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of College Women UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT O F L A B O R James P. Mitchell, Secretary W O M E N ' S BUREAU Mr*. Alice K. Leopold, Director In cooperation with the NATIONAL VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE ASSOCIATION WOMEN'S SECTION R E P O R T O F WOMEN GRADUATES, CLASS O F 1957 FIRST JOBS OF COLLEGE WOMEN Report on W o m e n Graduates Class of 1957 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR James P. Mitchell, Secretary WOMEN1 S BUREAU Mrs. Alice K. Leopold, Director in c o o p e r a t i o n with National Vocational Guidance A s s o c i a t i o n W o m e n ' s Section WOMEN'S B U R E A U B U L L E T I N NO. 2 6 8 1959 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 35 cents ii FOREWORD Rapid developments in s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l fields f o r e c a s t t r e mendous changes in many a s p e c t s of our l i v e s . In the employment a r e a , the c o m p l e x nature of many new jobs will place even g r e a t e r e m p h a s i s on new skills and m o r e education. If c o l l e g e women a r e to a c c e p t the c h a l lenge and contribute a l a r g e r s h a r e of the brainpower r e q u i r e d for our c o u n t r y ' s e c o n o m i c p r o g r e s s , they m u s t know how to m a k e the b e s t use of t h e i r t a l e n t s and training in the world of t o m o r r o w . In a Nation founded on family life, m o s t women a r e p r i m a r i l y i n t e r e s t e d , of c o u r s e , in m a r r i a g e and f a m i l y . But the a v e r a g e woman a l s o s e e k s employment at s o m e period during her l i f e t i m e - - t y p i c a l l y right a f t e r graduation and often l a t e r in life when family r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s d e c r e a s e . M o r e and m o r e c o l l e g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s a r e r e a l i z i n g that they m u s t help p r e p a r e women for t h e i r i n t e r r e l a t e d r o l e s of h o m e m a k e r , w o r k e r , and c i t i z e n . To a c c o m p a n y the s o c i a l and c u l t u r a l values of education, m o r e w i d e s p r e a d and adequate p r o g r a m s of vocational guidance and counseling a r e being r e c o m m e n d e d . This s u r v e y d e s c r i b i n g the job e x p e r i e n c e s of r e c e n t women g r a d u a t e s in the world of work is d i r e c t e d t o w a r d this m a j o r objective: To help c o l l e g e women s e l e c t c o u r s e s of study which a r e compatible with t h e i r abilities and i n t e r e s t s a s well a s with future e m ployment opportunities. Alice K. Leopold, Director, Women's Bureau. iii Acknowledgment is made to the Women's Section of the National Vocational Guidance A s s o c i a t i o n for its e x c e l l e n t cooperation in conducting this s u r v e y of June 1957 women college g r a d u a t e s . Following p r o c e d u r e s established for the previous s u r v e y s of women graduates of June 1955 and June 1956 (as well as for the pilot survey of June 1954), that organization s e c u r e d cooperation from s e l e c t e d colleges and universities and c o o r d i nated p r e p a r a t i o n and distribution of the m a i l questionnaires. The W o m e n ' s B u r e a u of the U. S. Department of L a b o r s e l e c t e d r e p r e s e n t a tive s c h o o l s , tabulated the r e p l i e s from the g r a d u a t e s , and analyzed the findings. T h i s r e p o r t was written by J e a n A. Wells of the B u r e a u ' s Division of P r o g r a m Planning, Analysis, and R e p o r t s , of which Stella P . Manor is Chief. iv CONTENTS Page Highlights 1 Survey findings 3 Who were the graduates surveyed? What were the recent graduates doing? What kinds of jobs did they get? Were first jobs related to college majors? How much did the graduates earn? 3 4 7 9 10 Comments by the graduates 11 Conclusion 14 Appendix A. General tables 16 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Number of graduates and schools included in survey of June 1957 women college graduates Age and marital status of graduates: 1957, 1956, and 1955 Marital status of June 1957 graduates, by age Undergraduate major of graduates: 1957, 1956, and 1955 Teacher training and certification of graduates: 1957, 1956, and 1955 Employment or school status of graduates: 1957, 1956, and 1955 Regional distribution of June 1957 graduates, by employment or school status Marital status of June 1957 graduates, by