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State Teachers College Ljb'Mr-y

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BULLETIN

OF

THE

WOMEN’S

BUREAU,

NO.

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT
IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY




83

[Public—No. 259—66th Congress]
[H. R. 13229]
AN ACT To establish in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the
Women’s Bureau

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be
established in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the
Women’s Bureau.
Sec. 2. That the said bureau shall be in charge of a director, a
woman, to be appointed by the President, by and. with the advice
and consent of the Senate, who shall receive an annual compensa­
tion of $5,000. It shall be the duty of said bureau to formulate
standards and policies which shall promote the welfare of wage­
earning women, improve their working conditions, increase their
efficiency, and advance their opportunities for profitable employ­
ment. The said bureau shall have authority to investigate and
report to the said department upon all matters pertaining to the
welfare of women in industry. The director of said bureau may
from time to time publish the results of these investigations in such
a manner and to such extent as the Secretary of Labor may prescribe.
Sec. 3. That there shall be in said bureau an assistant director, to
be appointed by the Secretary of Labor, who shall receive an annual
compensation of $3,500 and shall perform such duties as shall be
prescribed by the director and approved by the Secretary of Labor.
Sec. 4. That there is hereby authorized to be employed by said
bureau a chief clerk and such special agents, assistants, clerks, and
other employees at such rates of compensation and in such numbers
as Congress may from time to time provide by appropriations.
Sec. 5. That the Secretary of Labor is hereby directed to furnish
sufficient quarters, office furniture, and equipment for the work of
this bureau.
Sec. 6. That this act shall take effect and be in force from and
after its passage.
Approved, June 5, 1920.




UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
W. N. DOAK, SECRETARY

WOMEN’S BUREAU
MARY ANDERSON, Director

BULLETIN OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU, NO. 83

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT
IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
BY

CAROLINE MANNING

£vl*NT O?
sk, HI
O*.

UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1931

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.




Price 15 cents




.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

Letter of transmittal:,________________________________
v
Introduction
]
Scope
1
Source of data ___________________________________________________
2
Plan of study.._______________________________________________ .___
2
Fluctuation in employment___________
4
Receiving sets, 1929_______________________________________________
4
Receiving sets, 1926 to 1929
7
Employment based on hours worked
8
Employment where manufacture of radio sets is combined with
another product
11
Appendix tables and charts for receiving sets _____________________
13
Radio tubes, 1929_
13
Radio tubes, 1926 to 1929
16
Appendix tables and charts for tubes____
16
Maximum and minimum employment, sets and tubes______________
16
Census figures for other industries
20
Comparison of actual numbers
20
Average employment, sets and tubes
20
Parts and accessories:
21
Trend in the State of Ohio
24
Conditions characteristic of employment in radio factories___
26
Source of female labor supply
26
Distribution of jobs_____________________ _
27
Training and skill required________________________________________
28
Hours of work_...
28
Wages of women
29
Ohio State reports on wages
29
Labor turnover__________________
30
Conclusion____________________________________________
32
Appendix—Tables and charts, plants 1 to 34 and 39 to 41___________
35-63
TEXT TABLES AND CHARTS
No. 1. Fluctuation in employment, 23 plants making receiving sets, 1929_
4-5
2. Fluctuation in employment, eight selected plants making receiving
sets, 1926 to 1929
8-9
3. Fluctuation in number of average full-time workers, based on hours
10
worked, one plant making receiving sets, 1925 to 1929_________
4. Fluctuation in employment, one plant combining the making of
receiving sets with another seasonal product, 1926 to 1929_____
12
5. Fluctuation in employment, 15 plants making tubes, 1929_______
14
6. Fluctuation in employment, 10 selected plants making tubes, 1926
to 1929_______
15
7. Fluctuation in employment, four separate plants making parts and
accessories, 1924 to 1929:. 22-23
8. Fluctuation in employment, radio and radio parts, State of Ohio,
1925 to 192924-25




m




■

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
United States Department of Labor,
Women’s Bureau,

Washington, December 10, 1930.
Sir : I have the honor to submit herewith a report on the fluctua­
tion of employment in the radio industry in 1929 and such earlier
years as could be studied from the employment records of manufac­
turing firms. The purpose of the survey was to discover whether
the condition of severe depression in the industry at the close of 1929,
that came to the attention of bureau investigators in connection with
another study, was local or typical of the radio industry in general,
and whether the year was representative or abnormal.
Employment records were obtained from 26 firms making receiving
sets, from 15 making tubes, and from 10 malting parts or accessories.
It is estimated that the figures cover plants that produced 80 to 90
per cent of the sets and at least 90 per cent of the tubes made in 1929.
The data on parts and accessories are less inclusive but are fairly
representative.
The cooperation of employers, who courteously made available to
the bureau the whole of their material showing employment fluctua­
tion and in a number of cases gave assistance in the compiling and
copying of such records, is gratefully acknowledged.
The study was made and the report has been written by Caroline
Manning, industrial supervisor of the Women’s Bureau.
Respectfully submitted.
Mary Anderson, Director.
Hon. W. N Doak,
Secretary of Labor.




FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE
RADIO INDUSTRY
INTRODUCTION
The attention of the Women’s Bureau was first directed to the
employment situation in the radio industry in the latter part of 1929
by statements of young women who were or had been employed in
plants making radio receiving sets and tubes. Attracted by promis­
ing newspaper advertisements, these women had found various kinds
of work in radio factories, where employment had been, on the whole,
satisfactory while trade was good, that is, while there was plenty to
do and they could work a full week; but later, when they were laid
off and so lost their jobs, or at best had work only every now and
then or for only a small part of the week, they realized how precarious
is employment in the radio industry.
The purpose of this survey was to discover whether the condition
complained of was merely a local situation affecting a few plants or
was typical of the industry in general. Furthermore, as conditions in
1929 had been abnormal, it was decided to ask for employment
records over a period of years so as to show the usual trend in the
industry and by so doing to disclose to what extent 1929 had or had
not been representative.
Scope.
In order to get a picture of employment in the radio industry as a
whole, plants engaged in the manufacture of receiving sets, tubes, and
parts and accessories were visited in Massachusetts, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Michigan, and Illi­
nois. As radio manufacturing is concentrated largely around the
cities of New York and Chicago,1 much of the valuable information
acquired was furnished by plants in these districts. Altogether,
employment data were obtained from 26 firms making receiving sets,
from 15 making tubes, and from 10 making parts or accessories.
Authorities of the United States Department of Commerce and of
the Radio Manufacturers Association agree that figures presented in
this report cover firms that produced 80 to 90 per cent of the sets and
at least 90 per cent of the tubes made in 1929.
The data on radio parts and accessories are far from being so
inclusive, and they constitute barely a sample of employment condi­
tions in the scores of plants, widely scattered through the States,
making essential parts for the radio trade.
1 A statement from the Radio Manufacturers Association is to the effect that 35 per cent of radio produc­
tion centers within a 25-mile radius of New York and 32 per cent within a 30-mile radius of Chicago,




1

2

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY

Source of data.
With the courteous permission of the employers, whatever records
the individual firms already had in the way of labor audits were
copied, but in several instances original compilations had to be made
of employment records or weekly pay-roll books so as to obtain the
primary data. Personnel managers, pay-roll clerks, and auditors were
most helpful, occasionally doing the routine counting of names on the
pay roll or otherwise preparing the information desired. Without
such assistance the study could not have been made.
In the majority of plants it was possible to get figures for at least
two years, and in some cases the records went back for five, six, and
even eight years.
The greatest difficulty was caused by the lack of uniformity in the
available records. There were daily sheets of employment, weekly,
semimonthly, and monthly records, and some were based on average
employment while others were for one definite date. Since most of
the records were monthly averages, wherever practicable the monthly
average was computed for other cases also, in order that the data
might be as uniform as possible. There still exist a few cases of lack
of uniformity in method of arriving at the basic figures used, but the
fluctuations and trends are essentially the same whether based on a
monthly average or on a given date and whether the latter is the first,
the middle, or the last day of the month.
Plan of study.
In this study the three main branches of the radio-manufacturing
industry, sets, tubes, and parts and accessories, are treated separately.
With few exceptions, a table and chart for each firm showing the
numbers of men and women employed from month to month appear
in the appendix. The number of years covered varies from firm to
firm, depending on the data that were available in the offices and
occasionally upon the number of years the firm had been in operation.
Since the survey did not reach a representative group of factories
engaged in the manufacture of radio parts and accessories, few tables
and charts on this branch of the industry are included.
In the text pages of the report appear tables showing chiefly col­
lective data for the establishments making receiving sets and for those
making tubes, accompanied by composite graphs of employment. In
the case of each product, the first figures given are for 1929. They
cover 24 plants making sets and 15 making tubes. These are followed
by collective data that trace employment from 1926 to 1929 for all
firms with a 4-year record.
Charts and tables are included also for two receiving-set plants not
comparable with others, the difference in the one being that the record
furnished was based on hours worked instead of numbers employed,
and in the other that the firm is endeavoring, by a combination of
radio sets and another seasonal product, to avoid the acute fluctuations.
Relatives (index numbers) have not been computed. The graphs
are of the simplest kind, the scale indicating the actual numbers of
employees, men and women, in the plants from month to month.
In several cases the extreme range of the figures has necessitated a
difference in the scale. For this reason, comparisons of the charts,
one plant with another, must be made with caution,




INTRODUCTION

3

There is monotony in the regular rise and fall, occurring year after
year, in the employment curve of each individual firm, emphasizing
the extent to which labor is subject to seasonal lay-offs, a condition
that has prevailed since the beginning of the industry and that shows
no signs of improvement. Radio, like automobiles, is often referred
to as being one of the newer industries that are absorbing labor laid
off by the slack in other lines. But if such industries, in turn, are to
make very irregular and intermittent demands for employees, the
result will be a greatly enlarged supply of shifting labor, moving about
as one industry after another offers them a few weeks’ work.




FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT

Receiving sets, 1929.
Twenty-three firms engaged in the manufacture of radio sets fur­
nished the data on employment in 1929 that form the basis of the
following table and the accompanying chart. In addition, one firm
supplied figures for total employment not divided by sex.
Since seven of the firms were not operating the entire 12 months of
1929, their employment data have not been combined with those of
firms furnishing complete figures for the year. Some of these seven
were only beginning the manufacture of radio sets; others were
starting operations in new locations or were the result of mergers;
but all were in full swing for the summer peak, so that from July
on there is a striking similarity in the employment curves of firms
operating the entire year and those operating only seven or eight
months or less.
The lines tracing the employment of men and women parallel each
other fairly closely throughout the year, but the outstanding char­
acteristic of all curves is the sudden development through the summer
and the even more abrupt decline in the late autumn and winter
months. There is nothing in the chart that indicates an average or
standard for the year.
In all cases the peak months were August, September, and October.
In September as many as 55,000 persons were working in the 24 facto­
ries, and the number was practically as great in October, but by
December about 32,000 were no longer employed. In the plants
whose figures are reported by sex the per cent of decline was 57.5
for total employees, 53.1 for men, and 63.5 for women.
Table

1.—Fluctuation in employment, 23 plants making receiving sets, 1929
16 plants making sets in
1929
Month

7 plants making sets dur­
ing part of 1929

Total
number
of em­
ployees

Number of—

Number of—

Men

Men

January------------------- ----------------February.............................................. .
March_____ ____________ ____ —
April.......................................................
May..---------- --------------------------- June_______________________ __ July_________ ________ -............—■
August....... .......................................
September______________________
October____________ ___________ _
November............................................December..............................................

19,853
18,104
13,688
13,045
14,900
18, 765
25, 906
31,163
30, 696
28,377
20, 566
13,086

9,182
8, 703
6,848
7,086
8,328
10,190
13, 587
16,228
16,439
14,978
11,058
7,917

10, 671
9,401
6,840
5,959
6, 572
8, 575
12, 319
14, 935
14, 257
13, 399
9, 508
5,169

13,366
2 5,815
3 6,637
9,347
10,759
12,276
12,558
8,888
5,184

12,484
2 3,780
3 4,157
5,240
6,309
7,434
7,889
5,857
3,278

1882
2 2,035
3 2,480
4,107
4,450
4,842
4, 669
3,031
1,906

Average..................................................
Maximum........................—.............. Minimum..... ........................................
Per cent minimum is of maximum

20, 679
31,163
13,045
41.9

10,879
16,439
6,848
41.7

9,800
14,935
5,169
34.6

39,835
312, 558
3 5,184
341.3

36, 001
3 7,889
3 3, 278
341.6

33,834
34,842
»1,906
3 39.4

i 3 plants only.

4




3 6 plants.

Total
number
of em­
Women ployees

3 July to December only.

Women

FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT

Nwmhc i*s

e

I o Ljed

CHART I

16 PLANTS




7

PLANTS

/'

5

6

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
Fluctuation in a plant making sets but not reporting employment by sex, 1929

Month

March. __

_____________ ____ ________

Total
number of
employees
6,812
7,209
7,548
7,345
5,985
8, 417

Month

July...____________
September____ _____________________

Total
number of
employees
10,186
11, 551
12,175
13,103
7,698
4,896

Average..-----------------------------------------------8,577
Maximum__________________________
13,103
Minimum_____________________________________________
Per cent minimum is of maximum.................. ..................................................... ................................. ...........
37. 4

In the 16 plants with a complete record the number at the peak was
for the women two and one-half times and for the men almost two and
one-half times as great as at the minimum in the spring. But reduc­
tions soon were drastic, and by December less than one-half of the
men and only about one-third of the women still held their jobs.
That the length of time a plant has been in operation has little to do
with smoothing out the curves is apparent from the fact that the
receiving-set plant with the best record for stable employment
for women in 1929 had been operating less than a year, and the one
with the second best record was able to furnish figures for eight years’
operation. Four of the plants with per cents of less than 1 had had
at least three to five years’ experience; the other two had begun
with 1929. For men also the best figure was for a new plant and the
second best for the plant with figures for eight years, and the five
plants with per cents of less than 10 ranged from less than one to at
least five years of experience.




FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT

7

Receiving sets, 1926 to 1929.
There are next presented a table and composite graph covering the
years 1926 to 1929 for eight firms making receiving sets and having
at least a 4-year employment record. Included in the group are both
large and small plants. The fact that since 1926 there has been a
general upward trend in numbers employed, of which the curve leaves
no doubt, is almost obscured by the very seasonal nature of the em­
ployment. Each year shows the recurring depression in the spring
and the rebound through the summer and into the fall similar to the
graph for the 16 plants in 1929. (See p. 5.)
Although the peak in 1927 was not so high as that in 1926, it contin­
ued longer, extending into 1928. The peak in 1929 was conspicuously
high but it was correspondingly abrupt, dropping to a low point for
the year in December though in the earlier years December employ­
ment was well above the low point of the spring.
The curves for men and women are fairly parallel over the four
years, although the women usually are affected more by the extreme
points, both high and low. It is apparent also from the table that
although there was a depression in 1927 there was a marked increase
in employment between 1926 and 1929 in these eight firms, both maxi­
mum and average employment in 1929 being much more than double
the corresponding figures for 1926.




