assayers' room. He held office over thirty-five years. John Richardson, son of the preceding, was appointed assayer March 31, 1831. Finding the office not·congenial with his tastes, and so subjecting him to undue responsibilities, he resigned April, 1832, holding office only a little over a year. CURATOR. R. A. McCLURE, a gentleman skilled in the science of numismatics, was appointed Assistant Curator of the Coin Cabinet in ] 868, and, upon the death of the Assayer and Chief Curator in 1881, the responsibilities of the Curatorship fell upon Mr. McClure. STANDARD WEIGHTS. The earliest series of standard weights now known, are two sets discovered by Mr. Layard in the ruins of Nineveh. They a.re now in the British Museum. William the Conqueror decreed the continuance, as the legal standard, of the pound in use by the Saxons. This and other standards of weight and measure were removed by the King from the City of Winchester to the Exchequer at Westminster, and placed in a consecrated building in charge of his chamberlains. The place of deposit is said to have been the crypt chapel of Edward the Confessor, in Westminster Abbey. In 1866 the office of Exchequer was abolished, and the Standards Department of the Board of Trade was established in London, assuming charge of the standards-an arrangement still in force. The old Saxon pound was the earliest standard of England. It was identical in weight with the old apothecaries' pound of Germany, and equal to 5,400 of our later Troy grains. The pound sterling was determined from this weight in silver. Henry III., in 1266, decreed the following standards: The sterling, or penny, to weigh equal to thirty-two wheat corns, taken.from the middle of the ear; twenty pence, one ounce; twelve ounces, one pound; eight pounds, one gallon of wine,· which is the eighth part of a quarter. The idea of the grain was borrowed by the English from the French, and the Black Prince brought back with him from France the pound Troye, Digitized by Google 119 THE UNITED STATES MINT. which was derived from the commercial town of that name. The use of the Troy standard was adopted by the druggists and jewelers, on account of its convenient reduction into grains. The pound avoirdupois, weighing 7,000 grains Troy, (Fr. Avoir-du-poids, '' to have weight''), first appears in use during the reign of Edward III., and it, as well as the Troy pound, has been employed without change ever since. In the year 1834 the English standards of weight and measure, consisting of a yard and pound Troy of brass, were destroyed by fire at the burning of the Houses of Parliament. A few years later a commission of scientific men was appointed to determine upon the restoration of the standards. This resulted in a succession of difficult problems resultant upon the oxidation to a greater or less extent of duplicates of the standard still existing, as also of the variation of the cubic inch of water, as in use in different lands. A cubic inch of distilled water, weighed in air against brass weights, at a temperature of 62 degrees Fahr., the barometer being at 30 inches, had been determined by scientific men to be equal to 252.458 grains, of which the standard Troy pound contained 5,760. As the unit of length was also lost, a series of experiments was made in the vibration of a pendulum in a vacuum, marking seconds of mean time in the latitude of London at the level of the sea. These deductions, however, failed to be satisfactory, and the commission was compelled to fall back upon the best preserved of the duplicate standards existent. The Imperial Standard Pound is declared to be the true weight of an avoirdupois pound in a vacuum. It is a curious fact that the Imperial standards of platinum (which metal is not subject to oxidation), although balancing brass weights in a vacuum, weigh in air more than one-half a grain heavier than the latter. This is due to their greater displacement of space. The unit of weight in the United States is a Troy pound weight obtained from England, a duplicate of the original standard fixed by the commission of 17 58, and reasserted by the commission of 1838. It is a brenze weight of 5,760 grains Troy. It is kept in a strong safe at the United States Mint, in Philadelphia. The President appoints an assay commission, whose members meet at Philadelphia annually, upon the second Wednesday in February, open the safe, and compare the copies, or the working weights, with the original upon the most delicately poised balances. Working standards of weights and measures are supplied by the Secretary of State to the State governments, which in turn supply them to the sealers of Digitized by Google 120 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF weights and measures of the various countries, who must compare with the State standard once a year. All of the scales and delicate test instruments in useby the government, not only in Philadelphia Mint, but at. the several branch mints, aremanufactured in this country, and as examples of wonderful mechanical machines of minute accuracy they lead the world. Some of them are the work of Mr. Henry Troemner, of Philadelphia, to whom, it is proper to say, the writer is largely indebted for the facts given in thi& article. Mr. Troemner, in the capacity of government. expert, makes frequent visit.a to the most distant points in TROY STANDAI!D POUND WEIGHT. the Union for the verificaFae-simile, exact size. tion of national standards. The Treasury Department made an especial request of him toexhibit at the 1-lew Orleans Exposition, a line of his fine· balances. EXTRACT FROM CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED ,STATES. ARTICLE I., Sect. 8. The Congress shall have power . . . to coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coins, and fix the standard of weights and measures, . . . to provide for the punishment of counterfeitingthe securities and current coin of the United States. ARTICLE I. Sect. 2. No State shall .•. coin money, emit bills of credit,. make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts, •.• EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE MINT. Drns AND MEDALS. Fewer dies for coinage were prepared during 1884, at thePhiladelphia Mint than in the previous year, a less number being required for striking subsidiary silver and minor coins. The total number of dies manufactured for medals and coinagewas 1,520, of which 132 were for the gold, 388 for the silver, and 958 for the minor coinage; 36 for proof and experimental Digitized by Google 121 THE UNITED STATES MINT. coins, and 6 for medals. Sixty coinage dies were prepared for the New Orleans Mint, 49 for Carson, 160 for San Francisgo, and 1,209 for Philadelphia. The number of medals struck at the Philadelphia Mint during the year aggregated 10,777; of which 97 were of.gold, 524 of silver, 777 of bronze, and of goloid from planchet.s furnished for the "Toronto semi-centennial," 10,000. During. the same period 3,992 medals and 4,118 proof set.a were sold, and the receipts from this source amounted to .$12,410.48. COINAGE. The coinage of gold was about eight millions less than in the previous year. This was caused in part by the diminished receipt of gold bullion at the San Francisco Mint, where the deposits of gold of domestic production fell off three and a. half, and the total deposits of gold about three millions of dollars; and in part by a lessened coinage of gold at Philadelphia, which mint was principally occupied in manufacturing silver and minor coins. BARS. Besides the manufacture of coin, gold bars of the value of $23,875,585.57, and silver bars of the value of $7,639,724.42 -a total of $31,515,309.99-were prepared at the mints and assay offices. Silver Coins of the United States. Denominations. Coinage Standard A . com- Coinal(C Amount coined ·weil(hl mount forwhrnh menced. ceased. to June 30, 1884. grains'. a legal tender. Sl 75,355,829 00 Standard dollars ......... 1878 Trade dollars-....••...... 1873 1878 Dollars ....................... 1793 1873 Half dollars ............... 1793 Qua:·ter dollars........... 1796 Twenty cents ............. 1875 Dirnes ....................... 1796 Half dimes ................. 1793 Three cents ................ 1851 35,959,360 00 412.5 Unlimited. 420. Not a legaltender. 8,045,838 00 412.5 Unlimited. 122,765,735 00 192.9 Ten dollars. 38,495,918 75 96.45 271,000 00 77.16 Five dollars. 18,293,172 50 38.58 Ten dollars. 1873 4,906,946 90 19.29 Five dollars.. 1873 1,281,850 20 11.52 Five dollars. 1878 Digitized by Ten dollars. Google 12:2 ILL USTRATED HISTORY OF FAC SIMILE REPRODUC'T!O:KS OF CONTINENTAL CUURENCY. Digitized by Goog 1e 123 THE UNITED STATES MINT. UNITED STATES MrnT OFFICERS. Washington, D. C., James P. Kimball, Director of the lllint .............................. Philadelphia, Pa., Dauicl M. Fox, Superiutcmlent............................................... Bois(• Citv, lctaho, Norn1au H. ( 'a1np.................................................. ...... ............ Carson Clt~ N_eva<la, .Jaiuel'J_ Crawford, Huperiutemleut. ....................................... il~i~Et~~-~:::~~-1m!~n;,~~~/~;;i ;~.:~~E~:;;.::;:.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ,r. 84,500 4,!iOO 2,000 3,000 ti~ New Orleau~,._ La., .Arnlniw :--imyth, Huperintemlent. ........ .............................. 3,:)00 New York, .N. Y., Andrew ~laso11, :-;up('rinternlent.. ................. .... ..........•....•••••••• 4,!lU0 .sn.n Francisco, Cal., ~~t.lw. F. Burton, :---uperintemlt-ut. .......................................... 4,.'l00 ""L, Louis, l\lo., Eliot C, Jewett, As~ayer .............................. -., ............................. 2,500 WILLIA:\! E. DU BOIS. Extract from an obituary nmiee by Robert Patterson. {Read before the American Philosophical Society, November 18, 1881.) William Ewing Du Bois was born at DoylPstown, Pennsylvania, DecemThrough his father, Rev. l'riah Du Bois, he was descended from Louis Du Bois, a French Huguenot of honorable extraction, who emigrated to America in l(iliO, se!'king freedom of religious worship, and, in connection with others of his countrymen, fornwd the settlement of New Paltz, l:lster County, New York. Through his mother, l\Iartha Patterson, daughter of Professor RobPrt Patterson, of the university of Pennsylvania, he inherited the 8cotch-lri,h element which has exerted so marked an influence in the development of our country. The father of Mr. Du Buis was a Presbyterian clergyman, in charge of churches in and near Doylcstown, and wa.s principal of the Union Academy at that place, a classical school then and afterwards of high reputation. He was greatly respected, l,oth as preacher and teacher. The bright and stmlious mind of l\Ir. Dn Bois gathered every advantage from his opportunities, and he was well furnished in the classics and mathematics, and in English literature. While yet a boy he developed a freedom and capacity as a writer quite remarkable. His oldest brother W,o,'! an eminent member of tl1e bar, and it seemed fitting that Mr. Du Bois should, under his guidance, adopt the law as his profession. He accordingly pursued the U8Ual course, in the meantime aiding to support himself by literary work and conveyancing, and wa.s admitted to practice in 8<'ptemher, 1832. But his health failing him on account of a bronchial aflection, he accept('d an appointment in the Mint at Philadelphia, and thllti began the life-work by which his reputation wa.s established. Mr. Du Bois entere:I the Mint in September, 1833, and was first employed in the office of the Director, Dr. Moore. In 1835, at the request of the Assayer, Mr. Jacob R. Eckfeldt, he was transferred to a more congenial position in the assay department. Here he continued for the remainder of his life. In 1836 he was appointed Assistant As.~ayer. In September, 1872, he succeeded Mr. Eckfeldt as Assayer, and remained at the head of the department until his death, July 14, 1881, thus completing nearly forty-eight years of Mint service. Mr. Du Bois early took rank as an accomplished assayer, and long before his death had reached the head of his prof<'ssion. The close intimacy between Mr. Du Bois and Mr. Eckfeldt developed into warm friendship. The tie was made closer by the marriage of Mr. Du Bois, in 1840, to 8usanna Eckfeldt, the sister of his chief. I shall have to speak of published works and scientific communications appearing under the names of Eckfeldt and Du Bois. Although it wa.s understood that Mr. Du Bois was the sole literary author, yet no separate claim of authorship -was made by either. Whatever of reputation was earned, each was contented that it might be shared by the other, and jealousy never for ·a moment weakened a union that bound them for life. ber 15, 1810. Digitized by Google 124 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF In the year 1834 a change took place in the ratio of gold to silver in the standard of U.S. coins, the effect of which was to bring large deposits of gold to the Mint. The coinage previously had been chiefly of silver. The more equal supply of the precious metals gave active employment in the assay of each of them, and was, of course, most valuable as an experience to Mr. Du Bois, who about this time became connected with the assay department. In 1837, on revision of the Mint laws and standards brought about by Dr. Robert M. Patterson, then Director a reform was effected in the method of reporting assays, the millesimaf system taking the place of the time-honored but cumbrous method of carats and grains. About this time, also, the older plan of assaying silver was abandoned, the humid assay being s11bstituted, and largely worked under the direct supervision of Mr. Du Bois. About 1838 branch mints were organized in the States of Louisiana, Georgia, and North Carolina. The labors and responsibilities of the Philadelphia assay department were increased by this development, partly from the necessity of instructing assayers for the new branches, and partly in testing the correctness of the a~says made there. In 1848 the great discovery of gold in California was made known. This brought a tremendous pressure on every department of the Mint, and not the least on the assayers. The gold coinage was, in three years, raised from a little over three million dollars to more than sixtv-two millions. Th11 assays were often counted by hundreds in a day. But whatever the pressure in the office, accuracy ruled, and the correctness of the assays was never impeached. In 1853 a change was effected in the law for providing subordinate silver coins. This brought about, for some years succeeding, an unprecedented coinage of that metal, and still further increased the labors of the assay department. He instituted the Cabinet of coins which now adorns the Mint. This was commenced in 1838. A small annual appropriation was procured from Congress for this purpose, and the work of collection committed entirely to Mr. Du Bois. He brought to it all the enthusiasm which animates most numismatists, sobered, however, by good judgment. His expenditures were always judicious. Some of the best of the specimens were cGlled from the Mint dPposits for the bullion value, merely, of the pieces. After the collection had taken good shape, and been well classified, he wrot.e and published, in 1846, a description of it, under the title "Pledges of History," etc. The title thus seJected intimated his opinion as to the real value of such collections. He thought that a coin should be prized for its historical teaching, or artistic merit, and discouraged the rage to possess a piece simply because of its rarity. Mr. Du Bois acted as .curator of the Cabinet until his death. Another important labor undertaken by Mr. Du Bois (in connection with Mr. Eckfeldt) was the preparation and publication, iu 1842, of a "Manual of the Gold and Silver Coins of all nations, struck within the past century." This was a work of very great labor, and, from its expense, of some risk also to the authors. It is admirably arranged, the information clear, and it embraced every subject of interest at that date as to coins, bullion, counterfeits, etc. Suhsequently, in 1850 and 1851, supplements were published covering later topics, made prominent in consequence of the California gold discoveries. 'fhe writing., of Mr. Du Bois were numerous, and continued up to the year of his death. His papers on numismatics were frequent and always attractive, his last appearance in print being in April of this year, in an article on the "Coinage of the Popes." To the "American Philosophical Society," of which he was elected a member in 1844, he made various communications on behalf of Mr. Eckfeldt and himself, mostly on topics sug- Digitized by Google 125 THE UNITED STATES MINT, gested by experiences in the assay department. Among the most curious wa~ one on "The Natural Dissemination of Gold," by which we were astonished to leern that this precious metal is found in appreciable quantity in the clays underlying our city. In 1869 he wrote for the "Bankers' Magazine," "Propositions for a Revised System of ,veights, and a Restoration of Silver Currency." The development of his views on these subjects is a model of clear exposition, and the conclusions reached were such as might be expected from a mind .aiming to attain practical results rather than to impose visionary theriries. From the beginning he was highly esteen1Pd at the Mint. It was his .ambition to acquire a knowledge of every branch of the service, and with his capacity and opportunities this end was attained. He early became the trusted friend and counsellor of his colleagues, and was able to serve them in many wayR, perhaps most of all with his ready pen. As time pa~sed, and forty-eight years of experience was given to him, he was recognized by all as the Nestor of the Mint service. And here I pause to draw a lesson, from the example of Mr. Du Bois's life, as to the value of a properly organized civil service. In the department w;t,h which he was connected, political trsts were never obtruded, and pern,nnence of tenure followed on. merit. On no other basis could his services have been claimed or retained. They would have been transferred to a private sphere, probably to his pecuniar.v gain, certainly to the public loss. He was very accessible, and ever ready to lend aid from the stores of his knowledge, but in particular did he delight to instruct and bring forward his younger friend~. Mr. Du Bois was able to fulfill his official duties until within a few months of his death. He was fully conscious of his approaching end, preserving his intelligence to the last, and the faith which had comforted him in this life supported him at its close. The following minute was adopted at a meeting of the officers and employees after his decease: "The remarkably close conformity of the United States coins to the standard assigned them by law, has been recognized by the highest Mint authorities of the world to be unsurpassed, if quite equalled. in its uniform exactness. The founding of such a reputation and its continuance during the last half-century, are largely due to the joint labors of the late Jacob R. Eckfeldt and William E. Du Bois." JACOB R. ECKFELDT. EXTRACT FROM AN OBITUARY NOTICE.BY MR. Du Bois. (R~ad before the American Phi!osophical Society, Oct. 4th, 1872.) Jacob R. Eckfeldt, late Assayer of the Mint, was the son of Adam and Margaretta Eckfelclt, and was born in Philadelphia, March-, 1803. He was, therefore, in his seventieth year, at the time of decease, August 9th, 1872. In the Spring of 1832, Mr. John Richardson, who had been Assayer about one year, and did not find the employment congenial to his tastes, informed