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State Teachers College Ljb'Mr-y UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BULLETIN OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU, NO. FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY 83 [Public—No. 259—66th Congress] [H. R. 13229] AN ACT To establish in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the Women’s Bureau Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be established in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the Women’s Bureau. Sec. 2. That the said bureau shall be in charge of a director, a woman, to be appointed by the President, by and. with the advice and consent of the Senate, who shall receive an annual compensa tion of $5,000. It shall be the duty of said bureau to formulate standards and policies which shall promote the welfare of wage earning women, improve their working conditions, increase their efficiency, and advance their opportunities for profitable employ ment. The said bureau shall have authority to investigate and report to the said department upon all matters pertaining to the welfare of women in industry. The director of said bureau may from time to time publish the results of these investigations in such a manner and to such extent as the Secretary of Labor may prescribe. Sec. 3. That there shall be in said bureau an assistant director, to be appointed by the Secretary of Labor, who shall receive an annual compensation of $3,500 and shall perform such duties as shall be prescribed by the director and approved by the Secretary of Labor. Sec. 4. That there is hereby authorized to be employed by said bureau a chief clerk and such special agents, assistants, clerks, and other employees at such rates of compensation and in such numbers as Congress may from time to time provide by appropriations. Sec. 5. That the Secretary of Labor is hereby directed to furnish sufficient quarters, office furniture, and equipment for the work of this bureau. Sec. 6. That this act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved, June 5, 1920. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W. N. DOAK, SECRETARY WOMEN’S BUREAU MARY ANDERSON, Director BULLETIN OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU, NO. 83 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY BY CAROLINE MANNING £vl*NT O? sk, HI O*. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1931 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 15 cents . TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Letter of transmittal:,________________________________ v Introduction ] Scope 1 Source of data ___________________________________________________ 2 Plan of study.._______________________________________________ .___ 2 Fluctuation in employment___________ 4 Receiving sets, 1929_______________________________________________ 4 Receiving sets, 1926 to 1929 7 Employment based on hours worked 8 Employment where manufacture of radio sets is combined with another product 11 Appendix tables and charts for receiving sets _____________________ 13 Radio tubes, 1929_ 13 Radio tubes, 1926 to 1929 16 Appendix tables and charts for tubes____ 16 Maximum and minimum employment, sets and tubes______________ 16 Census figures for other industries 20 Comparison of actual numbers 20 Average employment, sets and tubes 20 Parts and accessories: 21 Trend in the State of Ohio 24 Conditions characteristic of employment in radio factories___ 26 Source of female labor supply 26 Distribution of jobs_____________________ _ 27 Training and skill required________________________________________ 28 Hours of work_... 28 Wages of women 29 Ohio State reports on wages 29 Labor turnover__________________ 30 Conclusion____________________________________________ 32 Appendix—Tables and charts, plants 1 to 34 and 39 to 41___________ 35-63 TEXT TABLES AND CHARTS No. 1. Fluctuation in employment, 23 plants making receiving sets, 1929_ 4-5 2. Fluctuation in employment, eight selected plants making receiving sets, 1926 to 1929 8-9 3. Fluctuation in number of average full-time workers, based on hours 10 worked, one plant making receiving sets, 1925 to 1929_________ 4. Fluctuation in employment, one plant combining the making of receiving sets with another seasonal product, 1926 to 1929_____ 12 5. Fluctuation in employment, 15 plants making tubes, 1929_______ 14 6. Fluctuation in employment, 10 selected plants making tubes, 1926 to 1929_______ 15 7. Fluctuation in employment, four separate plants making parts and accessories, 1924 to 1929:. 22-23 8. Fluctuation in employment, radio and radio parts, State of Ohio, 1925 to 192924-25 m ■ LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL United States Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, Washington, December 10, 1930. Sir : I have the honor to submit herewith a report on the fluctua tion of employment in the radio industry in 1929 and such earlier years as could be studied from the employment records of manufac turing firms. The purpose of the survey was to discover whether the condition of severe depression in the industry at the close of 1929, that came to the attention of bureau investigators in connection with another study, was local or typical of the radio industry in general, and whether the year was representative or abnormal. Employment records were obtained from 26 firms making receiving sets, from 15 making tubes, and from 10 malting parts or accessories. It is estimated that the figures cover plants that produced 80 to 90 per cent of the sets and at least 90 per cent of the tubes made in 1929. The data on parts and accessories are less inclusive but are fairly representative. The cooperation of employers, who courteously made available to the bureau the whole of their material showing employment fluctua tion and in a number of cases gave assistance in the compiling and copying of such records, is gratefully acknowledged. The study was made and the report has been written by Caroline Manning, industrial supervisor of the Women’s Bureau. Respectfully submitted. Mary Anderson, Director. Hon. W. N Doak, Secretary of Labor. FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION The attention of the Women’s Bureau was first directed to the employment situation in the radio industry in the latter part of 1929 by statements of young women who were or had been employed in plants making radio receiving sets and tubes. Attracted by promis ing newspaper advertisements, these women had found various kinds of work in radio factories, where employment had been, on the whole, satisfactory while trade was good, that is, while there was plenty to do and they could work a full week; but later, when they were laid off and so lost their jobs, or at best had work only every now and then or for only a small part of the week, they realized how precarious is employment in the radio industry. The purpose of this survey was to discover whether the condition complained of was merely a local situation affecting a few plants or was typical of the industry in general. Furthermore, as conditions in 1929 had been abnormal, it was decided to ask for employment records over a period of years so as to show the usual trend in the industry and by so doing to disclose to what extent 1929 had or had not been representative. Scope. In order to get a picture of employment in the radio industry as a whole, plants engaged in the manufacture of receiving sets, tubes, and parts and accessories were visited in Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Michigan, and Illi nois. As radio manufacturing is concentrated largely around the cities of New York and Chicago,1 much of the valuable information acquired was furnished by plants in these districts. Altogether, employment data were obtained from 26 firms making receiving sets, from 15 making tubes, and from 10 making parts or accessories. Authorities of the United States Department of Commerce and of the Radio Manufacturers Association agree that figures presented in this report cover firms that produced 80 to 90 per cent of the sets and at least 90 per cent of the tubes made in 1929. The data on radio parts and accessories are far from being so inclusive, and they constitute barely a sample of employment condi tions in the scores of plants, widely scattered through the States, making essential parts for the radio trade. 1 A statement from the Radio Manufacturers Association is to the effect that 35 per cent of radio produc tion centers within a 25-mile radius of New York and 32 per cent within a 30-mile radius of Chicago, 1 2 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY Source of data. With the courteous permission of the employers, whatever records the individual firms already had in the way of labor audits were copied, but in several instances original compilations had to be made of employment records or weekly pay-roll books so as to obtain the primary data. Personnel managers, pay-roll clerks, and auditors were most helpful, occasionally doing the routine counting of names on the pay roll or otherwise preparing the information desired. Without such assistance the study could not have been made. In the majority of plants it was possible to get figures for at least two years, and in some cases the records went back for five, six, and even eight years. The greatest difficulty was caused by the lack of uniformity in the available records. There were daily sheets of employment, weekly, semimonthly, and monthly records, and some were based on average employment while others were for one definite date. Since most of the records were monthly averages, wherever practicable the monthly average was computed for other cases also, in order that the data might be as uniform as possible. There still exist a few cases of lack of uniformity in method of arriving at the basic figures used, but the fluctuations and trends are essentially the same whether based on a monthly average or on a given date and whether the latter is the first, the middle, or the last day of the month. Plan of study. In this study the three main branches of the radio-manufacturing industry, sets, tubes, and parts and accessories, are treated separately. With few exceptions, a table and chart for each firm showing the numbers of men and women employed from month to month appear in the appendix. The number of years covered varies from firm to firm, depending on the data that were available in the offices and occasionally upon the number of years the firm had been in operation. Since the survey did not reach a representative group of factories engaged in the manufacture of radio parts and accessories, few tables and charts on this branch of the industry are included. In the text pages of the report appear tables showing chiefly col lective data for the establishments making receiving sets and for those making tubes, accompanied by composite graphs of employment. In the case of each product, the first figures given are for 1929. They cover 24 plants making sets and 15 making tubes. These are followed by collective data that trace employment from 1926 to 1929 for all firms with a 4-year record. Charts and tables are included also for two receiving-set plants not comparable with others, the difference in the one being that the record furnished was based on hours worked instead of numbers employed, and in the other that the firm is endeavoring, by a combination of radio sets and another seasonal product, to avoid the acute fluctuations. Relatives (index numbers) have not been computed. The graphs are of the simplest kind, the scale indicating the actual numbers of employees, men and women, in the plants from month to month. In several cases the extreme range of the figures has necessitated a difference in the scale. For this reason, comparisons of the charts, one plant with another, must be made with caution, INTRODUCTION 3 There is monotony in the regular rise and fall, occurring year after year, in the employment curve of each individual firm, emphasizing the extent to which labor is subject to seasonal lay-offs, a condition that has prevailed since the beginning of the industry and that shows no signs of improvement. Radio, like automobiles, is often referred to as being one of the newer industries that are absorbing labor laid off by the slack in other lines. But if such industries, in turn, are to make very irregular and intermittent demands for employees, the result will be a greatly enlarged supply of shifting labor, moving about as one industry after another offers them a few weeks’ work. FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT Receiving sets, 1929. Twenty-three firms engaged in the manufacture of radio sets fur nished the data on employment in 1929 that form the basis of the following table and the accompanying chart. In addition, one firm supplied figures for total employment not divided by sex. Since seven of the firms were not operating the entire 12 months of 1929, their employment data have not been combined with those of firms furnishing complete figures for the year. Some of these seven were only beginning the manufacture of radio sets; others were starting operations in new locations or were the result of mergers; but all were in full swing for the summer peak, so that from July on there is a striking similarity in the employment curves of firms operating the entire year and those operating only seven or eight months or less. The lines tracing the employment of men and women parallel each other fairly closely throughout the year, but the outstanding char acteristic of all curves is the sudden development through the summer and the even more abrupt decline in the late autumn and winter months. There is nothing in the chart that indicates an average or standard for the year. In all cases the peak months were August, September, and October. In September as many as 55,000 persons were working in the 24 facto ries, and the number was practically as great in October, but by December about 32,000 were no longer employed. In the plants whose figures are reported by sex the per cent of decline was 57.5 for total employees, 53.1 for men, and 63.5 for women. Table 1.—Fluctuation in employment, 23 plants making receiving sets, 1929 16 plants making sets in 1929 Month 7 plants making sets dur ing part of 1929 Total number of em ployees Number of— Number of— Men Men January------------------- ----------------February.............................................. . March_____ ____________ ____ — April....................................................... May..---------- --------------------------- June_______________________ __ July_________ ________ -............—■ August....... ....................................... September______________________ October____________ ___________ _ November............................................December.............................................. 19,853 18,104 13,688 13,045 14,900 18, 765 25, 906 31,163 30, 696 28,377 20, 566 13,086 9,182 8, 703 6,848 7,086 8,328 10,190 13, 587 16,228 16,439 14,978 11,058 7,917 10, 671 9,401 6,840 5,959 6, 572 8, 575 12, 319 14, 935 14, 257 13, 399 9, 508 5,169 13,366 2 5,815 3 6,637 9,347 10,759 12,276 12,558 8,888 5,184 12,484 2 3,780 3 4,157 5,240 6,309 7,434 7,889 5,857 3,278 1882 2 2,035 3 2,480 4,107 4,450 4,842 4, 669 3,031 1,906 Average.................................................. Maximum........................—.............. Minimum..... ........................................ Per cent minimum is of maximum 20, 679 31,163 13,045 41.9 10,879 16,439 6,848 41.7 9,800 14,935 5,169 34.6 39,835 312, 558 3 5,184 341.3 36, 001 3 7,889 3 3, 278 341.6 33,834 34,842 »1,906 3 39.4 i 3 plants only. 4 3 6 plants. Total number of em Women ployees 3 July to December only. Women FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT Nwmhc i*s e I o Ljed CHART I 16 PLANTS 7 PLANTS /' 5 6 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY Fluctuation in a plant making sets but not reporting employment by sex, 1929 Month March. __ _____________ ____ ________ Total number of employees 6,812 7,209 7,548 7,345 5,985 8, 417 Month July...____________ September____ _____________________ Total number of employees 10,186 11, 551 12,175 13,103 7,698 4,896 Average..-----------------------------------------------8,577 Maximum__________________________ 13,103 Minimum_____________________________________________ Per cent minimum is of maximum.................. ..................................................... ................................. ........... 37. 4 In the 16 plants with a complete record the number at the peak was for the women two and one-half times and for the men almost two and one-half times as great as at the minimum in the spring. But reduc tions soon were drastic, and by December less than one-half of the men and only about one-third of the women still held their jobs. That the length of time a plant has been in operation has little to do with smoothing out the curves is apparent from the fact that the receiving-set plant with the best record for stable employment for women in 1929 had been operating less than a year, and the one with the second best record was able to furnish figures for eight years’ operation. Four of the plants with per cents of less than 1 had had at least three to five years’ experience; the other two had begun with 1929. For men also the best figure was for a new plant and the second best for the plant with figures for eight years, and the five plants with per cents of less than 10 ranged from less than one to at least five years of experience. FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT 7 Receiving sets, 1926 to 1929. There are next presented a table and composite graph covering the years 1926 to 1929 for eight firms making receiving sets and having at least a 4-year employment record. Included in the group are both large and small plants. The fact that since 1926 there has been a general upward trend in numbers employed, of which the curve leaves no doubt, is almost obscured by the very seasonal nature of the em ployment. Each year shows the recurring depression in the spring and the rebound through the summer and into the fall similar to the graph for the 16 plants in 1929. (See p. 5.) Although the peak in 1927 was not so high as that in 1926, it contin ued longer, extending into 1928. The peak in 1929 was conspicuously high but it was correspondingly abrupt, dropping to a low point for the year in December though in the earlier years December employ ment was well above the low point of the spring. The curves for men and women are fairly parallel over the four years, although the women usually are affected more by the extreme points, both high and low. It is apparent also from the table that although there was a depression in 1927 there was a marked increase in employment between 1926 and 1929 in these eight firms, both maxi mum and average employment in 1929 being much more than double the corresponding figures for 1926. 8 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY Table 2.—Fluctuation in employment, eight selected plants making receiving sets 1926 to 1929 1926 1 1927 1928 1929 Month Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total en en en January February March.......... ............... April ____________ May. ....................... June____ __________ July___ ____ ______ August_________ _ . September____ ____ October________ _. November... ... _. December 5,907 5,243 4,418 3,880 3,667 4,136 5,012 6,735 8, 327 8, 850 8, 458 5, 222 2,874 2, 597 2,180 1,920 1,864 2,170 2,577 3,282 3,980 4, 282 4, 415 2,853 Average 5,821 2,916 Maximum 8,850 4,415 Minimum_ _____ 3, 667 1,864 _ Per cent minimum is of maximum___ 41.4 42.2 3,033 2, 646 2, 238 1,960 1,803 1,966 2,435 3,453 4, 347 4, 568 4,043 2,369 4,187 3,507 3,033 2,848 2,967 3,997 4,912 6, 051 7,200 6, 995 7, 549 7, 244 2, 527 2,210 2,001 1,979 2,049 2, 534 2,904 3, 337 3, 591 3,403 3,477 3,375 2,905 5,041 2,782 4,568 7,549 3,591 1,803 2,848 1,979 39.5 37.7 55.1 1,660 1,297 1,032 869 918 1, 463 2,008 2, 714 3, 609 3, 592 4, 072 3,869 7,353 6,264 5,517 4,544 5,003 6, 526 8,946 11, 346 13, 612 14, 703 14, 511 11, 571 3, 670 3,365 3, 072 2,602 2, 757 3, 391 4, 527 5,549 6,490 6,922 6,847 5,646 2,259 9,158 4, 570 4,072 14, 703 6, 922 869 4,544 2,602 21.3 30.9 37.6 3, 683 2,899 2,445 1,942 2,246 3,135 4,419 5, 797 7,122 7,781 7,664 5,925 Men Worn en 10,700 5, 358 10, 279 5, 366 8,326 4, 529 8,750 5,058 10, 803 6,236 13, 641 7,396 18,609 9, 546 19, 930 10, 332 17, 361 9,136 14, 533 8, 061 8,849 5,295 6,982 4,252 5,342 4,913 3, 797 3,692 4,567 6, 245 9,063 9,598 8,225 6,472 3, 554 2,730 4, 588 12,397 6, 714 7,781 19, 930 10,332 1,942 6,982 4,252 5,683 9,598 2, 730 25.0 35.0 41.2 28.4 1 Includes 1 small plant not reporting figures for the first 3 months of the year. In 1926 the minimum was about two-fifths of the highest point in employment of that year, but it was much less than this in the succeeding years. Between the late autumn of 1926 and the spring of 1927 more than two-thirds of the employees (67.8 per cent) lost their jobs. For this period in 1927-28 the decline was 39.8 per cent, and from October 1928, to March, 1929, it was 43.4 per cent. The debacle m the closing months of 1929 is strikingly illustrated by this table, which shows that of the 20,000 persons employed in August, 13,000, or practically two-thirds, were off the rolls by December. The period for which employment data were collected by the Women’s Bureau closed with the year 1929, but statistics furnished by the Radio Manufacturers Association show that December of that year was not unlike December of earlier years in that the lowest point in the curve had not been reached and the trend was still downward in 1930. Production in the manufacture of sets decreased 8 per cent from December, 1929, to January, 1930, 9 per cent from January to February, and 11 per cent from February to March. Further evidence that business had not come back in the early part at *s§iven in th® trend of employment figures published in the Monthly Labor Review.2 In January radio employment declined 3.5 per cent, in February the decrease was 4.9 per cent, in March it was 20.8 per cent, and in April it was 13.8 per cent. The rise began with the month of May. Employment based on hours worked. The table and chart presented on page 10 illustrate one firm, the figures for which are based on the total number of hours worked by men and women from week to week, the only data available. This record of hours worked has been converted to average number of full-time workers by dividing, in each case, the number of hours ~— --------- * —------------- --- ----- ------------------ ----Labor Review,1_ 19301' S' Department of Labor- Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly — --------- April to July, FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT CHART a 18,000 16,500 15,000 9 10 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY worked per week by the firm’s standard schedule of working hours. For example, assuming that a total of 480 hours were worked during one week and the firm was on a 48-hour schedule, the average number of full-time workers would be 10. Since the figures for this table and chart are so different from the other data in the report, they have been omitted from all combina tions and are not used elsewhere in the report. Table 3.—Fluctuation in number of average full-time workers, based on hours worked, one plant making receiving sets, 1925 to 1929 1925 1927 1928 M en TXT Women Total M en Women Total M en Women Men Women 19 29 40 55 61 142 205 304 479 518 429 9 11 18 26 32 71 101 144 224 231 208 10 18 22 29 29 71 104 160 255 287 221 180 167 157 157 161 177 198 248 263 415 522 483 123 91 77 74 62 55 58 77 97 202 278 238 57 76 80 83 99 122 140 171 166 213 244 245 183 130 90 128 144 135 197 231 311 513 424 281 97 85 70 77 80 81 107 122 160 243 209 147 86 45 20 51 64 54 90 109 151 270 215 134 143 84 73 101 235 246 204 250 348 434 483 63 90 57 52 57 132 129 135 131 187 235 299 40 53 213 27 140 21 127 44 325 103 526 117 484 69 346 119 592 161 980 199 1,311 184 753 23 290 141 101 91 166 252 235 169 290 461 613 366 165 72 39 36 159 274 249 177 302 519 698 387 125 210 518 19 99 231 9 111 287 10 255 522 157 115 278 55 140 245 57 235 513 90 125 243 70 110 270 20 219 483 63 127 299 40 92 506 199 1,311 21 127 254 252 613 698 91 36 1 3.7 1 3.9 1 3.5 30.1 19.8 23.3 17.5 28.8 7.4 13.0 13.4 10.6 Total Total Average Maximum Minimum Per cent minijnum is of maximum Women January______________ February___ _____ March April May_____ ____ _____ June July.............................. . August September. ____ October November________ December M en 1929 Total Month 1926 9.7 14.8 5.2 1 Based on less than a 12-month record. Numbers emp loujed CHART 3 CD CD O 3 &> IAJ tO Q S ~D oo O -3 3 This chart is particularly interesting, for in spite of the fact that it is based on a quite different type of data, employment shows the same sharp fluctuations that appear in the curves for other plants. The autumn peak repeats itself year after year, until in 1929 it mounts more than twice as high as in earlier years. 11 FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT _ According to this table the decline in full-time employment, as de rived from hours worked, from October or November to March of the next year was as follows: In 1925-26, 69.7 per cent; in 1926-27, 82.8 per cent; in 1927-28, 85.8 per cent; and in 1928-29, 73.7 per cent. The fact that this curve is based primarily on hours worked makes it an even more accurate picture of production from month to month, since it smooths out the part-time employment and overtime work that undoubtedly are found in curves based on numbers of employees. Employment where manufacture of radio sets is combined with another product. In this connection it is of interest to compare the usual fluctuations of employment with those in a firm that has made an effort to stabilize employment by combining with the manufacture of radio sets another product, also somewhat seasonal in its nature but having peak production that dovetails with the decline in radio and vice versa. Jobs on the two products are so similar that it is possible to transfer many employees from one to the other without slowing down production. Because of the fact that the figures furnished by this company are not solely for work in radio departments, these data have not been included elsewhere with data based on radio employment alone. The contrast in the curves of employment between this plant and others furnishing data for the same four years for radio sets only is striking. No plant approaches this in regularity of employment. A comparison between the figures of this company and the best figure each year among the other companies (see appendix tables) snows the per cents that minimum employment formed of the maxi mum to be as follows: 1926 , 1927 1928 1929 Men: Best figure of other plants__________________ Women: This plant. _______________________________ . Best figure of other plants_____________________ 93.0 66.2 83.2 66.5 70.7 46.4 70.4 68.3 80.8 43.1 76.0 39.8 63.1 39.0 68.6 42.8 Though it is apparent that even here the ups and downs have not yet been ironed out completely, the difference between the extremes of employment within a year has been very much less than in firms that furnished employment data on the production of radio sets only. In the plant making two products there was, on the whole, a decline in numbers through 1927 and 1928, especially marked in the case of the men. This is surprising, since 1928 generally saw an increase in the other radio-set plants. _ The differences in 1929 are most interesting. As in other plants, it was the “big year,” but the slump in the spring that characterized employment in the firms making sets only is absent here; and while many firms were experiencing the deepest depression of the year in December, this firm reached its peak in November and was at practi cally the same point in December. It is of interest that for 10 months in 1929 about 60 per cent of the production in this plant was radios. 23688°—31---- 2 12 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY Table 4.—Fluctuation in employment, one plant combining the making of receiving sets with another seasonal product, 1926 to 1929 1926 Month 1927 1929 1928 Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men en en en en January February. ................ March----------------------April May_____ ___ ______ June------ ------------------July August September----------------October November December 993 1,029 1,014 1,012 987 983 974 984 1,028 1,042 1,055 1,062 804 828 815 801 787 779 772 776 801 808 821 830 189 1,042 996 201 199 952 927 211 200 909 204 879 202 862 851 208 227 878 234 951 234 945 232 938 817 784 757 740 729 702 691 680 691 759 754 754 907 225 212 853 195 829 187 810 787 180 177 770 171 742 171 795 187 857 192 886 191 993 184 1,076 733 685 664 648 627 614 590 635 685 695 778 835 174 168 165 162 160 156 152 160 172 191 215 241 840 885 924 927 965 1,029 1,048 1,115 1,122 1,158 1,194 1,193 254 252 255 251 273 318 316 353 360 356 366 356 Average..------- -- ... Maximum Minimum Per cent minimum is of maximum_______ 1,014 1,062 974 802 830 772 212 928 234 1,042 189 851 738 817 680 189 859 225 1,076 171 742 682 835 590 176 1,343 1,033 241 1, 560 1,194 840 152 1,094 309 366 251 91.7 93.0 70.4 68.6 be rs 80.8 81.7 83.2 76.0 69.0 70.7 CHART * <?S & £ 63.1 1,094 1,137 1,179 1,178 1,238 1,347 1,364 1,468 1,482 1,514 1,560 1,549 70.1 FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT 13 To what extent the manufacture of two products made it possible for this one plant to come through the crash of 1929 it is impossible to say without more detailed information than was furnished, but certainly it is true that employment was outstandingly more secure here than in other radio firms at this time. Nor is it possible to foresee whether or not employment on two seasonal products can continue as comparatively stable as in the past, but with the picture of 1929 in mind it seems no more than reasonable to expect it. Appendix tables and charts for receiving sets. In the appendix are tables and charts based upon employment data for 23 firms making radio sets. Not one of these, from the first, based on an unusual record of one plant covering eight years without a break, to the last, based on records of several plants covering only a year or less, fails to show the extremely seasonal character of the industry. One of the very short records shows a startling develop ment from 500 women to 2,900 women in four months. The charts show the amazing increases as well as the decreases, but they emphasize especially the short duration of the peak and the instability of employment from month to month. _ Some of the firms with longer records show the small beginnings and irregularities of early periods of experimentation before they fell into the regular seasonal swing of later years. But the value of the charts lies in their striking similarity rather than their small variations—a similarity that bears evidence of the universal seasonal character of the industry, in small firms, in large firms, in firms both East and West. Radio tubes, 1929. Figures on employment for the year 1929 supplied by 15 plants making tubes furnish the basis of the table and composite graph next presented. The most striking features are the contrast in the two lines tracing the employment of men and of women and the sharp peak occurring only in the latter. Unlike employment on receiving sets in 1929, where there was a decline early in the year, employment on tubes holds its own very evenly through the first four months without a drop. Then in the next five or six months the number of women almost doubles, and in the last two months of the year it drops abruptly until lower than the beginning point in January. While the curve for the employment of women shoots up from 6,000 to almost double that number, and down again to about 5,000, the curve for the employment of men does not show such violent changes. Apparently at least 5,000 women were hired and fired within the few months, but fewer than 1,000 men had a similar experience. In every tube plant the women outnumbered the men, as the men usually are employed only in maintenance of highly skilled work while the women work on all the various assembly jobs. Only in No. 28, charted on page 59, did the number of men approach the number of women, and this was due to the very limited supply of female labor in the community. 