8

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY

Table 2.—Fluctuation in employment, eight selected plants making receiving sets

1926 to 1929
1926 1

1927

1928

1929

Month
Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­ Total
en
en
en
January
February
March.......... ...............
April ____________
May. .......................
June____ __________
July___ ____ ______
August_________ _ .
September____ ____
October________ _.
November... ... _.
December

5,907
5,243
4,418
3,880
3,667
4,136
5,012
6,735
8, 327
8, 850
8, 458
5, 222

2,874
2, 597
2,180
1,920
1,864
2,170
2,577
3,282
3,980
4, 282
4, 415
2,853

Average
5,821 2,916
Maximum
8,850 4,415
Minimum_ _____ 3, 667 1,864
_
Per cent minimum
is of maximum___ 41.4 42.2

3,033
2, 646
2, 238
1,960
1,803
1,966
2,435
3,453
4, 347
4, 568
4,043
2,369

4,187
3,507
3,033
2,848
2,967
3,997
4,912
6, 051
7,200
6, 995
7, 549
7, 244

2, 527
2,210
2,001
1,979
2,049
2, 534
2,904
3, 337
3, 591
3,403
3,477
3,375

2,905 5,041 2,782
4,568 7,549 3,591
1,803 2,848 1,979
39.5

37.7

55.1

1,660
1,297
1,032
869
918
1, 463
2,008
2, 714
3, 609
3, 592
4, 072
3,869

7,353
6,264
5,517
4,544
5,003
6, 526
8,946
11, 346
13, 612
14, 703
14, 511
11, 571

3, 670
3,365
3, 072
2,602
2, 757
3, 391
4, 527
5,549
6,490
6,922
6,847
5,646

2,259 9,158 4, 570
4,072 14, 703 6, 922
869 4,544 2,602
21.3

30.9

37.6

3, 683
2,899
2,445
1,942
2,246
3,135
4,419
5, 797
7,122
7,781
7,664
5,925

Men

Worn
en

10,700 5, 358
10, 279 5, 366
8,326 4, 529
8,750 5,058
10, 803 6,236
13, 641 7,396
18,609 9, 546
19, 930 10, 332
17, 361 9,136
14, 533 8, 061
8,849 5,295
6,982 4,252

5,342
4,913
3, 797
3,692
4,567
6, 245
9,063
9,598
8,225
6,472
3, 554
2,730

4, 588 12,397 6, 714
7,781 19, 930 10,332
1,942 6,982 4,252

5,683
9,598
2, 730

25.0

35.0

41.2

28.4

1 Includes 1 small plant not reporting figures for the first 3 months of the year.

In 1926 the minimum was about two-fifths of the highest point in
employment of that year, but it was much less than this in the
succeeding years.
Between the late autumn of 1926 and the spring of 1927 more
than two-thirds of the employees (67.8 per cent) lost their jobs.
For this period in 1927-28 the decline was 39.8 per cent, and from
October 1928, to March, 1929, it was 43.4 per cent. The debacle
m the closing months of 1929 is strikingly illustrated by this table,
which shows that of the 20,000 persons employed in August, 13,000,
or practically two-thirds, were off the rolls by December.
The period for which employment data were collected by the
Women’s Bureau closed with the year 1929, but statistics furnished
by the Radio Manufacturers Association show that December of that
year was not unlike December of earlier years in that the lowest
point in the curve had not been reached and the trend was still
downward in 1930. Production in the manufacture of sets decreased
8 per cent from December, 1929, to January, 1930, 9 per cent from
January to February, and 11 per cent from February to March.
Further evidence that business had not come back in the early part
at
*s§iven in th® trend of employment figures published in the
Monthly Labor Review.2 In January radio employment declined
3.5 per cent, in February the decrease was 4.9 per cent, in March
it was 20.8 per cent, and in April it was 13.8 per cent. The rise began
with the month of May.
Employment based on hours worked.
The table and chart presented on page 10 illustrate one firm, the
figures for which are based on the total number of hours worked by
men and women from week to week, the only data available. This
record of hours worked has been converted to average number of
full-time workers by dividing, in each case, the number of hours
~— --------- * —------------- --- ----- ------------------ ----Labor Review,1_
19301' S' Department of Labor- Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly — --------- April to July,




FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT

CHART a

18,000

16,500

15,000




9

10 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY

worked per week by the firm’s standard schedule of working hours.
For example, assuming that a total of 480 hours were worked during
one week and the firm was on a 48-hour schedule, the average number
of full-time workers would be 10.
Since the figures for this table and chart are so different from the
other data in the report, they have been omitted from all combina­
tions and are not used elsewhere in the report.
Table 3.—Fluctuation in number of average full-time workers, based on hours

worked, one plant making receiving sets, 1925 to 1929
1925

1927

1928

M en

TXT

Women

Total

M en

Women

Total

M en

Women

Men

Women

19
29
40
55
61
142
205
304
479
518
429

9
11
18
26
32
71
101
144
224
231
208

10
18
22
29
29
71
104
160
255
287
221

180
167
157
157
161
177
198
248
263
415
522
483

123
91
77
74
62
55
58
77
97
202
278
238

57
76
80
83
99
122
140
171
166
213
244
245

183
130
90
128
144
135
197
231
311
513
424
281

97
85
70
77
80
81
107
122
160
243
209
147

86
45
20
51
64
54
90
109
151
270
215
134

143
84
73
101
235
246
204
250
348
434
483
63

90
57
52
57
132
129
135
131
187
235
299
40

53 213
27 140
21 127
44 325
103 526
117 484
69 346
119 592
161 980
199 1,311
184 753
23 290

141
101
91
166
252
235
169
290
461
613
366
165

72
39
36
159
274
249
177
302
519
698
387
125

210
518
19

99
231
9

111
287
10

255
522
157

115
278
55

140
245
57

235
513
90

125
243
70

110
270
20

219
483
63

127
299
40

92 506
199 1,311
21 127

254 252
613 698
91 36

1 3.7 1 3.9 1 3.5 30.1 19.8 23.3 17.5 28.8

7.4 13.0 13.4 10.6

Total

Total

Average
Maximum
Minimum
Per cent minijnum is
of maximum

Women

January______________
February___ _____
March
April
May_____ ____ _____
June
July.............................. .
August
September. ____
October
November________
December

M en

1929

Total

Month

1926

9.7 14.8 5.2

1 Based on less than a 12-month record.

Numbers

emp loujed

CHART 3

CD CD

O

3

&>

IAJ

tO Q S ~D oo O

-3

3

This chart is particularly interesting, for in spite of the fact that it
is based on a quite different type of data, employment shows the
same sharp fluctuations that appear in the curves for other plants.
The autumn peak repeats itself year after year, until in 1929 it mounts
more than twice as high as in earlier years.




11

FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT

_ According to this table the decline in full-time employment, as de­
rived from hours worked, from October or November to March of
the next year was as follows: In 1925-26, 69.7 per cent; in 1926-27,
82.8 per cent; in 1927-28, 85.8 per cent; and in 1928-29, 73.7 per cent.
The fact that this curve is based primarily on hours worked makes
it an even more accurate picture of production from month to month,
since it smooths out the part-time employment and overtime work
that undoubtedly are found in curves based on numbers of employees.
Employment where manufacture of radio sets is combined with
another product.
In this connection it is of interest to compare the usual fluctuations
of employment with those in a firm that has made an effort to stabilize
employment by combining with the manufacture of radio sets another
product, also somewhat seasonal in its nature but having peak
production that dovetails with the decline in radio and vice versa.
Jobs on the two products are so similar that it is possible to transfer
many employees from one to the other without slowing down
production.
Because of the fact that the figures furnished by this company are
not solely for work in radio departments, these data have not been
included elsewhere with data based on radio employment alone.
The contrast in the curves of employment between this plant and
others furnishing data for the same four years for radio sets only is
striking. No plant approaches this in regularity of employment.
A comparison between the figures of this company and the best
figure each year among the other companies (see appendix tables)
snows the per cents that minimum employment formed of the maxi­
mum to be as follows:
1926

, 1927

1928

1929

Men:
Best figure of other plants__________________
Women:
This plant. _______________________________ .
Best figure of other plants_____________________

93.0
66.2

83.2
66.5

70.7
46.4

70.4
68.3

80.8
43.1

76.0
39.8

63.1
39.0

68.6
42.8

Though it is apparent that even here the ups and downs have not
yet been ironed out completely, the difference between the extremes
of employment within a year has been very much less than in firms
that furnished employment data on the production of radio sets only.
In the plant making two products there was, on the whole, a decline
in numbers through 1927 and 1928, especially marked in the case of
the men. This is surprising, since 1928 generally saw an increase in
the other radio-set plants.
_ The differences in 1929 are most interesting. As in other plants,
it was the “big year,” but the slump in the spring that characterized
employment in the firms making sets only is absent here; and while
many firms were experiencing the deepest depression of the year in
December, this firm reached its peak in November and was at practi­
cally the same point in December. It is of interest that for 10 months
in 1929 about 60 per cent of the production in this plant was radios.
23688°—31---- 2



12

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY

Table 4.—Fluctuation in employment, one plant combining the making of receiving

sets with another seasonal product, 1926 to 1929
1926
Month

1927

1929

1928

Wom­ Total Men Wom­
Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­ Total Men
en
en
en
en

January
February. ................
March----------------------April
May_____ ___ ______
June------ ------------------July
August
September----------------October
November
December

993
1,029
1,014
1,012
987
983
974
984
1,028
1,042
1,055
1,062

804
828
815
801
787
779
772
776
801
808
821
830

189 1,042
996
201
199
952
927
211
200
909
204
879
202
862
851
208
227
878
234
951
234
945
232
938

817
784
757
740
729
702
691
680
691
759
754
754

907
225
212
853
195
829
187
810
787
180
177
770
171
742
171
795
187
857
192
886
191
993
184 1,076

733
685
664
648
627
614
590
635
685
695
778
835

174
168
165
162
160
156
152
160
172
191
215
241

840
885
924
927
965
1,029
1,048
1,115
1,122
1,158
1,194
1,193

254
252
255
251
273
318
316
353
360
356
366
356

Average..------- -- ...
Maximum
Minimum
Per cent minimum is
of maximum_______

1,014
1,062
974

802
830
772

212
928
234 1,042
189
851

738
817
680

189
859
225 1,076
171
742

682
835
590

176 1,343 1,033
241 1, 560 1,194
840
152 1,094

309
366
251

91.7

93.0

70.4

68.6




be rs

80.8

81.7

83.2

76.0

69.0

70.7

CHART *

<?S & £

63.1

1,094
1,137
1,179
1,178
1,238
1,347
1,364
1,468
1,482
1,514
1,560
1,549

70.1

FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT

13

To what extent the manufacture of two products made it possible
for this one plant to come through the crash of 1929 it is impossible
to say without more detailed information than was furnished, but
certainly it is true that employment was outstandingly more secure
here than in other radio firms at this time. Nor is it possible to
foresee whether or not employment on two seasonal products can
continue as comparatively stable as in the past, but with the picture
of 1929 in mind it seems no more than reasonable to expect it.
Appendix tables and charts for receiving sets.
In the appendix are tables and charts based upon employment data
for 23 firms making radio sets. Not one of these, from the first,
based on an unusual record of one plant covering eight years without
a break, to the last, based on records of several plants covering only
a year or less, fails to show the extremely seasonal character of the
industry. One of the very short records shows a startling develop­
ment from 500 women to 2,900 women in four months.
The charts show the amazing increases as well as the decreases,
but they emphasize especially the short duration of the peak and
the instability of employment from month to month.
_ Some of the firms with longer records show the small beginnings and
irregularities of early periods of experimentation before they fell into
the regular seasonal swing of later years. But the value of the charts
lies in their striking similarity rather than their small variations—a
similarity that bears evidence of the universal seasonal character of
the industry, in small firms, in large firms, in firms both East and
West.
Radio tubes, 1929.
Figures on employment for the year 1929 supplied by 15 plants
making tubes furnish the basis of the table and composite graph
next presented. The most striking features are the contrast in the
two lines tracing the employment of men and of women and the sharp
peak occurring only in the latter.
Unlike employment on receiving sets in 1929, where there was a
decline early in the year, employment on tubes holds its own very
evenly through the first four months without a drop. Then in the
next five or six months the number of women almost doubles, and in
the last two months of the year it drops abruptly until lower than the
beginning point in January. While the curve for the employment of
women shoots up from 6,000 to almost double that number, and down
again to about 5,000, the curve for the employment of men does not
show such violent changes. Apparently at least 5,000 women were
hired and fired within the few months, but fewer than 1,000 men had a
similar experience.
In every tube plant the women outnumbered the men, as the men
usually are employed only in maintenance of highly skilled work
while the women work on all the various assembly jobs. Only in
No. 28, charted on page 59, did the number of men approach the
number of women, and this was due to the very limited supply of
female labor in the community.




14

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
Table 5.—Fluctuation in employment, 15 plants making tubes, 1929

Total
number of
employees

Month

Number of—
Men

Women

January________________________
February_______ ______ ________
March-------------------------------------April__________________________ _
May___________________________
June______________________ „____
July____________ ______ _________
August_________________________
September_____________________ _
October______________________
November______________________
December______________________

7,468
7,739
7,571
7,788
8,684
9, 671
11, 262
12,078
13,446
13,825
9,921
6,479

1, 447
1,411
1, 402
1,476
1,718
1,907
2,194
2,188
2,281
2,330
1, 562
1,139

6,021
6, 328
6,169
6,312
6, 966
7, 764
9, 068
9,890
11,165
11, 495
8, 359
5, 340

Average________________________
Maximum______________________
Minimum......... ....................... ..........
Per cent minimum is of maximum

9, 661
13,825
6,479
46.9

1, 755
2, 330
1,139
48.9

7, 906
11, 495
5,340
46.5




CHART 5

15

FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT

Radio tubes, 1926 to 1929.
Not only does the line of employment in tubes in 1929 differ from
that of receiving sets, but it is radically different from the line for
tubes in earlier years, as is apparent from the table and chart next
presented.
Table 6.—Fluctuation in employment, 10 selected plants making tubes, 1926 to
1929
1926 i
Month

1928

1927

1929

Wom­ Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­
Total Men Wom­ Total Men
en
en
en
en

January
February................ -March
April____ ____ _______
Mav ... ____________
June____________ ____
July
August--....................... September
October_______ _
November___ _____ _
December.......................