Mr. Eckfeldt that he intended to n·sign, and wished him to prepare to take the place. Mr. E. shrank from this responsibility, and declined. But some of his friends who had influence with President Jackson, presented his name with a strong recommendation and he was appointed without being asked as to his party preferences. This occured on the 30th of April, 1832. He therefore held the office 01'er fo,./y yeai·s. When he entered upon the work, he had to encounter some embarrassments. The apparatus was old-fashioned, and not calculated for nice results. The silver assay had been well performed, without go;ng to a close figure, for many years; but gold was litt;e known in the country or .at the .Mint, and it is not surprising that its assay was incorrectly per• Digitized by Google 126 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF formed. Add to this, there was the coarse and cumbrous nomenclature, brought from the old country, of carats and grains for gold :fineness, and so many grains to the pound for silver fineness. Close upon all this, that is to say, in June, 1834, came the celebrated reduction in the standards of our gold coin1 one of the chief measures of the Jackson administration. This changed gold from a curiosity to a currency ; bullion and foreign coin flowed to the mint, and accuracy of assay was more than ever needful. Mr. Eckfeldt was equal to the emergency, and resolutely introduced reforms, which, at first, made the older officers stand in doubt. In those days, about the time the new mint edifice on Chestnut street. was finishing, Mr. Peale was sent to London and Paris to observe the methods of assaying and refining, and to procure a new apparatus. We were thus supplied with French beams, weights, and cupel furnacei:, and with the appliances of Gay-Lussac's humid assay, and the printed details of the process. Soon after, Mr. Saxton, famous for his skill in constructing balances and other delicate instruments, returned from a long schooling in that line in London, and was employed in the Mint. Thus furnished, Mr. Eckfeldt felt himself "set up," and able to compete with the foreign, as.sayers, and if he was ever more precise, it was because he disregarded certain allowances which had become a time-honored custom. A large importation of fine gold ba::-s from France, known as the French Indemnity, and which came because Pr~ident Jackson declared he "would submit to nothing that was wrong," gave a fine opportunity for testing and comparing foreign assays; a'!d it was generally found that these bars were somewhat below the alleged fineness. A still more important discovery, was the fact that British Sovereigns ran below their standard of fineness. This happened when he had been in office less than three years, and the Director was unwilling to set the finding of young Eckfeldt against the experience of Old England. The Assayer being assured and re-assured of the accuracy of his results, Director Moore consented to notify the British Government of their error. The result was a closer scrutiny in the London Mint, and a final acknowledgement that they were wrong. This was no less a triumph for Mr. Eckfeldt, than it was a contribution to exact science, and an honor to the American Government. It is not surprising, that he felt at first the inconvenience of passing from one form of nomenclature to another, thc,ugh to a better one. A friend remarks, "I recall conversations with l\lr. Eckfeldt, showing how seriously he felt the revolution. He would think in carats, and report in decimals .. And I often recur to this as illustrating the kind of difficulties which would arise in case of a decimalising of weights and measures." For some years prior to 1842, Mr. Eckfeldt and his Assistant, in addition to their ordinary duties, engaged in the preparation of an original and comprehensive work on the Coins of all Nat ions; on the Varieties of Gold and Silver Bullion; on Counterfeit Coins, and on other subjects related thereto. This was published in 1842, and has long been regarded as a standard authority. In 1850, they issued a supplementary smaller work, and again in 1852. As the United States increased in commerce, wealth and population, th& Mint of course increased in work. In particular, Mexican dollars came in great qnantitifs for recoinage. Not only were our vaults full, but our entries and corridors were at times crowded with rows of kegs. Every day, for years, we had the constant task of sixteen melts of silver ingots to melt and assay; and it was a great advantage and satisfaction to be supplied with the humid apparatus. The success of gold mining in our Southern States, and the increasing commerce of New Orleans, gave rise to the estaulishment of three branch mints. at the 8011th, in 18:37; and it devolved upon l\lr. Ec!deldt to become schoolmaster, and educate the three assayers appointed for those places. The same, had to be done again at a latter date for other mints and assay offices. Digitized by Google 127 THE UNITED STATES MINT. In December, 1848, came the first lot of gold grains from Californ~ · and with the opening of the next year the tide set in most powerfully. shall not here speak of this great turning-point in metallic currency any further than as it aff~cted the mint, or rather the labor which it laid upon Mr. Eckfeldt and his department. As is well known, the lots were numerous, and the aggregate amount was enormous. Instead of making gold assays by dozens, we had to go through with hundreds every day, following the arrival of each steamer. We procured young men as operators in the weigh-room and additional workmen in the laboratory; a.nd in spite all the help we were all overworked. Here let me say that the persons who have been educated by Mr. Eckfeldt to this profession have done credit to the selection that was made, not only by skill, diligence, and good character while here, but wherever they are now scattered to other mints and assay offices, or to different pursuits. The gold pressure continued for about five years, when it was relieved by the creation of a Government assay office in New York, and a branch mint at San Francisco. But directly sequent to this came the change of standard in silver coin, causing an immense recoinage in small pieces_ Thus our daily assays continued to count by hundreds. This lasted for some years. When it began to slacken off, a law was passed for calling in the large copper coins and issuing in their stead pieces of copper-nickel alloy of much smaller size. The analysis of Nickel alloys was not well laid down in the books, and the European or other assays which came with purchased lots showed an incorrect determination. Mr. Eckfeldt was therefore obliged to study out and perfect this assay, which is more tedious and laborious, though of less consequence, than the assay of the precious metals. But it was his habit to be as scrupulous in minor matters as in major; and after the routine was well settled it went on with the same clockwork regularity as the other branches of assaying. I need not say that this nickel coinage imposed another heavy pressure upon the mint for _ years. After this came the substitution of the Bronze alloy; and this called for another process of assay, and brought us a great deal of work. l thus hastily review this sequence of gold, silver, nickel, and bronze, not only as an interesting part of Mint History, but to show the varied and abundant services of the untiring, energetic Principal As,;ayer, and the masterly skill with which he met every obligation. His skill and success as an Assayer am! _.\nalyst largely consisted in his power of finding out what was defective or erroneous, and in applying the proper remedy. It often seemed that what was a puzzle to others was to him a matter of quick insight. In the assays of certain complex alloys, and of low gradfs of gold and silver, he contrived various methods which are not in print, but which are of great use in the daily manipulations. And here I may state that he not only introduced great accuracy and precision in the as.,ays, but carried speci:i.l investigations to a delicacy almost incredible. Thus, much interest was excited by a publication some years ago, both in this country nnd across the Atlantic, of his experiment upon the brick-clay which underlies our city. Taking two samples from the center of the town and the suburbs he found they contained gold at the rate of nearly 12 grains (say fifty cents) to the ton of clay in its ordinary moisture. Other experiments went to prove the Yery general diJfosion of gold, in infinitesimal proportions. Some analysts, thro11gh want of exactitude, or for the pleasure of making a sensation, may produce very curious results; but l\Jr. Eckfeldt was conscientious, I may say, nervously scrnpulous, about stating anythin.g he "as not sure of. Partly for that reason, partly for the very love of work, h& was laborious to a fault, all his life long. f Digitized by Google 128 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF Bars Manufactured at the Different Mints during the Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1884. MINTS. Description. Philadelphia. San Francisco. Carson. Denver. GOLD, Fine bars........................... $521,095 G5 Standard bars. Unparted bars ........................................... . Sterling bars. Mint bars. Total gold.................. 521,095 65 $5,450 64 5,450 64 .................. $1,367,601 10 . ........ .. . ...... 1,367,601 10 =--=--=-----_-----=-=-=--=--=----,-----=---=-=-=-=-eel===== ====I===== SILVER. Fine bars .......................... . Standard bars. 48,270 10 Unparted bars ................... . Sterling bars..................... ........................ Mint bars. 6,012 01 1,234,578 69 61 37 19,426 27 Total silver ................ . 54,282 11 1,234,640 06 19,426 27 Total gold and silver .... 575,377 76 1,240.090 70 1,387,027 37 The profits on the coinage of silver on hand at the coinage mints on the 1st of July, 1878, amounted to $424,725.47; the profits on the coinage from that date to the 30th of June, 1884, amounted to $20,972,913.52. Adding to these two amounts the sum of $9,237.54, refunded by Adams Express Company for overcharges, and the sum of $4,560.30, carried to the credit of silver profits on account of surplus bullion and adjustments of silver values, makes a grand total of silver profits to be accounted for during the period of $21,411,436.83. Of this amount $416,223.52 were paid for expenses in distributing the coin, $150,070.77 for loss on silver in sweeps sold and for silver wasted by the operative officers; making the net profits $20,845,142.54; all of which have been deposited in the Treasury-$19, 067,697 .84 prior to, ·and $1,777,444.70 since, the 30th of June, 1884. SUBSIDIARY COINAGE. On the 1st of July, 1883, the Philadelphia Mint had on hand of bu~lion resulting from the melting or uncurrent silver coins transferred for recoinage, and of silver transferred prior to July 1, 1883, from the New York Assay Office, and purchased for the coinage of fractional silver, 19,160.09 ounces, costing $22,465.35. . The Superintendent of the Mint at Philadelphia, with the approval of the Director, purchased in open market, for the coinage of dimes, for which the demand continued from the Treasury and the public, 333,446.29 standard ounces, at a cost of $333,288.06, and purchased from the New York Assay Digitized by Google 129 THE UNITED STATES MINT. Office during the year, for such coinage, 188,546.16 standard ,ounces, costing $219,399.16; making the total amount at the Philadelphia Mint available during the year for the fractional -coinage 541,152.54 standard ounces, costing $575,152.57, of which 501,104.21 standard ounces, costing $530,659.34 were -consumed at that mint in the coinage of dimes . . The Secretary of the Treasury having requested, under date ,of December 1, 1883, the coinage at the San Francisco Mint -of $50,000 in dimes, the Superintendent of that mint, with the approval of the Director, purchased 41,199.01 standard -0unces, at a cost of $41,157.81. Of this amount 40,187.50 -0unces of silver bullion, at standard fineness, costing $40,147.31, were used in coining dimes. Upon the bullion purchased· for this coinage the deductions for charges were equal to 764.46 ounces, costing $763.70, which amount was transferred and carried into the accounts of · the Mint. Statement of Coinage from the Organization of the Mint to the close of the Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1884. GOLD COINAGE. Period. Double eai,;les. Eagles. 1793 to 1848 .................. $2;\GG2,270 1849 to 1873 $646,727,980 29,851,8:W 383,480 48,283,900 1874 ........... 599,840 32,748,14U 1875 ........... 153,610 37,896,720 1876 ........... 56,200 43,941,700 1877 ........... 155,490 51,406,340 1878 ........... 1,031,440 37,234,340 1879 ........... 21,515,360 18,S:lG,320 1880 ........... 15,345,520 33,:)SD,050 1881 ........... 14/563,920 44,3G9,410 1882 ........... 6,611,790 1883 ........... , 27,526,120 2,033,040 1884 ........... 23,765,~00 Total.. .... 1,000,955,940 163,133,760 Half eagles. Three dollars. Quarter eagles. Dollars. $4.'i,2G5,3;35 $5,413,815 OU 22,99-1-,:l!)0 $1,169,913 20,804,702 50 $19,015,633 809,780 125,460 516,UO 00 323,920 203,655 60 2 250 00 20 71,800 135 53,052 50 3,645 67,835 4,464 5,780 00 2,220 688,680 137,850 408,900 00 1,720 1,442,130 109,182 1,166,800 00 3,020 15,79U,860 9,090 3,U75 00 3,030 29,982,180 4,698 9,140 00 3,276 30,473,955 75 62 50 6,025 8,8;)5 1,775,360 4,665 10,137 50 2,116,020 2,955 4,930 00 9,979 151,682,000 Total. $76,341,440 740,-564,438 50,442,690 33,553,965 38,178,962 44,078,199 52,798,980 40,986,912 56,157,73-5 78,733,864 89,413,447 35,936,927 27,932,824 1,568,547 28,398,795 00 19,381,343 1,365,120,385 00 SILVER COINAGE. Period. Trade dollars. 1793 to 1&52..... 1853 to 1873..... 1874..... :.......... 1875................ 1876. ............... 1877................ 1878. ............... 1879. ............... 1880................ 1881. ...... ......... 1882................ 1883................ 1884................ ..................... ....... ....... .. . .... S3,588,9oo 5,697,500 6,132,030 9,162,900 11,378,010 .. ................... ..................... ............... ...... ..................... ..................... ..................... Total........ 35,959,360 Dollars. Half dollars. 2,506,890 $66,249,153 00 5,538,948 3j,596,082 50 ................... .. l,4:JS,930 00 .................... . 2,853,500 00 .................... . 4,985,,525 00 ................... .. 9,746,350 00 8,573,500 3,875,255 00 27,227,;,00 225 00 27,9:)3,750 3,275 00 27,6:37 ,955 4,677 50 27,772,075 5,-537 50 2,7,59 50 2s,111,1rn 28,099,930 4,465 00 183,401,667 00 50 00 00 50 00 00 00 00 00 50 50 00 122,765,735 00 Quarter dollars. Tc~~~;_Y $3,999,040 18,002,178 458,515 623,950 4,106,262 7,584,175 3,703,027 112 3,837 3,638 3,268 4,079 3,832 50 00 50 00 50 OU 50 50 51) 75 75 25 50 38,495,918 75 Digitized by $.5,858 263,560 1,440 142 271,000 Google 130 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF SILVER COINAGE-Continued. Period. 1793 to 1852 ........••••••• 1853 to 18i3 ....••.•••••••• 1874....•.......••••.••••••.••• 1875..••..............••••••••• 1876...•.......••••••••••...... 1877 .......................... . 1878.... ,..................... . 1879.......................... . 1880.......................... . 1881 .......................... . 1882.......................... . 1883.......................... . 1884.......................... . Total.................. Dimes. $3,890,062 5,170,733 497,2.55 889,560 3,639,105 2,055,070 760,891 45 1,575 3,695 2,507 717,511 665,160 50 00 80 00 Half dimes. Three cents. $1,823,298 90 3,083,648 OJ $i44,~27 00 5:lu,923 20 00 00 00 00 00 50 50 90 30 4,906,946 90 18,293,172 50 1,281,850 20 Total. $79,213,371 65,928,512 5,983,601 10,070,368 19, 126,5<12 28,549,935 28,290,825 27,227,882 27,942,4.17 27,649,966 27,783,388 28,835,470 28,773,387 90 70 30 00 50· 00 ro 50 ro 75 75 15 80 405,375,650 35 MINOR COIN. Period. Five cents. Three cents. Two cents. Cents. Half cents Total. 1793 to 187a.. $.5,276,140 00 $80.5,350 00 $912,020 00 $4,886,4.52 44 $:!9,926 11 $11,919,888 55 137,935 00, ............... 411,925 00 1874............ 244,350 00 29,640 00 .................. 12,540 00 .................. 123,18.'i OOi ............... 230,:37,'i 00 1875............ 94,650 00 1876............ 132,70) 00 7,560 00 .................. 120,090 001............... 260,350 00· 1877 ............ 25,250 00 .................. .................. 36,~1.'~ 00 ............... 62,165 00 1878... ......... 80 00 48 00 .................. 30,.ohh 00! ............... 30,694 00 18]9............ 1,175 00 984 00 .................. 9\6:19 00 ............... 97,798 001880............ 1,247 50 982 50 .................. 267,741 50 ............... 269,971 50 1881............ 177 75 32,416 6,5 ...... ............ 3n,,H5 5ii ............... 405,109 95 1882............ 220,038 75 104 25 .................. 424,614 7,; ............... 644,7ii7 75 858 57 .................. 404,f>H 19 ............... 1,428,307 16 1883 ............ 1,022,774 40 1884............ 768,745 25 244 86 .................. 405,719 62 ............... 1,174,709 73 Total. ..... 7,787,328 65 890,728 83 912,020 00 7,306,048 05 39,926 11 16,936,051 64 CIRCULATION OF GOLD AND SILVER IN THE UNITED STATES. Upon the basis of the annual gains by coinage and import of coin, less the losses by recoinage, export, and consumption in the. arts, I estimated in my last annual report the coin circulation of the United States at the close of the last fiscal year to have been about $765,000,000, of which $537,000,000 was gold, and $228,000,000 silver. Upon the same basis I estimate the coin circulation on the first of July, 1884, to have been $802,000,000, of which $250,000,000 was silver, apd nearly $552,000,000 gold. In arriving at these figures I have deducted from the silver circulation six million out of the seven millions of trade dollars heretofore estimated to constitute a part of the silver circulation, and $4,875,000 gold coin reported to have been used in the arts, which exceeds the similar deduction for 1883 by $2,375,000. Digitized by Google 131 THE UNITED STATES MINT. The net gain to the coin circulation was $14,000,000 in gold and $22,000,000 in silver, as appears from the following table giving the exact figures of the gains and losses during the year: United States coin. Gold. Silver. Circu,latio:n July 1, 1883............................... Year s coinage............................................ $537,254,794 27,932,824 $228,216,199 28,773,388 $765,470,993 56,706,212 Total............................................... $.565,187,618 82,56,989,587 ss22,111,2011 84,199 152,031 216,000 6,000,000 8,421,2118 415,148 5,091,000 6,000,000 86,372,230 250,617,:J.'>7 22,401,158 $19,927,406 802,249, 799 36,778,806 Less net exports.......................................... $8,417,059 Deposits for recoinage................................. 263,117 Used in ti\e arts.......................................... 4,875,000 Trade flollars withdrawn from circulation ....................... . Total Joss ....................................... . Cireulation luly 11 1884 .............................. . Net gain during tne year ........................... . $13,55,5,176 551,682,442 14,377,648 Total. This circulation, from the statements of the Treasurer and Comptroller of the Currency for the periods nearest to the 1st of July, wo11ld appear to have been owned on July I, 1884, as follows: SILVER, Belonging to- GOLD. Legal tender. Subsidiary. i:~i~~~f 'i,'~;;k;::: Other banks........ Private hands.. , ... *$89,190,346 ~7,G82,Rcl8 0,000,000 334,759,248 Total. ...... $551,632,442 Total, Total United States gold and silver coins. $68,734,625 11,978,833 $157,924,971 109,661,681 127,243,091 $29,600,720 +3,000,000 42,660,808 169,903,899 534,663,147 $175,355,829 $75,261,528 250,Gl 7,357 $802,249,799 •$.39,133,905 tS,978,833 } • Less ontstanc.ling certificates. t Includes Treasury and Clearing House certificates. t Estimated. In computing the above table I have deducted from the coin in the Treasury and added to that in banks and the hands of private parties the amount of the gold and silver certificates outstanding, for the payment of which the law requires a corresponding amount of coin to be held in the Treasury. During the fiscal year of 1884 the Philadelphia Mint was chiefly occupied with the coinage of silver and minor coins, and this occasioned a reduced coiuage of gold-only $2,777,154 being coined-although the mint had on hand during the year over $25,000,000 of gold bullion. The deliveries of bullion by depositors to the superintendents of the coinage mints and the New York Assay Office, and transfers to, and receipts from, the operative officers of gold and silver bullion during the year, involving the weighing, handling, assaying, and working of more than three hundred and fifty millions of dollars of bullion, have been accomplished without any discrepanciee in the accounts of the officers, without loss to the Government, and with general satisfaction to the public. Digitized by Google 132 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF In fact, there has been a total gain of $68,885.69, or an .actual excess of, over and above the amount wasted by the operative officers in the business of the year, $28,284.21. From this it will be seen that, although the law contemplates a loss on the -operations of bullion and makes provision for its allowance if bona fide and within the prescribed limits, the business has been so carefully and honestly conducted that instead of a net loss there has been a profit in the operations on bullion. This is highly creditable to the officers in charge of the different branches of work in the various institutions, as well as the workmen engaged in these delicate and responsible operations. The total amount earned at the different mints and assay offices was $5,433,102.64, and the total expenditures and losses of all kin<ls amounted to $1,676,002.73. Deposits and Purchases of Gold and Silver Bullion during the Year ending June 30, 1884. lllINTS. DESCRIPTION. Philadelphia San Francisco. New Orleans, Denver. Carson. GOLD, U.S. bullion (domestic produ ct in11) .. ......... . United State, coin ..... . Foreign lmllion ........ . For<'ig-n coin ............. . J e welers' $193,6!i3 89,i04 Gr.,o.;s 15;!64 J3,$J7,966,%'i 3\)1$1,451,819 72 $1,360,G.55 o4 ............ .... .. 97 4,~22 90 ................. . .................. $13,912 83 29 1,16~,0!G 1, .................. .................. 12,102 85 45 3,.566,641 06 ... ............... .................. 29,564 89 Uars, _old plate, etc ................ . 639,504 6-5 1S,6i4 16 .. .............. .. 3,435 83 35,343 15 Total.................. lH,0041185 49 $23,319,529 68 Sl,451,819 72 $1,364,091 37 $91,523 72 Re-deposits. Fine bars................ 1,013 28 .......................................................................... Unparted bars......... 1,661,709 45 98,418 4~ .................. 3,a09 73 ................. . Total gold ............ $2,666,908 22 $23,417,948 16 $1,451,819 72 $1,367,601 10 $91,523 72 SILVER, U.S. bullion (domestic production) ............ $12,034,081 38 $4,849,ii21 13 958,639 90 $19,426 27 $8,063,630 United states coin...... 137,339 38 2,163 95 92 51 .................. 10,osa Fore ign bullion......... 1,2-5 1 27 2,065,000 84 ... ... ...... ...... ........... ....... 5:l,607 Foreign coin.............. 916,635 GI 25,412 69 .................. ...... ...... ...... 956,073 Jewelers' bars, old plate, etc................ 127,632 44 2,646 57 .................. 1.................. 82,961 93 93 01 22 16 Total.. ................ $13,216,940 08 $6,944,745 18 958,732 41 $19,426 27 $9,116,358 15 Re-deposits. Fine bars................ 897,767 46 94,169 73 ..................................................... . Unparted bars......... 21,134 64 1,262 07 •••••••••••000000, ••••••••••••••• ,., 00 , . , , Total silver.......... $14,135,842 18 $7,040,176 98 $958,732 41 ,,,,,,,,,,,, $19,426 27 $9,116,356 25 Gold and silver deposits e.nd purchases .... $14,221,125 57 $10,264,274 BG $2,410,552 13 Sl,3851517 64 $9,207,879 97 Re-deposits. Gold.. ..................... Silver .............. ,...... 1,G62,722 73 91 8,902 1,, I 98,418 48 .................. ...... 3/i.09.73 ................ .. 9.,,4:JI 80 ................ .. - - ------ Total gold andsilver lH6,802,750 40 $30,458,125 14 i'l,410/l52 13 $1,387,027 3i jS9,207,879 '¥1 1 1 1 Digitized by Goog1e r1't:rzz 133. THE. UNITED STATES MINT. Deposits of Gold of Domestic Production at the Different Mints for theyear ending 1884. MINTS. L<lcALITY, Philadelphia. San Francisco. Denver. Carson. Alabama................................................................................................................... . Alaska................................ ...... ........ ....... 1,50,626 5J .......................................... . Arizona.............................. ..................... 237,:152 50 ......................................... . Cali1or11ia............................ Sl,105 14 6,565,944 18 $163,392 95 ................... .. g~t~f~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Georgia.............................. Idaho ................................. Maine................................. t~~~ ~~ :::::::::·::::::.::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::: .~'.:~·.~.'..~~. 10,727 14 60 00 603,834 36 ......................................... . 45 51 ............................................................... . :r:ll:~! ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ...........~~.~.:.~. ::::::::::·:::::.::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::·::::::::::: Montana............................. 1,158 86 49,873 02 ........................................ .. Nebraska ............................................................................................................... . Nevada............................... ..................... 591,(!24 30 1,288,426 77 .................... . New Jllexico........................ 101,401 1,4 3,8i4 72 ..................... rn,i07 85 North Carolina................... 56,49.1 77 Oregon............................... 380 32 403,852 9J .................................... .....: South Carolina.................... 2,783 18 ............................................................... .. :}::~::.".".~.~.:·:: :: :::::::: ::::::: :::::: ...........~'..~ ..~~.. ..............91 "sii· ::::::::::.:::: ::::.: :::::: ::::::::::::::: Utah................................... ..................... 21,706 83 .................... . ................... .. Virginia............................. 2,857 84 ....................... ..................... .. ................. . Vermont ................................................................................. ................................. . Washington Territory......... ..................... 29,680 13 ........................................ .. Wyorning ........................... 4,017 77 287 66 ......................................... . Refined gold........................ 9H 70 9,477,966 27 ......................................... . Other sources...................... 5,560 51 30,244 07 .......................................... . Total gold.................. $193,653 13 $1i,966,265 39 $1,451,819 72 $1,360.655 54 Wastage and Loss on Sale of Sweeps, 1884. Losses. Philadel- San Franphiarnint. ciiscomint Carson wint. New Orleans wint. New York assay office. Total. ----------1----- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- Melterand refiner's gold $338 30 ............... $1,333 10 wastage ..................... . Coiner's gold wastage ... . 282 43 $2,238 11 117 :JI Melter and refiner's silver wastage.............................. 16,360 42 1,833 2i Coiner'ssilverwastage... 6,092 32 620 04 472 95. Loss on sale of sweeps... 3,031 13 6,951 39 ............... Total.................. ............... ............... ............... ............... $1,671 40• 2,6a7 85 $9,13.5 63 ............. .. 27,329 32 l,i77 611 .............. . 8,962 91 ............... $5,290 4K 14,2i3 00 $9,744 18 $25,169 9u $3,756 63 $10,913 2·: $5,290 48 $54,874 48 =======-======= Paid as follows: From contingent appropriation ..................... .............. . $2,474 74 From parting and refining appropriation .................... . 2,255 91 J,'rom surplus lmllion.... $1,641 u3 16,903 72 From silver profit fund.. 8,103 15 3,535 59 Total................. $828 22 ... ...... ...... .. ............. $3,302 96. 957 gr, . . . ...... ... .. . ...... .•. .. ... . 8,218 77 287 64 $253 46 $5,290 48 24,3i6 33. 1,682 91 10,650 77 ............... 23,981 42 $9,744 Jg $25,169 96 $3,756 63 $10,918 23 $5,290 48 $54,874 48< Digitized by Google 134 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF ---------------------- ------------- Statement, by Months, of Fine Gold Bars Exchanged for Gold Coin at the United States Mint, Philadelphia, and United States Assay Office, Years ending June 30, 1883, and June 30, 1884. Month. Philadelphia. New York. Total. 1883. ,July ................................................ .. August ................................•..•.•..•••.... Septe11lber ........................................ . October ............................................ .. Nove1nber .......... ............................... . December ......................................... . $30,094 45,lJJ 40,128 50,160 2fl,080 30,IJB8 35 96 53 41 64 14 $192,416 221,211 302,897 2-12,194 l;)0,250 154,774 27 32 07 36 45 51 $222,filO 266,:l63 343,02.5 292,:)54 175,331 184,862 72 95 70 19 4t·Hi/i:J7 55 19,5,4.56 367,794 6,931,670 16,178,127 491,616 151,686 62 28 60 77 09 65 1884. January ............................................ . 1''ebruary ......................................... . l\Iarch ............................................... . April. .......................... .. ........ .. .......... . May .......................... .... .................... . June ................................................. . 20,072 13 sn,ox:1 76 79 16 77 07 3;1,126 2ti,077 2.l,078 25,127 $381,269 71 175,!!84 337,710 6,~96,5-13 16,1,,:l,050 126,;');)9 06 $25,419,530 15 13.5 71 49 35 32 13 $25,800, 799 86 Statement showing the Number of Ounces at Standard and Cost of Silver Bullion Purchased arid Delivered at the Coinage Mints, and the Number of i,ilver Dollars Coined each Month from July 1, 1883, to June 30, 1884. Date. Standard ounces. Cost. Coinage. 1883. 00 2,386,887.31 2,417,322.79 1,752,:JM.32 ~.,206,756,77 1,834,!!24.60 2,328,322.97 82,374,541 2,40!,697 1,740,931 2,204,681 1,829,885 2,321,556 49 99 41 42 19 06 $2,425,000 2,340,000 2,350,000 2,350,050 2,350,000 2,354,170 June ................................................. . 2,149,818.66 2,111,607.28 2,100,967.41 1,688,166.04 1,812,815.21 1,568,891.66 2,151,392 2,132,972 2,124,913 1,698,489 1,823,483 1.573,837 61 30 91 95 68 90 2,350,000 2,350,000 2,300,510 2,300,000 2,310,000 2,320,200 Total ............................................ . Purchased and coined from March 1, 1878, to June 30, 1883 ..................... .. 24,358,835.02 $24,378,383 91 828,099,930 00 128,782,187.25 131,811,676 28 147,255,899 00 Total.. ......................................... . 153,141,022.27 $156,190,060 19 $175,355,829 00 2,029,902.92 2,015,013.45 $2,031,532 00 2,055, I 32 87 12,M1,661 2,807,313 54 July ................................................. .. August ............................................. . September ........................................ .. October .............................................. . November .......................................... . December ........................................ .. 00 00 00 00 00 1884. January ............................................ . February .......................................... . March .............................................. .. April ................................................ . l\fay .................................................. . Monthly average July 1, 1883, to June 30, 1884 .......................................... .. 11:onthly average for 76 months ........ .. Digitized by Google 00 00 00 00 00 00 eo 135 THE UNITED STATES MINT. - - - - - -------- Statement of Gold and Silver Bullion and Coin on Hand at the United States Mints and New York Assay Office, Years ending June 30, 1883, and June 30, 1884. Institution. Gol<l bullion. I Gold coin. Silver bullion. ISilver coin. I Total. 188:l. Philadelphil\ ......... $26,516,771 84 San Francisco...... 97:3,882 ~~a 65G 1 0-t:1 ~)0 Carson .................. tai,'.W9 21 New Orh.inns ........ New York ............ 27,517,997 :l7 ----Total $.55 Hot 964 G5i 18~-_... -....... I~--•_- $1,249,598 3,492,0-15 133,tiS.3 17,991 2,158,2-13 00 $1,381,144 98 $4,699,912 65 $.33,847,427 47 00 800,818 46 30,.~ifi.617 2B 36,142,:j(\3 05 00 61S,~:l9 49 2,D:19,110 G:; 3,4..!fi,~)iH 02 86 1,141,955 47 7,037,470 96 s,:-rn:;,787 50 82 819,018 08 92,907 44 30,588,166 71 ·--r .. - Philarlelphia ......... $25,882,,,33 San Fra11cisco....... 8--11-i,tlO:i Carson.................. 49.1,427 New Orleans........ 2:2~ 1 /H4 New York ............ 16,,5:!8,0ll "-7 051463 68 $4,760,276 48 $.4,745,018 94 $112,:J,,8,723 75 I 02, $1,723,1-58 50 $1,615,341 42 l!S,1,,9,811 9;31 $37,380,84-1 87 os: 3,G.)-t,;}25 00 773,-194 4(i :{a/117,277 87 3t-,i!):;,m12 41 o--1j 311,ur, 00 439 1973 :-n 2,~J'.28,082 12 4,11:1,,Ji7 47 8:): 102,5GO 00 1,819.4.)-1 :.n 11,957,338 8:~ 13,fl0~,147 95 B8i 28,954,;).16 86 80:l/i~2 3[) 11,832 09 46,20li,922 ti8 Total.. ........... $43,982,371 3it34,745,945 3G $4,9,10,685 81 $:>5,474,292 84 $140,253,395 38 The proceedings of the annual assay commission show that the average fineness of 315 gold coins from the mints of Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Carson melted in mass, was 900 and of 49 single pieces 899.5 The assays made monthly in the assay laboratory of this office gave an average for 40 pieces of 899.68. The commission ascertained that the average fineness of 960 silver dollars of all the mints melted in mass was 900.6, and 70 single pieces taken from each month's coinage at each mint, 900.3. The monthly tests made at the assay laboratory of 597 silver dollars gave an average fineness of 899.85. COINAGE OF THE u. s. MINTS DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1884. Gold coinage........................................................................................... $27,932,824 00 Silver coinage-Silver Dollars.................................................................. 28,099,930 00 Halves, Quarters, and Dimes........................................... 673,4--57 80 Minor coinage-Five, Three, and One Cent pieces................................... t,174,i09 73 $57,880,921 53 STATEMENT OF .EARNINGS AND EXPENDITURES OF THE PHILADELPHIA MINT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR OF 1884. EARNINGS. f:'Profits e~\~i.on~Y~Yi:e:iJn!.;~:~~•~~:::·. ::·.::: ::·.·.::::::::·:.:.:::::·::.::: :::::::::::::::·::::.:::::::::: St 1•l: ~ standard silver dollars coined ..................................................... 1,852,718 66 Profits on subsidiary silver coined............................................................. Profits on minor coins manufactured...................................... .................. Profits on sale of medals and pro.of coins.................................................. :Receipts from assays of ores and bullion................................................... Deposit melting room fluxes and sweeps.................... .............................. Surplus bullion returned by melter and refiners....................................... .Proceeds of sale of old material.............................. ..... ...... ........................ ,Charges received from Hawaiian Government............................................ 92,798 46 982,i85 66 2,502 482 2,052 1,466 86 · 250 17 00 61 65 03 00 Total.. .............................................................................................. 82,947,182 89 Digitized by Google 136 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF EXPENDITURES, Salaries of officers and clerks ................................................................... . Wages of workmen and adjusters .............................................................. . Contiiigent expenses, not including amount paid for wastage and loss on s,veeps sold ............................................................................................ . Parting and refining expenses, not including for wastage a:id Joss on 1 Wi!t:e::s ~~ ti;~·~p~·;;,:ti~~··~iii~~~;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~;~~~e::f~fl:t~fb\!~'fn~e:fi~e~-~~·f;;~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Expenst>s of distributing minor coins ......................................................... . Minor coinage metal wasted..................................................................... .. $40,503 Ht 358,845 70118,980 2610,309 6,713 3,031 29,131 29,102 198 27 05 13 69· 32 22 Tctal...... ...... ...... ......... ... ........................ ...... ...... ... ... ........ .... ...... .... .. $596,864 82· From the last special report, the production of the several States · an<l 'l'erritories in 1883 appears to have been as. follows: State or Territory. Gold. Alaska ................................................................ . Arizona .............................................................. . California ......................................... , ................. . Colorado ............................................................. . Dakota ............................................................... . $,300,000 950,000 14,120,000 4,100,000 3,200,000 199,000 1,400,000 1,800.000 2,520,000 280,000 167,000 660,000 56,fi00 140,000 6,000 80,000 4,1100 17,500 ¥d~;ht~·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: },fontana ........................................... ~ ................. . Nevada................... ... ........................................ .. New l\Icxico.: ......................... ............ ................. . North (:aro!ina ................ ................................... . Oregon ......................... ....... .. .... .......................... . South Carolina ........ .... ..... ...... ............ ................ .. ¥t::i;;i~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Washington ........................................................ . Wyo1uing ........................................................... . Other (Alabama, Tennessee, etc.) ........................ .. Silver. Total.......................................................... $30,000,000 Total. $5,200,000 1,460,000 17,370 000 150,000 1,000 2,100,000 6,000,000 5,430,000 2,84.'i,000 3,000 20,000 500 5,620,000 .................. 