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1 Technical information: (202) 691-6378 http://www.bls.gov/cps/ Media contact: 691-5902 USDL 06-640 For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Friday, April 14, 2006 FOREIGN-BORN WORKERS: LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS IN 2005 In 2005, foreign-born workers made up about 15 percent of the U.S. civilian labor force age 16 and over, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The unemployment rate for the foreign born fell to 4.6 percent in 2005, down from 5.5 percent in the prior year. Over the year, the jobless rate of the native born declined from 5.5 to 5.2 percent. This news release compares the labor force characteristics of the foreign born with those of their nativeborn counterparts. The data on nativity are collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 households. The foreign born are persons who reside in the United States but who were born outside the country or one of its outlying areas to parents who were not U.S. citizens. The foreign born include legally-admitted immigrants, refugees, temporary residents such as students and temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the numbers of persons in these categories. For further information about the survey, see the Technical Note. Demographic Characteristics The demographic characteristics of the foreign-born labor force differ significantly in many respects from those of the native born. For example, men made up a larger proportion of the foreign-born labor force (60 percent) in 2005 than they did of the native-born labor force (52 percent). Also, the proportion of the foreign-born labor force made up of 25- to 54-year olds is higher than for their native-born counterparts (76 and 68 percent, respectively). (See table 1.) About 49 percent of the foreign-born labor force was Hispanic, and 22 percent was Asian, compared with about 7 and 1 percent, respectively, of the native-born labor force. One out of 5 of the foreign-born labor force was white, compared with nearly 4 out of 5 of the native-born labor force. (Data in this release are presented for non-Hispanic whites, blacks, and Asians and for persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.) (See table 1.) In terms of educational attainment, 28 percent of the foreign-born labor force 25 years old and over had not completed high school in 2005, compared with about 7 percent of the native-born labor force. About equal proportions of both the foreign and native born had a bachelor’s degree and higher (31 and 33 percent, respectively). (See table 1.) On a regional basis, the foreign-born share of the labor force ranged from about a quarter in the West to 7 percent in the Midwest. (See table 6.) 2 Labor Force and Unemployment In 2005, foreign-born workers made up about 15 percent of the U.S. civilian labor force, little different from a year earlier. About 22 million, or 67.7 percent, of the foreign born were in the labor force in 2005, about the same proportion as in 2004. The labor force participation rate of the native born was 65.8 percent in 2005, about unchanged from the prior year. (See table 1.) Over the year, the number of foreign-born labor force participants edged up by 609,000, about a third of the total labor force increase in 2005. Since 2000, the foreign born have accounted for 46 percent of the net gain in the total labor force. Foreign-born men were more likely to be labor force participants (81.3 percent) than their native-born counterparts (71.9 percent). In contrast, 54.1 percent of foreign-born women were labor force participants, compared with 60.1 percent of native-born women. The labor force participation rate of foreign-born women with children under 18 was 58.5 percent in 2005, compared with 73.2 percent for native-born mothers. Among women with children under age 3, the participation rate for the foreign born was 44.2 percent, while that for the native born was 62.0 percent. In 2005, participation among both groups of mothers of young children edged up from the prior year. About 96 percent of both foreign- and native-born fathers with children under 3 were in the labor force in 2005. (See table 2.) The unemployment rate of the foreign born declined from 5.5 percent in 2004 to 4.6 percent in 2005. Over the year, the unemployment rate for foreign-born men declined from 5.0 to 4.1 percent, and the rate for