1,906
1,830
1,697
1,609
1, 589
1, 581
1, 672
1,739
1,973
2,428
2,477
2,242

278
262
239
224
217
217
236
258
320
410
447
381

1,628
1,568
1,458
1,385
1,372
1, 364
1,436
1,481
1, 653
2,018
2,03C
1,861

1,937
1, 640
1,-536
1,509
1,518
1, 571
1,736
2,112
2,541
2, 766
2,860
2,758

354
244
235
239
239
272
292
379
463
463
481
483

1,583
1, 396
1,301
1,270
1, 279
1, 299
1,443
1,733
2,078
2,303
2,379
2,275

2,476
2, 325
2, 218
2, 091
2, 041
2,174
2, 357
2,646
2,962
3, 522
4, 217
4, 585

389
307
355
355
340
378
416
468
538
730
838
902

2,087
1,958
1,863
1,736
1,701
1, 796
1,941
2,178
2. 424
2,792
3,379
3, 683

954
937
938
981
1,029
1,152
1, 210
1, 289
1,392
1,470
1,246
1,007

4,095
4,297
4, 364
4,452
4, 661
5,169
5, 750
6, 366
7,146
7, 939
6, 938
4, 961

Average
Maximum..- _
Minimum
Per cent minimum is of
maximum

1,895
2,477
1,581

291
447
217

1, 604 2,040
2,03C 2,860
1, 364 1,509

345
483
235

1,695 2,801
2, 379 4,585
1, 270 2,041

506
902
340

2,295 6, 645 1,134
3, 683 9, 409 1,470
1, 701 5,049
937

5, 511
7, 939
4,095

63.8

48.5

44.5

37.7

67.2

52.8

48.7

53.4

1 Includes 1 small plant not reporting figures for the first 3 months of the year.

N umbers
emplouj ed




CHART 6

46.2

5,049
5,234
5,302
5,433
5, 690
6, 321
6,960
7, 655
8, 538
9, 409
8,184
5, 968

53.7

63.7

51.6

16 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY

Two-thirds of the tube firms visited—that is, 10 of the 15—furnished
the data that form the basis of the composite graph covering the 4year period 1926 to 1929. In each year men constituted a strikingly
smaller part of the labor force than did women.
Until the autumn of 1928 the curves show a fairly similar trend
year after year. Employment conditions changed little from 1926 to
1927, but from a maximum of about 2,500 men and women employed
in 1926 the number increased to almost 4,600 in 1928 and to 9,400 in
1929 in the same 10 plants. In two years the numbers employed at
minimum production had no striking change; the increase in 1929,
however, was so great that the minimum in that year was higher than
the maximum of 1928.
It is apparent that the composite curve of employment for the 10
representative plants making tubes is smoother than that for the
eight plants making receiving sets in the same four years. Not only
is this clear from the graphs but the contrast is evident in a com­
parison of the tables. In the receiving sets the minimum employ­
ment is from 30 to 41 per cent of the maximum in each of the four
years, while in tubes the range is 44 to 63 per cent. Translated into
human experience this means that ordinarily more than half of the
men and women employed during peak periods in tube factories were
retained during the depression, but that only from one-third to twofifths of those in radio-set factories were so fortunate.
Appendix tables and charts for tubes.
On pages 54 to 61 are tables and charts showing employment from
month to month for each of 11 establishments 3 making radio tubes
and furnishing employment data. Each traces the trend through as
many years as are covered by the figures available. As with the
receiving-set plants, the reason for treating separately these tube
plants is to show their striking similarity and the prevalence of the
irregular and seasonal conditions of employment in the industry.
Whenever the trend in individual firms departs from the predomi­
nant curve, it is due to reorganization within the plant, as in the case
of No. 31, which underwent two such upheavals; or to a removal to a
new location causing a temporary setback.
Maximum and minimum employment, sets and tubes.
The tables in the appendix showing for individual plants the
numbers of men and women employed stress the maximum and
minimum points in such figures during the year.
Although the difference between the maximum and the minimum
was not great in all firms, in some large numbers were involved, as
many as 1,000, 2,000, even 3,000 or more in a few firms making sets.
The variation in numbers in 1929 for all the plants collectively, sets
and tubes, shows that thousands on the pay rolls at the dates
of highest production were not employed at the ensuing dates of
lowest ebb.
s Numbers furnished by 4 other tube plants were too small to be representative of the industry.




17

FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT

Difference between maxi­
mum employment and
ensuing minimum in plants
making—
Sex
Radio receiv­
ing sets
(23 plants)

Radio tubes
(15 plants)

34, 203

8,434

17,126
17,607

Total 1 ________________________________________________ -.........—

1,494
7,129

i Details and total do not agree, because of high and low points falling on different dates for the 2 sexes.

In 1929 more than 42,000 men and women employed during the
peaks in 38 receiving-set and tube factories were off the pay-roll lists
at the ensuing dates of minimum employment.
.
The difference was proportionately greater in the radio-set than in
the radio-tube factories, and the total number of women affected was
much larger than the number of men. The latter was due in large
part to the predominance of women in the tube division of the
industry.
To illustrate the decline in numbers that follows peak employment,
there is given here for each plant the per cent that the autumn
or winter minimum in 1929 formed of the peak employment in the
same year.
Per cent that autumn or winter minimum, formed of peak employment, receiving sets
and tubes, 1929




Receiving sets (23
plants)

Tubes (15 plants)

Men

Women

Men

Women

8.8
10.7
13.2
16.1
17.7
20.3
24.8
29.6
31.4
32.9
37.4
37.9
38.5
39.8
41.6
46.0
49.8
54.3
58.3
58.4
58.6
68.3
71.3

0.8
.8
1.8
6.1
9.8
10.1
11.1
14.8
17.5
22.6
24.3
29.1
30.5
30.9
36.2
36.6
37.3
39.9
42.8
52.5
58.0
58.4
71.1

«
(*>
15.7
18.4
25.2
25.5
29.2
31.5
38.9
46.3
54.7
74.7
83.9
91.0
98.1

(o
(>)
0.7
1.9
2.0
5.3
12.7
19.5
24.1
32.6
39.5
74.6
77.2
81.2
88.3

i Minimum employment was zero.

18

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY

In more summary form the figures are as follows:

Per cent autumn or winter minimum was of maximum

Receiving sets (23
plants)
Men

Under 5_______
5 and under 10..
10 and under 20.
20 and under 50.
50 and under 80.
80 and over____

Women

Tubes (15 plants)

Men

Women

15
1
2
3
2
2

1 In 2 plants the minimum was zero.

. 0ne °.f
most disturbing situations revealed by this list is that
m 1929 m about two-fifths of the factories making receiving sets the
number of women employed at the time of lowest ebb late in the
fear was less than 20 per cent (varying from 0.8 to 17.5 per cent) of
the highest point; or, another way of stating the same fact, in about
two-fifths of these plants over 80 per cent of the women who were
employed dtiring the peak season were not employed during the
lowest ebb ensuing; and, furthermore, in a quarter of the plants
90 per cent or more of the women employed at the maximum were not
retained at the ensuing minimum. In only four cases was the
minimum number more than half of the maximum.
Although somewhat _ better than for the women, the per cent
yanation for the men in the receiving-set plants also was great in
1929. hewer firms were in the very low rank and more were in the
highest rank, yet in 10 of the 23 plants the minimum employment of
men was less than one-third of the maximum; or, stated differently
in 10 oi the 23 plants more than two-thirds of the peak number of
men were not employed at the ensuing minimum.
In the manufacture of radio tubes in 1929 the situation was better
ie wom6n ^lan *n the manufacture of sets. A larger proportion
of the firms fell m the range above 25 per cent. Yet in about one-half
of the establishments from 80 to 100 per cent of the women employed
at the maximum were not employed at the ensuing minimum- or
conversely, m about half the plants less than 20 per cent of’ the
maximum were employed at the lowest point to which employment
fell after the peak.
For comparison with other studies of employment fluctuation, the
appendix tables give the maximum and minimum numbers employed
during the year without regard to upward or downward trendthat is whether the minimum preceded or followed the maximum,
ihe following are the lists of such per cents, arranged in ascending
scale for the firms reporting for 1929. There is no correspondent
in the rank of firms between the lists for men and those for women.




19

FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT

Per cent that minimum employment, at whatever date, formed of maximum employ­
ment, receiving sets and tubes, 1929
Receiving sets
(23 plants)

Tubes (15 plants)

Men

Women

Men

Women

5.1
6.7
6.9
2 6.9
8.8
10.7
11.0
11.3
13.2
14.4
2 14.6
2 16.1
17.7
20.3
22.9
23.5
2 24.5
29.6
2 34. 9
40.2
2 43. 5
58. 3
2 70. 2

0)
0.4
.5
.8
.8
.8
1.8
2 2.6
6.1
6.5
8.3
11.1
2 11.7
14.1
2 14.6
14.8
2 14.8
2 18.0
22.6
24.3
2 30.9
42.8
2 70.4

«
(>)
15.7
18.4
25.2
25.5
27.9
29.2
31.5
37.1
38.9
46.3
50.4
51.3
54. 1

«
(>)
0.7
1.9
2.0
5.3
12.3
19.5
24.1
32.6
33.6
39.5
44.5
50.3
55.9

1 Minimum employment was zero.
2 Based on less than a 12-month record.

Comparisons between the two years 1928 and 1929 may be made
from the statement following.
Receiving sets
Men

Tubes

Women

Per cent minimum was of maximum

Men

Women

1929
1928
1929
1928
1929
1928
1929
1928
(23
(14
(23
(14
(15
(11
(15
(11
plants) plants) plants) plants) plants) plants) plants) plants

35
48
«8
82

3
1
3 10

18
3
*7

3 4

31

2
5
83
4

22
2
g
3

3
3

25
1

1

1 In 1 plant the minimum was zero, and 1 plant had less than a 12-month record.
2 In 2 plants the minimum was zero.
8 Includes 1 plant with less than a 12-month record.
* Includes 2 plants with less than a 12-month record.
8 Includes 4 plants with less than a 12-month record.
• Includes 3 plants with less than a 12-month record.

Even in 1928, a less abnormal year than 1929, the employment situ­
ation in radio sets was not much better. To be sure, fewer firms fall in
the lowest group—that with the minimum less than 5 per cent of the
maximum—but not one falls in the highest group of 50 per cent and
over. In tubes, both for men and for women, the number of firms
in the highest group was greater in 1928 than in 1929.




20

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY

Census figures for other industries.
The 1929 figures form a striking contrast to conditions in other lines
of employment and stamp the-radio industry as one of the most
fluctuating of all branches of manufacturing. The Federal Census of
Manufactures of 1923 gives the employment month by month for
each of 331 manufacturing industries.4 The average number of
employees, of both sexes, ranged from 62 in flax and hemp to about
496.000 in lumber and timber products.
In only 15 of the 331 industries did the minimum employment
form less than 50 per cent of the maximum employment. For
three-fourths of the industries (75.5 per cent) the minimum was at
least 80 per cent of the maximum, a figure achieved by no plant
making receiving sets in the present radio study.
Comparison of actual numbers.
The condition in the radio industry is made clearer by a considera­
tion of actual numbers, taking the 1929 figures of plant 2, one of the
best known, as an example. Starting out in January with 4,500
employees, 39 per cent women, by March a reduction of 850 had been
disproportionately women, and they then constituted but 36 per cent
instead of 39. After that, employment changes affected the two sexes
in approximately equal numbers. From March to August the 5,500
employees taken on were 2,700 men and 2,800 women, some 500 or 600
more women than their due proportion, making them 45 per cent of
the total at the peak in August. From August to November the 7,100
released were divided equally between the sexes, and by December
women again were 36 per cent of the employees, as they had been in
March.
Another large and well-known firm had between 2,600 and 2,700
employees on radio receivers in January, women constituting 52
per cent. By March about 200 women were off the rolls in spite of a
small increase in the number of men, and women became 48 per cent
of the total. Additions to the rolls in April to July involved con­
siderably more women than men and restored them to their January
position. At the peak they still were 52 per cent of the total, but the
2.000 dropped in the next five months were three-fifths women and the
year closed with their position at a considerable disadvantage as
compared to men’s, women being only 43 per cent of the December
total.
Average employment, sets and tubes.
Although the tables in the appendix show in each case the year’s
average of employment, this figure conveys no idea of a usual or an
actual condition in this industry in which such extremes of em­
ployment occur. Regarding the average, for the sake of argument,
as representative of an ideal condition of what might have been
regular employment throughout the year, it is of interest to note in
the following summary in how many months in 1929 employment
fell below such average.
4 U. S. Bureau of the Census. Biennial Census of Manufactures, 1923, pp. 1136-1149.




21

FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT

Number of plants in which employment
in 1929 was below the year’s average in
the number of months specified
Number of months in which employment fell below the aver­
age for the year

Receiving sets
(16 plants 0
Men

Radio tubes
(16 plants)

Women

Men

W omen
1
1

1

8 months ________________________

________

4
8
3

5
3
8

1
7
2
3

3
5
4
2
1

1 Excludes 7 plants making sets during only part of 1929.

From this it is evident that in more than two-thirds of the 16
firms making sets employment fell below the average, both for men
and for women, during more than half the year, as much as seven or
eight months. In the 15 firms making tubes the situation was
somewhat better, though employment was below the average for
more than half the year in one-third of the cases for the men and in
almost one-half of the cases for the women.
Parts and accessories.
The manufacture of radio parts and accessories is not concentrated
in a dozen or so outstanding firms as is the case in the manufacture
of receiving sets and tubes. On the contrary, scores of factories
East and West are producing parts for the radio trade; furthermore,
in a great majority of them a large part of their production is for use
in other distinct industries, frequently the manufacture of auto­
mobiles. A number of establishments making radio parts were
visited, but because of the miscellaneous products and the impossi­
bility of making a distinction between the labor on radio parts and
that on other products the labor audits of very few of these factories
could be used in this study. The data, therefore, are far from being
inclusive and indicate for only a few sample establishments and in
only a very general way the employment trends in this branch of
the radio industry.
Included here is a graph picturing employment curves in four
plants engaged almost exclusively in the manufacture of small radio
parts, such as coils, condensers, rheostats, and resistance units.
These include both large and small firms, located in the East and in
the Middle West, yet in each of them the employment curve for the
past six years reflects the recurring fluctuations characteristic of
other branches of the industry. The peak in the manufacture of
parts coincides with the peak in the manufacture of sets, and the
minimum employment falls in the same season for parts as for re­
ceiving sets and tubes.




22 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
Table 7.— Fluctuation in employment, jour separate plants making parts and

soriesj 1924 to 1929 1

PLANT 35.
1924
Month

13
o

a
i

1925
a
<y
a
o
£

'3
©

§
s

1926
a
<D
a
o
is

*3
o

a
©
s

1927
a
07
a
o
ft

'o3
©
e

8
S

1928
a
<x>
a
o
is

I
o
EH

a
©
§

acces-

1929
a
a
©
is

3o

s
a

a
a
o
&

January........................... 36 14 22 39 19 26 37 2C 17 42 21 21 49 29 20
62 36 26
February......................... 3" 14 23 38 17 21 42 20 22 36 2C IS 41 22 19
70 36 34
March. ............................. 3" 14 23 37 16 21 37 17 20 44 22 22 48 22 26
62 34 28
April............................
18
37 16 21 38 17 21 46 2C 26 48 22 26
65 34 31
May................................
3C 14 16 60 18 42 35 17 18 47 21 26 50 23 27
70 36 34
June............................... 4£ 17 26 74 22 52 46 2C 26 48 21 27 50 23 27
86 36 50
July___ ______ _______ 52 19 33 78 22 56 45 2C 25 50 21 29 54 24 30
92 42 50
August............................
58 19 39 85 24 61 50 22 28 63 22 41 65 27 38 112 52 60
September
75 29 46 87 24 63 60 26 34 70 20 50 70 28 42 118 58 60
October._ ...
96 31 65 87 24 63 74 26 45 93 24 69 112 40 72 129 58 71
November_____ ____ _
96 31 65 67 28 39 87 31 56 107 28 79 110 38 72
52 28 24
December
41 14 27 36 14 22 40 20 20 42 20 22 42 22 20
36 22 14
Average..........................
52 19 33 60 20 40 50 22 28 58 22 36 62 27 35
79 39 40
Maximum.................. .
96 31 65 87 28 63 87 31 56 107 28 79 112 40 72 129 58 71
Minimum______ ____
18
9 36 14 20 35 17 17 39 20 19 41 22 19
36 22 14
P. c.min. is of max____ 18.8 29.0 13.8 41.4 50.0 31.7 40.2 54.8 30.4 36.4 71.4 24.1 36.6 55.0 26.4 27.9 37.9 19.7
PLANT 36.
January............................. 90 66 24 54 38 16 64 43 21 163 87 76 58 31 27 170 85
85
February....................
82 63 19 35 24 11 59 39 20 119 68 51 58 34 24 149 79 70
March.............................
58 46 12 28 19
9 44 27 17 101 58 43 71 43 28 154 88 66
April_____ ____ _____
69 54 15 23 17
6 33 24
9 70 40 30 90 56 34 225 137 88
May.................................. 57 45 12 22 16
6 31 23
8 48 30 18 125 74 51 250 143 107
June.......................
34 27
7 22 15
7 44 32 12 61 39 22 159 85 74 258 140 118
July................................... 26 20
6 26 19
74 53 21 92 59 33 204 no 94 290 157 133
August
31 24
7 79 61 18 89 61 28 124 77 47 217 120 97 342
September....................... 39 29 10 110 80 30 113 79 34 149 83 66 232 131 101 430 192 150
243 187
October______________ 61 47 14 116 84 32 126 86 40 186 105 81 243 127 116 432 242 190
November........................ 82 63 19 117 83 34 170 101 69 182 97 85 231 121 no 270 143
December...................... 91 70 21 99 71 28 196 104 92 112 61 51 213 108 105 124 78 127
46
Average............................ 61 47 14 62 45 17 89 57 32 117 67 50 159 87 72 258 144 114
Maximum........................ 91 70 24 117 84 34 196 104 92 186 105 85 243 131 116 432 243 190
Minimum......... .............. 26 20
6 22 15
6 31 23
8 48 30 18 58 31 24 124 78 46
P. c.min. is of max____ 28.6 28.6 25.0 18.8 17.9 17.6 15.8 22.1 8.7 25.8 28.6 21.2 23.9 23.7 20.7 28.7 32.1 24.2
PLANT 37.
January............................
February..........................
March....................... .......
April.................................
May________ _____ _
June_____ ____ _______
July______ _____ _____
August_______ _______
September
October..........................
November............ ...........
December............. ..........
Average..........................
Maximum.......................
Minimum
P. c. min. is of.max___