500 .................. .................. $46,200,000 $300,000 6,150,000 15,580,000· 21,4,0,000· 3,350,000 200,000 3,500,000· 7,800,000 7,950,000 3,125,000 170,000 680,000 57,ffO0 5,760,000· 6,000 80,500 4,000 17,500 $76,200,000 This is a decline from the production of the previous year, in gold of $2,500,000, and in silver of $600,000. From the 1st of July to the 1st of October, 1884, an increased amount of gold and silver coin and gold and silver certificates was in circulation, as well as held by the Treasury,. as shown by the following statement: Total United States Circulation, October 1, 1884. In Treasury. Gold bullion .................................... . Silver bullion ................................... . Gold coin ................................... ...... . Silver dollars .................................... . Fractional silver coin ............ ........... . Gold certificates ................................ . Hil\·er certificates .............................. . United :-;tut('s notes .......................... . National bank notes ......................... . Fractional currency .......................... . • Total... ..................................... . $5:!,9-t.fl,:)87 4,!131,404 164,!);")7,45,5 142,ll5H,787 W 474,160 sa,MG,960 26,769,470 In banks and general circulation. Total. 3H,frl4/~i2 11,078,!).57 7,105 310,214,484 :J24,7i\0,271 6,970,155 852,916,587 4,934,404 5,57,li88,441 182,:180,829• 74,818,878 120,9:lG,620, 12~,260,721 34r.,n9,,156 83b,8:J9,228 6,977,2':il} $502,298,757 $1,304,113,567 $1,806,412,324- ""iiii'.i;i;:fo,986... 40,:J22,1142 45,:144,718 87,~89,fi60 9fi,491,251 Digitized by Google 137 THE UNITED STATES MINT. Assuming the amount of paper and specie in the national banks to have been the same October 1 as on June 22, the amount held by the public and banks, other than national, on October 1, 1884, was about $1,094,000,000, or over $15,000,000 more than on July 1, 1884. ANNUAL ASSAY. The commissioners appointed under the provisions of section 3547 Revised Statutes, for the purpose of making the annual trial of the coins reserved at the several mints, met at Philir delphia on the 13th of February last. They tested the weight and fineness of the coins taken from deliveries made by the coiners to the superintendents in each month of the year. The committee on weighing reported " that all the coins weighed are within the limits of exactness required by law, and that in fact very few vary from the standard by one-half the tolerance." CIRCULATION OF SILVER DOLLARS. The total circulation of silver dollars from the passage of the act of February 28, 1878, to the commencement, middle,. and close of the fiscal year 1884, and to the 1st of October, 1884, as appears from the records of the mint, and the amount held in the Treasury, as reported by the Treasurer, and balancein general circulation for those periods, respectively, are shown by the following statement: Comparative Statement of the Coinage, Movement, and Circulation of Standard Silver Dollars at the end of each Six Months, from July 1> 1883, to July 1, 1884, and for Three Months ending October 1, 1884. IN THE TREASURY. PERIOD. Total coinage. July 1, 1883.............. $14 7,255,899 January 1, 1884........ 161,425,119 July 1, 1884......•....••. 175,355,829 October 1, 1884 ....•..•. 182,380,829 Held for Held in expayment of cess of cercertificates tificates outstanding. outstanding. $72,620,686 96,i17,721 96,427,011 96,491,251 $39,293,333 22,731,664 89,t:l:J,91)5 45,567,536 Total. $111,914,019 119,449,:l85 135,060,916 142,058,787 In circulation. $35,341,880 41,975,734. 89,794,913 40,322,042: The foregoing statement shows that from July 1, 1883, to October 1, 1884, the increase in the total coinage of silver dollars was $35,124,930; in the amount held by the Treasury, $30,144,768 ; and on the total circulation outside of the Treasury, only $4,980,162. Digitized by Google 138 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF PHIL,\DELPHIA MINT. The deposits and purchases of gold and silver bullion at this· mint during the fiscal year 1884, amounted to $16,802,750.40, being an increase over the previous year of nearly a million :and a half. The coinage of gold continued to fall off, being about i5,000,000 less than in 1883, but the coinage of silver was $1,500,000 more. The minor coinage executed was about the same aB in the prior year. In the melter and refiner's and coiner's departments about 3,000,000 more ounces of silver were treated than in 1883. PROFITS ON SILVER COINAGE AND THEIR DISPOSITION. The balance remaining in the coinage mints to the credit of the silver-profit fund on the 1st of July, 1883, was $1,278,596.59; the profits on the coinage of silver dollars during the year were $3,966,672.66; and on subsidiary silver coined at Philadelphia and San Francisco, $102,651.15; making the total to the credit of the silver-profit fund during the year $5,347,920.40. Of this amount, $26,667.04 were paid for wastage and loss on sale of sweeps, properly payable from silver profits, and $57,824.45 for expenses incurred in distributing the coins, and $3,485,984.21 were deposited in the ~reasury of the United States, leaving the balance in the coinage mints to the credit of this fund on the 30th of June, 1884, $1,777,444.70. This balance has been deposited in the Treasury by the several mints. STATEMENT SHOWING THE PROFITS ON THE COINAGE OF SILVER AT THE DIFFERENT MINTS. 1883. Jul7 1. Balance on hand: Philadelphia........................................................ 8422,757 94 San Francisco...................................................... 451,104 40 Carson................................................................. 80,889 78 New Orleans........................................................ 323,844 52 - - - - $1,27~,696 59 Profits on the coinage of silver doJlars: Philadelphia........................................................ $1,852,718 66 San Francisco...................................................... 697,579 80 Carson................................................................. 168,704 51 New Orleans........................................................ 1,247,669 69 3,966,672 66 Profits on the coinage of subsidiary silver: Philadelphia.......................................................... $92,798 46 San Francisco....................................................... 9,852 69 102,6111 15 Digitized by Google 139 THE UNITED STATES MINT. World's Production of Gold and Silver. 1881. C,o'D'l(TBIES. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , __G_o_1_c1.__ , __s_1_1v_e_r_._ 1882. ~1 1883. Silver. Gold. Sliver. United States......... $34,700,000 $43,000,000 $32,000,000 S4G,soo,ooo $30,000,000 $46,200,000 Russia ... ............... 24,371,343 332,198 23,8Gi,9;l.5 32:J,427 2:J,867,935 323,427 Australia............... 30,G!)O,UOO 164,983 28,943,217 IO'l.878 26,500,UOO 80,000 Mexico... ........... .... 858,009 27,675,540 936,223 1 29,2:n,i98 955,6:J9 29,568,5i6 Germany............. .. 2:l'' 610 7,771,304 249,890 8,934,652 303,722 9,589,300 Austria-Hungary... 1,240:,os 1,30:1,280 1,050,UliS 1,95:l,224 1,088,615 2,024,645 Sweden.............. ... 665 48,875 11,298 62,:J5U 24,590 65,800 Norway................. ................ 199,987 ............... 244,954 ...... ......... 234,645 Italy.. ............. ...... 72,375 17,9t9 72,375 17,949 72,375 17,949 Spain.................... ................. 3,096,220 ............... 3,096,2'20 ............... 3,096,220 Turkey.................. 4,918 71 ,441 6,646 89,916 6,646 89,916 Argent'eRepublic.. 78,546 420,225 78,546 420,225 78,546 420,225 Colombia............... 4,000,ooo 1,000,ouo S,856,000 760,ooo 3,856,000 760,000 Bolivia.................. 72,375 ll,000,0110 72,375 11,000,000 72,375 16,000,000 Chill..................... 128,869 5,081,747 163,000 5,325,ooo 163,000 5,325,000 741,694 ................. 741,694 ................. 632,520 ........ .... .... . 466,548 916,400 466,548 916,400 120,080 353,825 1,993,800 ............ ..... 1,993,800 ................. 1,993,800 ................ . Venezuela............. 2,274,6n ................. 2,595,077 ........... ...... 3,3:!8,058 ........ ........ . Domin'n of Canada 1,094,926 68,205 1,094,926 68,205 954,000 68,205 France .................. .......................... ~. .. .... ................ 594,053 ....................... ........ . Brazil... ................. JAapraicna fr . ·. ·.·. ·.·.·. ·..··.·.·.·.·.·.·..... ·. ------- ---- ----- ___,- ---- ----1---.- Total ............ 8103,023,078 8102,168,354 $98,699,588 $109,952,251 $94,027,901 !$114,217,733 Coinage of Various Countries. 188~. 1881. 188S. CoUlfTRIES. Gold, Silver. Gold. Silver. Gold. Silver. United States....... 896,850,890 $27,939,203 $65,887,685 $27,972,035 829,241,990 $29,245,989 Mexico................ 438,778 24,139,023 452,590 25,146,260 *407,600 •24,083 921 Bolivia................ ................. l,970,9M3 ............... 1,684,865 .............. ... tl,600:000 iYa~w.~·.~.~~-~.~.~'.~.~ :::::::·.:.::::::: ...... ·1so,ooo ::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::: .....~:~.~~:~'.~ .... ~.:'..'.~:~ Great Britain....... ................. 4,852,523 ... .. .......... 1,021,381 6,831,169 6,201,517 Australia...... ....... 19,699,115 ................. 18,701,959 ................. 15,903,7U ............... .. India... ................ ........ ... ...... 20,682,625 170,543 29,336,322 •67,044 24,927,400 Germany....... ...... 1,634,189 .............. .. . 3,167,085 6,407,157 21,00~,897 594,464 Austria-Hungary. 2,429,998 9,028,671 2,829,590 3,122,819 2,154,390 5,552, 191 France................ 418,231 1,29'J,554 722,206 2'l3,853 ................................. . ~!::~~i.: : : : : :?:~:~~ . . ~.~~:.~ : :~:~:~~:;:'.:~ :::::::~i~.i;:~ : : :: ~~?~:~ :::::::::~i;~i Norway...... ......... ................. 28,930 ............... 69,680 Sweden............... 340,275 290,137 39,876 17,707 Spain.................. 21,067,127 S,08U,193 1,996,310 10,671,842 Portugal.............. 245,160 ............ !.... 162,000 ................. Japan ..........·........ 490,585 4,514,043 803,645 3,294,988 192,708 37,520 436,619 250,468 3,327,235 10,523,421 21i,080 ............. .. .. 964,533 7,584, 188 ti:.z~;;;~::::::::::: ........~'.:.~.~ ....,/ii".iioo ::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::: .........~~:~~.'. .........~~:~~~ Russia................. ................. ................. ............... ................. 12,79:J,575 ................ . ii~~:::: rtI] I!~[ I·~ ; it;: ;~;~ if~ Total ........ ... $147,015,275 $108,010,0SG i'99,909,662 $109,703,535 $101,265,357 $113,769,901 • Fiscal year. t Approximate. Digitized by Goog1e 140 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF Table showing the Total Paper and Specie Circulation in each of the Principal Countries of the World, and the Amount of Specie in Bank and National Treasuries, and the Amount of Active Circulation. (Officially Reported in 1884.) Countries. Population. Amount of Total metallic specie Active in naan'!J;.al"'r honal treasu- circulation. circ t1on. ries and banks United States ..•........... 50,155,783 $1,745,926,755 Great Britain and Ireland ........................ 35,246,562 876,318,139 Dominion of Canada, including Manitoba and Newfoundland ... 59,596,084 4,506,563 British India.............. 252,541,210 1,099,383,126 Ceylon ........................ 2,758,166 2,335,300 Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand ... 2,798,898 96,010,722 Cape of Good Hope.... 780,757 38,078,000 France ........................ 87,321,186 1,990,961,912 Algiers ........................ 2,867,626 27,567,000 Guadeloupe ................. 185,460 1,627,750 Belgium ..................... 5,536,fi.fi4 18G,:J26,515 Switzerland................. 2,846,102 53,180,731 Italy ........................... 28,452,639 533,548,521 i;:r~~:::::::::::::::::::::::: Cuba........................... Luzon ......•.•............... Portugal, including Azores and Madeira Germany .................... Austria-Hungary ........ Sweden and Norway ... Danish Kingdom ......... Netherlands ............... Russia ........................ Turkey ....................... Roumania ...............•.. Mexico ....................... Central America ......... Argentine Republic.... Colombia .................... Brazil.. ........................ Peru ........................... Venezuela .................. Chili ........................... Bolivia........................ ~~~ft~:.::::::::::::::::::::: Japan .......................... Hawaiian Islands ........ 1,979,423 16,625,860 1,394,516 4,450,191 29,143,000 270,812,440 73,043,543 4,198,000 4,550,699 45,234,061 35,839,428 6,479,168 2,091l,400 4,061,580 98,323,000 24,987,000 5,376,000 9,557,279 2,891,~00 2,540,000 3,000,000 11,108,291 3,050,000 46,a67,680 825,473,023 431,646,314 43,058,443 39,228,000 163,847,949 646,431,794 83,315,976 27,372,383 52,018,529 4,701,861 71,371,850 5,091,s:io 139,871,255 14,980,820 2,682,700 2,67.5,245 2,420,500 2,325,000 438,245 5i2,000 36,700,110 66,895 ~ tJ'3 ... "'2 i'c:·a 8,';34,033,074 $1,211,893,681 $24 16 154,182,691 722,135,448 20 49 9,111,148 78,358,000 1,273,800 50,484,936 1,021,02.5,126 1,061,500 11 22 4 06'. 48,737,837 8,092,000 402,939, 754 5,564,476 564,935 17,991,450 11,609.618 69,:J.57,358 1,800,0:10 27,223,959 14,181,243 3,765,677 47,272,885 29,986,000 1,588,1122,158 22,002,524 1,062.815 168,335,065 41,571,113 464,191,163 27,343,000 243,588,481 58,862,300 432,323 16 90 11,718,874 181,706,674 98,131,401 12,740,975 14,070,000 55,114,112 124,008,153 14,520,000 3,995,298 1,163,ro8 6,908/>33 11,587,000 4,780,000 248,7 44.80;) 1,8:l4,900 28,486,973 808,200 34,648,806 643,766,349 333,514,913 30,317,468 25,158,000 108,733,837 522,423,641 68,795,976 23,377,085 50,285,521 4,701,861 57,175,389 4,897,830 139,871,255 13,098,802 2,682,700 30,157,341 6,464,936 6,986,000 4,780,000 220,257,832 1,026,700 9,991,964,524 1,959,571,764 8,032,392,760 32,.555,341 .s (1)] a,e;~ ..................... 14,196,461 200,000 ..................... 1,882,018 ..................... 2,398,000 44:J,597 4,601,000 ~ 38 40 42 55 7 67 5 73 30 40 14 60 16 13 14 42 31 81 65 21 10 7 61 14 28 9 4 12 26 31 68 00 77 5 31 2 75 4 3.5 5 26 1 62 22 51 1 63 12 59 4 29 1 00 12 45 2 78 15 8 6 15 94 35 00 35 WORLD'S COINAGE. Statements of the coinage in 1883 have been received from twenty-three countries, which report the coinage of gold and silver coins valued, at the official estimation, at $101,265,357 in gold and $113,769,901 in silver. Of the silver coinage nearly one-fourth was executed by the United States, and two-fifths by Mexico and India. In each of the latter the silver coinage averaged about two millions of dollars per month. Next in order are Spain, Brazil, and then Digitized by Google THE UNITED STATES MINT. 141 Great Britain, which alone issued from the London mint during the last year over $6,000,000 of silver coin. In the coinage of gold the United States still stands first, although it coined a much less amount than in the preceding year. Germany follows with a coinage of over twenty-one millions; Australia,.sixteen millions; and Russia over twelve millions. In the table of Government and bank issues and metallic reserves will be found columns showing for each country respectively, as far as ascertained, the character and amount of paper money issued in the countries named, and the amounts of gold and silver held by the treasuries or banks. Against the Government issue of notes, amounting to $1,191,158,368, their treasuries held $263,000,000 of gold and $270,000,000 of silver-a total of $533,000,000; and the banks, to protect $2,752,498,039 of notes, held of gold and silver a total of $1,424,000,000, being an aggregate of the bullion and coin reserves of $1,959,000,000. From these tables an additional table has been compiled, giving the per capita and total active circulation of each of the countries, which shows that after deducting the specie held in the banks and national treasuries, thirty-nine principal countries of the world had $8,032,392,760 of paper and specie in active use among the people. The information obtained as to the circulation of the various nations of the world shows that the circulation of the paper and specie of thirty-nine countries aggregates $9,991,964,524, of which $3,293,608,836 is gold and $2,754,611,080 silver. This does not include the bronze, copper, nickel, or other minor token coinage in circulation. Comparing the aggregate amounts of gold, silver, and paper circulation with those stated in previous reports, _it will be found that the statistics show a decrease in gold and gain in silver and paper. On the 17th of July, 1884, King Kalakaua approved an act which had passed the Legislative Assembly of the Hawaiian Islands, which provides that from and after December 1, 1884, the gold coins of the United States shall be the standard of value in that kingdom, and a legal tender at their nominal value for all debts, public and private; also, that the silver coins of the United States shall be a legal tender to the extent of ten dollars. The act further provides that the gold and silver coins of countries other than the United States and Hawaii shall be received by the government at their bullion value only. The act also provides for changing the funds of the government held in silver into United States gold. Digitized by Google 142 ,~ ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF Summary of Specie Imports. GOLD. 1883. SILVER. 1884. ---- 1884. Gold bars & bullion ... $3,834,708 $4,997,571 Silver bars d. bullion •.. 82,475,968 82,910,451 Coin-American ........ 8,112,265 8,824,962 Silvercoln-Americ'n 670,192 686,182 Coin-foreign ............ 6,287,176 14,008,784 Silver coin-foreign •.. 7,609,082 10,998,312 --- - - - ---- Total gold imported $17,734,149 $22,831,317 Total silver Imported $10,755,242 $14,594,945 Aggregate Imports-Gold, silver, coin, and bullion, 1882. 1883. 1884. $42,472,390 828,489,391 $37,426,262; Comparative Statement, Imports of Fiscal Years 1882 to 1884. 1883. 1884. Total value of merchandise imported .............. $724,639,574 Total value of coin and bullion imported........ 42,472,390 8723,180,914 28,489,391 S667 ,697 ,693 87,426,262 1882. Aggregate import&-merchandise and specie .. $767,111,964 $751,670,305 $705,123,955 llerchandlse brought in American vessels ....... $130,266,826 llerchandise brought in foreign vessels....•.•.... 571,517,802 Brought In cars and other land vehicles••...•.... 22,854,946 1136,002,290 564,175,576 23,003,048 8135,046,207 512,511,192 20,140,~ $724,639,574 8723,180,914 9667,697,693 I Estimate of the Aggregate Production of the Precious Metals in all Countries from 1493 to 1875. SILVER. GOLD, TOTA.L. Kilograms. Kilograms. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. 7,904,910 ................ 460,650 7,770,135 7,382,000 . ................ J,0~3,655 2,428,940 ................... 731,GOO 265,040 76,205,400 1,214,500 163,550 31,222,lOO · 294,000 37,717,600 263,600 11,609,000 ................... 1,037,050 2,026,100 5,271,500 1,812,000 151,600 2,000,000 269,731,339 264,961,603 251,888,604 82,880,291 SILVER. GOLD. CotnlTRIES. German~········ ...... Austria- ungary ... Rest of Europe ...... l{ussia .... ............... Afr.lea .................... Mexico .................. New Granada......... Peru ...................... Potosi (Bolivia) ..... Chili ................... ,. Brazil .................... United States ......... Austria .................. Various countries•.. ··················· !................... Total ............... 180,511,48.5 9,453,345 507,749,653 3,59,325,340 130,174,396 596,501,675 80,327,582 144,398,100 129,467,140 509,347,107 99.5,126,015 889,963,800 74,458,340 269,731,:131> 491,209,860 251,888,604 590,629,944 359,325,~ 2,730,455,0SG596,501,675 1,145,684,6661,431,398,047 218,491,438 509,347,107 1,175,000,138 889 ,968,80(), 142,702,340 6,159,241,9481 4,643,087,395 10,802,329,343 ...................... 2,600,280,659 1,065,357,084 1,286,999,947 89,024,298 179,874,123 68,244,000 226,248,247 Digitized by Google 143 THE UNITED STATES MINT. Highest and lowest prices of Gold in New York Each month in 1862-1878. 