employment or school status Employment or school status of married women graduates, class of 1957, and their husbands Undergraduate major of June 1957 graduates, by employment or school status Occupation of employed graduates: 1957, 1956, and 1955 Date when June 1957 graduates started on first job, by full- or part-time employment Primary job source of June 1957 graduates in selected occupations Occupation of June 1957 graduates, by undergraduate major Teacher training and certification of June 1957 graduates, by employment or school status Comparison of graduates' salaries by occupation: 1957, 1956, and 1955 Annual salary in winter 1957-58 of June 1957 graduates, by occupation Annual salary in selected occupations, by region of 1957 graduates' employment Comparison of graduates' salaries, by undergraduate major: 1957, 1956, and 1955 Undergraduate major and annual salary of June 1957 graduates Industry of employment and annual salary of June 1957 graduates Future employment plan of June 1957 graduates, by marital status 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Questionnaire form 42 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. B. vi 25 26 27 28 29 31 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Chart I C O M P A R I S O N OF S T A R T I N G SALARIES OF W O M F N COLLEGE GRADUATES Classes of 1957, 1956 and 1955 AVERAGE $1,000 T o t a l employed g r a d u a t e s ANNUAL $2,000 [•X'X'X'XvXvXvXvX SALARY $3,000 $4,000 $5,000 ••i Chemists Mathematicians, statisticians ».»* i * *T*'i."t"j ':';".".":':•.' J Home economists Nurses Technicians, biological Teachers Editors, c o p y w r i t e r s , reporters Assistant b u y e r s , s t o r e trainees Secretaries, stenographers Typists $1,000 vi $2,000 $3,000 $4,000 $5,000 FIRST J O B S O F C O L L E G E WOMEN Report on W o m e n Graduates, Class of 1957 HIGHLIGHTS College women entering the labor m a r k e t in the second half of 1957 found job opportunities fully a s f a v o r a b l e a s t h o s e open to newly graduated women in the two previous y e a r s - Starting s a l a r i e s a v e r a g e d $ 3 , 739 a y e a r for the June 1957 women c o l l e g e g r a d u a t e s , c o m p a r e d with $ 3 , 4 4 6 for the June 1956 g r a d uates and $ 3 , 141 for the June 1955 g r a d u a t e s . ( C h a r t 1 . ) Most of the women g r a d u a t e s in all t h r e e c l a s s e s found jobs r e lated to t h e i r fields of study. M o r e o v e r , t h o s e able to obtain p r o f e s s i o n a l positions i n c r e a s e d — f r o m 80 p e r c e n t of the e m ployed women in the c l a s s of 1955 to 81 p e r c e n t in the 1956 c l a s s and 83 p e r c e n t in the 1957 c l a s s . ACTIVITIES F u l l - t i m e e m p l o y m e n t continued t o be the predominant a c t i v i t y of r e cent women g r a d u a t e s - 76 3 9 5 7 percent percent percent percent percent were were were were were working full t i m e seeking w o r k attending school full t i m e working a n d / o r attending s c h o o l p a r t t i m e not seeking work N e a r l y t h r e e - f o u r t h s of the m a r r i e d g r a d u a t e s w e r e working. OCCUPATIONS When s u r v e y e d in the winter of 1 9 5 7 - 5 8 , the June 1957 women g r a d u a t e s held jobs revealing both c o n c e n t r a t i o n and v a r i e t y - The m a j o r i t y (59 p e r c e n t ) of the employed g r a d u a t e s w e r e teachers. The next l a r g e s t occupational group was that of the n u r s e s ( 6 . 9 p e r c e n t ) , whose r e p r e s e n t a t i o n among r e c e n t g r a d u a t e s had i n c r e a s e d significantly in the previous 2 y e a r s . - 1 - -2A l m o s t equal in number w e r e the t h i r d g r o u p - - s e c r e t a r i e s and s t e n o g r a p h e r s ( 6 . 7 p e r c e n t of the total) - - f o l l o w e d by biological t e c h n i c i a n s (3 p e r c e n t ) and scfcial and w e l f a r e w o r k e r s (2 p e r c e n t ) . The r e m a i n i n g g r a d u a t e s (22 p e r c e n t ) w e r e p e r f o r m i n g a wide v a r i e t y of jobs, including positions r a t h e r unusual for women, such as s t o c k and bond portfolio a n a l y s t , s e i s m o g r a p h c o m p u t e r , p h a r m a c i s t , r a d i o r e p a i r m a n in the A r m e d F o r c e s , and p r o b a tion o f f i c e r . T h e s e and other employment f a c t s w e r e obtained f r o m c o l l e g e women about 6 months a f t e r t h e i r graduation by the W o m e n ' s B u r e a u of the United States D e p a r t m e n t of L a b o r , in c o o p e r a t i o n with the National Vocational Guidance A s s o c i a t i o n . SURVEY FINDINGS Who Were the Graduates Surveyed? A l m o s t 8 8 , 000 women w e r e r e p r e s e n t e d by the m a i l questionnaire s u r vey conducted in the winter of 1 9 5 7 - 5 8 . (See questionnaire f o r m on page 4 2 . ) T h i s figure f o r June 1957 women g r a d u a t e s is slightly higher than the 8 7 , 000 women graduates r e p r e s e n t e d by a s i m i l a r s u r v e y for June 1 9 5 6 1 and c o n s i d e r a b l y higher than the 8 1 , 000 for June 1 9 5 5 . 