foreign-born women declined from 6.3 to 5.4 percent. Among the native born, the unemployment rate declined from 5.5 to 5.2 percent. (See table 1.) In 2005, the unemployment rate of the foreign born was lower than that of the native born for the first time since the data series began in 1996. Occupation Management, professional, and related occupations made up the largest share of employment for both foreign-born and native-born workers in 2005, 26 and 36 percent, respectively. Foreign-born workers were more likely than their native-born counterparts to be employed in several service occupations, including food preparation and serving related occupations, and building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations. Foreign-born workers also were more likely than the native born to be employed in farming, fishing, and forestry; construction and extraction; and production occupations. The foreign born were less likely than the native born to work in sales and office occupations. (See table 4.) Earnings In 2005, the median usual weekly earnings of foreign-born full-time wage and salary workers were $511, compared with $677 for the native born. Among men, median earnings were $523 per week for the foreign born, compared with $760 for the native born; the median for foreign-born women was $487, compared with $596 for the native born. As with the native born, the earnings of foreign-born workers increased with education. The foreign born 25 years of age and over with less than a high school education earned $385 per week in 2005, while those with bachelor’s degrees and higher earned 2-1/2 times as much—$960 a week. (See table 5.) Technical Note The estimates in this release are based on annual average data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS, which is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), is a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that provides information on the labor force status, demographics, and other characteristics of the nation’s civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over. In response to the increased demand for statistical information about the foreign born, questions on nativity, citizenship, year of entry into the United States, and the parental nativity of respondents were added to the CPS beginning in January 1994. Prior to 1994, the primary sources of data on the foreign born were the decennial census, two CPS supplements (conducted in April 1983 and November 1989), and, to some extent, information collected by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (formerly known as the Immigration and Naturalization Service). The foreign- and native-born data for 2005 are not strictly comparable with data for 2004 and earlier years because of the introduction in January 2005 of revised population controls used in the CPS. The effect of the revised population controls on the foreign- and native-born estimates is unknown. However, the effect of the new controls on the monthly CPS estimates was to decrease the December 2004 employment level by 45,000 and the unemployment level by 4,000. The updated controls had little or no effect on unemployment rates and other ratios. For additional information, see “Adjustments to Household Survey Population Estimates in January 2005” available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/ cps/cps05adj.pdf. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200, TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the “true” population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90percent level of confidence. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and Earnings. Concepts and definitions Foreign born. The foreign born are persons residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The foreign-born population includes legallyadmitted immigrants, refugees, temporary residents such as students and temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of persons in these categories. Native born. The native born are persons born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Race and ethnicity groups. In this release, the data are presented for non-Hispanic whites, blacks, and Asians and for persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. These four groups are mutually exclusive but not exhaustive. Other race groups (including persons who selected more than one race category) are included in the overall totals