14 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY Table 5.—Fluctuation in employment, 15 plants making tubes, 1929 Total number of employees Month Number of— Men Women January________________________ February_______ ______ ________ March-------------------------------------April__________________________ _ May___________________________ June______________________ „____ July____________ ______ _________ August_________________________ September_____________________ _ October______________________ November______________________ December______________________ 7,468 7,739 7,571 7,788 8,684 9, 671 11, 262 12,078 13,446 13,825 9,921 6,479 1, 447 1,411 1, 402 1,476 1,718 1,907 2,194 2,188 2,281 2,330 1, 562 1,139 6,021 6, 328 6,169 6,312 6, 966 7, 764 9, 068 9,890 11,165 11, 495 8, 359 5, 340 Average________________________ Maximum______________________ Minimum......... ....................... .......... Per cent minimum is of maximum 9, 661 13,825 6,479 46.9 1, 755 2, 330 1,139 48.9 7, 906 11, 495 5,340 46.5 CHART 5 15 FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT Radio tubes, 1926 to 1929. Not only does the line of employment in tubes in 1929 differ from that of receiving sets, but it is radically different from the line for tubes in earlier years, as is apparent from the table and chart next presented. Table 6.—Fluctuation in employment, 10 selected plants making tubes, 1926 to 1929 1926 i Month 1928 1927 1929 Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men en en en en January February................ -March April____ ____ _______ Mav ... ____________ June____________ ____ July August--....................... September October_______ _ November___ _____ _ December....................... 1,906 1,830 1,697 1,609 1, 589 1, 581 1, 672 1,739 1,973 2,428 2,477 2,242 278 262 239 224 217 217 236 258 320 410 447 381 1,628 1,568 1,458 1,385 1,372 1, 364 1,436 1,481 1, 653 2,018 2,03C 1,861 1,937 1, 640 1,-536 1,509 1,518 1, 571 1,736 2,112 2,541 2, 766 2,860 2,758 354 244 235 239 239 272 292 379 463 463 481 483 1,583 1, 396 1,301 1,270 1, 279 1, 299 1,443 1,733 2,078 2,303 2,379 2,275 2,476 2, 325 2, 218 2, 091 2, 041 2,174 2, 357 2,646 2,962 3, 522 4, 217 4, 585 389 307 355 355 340 378 416 468 538 730 838 902 2,087 1,958 1,863 1,736 1,701 1, 796 1,941 2,178 2. 424 2,792 3,379 3, 683 954 937 938 981 1,029 1,152 1, 210 1, 289 1,392 1,470 1,246 1,007 4,095 4,297 4, 364 4,452 4, 661 5,169 5, 750 6, 366 7,146 7, 939 6, 938 4, 961 Average Maximum..- _ Minimum Per cent minimum is of maximum 1,895 2,477 1,581 291 447 217 1, 604 2,040 2,03C 2,860 1, 364 1,509 345 483 235 1,695 2,801 2, 379 4,585 1, 270 2,041 506 902 340 2,295 6, 645 1,134 3, 683 9, 409 1,470 1, 701 5,049 937 5, 511 7, 939 4,095 63.8 48.5 44.5 37.7 67.2 52.8 48.7 53.4 1 Includes 1 small plant not reporting figures for the first 3 months of the year. N umbers emplouj ed CHART 6 46.2 5,049 5,234 5,302 5,433 5, 690 6, 321 6,960 7, 655 8, 538 9, 409 8,184 5, 968 53.7 63.7 51.6 16 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY Two-thirds of the tube firms visited—that is, 10 of the 15—furnished the data that form the basis of the composite graph covering the 4year period 1926 to 1929. In each year men constituted a strikingly smaller part of the labor force than did women. Until the autumn of 1928 the curves show a fairly similar trend year after year. Employment conditions changed little from 1926 to 1927, but from a maximum of about 2,500 men and women employed in 1926 the number increased to almost 4,600 in 1928 and to 9,400 in 1929 in the same 10 plants. In two years the numbers employed at minimum production had no striking change; the increase in 1929, however, was so great that the minimum in that year was higher than the maximum of 1928. It is apparent that the composite curve of employment for the 10 representative plants making tubes is smoother than that for the eight plants making receiving sets in the same four years. Not only is this clear from the graphs but the contrast is evident in a com parison of the tables. In the receiving sets the minimum employ ment is from 30 to 41 per cent of the maximum in each of the four years, while in tubes the range is 44 to 63 per cent. Translated into human experience this means that ordinarily more than half of the men and women employed during peak periods in tube factories were retained during the depression, but that only from one-third to twofifths of those in radio-set factories were so fortunate. Appendix tables and charts for tubes. On pages 54 to 61 are tables and charts showing employment from month to month for each of 11 establishments 3 making radio tubes and furnishing employment data. Each traces the trend through as many years as are covered by the figures available. As with the receiving-set plants, the reason for treating separately these tube plants is to show their striking similarity and the prevalence of the irregular and seasonal conditions of employment in the industry. Whenever the trend in individual firms departs from the predomi nant curve, it is due to reorganization within the plant, as in the case of No. 31, which underwent two such upheavals; or to a removal to a new location causing a temporary setback. Maximum and minimum employment, sets and tubes. The tables in the appendix showing for individual plants the numbers of men and women employed stress the maximum and minimum points in such figures during the year. Although the difference between the maximum and the minimum was not great in all firms, in some large numbers were involved, as many as 1,000, 2,000, even 3,000 or more in a few firms making sets. The variation in numbers in 1929 for all the plants collectively, sets and tubes, shows that thousands on the pay rolls at the dates of highest production were not employed at the ensuing dates of lowest ebb. s Numbers furnished by 4 other tube plants were too small to be representative of the industry. 17 FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT Difference between maxi mum employment and ensuing minimum in plants making— Sex Radio receiv ing sets (23 plants) Radio tubes (15 plants) 34, 203 8,434 17,126 17,607 Total 1 ________________________________________________ -.........— 1,494 7,129 i Details and total do not agree, because of high and low points falling on different dates for the 2 sexes. In 1929 more than 42,000 men and women employed during the peaks in 38 receiving-set and tube factories were off the pay-roll lists at the ensuing dates of minimum employment. . The difference was proportionately greater in the radio-set than in the radio-tube factories, and the total number of women affected was much larger than the number of men. The latter was due in large part to the predominance of women in the tube division of the industry. To illustrate the decline in numbers that follows peak employment, there is given here for each plant the per cent that the autumn or winter minimum in 1929 formed of the peak employment in the same year. Per cent that autumn or winter minimum, formed of peak employment, receiving sets and tubes, 1929 Receiving sets (23 plants) Tubes (15 plants) Men Women Men Women 8.8 10.7 13.2 16.1 17.7 20.3 24.8 29.6 31.4 32.9 37.4 37.9 38.5 39.8 41.6 46.0 49.8 54.3 58.3 58.4 58.6 68.3 71.3 0.8 .8 1.8 6.1 9.8 10.1 11.1 14.8 17.5 22.6 24.3 29.1 30.5 30.9 36.2 36.6 37.3 39.9 42.8 52.5 58.0 58.4 71.1 « (*> 15.7 18.4 25.2 25.5 29.2 31.5 38.9 46.3 54.7 74.7 83.9 91.0 98.1 (o (>) 0.7 1.9 2.0 5.3 12.7 19.5 24.1 32.6 39.5 74.6 77.2 81.2 88.3 i Minimum employment was zero. 18 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY In more summary form the figures are as follows: Per cent autumn or winter minimum was of maximum Receiving sets (23 plants) Men Under 5_______ 5 and under 10.. 10 and under 20. 20 and under 50. 50 and under 80. 80 and over____ Women Tubes (15 plants) Men Women 15 1 2 3 2 2 1 In 2 plants the minimum was zero. . 0ne °.f most disturbing situations revealed by this list is that m 1929 m about two-fifths of the factories making receiving sets the number of women employed at the time of lowest ebb late in the fear was less than 20 per cent (varying from 0.8 to 17.5 per cent) of the highest point; or, another way of stating the same fact, in about two-fifths of these plants over 80 per cent of the women who were employed dtiring the peak season were not employed during the lowest ebb ensuing; and, furthermore, in a quarter of the plants 90 per cent or more of the women employed at the maximum were not retained at the ensuing minimum. In only four cases was the minimum number more than half of the maximum. Although somewhat _ better than for the women, the per cent yanation for the men in the receiving-set plants also was great in 1929. hewer firms were in the very low rank and more were in the highest rank, yet in 10 of the 23 plants the minimum employment of men was less than one-third of the maximum; or, stated differently in 10 oi the 23 plants more than two-thirds of the peak number of men were not employed at the ensuing minimum. In the manufacture of radio tubes in 1929 the situation was better ie wom6n ^lan *n the manufacture of sets. A larger proportion of the firms fell m the range above 25 per cent. Yet in about one-half of the establishments from 80 to 100 per cent of the women employed at the maximum were not employed at the ensuing minimum- or conversely, m about half the plants less than 20 per cent of’ the maximum were employed at the lowest point to which employment fell after the peak. For comparison with other studies of employment fluctuation, the appendix tables give the maximum and minimum numbers employed during the year without regard to upward or downward trendthat is whether the minimum preceded or followed the maximum, ihe following are the lists of such per cents, arranged in ascending scale for the firms reporting for 1929. There is no correspondent in the rank of firms between the lists for men and those for women. 19 FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT Per cent that minimum employment, at whatever date, formed of maximum employ ment, receiving sets and tubes, 1929 Receiving sets (23 plants) Tubes (15 plants) Men Women Men Women 5.1 6.7 6.9 2 6.9 8.8 10.7 11.0 11.3 13.2 14.4 2 14.6 2 16.1 17.7 20.3 22.9 23.5 2 24.5 29.6 2 34. 9 40.2 2 43. 5 58. 3 2 70. 2 0) 0.4 .5 .8 .8 .8 1.8 2 2.6 6.1 6.5 8.3 11.1 2 11.7 14.1 2 14.6 14.8 2 14.8 2 18.0 22.6 24.3 2 30.9 42.8 2 70.4 « (>) 15.7 18.4 25.2 25.5 27.9 29.2 31.5 37.1 38.9 46.3 50.4 51.3 54. 1 « (>) 0.7 1.9 2.0 5.3 12.3 19.5 24.1 32.6 33.6 39.5 44.5 50.3 55.9 1 Minimum employment was zero. 2 Based on less than a 12-month record. Comparisons between the two years 1928 and 1929 may be made from the statement following. Receiving sets Men Tubes Women Per cent minimum was of maximum Men Women 1929 1928 1929 1928 1929 1928 1929 1928 (23 (14 (23 (14 (15 (11 (15 (11 plants) plants) plants) plants) plants) plants) plants) plants 35 48 «8 82 3 1 3 10 18 3 *7 3 4 31 2 5 83 4 22 2 g 3 3 3 25 1 1 1 In 1 plant the minimum was zero, and 1 plant had less than a 12-month record. 2 In 2 plants the minimum was zero. 8 Includes 1 plant with less than a 12-month record. * Includes 2 plants with less than a 12-month record. 8 Includes 4 plants with less than a 12-month record. • Includes 3 plants with less than a 12-month record. Even in 1928, a less abnormal year than 1929, the employment situ ation in radio sets was not much better. To be sure, fewer firms fall in the lowest group—that with the minimum less than 5 per cent of the maximum—but not one falls in the highest group of 50 per cent and over. In tubes, both for men and for women, the number of firms in the highest group was greater in 1928 than in 1929. 20 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY Census figures for other industries. The 1929 figures form a striking contrast to conditions in other lines of employment and stamp the-radio industry as one of the most fluctuating of all branches of manufacturing. The Federal Census of Manufactures of 1923 gives the employment month by month for each of 331 manufacturing industries.4 The average number of employees, of both sexes, ranged from 62 in flax and hemp to about 496.000 in lumber and timber products. In only 15 of the 331 industries did the minimum employment form less than 50 per cent of the maximum employment. For three-fourths of the industries (75.5 per cent) the minimum was at least 80 per cent of the maximum, a figure achieved by no plant making receiving sets in the present radio study. Comparison of actual numbers. The condition in the radio industry is made clearer by a considera tion of actual numbers, taking the 1929 figures of plant 2, one of the best known, as an example. Starting out in January with 4,500 employees, 39 per cent women, by March a reduction of 850 had been disproportionately women, and they then constituted but 36 per cent instead of 39. After that, employment changes affected the two sexes in approximately equal numbers. From March to August the 5,500 employees taken on were 2,700 men and 2,800 women, some 500 or 600 more women than their due proportion, making them 45 per cent of the total at the peak in August. From August to November the 7,100 released were divided equally between the sexes, and by December women again were 36 per cent of the employees, as they had been in March. Another large and well-known firm had between 2,600 and 2,700 employees on radio receivers in January, women constituting 52 per cent. By March about 200 women were off the rolls in spite of a small increase in the number of men, and women became 48 per cent of the total. Additions to the rolls in April to July involved con siderably more women than men and restored them to their January position. At the peak they still were 52 per cent of the total, but the 2.000 dropped in the next five months were three-fifths women and the year closed with their position at a considerable disadvantage as compared to men’s, women being only 43 per cent of the December total. Average employment, sets and tubes. Although the tables in the appendix show in each case the year’s average of employment, this figure conveys no idea of a usual or an actual condition in this industry in which such extremes of em ployment occur. Regarding the average, for the sake of argument, as representative of an ideal condition of what might have been regular employment throughout the year, it is of interest to note in the following summary in how many months in 1929 employment fell below such average. 