4
3
1
35 29
6
65 50 15
75 55 20
116 76 40
126 80 46
119 68 51
26 14 12
71 47 24
126 80 51
4
3
1
2 3. 2 23.8 22.0

10 10
0 15 10
5
12 12
0 15 10
5
23 14
9 19 12
7
24 14 10 24 15
9
70 29 41 57 26 31
103 45 58 119 43 76
155 67 88 160 50 110
207 81 126 251 84 167
265 90 175 354 124 230
303 103 200 415 125 290
255 85 170 368 110 258
65 30 35 89 33 56
124 48 76 157 53 104
303 103 200 415 125 290
10 10
0 15 10
5
3.3 9.7 0 3.6 8.0 1.7

11
10
22
49
72
110
215
335
490
578
483
214
216
578
10
1.7

5
5
8
16
26
43
72
112
205
228
188
89
83
228
5
2.2

6
5
14
33
46
67
143
223
285
350
295
125
133
350
5
1.4

January........................... 22 22
0
February.......................... 22 22
0
March.............. ................ 26 26
0
April____ .
........
20 20
0
May----------------- -------- 14 14
0
June___ ______ _______ 13 13
0
July________ ______ _
10 10
0
August_______________ 14 11
3
September......................
41 19 22
October
45 20 25
November______ _____ 44 19 25
December_______ ____
55 24 31
Average
27 18
9
Maximum........................ 55 26 31
Minimum....... ................ 10 10
0
P. c. min. is of max___ 18. 2 38.5 0

49 21 28 96 19 77
34 19 15 68 16 52
31 18 13 49 17 32
25 14 11 60 17 43
16
9
7 40 19 21
16
9
7 46 17 29
36 19 17 57 20 37
46 21 25 137 62 75
74 22 52 196 80 116
107 23 84 259 90 169
122 38 84 267 65 202
116 28 88 138 51 87
56 20 36 118 39 79
122 38 88 267 90 202
16
9
7 40 16 21
13.1 23.7 8.0 15.0 17.8 10.4

87
68
60
62
61
65
141
294
441
637
498
124
212
637
60
9.4

34
26
24
26
24
26
63
109
200
267
185
61
87
267
24
9.0

53 95
42 96
36 99
36 89
37 94
39 219
78 359
185 381
241 462
370 565
313 687
63 554
125 306
370 687
36 89
9.7 13.0

50
31
40
49
80
168
205
275
540
600
495
151
224
600
31
5.2

20
11
15
16
30
70
80
113
210
220
175
56
85
220
11
5.0

30
20
25
33
50
98
125
162
330
380
320
95
139
380
20
5.3

53
70
99
100
359
440
503
620
750
730
300
78
342
750
53
7.1

28
32
40
40
123
155
173
200
313
315
100
25
129
315
25
7.9

25
38
59
60
236
285
330
420
437
415
200
53
213
437
25
5.7

PLANT 38.
48 47 346 177 169
52 44 355 180 175
57 42 521 278 243
49 40 660 320 340
44 50 774 304 470
106 113 896 346 550
191 168 1,018 429 589
193 188 1,080 463 617
233 229 1,140 481 659
298 267 1,282 552 730
378 309 455 238 217
289 265 222 142 80
160 146 734 328 406
378 309 1,282 552 730
44 40 222 142 80
LI. 6 L2.9 17.3 25.7 LI. 0
\ D°r ^'kiled figures of plants 1 to 34 and 39 to 41 see appendix. 3 Minimum employment was zero.
2 Based on less than a 12-month record.




State Teachers College Library
FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT

Numbers
employed

CHART 7

200
PLANT 35

^■'c. y '

PLANT 36

PLANT 37

PLANT

.

3 "3

<i> a s




t

23

24 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY

In the appendix is a chart of employment over a 2-year period in
three firms making accessories and parts. The curve for plant No.
41 in this chart represents the trend of employment in the manufac­
ture of cabinets and consoles, and it is worth noting because of its
difference from other firms in the proportions of men and women
employed. Invariably, fewer women work in the cabinet department
than in any other of the numerically important divisions of manufac­
ture. There is little work other than sanding that women do in the
woodworking division, so the usual seasonal fluctuations also charac­
teristic of plants engaged in the manufacture of cabinets fall with
greatest severity on the men. This is the opposite of the condition
in factories making radio tubes, where men form the smaller element of
the labor force.
.
Trend in the State of Ohio.
The only definite figures on radio employment that were available
at the time of this study were furnished by the division of labor
statistics of the Ohio Department of Industrial Relations. In 1925
it became apparent to this State bureau that the manufacture of
radios was assuming such importance that it should be treated as a
separate industry and no longer be lost in the larger group of miscel­
laneous electrical products where previously it had been included.
The table next presented, based upon data furnished by the Ohio
department, shows the customary seasonal fluctuations, year after
year, which the accompanying chart emphasizes. Though not strictly
comparable with the charts by the Women’s Bureau, in which no
curve represents a changing group of plants, whereas the Ohio plants
reported vary in number from 5 to 17 in the five years in question, the
figures are of interest and importance. At the peak in 1929 there were
three and one-half times as many employees as at the peak in 1925,
and the minimum employment had grown from 200 to 1,600. But
in each year the maximum was of very short duration and the peak
was sharp. The seasonal factors continued to be most striking, and
employment was even less stable in 1928 and 1929 than in 1925.
in employment, radio and radio parts, Stale of Ohio, 1925
to 1929

January
February........ ..............
March..............................
April____ ______ _____
May........... .................. .
June_______ _________
July..................................
August.............................
September.......................
October............................
November................... ..
December........................
Average...........................
Maximum.......................
Minimum.......................
Per cent minimum is
of maximum...............

857 476 381 824 362
482 284 198 849 376
352 202 150 923 387
314 181 133 520 306
214 144
70 526 293
231 156
75 547 312
419 255 164 690 374
827 433 394 797 414
1,208 561 647 968 478
1, 571 648 923 1,280 552
1,506 606 900 1, 616 676
776 322 454 1,103 466
730 356 374 887 416
1,571 648 923 1,616 676
214 144
70 520 293
13.6 22.2




1929 (15 estab­
lishments)

M en

Total

M en

el

1

Women

1928 (17 estab­
lishments)

Total

W omen

M en

1927 (13 estab­
lishments)

Total

Women

1926 (5 estab­
lishments)

M en

M en

Total

Month

Women

1925 (10 estab­
lishments)

Total

Table 8.—Fluctuation

462 1,025 487 538 1,519 574 945 5,344 2.232 3.112
473 586 34C 246 1, 623 547 1,076 4, 390 1, 2013,189
536 554 284 27C 1,504 520 984 2,748 1.1001. 648
214 479 272 207 1, 381 493 888 2,179 769 1,410
233 493 298 195 1,166 413 753 1,688 706 '982
235 561 346 215 2,291 678 1,613 1, 763 835 928
3M 822 450 372 3, 290 916 2,374 2,443 1,199 1, 244
383 1, 593 578 1,015 3,914 1, 201 2,713 4, 711 1,654 3' 057
490 2, 325 907 1,418 3,677 1, 335 2,342 5,069 1,926 3' 143
728 2,308 970 1,338 4,107 1,301 2,806 5,480 2,252 3' 228
940 2,394 874 1,520 4, 366 1,620 2,746 5, 657 1,991 3^666
637 885 558 327 3,820 1,495 2,325 1,638 895 743
471 L, 169 530 638 2,722 924 1,797 3,593 1,397 2,196
940 2, 394 970 1, 520 4, 366 1,620 2,806 5,657 2,252 3'666
214 479 272 195 1,166 413 753 1, 638 706 743

7.6 32.2 43.3 22.8 20.0 28.0 12.8 26.7 25.5 26.8 29.0 31.3 20.3

■

FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT

CHART 8

5 .t M




25

CONDITIONS CHARACTERISTIC OF EMPLOYMENT IN
RADIO FACTORIES

In the course of the survey, during interviews with plant officials
and with a few persons who had recently worked in the trade or were
fortunate enough still to hold jobs in radio factories, interesting side
lights were thrown upon conditions in the industry. Although slight
m importance compared to the figures that show the seasonal trends
or employment, statements made in the interviews focus attention on
the more human interests in employment. Because of this, there is
here presented a resume of these facts and opinions of such vital
topics as the labor supply, the type of work, irregularity of work
and wages.
J
’
Source of female labor supply.

.
the first questions that arise in discussing a seasonal trade
is, Where do the workers come from and where do they go?”
Answers varied with locality, and in many plants there was no
answer, simply a statement of an obvious fact, “They come and goplenty of girls”; “We advertise for help when needed and lay off
as soon as orders drop.” Some of the alluring advertisements of
radio work that appeared in help-wanted columns in May, June, and
July of 1929 read as follows:
Gtiris, not under 18 or over 30, with experience on light assembly work; also
some for coil winding and a few on soldering. Will consider a few learnerspiecework with hourly rate while learning.
'
i»Gm%o00'* V*6 have vacancies for experienced and inexperienced girls, age
conditions
G°°d WageS wWle learning' * * * Ideal working

To only a limited extent did there seem to be repeaters from year
to year One factory reported that “only a few of the extra help
return the next season; at least 60 per cent of the crew is new each
yeai , in another it was said, “When it is time for radio to pick up
many old girls return, especially the experienced solderers, for radio
Pays better during the season than some other places.”
During the summer vacation, extra help in the way of high-school
students was used by some plants. Others were less favorably situ­
ated as regards the supply of labor. One firm was obliged to run
busses to neighboring towns and to put young men and boys on jobs
that normally were women’s. In another locality, in answer to an
advertisement for labor that was circulated in the South, a con­
siderable number of men and girls, estimated roughly at 600, came
from Kentucky, “attracted by rumors of business activity”; and
when the shutdown came many were stranded 500 miles from home,
without funds or relatives, a burden for the community to care for!
Girls from 18 to 25 predominated among women in the radio
lactones. One employment manager gave the average age of the
women m his plant as 21, referring to the jobs as “work that young
girls with agile fingers do well.” The personnel director in a factory
26




"

27

CONDITIONS IN KADIO FACTORIES

that had moved into a complete new unit in 1929 and built up an
average force of 336 employees within 10 months, only to give up the
radio game completely by 1930, still speaks with regret of the “splen­
did force of girls” she lost when the plant closed. “All were young
and attractive and many high-school graduates were among them.”
Conversations with wage-earning women in radio communities bore
evidence of the fact that they realized that the industry favored
younger women. More than one said that only girls about 20 were
taken on at the radio plants, or that radio was employing more help,
but “you have to be young and strong to get a job there,” or that all
the young girls who wanted work at radio or electrical supplies found
it without difficulty. An older woman who had failed to get a radio
job said, “Too many young people standing in line at the radio office.
None of them bother with older women and won’t learn you.”
Another mature women felt that in addition to her age her lack of
education was a handicap; she felt that she did not speak “good
enough English.”
Distribution of jobs.
The fact that in some plants men predominated and in others
women was due to a variety of factors incident to the special com­
munity or plant under consideration and not inherent in the industry.
In certain cases the manufacture of radios was a development from
the making of motors or batteries that had been man-employing, and
men were retained with the change in product. Other firms were
almost exclusively assembly plants, buying most of the radio parts
and cabinets, so the prevailing work in the plant was suitable for
women. The labor market also was a controlling factor. In one
town there was a shortage of women while in another the radio
factory was the only large woman-employing industry; and un­
doubtedly the differential in wages of men and women favored the
larger employment of women in some localities.
Employment directors said that for much of the work there was no
discrimination between men and women, as they were guided in their
selection more by the applicant and his experience. In plants making
sets the proportion of men is much larger than in those making tubes,
the distribution of men and women in the former depending largely
upon whether or not the firm does its own machine work and makes
its own cabinets. In the average tube factory, however, men are in
the vast minority, as not infrequently 85 to 90 per cent of the em­
ployees are women.
An impression of the break-up of jobs and something of their
relative importance may be obtained from the following list, showing
by sex and occupation the number of persons hired during 1929 in a
factory making sets.
Number of men and women hired in one plant in 1929
Women Men

Women Men
Wiring... ----------------------------------

Assembly:
Receiver

Inspection, receiver and other

23688°—31



3

2,321
1,927
1, 531
' 314
76
7
771
161

63
50
86
196
3
355
288
122

Machine operators and shop--------

Experimental,

planning

time

40
106
59
4
3

2
222
41
278
258
208
95

16

46

28 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY

These figures do not represent the number on the force at any one
time, but they are roughly indicative of departmental distribution
and of the nature of the work on which men and women are employed.
They serve to illustrate the turnover rate, since the hirings during
the 12 months totaled 9,649 in a plant whose average employment
was 3,154 and whose peak was 5,013.
In this plant, that buys many parts and accessories and where the
men compose only about one-fourth of the force, it is not surprising
to find that the majority of persons taken on are women. The most
interesting point in this list is the extent to which women are hired
for all types of assembly and, conversely, how few men are assemblers.
Besides assembling and inspection, the work of the women is not
important.
Training and skill required.
Opinion varied but little among employers as to the amount of
training necessary to learn any of the assembly and inspection jobs
done by the women. These were described as simple repetitive opera­
tions. One superintendent said, “All their work is classed as unskilled,
and they can attain speed on any job in from 3 to 10 days.” Others
gave two weeks as the extreme of the period necessary to acquire skill
and speed. In one or two cases vestibule schools were maintained
when hiring was at the peak, these providing a short training period
for beginners.
Specialization of jobs on conveyor-assembly offered no opportunity
for progression in occupations and there was no chance of advance­
ment except as increased speed on piecework swelled the pay envelope.
Yet, as a rule, the girls commented favorably on the work. Only
occasionally was there a reference indicating dissatisfaction, as the
remark of a solderer who said, “My first radio factory was fine, but
the fumes were so bad in the last place I coughed all the time”; and
the comment of another worker, “Soldering hundreds and over a
thousand little wires a day made me crazy.”
Hours of work.
The standard workday in the plants was 8b or 9 hours; occasionally
it was as short as 8 or as long as 10. The standard week was about
48 hours, rarely more than 50. In 1929, to keep production up with
orders, several firms resorted to night shifts, while others tried a
combination of day and evening work, in some cases operating the
entire plant on two shifts, from 6 to 3 and from 3 to 10, or adding a
part-time shift from 5 to 10. Extra shifts and overtime were of
brief duration and were quickly succeeded by undertime—a shortened
workday and a shortened week. In fact, definite scheduled hours
such as a 9-hour day or a 48-hour week mean little in this industry.
A much truer picture of the situation is shown by statements that
give the variations in the actual time worked from season to season.
“For two months we operated a 10-hour day and a 55-hour week,
then we cut down to 9 hours and 45 hours, and for two months now
we have been on a 4-day week.” Another firm reduced its hours
from 9 and 50 to 8 and 44, and its 5%-day week to one of 5 days and
then one of 4 days. From repeated explanations such as these it was
apparent that even for the employees retained at the end of the busy
season there was decided restriction of the working time.