but are not shown separately because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop statistically reliable estimates. The presentation of the data on race and ethnicity in this release differs from that which appears in most analyses of CPS labor force data in that persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity are separated from the race groups. Because persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity can be of any race, they are usually included in the race groups as well as shown separately in the Hispanic or Latino ethnicity group. The reason for the difference in the data presentation in this release is because about half of the foreign born are of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity and they have somewhat different labor force characteristics than the non-Hispanic foreign born. Employed. Employed persons are (a) all those who, during the survey reference week, did any work at all as paid employees, worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm, or who worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family-operated enterprise; and (b) all those who did not work but had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent due to illness, bad weather, vacation, childcare problems, labor disputes, or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid for the time off and whether or not they were seeking other jobs. Unemployed. The unemployed are persons who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work at that time, except for temporary illness, and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not be looking for work to be classified as unemployed. Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed. Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. Labor force participation rate. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population. Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. Table 1. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations by selected characteristics, 2004-05 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) 2004 2005 Civilian labor force Characteristic Civilian noninstitutional population Civilian labor force Unemployed Total ParticipaEmployed tion rate Number Unemployment rate Civilian noninstitutional population Unemployed Total ParticipaEmployed tion rate Number Unemployment rate TOTAL Total 16 years and over .................... 223,357 Men ..................................................... 107,710 Women ............................................... 115,647 147,401 78,980 68,421 66.0 73.3 59.2 139,252 74,524 64,728 8,149 4,456 3,694 5.5 5.6 5.4 226,082 109,151 116,931 149,320 80,033 69,288 66.0 73.3 59.3 141,730 75,973 65,757 7,591 4,059 3,531 5.1 5.1 5.1 FOREIGN BORN Total 16 years and over .................... Men ..................................................... Women ............................................... 31,763 15,913 15,849 21,433 12,905 8,528 67.5 81.1 53.8 20,255 12,263 7,992 1,178 642 536 5.5 5.0 6.3 32,558 16,321 16,236 22,042 13,263 8,779 67.7 81.3 54.1 21,022 12,720 8,302 1,020 544 477 4.6 4.1 5.4 Age 16 to 24 years ..................................... 25 to 34 years ..................................... 35 to 44 years ..................................... 45 to 54 years ..................................... 55 to 64 years ..................................... 65 years and over ............................... 4,191 7,821 7,481 5,342 3,294 3,634 2,497 5,988 6,085 4,305 2,050 507 59.6 76.6 81.3 80.6 62.2 14.0 2,278 5,670 5,787 4,096 1,945 479 219 318 298 210 105 28 8.8 5.3 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.5 4,168 7,902 7,620 5,578 3,499 3,791 2,469 6,094 6,162 4,473 2,278 566 59.2 77.1 80.9 80.2 65.1 14.9 2,277 5,824 5,930 4,285 2,163 542 192 270 232 188 115 24 7.8 4.4 3.8 4.2 5.1 4.2 Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 1 White non-Hispanic or Latino ............ Black non-Hispanic or Latino ............. Asian non-Hispanic or Latino ............. Hispanic or Latino ethnicity ................. 7,141 2,360 7,062 14,878 4,282 1,731 4,738 10,439 60.0 73.4 67.1 70.2 4,088 1,595 4,530 9,808 194 136 208 631 4.5 7.9 4.4 6.0 7,239 2,360 7,289 15,360 4,351 1,746 4,922 10,794 60.1 74.0 67.5 70.3 4,187 1,631 4,728 10,252 165 115 194 541 3.8 6.6 3.9 5.0 Educational attainment Total, 25 years and over .................. Less than a high school diploma ........ High school graduates, no college 2 ... Some college or associate degree ..... Bachelor’s degree and higher 3 .......... 27,572 8,796 6,929 4,259 7,587 18,936 5,351 4,707 3,104 5,773 68.7 60.8 67.9 72.9 76.1 17,977 4,974 4,493 2,944 5,566 959 377 214 161 207 5.1 7.0 4.5 5.2 3.6 28,389 9,053 7,106 4,354 7,876 19,573 5,545 4,804 3,181 6,043 68.9 61.2 67.6 73.1 76.7 18,745 5,227 4,599 3,064 5,856 828 318 205 118 188 4.2 5.7 4.3 3.7 3.1 Total 16 years and over .................... 191,594 Men ..................................................... 91,797 Women ............................................... 99,797 125,968 66,075 59,893 65.7 72.0 60.0 118,997 62,261 56,736 6,971 3,813 3,158 5.5 5.8 5.3 193,525 92,830 100,695 127,278 66,769 60,509 65.8 71.9 60.1 120,708 63,254 57,454 6,570 3,516 3,055 5.2 5.3 5.0 32,228 31,118 35,745 35,904 25,625 30,975 19,771 26,219 30,072 29,452 15,963 4,490 61.3 84.3 84.1 82.0 62.3 14.5 17,352 24,753 28,793 28,374 15,386 4,339 2,419 1,466 1,280 1,079 577 151 12.2 5.6 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.4 32,505 31,162 35,385 36,529 26,666 31,278 19,821 26,247 29,868 29,930 16,701 4,712 61.0 84.2 84.4 81.9 62.6 15.1 17,493 24,856 28,699 28,922 16,186 4,552 2,328 1,391 1,168 1,008 515 160 11.7 5.3 3.9 3.4 3.1 3.4 Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 1 White non-Hispanic or Latino ............ 149,414 Black non-Hispanic or Latino ............. 22,876 Asian non-Hispanic or Latino ............. 2,358 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity ................. 13,231 98,920 14,355 1,455 8,833 66.2 62.8 61.7 66.8 94,480 12,817 1,391 8,122 4,440 1,537 64 711 4.5 10.7 4.4 8.0 150,155 23,283 2,444 13,773 99,539 14,694 1,496 9,030 66.3 63.1 61.2 65.6 95,430 13,155 1,434 8,380 4,109 1,538 62 650 4.1 10.5 4.2 7.2 Educational attainment Total, 25 years and over .................. 159,366 Less than a high school diploma ........ 18,873 52,930 High school graduates, no college 2 ... Some college or associate degree ..... 43,297 3 44,266 Bachelor’s degree and higher .......... 106,197 7,118 33,128 31,334 34,617 66.6 37.7 62.6 72.4 78.2 101,645 6,434 31,451 30,033 33,727 4,552 684 1,676 1,301 891 4.3 9.6 5.1 4.2 2.6 161,019 18,818 53,302 43,915 44,984 107,457 7,135 33,392 31,793 35,137 66.7 37.9 62.6 72.4 78.1 103,215 6,485 31,799 30,561 34,369 4,242 649 1,593 1,232 768 3.9 9.1 4.8 3.9 2.2 NATIVE BORN Age 16 to 24 years ..................................... 25 to 34 years ..................................... 35 to 44 years ..................................... 45 to 54 years ..................................... 55 to 64 years ..................................... 65 years and over ............................... 1 Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 2 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 3 Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees. NOTE: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2005 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004. See the Technical Note for further information. Table 2. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 16 years and over by presence and age of youngest child and sex, 2004-05 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) 2004 2005 Characteristic Total Men Women Total Men Women With own children under 18 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 12,740 9,614 75.5 9,125 71.6 489 5.1 6,060 5,710 94.2 5,474 90.3 236 4.1 6,680 3,904 58.4 3,652 54.7 253 6.5 12,781 9,653 75.5 9,247 72.3 406 4.2 6,084 5,737 94.3 5,547 91.2 190 3.3 6,697 3,916 58.5 3,700 55.2 216 5.5 With own children 6 to 17, none younger Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 6,268 5,024 80.1 4,785 76.3 238 4.7 2,907 2,715 93.4 2,605 89.6 110 4.0 3,361 2,309 68.7 2,180 64.9 129 5.6 6,353 5,053 79.5 4,852 76.4 201 4.0 2,950 2,750 93.2 2,658 90.1 93 3.4 3,403 2,303 67.7 2,194 64.5 108 4.7 With own children under 6 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 6,472 4,590 70.9 4,340 67.1 250 5.5 3,153 2,995 95.0 2,869 91.0 126 4.2 3,319 1,595 48.1 1,471 44.3 124 7.8 6,428 4,600 71.6 4,395 68.4 206 4.5 3,134 2,987 95.3 2,889 92.2 98 3.3 3,294 1,613 49.0 1,505 45.7 108 6.7 With own children under 3 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 3,789 2,596 68.5 2,457 64.8 139 5.4 1,865 1,778 95.3 1,705 91.4 72 4.1 1,924 819 42.6 751 39.1 67 8.2 3,732 2,595 69.5 2,489 66.7 106 4.1 1,841 1,760 95.6 