1862, llonth. 1863. H. L. ll. January ....... 1603,4 101~ February.... 1021 8 172~ March ......... 1021/. April. .......... May ............ 1028 154a .June........... 1008 103:lj 148'l 8 July ............ 12oij 108~ 145 August ........ 1161 " 112~ 129"6 September .. 124 116 • 143li October·-···· 133,½ 122 153a,_ November.•. 13al4 129 154 December•... 134 128½1152",4 :~~ mH m~ m~ Year..... 134 Month. I L. H. January ..... 142¼ 133¼ February .... 144 139~ March ......... mi~ ru:ril •......... 1:!7~ ay ............ 140},' 139~ June•.......... 1418 130:lj July ........... 145¼ 143t, August ....... 150 143½ September... 145~ 141¾ October ...... 140 • 133¾ November... 137 132 December ... 136¾ 134¾ ::w. 132 Month. 186,. 1864. H. L. 13.'l"/411,593/s 152½ 1161 139 '1'69"/4 145~ 184~ 14:jl. 190 140½1250 123¼ 285 :~~ gg}J~!~ 1869. 1870. Year..........•..•......•... 114% 109 :~i~ :~~ L. 1871. 1363/4 135~ 1241/s 125~ 125 1 a 137½ 147 146,½ 1431'.3 145½ 137½ 131~ :~w. lim H. L. ::1 1351 r~ 13 135 1363/a 138 1421'.'. 139'.1/a 146§ 141 145'; 140¼ 138½ 137f'. 133 138 ij 8 ::~ 14lij H. 1872. L. H. 110g 110½ 111 110"/4 110¼ 113~ 111 114"• 111~ 114~ 111 11514 111ij 1873. L. 111¼ 110'! 1128 uog mi,. 11936 115~ 108~ 109 1 109g 111fi 111" 109§ 112½ 112§ 113 110 8 1131 111):,i 113g 113½ 114¾ 11sij 11~ ll2¼ 115 3 11 111¼ 115 1111 115~ 112¼ 110 1J23~ 11 ~ 114 111¾ 1103/4 110 '< 108¾ 1133'° 111% 113'§ llill mtf 110 f'J H. 114¼ 115~ 1 ll8 1876. 1877. 1129. 10s:i: 106¼ 1878. H. L. L. H. L. H. 113~ 112¾ 107}§ 105~ 102~ Ill~ 3 lJ:l•c, 114 ll4% 114 115 116¾ 111-¼ 112~ 113¾ 114a ll4 8 112% 8 115 113~ 1J3l'j, 113 112% 112~ 110·'• 113~ 1101• 109 1171/a 111¾ 115 112¾ 1061/s 113~ 105:j'.2 112 1.1107~ 112~1107¾ 111~,106~ 1113 1106s3. 109~1105 • 109 1 1104 108~! 103¾ rnsYsl 107 107 103ij 110:J 8 104 8 104~ 104~ 106 1 4 104¾ 10,5~ 103ij 102~ 102 1 • 102½ 102½ L. m~ 11!§ 116' 11i3 11 % 11 ~ 115 118~ 116 115 116 114~ 1168 110 107~ 111§ 110 1061 115% 108¾ 115% 108½ 119 1875. H. L. H. .January......................... 1121/s 110¾ 113¾ February ....................... 113 111¾ 115% Karch............................ 113½ 111¼ 117 114¾ 111:l-$ 115~ 113½ 111! 8 116-\~ June .............................. 112~ 110½1117½ July .............................. 1101/s 109 lli}4 August .......................... 110~ 109¼ 114¾ September•........•..•......... 110 1 4 109'~ 117¾ October ......................... 11(}¾ 109¾ 117~ November...................... 112~ 110 116·'• December ...................... 1123 a 110½ 115¾ ru:1'·······----·················· L. H. 197¼ 14w. 196~ 14 8 148½ 143½ 12s9. 141g 135~ 138½ 14065 152~ 142Mi 147~ 144(3 154~ 14-5½ 148~ 144½ 141"" 1867. 151½ 234¾ 128,½ 167¾ 1251/s 146"/s 132¼ H. H. L. 136% 134~ 123¼ 1301/si12rfi 136~ 132 1303,6,11' s 13l¾i115~ 13i 144 1349-1115~ 1a,s 136 1 ll4 3 134½1122~ 137~ 1 136 131~ 122 !62~ 129",41116¾ 132 ]28~1113~ 128% 121~ 113¾ 124 119½1111~ 162,½ 119,½ 123¾ 1874. 1866. I L. H. 151~ 234¾ 157 8 216~ 159 WI 166¼ 168 193 147~ 222 146 1 231,½ 145~ 191 145 14 ~ 1227~ 189 149 210 148S'. 143 1260 212",4 148 2 148½ 243 101¾ 172,½ 122¼ 285 1868. Year.._. .. 150 L. I 102 8 !Ol lOlij 1011" 101 1003/4 100¾ 100~ 100'! R L. m~ 1 100~8 1003,/4 ~:j 100~ 100 100~ 1 IOU~ 100 8 1001 • 100 1071/s 102½ 102¼ 100 NOTE.-Specie payment 1·esuwed January l, 1879, after a suspension of nearly 18 years Digitized by Google Latest Official Estimate of Values of Foreign Coins in United States Money. CoUNTRY, Argentine Republic ................ .. Peso .. .............................. . Austria .................................... . Florin .. ... ......................... . Franc .. ............................. . Bolivia no ......................... . Braz il ...................... ... ... .......... . lllilreis of 1000 reis ........... . British Possessions in N. A .. .... . . Dollar .... .. ........ ................. . Chili... .. ................... ... .... ......... . Peso .. ............. ... ............... . Cuba .... ................ .. .. ....... .... .. .. .. Peso .. . .. ....... .. ...... ............ . De nn1 ark ...... .... ... .. ...... ..... .. ..... . Crown .................... .. .... .. .. Ecuador.... ... ..... .!... .............. ..... . Peso .. ........ ................. ... .. . Egy pt ......... ... .. . .... ... ............. ... . .P iaster ...... , ........•.... .... ...... France....... .. ............................ . F ranc... ....... .... ..... ....... ... .. . German Empire .. .. .. ... .. ............ . Jlfarc ........ ...................... .. . Great Britain ......... ... ... ... ... ...... . Pound sterling .. .. ....... ... ... . Greece ..... ......... ......... .. ............. . Drachm~ ................ .... ...... . Hayti.. .... ........ ............ .... .. .... .. . fi ourde ..... ........ ...... .: ........ . I ndia. ............ ......... ......... ........ . J:.u pee of 16 anuas ....... .... .. Italy .................... ........ .... .. .... . . Lira .. ..... .......... .............. .. . J apa n .................. ..... .. .. ... ....... .. Yen .............. .. .................. . Liberia .............................. ....... . Dollar......... ..................... . Me xico............................ ... ... ... . Dollar .... ........................... . N eth erlands ...................... .. .. ... . Flori n ...... ........................ . Norway .................................... . Crown ............................. . P eru ....................... ... .............. . Sol... .. ......... ...................... . Portugal.. ................. ........ ....... . Milreis of 1000 reis ........... . Ru~sia ..................... ...... .... ... .... . Rou ble of 100 copecks ....... . Spain .. .................... ... ....... ... ... .. Peseta of 100 centimes...... . Sweden ..................... ... ... .. ... ... . Crown .. .... ....................... . Switzerland .... ........ .. .... ..... ...... . Fra nc... ... ........ .... ..... ... ..... . Tripoli.. .. .... .. ..... ... ....... .... ........ . Mahlmb of 20 piasters...... . P laster............... ....... ... .... . . Peso .................... ......... .. .. Venezuela.. ..... .. .. ... . ... ... ........... . Bolivar.... .... .... .... .. .. .-.. . ..... . :~lf~:~~::::::::::::·.·.:::::::::::::::::::::: 0 <i,' ,,. ;. (D Q. ~ 0 0 ~...(v Monetary Unit. i~i;~e'lsi~~·;;,·c;;i~;;;iii~::::::::: Standard. Gold and •!Iver ... ... . .. Silver .. .. ......... .......... Gold and silver........ . Silver.. ........... ........ . . Gold ............ .. ........ . Gold ..... .... .. .. ..... ... . .. Gold and silver ... ..... . Gold and silver .. ..... .. Gold ....... ...... .......... . Si lve r ...... ..... ... .. .... .. . Gold .................. .. .. . . Gold and silver .. ..... .. Gold Gold ..... ............ .. ... .. Gold and silver ........ . Gold a nd silver ... ..... . Silver ...................... . Gold am\ silver ..... .. .. Silver .... .. .... ... ... ...... . Gold ...... ..... .......... .. Silver .. .. .. .. .. ............ . Gold and silver ........ . Gold ......... .. ............ . Silver... .... ....... .. .... ... Gold ... ....... ............. . Silrnr .. ... .... ..... .. ..... .. Gold and silver ... ..... . Gold ... ... .. .. ............ .. Gold and sil ver ........ . Sil ver................ ...... . Gold ...... .... .. .. .. .. ..... . Silver.. .................... . Gold and •liver ........ . Value In U.B.Money $1 4 1 l 96./; 39.3 19.3 79.5 54.6 00 91.2 93.2 26.8 79.5 04.9 19.3 23.8 86.6½ 19.3 96.5 37.8 19.3 85.8 00 86.4 40.2 26.8 79.5 08 63.6 19.3 26.8 19.3 71.7 04.4 ,9.5 19.a 1-1 ~ ·~ Standard Coin. Jt,, n, i, ½, and 1 peso, ½ argentine and argentine. 5, 10, and 20 francs. Boliviano. Condor, doubloon, and escudo. ....t"' Peso. e t~• ~/fa ~o!-':i~.l doubloon. 5, 111, 25, 50, a nd 100 plMten. 5, 10, and 20 fra ncs. 5, 10, and 20 marks. ½ sovereig n and sovereign . 5, 10, 20, 50, a nd 100 drachmll8. 1, 2, 5, and 10 gourdes. 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 lire. 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 yen, gold and silver yen. Peso or dollar, 5, 10, 25, and 50 centavo. 10 and 20 crowns. Sol. :?, 5 and 10 milre is. ¾, a nd 1 rouble. 5, JU, 20, 50, and JOO peoetaa. 10 and 20 crowns. 5, 10, and 20 francs. ½, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500 plasters. Peso. 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 bolivar. t"' 00 t-l ::,, > t-l t<l e, = .... ~ 0 :,:: ~ .., 0 145 THE UNITED STATES MINT. TREASURY DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, D. C., JANUARY 1, 1885. The foregoing estimation, made by the Director of the Mint, of the value of the foreign coins above mentioned, I hereby proclaim to be the values of such coins expressed in the money of account of the United States, and to be taken in estimating the values of all foreign merchandise, made out in any of said currencies, imported on or after January 1, 1885. H. McCULLOCH, Secretary of the Treasury In the estimation of the values proclaimed by the Secretary of the Treasury on the 1st of January, 1884, no changes were made in the values of foreign gold coins. The pricE' of silver bullion having declined, a corresponding reduction was made in the value of the coins of those countries where silver coins are the standard of value, and whose currency is upon a silver basis. For the reason stated, the value of the Austrian florin was reduced in the circular of January 1, 1884, from 40.1 to 39.8 cents; the boliviano of Bolivia, from 81.2 to 8-0.6 cents; the peso of Ecuador and United States of Colombia, and the sol of Peru, from 81.2 to 80.6 cents; the rupee of India, from 38.6 to 38.3 cents; the yen of Japan, from 87 .6 to 86.9 cent.s; the dollar of Mexico, from 88.2 to 87.5 cents; the rouble of Russia,, from 65 to 64.5 cents; and the mahbub of Tripoli, from 73.3 to 72.7 cents. Digitized by Google 146 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OP Distribution of the Currency of the United States. Nov. t, 1881. Nov. 1, 1882. Nov. 1, 1883. Nov. 1,18M. GOLD. Treasu:J' bless certil!cates ..•.....•...•..... 1167,781,909 8148,435,473 $157,353,760 $134,670,790 97,570,057 117,185,407 Nationa anks, Including certil!cates 107,222,169 94127,324 17,892,500 18,255,300 25,926,757 State banks, Including certificates...... 19,901,491 Total gold................................ $294,905,569 $260,455,29'7 $273,179,117 S2i7,784,954 SILVER. Treasury, standard sll ver dollars....... 866,576,378 Treasury, bullion .............................. TreasuJ\,fractional coin ..•••...••........ Nation anks ................................. 3,424,575 25,984,687 7,112,567 $92,414,977 $116,036,450 $142,926,725 4,646,497 4,012,503 4,936,365 26,749,482 29,346,757 26,712,424 8,234,739 8,092,557 10,247,926 Total silver·-······•--·--·············-- $103,098,207 $131,411,701 $157,933,165 Sl85,0l2,ll36 PAPER CURRENCY. Treaaurr bless certificates .................. S22,774,830 Nation:i anks, including certlllcates 77,630,917 State banks, including certificates..... 27,391,317 Savings banks........................•...••..... 11,782,243 $26,224,248 92,549,767 27,086,482 14,724,978 830,996,217 103,316,809 28,259,069 12,998,594 $26,258,827 114,507,113 32,659,605 14,079,452 Total currency ........................ $139,579,307 $160,580,475 St 75,570,682 $187,504,997 Grand totals............................ $537,583,083 8552,447,473 $606,682,964 $650,302,487 IC the amounts of gold and silver coin and of currency in the Treasury and the banks be deducted from the aggregate amount in the country, the remainder will be, approximately, the amounts in the hands of the people, as follows: I CuRRENT MONEY. Nov. 1, 1884. Nov. 1, 1879. Nov. 1, 1880. Nov. 1, 1881. Nov. 1, 1882. Nov. 1, 1883.. Gold ........... $307,826,918 Sl49,415,016 $200,250,181 $267,663,402 $306,650,159 $308,791,137 80,912,634 84,768,767 Silver•......... 90,722,903 67,228,7!4 73,848,285 82,939,158 Paper cur'y 492,735,832 502,168,488 542,951,898 $567,445,959 548,828,288 523,124,121 Totals ...... $891,285,653 S718,812,218 $817,050,364 $918,048,519 $936,391,081 $916,684,025 Aggregate Issues of Paper Money in War Times. The following table exhibits the amount per capita issued of the Continental money the French o.saignau, the Confederate currency, and the legal-tender greenbacks and National bank notes of the United States. I Amount issued. Population. Amount per head. Continental money.. 3,000,000 in 1780................................. $359,546,825.....•.. French assignau...... 26,500,000 (France in 1790).................. 9,115,600,000..•••.•• Confederate curr'cy 9,103,332 (11 Confederate States, 1860) 654,465,963 ....••.•. Greenbacks and national bank notes .. 31,443,321 (United States in 1860)......... c1:!:1~!~i~tn~~:::i~. $750,820,228....... . Digitized by Google $119 84 343 98 71 89 23 87. 1-17 THE UNITED STATES MINT. Medals and Proof Sets Sold during the Fisca.l Year ended June 30, 1884. Description. Number. sold. I ---------1----- Value. --------1---HEDAL'I. f Description. I PROOF SETS. Number sold. Value. Gold.......................... 130 S,\645 IO Gold.......................... 36 SI,1148 00 Silver......................... 598 1,153 91 Silver........................ 925 3,011 40 Bronze ....................... ~~ 1Mlnor........................ ~ ~ Total.................. 3,992 Total .................... 1 87,360 76 4,118 $5,049 72 CoinBge and Medal Dies Manufactured at the Mint at Philadelphia during the Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1884. For Phil&- For San For delphia. Francisco. Carson. Denomination. For New Orlean1. Total. ------------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---For Ji~t,' ;,°~':.~,:.'........................................ . Eai(le...................................... 5 Ha1f eagle.. ........................... Three dollar........................... Quarter eagle.......................... Dollar.................................... 12 Total ............................... . 33 2 2 40 20 IO llO SIS 81 2 2 12 10 10 9 12 -------------1·---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 70 132 =========!======= For silver coinage: Dollar ................................... . Half dollar............................ .. Quarter dollar ...................... .. Dime ..................................... . 128 2 2 86 20 80 60 .............................. ·····•········· IO ............................ .. 288 2 2 96 -------------1---- ---- -------- ---Total.. ........................... .. 218 90 20 60 388 =========·!======= For minor coinage: ...................... . Five cent ............................... . Three cent ............................. . One cent............................... .. 678 5 5 275 275 Total ............................... . 958 958 678 -------------1---- ---- ---- -------- Total Number of Dies. Gold coinage........................................................................................................... 132 Sliver coinage ......................................................................................................... 388 Minor coinage ........................................................................................................ 958 ~:tor~~';~~.t:~-~i~~::::::::::::::::::::·.-.-.:::::::::::::::::::::::::·..::::::::·.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~ i~~tr11;:;'.~~,:~:tt-.~:. . t~;.~.~-~._: ._: .: : ::: : : : : : : : ::: : : :::: : : .: : : : : : : : : : : : : : t 1,520- Medals Made at the Mint during the Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1884. Gold .......................................................................... ,.......................................... 97 Silver................................................................................................................... 524 Bronze ........................................... .. ...... .. .. .. .........................................................10,777' Digitized by Google • ,i • .... Specie Circulation. ~ 00 POPULATION. COUNTRIES. United States ..................................•..............•..• Great Britain and Ireland ................................. . Dominion of Canada, including Manitoba and Newfoundland ............................................... . British India ................................................•...• Ceylon .............................................................. . Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand ............... . Cape of Good Hope ............................................ , France ............................................................. . Algiers ........................... ................................... . i~\;f ~~~~l-~-~: :::::: ::::::::::::·•• ••·• •·.. ···• •,.. ,...... ,........ . Switzerlanu ..................................................... . Italy ....................... . ......................................... . 0 <O. "'N. (D Q. ~ 0 0 a....... g;:1~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::· [~~~~::::.·:::::::::::::::::::' .::::.-:::::::.·.-::::::::::::::::::::::::: Portugal, including Azores and Madeira ............ . Germany ........................................................... . i &~f~~~i.~.~~)!:!)!!;;;;;;;:;;:;;:;;:;;:;;;;;;:;::; Year.I Latest. 1880 1881 50,155,783 35,246,562 1881 1881 1881 1881 1880 18&1 J8i7 1878 1881 1~8U 1881 1882 1s;7 1sn 1880 18;8 1881) 1880 1881) 1880 4/iOG,563 1880 Russia .............................................................. . 188:JI Turkey ............................................................. . 1880 Roumania ........................................................ . 1881 2:i2,5-l 1,2 J0 2,,m,,1ut:> 2,798,898 780,7ii7 37,H72,048 2,8(i7,626 18.5,41i0 5,585,846 2,846,102 28 1452 1639 1 979 1423 t6'G·>5 860 1;a9-1;516 4,t;)0,191 4/i;)0,6!J9 45,:!:~\061 35,8:l!l,--128 6,479,l(i8 2,096,400 4,1;2,921 98,:J23,000 24,987,000 5,376,000 PER SPECIE. CAPITA. whPctt~i~~~la-1-----------------------, - - tion is stated. Silver, full J Silver, llmI Specie. Total. Gold. legal tender. ited tender. 5872,500,000 678,500,1!00 819 39 19 25 13,826,000 June 30, 1884 t9,326,ooo t4,5oo,ooo 1,037,0l~l,OUO Dec. 31, 188:l 771,000 Dec. 31, 1883 ... ... ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: p,o37t~7~;:: :::::::::::::::::::::: 70,000,000 tC,5,000,000 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5,000,000 Dec. 31, 188:l :J2,441 ,(JOO tao,ooo,uuo ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Dec. 31, 188:l 2,441,'JOO 1,442,900,000 Sept. 18, 1884 *848,UOO,OOIJ *537,000,000 57,900,000 15,21.~,,ooo Dec. 31, 188:l t9,300,0QO t ,,915,000 GG2,000 Dec. 31, 1883 il81,UOO 281,UOO 12a,.;oo,ooo G,:mo,ooo Sept. 11, 188-1 *64,0oo,ooo •5:1,uoo,1100 4,700,000 31,700,(H)() Sept. 6, 1881 •11,000,000 •10,oou,ouu 212,0IJU,UOO j34,000 ,uuo June 30, 1>!84 j140,0UO,OUO ~18,IJUU,IJ00 5,404,0UO Dec. 31, 1883 t2,iU2,000 t2, 702,001) 200,()110,000 30,000,000 Aug. :JO, 1884 l:lO,UOU,000 40,UUIJ,OUO 28,181,000 Dec. 31, 1883 t28,18l,OOO .................... . 2,u9.-;,ooo Dec 31 1883 t762,UOU t2,2:J6,000 .................... . 40,000,000 Dec: 31; 188:l tao,000,000 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 10,000,000 54;),!)00,000 Dec. 81, 1883 •3:34,420,000 109,480,000 •102,000,000 120,000.ooc Sept. 15, 1884 *4;\000,000 *75.000,000 .....•................ 19,43.">,t:Jl Dec. 31, 188:l 14,296,78:J ... ....... .. •. . .••... 5, 138,:368 1s,x9t,noo Dec. 31, 1883 1a,Ha6,ooo ······-···· ......... 4,958,000 85.000,000 *28,000,000 Sept. 13, 1884 *57,000,000 .................... .. 124,008,153 Aug. 13, 1884 1124,008,153 .......................................... . 