4 U. S. Bureau of the Census. Biennial Census of Manufactures, 1923, pp. 1136-1149. 21 FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT Number of plants in which employment in 1929 was below the year’s average in the number of months specified Number of months in which employment fell below the aver age for the year Receiving sets (16 plants 0 Men Radio tubes (16 plants) Women Men W omen 1 1 1 8 months ________________________ ________ 4 8 3 5 3 8 1 7 2 3 3 5 4 2 1 1 Excludes 7 plants making sets during only part of 1929. From this it is evident that in more than two-thirds of the 16 firms making sets employment fell below the average, both for men and for women, during more than half the year, as much as seven or eight months. In the 15 firms making tubes the situation was somewhat better, though employment was below the average for more than half the year in one-third of the cases for the men and in almost one-half of the cases for the women. Parts and accessories. The manufacture of radio parts and accessories is not concentrated in a dozen or so outstanding firms as is the case in the manufacture of receiving sets and tubes. On the contrary, scores of factories East and West are producing parts for the radio trade; furthermore, in a great majority of them a large part of their production is for use in other distinct industries, frequently the manufacture of auto mobiles. A number of establishments making radio parts were visited, but because of the miscellaneous products and the impossi bility of making a distinction between the labor on radio parts and that on other products the labor audits of very few of these factories could be used in this study. The data, therefore, are far from being inclusive and indicate for only a few sample establishments and in only a very general way the employment trends in this branch of the radio industry. Included here is a graph picturing employment curves in four plants engaged almost exclusively in the manufacture of small radio parts, such as coils, condensers, rheostats, and resistance units. These include both large and small firms, located in the East and in the Middle West, yet in each of them the employment curve for the past six years reflects the recurring fluctuations characteristic of other branches of the industry. The peak in the manufacture of parts coincides with the peak in the manufacture of sets, and the minimum employment falls in the same season for parts as for re ceiving sets and tubes. 22 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY Table 7.— Fluctuation in employment, jour separate plants making parts and soriesj 1924 to 1929 1 PLANT 35. 1924 Month 13 o a i 1925 a <y a o £ '3 © § s 1926 a <D a o is *3 o a © s 1927 a 07 a o ft 'o3 © e 8 S 1928 a <x> a o is I o EH a © § acces- 1929 a a © is 3o s a a a o & January........................... 36 14 22 39 19 26 37 2C 17 42 21 21 49 29 20 62 36 26 February......................... 3" 14 23 38 17 21 42 20 22 36 2C IS 41 22 19 70 36 34 March. ............................. 3" 14 23 37 16 21 37 17 20 44 22 22 48 22 26 62 34 28 April............................ 18 37 16 21 38 17 21 46 2C 26 48 22 26 65 34 31 May................................ 3C 14 16 60 18 42 35 17 18 47 21 26 50 23 27 70 36 34 June............................... 4£ 17 26 74 22 52 46 2C 26 48 21 27 50 23 27 86 36 50 July___ ______ _______ 52 19 33 78 22 56 45 2C 25 50 21 29 54 24 30 92 42 50 August............................ 58 19 39 85 24 61 50 22 28 63 22 41 65 27 38 112 52 60 September 75 29 46 87 24 63 60 26 34 70 20 50 70 28 42 118 58 60 October._ ... 96 31 65 87 24 63 74 26 45 93 24 69 112 40 72 129 58 71 November_____ ____ _ 96 31 65 67 28 39 87 31 56 107 28 79 110 38 72 52 28 24 December 41 14 27 36 14 22 40 20 20 42 20 22 42 22 20 36 22 14 Average.......................... 52 19 33 60 20 40 50 22 28 58 22 36 62 27 35 79 39 40 Maximum.................. . 96 31 65 87 28 63 87 31 56 107 28 79 112 40 72 129 58 71 Minimum______ ____ 18 9 36 14 20 35 17 17 39 20 19 41 22 19 36 22 14 P. c.min. is of max____ 18.8 29.0 13.8 41.4 50.0 31.7 40.2 54.8 30.4 36.4 71.4 24.1 36.6 55.0 26.4 27.9 37.9 19.7 PLANT 36. January............................. 90 66 24 54 38 16 64 43 21 163 87 76 58 31 27 170 85 85 February.................... 82 63 19 35 24 11 59 39 20 119 68 51 58 34 24 149 79 70 March............................. 58 46 12 28 19 9 44 27 17 101 58 43 71 43 28 154 88 66 April_____ ____ _____ 69 54 15 23 17 6 33 24 9 70 40 30 90 56 34 225 137 88 May.................................. 57 45 12 22 16 6 31 23 8 48 30 18 125 74 51 250 143 107 June....................... 34 27 7 22 15 7 44 32 12 61 39 22 159 85 74 258 140 118 July................................... 26 20 6 26 19 74 53 21 92 59 33 204 no 94 290 157 133 August 31 24 7 79 61 18 89 61 28 124 77 47 217 120 97 342 September....................... 39 29 10 110 80 30 113 79 34 149 83 66 232 131 101 430 192 150 243 187 October______________ 61 47 14 116 84 32 126 86 40 186 105 81 243 127 116 432 242 190 November........................ 82 63 19 117 83 34 170 101 69 182 97 85 231 121 no 270 143 December...................... 91 70 21 99 71 28 196 104 92 112 61 51 213 108 105 124 78 127 46 Average............................ 61 47 14 62 45 17 89 57 32 117 67 50 159 87 72 258 144 114 Maximum........................ 91 70 24 117 84 34 196 104 92 186 105 85 243 131 116 432 243 190 Minimum......... .............. 26 20 6 22 15 6 31 23 8 48 30 18 58 31 24 124 78 46 P. c.min. is of max____ 28.6 28.6 25.0 18.8 17.9 17.6 15.8 22.1 8.7 25.8 28.6 21.2 23.9 23.7 20.7 28.7 32.1 24.2 PLANT 37. January............................ February.......................... March....................... ....... April................................. May________ _____ _ June_____ ____ _______ July______ _____ _____ August_______ _______ September October.......................... November............ ........... December............. .......... Average.......................... Maximum....................... Minimum P. c. min. is of.max___ 4 3 1 35 29 6 65 50 15 75 55 20 116 76 40 126 80 46 119 68 51 26 14 12 71 47 24 126 80 51 4 3 1 2 3. 2 23.8 22.0 10 10 0 15 10 5 12 12 0 15 10 5 23 14 9 19 12 7 24 14 10 24 15 9 70 29 41 57 26 31 103 45 58 119 43 76 155 67 88 160 50 110 207 81 126 251 84 167 265 90 175 354 124 230 303 103 200 415 125 290 255 85 170 368 110 258 65 30 35 89 33 56 124 48 76 157 53 104 303 103 200 415 125 290 10 10 0 15 10 5 3.3 9.7 0 3.6 8.0 1.7 11 10 22 49 72 110 215 335 490 578 483 214 216 578 10 1.7 5 5 8 16 26 43 72 112 205 228 188 89 83 228 5 2.2 6 5 14 33 46 67 143 223 285 350 295 125 133 350 5 1.4 January........................... 22 22 0 February.......................... 22 22 0 March.............. ................ 26 26 0 April____ . ........ 20 20 0 May----------------- -------- 14 14 0 June___ ______ _______ 13 13 0 July________ ______ _ 10 10 0 August_______________ 14 11 3 September...................... 41 19 22 October 45 20 25 November______ _____ 44 19 25 December_______ ____ 55 24 31 Average 27 18 9 Maximum........................ 55 26 31 Minimum....... ................ 10 10 0 P. c. min. is of max___ 18. 2 38.5 0 49 21 28 96 19 77 34 19 15 68 16 52 31 18 13 49 17 32 25 14 11 60 17 43 16 9 7 40 19 21 16 9 7 46 17 29 36 19 17 57 20 37 46 21 25 137 62 75 74 22 52 196 80 116 107 23 84 259 90 169 122 38 84 267 65 202 116 28 88 138 51 87 56 20 36 118 39 79 122 38 88 267 90 202 16 9 7 40 16 21 13.1 23.7 8.0 15.0 17.8 10.4 87 68 60 62 61 65 141 294 441 637 498 124 212 637 60 9.4 34 26 24 26 24 26 63 109 200 267 185 61 87 267 24 9.0 53 95 42 96 36 99 36 89 37 94 39 219 78 359 185 381 241 462 370 565 313 687 63 554 125 306 370 687 36 89 9.7 13.0 50 31 40 49 80 168 205 275 540 600 495 151 224 600 31 5.2 20 11 15 16 30 70 80 113 210 220 175 56 85 220 11 5.0 30 20 25 33 50 98 125 162 330 380 320 95 139 380 20 5.3 53 70 99 100 359 440 503 620 750 730 300 78 342 750 53 7.1 28 32 40 40 123 155 173 200 313 315 100 25 129 315 25 7.9 25 38 59 60 236 285 330 420 437 415 200 53 213 437 25 5.7 PLANT 38. 48 47 346 177 169 52 44 355 180 175 57 42 521 278 243 49 40 660 320 340 44 50 774 304 470 106 113 896 346 550 191 168 1,018 429 589 193 188 1,080 463 617 233 229 1,140 481 659 298 267 1,282 552 730 378 309 455 238 217 289 265 222 142 80 160 146 734 328 406 378 309 1,282 552 730 44 40 222 142 80 LI. 6 L2.9 17.3 25.7 LI. 0 \ D°r ^'kiled figures of plants 1 to 34 and 39 to 41 see appendix. 3 Minimum employment was zero. 2 Based on less than a 12-month record. State Teachers College Library FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT Numbers employed CHART 7 200 PLANT 35 ^■'c. y ' PLANT 36 PLANT 37 PLANT . 3 "3 <i> a s t 23 24 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY In the appendix is a chart of employment over a 2-year period in three firms making accessories and parts. The curve for plant No. 41 in this chart represents the trend of employment in the manufac ture of cabinets and consoles, and it is worth noting because of its difference from other firms in the proportions of men and women employed. Invariably, fewer women work in the cabinet department than in any other of the numerically important divisions of manufac ture. There is little work other than sanding that women do in the woodworking division, so the usual seasonal fluctuations also charac teristic of plants engaged in the manufacture of cabinets fall with greatest severity on the men. This is the opposite of the condition in factories making radio tubes, where men form the smaller element of the labor force. . Trend in the State of Ohio. The only definite figures on radio employment that were available at the time of this study were furnished by the division of labor statistics of the Ohio Department of Industrial Relations. In 1925 it became apparent to this State bureau that the manufacture of radios was assuming such importance that it should be treated as a separate industry and no longer be lost in the larger group of miscel laneous electrical products where previously it had been included. The table next presented, based upon data furnished by the Ohio department, shows the customary seasonal fluctuations, year after year, which the accompanying chart emphasizes. Though not strictly comparable with the charts by the Women’s Bureau, in which no curve represents a changing group of plants, whereas the Ohio plants reported vary in number from 5 to 17 in the five years in question, the figures are of interest and importance. At the peak in 1929 there were three and one-half times as many employees as at the peak in 1925, and the minimum employment had grown from 200 to 1,600. But in each year the maximum was of very short duration and the peak was sharp. The seasonal factors continued to be most striking, and employment was even less stable in 1928 and 1929 than in 1925. in employment, radio and radio parts, Stale of Ohio, 1925 to 1929 January February........ .............. March.............................. April____ ______ _____ May........... .................. . June_______ _________ July.................................. August............................. September....................... October............................ November................... .. December........................ Average........................... Maximum....................... Minimum....................... Per cent minimum is of maximum............... 857 476 381 824 362 482 284 198 849 376 352 202 150 923 387 314 181 133 520 306 214 144 70 526 293 231 156 75 547 312 419 255 164 690 374 827 433 394 797 414 1,208 561 647 968 478 1, 571 648 923 1,280 552 1,506 606 900 1, 616 676 776 322 454 1,103 466 730 356 374 887 416 1,571 648 923 1,616 676 214 144 70 520 293 13.6 22.2 1929 (15 estab lishments) M en Total M en el 1 Women 1928 (17 estab lishments) Total W omen M en 1927 (13 estab lishments) Total Women 1926 (5 estab lishments) M en M en Total Month Women 1925 (10 estab lishments) Total Table 8.—Fluctuation 462 1,025 487 538 1,519 574 945 5,344 2.232 3.112 473 586 34C 246 1, 623 547 1,076 4, 390 1, 2013,189 536 554 284 27C 1,504 520 984 2,748 1.1001. 648 214 479 272 207 1, 381 493 888 2,179 769 1,410 233 493 298 195 1,166 413 753 1,688 706 '982 235 561 346 215 2,291 678 1,613 1, 763 835 928 3M 822 450 372 3, 290 916 2,374 2,443 1,199 1, 244 383 1, 593 578 1,015 3,914 1, 201 2,713 4, 711 1,654 3' 057 490 2, 325 907 1,418 3,677 1, 335 2,342 5,069 1,926 3' 143 728 2,308 970 1,338 4,107 1,301 2,806 5,480 2,252 3' 228 940 2,394 874 1,520 4, 366 1,620 2,746 5, 657 1,991 3^666 637 885 558 327 3,820 1,495 2,325 1,638 895 743 471 L, 169 530 638 2,722 924 1,797 3,593 1,397 2,196 940 2, 394 970 1, 520 4, 366 1,620 2,806 5,657 2,252 3'666 214 479 272 195 1,166 413 753 1, 638 706 743 7.6 32.2 43.3 22.8 20.0 28.0 12.8 26.7 25.5 26.8 29.0 31.3 20.3 ■ FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT CHART 8 5 .t M 25 CONDITIONS CHARACTERISTIC OF EMPLOYMENT IN RADIO FACTORIES In the course of the survey, during interviews with plant officials and with a few persons who had recently worked in the trade or were fortunate enough still to hold jobs in radio factories, interesting side lights were thrown upon conditions in the industry. Although slight m importance compared to the figures that show the seasonal trends or employment, statements made in the interviews focus attention on the more human interests in employment. Because of this, there is here presented a resume of these facts and opinions of such vital topics as the labor supply, the type of work, irregularity of work and wages. J ’ Source of female labor supply. . the first questions that arise in discussing a seasonal trade is, Where do the workers come from and where do they go?” Answers varied with locality, and in many plants there was no answer, simply a statement of an obvious fact, “They come and goplenty of girls”; “We advertise for help when needed and lay off as soon as orders drop.” Some of the alluring advertisements of radio work that appeared in help-wanted columns in May, June, and July of 1929 read as follows: Gtiris, not under 18 or over 30, with experience on light assembly work; also some for coil winding and a few on soldering. Will consider a few learnerspiecework with hourly rate while learning. ' i»Gm%o00'* V*6 have vacancies for experienced and inexperienced girls, age conditions G°°d WageS wWle learning' * * * Ideal working To only a limited extent did there seem to be repeaters from year to year One factory reported that “only a few of the extra help return the next season; at least 60 per cent of the crew is new each yeai , in another it was said, “When it is time for radio to pick up many old girls return, especially the experienced solderers, for radio Pays better during the season than some other places.” During the summer vacation, extra help in the way of high-school students was used by some plants. Others were less favorably situ ated as regards the supply of labor. One firm was obliged to run busses to neighboring towns and to put young men and boys on jobs that normally were women’s. In