CONDITIONS IN RADIO FACTORIES

29

Wages of women.
To the general inquiry as to wages the company officials made
various replies. They referred to rates, to average earnings, and to
maximum earnings, and the data were far from being so uniform in
type as to lend themselves to tabulation. The most common begin­
ning rates for women seemed to be 25 to 30 cents an hour, varying
from plant to plant. Average weekly earnings ranged from $15 to
$20, and the maximum earnings quoted usually were from $20 to $30,
with a few instances of higher wages earned occasionally, for a week
or so. In referring to the variations from season to season, one man
thought his employees could make the production bonus in not more
than three or four months of the year. The rest of the year the girls
would be on straight time work, earning only from $15 to $16 for a
full week and not that much during the long stretches of part time
inevitable in the business.
Of course, wages varied from plant to plant and from one city or
State to another. One large employer in another line of business
complained because he could not afford to pay as high wages as did
the radio firms who were his competitors in the labor market. On
the other hand, an employment manager attributed some of the labor
turnover in his radio plant to low wages. “Tremendous turnover,”
he said. “Pay poor, so we can’t expect efficient or loyal employees.”
Not infrequently, illuminating comments were made by the women
themselves in regard to wages. For example: “For six weeks I
rushed from 7.30 in the morning to 6 at night. One of those weeks
I made $26, piecework, but that didn’t last. All you can earn most
of the time is $14.10.” Another comment was this: “Once I made
$28.95. Soon we began getting through work by 2.30 or 3.30 in the
afternoon, then we worked only four days a week, then we were laid
off.” An experienced worker made this statement: “A few weeks it
was wonderful. I made $29.50 one week. Then it came down
steadily and rapidly to $10. Hardly pays now.” Other remarks were
as follows: “Could make $18 a week, with bonus; $21 in busy season.
But my last pay was $10.80, for three days.” “For a few weeks I
made $24, but it didn’t last long that way; down to $14.” “For a
few weeks I made $28 in one plant, then $18 in another plant,”
“When production was at the peak, earned $30 a week, but many
weeks I worked only two and three days, at $3 a day.”
Ohio State reports on wages.
In Ohio all employers are required to furnish to the division of
labor statistics of the department of industrial relations figures that
show the earnings of employees for the week of greatest employment
during the year, as well as the numbers employed from month to
month during the year. The following summary of wages, based on
these Ohio reports, illustrates what has been an average condition of
wages in the radio industry in Ohio for the past five years, and there
is no reason to suppose that conditions in Ohio differ greatly from those
elsewhere.




30 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
Employment and wages in week of greatest employment, Ohio, 1925 to 1929

Year

1925_____________ ________
1926____________________
1927_____________________
1928_________________
1929______________

Number
of firms
reporting

10
5
13
17
15

Number of employees Median of the wages
Men
747
684
936
1,668
2,508

Women
943
963
1,551
2,806
3, 723

Men
$21. 25
23.05
23.40
27. 90
24.20

Women
$13. 40
14.60
14. 80
14. 65
13. 95

In no year was the median of the women’s wages—the point at
which half the women earned more and half earned less—as much
as $15. The figure varied from $13.40 to $14.80 during the five years,
and in 1929, the year of greatest employment, it was lower than at
any time since 1925.
As usual, wages were much higher for the men than for the women
and show a more decided increase from year to year.
The conclusion from this tabulation is that the high wages talked
about in various plants are not typical of the group of women radio
workers taken as a whole, at least in Ohio. However, there is this
to be said, that this “week of greatest employment” may be a period
weighted with much inexperienced help working for the lowest rates
of pay.
Labor turnover.
Most of the firms interviewed had no definite record of the num­
bers hired from week to week or month to month nor of the numbers
who left the plant. One employment manager said they preferred
not to figure turnover rates, as they knew they were very bad and due
largely to involuntary lay-offs that were unavoidable because of the
nature of the business.
However, seven firms making radio sets had fairly complete employ­
ment data for 1929 and three of them had similar records for 1928.
Their methods of computing turnover varied somewhat ; and in one
firm the audit of hirings was exclusive of rehires or repeaters, while
in another hirings covered both new employees and rehires. Further­
more, there were lapses in some of the reports—weeks with no record
for separations and accessions. In spite of the various methods of
treatment and omissions, the figures give at least an impression of
the shifting in employment. The summary following indicates what
had been the variations in the force of employees in these plants and
roughly the number of accessions and separations, or the number of
persons who had come and gone, through the year.
1929
(7 plants
reporting)
Average force_____________ _____
_
Maximum force... ..
____
Minimum force.___________
Per cent minimum is of maximum. _
Number of accessions______________ _
Number of separations.___________




25.2
50| 760

1928
(3 plants
reporting)

22A9
* 10G

31

CONDITIONS IN RADIO FACTORIES

During the year 1929 about 49,000 people were hired or rehired
and almost 51,000 were laid off, discharged, or quit in the seven
plants reporting. There were 1,850 more separations than accessions.
The coming and going of about 50,000 people in order to maintain a
force of not much above 18,000 at the average and of 30,000 at the
peak is appalling. To be sure, an average means so little in this
industry that it can hardly be used as a basis of comparison. It
indicates no more than that somewhere between the lowest and high­
est points was an average of the 12 figures no more constant than
the minimum or maximum of employment.
The record of three firms reporting similar data for 1928 shows
more entrances than exits. In this case, to maintain what would
have been an average force of less than 7,000, with a peak of 11,600,
more than 18,000 men and women were hired or rehired and more
than 15,000 were laid off or quit.
The following count in a factory whose average force for 1929 was
about a thousand employees is more or less typical of the turnover
in all radio plants:
Accessions Separations
2,555

4,137

299
958
732
566

1,245
644
494
1, 754

In this factory record, exits greatly outnumbered entrances. Exits
were conspicuously high in the first and last quarters of the year,
while entrances banked most heavily in the second and third quarters.
Whether the factory was small, with a few hundred employees, or
large, with a few thousand, there was the same continuous hiring and
firing, getting a job and losing a job.
In many plants the lay-off in 1929 began before the stock-market
crash of October 29. One plant, that had speeded up tremendously
and was reported to have been making 6,000 sets a day in July,
reduced its force from about 10,000 to less than 4,000 employees
between August and October, laying off several hundred every week.
The lay-off was quite generally considered to be due to the “usual
conditions in the industry.” 'Comments of employment managers
were to the effect that “thousands were laid off until only a picked
few remain,” and “we laid off 1,200 in the last two weeks.” One
personnel manager, in describing the work of his office, said: “In
September separations were somewhat less than the entrances, but
in October they were four times greater, and then the big lay-off
came without warning at 9 o’clock one morning, when we laid off
443 at once, almost as many as had been laid off during the preced­
ing four weeks.”
Comments made by some of the girls themselves who were employed
or had been employed in radio factories illustrate what the workers
think of the irregularity of employment in this industry. During
the summer the employees were talking about overtime. “Nine
and a half hours a day now,” “worked till 7,” “an hour of overtime
last night,” were common phrases. In the fall the story changed to



32 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY

one of undertime and lay-offs—“slack,” “three days a week now,” and
“laid off.”
A number of comments follow:
“I never dreamed a factory could be so nice and the work so
pleasant and. the people so kind, too, but what is the use if you are
laid off for two or three months once or twice a year?”
“They hire one day and lay off the next, and then hire again in
a few days to keep from paying them. I worked one day at radio
and then I was laid off.”
“In radio they hire lots of people to get the work done; then the
first thing you know they begin to lay off.”
“Work comes by spurts, with overtime a couple of weeks, and then
a lay-off.”
“In radio, work is too irregular to make it a decent job; all thev
do is hire and fire.”
J
A girl who had been persuaded by her chum to quit a steady job
for the more alluring pay in radio concluded her story with the expres­
sive comment: “In two weeks they laid me off.”
Conclusion.
The broadcasting of the election returns in 1920 marked the begin­
ning of the phenomenal development of the radio industry. Always
seasonal, yet increasing from year to year, during 1929 it shot up
beyond all control, with no regard to the absorbing power of the
market. It was a year of selfish expansion, each firm for itself regard­
less of the capacity production also taking place in every other firm
in the industry. After a “decade of mighty progress” it was the
“biggest year ever.” Illustrative of the mushroom development is
the record of. one of the smaller firms, which began operations in
June, 1929, with fewer than 50 employees and increased the number
until in live months it had about 500, over two-thirds being girls.
Then in November, when business came to a standstill, within two
weeks practically the entire force was laid off.
The December issue of Radio Retailing reviewed the experience of
the year, showing how serious a blunder had been the blind over­
production of 1929, for in that year 4,500,000 radio sets were manu­
factured, 2,000,000 more than in 1928. This trade journal called
attention to the increase in factory capacity in 1929: “Some plants
were doubled, others were trebled, and certain factory expansions
were even made on a basis of 300 to 400 per cent increase. * * *
As the result, we now have factory capacity to produce 15,000,000
radio sets a year * * * Thus existing plant capacity is more
than three times the possible annual sales at this time.” 6
During these years of experimentation the manufacturer has been
at the mercy of style changes and new inventions that overnight
might convert a warehouse supply of stored radios into stock out of
date and worthless in the eyes of the buying public, that will be satisfied
with nothing but the latest model. Hesitating to venture too soon
puffing off production until assured that the model was fixed
and the busy sales season was almost upon him, the average manu­
facturer then had to operate his plant furiously for a short time if he
was to keep his place in the trade.
ber,R1929° pjmtfand 3(MU Business Magazine of the Radio Industry.




McGraw-Hill, New York, Decern-

CONDITIONS IN RADIO FACTORIES

33

If the employer has anxieties, they must be even more acute for
the employee, who has none of the excitement of planning and play­
ing the business game. To the worker such seasonal production
means a full pay envelope for only a few weeks, possibly months, and
then earnings that fade or disappear entirely.
Fluctuations in consumer demand undoubtedly are partly responsi­
ble for the seasonal unemployment that year after year has accom­
panied the sudden fall from “the peak of prosperity to the trough of
depression” in this trade. But a manufacturer has said, in testimony
before a congressional committee, “I was convinced a good many
years ago of the element of unfairness and social wrong that modern
industry had gotten into of freely hiring people and with equal free­
dom firing them.” 6 The manufacture of radios is a striking illustra­
tion of the situation thus described.
« Unemployment in the United States. Hearings before the Committee on Education and Labor, United
States Senate, Seventieth Congress, second session, pursuant to S. Res. 219, 1929, p. 205.







APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS
RECEIVING SETS, PLANTS 1 TO 23.1
TUBES, PLANTS 24 TO 34.
PARTS AND ACCESSORIES, PLANTS 39 TO 41.2

i For special plants see pp. 8 to 13.

23688°—31----- 4




’ For plants 35 to 38 see pp. 22 and 23.

35




*

Nu rubers
yy\p I oyed

PLANT I

23688°-—31.




(Face p. 37.)

APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS
FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO RECEIVING SETS
PLANT 1, 1922 to 1929.
1922

1923

1924

1925

Month
Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­
en
en
en
en
January_____________
February____________
March.. _______ ____
April
May.. ..
June....................... ...........
July-------------------------August........ ..............
September
October_________ ____
November.............. .........
December_________

336
422
523
613
696
731
712
637
605

Average..
Maximum
Minimum........................
Per cent minimum is of
maximum................... 1

176
215
258
316
354
364
356
324
321

160
207
265
297
342
367
356
313
284

598
544
542
565
596
579
565
549
522
534
629
652

618
731
336

314
364
176

304
367
160

573
652
522

372
459
342

46.0 » 48.4

i 43.6

80.1

74.5

1926

347
342
346
355
371
363
356
345
343
371
455
459

251
202
196
210
225
216
209
204
179
163
174
193

709
778
938
1,150
1,190
1,136
1,159
1, 422
1, 617
1,666
1,784
1,962

474
502
558
633
630
600
575
617
654
670
724
785

235
276
380
517
560
536
584
805
963
996
1,060
1,177

2,063
832
1,993
819
1, 841
763
1, 740
763
1,656
741
1, 530
696
1, 372
645
1,414
619
1,888
773
3,025 1, 180
3, 593 1, 395
3,896 1, 579

1,231
1,174
1,078
977
915
834
727
795
1,115
1,845
2,198
2,317

201 1,296
251 1, 962
163
709

620
785
474

676 2,158
896
1,177 3, 896 1, 579
235 1,372
619

1,262
2,317
727

64.9

36.1

1927

60.4

20.0

35.2

1928

39.2

31.4

1929

Month
Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­
en
en
en
en
January
February
March_________ ____ _
April........... .....................
May_______________
June..................................
July_____ __________
August___
September..................... .
October______ ______
November__________
December................ .

3,949
3,425
2.924
2,492
2,181
1,931
1.924
2, 684
3,305
3,161
2,402
1, 709

1,607
1, 407
1,159
958
876
842
848
1,018
1.207
1,167
964
797

Average______ _______ 2,684 1,075
Maximum..................... 3,949 1, 607
Minimum_____ ______ 1,709
797
Per cent minimum is of
maximum..................... 43.3 49.6

2,342
2,018
1,7.65
1, 534
1, 305
1,089
1,076
1,666
2,098
1, 994
1, 438
912

1,076
804
694
625
621
648
824
1,167
1,662
1,869
1,923
1, 798

591
474
423
406
407
426
492
559
662
737
754
737

485
330
271
219
214
222
332
608
1,000
1,132
1,169
1,061

1,609 1,153
2,342 1,923
912
621

558
754
406

595 1, 756
802
1,169 2,799 1,251
214 1,153
581

38.9

32.3

53.8

18.3

1,346
629
1,196
598
1,153
581
1, 222
603
1, 272
629
1,255
637
1, 354
688
1, 740
774
2, 247
929
2, 611 1,080
2, 799 1,181
2,777 1,251

41.2

46.4

717
598
572
619
643
618
666
966
1,318
1, 531
1, 618
1,526

2, 653
2,521
2, 507
2,549
2,700
3, 278
4, 033
4, 005
3,582
3, 226
2,796
2, 063

1, 266
1, 261
1, 313
1, 389
1,444
1, 667
1, 951
2,011
1,917
1, 799
1,587
1, 172

1,387
1,260
1,194
1,160
1,256
1, 611
2, 082
1,994
1, 665
1,427
1,209
891

954 3,005 1,571
1, 618 4,033 2,011
572 2,063 1, 172

1,434
2,082
891

35.4

51.2

58.3

1 Based on less than a 12-month record.




37

42.8

38

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO RECEIVING SETS

PLANT 2, 1924 to 1929.

•
1924

1925

1926

Month
Women Total

Men

January
February. ----------------- -----March
April----------------- --------- —
May........... -...............................
June--------------------------------July
August
September....... .......................
October----- ----------------------November------ ---------------December.. ---------------------

1,868
1,112
1, 006
603
532
475
471
846
1, 326
2, 492
2, 744
3,002

1,301
758
693
437
386
350
351
581
863
1, 520
1, 720
1, 824

567
354
313
166
146
125
120
265
463
972
1,024
1,178

2,903
1, 954
1,328
1, 387
1, 354
1,876
2, 288
2, 944
3, 252
3,929
2, 563
1,420

1,776
1,372
993
1, 042
1, 002
1,232
1, 381
1, 746
1, 896
2, 201
1, 448
1,024

1,127
582
335
345
352
644
907
1, 198
1,356
1,728
1,115
396

845
754
730
709
703
1, 244
1,949
2,719
3, 323
3, 940
4,276
1,991

643
576
554
535
526
795
1, 129
1,606
1,964
2,270
2,590
1,308

202
178
176
174
177
449
820
1,113
1,359
1, 670
1, 686
683

Average------ --------- -----------Maximum
Minimum
Per cent minimum is of maximum-------------- ------ ------

1, 373
3,002
471

899
1,824
350

474
1,178
120

2, 267
3,929
1, 328

1,426
2, 201
993

841
1,728
335

1,932
4, 276
703

1, 208
2,590
526

724
1,686
174

15.7

19.2

10.2

33.8

45.1

19.4

16.4

20.3

10.3

1927

Men

Women Total

Total

1928

Men

Women

1929

Month
Women Total

Men

Women Total

Total

Men

January.......... ...................... - February.------- -----------------March___________ ______
April
May.............................................
June
July
August................... ...... ...
September —
October
November.-----------------------December..