74,~00,000 Dec. 31, 1883 39,G00,000 3.5,200,000 1· .................... . ll,550,000 Dec. 31, 1883 tll,387,000 .................... .. t163,000 3 07 Oct, 1, 1883 July 26, 1884 fQI0,500,000 •583,500,000 5187,000,000 $75,000,000 95,000,000 I···.................. ! Estimate in last report. Estimate of last year, adding coinage and deducting consumption. 28 25 Ul 41 54 38 30 5 ...................... (i) * Estimate of last year, with net imports added, deducting consumption. 4 10 l "Wahrung's Po\itik," 1884, by Ottomar Haupt. I Bank reserve only. :m 2:l 52 H 81 7 14 2 45 j 12 73 22 03 07 67 8 79 12 06 3 3.; a oo 9 20 I 3 2 00 3i 2G OU 15 ....t< t< q .., > ..,::c 00 t,: 1::1 ::i: ..,cil 0 ::c >< 0 >,j Specie Circulation-( Continued). COUNTRIES. Mexico ............................................. , ............... . Central Ainerica ........................... .. ... . ... , .. ........ . Argentine Republic .......................................... . Colombia.•......................................................... Brazil ............................................................... . Peru ................................................................. . Veuezuela ........................................................ . Chili.. ......................................... ~······················ Bolivia ............................................................... . Uruguay ........................................................... . Hayti ........................................................ ........ . fif:~a:;.·i~i'a;;;i;.·.:::::::::: :::·:::::::::::::::::: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: I POPULATION. Year. I Latest. 1880 1881 1881 1881 1882 1876 9,787,629 :l,000,000 11,831,326 a,0.,0,000 ]>l8] 2,075/!45 1876 ]876 ]880 ]8i7 1883 1882 2,4~0,,500 2,325,000 438,:!45 572,0UO 36,700,110 66,895 2,891,600 2,540,')00 PER I SPECIE. CAPITA. whfch!~i~~~la-1-----~------------,-----tion is stated. Silver, UmSliver, full Gold, Total. Specie. legal tender. ited tender. June Dec. Dec. Dec. lJec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Total... ..................................................... , ......... , .................. , ........ . I 30, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 1883 1883 1883 1883 1883 1883 1883 1883 18S:l 1883 1883 1883 1883 e$10,000,000 11140,000,000 ···········"········· $50,000,000 $5 23 t2,318,000 t374,0IJO ••.••................• 2,692,000 93 *10,000,000 t9,000,000 tl,720,000 20,720,000 8 15 ... ... ... ... ...•.. ... .••...•.•.•.......... $4,000,000 4,0v0.000 l 33 ......................••••...........•............•..........•......•..•.•.........•••.....••..••• t62,000 tl,820,00U ...................•.. 1,882,000 62 t2,ooo,ooo ............ ......... p2:i,ooo 2,12a,ooo 1 02 ..................... tG,000,000 ........•.....••••••.• 6,0.,0,000 2 47 ... ... ... ... ... ..• ... t5,400,000 ...........•....•••... 5,400,000 2 32 t4,601,ooo t1,ooo,ooo .........••........••• 5,601,000 2 28 t4,ooo,ooo t1so,ooo •.............•....... 4,780,000 8 36 92,000,000 44,333,ill •·••••••·······•······ 136,33~,712 3 71 54U,900 ...............•..... 950,000 1,499,UOO 22 41 ····I $3,293,606,836 I $2,310,680,712 I $443,930,368 I$6,048,217,916 0 <O. "'N. (D Q. ~ • New coinage, $6,000,000; foreign gold estimated, $4,000,000, t !f.stima~ i1> /ast report. t Estimated from total specie circnlation reported by United States minister. i! Bank reserve only , ..;i = t,j q z ~ t,;t t, u, ..;i ,..,> t,j u, :s:H z ~ 0 0 a....... (i) ~ ~.., ,j;;o. 150 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OJ!' U. S. Mint Test for Gold and Silver. The following is a test for determining whether coin is good or bad. Use the liquid& as near the edge of suspected coin as possible, as that is the part most worn. A drop of the preparation will have no effect on genuine coin, while it can be plainly seen on the counterfeit, Coins should be scraped slightly before using: TEST FOR GOLD, TEST FOR SILVER. Strong Nitric Acid (36°), 39 part& Muriatic Acid, 1 part. Water, 20 parts. 24 grains Nile of Silver, 30 drops Nitric Acid. 1 ounce Water. The above tests shot:ld be taken In conjunction with I>latMUr, Thicknes,, and W.iglal the tests used at the Mint. SUMMARY. Terma 'USed in treating of Bullion, Mints, Coinage, and Money. AssAYING.-Chemical analy~is of metals or ores. This term is employed in reference to mints and coinage, refers particularly to the process for determining the component parts and relative proportions of a mixed alloy of gold and silver, or the various alloys used for the manufacture of minor coins. REFINING.-Extract of base from precious metals; usually performed by the aid of heat and oxidizin~ fluxes. PARTING.-The separation of gold and silver when the two metals compose an alloy, either native or artificial, for the purpose of obtaining the metals, respectively, in the form of fine bars. This is accomJ?lishtd, first, by dissolving the silver with acids and subsequently precipitatmg; or,second, by converting silver into chloride by heat and chlorine ga;,, and then reducing the chloride to a metallic state. ALLOYING.-Compounding two or more metals together in suitable or legal proportions for coinage. Gold and silver are alloyed with copper for standard coins, and alloys are variously made of nickel and copper, or of copper, tin, and zinc for minor coins. FINE BARS.-Gold and silver bars resulting from the operations of parting and refining. Bars containing 99 per cent. of pure metal are generally · considered as fine bars. UNPARTED BuLLION.-Gold containing silver or silver containing gold which has not been subjected to the parting operation. · AMALGAM,-Gold and silver extracted from ores or other substances by the use of mercury and left in a porous or spongy condition, when the mercury is removed by distillation. • · FINENESS.-A term indicating the proportion of pure metal contained in a piece of gold or silver. Fineness is expressed in thousandths; that is, pure metal is 1000. United States coin is /o"lli fine, or decimally .900 fine. Fineness is estimated by jewelers and workers in the precious metals by "carats," pure metal being 24 carats. Thus 22 carats, the British standard for gold coins, is H, or decimally, 916i fine. DEPOSIT-MELTING.-The operation of melting I\ deposit of gold or silver at the Mint to secure a homogeneity of metal8, preliminary to taking a sample for assaying. REMEDY OF THE MINT.-The legal variation allowed from the fineness and weight prescribed by law for the coins. TRIAL OF THE PYx.-The annual test made by special commissioners of the fineness and weight of coins reserved from each delivery of coin by the coiner to the superintendent. These coins are known as Pyx coins, because kept in a pyx or chest. Digitized by Google l51 THE UNITED STATES MINT. REFRACTORY BuLLION.-Gold or silver bullion which contains a small percentage of lead, tin, or antimony, and which is therefore too hard or brittle to roll, cut, or stamp with facility. WASTAGE.-The amount of gold and silver lost in the processes which these metals undergo/reparatory to striking the coins. This ''wastage" by law must not excee a certain percentage of the gross amount of metal!. worked. SwEEPINGS.-The ashes, fluxes, crucibles, sweepings, and all other refuse materials from rooms in which the metals are worked, containing a small amount of gold and silver. STANDARD.-The weight and fineness fixed by law for the coins; hence the term "stnndard weight" or "standard finenefs." .BASE BuLLION.-Gold or silver oullion not fit for coinage purposes, by reason of the presence of base metals, until refined. MINT MARK.-The letter or mark on the coin, designating the mint at which it was struck; as "S" for San Francisco, "C C" for Carson City, "0" for New Orleans.* MONEY OF AccouNT.-The ideal unit, or money term, in which accounts are stated or transactions made, as the pound sterling of Great Britain, the dollar of the United States, the franc of France, and the reichsmark of the German Empire. CoINS OF STANDARD V ALUE.-In modem times a government first est:iblishes a money of account or ideal unit, and then fixes by law the quantity of gold or silver which shall, in the form of a coin with unlimited legal-tender power, represent that ideal unit. Such coins, with their multiples and divisions, are termed "coins of standard value" or "standard coins." · SUBSIDIARY Corns.--In the United States silver coins of less denomination than the dollar, which have a nominal value exceeding their intrinsic or bullion value, and limited as legal tender to sums not exceeding five dollars. MINOR CoINS.-Coins of small denominations used for change, and struck from other metals than gold or silver. MINT PRICES OF GOLD AND SILVER (COINING VALUE).-The rate per standard ounce at which the mint converts bullion into legal-tender coins. 'fhe coining rate of an ounce of standard gold bullion, i. e., bullion T"TPiP-cr fine in the United States is $18.604 The coining rate of the ~ilver dollar of 412½ grains, discontinued by law April 1, 1873, was $1.161\ per standard ounce. THE BASIS OF THE MONEY SYSTEM of all civilized nations is gold or silver, or both, in a ratio fixed by law. The relative valuation of the two metals in the coins of nations using the double standard, is about one of gold to fifteen and a half of Bilver. +. Partial List of Medals in Copper-Bronzed, also, in Gold and Silver, which may be obtained at the Mint. ARMY. Size. Washington before Boston .......................................... ;.. 42 Colonel William Washington, for Cowpens....................... 28 Major-General Harrison, foi: the Thames ... _....................... 40 Ma~or-General Sco.tt, for Chippewa .and Niagara............... 40 MaJor-G~neral Game~, for Fort Erie............................... 40 Major-General Porter, for Chippewa, Niagara, and Erie..... 40 Major-General Macomb, Battle of Plattsburgh.................. 40 Major-General Jackson, Battle of New Orl_eans......... ..... . ... 40 Major-General Taylor, Palo Alto.................................... 40 • The coins struck at the parent mint in Philadelphia bear no mint mark. Digitized by Google Price. $2 50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 152 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OP Major-General Taylor, fur l\Ionterey................................ Major-Gtllleral Taylor, for Buena Vista........................... Major-General Scott, for Battles in Mexico...................... Major-General Grant.................................................... Colonel Lee," Light-Horse Harry" .....................·..........••• Count DeFleury, for Stony Point.................................... 40 56 56 64 29 15 $1 50 3 00 3 00 8 00 1 50 2 25 NAVY. John Paul Jones, for Serapis........................•....•••......... Captain Hull, for Capture of Guerriere................•............ Captain Jacob Jones, for Capture of the Frolic................. . Captain Decatur, for Capture of the Macedonian ............... . Captain Bainbridge, for Capture of the Java ...................•. Captain Lawrence, for Capture of the Peacock ..............••.. Captain Burrows, for Capture of the Boxer...........•.....•..... Captain Perry, for Capture of British Fleet on Lake Erie..• Captain Elliott, for Capture of British Fleet on Lake Erie... Captain Warrington, for Capture of the Epervier...........•.. Captain Blakely, for Capture of the Reindeer .................. . Captain MaeDonough, for Capture of the British Fleet on Lake Champlain ..........•......•.•............•................... Captain Henley, Capture of British Fleet on Lake Champlain Lieut. Cassin, Capture of British Fleet on Lake Champlain... Captain Biddle, for Capture of the Penguin ...................... . Captain Stewart, for Capture of the Cyane and Levant........ . Captain E<lw. Preble before Tripoli ........................•..•..•.• 36 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 00 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 40 40 40 40 40 40 1 1 1 1 1 1 50 50 50 50 50 50 32 47 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 48 48 48 48 48 48 ) 50 PRESIDENTIAL. John Adams ............................................................... . Thomas Jefferson ........................................................ . James Madison ............................................................ . James Monroe .......................................................... . John Q. Ad_ams ........................................................... . Andrew Jackson .......................................................... . Martin Van Buren...................................................... . John Tyler................................................................. . James K. Polk ........................................................... . Zachary Taylor ........................................................... . Millard Fillmore ......................................................... . Franklin Pierce........................................................... . James Buchanan ........................................................• Abraham Lincoln ........................................................ . Andrew Johnson ......................................................... . Ulysses S. Grant. ........................................................ . Rutherford B. Hayes.................................................... . James A. Garfield ........................................................ . Chester A. Arthur ........................................................ . 48 2 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1 502 00 2 00 2 00 2 002 00 2 002 00 Captain Perry (State of Pennsylvania), for Capture of the British Fleet on Lake Erie..................................... . 40 Pennsylvania Volunteers, Action on Lake Erie................. . 40 Major-General Scott (Commonwealth of Virginia) ...........•.• 56 1 501 50 3 00 SUB-NATIONAL MEDAL'S. MISCELLANEOUS AMERICAN. Professor Agassiz J.fedal. .............................................. . 30 Colone_! Arm.strong, for Destruction of the Indian Village of Kittanning ................................................•.......... 27 Captains Creighton, Low, and Stouffer, Wreck of Steamer San Francisco........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........•••••. 47 Digitized by Google 1 50 1 00 2 00 153 THE UNITED STATES MINT, Captains Creighton, Low, and Stouffer, Wreck of Steamer San Francisco, by Congress...................................... Cornelius Vanderbilt, by Congress......... :......................... First Steam Coinage...................................................... Commodore M. C. Perry, from Merchants of Boston........... Pacific Railroad Medal................................................. Emancipation Proclamation Medal................................. Cyrus W. field, Atlantic Cable Medal............................. Dr. Joseph Pancoast..................................................... Grant Indian Peace Medal............................................ Garfield Indian Peace Medal... ........................... (oblong) Arthur Indian Peace Medal................................ " "Let Us Have Peace" ............................·...................... Metis (Shipwreck) Medal............................................... John Horn (Life Saving) Medal..................................... U.S. Diplomatic Medal, July 4, 1776.............................. Valley Forge Centennial................................................ Great Seal .Medal......................................................... 50 48 16 40 29 29 64 48 40 $3 00 2 50 25 2 00 1 25 1 00 8 00 3 00 3 00 2 00 2 00 1 25 1 50 1 00 2 00 50 1 50 29 42 30 45 25 39 DIRECTORS OF THE MINT. David Rittenhouse........................................................ Robert lH. Patterson............ .. ... . . . . ... .. . . .. .............. ... .. . . . . James }{oss Snowden.................................................... James Pollock ................................................... ,......... H. E. Linderman......................................................... 28 42 50 29 50 1 25 1 50 A. Loudon Snowden...................................................... 50 2 00 2 50 1 25 2 00 SUPERINTENDENT. FINE GOLD MEDALS. (See Rule a.) Time Increases His Fame............................................... James A. Garfield......................................................... Commencement of Cabinet............................................. Washington and Jackson.............................................. Lincoln and Garfield..................................................... 16 16 12 10 10 12 00 9 00 6 2.5 4 50 4 50 37 25 18 16 16 16 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 25 6 00 3 00 1 00 75 60 5035 25• 25 21> 25 21> 25 25 1 50 FINE SILVER MEDALS. (See Rule 3.) Cabinet Medal............................................................... Presidency Relim1uished .............................. ......... ....... Allegiance Medal......................................................... Time lnl'reases His Fame.............................................. James A. Garfield......................................................... Pennsdvania Bi-Centennial........................................... Cornniencement of Cabinet............................................. Washington and Jackson.............................................. Washington and Lincoln............................................... Washington and Grant......................... ........................ Washington Wreath........................... .... ..................... Lincoln andGrant........................................................ Lincoln Broken Column................................................ Lincoln and Garfield.................................................... Valley Forge Centennial................................................ The diameter of the medals is expressed by numbers, each of which indicates the sixteenth of an inch. Medals struck to order in gold, silver, or bronze, from dies of publio lnstitutions. Digitized by Google i54 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF MEDALS AND CABINET COINS. MINT OF THE UNITED STATES. Philadelphia, July 1, 1885. RegulationB. 1. The price of Medals, Proof Coins, Pattern Pieces, &c., sl.all be fixed by the Superintendent of the Mint, with the approval of the Director. 2. No Coin or Pattern Piece shall be struck after the year of its date, nor in any other metal or allov than that in which the Coin was issued or intended ·to Le issued, except ·experimental p:eces in Copper or other soft metal to prove the dies, under 1he direction of the Superintendent The dies shall be defaced at the end of each year, and s11ch impressions as the Engraver may find necessary to take while preparing the dies shall be destroyed in the presence of the Superintendent when the dies are finished. 3. \Vhen a Pattern Piece is adopted and used in the regular coinage in the same year it shall then be issued as a proof, at a price n~ar its current value; or if it comes out early in the year, it will be placed in the reg11lar Proof Set. The Superintendent will furnish, without charge, on application therefor, a Pattern Piece to any incorporated Numismatic Society in the United States. In such cases, if the pattern is in Gold or Silver, the value of the metal will be required. 