another locality, in answer to an advertisement for labor that was circulated in the South, a con siderable number of men and girls, estimated roughly at 600, came from Kentucky, “attracted by rumors of business activity”; and when the shutdown came many were stranded 500 miles from home, without funds or relatives, a burden for the community to care for! Girls from 18 to 25 predominated among women in the radio lactones. One employment manager gave the average age of the women m his plant as 21, referring to the jobs as “work that young girls with agile fingers do well.” The personnel director in a factory 26 " 27 CONDITIONS IN KADIO FACTORIES that had moved into a complete new unit in 1929 and built up an average force of 336 employees within 10 months, only to give up the radio game completely by 1930, still speaks with regret of the “splen did force of girls” she lost when the plant closed. “All were young and attractive and many high-school graduates were among them.” Conversations with wage-earning women in radio communities bore evidence of the fact that they realized that the industry favored younger women. More than one said that only girls about 20 were taken on at the radio plants, or that radio was employing more help, but “you have to be young and strong to get a job there,” or that all the young girls who wanted work at radio or electrical supplies found it without difficulty. An older woman who had failed to get a radio job said, “Too many young people standing in line at the radio office. None of them bother with older women and won’t learn you.” Another mature women felt that in addition to her age her lack of education was a handicap; she felt that she did not speak “good enough English.” Distribution of jobs. The fact that in some plants men predominated and in others women was due to a variety of factors incident to the special com munity or plant under consideration and not inherent in the industry. In certain cases the manufacture of radios was a development from the making of motors or batteries that had been man-employing, and men were retained with the change in product. Other firms were almost exclusively assembly plants, buying most of the radio parts and cabinets, so the prevailing work in the plant was suitable for women. The labor market also was a controlling factor. In one town there was a shortage of women while in another the radio factory was the only large woman-employing industry; and un doubtedly the differential in wages of men and women favored the larger employment of women in some localities. Employment directors said that for much of the work there was no discrimination between men and women, as they were guided in their selection more by the applicant and his experience. In plants making sets the proportion of men is much larger than in those making tubes, the distribution of men and women in the former depending largely upon whether or not the firm does its own machine work and makes its own cabinets. In the average tube factory, however, men are in the vast minority, as not infrequently 85 to 90 per cent of the em ployees are women. An impression of the break-up of jobs and something of their relative importance may be obtained from the following list, showing by sex and occupation the number of persons hired during 1929 in a factory making sets. Number of men and women hired in one plant in 1929 Women Men Women Men Wiring... ---------------------------------- Assembly: Receiver Inspection, receiver and other 23688°—31 3 2,321 1,927 1, 531 ' 314 76 7 771 161 63 50 86 196 3 355 288 122 Machine operators and shop-------- Experimental, planning time 40 106 59 4 3 2 222 41 278 258 208 95 16 46 28 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY These figures do not represent the number on the force at any one time, but they are roughly indicative of departmental distribution and of the nature of the work on which men and women are employed. They serve to illustrate the turnover rate, since the hirings during the 12 months totaled 9,649 in a plant whose average employment was 3,154 and whose peak was 5,013. In this plant, that buys many parts and accessories and where the men compose only about one-fourth of the force, it is not surprising to find that the majority of persons taken on are women. The most interesting point in this list is the extent to which women are hired for all types of assembly and, conversely, how few men are assemblers. Besides assembling and inspection, the work of the women is not important. Training and skill required. Opinion varied but little among employers as to the amount of training necessary to learn any of the assembly and inspection jobs done by the women. These were described as simple repetitive opera tions. One superintendent said, “All their work is classed as unskilled, and they can attain speed on any job in from 3 to 10 days.” Others gave two weeks as the extreme of the period necessary to acquire skill and speed. In one or two cases vestibule schools were maintained when hiring was at the peak, these providing a short training period for beginners. Specialization of jobs on conveyor-assembly offered no opportunity for progression in occupations and there was no chance of advance ment except as increased speed on piecework swelled the pay envelope. Yet, as a rule, the girls commented favorably on the work. Only occasionally was there a reference indicating dissatisfaction, as the remark of a solderer who said, “My first radio factory was fine, but the fumes were so bad in the last place I coughed all the time”; and the comment of another worker, “Soldering hundreds and over a thousand little wires a day made me crazy.” Hours of work. The standard workday in the plants was 8b or 9 hours; occasionally it was as short as 8 or as long as 10. The standard week was about 48 hours, rarely more than 50. In 1929, to keep production up with orders, several firms resorted to night shifts, while others tried a combination of day and evening work, in some cases operating the entire plant on two shifts, from 6 to 3 and from 3 to 10, or adding a part-time shift from 5 to 10. Extra shifts and overtime were of brief duration and were quickly succeeded by undertime—a shortened workday and a shortened week. In fact, definite scheduled hours such as a 9-hour day or a 48-hour week mean little in this industry. A much truer picture of the situation is shown by statements that give the variations in the actual time worked from season to season. “For two months we operated a 10-hour day and a 55-hour week, then we cut down to 9 hours and 45 hours, and for two months now we have been on a 4-day week.” Another firm reduced its hours from 9 and 50 to 8 and 44, and its 5%-day week to one of 5 days and then one of 4 days. From repeated explanations such as these it was apparent that even for the employees retained at the end of the busy season there was decided restriction of the working time. CONDITIONS IN RADIO FACTORIES 29 Wages of women. To the general inquiry as to wages the company officials made various replies. They referred to rates, to average earnings, and to maximum earnings, and the data were far from being so uniform in type as to lend themselves to tabulation. The most common begin ning rates for women seemed to be 25 to 30 cents an hour, varying from plant to plant. Average weekly earnings ranged from $15 to $20, and the maximum earnings quoted usually were from $20 to $30, with a few instances of higher wages earned occasionally, for a week or so. In referring to the variations from season to season, one man thought his employees could make the production bonus in not more than three or four months of the year. The rest of the year the girls would be on straight time work, earning only from $15 to $16 for a full week and not that much during the long stretches of part time inevitable in the business. Of course, wages varied from plant to plant and from one city or State to another. One large employer in another line of business complained because he could not afford to pay as high wages as did the radio firms who were his competitors in the labor market. On the other hand, an employment manager attributed some of the labor turnover in his radio plant to low wages. “Tremendous turnover,” he said. “Pay poor, so we can’t expect efficient or loyal employees.” Not infrequently, illuminating comments were made by the women themselves in regard to wages. For example: “For six weeks I rushed from 7.30 in the morning to 6 at night. One of those weeks I made $26, piecework, but that didn’t last. All you can earn most of the time is $14.10.” Another comment was this: “Once I made $28.95. Soon we began getting through work by 2.30 or 3.30 in the afternoon, then we worked only four days a week, then we were laid off.” An experienced worker made this statement: “A few weeks it was wonderful. I made $29.50 one week. Then it came down steadily and rapidly to $10. Hardly pays now.” Other remarks were as follows: “Could make $18 a week, with bonus; $21 in busy season. But my last pay was $10.80, for three days.” “For a few weeks I made $24, but it didn’t last long that way; down to $14.” “For a few weeks I made $28 in one plant, then $18 in another plant,” “When production was at the peak, earned $30 a week, but many weeks I worked only two and three days, at $3 a day.” Ohio State reports on wages. In Ohio all employers are required to furnish to the division of labor statistics of the department of industrial relations figures that show the earnings of employees for the week of greatest employment during the year, as well as the numbers employed from month to month during the year. The following summary of wages, based on these Ohio reports, illustrates what has been an average condition of wages in the radio industry in Ohio for the past five years, and there is no reason to suppose that conditions in Ohio differ greatly from those elsewhere. 30 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY Employment and wages in week of greatest employment, Ohio, 1925 to 1929 Year 1925_____________ ________ 1926____________________ 1927_____________________ 1928_________________ 1929______________ Number of firms reporting 10 5 13 17 15 Number of employees Median of the wages Men 747 684 936 1,668 2,508 Women 943 963 1,551 2,806 3, 723 Men $21. 25 23.05 23.40 27. 90 24.20 Women $13. 40 14.60 14. 80 14. 65 13. 95 In no year was the median of the women’s wages—the point at which half the women earned more and half earned less—as much as $15. The figure varied from $13.40 to $14.80 during the five years, and in 1929, the year of greatest employment, it was lower than at any time since 1925. As usual, wages were much higher for the men than for the women and show a more decided increase from year to year. The conclusion from this tabulation is that the high wages talked about in various plants are not typical of the group of women radio workers taken as a whole, at least in Ohio. However, there is this to be said, that this “week of greatest employment” may be a period weighted with much inexperienced help working for the lowest rates of pay. Labor turnover. Most of the firms interviewed had no definite record of the num bers hired from week to week or month to month nor of the numbers who left the plant. One employment manager said they preferred not to figure turnover rates, as they knew they were very bad and due largely to involuntary lay-offs that were unavoidable because of the nature of the business. However, seven firms making radio sets had fairly complete employ ment data for 1929 and three of them had similar records for 1928. Their methods of computing turnover varied somewhat ; and in one firm the audit of hirings was exclusive of rehires or repeaters, while in another hirings covered both new employees and rehires. Further more, there were lapses in some of the reports—weeks with no record for separations and accessions. In spite of the various methods of treatment and omissions, the figures give at least an impression of the shifting in employment. The summary following indicates what had been the variations in the force of employees in these plants and roughly the number of accessions and separations, or the number of persons who had come and gone, through the year. 1929 (7 plants reporting) Average force_____________ _____ _ Maximum force... .. ____ Minimum force.___________ Per cent minimum is of maximum. _ Number of accessions______________ _ Number of separations.___________ 25.2 50| 760 1928 (3 plants reporting) 22A9 * 10G 31 CONDITIONS IN RADIO FACTORIES During the year 1929 about 49,000 people were hired or rehired and almost 51,000 were laid off, discharged, or quit in the seven plants reporting. There were 1,850 more separations than accessions. The coming and going of about 50,000 people in order to maintain a force of not much above 18,000 at the average and of 30,000 at the peak is appalling. To be sure, an average means so little in this industry that it can hardly be used as a basis of comparison. It indicates no more than that somewhere between the lowest and high est points was an average of the 12 figures no more constant than the minimum or maximum of employment. The record of three firms reporting similar data for 1928 shows more entrances than exits. In this case, to maintain what would have been an average force of less than 7,000, with a peak of 11,600, more than 18,000 men and women were hired or rehired and more than 15,000 were laid off or quit. The following count in a factory whose average force for 1929 was about a thousand employees is more or less typical of the turnover in all radio plants: Accessions Separations 2,555 4,137 299 958 732 566 1,245 644 494 1, 754 In this factory record, exits greatly outnumbered entrances. Exits were conspicuously high in the first and last quarters of the year, while entrances banked most heavily in the second and third quarters. Whether the factory was small, with a few hundred employees, or large, with a few thousand, there was the same continuous hiring and firing, getting a job and losing a job. In many plants the lay-off in 1929 began before the stock-market crash of October 29. One plant, that had speeded up tremendously and was reported to have been making 6,000 sets a day in July, reduced its force from about 10,000 to less than 4,000 employees between August and October, laying off several hundred every week. The lay-off was quite generally considered to be due to the “usual conditions in the industry.” 