1,711 93.0 49 2.8 1,891 835 44.2 778 41.1 57 6.8 With no own children under 18 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 19,023 11,819 62.1 11,130 58.5 690 5.8 9,853 7,195 73.0 6,789 68.9 406 5.6 9,170 4,624 50.4 4,340 47.3 283 6.1 19,777 12,389 62.6 11,775 59.5 614 5.0 10,237 7,526 73.5 7,173 70.1 354 4.7 9,539 4,863 51.0 4,603 48.2 260 5.4 With own children under 18 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 53,136 43,757 82.3 41,882 78.8 1,875 4.3 23,424 22,053 94.1 21,342 91.1 711 3.2 29,712 21,703 73.0 20,540 69.1 1,163 5.4 52,845 43,521 82.4 41,727 79.0 1,794 4.1 23,226 21,852 94.1 21,202 91.3 650 3.0 29,619 21,669 73.2 20,524 69.3 1,145 5.3 With own children 6 to 17, none younger Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 30,101 25,642 85.2 24,700 82.1 942 3.7 13,279 12,358 93.1 11,993 90.3 365 3.0 16,821 13,284 79.0 12,707 75.5 577 4.3 30,095 25,526 84.8 24,600 81.7 926 3.6 13,252 12,329 93.0 11,977 90.4 351 2.9 16,843 13,197 78.4 12,623 74.9 574 4.4 FOREIGN BORN NATIVE BORN See footnotes at end of table. Table 2. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 16 years and over by presence and age of youngest child and sex, 2004-05 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) 2004 2005 Characteristic Total Men Women Total Men Women With own children under 6 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 23,036 18,115 78.6 17,182 74.6 933 5.1 10,145 9,696 95.6 9,349 92.2 347 3.6 12,891 8,419 65.3 7,833 60.8 586 7.0 22,749 17,995 79.1 17,127 75.3 869 4.8 9,974 9,524 95.5 9,225 92.5 298 3.1 12,776 8,472 66.3 7,901 61.8 570 6.7 With own children under 3 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 13,363 10,252 76.7 9,696 72.6 556 5.4 5,941 5,693 95.8 5,483 92.3 210 3.7 7,422 4,559 61.4 4,212 56.8 346 7.6 13,384 10,285 76.8 9,769 73.0 516 5.0 5,910 5,650 95.6 5,470 92.6 180 3.2 7,474 4,635 62.0 4,299 57.5 336 7.3 With no own children under 18 Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... 138,458 Civilian labor force .............................................. 82,212 Participation rate ............................................. 59.4 Employed .......................................................... 77,115 Employment-population ratio .......................... 55.7 Unemployed ..................................................... 5,096 Unemployment rate ........................................ 6.2 68,373 44,021 64.4 40,919 59.8 3,102 7.0 70,085 38,190 54.5 36,196 51.6 1,994 5.2 140,680 83,757 59.5 78,981 56.1 4,776 5.7 69,605 44,917 64.5 42,051 60.4 2,866 6.4 71,076 38,840 54.6 36,930 52.0 1,910 4.9 NATIVE BORN—Continued NOTE: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2005 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004. See the Technical Note for further information. Table 3. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 25 years and over by educational attainment, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004-05 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) 2004 Characteristic Less than a high school diploma 2005 High school graduates, no college 1 Some college or associate degree Bachelor’s degree and higher 2 Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college 1 Some college or associate degree Bachelor’s degree and higher 2 FOREIGN BORN White non-Hispanic or Latino Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 899 298 33.2 279 31.1 19 6.4 1,833 981 53.5 948 51.7 33 3.4 1,281 811 63.3 768 60.0 43 5.3 2,474 1,814 73.3 1,747 70.6 67 3.7 928 345 37.1 325 35.0 19 5.6 1,869 988 52.8 955 51.1 33 3.4 1,258 797 63.4 766 60.9 31 3.9 2,525 1,862 73.8 1,805 71.5 57 3.1 Black non-Hispanic or Latino Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 371 220 59.4 198 53.4 22 10.1 650 495 76.1 463 71.1 32 6.5 451 364 80.7 332 73.7 31 8.6 569 487 85.6 463 81.3 25 5.0 361 219 60.7 203 56.1 17 7.5 641 490 76.5 458 71.5 32 6.5 499 407 81.5 382 76.6 25 6.1 558 468 83.9 452 80.9 17 3.6 Asian non-Hispanic or Latino Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 874 390 44.6 366 41.9 24 6.1 1,291 862 66.8 819 63.4 43 5.0 986 727 73.8 688 69.8 40 5.4 3,163 2,394 75.7 2,321 73.4 72 3.0 857 402 46.9 378 44.1 24 5.9 1,332 845 63.5 804 60.4 41 4.9 998 725 72.7 702 70.3 23 3.2 3,385 2,606 77.0 2,524 74.6 82 3.2 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 6,618 4,422 66.8 4,111 62.1 311 7.0 3,088 2,315 75.0 2,209 71.5 105 4.6 1,474 