1,918
1, 809
1, 768
1, 787
1, 912
2, 703
3,075
3,185
3, 236
1, 934
2, 093
2,956

1,243
1, 202
1, 198
1, 220
1, 296
1, 704
1,862
1,937
1,911
1, 234
1, 094
1,533

675
607
570
567
616
999
1, 213
1,248
1,325
700
999
1,423

4, 236
3, 443
2, 935
2, 221
2,325
3,454
5, 349
6, 999
8, 078
7,972
7,103
4,319

2, 231
1,981
1, 786
1, 425
1, 470
1, 934
2,876
3, 707
4, 206
4, 239
3,860
2,654

2,005
1, 462
1,149
796
855
1, 520
2, 473
3, 292
3,872
3, 733
3,243
1,665

Average.. ----------------------Maximum..................................
Minimum
Per cent minimum is of maximum................ ......................

2,365
3,236
1, 768

1,453
1,937
1,094

912
1,423
567

4,889
8,078
2,221

2,714
4, 239
1, 425

54.6

56.5

39.8

27.5

33.6




Men

Women

4, 491
4, 994
3, 637
4, 048
5, 538
6, 215
8,884
9,198
5, 707
3,614
2,109
2,524

2,745
3, 037
2, 319
2,603
3, 491
3,839
4, 809
5, 046
3, 219
2,281
1,496
1, 614

1,746
1, 957
1, 318
1, 445
2,047
2,376
4,075
4,152
2,488
1, 333
613
910

2,175
3,872
796

5,096
9,198
2,109

3,043
5, 046
1, 496

2,053
4,152
613

20.6

22.9

29.6

14.8

1

39

APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS

NwmbErs
PLANT £




• •«

40 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO RECEIVING SETS
PLANT 3, 1925 to 1929.

Women

105
103
81
64
64

64
27
5

225
220
201
167
351

151
144
205

70
86
127
129
113
99

27
101
144
113
81
57

136
244
385
538
615
296

88
133
224
324
385
221

48
111
161
214
230
75

444
242
431
653
790
764

260
179
268
346
412
429

184 1, 076 770 306
63 2,409 1,449 960
163 4, 139 2,452 1,687
307 3, 861 2,413 1,448
378 1,690 1, 187 503
335 1,065 769 296

Average
271 197
74 161 106
Maximum
430 289 141 271 155
Minimum
150 130
16
97
70
Per cent minimum is
of maximum____ ... ‘34.9 145.0 111. 3 35.8 45.2

55
144
11

240
615
69

155
385
64

85
230
5

414
790
167

250
429
144

164 1, 416 927 489
378 4, 139 2,452 1, 687
23 177 168
9

April________________
May________________
July___________ ____
August
September
October. _________ __
November
December ...

174
257
430
319
297
150

130
173
289
242
217
134

1 Based on less than a 12-month record.




7.6 11.2 16.6

174

2.2 21.1 33.6

M en

169
165
108
69
69

January.____________

T otal

M en

44
28
13
11
20

Men

Total

Women

1929

M en

M en

1928

Total

Total

155
126
100
90
85

44
84
141
77
80
16

199
154
113
101
105
109
97
187
271
242
194
156

1927

Women

Women

Total

Month

1926

Women

1925

515

6.1

4.3

6.9

0.5

APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS

PLANT 3




41

42

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO RECEIVING SETS

PLANT 4, 1925 to 1929.
1926

1927

1928

1929

Total

M en
Women

9
17
3
1
14
38
42
19
36
42
85
65

28
3(J
23
14
13
40
44
81
146
171
183
214

8
8
8
5
6
9
13
19
30
52
68
70

20
22
15
9
7
31
31
62
116
119
115
144

138
69
30
27
62
170
200
266
365
459
497
312

52
35
24
26
29
58
91
104
151
212
218
149

86
34
6
1
33
112
109
162
214
247
279
163

Average..................
3
6
3
Maximum___________
10
4
6
Minimum _.
3
2
1
Per cent minimum is
of maximum_______ 30.0 50.0 16.7

17
65

3
9
1

14
56
0

38
97
5

14
4

7

31
85
1

82
214
13

25
70
5

57
144
7

217
497
27

96
218
24

121
279
1

5.2 28.6

1.2

6.1

7.1

4.9

5.4 11.0

0.4

2

3.1 11.1

M en

4
8
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
8
12
14

1
1

Total

13
25
7
5
18
43
48
25
43
50
97
79

M en

6
2
0
1
8
9
8
7
6
21
56
33

2
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
4

§

s

Total

3
3
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
9
9

4
3
3
3
5
6
6
7
7
8
9
10

T otal
9
5
3
2
9
11
9
8
7
25
65
42

January__________ _
February
March
April_________ ______
May___
June .
July________________
August...... ......................
September
October__________
November____
December......................

M en

- 2
1
1
1
2
3
3
5
4
5
6
6

Total

Women

Women

Month

Women

|

1925

PLANT 5, 1925 to 1929.
January
February
March__________ ____
April
May
June
July .....
August______________
September
October_______ .
November
December

943
766
708
607
427
339
442
564
595
613
763
805

470
401
394
374
257
200
254
323
316
313
386
407

473
365
314
233
170
139
188
241
279
300
377
398

831
839
606
474
537
622
692
646
786
863
847
783

414
440
337
292
324
367
398
370
417
441
429
396

417 673
399 464
269 254
182 204
213 223
255 237
294 344
276 738
369 873
422 1, 207
418 1, 445
387 1,105

432
302
187
177
193
184
212
351
336
476
600
491

241 904
162 896
67 712
27 635
36 718
53 760
132 864
387 l, 028
537 1,347
731 1, 515
845 1, 561
614 1,437

391
396
329
270
271
293
297
379
544
578
634
572

513 989
494 870
383 918
365 981
447 1, 066
467 1, 659
567 2,043
649 1, 677
803 1,395
937 971
927 728
865 641

401 588
336 534
347 571
401 580
416 650
633 1,026
835 1,208
652 1,025
566 829
455 516
373 355
347 294

Average
Maximum________
Minimum___
Per cent minimum is
of maximum_____

631
943
339

341
470
200

290
473
139

710
863
474

385
441
292

325 647
422 1,445
182 204

328
600
177

319 1,031
845 1, 561
27 635

413
634
270

618 1,161
937 2,043
365 641

480 681
835 1, 208
336 294

35.9 42.6 29.4 54.9 66.2 43.1 14.1 29.5

1 Minimum employment was zero.




3.2 40.7 42.6 39.0 31.4 40.2 24.3

1

43

APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHAKTS

Nu m bers

employed
PLANT 4

x

X,/

i
\ ~r/ / q;
'W'

PLANT 5




i i Si

44

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIOJRKCEIVING SETS

PLANT 6, 1926 to 1929.
1926

1927

1928

1929

Month
Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­
en
en
en
en
January
February.....................
March________ ____
April
May.............................
June
July
August
September
October
November
December......................

58
30
17
25
27
78
142
235
296
252
214
191

37
26
12
’3
13
27
64
118
158
137
133
118

21
4
5
12
14
51
78
117
138
115
81
73

83
47
32
31
40
120
201
224
224
257
125
168

51
30
21
21
24
53
102
122
125
129
72
83

32
17
11
10
16
67
99
102
99
128
53
85

51
44
35
43
74
79
162
169
177
225
301
142

32
28
24
22
35
30
66
68
73
86
109
61

19
16
11
21
39
49
96
101
104
139
192
81

62
29
13
62
64
109
276
334
337
356
215
68

29
20
13
28
30
32
89
115
106
108
81
43

33
9
0
34
34
77
187
219
231
248
134
25

Average............................
Maximum___________
Minimum
Per cent minimum is of
maximum........... ...

130
296
17

71
158
12

59
138
4

132
257
31

71
129
21

61
128
10

124
301
35

52
109
22

72
192
11

161
356
13

58
115
13

103
248
0

5.7

7.6

2.9

12.1

16.3

7.8

11.6

20.2

5.7

3.7

11.3

w

January
February
March----------------------April
May
June------------------------July
August
September
October
November
December

16
36
25
30
31
35
41
45
84
107
203
109

15
19
15
18
19
21
24
26
37
64
107
61

1
17
10
12
12
14
17
19
47
43
96
48

65
93
99
102
59
104
150
230
275
408
434
111

50
64
68
80
54
76
106
165
190
297
339
99

15
29
31
22
5
28
44
65
85
111
95
12

79
105
115
110
122
293
375
300
340
322
284
200

.74
95
100
97
106
176
231
236
212
208
181
145

5
10
15
13
16
117
144
160
128
114
103
55

147
146
161
173
207
573
889
818
532
450
248
122

97
102
107
125
148
404
676
625
373
362
200
109

50
44
54
48
59
169
214
193
159
88
48
13

Average--------------------Maximum............ . —
Minimum____ _______
Per cent minimum is of
maximum...................

64
203
16

36
107
15

28
96
1

177
434
59

132
339
50

45
111
5

228
396
79

155
236
74

73
160
5

372
889
122

277
675
97

95
214
13

7.9

14.0

1.0

13.6

14.7

4.5

19.9

31.4

3.1

13.7

14.4

6.1

34
54
77
115
154
186
190
187
176

190
100
71
25
25
60
134
238
502
732
817
731

51
27
19
7
7
17
36
64
136
198
221
197

139
484
73
336
343
52
18
132
18
128
43
164
98
354
174
691
366
846
534 1,234
596 1,490
534 1,718

131
91
93
36
35
44
96
187
228
333
402
464

353
245
250
96
93
120
258
504
618
901
1,088
1,254

1,705
1,458
883
428
442
978
1,208
1, 223
1, 304
1,596
566
187

460
394
238
116
119
264
326
330
352
431
153
49

1,245
1,064
645
312
323
714
882
893
952
1,165
413
138

302
817
25

82
221
7

220
660
596 1,718
18
128

178
464
35

482
998
1,254 1,705
93
187

269
460
49

729
1,245
138

3.1

3.2

3.0

7.5

10.7

11.1

PLANT 7, 1926 to 1929.

PLANT 8, 1926 to 1929.

April_________ _______
May
June..................................
July......... ..........................
August
September
October............ ...........
November............ ...........
December.......... ...........

47
74
106
158
211
255
260
257
241

13
20
29
43
57
69
70
70
65

48
128
Average...------ ----------- 176
Maximum
260
70
190
Minimum
47
13
34
Per cent minimum is of
maximum.................... 2 18.1 2 18.6 217.9
i Minimum employment was zero.




7.5

7.4

11.0

i Based on less than a 12-month record.

APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS

Numbecs

PLANT 6

200




•

PLANT 7

PLANT 5

/^V

c:.* L

trf \
L/
\
67/•‘M
7/
1

45

46

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO RECEIVING SETS

PLANT 9, 1927 to 1929.
1927

1928

1929

Month
Total

Men

Women Total

Men

Women Total

Men

Women
81

January
February
March _
April
May_ ____ ______________
_
June___ _____ .
July... _____________ ____
August______ ______
September_______
October ______
November_______
December_______

591
377
245
239
227
260
331
521
727
780
586
276

391
276
187
183
175
197
250
319
438
486
396
223

200
101
58
56
52
63
81
202
289
294
190
53

221
173
115
111
105
100
136
198
224
324
471
380

190
151
100
97
94
90
112
139
154
211
281
244

31
22
15
14
11
10
24
59
70
113
190
136

266
237
160
159
141
127
87
85
364
534
389
27

185
161
115
117
105
97
68
67
194
283
203
25

186
2

Average____ _
__________
Maximum______
Minimum........ ............
Per cent minimum is of
maximum__________

429
780
227

293
481i
175

136
294
52

213
471
100

155
281
90

58
190
10

211
534
27

133
283
25

78
251
2

29.1

36.0

17.7

21.2

32.0

5.3

5.1

8.8

0.8

March
April____
_
May _ ________
June____
_____
July____________ ________ _
August.________________
September______________
October _______________ November_______________
December_______

44
38
55
130
75
76
223
414
517
481

25
19
35
63
65
64
136
241
294
272

19
19
20
67
10
12
87
173
223
209

198
157
105
500
857
1,127
1,240
1, 210
1, 029
611

132
111
59
248
475
653
716
701
607
395

66
46
46
252
382
474
524
509
422
216

148
122
92
134
402
755
827
731
518
364

95
81
63
91
247
444
476
427
316
237

53
41
29
43
155
311
351
304
202
127

Average________________
Maximum_
_
Minimum
Per cent minimum is of
maximum,______________

221
517
38

130
294
19

91
223
10

632
1,240
105

372
716
59

260
524
46

398
827
92

241
476
63

157
351
29

i 7.4

i 6.5

i 4.5

8.5

8.2

8.8

11.1

13.2

8.3

45
42
36
30
170

PLANT 10, 1927 to 1929.

1 Based on less than a 12-month record.




APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS

Number’s




PLANT 9

PLANT 10

0

47

48 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO RECEIVING SETS
PLANT 11, 1928 and 1929
1928

Month

PLANT 12, 1928 and 1929

1929

1928

1929

Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­
en
en
en
en
January
February. ----------- ...
March.
April_______________
May. ..........................
June
July___________ _____
August
September_________
October_________
November...____
December_______

350
390
378
340
300
433
772
1,032
1,202
1,201
1,027
1, 089

237
256
259
243
220
277
436
551
658
697
613
634

113
134
119
97
80
156
336
481
544
504
414
455

1,214
942
471
680
822
1,088
977
801
1,008
1,041
421
128

666
556
321
425
507
632
593
534
604
600
280
118

548
962
386 1, 062
150
992
255
996
315 1, 231
456
884
384
696
997
267
404
870
441 1, 375
141
927
10
546

385
365
397
399
493
354
279
402
348
550
371
219

577
697
595
597
738
£30
417
595
522
825
556
327

619
633
392
255
295
164
668
1, 341
1, 666
2,500
2,079
1, 456

248
256
157
102
122
66
268
537
681
982
842
575

371
378
235
153
173
98
400
804
985
1, 518
1,237
881

Average__________
711
Maximum_________ _ 1, 202
Minimum
300
Per cent minimum is
of maximum_______ 25.0

424
697
220

287
816
544 1, 214
80
128

495
666
118

321
961
548 1, 375
10
546

380
550
219

581 1,006
825 2,500
327
164

403
982
66

603
1, 518
98

6.7

6.5




31.6

14.7

10.5

17.7

1.8

39.7

39.8

39.6

6.6

1

APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS

N u m tiers

PLANT II




PLANT 12

49

50

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO RECEIVING SETS
PLANT 13, 1928 and 1929
1928

Month

PLANT 14, 1928 and 1929

1929

1928

1929

Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­
en
en
en
en
January.......... .............
February____________
March...........................
April_________
___
June........... . ... _____
July________ ________
August __
September___ _
October
November_____ _
December...... ................