'Comments of employment managers were to the effect that “thousands were laid off until only a picked few remain,” and “we laid off 1,200 in the last two weeks.” One personnel manager, in describing the work of his office, said: “In September separations were somewhat less than the entrances, but in October they were four times greater, and then the big lay-off came without warning at 9 o’clock one morning, when we laid off 443 at once, almost as many as had been laid off during the preced ing four weeks.” Comments made by some of the girls themselves who were employed or had been employed in radio factories illustrate what the workers think of the irregularity of employment in this industry. During the summer the employees were talking about overtime. “Nine and a half hours a day now,” “worked till 7,” “an hour of overtime last night,” were common phrases. In the fall the story changed to 32 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY one of undertime and lay-offs—“slack,” “three days a week now,” and “laid off.” A number of comments follow: “I never dreamed a factory could be so nice and the work so pleasant and. the people so kind, too, but what is the use if you are laid off for two or three months once or twice a year?” “They hire one day and lay off the next, and then hire again in a few days to keep from paying them. I worked one day at radio and then I was laid off.” “In radio they hire lots of people to get the work done; then the first thing you know they begin to lay off.” “Work comes by spurts, with overtime a couple of weeks, and then a lay-off.” “In radio, work is too irregular to make it a decent job; all thev do is hire and fire.” J A girl who had been persuaded by her chum to quit a steady job for the more alluring pay in radio concluded her story with the expres sive comment: “In two weeks they laid me off.” Conclusion. The broadcasting of the election returns in 1920 marked the begin ning of the phenomenal development of the radio industry. Always seasonal, yet increasing from year to year, during 1929 it shot up beyond all control, with no regard to the absorbing power of the market. It was a year of selfish expansion, each firm for itself regard less of the capacity production also taking place in every other firm in the industry. After a “decade of mighty progress” it was the “biggest year ever.” Illustrative of the mushroom development is the record of. one of the smaller firms, which began operations in June, 1929, with fewer than 50 employees and increased the number until in live months it had about 500, over two-thirds being girls. Then in November, when business came to a standstill, within two weeks practically the entire force was laid off. The December issue of Radio Retailing reviewed the experience of the year, showing how serious a blunder had been the blind over production of 1929, for in that year 4,500,000 radio sets were manu factured, 2,000,000 more than in 1928. This trade journal called attention to the increase in factory capacity in 1929: “Some plants were doubled, others were trebled, and certain factory expansions were even made on a basis of 300 to 400 per cent increase. * * * As the result, we now have factory capacity to produce 15,000,000 radio sets a year * * * Thus existing plant capacity is more than three times the possible annual sales at this time.” 6 During these years of experimentation the manufacturer has been at the mercy of style changes and new inventions that overnight might convert a warehouse supply of stored radios into stock out of date and worthless in the eyes of the buying public, that will be satisfied with nothing but the latest model. Hesitating to venture too soon puffing off production until assured that the model was fixed and the busy sales season was almost upon him, the average manu facturer then had to operate his plant furiously for a short time if he was to keep his place in the trade. ber,R1929° pjmtfand 3(MU Business Magazine of the Radio Industry. McGraw-Hill, New York, Decern- CONDITIONS IN RADIO FACTORIES 33 If the employer has anxieties, they must be even more acute for the employee, who has none of the excitement of planning and play ing the business game. To the worker such seasonal production means a full pay envelope for only a few weeks, possibly months, and then earnings that fade or disappear entirely. Fluctuations in consumer demand undoubtedly are partly responsi ble for the seasonal unemployment that year after year has accom panied the sudden fall from “the peak of prosperity to the trough of depression” in this trade. But a manufacturer has said, in testimony before a congressional committee, “I was convinced a good many years ago of the element of unfairness and social wrong that modern industry had gotten into of freely hiring people and with equal free dom firing them.” 6 The manufacture of radios is a striking illustra tion of the situation thus described. « Unemployment in the United States. Hearings before the Committee on Education and Labor, United States Senate, Seventieth Congress, second session, pursuant to S. Res. 219, 1929, p. 205. APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS RECEIVING SETS, PLANTS 1 TO 23.1 TUBES, PLANTS 24 TO 34. PARTS AND ACCESSORIES, PLANTS 39 TO 41.2 i For special plants see pp. 8 to 13. 23688°—31----- 4 ’ For plants 35 to 38 see pp. 22 and 23. 35 * Nu rubers yy\p I oyed PLANT I 23688°-—31. (Face p. 37.) APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO RECEIVING SETS PLANT 1, 1922 to 1929. 1922 1923 1924 1925 Month Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom en en en en January_____________ February____________ March.. _______ ____ April May.. .. June....................... ........... July-------------------------August........ .............. September October_________ ____ November.............. ......... December_________ 336 422 523 613 696 731 712 637 605 Average.. Maximum Minimum........................ Per cent minimum is of maximum................... 1 176 215 258 316 354 364 356 324 321 160 207 265 297 342 367 356 313 284 598 544 542 565 596 579 565 549 522 534 629 652 618 731 336 314 364 176 304 367 160 573 652 522 372 459 342 46.0 » 48.4 i 43.6 80.1 74.5 1926 347 342 346 355 371 363 356 345 343 371 455 459 251 202 196 210 225 216 209 204 179 163 174 193 709 778 938 1,150 1,190 1,136 1,159 1, 422 1, 617 1,666 1,784 1,962 474 502 558 633 630 600 575 617 654 670 724 785 235 276 380 517 560 536 584 805 963 996 1,060 1,177 2,063 832 1,993 819 1, 841 763 1, 740 763 1,656 741 1, 530 696 1, 372 645 1,414 619 1,888 773 3,025 1, 180 3, 593 1, 395 3,896 1, 579 1,231 1,174 1,078 977 915 834 727 795 1,115 1,845 2,198 2,317 201 1,296 251 1, 962 163 709 620 785 474 676 2,158 896 1,177 3, 896 1, 579 235 1,372 619 1,262 2,317 727 64.9 36.1 1927 60.4 20.0 35.2 1928 39.2 31.4 1929 Month Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom en en en en January February March_________ ____ _ April........... ..................... May_______________ June.................................. July_____ __________ August___ September..................... . October______ ______ November__________ December................ . 3,949 3,425 2.924 2,492 2,181 1,931 1.924 2, 684 3,305 3,161 2,402 1, 709 1,607 1, 407 1,159 958 876 842 848 1,018 1.207 1,167 964 797 Average______ _______ 2,684 1,075 Maximum..................... 3,949 1, 607 Minimum_____ ______ 1,709 797 Per cent minimum is of maximum..................... 43.3 49.6 2,342 2,018 1,7.65 1, 534 1, 305 1,089 1,076 1,666 2,098 1, 994 1, 438 912 1,076 804 694 625 621 648 824 1,167 1,662 1,869 1,923 1, 798 591 474 423 406 407 426 492 559 662 737 754 737 485 330 271 219 214 222 332 608 1,000 1,132 1,169 1,061 1,609 1,153 2,342 1,923 912 621 558 754 406 595 1, 756 802 1,169 2,799 1,251 214 1,153 581 38.9 32.3 53.8 18.3 1,346 629 1,196 598 1,153 581 1, 222 603 1, 272 629 1,255 637 1, 354 688 1, 740 774 2, 247 929 2, 611 1,080 2, 799 1,181 2,777 1,251 41.2 46.4 717 598 572 619 643 618 666 966 1,318 1, 531 1, 618 1,526 2, 653 2,521 2, 507 2,549 2,700 3, 278 4, 033 4, 005 3,582 3, 226 2,796 2, 063 1, 266 1, 261 1, 313 1, 389 1,444 1, 667 1, 951 2,011 1,917 1, 799 1,587 1, 172 1,387 1,260 1,194 1,160 1,256 1, 611 2, 082 1,994 1, 665 1,427 1,209 891 954 3,005 1,571 1, 618 4,033 2,011 572 2,063 1, 172 1,434 2,082 891 35.4 51.2 58.3 1 Based on less than a 12-month record. 37 42.8 38 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO RECEIVING SETS PLANT 2, 1924 to 1929. • 1924 1925 1926 Month Women Total Men January February. ----------------- -----March April----------------- --------- — May........... -............................... June--------------------------------July August September....... ....................... October----- ----------------------November------ ---------------December.. --------------------- 1,868 1,112 1, 006 603 532 475 471 846 1, 326 2, 492 2, 744 3,002 1,301 758 693 437 386 350 351 581 863 1, 520 1, 720 1, 824 567 354 313 166 146 125 120 265 463 972 1,024 1,178 2,903 1, 954 1,328 1, 387 1, 354 1,876 2, 288 2, 944 3, 252 3,929 2, 563 1,420 1,776 1,372 993 1, 042 1, 002 1,232 1, 381 1, 746 1, 896 2, 201 1, 448 1,024 1,127 582 335 345 352 644 907 1, 198 1,356 1,728 1,115 396 845 754 730 709 703 1, 244 1,949 2,719 3, 323 3, 940 4,276 1,991 643 576 554 535 526 795 1, 129 1,606 1,964 2,270 2,590 1,308 202 178 176 174 177 449 820 1,113 1,359 1, 670 1, 686 683 Average------ --------- -----------Maximum Minimum Per cent minimum is of maximum-------------- ------ ------ 1, 373 3,002 471 899 1,824 350 474 1,178 120 2, 267 3,929 1, 328 1,426 2, 201 993 841 1,728 335 1,932 4, 276 703 1, 208 2,590 526 724 1,686 174 15.7 19.2 10.2 33.8 45.1 19.4 16.4 20.3 10.3 1927 Men Women Total Total 1928 Men Women 1929 Month Women Total Men Women Total Total Men January.......... ...................... - February.------- -----------------March___________ ______ April May............................................. June July August................... ...... ... September — October November.-----------------------December.. 1,918 1, 809 1, 768 1, 787 1, 912 2, 703 3,075 3,185 3, 236 1, 934 2, 093 2,956 1,243 1, 202 1, 198 1, 220 1, 296 1, 704 1,862 1,937 1,911 1, 234 1, 094 1,533 675 607 570 567 616 999 1, 213 1,248 1,325 700 999 1,423 4, 236 3, 443 2, 935 2, 221 2,325 3,454 5, 349 6, 999 8, 078 7,972 7,103 4,319 2, 231 1,981 1, 786 1, 425 1, 470 1, 934 2,876 3, 707 4, 206 4, 239 3,860 2,654 2,005 1, 462 1,149 796 855 1, 520 2, 473 3, 292 3,872 3, 733 3,243 1,665 Average.. ----------------------Maximum.................................. Minimum Per cent minimum is of maximum................ ...................... 2,365 3,236 1, 768 1,453 1,937 1,094 912 1,423 567 4,889 8,078 2,221 2,714 4, 239 1, 425 54.6 56.5 39.8 27.5 33.6 Men Women 4, 491 4, 994 3, 637 4, 048 5, 538 6, 215 8,884 9,198 5, 707 3,614 2,109 2,524 2,745 3, 037 2, 319 2,603 3, 491 3,839 4, 809 5, 046 3, 219 2,281 1,496 1, 614 1,746 1, 957 1, 318 1, 445 2,047 2,376 4,075 4,152 2,488 1, 333 613 910 2,175 3,872 796 5,096 9,198 2,109 3,043 5, 046 1, 496 2,053 4,152 613 20.6 22.9 29.6 14.8 1 39 APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS NwmbErs PLANT £ • •« 40 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO RECEIVING SETS PLANT 3, 1925 to 1929. Women 105 103 81 64 64 64 27 5 225 220 201 167 351 151 144 205 70 86 127 129 113 99 27 101 144 113 81 57 136 244 385 538 615 296 88 133 224 324 385 221 48 111 161 214 230 75 444 242 431 653 790 764 260 179 268 346 412 429 184 1, 076 770 306 63 2,409 1,449 960 163 4, 139 2,452 1,687 307 3, 861 2,413 1,448 378 1,690 1, 187 503 335 1,065 769 296 Average 271 197 74 161 106 Maximum 430 289 141 271 155 Minimum 150 130 16 97 70 Per cent minimum is of maximum____ ... ‘34.9 145.0 111. 3 35.8 45.2 55 144 11 240 615 69 155 385 64 85 230 5 414 790 167 250 429 144 164 1, 416 927 489 378 4, 139 2,452 1, 687 23 177 168 9 April________________ May________________ July___________ ____ August September October. _________ __ November December ... 174 257 430 319 297 150 130 173 289 242 217 134 1 Based on less than a 12-month record. 7.6 11.2 16.6 174 2.2 21.1 33.6 M en 169 165 108 69 69 January.____________ T otal M en 44 28 13 11 20 Men Total Women 1929 M en M en 1928 Total Total 155 126 100 90 85 44 84 141 77 80 16 199 154 113 101 105 109 97 187 271 242 194 156 1927 Women Women Total Month 1926 Women 1925 515 6.1 4.3 6.9 0.5 APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS PLANT 3 41 42 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO RECEIVING SETS PLANT 4, 1925 to 1929. 1926 1927 1928 1929 Total M en Women 9 17 3 1 14 38 42 19 36 42 85 65 28 3(J 23 14 13 40 44 81 146 171 183 214 8 8 8 5 6 9 13 19 30 52 68 70 20 22 15 9 7 31 31 62 116 119 115 144 138 69 30 27 62 170 200 266 365 459 497 312 52 35 24 26 29 58 91 104 151 212 218 149 86 34 6 1 33 112 109 162 214 247 279 163 Average.................. 3 6 3 Maximum___________ 10 4 6 Minimum _. 3 2 1 Per cent minimum is of maximum_______ 30.0 50.0 16.7 17 65 3 9 1 14 56 0 38 97 5 14 4 7 31 85 1 82 214 13 25 70 5 57 144 7 217 497 27 96 218 24 121 279 1 5.2 28.6 1.2 6.1 7.1 4.9 5.4 11.0 0.4 2 3.1 11.1 M en 4 8 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 8 12 14 1 1 Total 13 25 7 5 18 43 48 25 43 50 97 79 M en 6 2 0 1 8 9 8 7 6 21 56 33 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 4 § s Total 3 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 9 9 4 3 3 3 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 10 T otal 9 5 3 2 9 11 9 8 7 25 65 42 January__________ _ February March April_________ ______ May___ June . July________________ August...... ...................... September October__________ November____ December...................... M en - 2 1 1 1 2 3 3 5 4 5 6 6 Total Women Women Month Women | 1925 PLANT 5, 1925 to 1929. January February March__________ ____ April May June July ..... August______________ September October_______ . November December 943 766 708 607 427 339 442 564 595 613 763 805 470 401 394 374 257 200 254 323 316 313 386 407 473 365 314 233 170 139 188 241 279 300 377 398 831 839 606 474 537 622 692 646 786 863 847 783 414 440 337 292 324 367 398 370 417 441 429 396 417 673 399 464 269 254 182 204 213 223 255 237 294 344 276 738 369 873 422 1, 207 418 1, 445 387 1,105 432 302 187 177 193 184 212 351 336 476 600 491 241 904 162 896 67 712 27 635 36 718 53 760 132 864 387 l, 028 537 1,347 731 1, 515 845 1, 561 614 1,437 391 396 329 270 271 293 297 379 544 578 634 572 513 989 494 870 383 918 365 981 447 1, 066 467 1, 659 567 2,043 649 1, 677 803 1,395 937 971 927 728 865 641 401 588 336 534 347 571 401 580 416 650 633 1,026 835 1,208 652 1,025 566 829 455 516 373 355 347 294 Average Maximum________ Minimum___ Per cent minimum is of maximum_____ 631 943 339 341 470 200 290 473 139 710 863 474 385 441 292 325 647 422 1,445 182 204 328 600 177 319 1,031 845 1, 561 27 635 413 634 270 618 1,161 937 2,043 365 641 480 681 835 1, 208 336 294 35.9 42.6 29.4 54.9 66.2 43.1 14.1 29.5 1 Minimum employment was zero. 3.2 40.7 42.6 39.0 31.4 40.2 24.3 1 43 APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHAKTS Nu m bers employed PLANT 4 x X,/ i \ ~r/ / q; 'W' PLANT 5 i i Si 44 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIOJRKCEIVING SETS PLANT 6, 1926 to 1929. 1926 1927 1928 1929 Month Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom en en en en January February..................... March________ ____ April May............................. June July August September October November December...................... 58 30 17 25 27 78 142 235 296 252 214 191 37 26 12 ’3 13 27 64 118 158 137 133 118 21 4 5 12 14 51 78 117 138 115 81 73 83 47 32 31 40 120 201 224 224 257 125 168 51 30 21 21 24 53 102 122 125 129 72 83 32 17 11 10 16 67 99 102 99 128 53 85 51 44 35 43 74 79 162 169 177 225 301 142 32 28 24 22 35 30 66 68 73 86 109 61 19 16 11 21 39 49 96 101 104 139 192 81 62 29 13 62 64 109 276 334 337 356 215 68 29 20 13 28 30 32 89 115 106 108 81 43 33 9 0 34 34 77 187 219 231 248 134 25 Average............................ Maximum___________ Minimum Per cent minimum is of maximum........... ... 130 296 17 71 158 12 59 138 4 132 257 31 71 129 21 61 128 10 124 301 35 52 109 22 72 192 11 161 356 13 58 115 13 103 248 0 5.7 7.6 2.9 12.1 16.3 7.8 11.6 20.2 5.7 3.7 11.3 w January February March----------------------April May June------------------------July August September October November December 16 36 25 30 31 35 41 45 84 107 203 109 15 19 15 18 19 21 24 26 37 64 107 61 1 17 10 12 12 14 17 19 47 43 96 48 65 93 99 102 59 104 150 230 275 408 434 111 50 64 68 80 54 76 106 165 190 297 339 99 15 29 31 22 5 28 44 65 85 111 95 12 79 105 115 110 122 293 375 300 340 322 284 200 .74 95 100 97 106 176 231 236 212 208 181 145 5 10 15 13 16 117 144 160 128 114 103 55 147 146 161 173 207 573 889 818 532 450 248 122 97 102 107 125 148 404 676 625 373 362 200 109 50 44 54 48 59 169 214 193 159 88 48 13 Average--------------------Maximum............ . — Minimum____ _______ Per cent minimum is of maximum................... 64 203 16 36 107 15 28 96 1 177 434 59 132 339 50 45 111 5 228 396 79 155 236 74 73 160 5 372 889 122 277 675 97 95 214 13 7.9 14.0 1.0 13.6 14.7 4.5 19.9 31.4 3.1 13.7 14.4 6.1 34 54 77 115 154 186 190 187 176 190 100 71 25 25 60 134 238 502 732 817 731 51 27 19 7 7 17 36 64 136 198 221 197 139 484 73 336 343 52 18 132 18 128 43 164 98 354 174 691 366 846 534 1,234 596 1,490 534 1,718 131 91 93 36 35 44 96 187 228 333 402 464 353 245 250 96 93 120 258 504 618 901 1,088 1,254 1,705 1,458 883 428 442 978 1,208 1, 223 1, 304 1,596 566 187 460 394 238 116 119 264 326 330 352 431 153 49 1,245 1,064 645 312 323 714 882 893 952 1,165 413 138 302 817 25 82 221 7 220 660 596 1,718 18 128 178 464 35 482 998 1,254 1,705 93 187 269 460 49 729 1,245 138 3.1 3.2 3.0 7.5 10.7 11.1 PLANT 7, 1926 to 1929. PLANT 8, 1926 to 1929. April_________ _______ May June.................................. July......... .......................... August September October............ ........... November............ ........... December.......... ........... 47 74 106 158 211 255 260 257 241 13 20 29 43 57 69 70 70 65 48 128 Average...------ ----------- 176 Maximum 260 70 190 Minimum 47 13 34 Per cent minimum is of maximum.................... 2 18.1 2 18.6 217.9 i Minimum employment was zero. 7.5 7.4 11.0 i Based on less than a 12-month record. APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS Numbecs PLANT 6 200 • PLANT 7 PLANT 5 /^V c:.* L trf \ L/ \ 67/•‘M 7/ 1 45 46 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO RECEIVING SETS PLANT 9, 1927 to 1929. 1927 1928 1929 Month Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women 81 January February March _ April May_ ____ ______________ _ June___ _____ . July... _____________ ____ August______ ______ September_______ October ______ November_______ December_______ 591 377 245 239 227 260 331 521 727 780 586 276 391 276 187 183 175 197 250 319 438 486 396 223 200 101 58 56 52 63 81 202 289 294 190 53 221 173 115 111 105 100 136 198 224 324 471 380 190 151 100 97 94 90 112 139 154 211 281 244 31 22 15 14 11 10 24 59 70 113 190 136 266 237 160 159 141 127 87 85 364 534 389 27 185 161 115 117 105 97 68 67 194 283 203 25 186 2 Average____ _ __________ Maximum______ Minimum........ ............ Per cent minimum is of maximum__________ 429 780 227 293 481i 175 136 294 52 213 471 100 155 281 90 58 190 10 211 534 27 133 283 25 78 251 2 29.1 36.0 17.7 21.2 32.0 5.3 5.1 8.8 0.8 March April____ _ May _ ________ June____ _____ July____________ ________ _ August.________________ September______________ October _______________ November_______________ December_______ 44 38 55 130 75 76 223 414 517 481 25 19 35 63 65 64 136 241 294 272 19 19 20 67 10 12 87 173 223 209 198 157 105 500 857 1,127 1,240 1, 210 1, 029 611 132 111 59 248 475 653 716 701 607 395 66 46 46 252 382 474 524 509 422 216 148 122 92 134 402 755 827 731 518 364 95 81 63 91 247 444 476 427 316 237 53 41 29 43 155 311 351 304 202 127 Average________________ Maximum_ _ Minimum Per cent minimum is of maximum,______________ 221 517 38 130 294 19 91 223 10 632 1,240 105 372 716 59 260 524 46 398 827 92 241 476 63 157 351 29 i 7.4 i 6.5 i 4.5 8.5 8.2 8.8 11.1 13.2 8.3 45 42 36 30 170 PLANT 10, 1927 to 1929. 1 Based on less than a 12-month record. APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS Number’s PLANT 9 PLANT 10 0 47 48 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO RECEIVING SETS PLANT 11, 1928 and 1929 1928 Month PLANT 12, 1928 and 1929 1929 1928 1929 Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom en en en en January February. ----------- ... March. April_______________ May. .......................... June July___________ _____ August September_________ October_________ November...____ December_______ 350 390 378 340 300 433 772 1,032 1,202 1,201 1,027 1, 089 237 256 259 243 220 277 436 551 658 697 613 634 113 134 119 97 80 156 336 481 544 504 414 455 1,214 942 471 680 822 1,088 977 801 1,008 1,041 421 128 666 556 321 425 507 632 593 534 604 600 280 118 548 962 386 1, 062 150 992 255 996 315 1, 231 456 884 384 696 997 267 404 870 441 1, 375 141 927 10 546 385 365 397 399 493 354 279 402 348 550 371 219 577 697 595 597 738 £30 417 595 522 825 556 327 619 633 392 255 295 164 668 1, 341 1, 666 2,500 2,079 1, 456 248 256 157 102 122 66 268 537 681 982 842 575 371 378 235 153 173 98 400 804 985 1, 518 1,237 881 Average__________ 711 Maximum_________ _ 1, 202 Minimum 300 Per cent minimum is of maximum_______ 25.0 424 697 220 287 816 544 1, 214 80 128 495 666 118 321 961 548 1, 375 10 546 380 550 219 581 1,006 825 2,500 327 164 403 982 66 603 1, 518 98 6.7 6.5 31.6 14.7 10.5 17.7 1.8 39.7 39.8 39.6 6.6 1 APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS N u m tiers PLANT II PLANT 12 49 50 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO RECEIVING SETS PLANT 13, 1928 and 1929 1928 Month PLANT 14, 1928 and 1929 1929 1928 1929 Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom en en en en January.......... ............. February____________ March........................... April_________ ___ June........... . ... _____ July________ ________ August __ September___ _ October November_____ _ December...... ................ 541 992 1, 551 1, 711 1,823 1, 501 1,345 457 768 1,201 1, 314 1, 391 1,140 1,064 Average. -___________ 1,374 1,064 Maximum..................... 1,823 1, 391 Minimum............ ......... 541 457 Per cent minimum is of maximum. 29.7 32.9 84 224 350 397 432 361 281 1,133 1,083 811 709 855 1, 488 2, 268 2, 952 3,101 2,435 1,730 1,685 310 2,194 1,707 432 4, 036 3,101 84 841 709 : 19.4 1 Based on less than a 12-month record. 1, 434 1, 393 1, Oil 841 1,052 1,955 2,912 3, 763 4,036 3,222 2,239 2,176 20.8 22.9 301 310 200 132 197 467 644 811 935 787 509 491 1,161 267 1,345 309 282 1,227 1,099 253 910 209 1,987 457 2, 918 671 3, 467 901 3,842 1,149 4,096 963 5,239 1, 493 5,259 1, 546 487 2,713 709 935 5, 259 1,546 132 910 209 14.1 17.3 13.5 894 1,036 945 846 701 1,530 2,247 2, 566 2,693 3,133 3,746 3, 713 4,902 4,179 3,024 2, 104 1,560 1,463 1,929 3, 997 4,142 4,325 5, 013 1,208 1,127 961 696 484 359 336 444 1,039 1,238 1,016 1,429 355 3, 775 3, 218 2,328 1,620 1,201 1,127 1,485 2,958 2,904 3, 309 3, 584 853 2,004 3,154 790 3,746 5, 013 1,429 701 1,208 336 2,364 3, 775 853 18.7 24.1 23.5 22.6 APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS Number's “T PLANT 14 PLANT l 3 3,600 3,200 f H /s 2,800 1 1 1 1 • ! 2,400 i i i | 1 1 1 t 1 1t i1 i 2,000 — 1,600 A t i f-YH 1,200 l 1 i i o----------J » • A .vi _AV \ ff si 0 0/ £/ jy 5 -8 1928 23688° 31— - 1 1 1 1 1 \ 1 -3 1929 N 51 52 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO RECEIVING SETS PLANTS WITH 1929 FIGURES ONLY. PLANT 18 PLANT 19 M en Women Total M en Women Total M en Women T otal M en W omen Women PLANT 17 | PLANT 16 Total Total M en | PLANT 15 January.......................... 87 February 41 March 36 April 32 May................................... 69 June...............-.................. 129 July 194 August............................ 167 September 150 October__________ ___ 125 November____ ____ ___ 18 December 15 43 44 40 1 23 13 22 10 17 52 27 102 68 126 69 98 64 86 51 74 17 1 14 1 46 82 98 134 302 295 219 100 31 56 66 91 213 192 149 70 15 26 32 43 89 103 70 30 305 334 330 370 402 433 434 309 198 217 214 241 261 281 282 201 107 117 116 129 141 152 152 108 83 169 405 530 501 494 399 202 58 116 272 361 344 340 285 139 25 53 133 169 157 154 114 63 124 176 224 330 380 763 408 335 283 96 123 168 191 269 175 131 102 80 101 162 189 494 233 201 181 Average....................... . Maximum______.. Minimum Per cent minimum is of maximum.—............... 38 51 69 126 14 1 158 302 46 107 213 31 51 103 15 365 434 305 237 282 198 128 152 107 353 530 83 243 361 58 110 169 25 336 763 124 147 269 66 189 494 58 Month 89 194 15 7.7 20.3 0.8 1 15.2 1 14.6 i 14.6 i 70.3 i 70.2 i 70.4 i 15.7 ‘ 16.1 i 14.8 i16.3 i 24.5 i 11.7 PLANT 20 Month a 73 O E-* January________ February___________ March-------------------April May______ ________ June July August____________ September................... October November December PLANT 21 <33 S 258 189 174 144 120 101 102 88 66 64 64 57 128 85 324 254 1, 142 945 1,366 1,123 1,010 946 730 656 Average....................... . 388 460 Maximum 1,366 1,123 Minimum 57 64 Per cent minimum is of maximum.............1 4.7 5. 1 a o £ 69 30 19 14 2 7 43 70 197 243 94 74 a § 73 o 09 a a o Is PLANT 23 73 "o 03 2 g o (S G "o § a g o £ 698 398 1,490 817 1,624 843 1,985 1,066 2, 007 1,141 1, 747 1, 018 905 1, 501 1,105 682 738 454 300 673 781 9i9 114 94 866 419 284 729 1,205 775 596 2,122 1, 355 423 1, 335 864 284 254 179 20 135 430 767 471 75 2, 020 2, 580 2, 802 3, 360 4,000 4, 554 4,641 3, 464 2,133 2,725 2,919 2,802 2,664 1,597 1,165 72 1, 533 869 243 2,007 1,141 698 2 398 664 951 619 919 2,122 1, 355 284 114 94 332 5,183 3,294 767 7, 356 4,641 20 2,544 2,020 1,889 2,919 524 12.6 i 34.6 1 43.5 i 18.0 0.8 i 34.8 i 34.9 1 Based on less than a 12-month record. PLANT 22 > 30.9 » 5.4 i 6.9 2,544 3' 715 4, 204 6, 085 6, 919 7, 356 7, 305 5,061 3,298 53 APPENDIX--- TABLES AND CHARTS PLANT 15 PLANT 16 PLANT 17 PLANT 18 PLANT 19 Xs \ Dec.l w PLANT 23 PLANT 20 PLANT 21 PLANT 22 54 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO TUBES PLANT 24, 1931 to 1929. 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 Month Total i Total i Total i Average________________ 77 80 137 176 188 194 189 187 199 229 238 261 53 71 113 60 50 <*> 46 45 <*> 42 42 40 49 to « 238 138 144 115 » 73 _ Per cent minimum is of maximum. _________________ 1926 Month 285 287 288 284 270 233 211 205 224 247 261 278 29 26 29 26 24 21 21 18 18 20 23 28 256 288 205 24 18 187 187 17 170 29.5 m Men 179 261 77 January.. February_________ ___ _ March___ ____ ____________ April-------------------------------May June__________ July August September______ ________ October .......... .............. . November- ___________. December Total 71. 2 62.1 71.6 55.8 50.0 56.1 1927 Women Total 256 261 259 258 246 212 190 187 206 227 238 250 Men 27 24 27 23 22 21 24 17 20 23 30 34 270 272 273 256 246 233 236 187 248 283 333 335 1928 Women 243 248 246 233 224 212 212 170 228 260 303 301 1929 Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom en en en en January __________ . February __________ March April May __ June July.. August September....................... October_________ ____ November___ ________ December 335 314 302 300 327 294 295 281 292 297 329 324 34 28 30 27 29 26 30 25 23 24 30 32 301 286 272 273 298 268 265 256 269 273 299 292 264 229 213 196 191 190 201 237 263 335 347 366 26 21 21 18 17 17 20 21 21 27 31 37 238 208 192 178 174 173 181 216 242 308 316 329 393 400 391 374 373 393 414 408 425 447 489 525 39 36 39 34 34 35 41 37 34 36 44 53 354 364 352 340 339 358 373 371 391 411 445 472 658 735 787 890 943 1,000 1,154 1,299 1, 356 1, 451 1, 235 1,137 66 66 75 79 83 85 115 118 115 122 116 111 592 669 712 811 860 915 1,039 1,181 1, 241 1,329 1,119 1,026 Average Maximum________... Minimum Per cent minimum is of maximum__________ 307 335 281 28 34 23 279 301 256 253 366 190 23 37 17 230 329 173 419 525 373 39 53 34 380 1,054 472 1,451 339 658 96 122 66 958 1,329 592 83.9 67.6 85.0 51.9 45.9 52.6 71.0 64.2 54.1 44.5 71.8 45.3 PLANT 25, 1924 to 1929. 415 409 391 381 376 383 400 399 421 490 516 578 38 38 36 34 32 31 37 38 36 41 43 50 377 371 355 347 344 352 363 361 385 449 473 528 578 647 731 805 881 933 1,010 1,187 1,388 1,533 1,706 1, 389 Women 304 227 200 193 183 174 169 205 273 353 398 405 M en Total J Women 335 31 251 24 220 20 212 19 200 17 189 15 186 17 226 21 299 26 385 32 435 37 44-3 -38 1929 M en 299 311 316 279 275 268 264 259 268 290 317 329 § 2 1928 Total Total Women 252 329 30 265 343 32 261 348 32 241 306 27 227 301 26 21-6 -292 24 205 291 27 153 286 27 197 293 25 231 316 26 284 S4U 29 293 -S60 -31 Total Total Women M en 33 80 110 123 135 135 136 154 191 213 237 266 1927 Women | January________ ____ February _________ March---------------------April_____ May-----------------------June. July_________ ____ _ August ____________ September---------------October, November.................... 1926 [ § 2 U9Jfi[ Total Month 1925 Women 1924 3 8 10 11 11 11 13 15 16 18 20 23 30 72 100 112 124 124 123 139 175 195 217 243 277 292 288 265 248 235 226 169 215 252 310 321 25 27 27 24 21 19 21 16 18 21 26 28 53 525 61 586 68 663 72 733 75 806 76 857 93 917 113 1,074 119 1,269 127 1,406 143 1,563 120 1,269 Average................. ......... 151 13 138 258 23 235 318 28 290 282 25 257 430 38 392 1,065 93 972 Maximum................... 266 23 243 321 28 293 360 32 329 443 38 405 578 50 528 1,706 143 1,563 Minimum;:.'... ... 33 3 30 169 16 153 286 24 259 186 15 169 376 31 344 578 53 525 Per cent mihifnum’t&. of maximum'. 12.4 13.0 12.3 52.6 57. 1 52.-9 79.-4 75r0 78.7 42.0 39.5 41.7 65.1 62.0 65.2 33.9 37,1 33.6 1 Data on sex not obtainable, * Not obtainable. 1 APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS PLANT 24 PLANT 25 55 56 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO TUBES PLANT 26, 1924 to 1929. 1924 Month '3 o January______ ... February.. ______ March. _ ______ April_____________ May_____________ June_____________ July_____________ August___________ September_______ October__________ November_______ December Average__________ Maximum................ Minimum________ Per cent minimum is of maximum... g a 1925 a © 1 ps 1926 s o g a a o is 'oS o H § a 1927 g a o £ 73 o & g a 2 4 4 12 14 16 9 22 13 27 9 28 9 28 9 34 11 34 11 34 13 32 13 34 14 46 16 61 19 67 88 86 82 75 63 59 68 76 78 93 89 85 19 19 18 15 12 11 15 16 16 22 22 22 69 67 64 60 51 48 53 60 62 71 67 63 89 93 87 82 61 61 55 73 77 85 94 73 21 21 21 18 18 17 23 23 23 24 24 49 86 31 14 18 20 31 40 37 37 43 45 45 45 47 60 77 86 12 19 9 78 93 59 17 22 61 71 48 77 94 55 21 24 17 37 67 22 11 22 1928 fl § o 1929 g 1 o e * 67 72 66 61 43 43 38 50 54 67 47 47 46 45 49 0 2 22 a o £ 45 26 26 3 o EH 70 49 89 108 115 146 147 21 20 21 25 25 24 24 24 25 28 51 64 84 91 122 122 223 228 233 265 242 264 282 295 298 311 317 0 56 72 38 82 147 45 23 25 20 59 122 25 248 317 0 62 76 21 21 25 25 g a 0 3 a © is 29 29 30 31 31 33 36 41 43 41 40 0 194 199 203 234 211 231 246 254 255 270 277 0 32 43 0 216 277 0 36.0 47.4 32.8 63.4 50.0 67.6 58.5 70.8 52.8 30.6 80.0 20.5 0) .... 0) 725 757 778 852 854 680 748 774 797 921 961 937 191 1,079 204 1,156 222 1,258 242 1,372 246 1,392 265 1, 501 300 1,701 321 1,819 349 1,978 379 2, 147 333 1,888 283 1,602 (0 PLANT 27, 1924 to 1929. January February________ March April...................... May June__________ July August................... September_______ October_________ November_______ December_______ 19 21 60 64 67 73 71 71 82 93 100 691 104 105 116 339 362 381 416 399 404 463 527 564 587 109 114 117 128 128 102 112 116 laj 138 144 141 616 64i 661 724 726 578 636 658 677 783 817 706 917 868 801 78C 768 788 836 859 884 909 916 857 138 130 121 117 115 118 125 129 133 136 137 129 779 795 738 723 683 657 663 641 653 687 670 753 711 763 730 851 751 984 773 1,043 779 1,118 728 1,138 119 108 99 96 103 113 114 128 148 156 168 171 967 1,027 927 844 803 839 821 839 929 990 1,101 1,157 1,188 154 873 1,270 139 788 1,360 127 717 1,480 120 683 1, 614 126 713 1,638 123 698 1,766 126 713 2,001 139 790 2,140 149 841 2,327 165 936 2,526 174 983 2,221 178 1,010 1,885 Average................... 