4. The price of the regular Proof Set of Gold Coins will be Forty-three Dollars; the Proof Set of Silver and Minor Coins, Three Dollars. Sin~le Gold Pieces, in proof, are sold at Twenty-five Cents each above their mtrinsic value. Silver Sets are not separated. Proof sets are furnished of the current year only. The Mint has no Coins or Sets of back dates for sale. 5. The Coins of the United States are:GOLD. SILVER. Donble-Eagle, Eagle. Half-Eagle, Three-Dollar, Quarter-Eagle, Dollar. CoPPER-N ICKEL. Dollar, Half-Dollar, Quarter-Dollar, Dime. Five Cents. Three Cents. BRONZE. One Cent. The coinage of the Silver Dollar of 412! grain•, the Five and ThreeCent Silver Pieces and Bronze Two-Cent Pieces was discontinued in 1873, but the Silver Dollar was restored by the Act of February 28, 1878. All orders must be sent to Superintendent of the Mint at Philadelphia. DANIEL M. FOX, Superintendent PORTRAIT OF WASHINGTON. The frontispiece in the bound volume of this book, is an exact reproduction, by the Gutekunst phototype process, of the obverse of the Washington medal executed by Charles C. Wright, about the year 1850, anrl particularl_v described on page 34 of the" Medallic Portraits of Washington" by W. S. Baker, lately published (the price of which is five dollars). The' bust was modeled by Wright, after the original by the celebrated French sculptor, Jean Antoine Houdon, executed from a cast taken from the face of Washington at Mount Vernon, in October, 1785, and is considered be good judges to be the best medallic portrait of Washington yet produced. An impression of the medal is, in the Washington Cabinet of the Mint; the reverse presents an excellent copy of Trumbull's well known picture of the Declaration of Independence. Digitized by Google 155 THE UNITED STATES MINT. 1887- COIN CAPPROXIMATD PRICES CURRENT, R eriscd by R. CouUon Dai•~~, Ph . G., Cum /or of the Numismatic Society. GOLD CoLONfAL CoINS. FINE. ll-000. 1785, Justice-eye, "Immune Columbia " .. ...... ... ...... ...... $600 00 $500 00 1787, Sun-eagle, "Nova El,oral'a " ....... .. ... ......... ........... 300 00 150 00 S!L\'ER COLOXIALS. 1652, N. E. XII, New-England shillin f{..... .. ................. 1652, " VI, " sixpenc~...................... 1652, " Ill, '' three pence ................... 1650, Pinetree XII, "Masathusets" sh1l1ing .................. 1652, " " " " ..... .. . .... .. ... 1652, '' Smaller and thick er ... .. .. .... ...... 1652, XII, "Musatnsets" ........ ......... 165 2, '' VI," .Masathusets " sixpence........ ......... 1652 " III " th1 eepcnce.... ... ...... .. 1652: " II,' " tw opence.... ........... .. 1652, Oaktree, XII, " shilling....... ..... ... .. . 1652, " VI , '' sixpenec................. 1652, " I II, " threepence............... 1662, II, " twopence................ 1662, " I. " penny...... ...... ..... ... 1659, head shield, Lord Baltimore shilling.................... 1669, " '' " sixpence .................. 16.59, " " " fourpence................ 1760, Charles III. rose, Florida hnlfdollar .................... 1773, George III. shield, Virginia shilling.................... 1783, U.S. 1000-eye, "Nova Constellutio " .................... 1783, ' ' 50().eye, "Nova Constellatio " ... .................. 1785, " Justice-eye, "Nova Constellatio" quarter dollar...... .......... ..... .... ....................... 1783, hands clasped, Annapolis shilling...... .................. 1783, " " sixpence. .. ................... 1873, " " threepence .. ... .. .. .... .. .. . 1790, head "Standish Barry" threepence.. .................... 1796, female head," Castorland" half dollar....... .......... 35 40 100 50 10 200 150 00 25 00 00 20 0\1 00 40 00 00 20 00 00 5 00 00 3 00 OU 8 00 00 5 00 00 5 00 00 5 00 00 3 00 00 4 00 00 4 00 OU 4 00 00 10 00 00 10 00 00 10 00 00 10 00 00 20 00 00 6 00 00 100 00 00 75 00 100 15 15 15 26 2 00 50 00 00 5 00 00 8 00 00 8 00 00 , 10 00 00 1 50 10 8 15 15 15 15 5 6 8 8 30 15 20 20 ao TIN CoLONIAL. 1690, horseman-shields, ,James II. tin piece................... 1776, Sun-dial" Continental Currency"........................ 3 00 15 00 1 /iO 5 UO COLONIAL COPPER COINS. 300 00 1616, hog;;ihip, "So!!1mer lsl~,nds" s~illing ............. : .. .. 16113, sixpence .. ............... . 400 00 1694, elephant, "God preserve Carolina," half dollar .... .. 40 00 20 00 Elephant, "God preserve New England," half dollar 150 00 50 00 Elephant, "God preserve London," half dollar .... .. 2 50 1 50 1721, 2 L's," Col's Francoises," Louisiana half dollar .. .. .. l 00 2 50 1722, 2 L's," Col's Francoises," Louisiana half dollar ....•• 2 50 1 JO Digitized by Google 156 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF 1767, 2 L's,'' Col's Francoises," stamped R. F., Louisiana half dollar...........................•....................... 1767, 2 L's,'' Col's Francoises," without R. F., Louisiana half dollar...................•..............•...............• 1766, head ship, no stamps, Pitt halfpenny ................... . 1773, George HI. shield, Virginia halfpenny ............... . smaller size, Virginia halfpenny 1773, " " U. S. A., 13 bars, Bar cent. ............................... . 1722, George I. rose," Rosa Americana," penny ........... . 1722, " " " " halfpenny...... . ·' " farthing ........ . 1722, " " 1722, " " " •• farthing ........ . 1723, Ge~rge .I. rose, not crowneci, "Rosa Americana," larthmg..................................................... . George 1. rose, "Rosa sine spina," halfpenny ........ . 1723, neorge I. crowned rose, " Rosa Americana," penny 1723, George I. crowned rose, "Rosa Americana," halfpenny ........................................................ . 1724, George I. crowned rose, "Rosa Americana," h_:dfpenny ........................................................ . 1723. George I. crowned rose, "Rosa Americana," farthing 1723, G.,orge I. crowned rose, "Rosa .\mericana," halfpenny ....................................................... . 1733, George II. crowned rose," Rosa Americana," penny 17:17, deer-hammers, "Connecticut" cent..................... . 17:{7, " "I am good coppe,," cent.............. . 17:3!l, " " " " Granby cent ... . 1787, " "Connecticut," Granby cent ... ....... . FINE. GOOD. $2 00 $1 00 4 00 2 50 1 00 75 3 50 4 00 2 50 3 00 4 00 1 50 1 50 25 25 2 00 1 50 1 00 1 50 2 00 15 00 30 00 4 00 5 00 15 00 2 00 2 50 1 50 15 00 2 50 10 00 5 30 40 40 40 40 3 20 20 20 20 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 " axe," I cut my way through," Granby cent ............................................................ . 40 00 No date, axe," I cut my way through," Granby cent ....... . 40 00 1778, head Indian, "~on depcmlens," cent ...................• 25 00 17ti3, U. S. eye, '' No\'a Constellatio," cent ................... .. 1 00 178:{, " " " " " .................... . 1 00 178,i, U.S. eye, "Nova f'onstellatio," cent .................... . 1 00 1783, Liberty cag, d, "Georgins Triumpho," cent.. ......... . 3 00 1787, Indian-stars, "Inimica Tyrannis," cent.. .............. .. 40 00 1785, Indian-stars, stars in circle," Inimica Tyrannis," cent 40 00 3 50 Scroll-triangle, Kentucky cent ............................ . Scroll-triangle, lettered edge, Kentucky cent.. ....... .. 3 50 1796, Britannia-children, British settlements ................. . 25 00 1787, Indian-eagle, Massachusetts cent ........................ .. 1 00 1787, " " half-cent ................... . 3 00 1788, " " cent ......................... . 1 00 1788, " " half-cent.. ................. . 3 00 1787, sun-<1.ial links, "We are one," Franklin cent......... . 50 1 50 00 00 00 00 00 00 1737, 20 00 20 00 15 00 40 30 40 1 2i> 20 OU 20 00 2 00 2 00 15 00 40 1 25 50 1 25 26 NEW YORK CENTS. 1786, head, Justice, "Non vi virtute vici," ................... .. 1787, Indian-eagle, "Neo Eboracus," .......................... . 1787, Indian-eagle, arms of New York, "Excelsior," ..... .. 1787, George Clinton, arms of New York," Excelsior," .. . 1786, eagle, arms of New York, "Excelsior," ................. 1787 " ,, " ,, ,. . ............... . 1787: Justice-eagle, "Immunis Columbia," .................... . 1787, head, Liberty to right," Nova Eborac" ............... .. 1787, head, Liberty to left, "Nova Eborac," ................. . Digitized by 75 50 40 50 60 60 00 00 00 00 00 00 8 00 2 00 2 00 Google 40 30 20 25 30 30 4 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 50 76 157 THE UNITED STATES MINT. VERMONT CENTS. FINE. GOOD. 1785, head, Justice, "Immune Columbia" .................... . $15 00 $10 00 1785, Justice-eye, "Immune Columbia" ....................... . 25 00 15 00 1 00 1785, sun-eye," Vermontis Respublica" ........•..............• 3 00 5 00 2 00 1785, " " " •··············•········ 1786, " "Vermontensium Respublica" ................. . 2 50 1 00 30 1786, head, Britannia "Vermon Auctori" .................... .. 60 25 50 1787 " " " " ············••········ ::;o 75 1788: " " " ,, .................... . 1786, Baby head, Britannia "Vermon Auctori" .............. . 1 50 50 1787, head, Britannia" Vermon," ''Et lib Inde" ....•........ 1 00 50 1 00 40 "Britannia," ............. . 1787, " " " 1 00 1787, " " George III.," rex. lnde et lib" ...... . 2 00 NEW JERSEY, CENTS. 1786, horse head, shield, '· Nova Cresarea" ................... .. $1 00 1786, horse head, shield (date under beam), "Nova Cresarea" ................................................... . 60 00 1787, horse head, shield, large size, "Nova Cresarea" ...... . 60 1787, " " " smaller, ''Nova Cresarea" ........ .. 30 2 00 l 787, " " " "E pluribs," "Nova Cresarea" ... 50 1788, " " " "NovaCresarea" ..................... . 1 50 1788, '' " " Fox type, "Nova Cresarea" ...... . 4 00 17 88, horse head to left, shield, " Nova Cresarea" ........... . 1787, Justice-shield, "Immunis Columbia" ..................•. 25 00' $0 30 30 00 25 10 1 00 20 40 1 00 15 00 CONNECTICUT CENTS. 1787, head to right, Britannia" Auctori Connec" ........... . $0 25 $0 10 1785-6-8, head to right, Britannia'' Auctori Connec" ..... . 50 20 1785, (Negro head) Brit8nnia "Auctori Connec" ........... . 1 00 50 1785, (Laughing head) Britannia" Auctori Connec" ....... . 1 50 75 1785, head to left, Britannia " Auctori Connec" ............. . 50 20 50 25 1786-7-8, head to left, Britannia" Auctori Connec" ....... . 1 00 50 1786-7, " " " "Et lib Inde Connec'' .. . 1 00 1 30 '' Auctori Connec" ........ . 1787-8, " " " There are many more minor types of the Connecticut and New Jersey. SILVER DOLLARS. FINE. FINE. 000D. 1794, flowing hair ... $125 00 $80 00 1795, " " .... 3 00 2 00 3 50 2 50 1795, fillet head...... 4 00 3 00 1796 ···················· 1797, 6 stars facing... 5 00 3 50 " 400 350 1797 7" 1798: 13 '' small eagle 6 00 4 00 " 12 00 8 00 1798 15" " 1798; 13 " large eagle 2 50 2 00 5 00 1799, 5" facing...... 7 00 " 2 00 1 60 1799 6 ,, 1800; spread eagle..... 3 00 2 00 1801 .... ........ ......... 5 00 3 50 3 00 1802 . ... ......... .. ... . .. 4 00 1803 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 00 2 00 1804 ........................... 500 00 GOOD, 1836, name in field ... $40 00 $23 00 1836, flying eagle ...... 10 00 6 00 1838, " " .. . . .. 50 00 25 00 ,, " ...... 30 00 20 00 1839, 1840, Liberty seated.. 2 25 1 (iO 1841 . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 00 1 60 1 60 1842 . ····· ............... 2 00 1 60 1843 ................ ..... 2 25 1 00 1844 ..................... 2 00 1845 . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . . •... 2 50 2 00 1846 . . . . . .. . . . . .. •. . . . . . 2 00 1 50 1847 ········............. 1 75 1 50 1848 ..................... 3 00 2 25 1849 . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 75 1 50 1850 . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . 4 00 3 00 18.jl ..................... 40 00 30 00 Digitized by Google 158 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF FINE. 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 lb65 1866 GOOD. FINE. ..................... $40 00 $30 00 ............ ......... 4 00 3 00 6 00 . . . . . .. .. . .. . .... .... 8 00 . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . ... 6 00 4 00 •.. ..• . .. . .. ....... .. 5 00 4 00 . ... . . . .... . . ... .. ... 4 00 3 00 ..................... 40 00 30 00 . . ... ... ... ..... ••.• 1 50 1 40 ..................... 1 80 1 50 1 50 . .. ....... ...... .. . . . 1 80 . .. . . . .... .. . .. . .. .. . 1 80 1 50 .......... ..... ...... 1 80 1 50 . .. .. . .. . ... ... . .. . .. 1 80 1 50 ....... .. ............ 1 80 1 50 1 60 . . . . . . . ••. . .. .. . . .. . . 2 00 GOOD. 1867 ..................... $1 80 $150 1868 ..................... 2 00 176 1869 ···················· 1 50 140 1870 •···················· 1 50 140 1871 ..................... 1 50 140 1 20 1872 ......... ..........• l 30 1873 ..................... 2 00 160 1873, trade dollar...... 2 00 1 50 140 1874 " " 1 75 1875 ., 1 50 140 1876 ., " 1 20 116 1877 " " 1 20 110 1878 " 1 20 115 " 1879 to 1884, proofs... 2 00 1 75- HALF DoLLARS. FINE. GOOD. FINE. GOOD. 1794, flowing hair..... $8 00 $5 00 1807 ..................... $1 50 $125 150 1795 " " ..... 2 50 1 50 1807, head to left...... 2 00 1796, 15 stars........... 75 00 50 00 1808 ..................... 2 00 100 n, 1796, 16 " ........... 100 00 60 00 1809 ..................... 1 00 75 1797, 15 " ··········· 75 00 40 00 1810 ..................... 1 00 7/i 1801, fillet head........ 8 00 5 00 1811 ..................... 1 25 8 00 1812-::................... 1 oo 75 1802 ········•············ 10 00 75 1803 ····················· 3 00 150 1813 ..................... 1 00 1 50 1805 ..................... 3 00 1814 ..................... 1 00 75 1806 ..................... 1 50 1815 ..................... 8 00 1 25 5 00 Half dollars, from 1817 to 1885, inclusive (excepting 1851 and 1852, worth irom $2.50 to $5.00), from 75c. to $1.00. · QUARTER DoLLARS. FINE. GOOD. FINE. GOOD. 1796, fillet head ...... ,. $8 00 $4 00 1820 ·······•············· $1 00 $0 75 1821 ..................... 1 00 75 1804 ····················· 7 00 3 00 1805 ..................... 3 00 150 1822 ..................... 2 00 100 1806 ····················· 2 00 1 00 1823 ..................... 30 00 25 00 1807 ..................... 2 50 1 25 1824 ..................... 2 00 1 00 1815, head to left...... 3 00 2 00 1825 ..................... 1 00 7o 1818 ..................... 1 00 75 1827 ····················· 50 00 40 00 1819 ..................... 1 50 1 00 · Quarter dollars, from 1827 to 1885, inclusive (excepting that of 1853 without arrow heads, worth from $6.00 to $10.00), with, 50c. to 75c. TwENTY·CENT PIECES. F[NE. GOOD, 1875, Liberty seated .....$0 40 $0 30 1876 " " ..... 60 50 I FINE. GOOD. 1877, Liberty seated .....$5 00 $4 00 1878 " " ••..• 5 00 4 Ou DIMES. 1796, 1797, 1797, 1798, 1800 1801 1802 FINE. GOOD. fillet head ......... $4 00 13 stars............. 6 00 16 " .....•••...• 8 00 fillet head......... 6 00 . .. ... ... . .. . . . . . . . .... 8 00 ............ ........... 6 00 ....................... 10 00 $2 00 3 00 4 00 3 00 5 00 4 50 6 00 FINE. 1803 ....................... $4 00 1804 ....................... 12 00 1805 ······················· 1 50 1807 . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .... 2 00 1809, head to le£t..... ... 3 00 1811 ..... ............ ....• 3 00 Digitized by Google GOOD. $2 50 10 00 75 1 00 2 00 2 00 159 THE UNITED STATES MINT. Dimes, from 1811 to 1885, inclusive (excepting that of 1846, worth $1.00 to $2.50), frem 20c. to 35c. HALF DIMES, FINE, GOOD. FINE. GOOD. 1794, flowing hair... $6 00 $4 00 1800, fillet head...... .i2 00 $1 50 1801 .................... 5 00 3 00 1795 " " 2 00 1 uo 6 00 4 00 1802 .................... 125 00 80 00 1796: 15 stars......... 5 00 3 00 1803 .................... 5 00 3 00 1797, 15 " ......... 1797, 16 " ......... 4 00 2 00 1805 .................... 6 00 4 00 Half dimes, from 1805 to 1873, inclusive (excepting 1846, worth from fl.00 to $2.50), from 10 to 30 cents. SILVER THREE-CENT PIECES. From 1851 to 1872, inclusive, worth from 15 to 75 cents, according to llOndition. 1873...... ...... ... .. .. ... .. . ... .... . .. . ... ..... . . .... ..... ... ••• $2 00 $1 50 NICKEL FIVE-CENT PIECES. PROOFS. 1866 ................... . 18(l7, with rays ...... . 1867, without rays .. . 1868 ................... . 1869 ................... . 1870 .................. .. 18il .................. .. 1872 .................. .. FINE, $0 1, $010 2 iiO 50 10 15 15 10 15 10 10 1.5 1.5 10 10 15 PROOFS, 1873 1874 18i5 1876 1877 1878 18i9 ................... . .................. .. .................. .. .................. .. ................... . ................... . .................. ., FINE. $0 15 $0 10 15 10 15 20 15 10 30 20 2,5 40 12 10 NICKEL THREE-CENT PIECES. PROOFS, 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 ................... . ................... . .................. .. ................... . .................. .. ................... . .................. .. .................. .. PROOFS, FINH, $0 15 $0 08 15 8 8 15 15 8 15 8 15 8 15 8 15 8 FINE. 1873 ................. .. $0 15 $0 08 15 1874 .................. .. 8 1875 ................... . 20 15 10 1876 ................... . 8 1877 ................... . 25 20 1878 .................. .. 25 20 25 20 1879 to 1884, proofs. Two-CENT PIECES. PROOFS. 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 .................. .. ................... . ................. .. ................... . .................. .. PROOFS. FI~E. $0 20 $0 io 20 10 10 20 10 15 15 10 1869 1870 1871 1872 18i3 .................. .. .................. .. .................. .. ................... . .................. .. FINE. ,- $0 15 $0 08 15 8 25. 15 50 40 125 75 COPPER CENTS. FINE, FINE, GOOD, 1793, chain America $20 00 $12 00 1793, " 10 00 6 00 " 1793, wreath ........... 8 00 5 00 1793, lettered edge... 9 00 6 00 1793, liberty cap ..... 15 00 8 00 1 50 75 1794, " " 17\/5, " lettered edge ............ 2 50 1 00 1795, liberty, thin die 1796, " ~, " 17!J6, fillet head ...... 1797 1798 ................... li99 .................... 1800 1801 ···················· .................... .................... Digitized by GOOD, $1 50 $0 50 2 00 75 2 00 100 1 50 40 1 00 25 25 00 10 00 50 1 00 1 00 50 Google 160 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF -~---PINE. PINE. OOOD. OOOD. $125 $0 75 1802 .................... $0 50 $0 25 1806 1 00 1807 40 20 50 1803 .................... 2 00 75 1804 .................... 10 00 6 00 1808, head to left .•... 400 150 100 50 1809 1805 ·········•·········• From 1809 to 1857, inclusive, worth from 15 to 60 cents, according to condition. ···················· ···················· .................... NICKEL AND BRONZE CENTS. PROOFS. PROOFS. GOOD. 1856, eagle, pickel... $3 50 $2 50 50 5 1857 ................... . 50 5 1858 ..................•. 50 5 18,59, Indian head .. . 25 5 1860· ................... . 25 5 ,1861 ...•...............• 25 5 1862 ................... . 25 5 1863 ...................• 25 5 1864 ···················· 10 3 1864, bronze .......... . IO 3 1865 ................... . IO 3 1866 ................... . . 1867 ................... . 10 3 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 OOOD. .................. .. $0 05 $0 03 5 3 ................... . ................... . 5 3 ................... . 5 3 ................... . 5 3 5 3 ................... . ................... . 5 3 5 3 ···················· 5 3 ................... . 5 50 ................... . ................... . 5 3 5 3 ·············"····· HALF CENTS. FINE. FINE. GOOD. 1793, liberty cap...... $5 00 $2 50 1 50 2 50 1794, " " lettered 1795, " 3 00 1 50 e<lge ............ 179.'\, liberty, thin die 2 00 1 00 1796, " cap ...... 40 00 20 00 1 00 2 00 1797, " " lettered 1797, " 5 00 3 00 edge ............ 50 1 00 1800, fillet head ...... 5 00 3 00 1802 25 50 1803 10 2-5 1804 .· 50 25 1805 5d 25 ,1806 25 50 1807 .................... 50 25 1808 ................... 15 2-5 1809, head to left ..... 2 50 1 00 1810 3 00 150 1811 .................... 