1,147 77.9 1,102 74.8 46 4.0 1,280 997 77.9 957 74.8 40 4.0 6,870 4,558 66.4 4,301 62.6 257 5.6 3,207 2,437 76.0 2,340 72.9 98 4.0 1,534 1,202 78.3 1,164 75.9 38 3.1 1,309 1,026 78.4 997 76.2 29 2.9 White non-Hispanic or Latino Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 12,622 4,546 36.0 4,193 33.2 353 7.8 42,042 25,719 61.2 24,615 58.5 1,103 4.3 34,302 24,536 71.5 23,681 69.0 854 3.5 38,440 29,797 77.5 29,079 75.6 718 2.4 12,313 4,479 36.4 4,157 33.8 322 7.2 42,100 25,768 61.2 24,740 58.8 1,027 4.0 34,792 24,879 71.5 24,058 69.1 821 3.3 38,847 30,102 77.5 29,490 75.9 612 2.0 Black non-Hispanic or Latino Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 3,391 1,228 36.2 1,025 30.2 203 16.5 6,600 4,400 66.7 4,004 60.7 396 9.0 5,068 3,768 74.4 3,483 68.7 285 7.6 3,097 2,554 82.5 2,451 79.1 104 4.1 3,464 1,277 36.9 1,077 31.1 200 15.7 6,778 4,538 66.9 4,135 61.0 403 8.9 5,039 3,780 75.0 3,518 69.8 263 6.9 3,211 2,617 81.5 2,528 78.7 89 3.4 Asian non-Hispanic or Latino Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 142 55 38.4 52 36.8 2 4.2 320 174 54.6 170 53.2 4 2.4 381 259 68.0 252 65.9 8 3.0 807 640 79.2 624 77.3 16 2.5 158 57 36.3 56 35.3 2 2.8 303 162 53.5 158 52.0 5 2.8 380 257 67.8 249 65.5 9 3.4 859 680 79.2 664 77.3 17 2.4 NATIVE BORN See footnotes at end of table. Table 3. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 25 years and over by educational attainment, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004-05 annual averages—Continued (Numbers in thousands) 2004 Characteristic 2005 Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college 1 Some college or associate degree Bachelor’s degree and higher 2 Less than a high school diploma High school graduates, no college 1 Some college or associate degree Bachelor’s degree and higher 2 2,297 1,131 49.2 1,024 44.6 106 9.4 3,084 2,251 73.0 2,120 68.8 131 5.8 2,590 2,075 80.1 1,966 75.9 109 5.2 1,406 1,207 85.9 1,170 83.3 37 3.1 2,455 1,163 47.4 1,066 43.4 97 8.4 3,182 2,313 72.7 2,195 69.0 118 5.1 2,735 2,164 79.1 2,064 75.5 100 4.6 1,504 1,272 84.5 1,235 82.1 36 2.9 NATIVE BORN—Continued Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional population ....................... Civilian labor force .............................................. Participation rate ............................................. Employed .......................................................... Employment-population ratio .......................... Unemployed ..................................................... Unemployment rate ........................................ 1 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 2 Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees. NOTE: Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2005 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004. See the Technical Note for further information. Table 4. Employed foreign-born and native-born persons 16 years and over by occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages (Percent distribution) Foreign born Native born Occupation Total Men Total employed (thousands) ........................................................... Percent ........................................................................................... 21,022 100.0 12,720 100.0 Management, professional, and related occupations ......................... Management, business, and financial operations occupations ........ Management occupations .............................................................. Business and financial operations occupations .............................. Professional and related occupations ............................................... Computer and mathematical occupations ...................................... Architecture and engineering occupations ..................................... Life, physical, and social science occupations ............................... Community and social services occupations .................................. Legal occupations ........................................................................... Education, training, and library occupations ................................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations .......... Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ......................... 