457 69 388 815 122 693 849 127 722 846 127 719 955 143 812 1,852 278 Maximum_______ 691 104 587 961 144 817 917 138 779 1,138 171 967 1,188 Minimum________ 124 19 105 680 102 578 768 115 653 641 96 MB 803 178 1, 010 2,626 379 120 633 1,270 191 Per cent minimum is of maximum.. 17.9 18.3 17.9 70.8 70.8 70.7 83.8 83.3 83.8 56.3 56.1 56.4 67.6 67.4 67.6 50.3 50.4 50.3 1 Minimum employment was zero, APPENDIX--- TABLES AND CHARTS 57 Numbers — PLANT 26 200 ------------------ PLANT 27 58 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO TUBES PLANT 28, 1925 to 1929. 1925 Month 3 © January February March________ April. . May.___ _________ June_______ ____ _ July...____ _______ August-........................... September October_________ November.................... December 48 61 63 60 53 43 43 57 61 88 88 101 s a 16 20 20 19 17 14 14 18 20 28 28 33 1926 fl 1 © * 32 41 43 41 36 29 29 39 41 60 60 68 3 o Eh 91 89 46 44 43 44 46 62 85 99 103 62 g a 29 29 15 14 14 14 15 20 27 32 33 20 1927 s a o is 62 60 31 30 29 30 31 42 58 67 70 42 *3 ■4J o Eh 64 63 39 49 56 69 82 111 156 197 178 149 g a 21 17 13 16 18 22 26 36 50 64 57 48 1928 a I 1 is Eh g a 43 36 26 33 38 47 56 75 106 133 121 101 128 137 137 134 133 164 191 259 353 584 737 824 40 43 43 43 44 59 60 89 130 260 325 367 1929 © ® a o £ 3 88 94 94 91 89 105 131 170 223 324 412 457 o s a © ® a o is 829 715 715 713 738 845 839 880 885 861 456 332 337 283 270 268 278 309 289 292 259 270 140 85 492 432 445 445 460 536 550 588 626 591 316 247 Average........................... 64 21 43 68 22 46 100 32 68 315 125 190 734 257 477 Maximum_________ 101 33 68 103 33 70 197 64 133 824 367 457 885 337 626 Minimum.................... 43 14 29 43 14 29 39 13 26 128 40 88 332 85 247 Per cent minimum is of maximum............. 42.6 42.4 42.6 41.7 42.4 41.4 19.8 20.3 19.5 15.5 10.9 19.3 37.5 25.2 39.5 PLANT 29, 1925 to 1929. January___ February... March........ April_____ May............. June______ July______ August____ September.. October___ November.. December.. 72 39 29 27 11 17 24 41 75 94 134 138 12 10 10 10 4 4 4, 6 11 12 20 18 60 29 19 17 7 13 20 35 64 82 114 120 37 32 47 75 64 31 107 165 242 242 258 218 14 10 10 12 12 10 23 29 40 44 42 37 23 22 37 63 52 21 84 136 202 198 216 181 160 138 136 85 60 113 127 158 170 137 351 495 28 24 26 15 12 22 24 25 28 34 43 56 132 114 110 70 48 91 103 133 142 103 308 439 455 458 360 250 288 361 501 569 609 767 391 160 52 48 45 38 42 53 64 71 78 89 46 28 403 410 315 212 246 308 437 498 531 678 345 132 Average_____________ Maximum___________ Minimum___________ Per cent minimum is of maximum_______ 58 138 10 20 4 48 120 7 127 258 31 24 44 10 103 216 21 178 495 60 28 56 12 149 439 48 431 767 160 55 89 28 376 678 132 8.0 20.0 5.8 12.0 22.7 9.7 12.1 21.4 10.9 20.9 31.5 19.5 63 58 58 33 30 28 33 43 62 89 89 83 51 50 50 26 22 22 29 33 52 77 76 74 60 59 55 31 29 31 15 44 82 103 104 53 PLANT 30, 1925 to 1929. January..-........ . ...... February________ March. ____________ April________________ May__________ . June July.................................. August_______ _ September October___________ November December . 41 31 39 39 101 102 59 10 9 9 15 19 17 14 31 22 30 24 82 85 45 12 8 8 7 8 6 4 10 10 12 13 9 70 67 64 40 39 41 23 56 94 119 119 68 10 8 9 9 10 10 8 12 12 16 15 15 83 66 78 61 65 77 80 80 91 124 223 219 15 16 15 15 14 15 16 16 15 24 33 19 68 50 63 46 51 62 64 64 76 100 190 200 Average.. 59 13 46 56 9 47 67 11 56 104 18 86 Maximum________ 102 19 85 89 13 77 119 16 104 223 33 200 Minimum _____ 31 9 22 28 4 22 23 8 15 61 14 46 Per cent minimum is of maximum_______ ‘30.4 147.4 >25.9 31.5 30.8 28.6 19.3 50.0 14.4 27.4 42.4 23.0 1 Based on less than a 12-month record. 242 230 232 209 227 356 412 534 741 845 728 62 25 24 27 30 35 48 62 80 81 86 74 47 402 845 62 52 350 86 759 24 15 7.3 27.9 2.0 217 206 205 179 192 308 350 454 660 759 654 15 59 APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS N uwbers em (d loued PLANT 28 Wlej PLANT 29 PLANT 30 I4I- 60 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO TUBES PLANT 31, 1926 to 1929. 1926 1927 1928 1929 Month Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom Total Men Wom en en en en 204 141 28 436 April May.-•Tune. •Tuly_ _ --------------------August September-October ____________ November December Id 27 41 64 78 184 419 354 221 4 5 11 13 23 71 129 144 103 15 22 30 51 55 113 290 210 118 190 196 205 262 300 313 267 210 202 40 36 55 53 89 121 82 85 94 150 160 150 209 211 192 185 125 108 116 105 122 138 193 254 351 410 481 29 45 60 68 75 92 117 129 130 87 587 60 627 62 687 70 648 118 628 162 781 234 940 281 1,030 351 941 189 206 218 216 215 308 311 318 312 398 421 469 432 413 473 629 712 629 Average Maximum Minimum_____ Per cent minimum is of maximum..................... i 156 419 19 56 144 4 100 290 15 222 313 141 68 121 28 154 211 108 215 481 105 71 130 29 144 733 351 1,030 60 587 234 318 163 499 712 398 4.5 i 2.8 » 5.2 45.0 23.1 51.2 21.8 22.3 51.3 55.9 17.1 57.0 PLANTS WITH 1929 FIGURES ONLY. PLANT 32 PLANT 33 PLANT 34 Total Men Men Men Womer January---------------------------February ________________ March April------- ----------------------May. _________ ______ June July_________ ____________ August September_____________ October November December----------------- ------ - 499 505 220 128 317 492 680 799 922 580 331 131 87 83 44 26 63 87 102 98 92 85 • 55 26 412 422 176 102 254 405 578 701 830 495 276. 105 662 586 697 905 1, 245 1,418 1, 656 1,390 1,440 1,458 723 0 196 167 166 227 368 440 479 389 378 381 100 0 480 419 531 678 877 978 1,177 1,001 1,062 1,077 623 0 470 684 714 791 840 801 1,521 1,517 1,736 1,515 274 128 95 115 158 164 171 140 331 307 298 263 86 52 37, 56( 55( 62' 661 66 1,19( i; 2k 1,438 1,251 188 7f Average................................. . Maximum Minimum. Per cent minimum is of maximum__ 467 922 128 71 102 26 396 830 102 1,015 1,656 0 274 479 0 741 1,177 0 916 1, 736 128 182 331 52 734 1,438 7t 13.9 25.5 12.3 « 7.4 15.7 5.3 Month Women Total 1 Based on less than a 12-month record, « Women Total « J Minimum employment was zero. 61 APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS Numbers e m bi owed — PLANT 3| 600 <400 # / 200 cl \ _^g_ 4 1926 PLANT 32 xL *r /o o C £ r\/ xL t: 1927 £ 1928 PLANT 33 xi. / <J ^ rixi_j 1929 PLANT 34 IT E <D I 1 r JS li ' r* 1 I 4 $ I 1929 Jill 1929 62 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO PARTS AND ACCESSORIES ' PLANT 39, 1928 and 1929. 1928 1929 Month Total January____________________________ February___________________________ March_____________________________ April______________________ ... May___________________ ______ _ June______________ __________ July... ... ._ . August_______________ September______ October______________________ November______ _. December________ Average_________________________ Maximum_________ Minimum_____ _____ ___________________ ____ Per cent minimum is of maximum.. Men Women Total Men Women 78 58 66 87 79 131 165 274 395 427 446 399 66 46 54 75 67 105 134 240 348 367 389 358 12 12 12 12 12 26 31 34 47 60 57 41 182 93 98 79 161 262 478 477 489 513 489 126 176 88 95 77 122 173 258 266 283 278 283 104 6 5 3 2 39 89 220 211 206 235 206 22 217 446 58 13.0 187 389 46 11.8 30 60 12 20.0 288 513 79 15.4 184 283 77 27.2 104 235 2 0,9 250 170 80 80 80 70 80 80 80 80 80 PLANT 40, 1928 and 1929. January________________________ February______________________ March_________________ ________ April__________________________ May______________ _____ _______ June_______________________ ___ July______________ ___________ _ August________ ____ _________ _ September_______________ ____ _ October.____ ___________________ November_____________________ December_________ ______ ______ Average................................................ Maximum_______ ______________ Minimum______________________ Per cent minimum is of maximum 133 200 113 170 235 200 228 170 268 538 544 750 460 200 150 238 488 494 700 420 327 750 133 17.7 293 700 113 16.1 January_____________________________________ February March_________________________ ___ _____ ___ April________ ____ .. May June July ____________________________________ August_ _____ ____ _ _ September October November____ __ ______ December.. ... 142 127 146 152 138 148 160 192 245 338 360 315 Average____ ____ _______________ ___________ Maximum................................................... .................. Minimum................................................................. Per cent minimum is of maximum 205 360 127 35.3 201 200 171 175 20 30 35 30 25 28 20 30 50 50 50 40 34 50 200 200 200 250 250 346 342 436 708 250 136 120 120 130 170 170 266 262 356 608 100 200 88 50 48 222 608 100 40.0 298 708 136 19.2 14.5 48 48.0 129 116 135 138 126 136 143 173 224 310 327 287 13 11 11 14 12 12 17 19 21 28 33 28 217 174 90 40 53 171 282 433 671 807 288 200 194 156 81 35 46 157 255 390 613 737 266 183 23 18 9 5 7 14 27 43 58 70 22 17 187 327 116 35.5 18 33 11 33.3 285 807 40 5.0 259 737 35 4.7 26 70 5 7.1 20 88 76 PLANT 41, 1928 and 1929. 1 For plants 35 to 38 see pp. 22 and 23. APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS Numbers PLANT 39 PLANT 40 *, i in ri i ft 1 i 1,! I!!! I #l i ■ i i i i i i • r! SI 1 # W2rnen_ PLANT 41 i i ri v_* / ^ | ! V \ V A 63 una- PUBLICATIONS OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU [Any of these bulletins still available will be sent free of charge upon request) *No. 1. Proposed Employment of Women during the War in the Industries of Niagara Falls, N. Y. 16 pp. 1918. No. 2. Labor Laws for Women in Industry in Indiana. 29 pp. 1919. No. 3. Standards for the Employment of Women in Industry. 8 pp. Third ed., 1921. No. 4. Wages of Candy Makers in Philadelphia in 1919, 46 pp. 1919. *No. 6. The Eight-Hour Day in Federal and State Legislation. 19 pp. 1919. No. 6. The Employment of Women in Hazardous Industries in the United States. 8 pp. 1921. No. 7. Night-Work Laws in the United States. (1919.) 4 pp. 1920. *No. 8. Women in the Government Service. 37 pp. 1920. *No. 9. Home Work in Bridgeport, Conn. 36 pp. 1920. *No. 10. Hours and Conditions of Work for Women in Industry in Virginia. 32 pp. 1920. No. 11. Women Street-Car Conductors and Ticket Agents. 90 pp. 1921. *No. 12. The New Position of Women in American Industry. 158 pp. 1920. No. 13. Industrial Opportunities and Training for Women and Girls. 48 pp. 1921. *No. 14. A Physiological Basis for the Shorter Working Day for Women. 20 pp. 1921. No. 15. Some Effects of Legislation Limiting Hours of Work for Women. 26 pp. 1921. No. 16. (See Bulletin 63.) No. 17. Women’s Wages in Kansas. 104 pp. 1921. No. 18. Health Problems of Women in Industry. 11 pp. 1921. No. 19. Iowa Women in Industry. 73 pp. 1922, *No. 20. Negro Women in Industry. 65 pp. 1922. No. 21. Women in Rhode Island Industries. 73 pp. 1922. *No. 22. Women in Georgia Industries. 89 pp. 1922. No. 23. The Family Status of Breadwinning Women. 43 pp. 1922. No. 24. Women in Maryland Industries. 96 pp. 1922. No. 25. Women in the Candy Industry in Chicago and St. Louis. 72 pp. 1923. No. 26. Women in Arkansas Industries. 86 pp. 1923. No. 27. The Occupational Progress of Women. 37 pp. 1922. No. 28. Women’s Contributions in the Field of Invention. 51 pp. 1923. No. 29. Women in Kentucky Industries. 114 pp. 1923. No. 30. The Share of Wage-Earning Women in Family Support. 170 pp. 1923. No. 31. What Industry Means to Women Workers. 10 pp. 1923. No. 32. Women in South Carolina Industries. 128 pp. 1923. No. 33. Proceedings of the Women’s Industrial Conference. 190 pp. 1923. No. 34. Women in Alabama Industries. 86 pp. 1924. No. 35. Women in Missouri Industries. 127 pp. 1924. No. 36. Radio Talks on Women in Industry. 34 pp. 1924. No. 37. Women in New Jersey Industries. 99 pp. 1924. No. 38. Married Women in Industry. 8 pp. 1924. No. 39. Domestic Workers and Their Employment Relations. 87 pp. 1924. No. 40. (See Bulletin 63.) No. 41. Family Status of Breadwinning Women in Four Selected Cities. 145 pp. 1925. No. 42. List of References on Minimum Wage for Women in the United States and Canada. 42 pp. 1925. No. 43. Standard and Scheduled Hours of Work for Women in Industry. 68 pp. 1925. No. 44. Women in Ohio Industries. 137 pp. 1925. No. 45. Home Environment and Employment Opportunities of Women in Coal-Mine Workers’ Families. 61 pp. 1925. 65 66 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY No. 46. Facts About Working Women—-A Graphic Presentation Based on Census Statistics. 64 pp. 1925. No. 47. Women in the Fruit-Growing and Canning Industries in the State of Washington. 223 pp. 1926. ♦No. 48. Women in Oklahoma Industries. 118 pp. 1926. No. 49. Women Workers and Family Support. 10 pp. 1925. No. 50. Effects of Applied Research Upon the Employment Opportunities of American Women. 54 pp. 1926. No. 51. Women in Illinois Industries. 108 pp. 1926. No. 52. Lost Time and Labor Turnover in Cotton Mills. 203 pp. 1926. No. 53. The Status of Women in the Government Service in 1925. 103 pp. 1926. No. 54. Changing Jobs. 12 pp. 1926. No. 55. Women in Mississippi Industries. 89 pp. 1926. No. 56. Women in Tennessee Industries. 120 pp. 1927. No. 57. Women Workers and Industrial Poisons. 5 pp. 1926. No. 58. Women in Delaware Industries. 156 pp. 1927. No. 59. Short Talks About Working Women. 24 pp. 1927. No. 60. Industrial Accidents to Women in New Jersey, Ohio, and Wisconsin. 316 pp. 1927. No. 61. The Development of Minimum-Wage Laws in the United States, 1912 to 1927. 635 pp. 1928. No. 62. Women’s Employment in Vegetable Canneries in Delaware. 47 pp. 1927. No. 63. State Laws Affecting Working Women. 51 pp. 1927. (Revision of Bulletins 16 and 40.) . No. 64. The Employment of Women at Night. 86 pp. 1929. *No. 65. The Effects of Labor Legislation on the Employment Opportunities of Women. 498 pp. 1928. No. 66. History of Labor Legislation for Women in Three States; Chronological Development of Labor Legislation for Women in the United States. 288 pp. 1929. No. 67. Women Workers in Flint, Mich. 80 pp. 1929. No. 68. Summary: The Effects of Labor Legislation on the Employment Oppor tunities of Women. (Reprint of Chapter 2 of bulletin 65.) 22 pp. 1928. No. 69. Causes of Absence for Men and for Women in Four Cotton Mills. 24 pp. 1929. No. 70. Negro Women in Industry in 15 States. 74 pp. 1929. No. 71. Selected References on the Health of Women in Industry. 8 pp. 1929. No. 72. Conditions of Work in Spin Rooms. 41 pp. 1929. No. 73. Variations in Employment Trends of Women and Men. 143 pp. 1930. No. 74. The Immigrant Woman and Her Job. 179 pp. 1930. No. 75. What the Wage-Earning Woman Contributes to Family Support. 20 pp. 1929. No. 76. Women in 5-and-10-Cent Stores and Limited-Price Chain Department Stores. 58 pp. 1930. No. 77. A Study of Two Groups of Denver Married Women Applying for Jobs. 10 pp. 1929. No. 78. A Survey of Laundries and Their Women Workers in 23 Cities. 166 pp. 1930. No. 79. Industrial Home Work. 18 pp. 1930. No. 80. Women in Florida Industries. 115 pp. 1930. No. 81. Industrial Accidents to Men and Women. 48 pp. 1930. No. 82. The Employment of Women in the Pineapple Canneries of Hawaii. 30 pp. 1930. No. 83. Fluctuation of Employment in the Radio Industry. 66 pp. 1931. No. 84. Fact Finding with the Women’s Bureau. 37 pp. 1931. No. 85. Wages for Women in 13 States. (In press.) Annual Reports of the Director, 1919*, 1920*, 1921*, 1922, 1923. 1924*, 1925, 1926, 1927*, 1928*, 1929, 1930. Supply exhausted. o