20 40 1825 15 25 1826 20 40 1828, 1:! stars.......... 10 20 1828, 13 " .......... 20 30 1829 ···················· ··················•· ................. ···················· ···················· .................... .................... .................... ···················· 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 184-5 1846 1847 1848 1849 1849, 1850 1851 1852 18-53 1854 1855 1856 1857 OOOD. (proof) .......... $12 00 20 $0 15 ···················· 10 20 ···················· 10 ................... 20 .................... 10 20 (proof) ,. .......... 128 00 00 X 00 " 15 00 " 10 00 ···················· .................... lUOO 10 00 .................... ' 10 00 ···················· 10 00 8 00 .................... 8 00 large date ...... 25 40 20 30 .................... 10 25 ······--············ (proof) .........• 10 00 10 15 25 15 .................... 25 15 ···················· 15 20 30. ................... 25 .................... ···················· .................... ···················· GOLD DOUBLE EAGLE!. PINE. GOOD. 18-50, head to left.... $25 00 $23 00 1851 . ............. ...... 25 00 23 00 1852 •. . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . •. 25 00 23 00 I 1853 . .. . .. . .. . . .... . . . . . $30 00 $25 00 FINE, GOOD. 1854 ...... .............. 23 00 185-5-79, consecutive 22 00 22 50 21 75 Digitized by Google 161 THE UNITED STATES MINT, GOLD EAGLES. FINE. GOOD. FINE. GOOD. 1795, head to left ...... $1-'> 00 1796, W stars............ 20 00 1797, " spread eagle 15 00 1798,l3stars, " 1600 1799, " spread " 14 00 1800 ........•............ 14 00 1801 ..................... 14 00 1803 ..................... 15 00 $13 00 15 00 13 00 1400 12 00 13 00 13 00 13 00 1804 ..................... $15 00 1838, head to left...... 15 00 1839 ..................... 15 00 1840 ..................... 15 00 1841 ..................... 13 00 1842 ....................• 13 00 1843-54, consecutive .. 12 00 1855-68, " .. 11 00 $13 00 13 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 11 00 10 50 GOLD HALF EAGLES. FINE, FINE. GOOD. 1795, head to right.. .... $10 00 1796, 16 stars ............ 15 00 1797, " spread eagle 12 00 1798. 13 stars, '' 8 00 1799, " " 10 00 1800 ....................... 10 00 1801 ... .. . . ..... .. ... .. .. .. 30 00 1802 ....................... 10 00 180:{ .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . . •. . . ... 8 00 1804 . ... .. ...... ... ... .. .. . 8 00 1805 ............ .. .. .. .. .. . 8 00 1806 .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .... . .. . 8 00 1807 . ...................... 8 00 1808, head to left........ 8 00 $8 00 10 00 10 00 7 00 8 00 8 00 20 00 8 00 7 00 7 00 7 00 7 00 7 00 7 00 1809 ....................... $8 00 1810 ....................... 800 1811 ....................... 8 00 1812 ....................... 8-00 1813 . .. . . . ... . . . . . . ... .. ... 8 00 1814 ······················· 8 00 1815 ....................... 100 00 1818 .. ,.................... 8 00 1819 .. ,. .................. 8 00 1820 . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. 8 00 1821 ............ , ., .. . .. . . . 8 00 1822 ............ ,.......... 8 00 18:l3-54, consecutive... 6 00 18,55-79, " . 5 75 GOOD. $7 00 700 7 00 7 00 7 00 7 00 50 00 7 00 7 00 7 00 7 00 7 00 5 75 5 50 GOLD THREE DoLLAilS. FI~E. GOOD. 1854, head to left ...... $4 00 $3 75 3 50 1855 ..............•...... 3 75 I 1856 .......•...........• $4 00 FINE. 1857-7\J, ~onsecutive.. GOOD. $3 75 3 50 3 40 GOLD QUARTER EAGLES. FINE. 1796, 1796, 1797, 1798, 1802 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808, GOOD, without stars....... $8 00 16 stars.............. 10 00 16 " .............. 7 00 13 " ·············· 5 00 ........................ 6 00 . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. 5 00 ... . . .... ..... . . .. .. . ... 5 00 ........................ 5 00 ........................ 5 00 head to left... ...... 5 00 $6 00 6 00 5 00 4 00 5 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 FINE. 1821 ....................... $5 00 1824 .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . . 5 00 1825 ........................ 5 00 1826 .. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . . 8 00 1827-4!), consecutive..... 4 00 1850 ........................ 3 25 1851 ........................ 3 25 1802 ........................ 3 25 1853-79, consecutive....• 3 00 GOOD. $4 00 4 00 4 00 6 00 3 50 3 00 3 00 3 00 2 80 GOLD DOLLARS. FINE. GOOD. 1848, head to left ......... $1 ~O $1 30 1850 ........................ 1 oO 1 30 1851 •.. .. . .... ... .. . .. .. ... . l 40 l 2.5 I _18-'>~ .:................_. .......$1 40 $1 25 FINE. 1853-19, consecutive..... 1 40 • GOOD. 1 25 CALIFORNIA GoLD. $50 1851, octagon ............... $G5 00 $20 (Territorial), varieties.... 30 00 Eagle, " " 15 00 Half eagle, " " 10 00 Quarter " " " 5 00 Dollar (California), octagon.. 1 25 Dollar (California), circular.. 1 25 Half Joll., octagon, diff. dates $0 55 " " circular, " 55 Quar. " " 35 !' " octagon " 35 Bechtler dollar (N. Carolina) 1 50 Bechtler t eagle '' 3 50 Digitized by Google 162 ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF "Su:11uo1ARY OF ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF ALL THE MINTS AND ASSAY OFFICES, FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1885. Washington, October 29, 1885. Dr. James P. Kimball, Director of the Mint, has submitted to the Secretary of the Treasury his annual report of the operations of the mints and assay offices of the United States, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1885. The value of the gold deposited at the mints 11-nd assay offices during the year was $56,748,752. The value of the silver deposited waa $38,082,222. Over $32,000,000 was classified at the mints as of domestic production. The total coining value of the gold and silver deposited and purchased at the mints was $94,830,976, against $87,955,154 in the previous year. The decline in the production of gold on the Pacific Coast is shown by the continued falling off of deposits at the mint in San Francisco, the value of the gold deposited at that institution having declined over $8,000,000 since 1881. The coinage executed at the mints during the year was: Gold, $24,861,123; silver, $28,848,959; minor coins, $527,557; a total of $54,237,639. Of the silver coinage $28,528,552 consisted of standard dollars. The number of silver dollars distributed by the mints during the year was 20,373,625. The number in circulation increased from 39,794,913 on July 11 1884, to 45,275,710 on October 1, 1885. The amount in the Treasury increased during the same period from $135,560,916 to $165,483,721. The Director estimates the amount of gold and silver coin in the country on J nly 1, 1885, at $820,000,000, of which $542,000,000 consisted of gold and $278,000,000 of silver; total coin and bullion July 1, 1885, $892,500,519. The Director estimates the production of the world to have been during the calendar year: Gold, $95,00J,OOO, and silver, circnlated in most cases at its coining value, at $115,000,000. Value in United States Money, of One Ounce Troy of Gold, at different. Degrees of Fineness. 500 Fine •..... $10.33.6 510 " ...... 10..54.3 520 " ...... 10.74.9 580 " ...... 10.95.6 540 " ...... 11.16.3 560 " ... . .. 11.36.9 560 " ...... 11.57 .6 570 " ...... 11.78.3 580 " ...... 11.99. 590 " ...... 12. 19.6 600 " ...... 12.40.3 610 " ...... 12.61. 620 " ...... 12.81.7 630 Fine ...... $13.02.3 640 " ...... rn.23. 650 " ...... 13.43.7 660 " ...... 13.64.3 670 ,, ...... 13.85. 680 " ...... 14.0:,. 7 690 700 710 720 730 740 " ,, " " " " ...... ...... ...... ...... ... ... ...... 750 " •....• 15.50.4 14.26.3 14.47. 14.67.7 14.88.4 15.09.4 15.28.7 760 Fine..... .$15.il.1 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 " " " " " " " " " " " " ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... •..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 890 Fine.......$18.39.8 15.91.7 900 " ....... 18.60.5 16.12.4 910 " ...... 18.81.l 16.33.l 920 " ...... 19.01.S 16.53.8 930 " ...... 19.22.5 16.74.4 910 " ...... 19.43.1 16.95. l 9.iO " ...... 19.63.S 17.15.8 960 " ...... 19.84.5 17.36.4 970 " ...... 20.05.2 li.57.1 980 " ...... 20.25.8 li.77.8 990 " ...... 20.46.5 17.98.4 1000 " ...... 20.67.2 18.19.l N. B.-Wben there is an intermediate degree of fineness, a short calculation is necessary. For every one-thousandth, add 2.07 cents per ounce for golJ. Thus, one ounce of gold at 992 fine-$20.50.6 Comparison of Expressing the Fineness of Gold in ThouRandths, and in Carats.* - 500 Fine 510 520 " 530 540 " 550 " 560 " 570 " 580 " 590 " 600 " 610 620 " ..." . 12.00 Carats 12.08 " 12.1-5 " 12.23 " 12.a1 " t:l.07 " 13.14 " 13.22 " 13.29 " 14.05 " 14.13 14.20 14.28 " " " 630 Fine 641) " GiiO " GGO " 670 " GRO " 690 " 700 " 710 " 720 " i no " 7l!J " 7.,0 " 1.5.0 I Carats li>.ll " \.1.19 1,,.-27 lG.03 " " " lG.lu 11;.!8 16.25 17.01 17.09 17.17 17.21 18.0) " " " " " " " " 760 Fine 770 " 780 " 790 " 800 " 810 " 820 " 830 " 840 " 3.;o 860 870 880 " " " " 18.08 Carats' 18.15 " 18.23 " 18.31 " 10,07 19.14 19.22 19.29 20.05 20.13 20.20 2~.28 21.04 " " " " " " " " " 890 Fine 21.11 Carat1> 900 " 21.19 " 910 " 21.27 " 020 " 22.02 930 22.10 " 940 " 22.18 " 951) " 22.25 " 960 " 2:1.01 " 970 " 23.09 980 " 23.17 990 " 23.24 " ilOUO " 24.00 " " " " I • The Carat is sub-divided into thirty-two parts. Digitized by Google +-NOTE TO T:S:E VISITORS+OF THE PHILADELPHIA MINT. A• there are many places of Interest In "Penn'• Favorite City," the publlaher of this work would respectfully sugg"8t that visitors, who have the leisure, should see some of the well-known institutions of" The City of Brotherly Love." Among the mre places of interest, after the United State• Mint, is lst.-THE NEW PUBLIC BUILDINGS (i,; same square), known as the NEW CITY HALL, the Large■t and Finest in the World, surpassing even the Capitol at Wa1hington. 2d.-FAIRMOUNT PARK, the largest and most beautiful public pleasure ground in the United States, embracing nearly three thousand acres, on both sides of the Schuylk:11 ltiver, from Fairmount Water Works to Indian Rock, on the romantic Wissahickon. 3<l.-GIRARD COLLEGE, where cl~ven hundred and filly Orphan Boys are maintained, clothed and educated through the bountiful munificence of Philadelphia's great benefactor, STEPHEN GIRARD. 4th.-- WANAMAKER'S GREAT STORE, East of and almost adjoining the Mint. This immense establishment (the largest of the kind in the World) has grown to such va,t proportions during the past decade that we feel compelled to give it a brief notice, as it bas become one of tho features of our city, and an object of interest to our visitors. The building itself is unique; it occupies an entire square, viz :-from Thirteenth to Juniper and from Market to Chestnut Streets-entrance on each of the four streets. The flooring space occupied in the interior, including first floor, basement and galleries, embraces more than twelve acres, and all this immense space is occupfad with such goods as everybody, at some time in life, feels tho necessity ofpurehasin:;. The general arrangement and classification of goods from nll nations (there bcin3 over fifty sepa.rat& and distinct departments), suggests a reproduction of the Main Building of our late great Centennial Exposition, with the Department of Public Comfort added. One of the great features of this Mammoth Bazaar is that visitors are made to fcl'l at home, every provision being made for their convenience. There arc commodious Retiring and Reading Rooms on either floor. One's Satchel and Parcels are checked without cost, and no one Is importuned to purchase. Visitors will find it hard to resist the Temptinsi OfFer■ and Low Price■ marked on the goods. 5th.-lNDEPENDENCE HALL, (The Nation's Birth-place) Chestnut Street between· Fifth and Sixth Streets; National Museum, in same building, containing many interesting r·elics of the Revolution and of WllBhingtoo's Camp Life; The Old Liberty Bell hanging in the hallway leading to Independence Square, where the Declaration of Independence was read to the people, July 4th, 1776. 6th.-ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS, Broad Street (west side; between Arch and Race Streets, should be visited by all lovers of the Fin• Arts. 7th.-The NEW MASONIC TEMPLE, Northeast corner Broad and Fill>ert Streets. Visiting days every Thursday. 8th.-The NEW POST OFFICE and U. S. COURT BUILDING. This is one of the finest buildings of the kind in the country, and well worthy of a visit; also, the NEW "RECORD" BUILDING, adjoining. 9th.-The BURIAL PLACES OF BENJAMIN ■ nd DEBORA FRANKLIN can be seen at South- east corner Fifth and Arch Streets. l0th.-There are other notable places of interest in the City of "Brotherly Love," among which may be mentioned CARPENTERS• HALL, UNION LE/I.GUE, DEAF AND DUMB AND BLIND ASYLUMS, LAUR.EL HILL CEMETERY, PENNSYLVANIA AND WILL'S HOSPITALS, and the hundre<l and one other benevolent instit11tions for which Philadelphia is justly celebrated. (!) Digitized by Google lHE REAL ESTATE TRUST COMPANY OF PHILADELPH IA 1340 Chestnut Street. Capital, $500,00 0. OFFICERS: Pn■ldent. FRANK K. lilPPLE, • WILLIAM R. PHILLER, . Secretary. , Treasurer. WILLIAM F. NORTH, THOMAS B PROSSE;R { Real E■tat• Officer. ' · DIRECTOR S: FRANK K. HIPPLE, HENRY C. GIBSON, LEMUEL COFFIN, BEAUVEAU BORIE, WILLIAM M. SINGERLY, JOHN WAN AMAKER, GEORGE PHILLER, EDWARD T. STEEL, CHARLES W. HENRY, JOHN F. BETZ, THOMAS DOLAN, R. DALE BENSON. GEORGE JUNKIN, Solicitor. a general Real Estate bualne88, acting u agent or attorney Company transact• for buying, holding, leasing and selling property In the City of Philadelphia and Tlta HIS Ticinlty. Negotiates Mortgages and placee Ground Rentas. to the Renting of Propertlee and the Collection of Renta, to rIVFJd especial att.entlon ofTuea and Water Rent.1,a11dtoth emuingofneedfu lrepairao11 \J the payment 111ch properties!· In all respects taking the aame charge and management of, and givlq ihe same at-tent on to, Real F.atate as the owner could do• .r<)LLE()TS Ground Renta, Intereat on Mortgagee, Divldenda and Inoome of all ltlnda . '\., what.loever. ECEIVES Depoalts of Money, payable by Check on demand, and allow, Interen Special Deposits bearlllg Intereet. of Certlficatea Negotiable thereon. Issues CTS u Truatee, Guardian, Executor, Administrator, Aulgnee, Booeher, Commltt<ie, Attorney, etc. Receives and e:recutea Trusts of eYery deacrlption, under the appolatmeat of ,Courta, Corporations and lDdividuals. &come• surety for the faithful performance of an1 Trust or Office; acta u Trall8fer Agent or Re11lstrar of !:'tock• and Bonda of Corporation■ or Munlclpalltlea. All Trust Funds and luvestments are kept aeparate and apart from thoae of tu <Jompany, SSUFil Policies of Title Insurance to Real Estate and Real Eatate Seoorltlea, In Philadelphia and adjoining counties, thereby alfordlng absolute security to Purchuer■ -and their Heirs, at a nominal coat . LSO Issues Policies of Special Insurance against Decedenta' 'Dehta, Meohanlca' Liem, Judgments, Old Ground Rents, etc. ECEIVES for safe-keeping Securities, Plate, Jewelry, Deeds, Mortgages, and other Valuables, at reasonable rates. Rent.I Safe Deposit Boxes in the Company'■ Burglar-proof Vaulta, ..Wording aecurlt7 .against loss by Robbery, Fire or Accident. Tbeee Boxes are rented according to u -&nd location, at from Five to Fifty Dollars per annum. R A I .A R GENTS for the aale of the reliable Six Per Cent. Hortga~ee and Debentures of" The New England Loan and Trust Co. of Dea Molnee. Iowa: ' and of" The New England ~ 11st Co. of Kansas City, Mi,,souri ;" both Principal and Interest guaranteed, and lnterest payable ieml-annually, by coupon, In either Ne,r York or Philadelphia. D,git,zed by Google j The Union Trust Co. 611 and 613 Chestnut PHILADELPHIA.. Authorized Capital, $f,000,000. St!eet, Pd.id-Up C8.ptta]_ $»00.001 EXTERIOR VIEW OF VAULTS. CHARTER PERPETUAL. Acts as Executor, Administrator, Assignee, etc.-alone, or in connection with an individual ~ppointee. All '.&ust Assets kept se:paratejron, those of the Company. Burglar-Proof Safes to rent at $6 to $60 per annum. Wills kept in Vaults without charge. Bonds, Stocks, and other valuables taken under guarantee. Paintings, Statuary, Bronzes, etc., kept in Fire-proof Vaults. Money received· on deposit and interest allowed. Repository for Western Mortgage Loans, bearing 6 and 7 per cent. Interest. Principal and Interest guaranteed. JAMES LONG, P,·esi,dent. JOHN G. READING, Vice-Pruident. MABLON S. STOKES, '1.'reasurer and Secretary. D. R. PATTERSON, '.&ust Ojjirer. DIRECTORS: JAMES LONG, ALFRED o. (iILLETT, JOSEPH W&JGHT. DR. CHAS. P. TORNER, WILLIAM S. PRICE, JOHN T. MONROE, w. J. NEAD TaOllAS R. PATTON, Jou,; G. READING, WM. H. LUCAS, WILLIAM WATSON, HENRY s. ECKERTt. D. HAYES AGNEW, M. D. Philadelphia. l!eading. Jos. I. KEEFE, SAMUEL RIDDLE, EDMUND s. DOTY, RoBERT PATTERSON, Glen Riddle Pa. Mifflintown. THEODOR <. ENGEL, , ' JAC,OB NAYLOR, DR, GEO~OE W. RBILY, W. W. H. DAVDI, Taos. G. Hoon, Harr1Sburg, Pa. Doylestown. EDWARD L. PERKINS, J. SrnrsoN AFRICA, R. E. MONAGDil,. Philadelphia. Huntlni;<lon. West Cheater. Digitized by Google LU ex: c:C 3:: 3:: c:::> --' --' c:::> I :::c I •.... t- ii c:, c:C . .....J s=> c,3 I -. C'-) c:::> ► i a ex: cc are MYll> r. oo•o.,..._ S. J'JlANX WlLl,IAJIL DAVID F. CONOVER & CO. (Successors to WM, B, WARNE & CO,J Manafaoturers and Wholesale Dealers in WATCHES ~JEWELRY, American Watch Wholesale Salesroom: Corner Chestnut and Seventh Streets, (i'IRST i'LOOR,) P~.A.DELF:S::J:.A. CLARK BROTHERS, No. 1227 Chestnut Street, P:S::J:L..A..::CELF:S::J:~ Jobbers and Retailers In Watohee, Clock• and Jewelry, Opera and Field Ola"!!••• Sllve,·-plated Ware, Pocket Cutlery, Scissors, RevoivEre, Pttrfumery, Photograph Albums, Fancy Article• and Novelties, at Oreatly Reduced Prloee. WATC!i.t.11 ABD JBW.EL&Y OA&EFULLY &EPAI&.ED AT LOW P&IOBI. Visitors to the llrmt are specially invited to visit our :Buaar. OPt:N FROM 7 A. M. TO 10 P. M, Digitized by Google Established 1783. J. C. McALLISTER, (Succea■or to W. Y. ll/IcALLISTER,) Manufacturing * 81>tician, SPECTACLES, EYE-GLASSES, 1610 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. lLuL 0BDEBS A. 8PECliLTY. PIAf-l0S NOT FOR THE FEW-BUT THE MILLION, Our Prices for the renowned instruments, of which we have the sole con&rol, we have marked down BO Jo,r that you cannot afford to entertain &he purchue of a cheap or poorly made instrument before visiting our . W arerooms and having our prices for 8"'Ch VXlrld-jamm,,a ~ CII The HAJ.J,E'l' & DAVIS PIANOS, The Matchless IVERS & POND PIANOS, And the FAMOUS MIIJ,E"R. ORGANS, ONLY AT OWEN & SIMPSON, (Suooessors to M. DeLONO & CO.) 1117 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. !LL IW8 or PIAIOB m OWII WD 11 llCUIR. Digitized by Google THE GOODWIN GAS STOVE AND METER CO. 1012 to 1018 FILBERT STREET. Salesroom , 629 Arch St., Philadelp hia. SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF THB "SUN DIAL" GAS COOKING I HEATING STOVES. The lost Economlcal, Efficient and Durable Gas Ston ·lade. laft&Me for Pamntee, Hotefe, :Reatauranta, and Publlo lnatltutlona, LAunltry, 'llatten'· 111111 Tailors' Heatera, Hot Platea, Bolling Stovea, Hot Water Generaton. Broiling Ranges. Waffle Baltera1 Contectlonera' Heaters, Warmlnf. Qoeeta, Cheerful Heating 8io1'-. Agente for Verity Br-.' l'litent Gu FiNlll for Open Gratee or Fire Placea. The appearaDce la that or a Coal Fire. . , . Send for Catalogues and Price Lista. 4 West 14th St., and 142 Chambers St., New York.. 76 Dearborn Street, Chicago. D,gilized by Google .I .i ' ' I "! I Digitized by Google i Digitized by Google I . J 1 l' l Digitized by Google • , Dig1tiz lb;Google