541
992
1, 551
1, 711
1,823
1, 501
1,345

457
768
1,201
1, 314
1, 391
1,140
1,064

Average. -___________ 1,374 1,064
Maximum..................... 1,823 1, 391
Minimum............ ......... 541
457
Per cent minimum is
of maximum.
29.7 32.9

84
224
350
397
432
361
281

1,133
1,083
811
709
855
1, 488
2, 268
2, 952
3,101
2,435
1,730
1,685

310 2,194 1,707
432 4, 036 3,101
84
841
709
: 19.4

1 Based on less than a 12-month record.




1, 434
1, 393
1, Oil
841
1,052
1,955
2,912
3, 763
4,036
3,222
2,239
2,176

20.8

22.9

301
310
200
132
197
467
644
811
935
787
509
491

1,161
267
1,345
309
282
1,227
1,099
253
910
209
1,987
457
2, 918
671
3, 467
901
3,842 1,149
4,096
963
5,239 1, 493
5,259 1, 546

487 2,713
709
935 5, 259 1,546
132
910
209
14.1

17.3

13.5

894
1,036
945
846
701
1,530
2,247
2, 566
2,693
3,133
3,746
3, 713

4,902
4,179
3,024
2, 104
1,560
1,463
1,929
3, 997
4,142
4,325
5, 013
1,208

1,127
961
696
484
359
336
444
1,039
1,238
1,016
1,429
355

3, 775
3, 218
2,328
1,620
1,201
1,127
1,485
2,958
2,904
3, 309
3, 584
853

2,004 3,154
790
3,746 5, 013 1,429
701 1,208
336

2,364
3, 775
853

18.7

24.1

23.5

22.6

APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS

Number's
“T
PLANT 14

PLANT l 3
3,600

3,200
f
H

/s
2,800

1
1
1
1
•
!

2,400

i

i

i
|
1
1
1
t
1
1t
i1

i

2,000 —

1,600

A

t i
f-YH

1,200

l
1
i
i
o----------J

»

•

A

.vi _AV
\

ff
si

0

0/
£/
jy

5 -8

1928

23688°

31—

-




1
1
1
1
1
\

1

-3

1929

N

51

52 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO RECEIVING SETS
PLANTS WITH 1929 FIGURES ONLY.
PLANT 18

PLANT 19

M en

Women

Total

M en

Women

Total

M en

Women

T otal

M en

W omen

Women

PLANT 17

|

PLANT 16

Total

Total
M en
|

PLANT 15

January..........................
87
February
41
March
36
April
32
May...................................
69
June...............-.................. 129
July
194
August............................ 167
September
150
October__________ ___ 125
November____ ____ ___ 18
December
15

43 44
40
1
23 13
22 10
17 52
27 102
68 126
69 98
64 86
51 74
17
1
14
1

46
82
98
134
302
295
219
100

31
56
66
91
213
192
149
70

15
26
32
43
89
103
70
30

305
334
330
370
402
433
434
309

198
217
214
241
261
281
282
201

107
117
116
129
141
152
152
108

83
169
405
530
501
494
399
202

58
116
272
361
344
340
285
139

25
53
133
169
157
154
114
63

124
176
224
330
380
763
408
335
283

96
123
168
191
269
175
131
102

80
101
162
189
494
233
201
181

Average....................... .
Maximum______..
Minimum
Per cent minimum is of
maximum.—...............

38 51
69 126
14
1

158
302
46

107
213
31

51
103
15

365
434
305

237
282
198

128
152
107

353
530
83

243
361
58

110
169
25

336
763
124

147
269
66

189
494
58

Month

89
194
15

7.7 20.3 0.8 1 15.2 1 14.6 i 14.6 i 70.3 i 70.2 i 70.4 i 15.7 ‘ 16.1 i 14.8 i16.3 i 24.5 i 11.7
PLANT 20

Month

a
73
O
E-*

January________
February___________
March-------------------April
May______ ________
June
July
August____________
September...................
October
November
December

PLANT 21

<33

S

258
189
174
144
120
101
102
88
66
64
64
57
128
85
324
254
1, 142
945
1,366 1,123
1,010
946
730
656

Average....................... .
388
460
Maximum
1,366 1,123
Minimum
57
64
Per cent minimum is
of maximum.............1 4.7
5. 1

a
o
£
69
30
19
14
2
7
43
70
197
243
94
74

a

§
73
o

09
a

a
o
Is

PLANT 23

73
"o

03

2

g

o
(S

G
"o

§

a

g
o
£

698
398
1,490
817
1,624
843
1,985 1,066
2, 007 1,141
1, 747 1, 018
905
1, 501
1,105
682
738
454

300
673
781
9i9
114
94
866
419
284
729 1,205
775
596 2,122 1, 355
423 1, 335
864
284
254
179

20
135
430
767
471
75

2, 020
2, 580
2, 802
3, 360
4,000
4, 554
4,641
3, 464
2,133

2,725
2,919
2,802
2,664
1,597
1,165

72 1, 533
869
243 2,007 1,141
698
2
398

664
951
619
919 2,122 1, 355
284
114
94

332 5,183 3,294
767 7, 356 4,641
20 2,544 2,020

1,889
2,919
524

12.6 i 34.6 1 43.5

i 18.0

0.8 i 34.8 i 34.9

1 Based on less than a 12-month record.




PLANT 22

> 30.9

» 5.4

i 6.9

2,544
3' 715
4, 204
6, 085
6, 919
7, 356
7, 305
5,061
3,298

53

APPENDIX--- TABLES AND CHARTS

PLANT 15

PLANT 16

PLANT 17

PLANT 18

PLANT
19

Xs
\
Dec.l

w

PLANT
23

PLANT 20

PLANT 21




PLANT 22

54

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO TUBES

PLANT 24, 1931 to 1929.
1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

Month
Total i Total i Total i

Average________________

77
80
137
176
188
194
189
187
199
229
238
261

53
71
113

60
50
<*>
46
45
<*>
42
42
40
49

to

«
238
138
144
115
»
73

_

Per cent minimum is of maximum. _________________
1926
Month

285
287
288
284
270
233
211
205
224
247
261
278

29
26
29
26
24
21
21
18
18
20
23
28

256
288
205

24
18

187

187

17

170

29.5

m

Men

179
261
77

January..
February_________ ___ _
March___ ____ ____________
April-------------------------------May
June__________
July
August
September______ ________
October .......... .............. .
November- ___________.
December

Total

71. 2

62.1

71.6

55.8

50.0

56.1

1927

Women Total
256
261
259
258
246
212
190
187
206
227
238
250

Men
27
24
27
23
22
21
24
17
20
23
30
34

270
272
273
256
246
233
236
187
248
283
333
335

1928

Women
243
248
246
233
224
212
212
170
228
260
303
301

1929

Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­
en
en
en
en

January __________ .
February __________
March
April
May __
June
July..
August
September.......................
October_________ ____
November___ ________
December

335
314
302
300
327
294
295
281
292
297
329
324

34
28
30
27
29
26
30
25
23
24
30
32

301
286
272
273
298
268
265
256
269
273
299
292

264
229
213
196
191
190
201
237
263
335
347
366

26
21
21
18
17
17
20
21
21
27
31
37

238
208
192
178
174
173
181
216
242
308
316
329

393
400
391
374
373
393
414
408
425
447
489
525

39
36
39
34
34
35
41
37
34
36
44
53

354
364
352
340
339
358
373
371
391
411
445
472

658
735
787
890
943
1,000
1,154
1,299
1, 356
1, 451
1, 235
1,137

66
66
75
79
83
85
115
118
115
122
116
111

592
669
712
811
860
915
1,039
1,181
1, 241
1,329
1,119
1,026

Average
Maximum________...
Minimum
Per cent minimum is of
maximum__________

307
335
281

28
34
23

279
301
256

253
366
190

23
37
17

230
329
173

419
525
373

39
53
34

380 1,054
472 1,451
339
658

96
122
66

958
1,329
592

83.9

67.6

85.0

51.9

45.9

52.6

71.0

64.2

54.1

44.5

71.8

45.3

PLANT 25, 1924 to 1929.

415
409
391
381
376
383
400
399
421
490
516
578

38
38
36
34
32
31
37
38
36
41
43
50

377
371
355
347
344
352
363
361
385
449
473
528

578
647
731
805
881
933
1,010
1,187
1,388
1,533
1,706
1, 389

Women

304
227
200
193
183
174
169
205
273
353
398
405

M en

Total

J

Women

335 31
251 24
220 20
212 19
200 17
189 15
186 17
226 21
299 26
385 32
435 37
44-3 -38

1929

M en

299
311
316
279
275
268
264
259
268
290
317
329

§
2

1928

Total

Total

Women

252 329 30
265 343 32
261 348 32
241 306 27
227 301 26
21-6 -292 24
205 291 27
153 286 27
197 293 25
231 316 26
284 S4U 29
293 -S60 -31

Total

Total

Women

M en

33
80
110
123
135
135
136
154
191
213
237
266

1927

Women

|

January________ ____
February _________
March---------------------April_____
May-----------------------June.
July_________ ____ _
August ____________
September---------------October,
November....................

1926

[

§
2

U9Jfi[

Total

Month

1925

Women

1924

3
8
10
11
11
11
13
15
16
18
20
23

30
72
100
112
124
124
123
139
175
195
217
243

277
292
288
265
248
235
226
169
215
252
310
321

25
27
27
24
21
19
21
16
18
21
26
28

53 525
61 586
68 663
72 733
75 806
76 857
93 917
113 1,074
119 1,269
127 1,406
143 1,563
120 1,269

Average................. ......... 151 13 138 258 23 235 318 28 290 282 25 257 430 38 392 1,065 93 972
Maximum................... 266 23 243 321 28 293 360 32 329 443 38 405 578 50 528 1,706 143 1,563
Minimum;:.'...
... 33
3 30 169 16 153 286 24 259 186 15 169 376 31 344 578 53 525
Per cent mihifnum’t&.
of maximum'.
12.4 13.0 12.3 52.6 57. 1 52.-9 79.-4 75r0 78.7 42.0 39.5 41.7 65.1 62.0 65.2 33.9 37,1 33.6




1 Data on sex not obtainable,

* Not obtainable.

1

APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS

PLANT 24

PLANT 25




55

56

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO TUBES

PLANT 26, 1924 to 1929.
1924
Month
'3
o
January______ ...
February.. ______
March. _
______
April_____________
May_____________
June_____________
July_____________
August___________
September_______
October__________
November_______
December
Average__________
Maximum................
Minimum________
Per cent minimum
is of maximum...

g
a

1925
a
©

1
ps

1926
s

o

g
a

a

o
is

'oS
o
H

§
a

1927
g
a
o
£

73
o
&

g

a

2
4
4

12
14
16

9 22
13 27
9 28
9 28
9 34
11 34
11 34
13 32
13 34
14 46
16 61
19 67

88
86
82
75
63
59
68
76
78
93
89
85

19
19
18
15
12
11
15
16
16
22
22
22

69
67
64
60
51
48
53
60
62
71
67
63

89
93
87
82
61
61
55
73
77
85
94
73

21
21
21
18
18
17
23
23
23
24
24

49
86
31

14
18
20

31
40
37
37
43
45
45
45
47
60
77
86

12
19
9

78
93
59

17
22

61
71
48

77
94
55

21
24
17

37
67
22

11

22

1928

fl
§
o

1929
g

1
o
e

*

67
72
66
61
43
43
38
50
54

67
47
47
46
45
49

0
2
22

a
o
£
45
26
26

3
o

EH

70
49

89
108
115
146
147

21
20
21
25
25
24
24
24
25

28
51
64
84
91
122
122

223
228
233
265
242
264
282
295
298
311
317
0

56
72
38

82
147
45

23
25
20

59
122
25

248
317
0

62

76

21
21

25
25

g
a

0
3
a
©
is

29
29
30
31
31
33
36
41
43
41
40
0

194
199
203
234
211
231
246
254
255
270
277
0

32
43
0

216
277
0

36.0 47.4 32.8 63.4 50.0 67.6 58.5 70.8 52.8 30.6 80.0 20.5 0)

....

0)

725
757
778
852
854
680
748
774
797
921
961
937

191 1,079
204 1,156
222 1,258
242 1,372
246 1,392
265 1, 501
300 1,701
321 1,819
349 1,978
379 2, 147
333 1,888
283 1,602

(0

PLANT 27, 1924 to 1929.
January
February________
March
April......................

May

June__________
July
August...................
September_______
October_________
November_______
December_______

19
21
60
64
67
73
71
71
82
93
100
691 104

105
116
339
362
381
416
399
404
463
527
564
587

109
114
117
128
128
102
112
116
laj
138
144
141

616
64i
661
724
726
578
636
658
677
783
817
706

917
868
801
78C
768
788
836
859
884
909
916
857

138
130
121
117
115
118
125
129
133
136
137
129

779 795
738 723
683 657
663 641
653 687
670 753
711 763
730 851
751 984
773 1,043
779 1,118
728 1,138

119
108
99
96
103
113
114
128
148
156
168
171 967

1,027
927
844
803
839
821
839
929
990
1,101
1,157
1,188

154 873 1,270
139 788 1,360
127 717 1,480
120 683 1, 614
126 713 1,638
123 698 1,766
126 713 2,001
139 790 2,140
149 841 2,327
165 936 2,526
174 983 2,221
178 1,010 1,885

Average................... 457 69 388 815 122 693 849 127 722 846 127 719 955 143
812 1,852 278
Maximum_______ 691 104 587 961 144 817 917 138 779 1,138 171 967 1,188
Minimum________ 124 19 105 680 102 578 768 115 653 641 96 MB 803 178 1, 010 2,626 379
120 633 1,270 191
Per cent minimum
is of maximum.. 17.9 18.3 17.9 70.8 70.8 70.7 83.8 83.3 83.8 56.3 56.1 56.4 67.6 67.4
67.6 50.3 50.4 50.3
1 Minimum employment was zero,




APPENDIX--- TABLES AND CHARTS

57

Numbers
—

PLANT 26
200

------------------

PLANT 27




58

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO TUBES

PLANT 28, 1925 to 1929.
1925
Month
3
©
January
February
March________
April. .
May.___ _________
June_______ ____ _
July...____ _______
August-...........................
September
October_________
November....................
December

48
61
63
60
53
43
43
57
61
88
88
101

s
a
16
20
20
19
17
14
14
18
20
28
28
33

1926

fl
1
©
*
32
41
43
41
36
29
29
39
41
60
60
68

3
o
Eh
91
89
46
44
43
44
46
62
85
99
103
62

g
a
29
29
15
14
14
14
15
20
27
32
33
20

1927
s
a
o
is
62
60
31
30
29
30
31
42
58
67
70
42

*3
■4J
o
Eh
64
63
39
49
56
69
82
111
156
197
178
149

g
a
21
17
13
16
18
22
26
36
50
64
57
48

1928
a
I

1

is

Eh

g
a

43
36
26
33
38
47
56
75
106
133
121
101

128
137
137
134
133
164
191
259
353
584
737
824

40
43
43
43
44
59
60
89
130
260
325
367

1929
©
®
a
o
£

3

88
94
94
91
89
105
131
170
223
324
412
457

o

s
a

©
®
a
o
is

829
715
715
713
738
845
839
880
885
861
456
332

337
283
270
268
278
309
289
292
259
270
140
85

492
432
445
445
460
536
550
588
626
591
316
247

Average...........................
64
21
43
68
22
46 100
32
68 315 125 190 734 257 477
Maximum_________
101
33
68 103
33
70 197
64 133 824 367 457 885 337 626
Minimum....................
43
14
29
43
14
29
39
13
26 128
40
88 332
85 247
Per cent minimum is
of maximum............. 42.6 42.4 42.6 41.7 42.4 41.4 19.8 20.3
19.5 15.5 10.9 19.3 37.5 25.2 39.5
PLANT 29, 1925 to 1929.
January___
February...
March........
April_____
May.............
June______
July______
August____
September..
October___
November..
December..