26.2 9.5 6.6 2.9 16.7 3.2 2.2 1.1 .9 .5 3.2 1.2 4.3 Service occupations ........................................................................... Healthcare support occupations ....................................................... Protective service occupations ......................................................... Food preparation and serving related occupations .......................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ......... Personal care and service occupations ............................................ Women Total Men Women 8,302 100.0 120,708 100.0 63,254 100.0 57,454 100.0 23.9 9.2 7.2 2.0 14.7 3.9 3.0 1.1 .8 .3 1.9 1.1 2.6 29.6 10.0 5.7 4.3 19.6 2.1 .9 1.2 1.2 .6 5.2 1.4 7.1 36.2 15.3 11.0 4.3 21.0 2.1 1.9 1.0 1.6 1.3 6.2 2.0 4.8 33.7 16.7 13.1 3.6 16.9 3.0 3.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 3.0 2.0 2.3 39.1 13.7 8.7 5.0 25.4 1.2 .5 .9 2.1 1.3 9.7 2.1 7.6 22.8 2.6 .9 7.8 8.1 3.5 17.8 .6 1.1 7.6 7.0 1.4 30.4 5.6 .5 8.1 9.7 6.7 15.2 2.1 2.2 4.8 2.9 3.1 12.0 .4 3.3 3.5 3.5 1.3 18.7 4.0 1.1 6.1 2.3 5.2 Sales and office occupations .............................................................. Sales and related occupations ......................................................... Office and administrative support occupations ................................. 18.0 9.1 8.9 12.9 8.0 5.0 25.9 11.0 14.9 26.7 12.0 14.6 18.3 11.6 6.6 35.9 12.5 23.4 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ........ Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ....................................... Construction and extraction occupations .......................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ........................... 16.0 1.8 11.1 3.2 25.2 2.3 17.9 5.1 1.9 1.0 .6 .3 9.9 .5 5.6 3.8 18.1 .7 10.4 6.9 1.0 .2 .4 .3 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ............ Production occupations .................................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations ............................. 17.0 10.0 7.0 20.1 10.4 9.6 12.3 9.3 3.0 12.0 6.0 6.0 18.0 8.2 9.7 5.4 3.6 1.8 NOTE: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2005 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004. See the Technical Note for further information. Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers for the foreign born and native born by selected characteristics, 2004-05 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) 2004 Foreign born Native born Characteristic Number Total, 16 years and over ........................... Men ............................................................. Women ....................................................... Median weekly earnings 2005 Number Earnings Foreign born of foreign born as Median Median percent of weekly Number weekly native earnings earnings born 1 Native born Number Earnings of foreign born as Median percent of weekly native earnings born 1 15,580 9,902 5,678 $502 518 473 85,644 47,099 38,545 $664 749 585 75.6 69.1 81.0 16,340 10,396 5,945 $511 523 487 87,220 48,011 39,210 $677 760 596 75.6 68.9 81.7 1,551 4,631 4,538 3,187 1,409 264 341 491 540 565 607 552 9,325 20,126 22,323 21,799 10,523 1,548 397 624 741 764 740 562 85.8 78.7 72.9 73.9 82.0 98.2 1,578 4,831 4,700 3,352 1,582 297 353 495 587 563 607 494 9,529 20,181 22,403 22,299 11,192 1,616 404 633 755 772 757 578 87.3 78.3 77.8 73.0 80.2 85.4 2,852 1,268 3,383 7,899 731 533 699 402 66,563 10,374 1,009 6,163 702 529 738 539 104.1 100.8 94.8 74.5 2,978 1,326 3,541 8,331 733 521 747 412 67,458 10,671 1,041 6,343 720 521 777 555 101.8 100.0 96.1 74.2 14,029 4,094 3,486 2,216 4,234 524 373 478 595 943 76,319 4,439 23,655 22,630 25,595 710 433 586 668 994 73.7 86.2 81.5 89.0 94.9 14,762 4,305 3,589 2,316 4,553 543 385 496 592 960 77,691 4,557 23,926 23,155 26,053 724 442 594 679 1,023 74.9 87.0 83.4 87.2 93.8 Age 16 to 24 years ............................................. 25 to 34 years ............................................. 35 to 44 years ............................................. 45 to 54 years ............................................. 55 to 64 years ............................................. 65 years and over ....................................... Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 2 White non-Hispanic or Latino .................... Black non-Hispanic or Latino ..................... Asian non-Hispanic or Latino ..................... Hispanic or Latino ethnicity ......................... Educational attainment Total, 25 years and over .......................... Less than a high school diploma ................ High school graduates, no college 3 ........... Some college or associate degree ............. Bachelor’s degree and higher 4 .................. 1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this table. 2 Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 3 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 4 Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees. NOTE: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2005 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004. See the Technical Note for further information. Table 6. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 16 years and over by census regions and divisions, 2004-05 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) 2004 2005 Civilian labor force Census regions and divisions Civilian noninstitutional population Total Participation rate Employed Civilian labor force Civilian noninstituUnemployed tional Unemploy- population Number ment rate Unemployed Total Participation rate Employed Number Unemployment rate FOREIGN BORN Northeast .................. New England .......... Middle Atlantic ........ 7,030 1,371 5,659 4,666 933 3,734 66.4 68.0 66.0 4,409 884 3,525 258 49 209 5.5 5.2 5.6 7,236 1,450 5,785 4,817 996 3,822 66.6 68.6 66.1 4,588 946 3,642 229 50 180 4.8 5.0 4.7 South ........................ South Atlantic ......... East South Central ................ West South Central ................ 9,402 5,682 6,485 3,930 69.0 69.2 6,177 3,741 308 190 4.8 4.8 9,675 5,879 6,715 4,073 69.4 69.3 6,444 3,920 272 152 4.0 3.7 433 313 72.3 307 6 2.0 505 354 70.2 335 19 5.4 3,286 2,241 68.2 2,129 113 5.0 3,291 2,288 69.5 2,188 100 4.4 Midwest .................... East North Central .. West North Central ................ 3,460 2,636 2,364 1,759 68.3 66.7 2,226 1,658 138 101 5.8 5.7 3,517 2,671 2,398 1,802 68.2 67.5 2,274 1,706 124 96 5.2 5.3 824 605 73.4 568 37 6.2 846 596 70.5 568 28 4.7 West ......................... Mountain ................. Pacific ..................... 11,870 1,897 9,974 7,918 1,308 6,610 66.7 69.0 66.3 7,444 1,244 6,200 474 64 410 6.0 4.9 6.2 12,131 1,972 10,158 8,111 1,344 6,767 66.9 68.1 66.6 7,716 1,289 6,427 395 55 340 4.9 4.1 5.0 Northeast .................. New England .......... Middle Atlantic ........ 35,520 9,800 25,721 22,956 6,603 16,353 64.6 67.4 63.6 21,738 6,288 15,450 1,218 315 903 5.3 4.8 5.5 35,409 9,763 25,646 22,903 6,572 16,332 64.7 67.3 63.7 21,796 6,261 15,535 1,108 311 797 4.8 4.7 4.9 South ........................ South Atlantic ......... East South Central ................ West South Central ................ 70,414 36,308 45,150 23,330 64.1 64.3 42,747 22,206 2,403 1,125 5.3 4.8 71,597 36,968 46,084 23,909 64.4 64.7 43,740 22,797 2,344 1,112 5.1 4.7 12,914 8,032 62.2 7,581 451 5.6 13,021 8,024 61.6 7,574 450 5.6 21,192 13,787 65.1 12,960 827 6.0 21,608 14,151 65.5 13,369 783 5.5 Midwest .................... East North Central .. West North Central ................ 46,829 32,559 32,028 21,837 68.4 67.1 30,196 20,502 1,831 1,335 5.7 6.1 47,205 32,777 32,193 21,944 68.2 66.9 30,440 20,661 1,753 1,283 5.4 5.8 14,270 10,190 71.4 9,695 496 4.9 14,428 10,249 71.0 9,780 470 4.6 West ......................... Mountain ................. Pacific ..................... 38,830 12,838 25,992 25,835 8,724 17,111 66.5 68.0 65.8 24,316 8,277 16,040 1,519 448 1,071 5.9 5.1 6.3 39,313 13,167 26,146 26,097 8,919 17,178 66.4 67.7 65.7 24,732 8,500 16,231 1,365 418 947 5.2 4.7 5.5 NATIVE BORN NOTE: The states (plus the District of Columbia) that comprise the census divisions are: New England (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont); Middle Atlantic (New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania); South Atlantic (Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia); East South Central (Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee); West South Central Division (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas); East North Central (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin); West North Central (Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota); Mountain (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming); Pacific (Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington). Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2005 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004. See the Technical Note for further information.