72
39
29
27
11
17
24
41
75
94
134
138

12
10
10
10
4
4
4,
6
11
12
20
18

60
29
19
17
7
13
20
35
64
82
114
120

37
32
47
75
64
31
107
165
242
242
258
218

14
10
10
12
12
10
23
29
40
44
42
37

23
22
37
63
52
21
84
136
202
198
216
181

160
138
136
85
60
113
127
158
170
137
351
495

28
24
26
15
12
22
24
25
28
34
43
56

132
114
110
70
48
91
103
133
142
103
308
439

455
458
360
250
288
361
501
569
609
767
391
160

52
48
45
38
42
53
64
71
78
89
46
28

403
410
315
212
246
308
437
498
531
678
345
132

Average_____________
Maximum___________
Minimum___________
Per cent minimum is
of maximum_______

58
138

10
20
4

48
120
7

127
258
31

24
44
10

103
216
21

178
495
60

28
56
12

149
439
48

431
767
160

55
89
28

376
678
132

8.0 20.0

5.8 12.0 22.7

9.7 12.1 21.4 10.9 20.9 31.5 19.5

63
58
58
33
30
28
33
43
62
89
89
83

51
50
50
26
22
22
29
33
52
77
76
74

60
59
55
31
29
31
15
44
82
103
104
53

PLANT 30, 1925 to 1929.
January..-........ . ......
February________
March. ____________
April________________
May__________ .
June
July..................................
August_______ _
September
October___________
November
December .

41
31
39
39
101
102
59

10
9
9
15
19
17
14

31
22
30
24
82
85
45

12
8
8
7
8
6
4
10
10
12
13
9

70
67
64
40
39
41
23
56
94
119
119
68

10
8
9
9
10
10
8
12
12
16
15
15

83
66
78
61
65
77
80
80
91
124
223
219

15
16
15
15
14
15
16
16
15
24
33
19

68
50
63
46
51
62
64
64
76
100
190
200

Average..
59
13
46
56
9
47
67
11
56 104
18
86
Maximum________
102
19
85
89
13
77 119
16 104 223
33 200
Minimum _____
31
9
22
28
4
22
23
8
15
61
14
46
Per cent minimum is
of maximum_______ ‘30.4 147.4 >25.9 31.5 30.8 28.6 19.3 50.0 14.4
27.4 42.4 23.0
1 Based on less than a 12-month record.




242
230
232
209
227
356
412
534
741
845
728
62

25
24
27
30
35
48
62
80
81
86
74
47

402
845
62

52 350
86 759
24 15

7.3

27.9 2.0

217
206
205
179
192
308
350
454
660
759
654
15

59

APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS

N uwbers
em (d loued

PLANT 28

Wlej

PLANT 29

PLANT 30




I4I-

60 FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO TUBES
PLANT 31, 1926 to 1929.
1926

1927

1928

1929

Month
Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­ Total Men Wom­
en
en
en
en
204
141

28

436

April
May.-•Tune. •Tuly_ _ --------------------August
September-October ____________
November
December

Id
27
41
64
78
184
419
354
221

4
5
11
13
23
71
129
144
103

15
22
30
51
55
113
290
210
118

190
196
205
262
300
313
267
210
202

40
36
55
53
89
121
82
85
94

150
160
150
209
211
192
185
125
108

116
105
122
138
193
254
351
410
481

29
45
60
68
75
92
117
129
130

87
587
60
627
62
687
70
648
118
628
162
781
234
940
281 1,030
351
941

189
206
218
216
215
308
311
318
312

398
421
469
432
413
473
629
712
629

Average
Maximum
Minimum_____
Per cent minimum is of
maximum..................... i

156
419
19

56
144
4

100
290
15

222
313
141

68
121
28

154
211
108

215
481
105

71
130
29

144
733
351 1,030
60
587

234
318
163

499
712
398

4.5

i 2.8

» 5.2

45.0

23.1

51.2

21.8

22.3

51.3

55.9

17.1

57.0

PLANTS WITH 1929 FIGURES ONLY.
PLANT 32

PLANT 33

PLANT 34

Total

Men

Men

Men

Womer

January---------------------------February ________________
March
April------- ----------------------May. _________ ______
June
July_________ ____________
August
September_____________
October
November
December----------------- ------ -

499
505
220
128
317
492
680
799
922
580
331
131

87
83
44
26
63
87
102
98
92
85
• 55
26

412
422
176
102
254
405
578
701
830
495
276.
105

662
586
697
905
1, 245
1,418
1, 656
1,390
1,440
1,458
723
0

196
167
166
227
368
440
479
389
378
381
100
0

480
419
531
678
877
978
1,177
1,001
1,062
1,077
623
0

470
684
714
791
840
801
1,521
1,517
1,736
1,515
274
128

95
115
158
164
171
140
331
307
298
263
86
52

37,
56(
55(
62'
661
66
1,19(
i; 2k
1,438
1,251
188
7f

Average................................. .
Maximum
Minimum.
Per cent minimum is of
maximum__

467
922
128

71
102
26

396
830
102

1,015
1,656
0

274
479
0

741
1,177
0

916
1, 736
128

182
331
52

734
1,438
7t

13.9

25.5

12.3

«

7.4

15.7

5.3

Month
Women Total

1 Based on less than a 12-month record,




«

Women Total

«

J Minimum employment was zero.

61

APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS

Numbers
e m bi owed

—
PLANT 3|
600

<400

#
/
200

cl \
_^g_

4

1926

PLANT 32




xL

*r /o

o

C

£

r\/

xL

t:

1927

£

1928

PLANT 33

xi.

/

<J

^

rixi_j

1929

PLANT 34

IT
E

<D
I

1
r
JS

li '
r* 1

I 4 $ I
1929

Jill
1929

62

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY
FLUCTUATION IN EMPLOYMENT, RADIO PARTS AND ACCESSORIES '

PLANT 39, 1928 and 1929.
1928

1929

Month
Total
January____________________________
February___________________________
March_____________________________
April______________________ ...
May___________________ ______ _
June______________ __________
July... ... ._ .
August_______________
September______
October______________________
November______ _.
December________
Average_________________________
Maximum_________
Minimum_____ _____ ___________________ ____
Per cent minimum is of maximum..

Men

Women

Total

Men

Women

78
58
66
87
79
131
165
274
395
427
446
399

66
46
54
75
67
105
134
240
348
367
389
358

12
12
12
12
12
26
31
34
47
60
57
41

182
93
98
79
161
262
478
477
489
513
489
126

176
88
95
77
122
173
258
266
283
278
283
104

6
5
3
2
39
89
220
211
206
235
206
22

217
446
58
13.0

187
389
46
11.8

30
60
12
20.0

288
513
79
15.4

184
283
77
27.2

104
235
2
0,9

250

170

80
80
80
70
80
80
80
80
80

PLANT 40, 1928 and 1929.
January________________________
February______________________
March_________________ ________
April__________________________
May______________ _____ _______
June_______________________ ___
July______________ ___________ _
August________ ____ _________ _
September_______________ ____ _
October.____ ___________________
November_____________________
December_________ ______ ______
Average................................................
Maximum_______ ______________
Minimum______________________
Per cent minimum is of maximum

133
200

113
170

235

200

228
170
268
538
544
750
460

200

150
238
488
494
700
420

327
750
133
17.7

293
700
113
16.1

January_____________________________________
February
March_________________________ ___ _____ ___
April________ ____
..
May
June
July ____________________________________
August_ _____ ____ _
_
September
October
November____ __ ______
December.. ...

142
127
146
152
138
148
160
192
245
338
360
315

Average____ ____ _______________ ___________
Maximum................................................... ..................
Minimum.................................................................
Per cent minimum is of maximum

205
360
127
35.3

201
200

171
175

20

30
35
30
25
28
20
30
50
50
50
40
34
50

200
200
200

250
250
346
342
436
708
250
136

120
120

130
170
170
266
262
356
608

100

200
88

50
48

222
608

100

40.0

298
708
136
19.2

14.5

48
48.0

129
116
135
138
126
136
143
173
224
310
327
287

13
11
11
14
12
12
17
19
21
28
33
28

217
174
90
40
53
171
282
433
671
807
288
200

194
156
81
35
46
157
255
390
613
737
266
183

23
18
9
5
7
14
27
43
58
70
22
17

187
327
116
35.5

18
33
11
33.3

285
807
40
5.0

259
737
35
4.7

26
70
5
7.1

20

88

76

PLANT 41, 1928 and 1929.

1 For plants 35 to 38 see pp. 22 and 23.




APPENDIX—TABLES AND CHARTS




Numbers

PLANT 39

PLANT 40

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PLANT 41

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63




una-

PUBLICATIONS OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU
[Any of these bulletins still available will be sent free of charge upon request)

*No.

1. Proposed Employment of Women during the War in the Industries of
Niagara Falls, N. Y. 16 pp. 1918.
No. 2. Labor Laws for Women in Industry in Indiana. 29 pp. 1919.
No. 3. Standards for the Employment of Women in Industry. 8 pp. Third
ed., 1921.
No. 4. Wages of Candy Makers in Philadelphia in 1919, 46 pp. 1919.
*No. 6. The Eight-Hour Day in Federal and State Legislation. 19 pp. 1919.
No. 6. The Employment of Women in Hazardous Industries in the United
States. 8 pp. 1921.
No. 7. Night-Work Laws in the United States. (1919.) 4 pp. 1920.
*No. 8. Women in the Government Service. 37 pp. 1920.
*No. 9. Home Work in Bridgeport, Conn. 36 pp. 1920.
*No. 10. Hours and Conditions of Work for Women in Industry in Virginia.
32 pp. 1920.
No. 11. Women Street-Car Conductors and Ticket Agents. 90 pp. 1921.
*No. 12. The New Position of Women in American Industry. 158 pp. 1920.
No. 13. Industrial Opportunities and Training for Women and Girls. 48 pp.
1921.
*No. 14. A Physiological Basis for the Shorter Working Day for Women. 20
pp. 1921.
No. 15. Some Effects of Legislation Limiting Hours of Work for Women. 26
pp. 1921.
No. 16. (See Bulletin 63.)
No. 17. Women’s Wages in Kansas. 104 pp. 1921.
No. 18. Health Problems of Women in Industry. 11 pp. 1921.
No. 19. Iowa Women in Industry. 73 pp. 1922,
*No. 20. Negro Women in Industry. 65 pp. 1922.
No. 21. Women in Rhode Island Industries. 73 pp. 1922.
*No. 22. Women in Georgia Industries. 89 pp. 1922.
No. 23. The Family Status of Breadwinning Women. 43 pp. 1922.
No. 24. Women in Maryland Industries. 96 pp. 1922.
No. 25. Women in the Candy Industry in Chicago and St. Louis. 72 pp. 1923.
No. 26. Women in Arkansas Industries. 86 pp. 1923.
No. 27. The Occupational Progress of Women. 37 pp. 1922.
No. 28. Women’s Contributions in the Field of Invention. 51 pp. 1923.
No. 29. Women in Kentucky Industries. 114 pp. 1923.
No. 30. The Share of Wage-Earning Women in Family Support. 170 pp. 1923.
No. 31. What Industry Means to Women Workers. 10 pp. 1923.
No. 32. Women in South Carolina Industries. 128 pp. 1923.
No. 33. Proceedings of the Women’s Industrial Conference. 190 pp. 1923.
No. 34. Women in Alabama Industries. 86 pp. 1924.
No. 35. Women in Missouri Industries. 127 pp. 1924.
No. 36. Radio Talks on Women in Industry. 34 pp. 1924.
No. 37. Women in New Jersey Industries. 99 pp. 1924.
No. 38. Married Women in Industry. 8 pp. 1924.
No. 39. Domestic Workers and Their Employment Relations. 87 pp. 1924.
No. 40. (See Bulletin 63.)
No. 41. Family Status of Breadwinning Women in Four Selected Cities. 145
pp. 1925.
No. 42. List of References on Minimum Wage for Women in the United States
and Canada. 42 pp. 1925.
No. 43. Standard and Scheduled Hours of Work for Women in Industry. 68
pp.

1925.

No. 44. Women in Ohio Industries. 137 pp. 1925.
No. 45. Home Environment and Employment Opportunities of Women in
Coal-Mine Workers’ Families. 61 pp. 1925.




65

66

FLUCTUATION OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE RADIO INDUSTRY

No. 46. Facts About Working Women—-A Graphic Presentation Based on
Census Statistics. 64 pp. 1925.
No. 47. Women in the Fruit-Growing and Canning Industries in the State of
Washington. 223 pp. 1926.
♦No. 48. Women in Oklahoma Industries. 118 pp. 1926.
No. 49. Women Workers and Family Support. 10 pp. 1925.
No. 50. Effects of Applied Research Upon the Employment Opportunities of
American Women. 54 pp. 1926.
No. 51. Women in Illinois Industries. 108 pp. 1926.
No. 52. Lost Time and Labor Turnover in Cotton Mills. 203 pp. 1926.
No. 53. The Status of Women in the Government Service in 1925. 103 pp.
1926.
No. 54. Changing Jobs. 12 pp. 1926.
No. 55. Women in Mississippi Industries. 89 pp. 1926.
No. 56. Women in Tennessee Industries. 120 pp. 1927.
No. 57. Women Workers and Industrial Poisons. 5 pp. 1926.
No. 58. Women in Delaware Industries. 156 pp. 1927.
No. 59. Short Talks About Working Women. 24 pp. 1927.
No. 60. Industrial Accidents to Women in New Jersey, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
316 pp. 1927.
No. 61. The Development of Minimum-Wage Laws in the United States, 1912
to 1927. 635 pp. 1928.
No. 62. Women’s Employment in Vegetable Canneries in Delaware. 47 pp.
1927.
No. 63. State Laws Affecting Working Women. 51 pp. 1927. (Revision of
Bulletins 16 and 40.)
.
No. 64. The Employment of Women at Night. 86 pp. 1929.
*No. 65. The Effects of Labor Legislation on the Employment Opportunities
of Women. 498 pp. 1928.
No. 66. History of Labor Legislation for Women in Three States; Chronological
Development of Labor Legislation for Women in the United States.
288 pp. 1929.
No. 67. Women Workers in Flint, Mich. 80 pp. 1929.
No. 68. Summary: The Effects of Labor Legislation on the Employment Oppor­
tunities of Women. (Reprint of Chapter 2 of bulletin 65.) 22 pp.
1928.
No. 69. Causes of Absence for Men and for Women in Four Cotton Mills.
24 pp. 1929.
No. 70. Negro Women in Industry in 15 States. 74 pp. 1929.
No. 71. Selected References on the Health of Women in Industry. 8 pp. 1929.
No. 72. Conditions of Work in Spin Rooms. 41 pp. 1929.
No. 73. Variations in Employment Trends of Women and Men. 143 pp. 1930.
No. 74. The Immigrant Woman and Her Job. 179 pp. 1930.
No. 75. What the Wage-Earning Woman Contributes to Family Support.
20 pp. 1929.
No. 76. Women in 5-and-10-Cent Stores and Limited-Price Chain Department
Stores. 58 pp. 1930.
No. 77. A Study of Two Groups of Denver Married Women Applying for Jobs.
10 pp. 1929.
No. 78. A Survey of Laundries and Their Women Workers in 23 Cities. 166 pp.
1930.
No. 79. Industrial Home Work. 18 pp. 1930.
No. 80. Women in Florida Industries. 115 pp. 1930.
No. 81. Industrial Accidents to Men and Women. 48 pp. 1930.
No. 82. The Employment of Women in the Pineapple Canneries of Hawaii.
30 pp. 1930.
No. 83. Fluctuation of Employment in the Radio Industry. 66 pp. 1931.
No. 84. Fact Finding with the Women’s Bureau. 37 pp. 1931.
No. 85. Wages for Women in 13 States. (In press.)
Annual Reports of the Director, 1919*, 1920*, 1921*, 1922, 1923. 1924*, 1925,
1926, 1927*, 1928*, 1929, 1930.
Supply exhausted.




o