2 The n u m b e r is e x p e c t e d to i n c r e a s e rapidly in the 1 9 6 0 ' s when c o l l e g e s begin to feel the i m p a c t of the high birth r a t e s of the postwar y e a r s . In e a c h of the t h r e e s u r v e y s , the r e c e n t g r a d u a t e s r e p r e s e n t e d only women who w e r e graduated in the month of June from w o m e n ' s and c o e d u c a t i o n a l u n i v e r s i t i e s and c o l l e g e s granting b a c c a l a u r e a t e d e g r e e s . Survey p a r t i c i p a n t s in the June 1957 s u r v e y included 150 c o l l e g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s and a l m o s t 6, 000 of t h e i r women g r a d u a t e s . (See table 1 of appendix. ) S e v e n t y - t h r e e p e r c e n t of the g r a d u a t e s to whom the questionnaire was sent p a r t i c i p a t e d by supplying information about t h e i r c u r r e n t employment status and r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s . The t r e n d t o w a r d e a r l i e r m a r r i a g e is c l e a r l y indicated in the t h r e e s u c c e s s i v e s u r v e y s of r e c e n t women g r a d u a t e s . P e r c e n t a g e s of c o l l e g e women reporting 6 months a f t e r graduation that they w e r e m a r r i e d r o s e f r o m 34 p e r c e n t of the 1 9 5 5 c l a s s to 37 p e r c e n t of 1956 and 38 p e r c e n t of 1 9 5 7 . T h e r e w e r e c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y fewer single women g r a d u a t e s in the 1957 c l a s s , since the p e r c e n t a g e of widowed, s e p a r a t e d , and d i v o r c e d women (2 p e r c e n t ) r e m a i n e d c o n s t a n t . In e a c h c l a s s s u r v e y e d , the t y p i c a l woman graduate was 22 y e a r s old. H o w e v e r , those who w e r e 25 y e a r s of age and o v e r equaled 14 p e r c e n t of the 1957 and 1956 c l a s s e s c o m p a r e d with 12 p e r c e n t of the 1955 c l a s s . ( T a b l e 2 . ) Most of the single g r a d u a t e s of 1 9 5 7 , a s well as the m a r r i e d ones with no children or with c h i l d r e n under 6, w e r e under 25 y e a r s of a g e . 1 College Women Go To Work: Report on Women Graduates, Class of 1956. Women1 s Bureau Bulletin No. 264, 1958. Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. 30 cents. 2 Employment After College: Report on Women Graduates, Class of 1955. Women's Bureau, 1956. Out of print. 3 The sample was selected on a random basis from graduates of representative schools, chosen by size, type, and region. The exclusion of women who were graduated from men1 s colleges and women who received their degree in months other than June accounts for the fact that the size of this group is smaller than the 118, 000 women college graduates reported by the U. S. Office of Education for the school year 195657. -3- -4On the other hand, high p e r c e n t a g e s of the m a r r i e d graduates with children 6 to 17 y e a r s of a g e and a l s o of the widowed, s e p a r a t e d , and divorced graduates w e r e at l e a s t 30 y e a r s old. (Table 3 . ) E x a c t l y half of the June 1957 women graduates e a r n e d a B a c h e l o r of Science d e g r e e , 45 percent a B a c h e l o r of A r t s , and 5 p e r c e n t other b a c c a l a u r e a t e d e g r e e s . T h e i r undergraduate m a j o r s have a strong r e s e m b l a n c e to those of their immediate p r e d e c e s s o r s . (Table 4 . ) E d u c a t i o n - - r e p o r t e d by 33 p e r c e n t of the 1957 g r a d u a t e s - - c o n t i n u e d to rank f i r s t . ^ The humanit i e s and a r t s , long-time favorites of college women, accounted for 19 p e r cent of the m a j o r s : English (8 percent); a r t , foreign languages, and speech ( e a c h 3 percent); and m u s i c (2 p e r c e n t ) . Other important undergraduate m a j o r s for women w e r e the s o c i a l s c i e n c e s (including history, psychology, sociology, and s o c i a l work) - 15 p e r c e n t ; home e c o n o m i c s - 8 p e r c e n t ; and business and c o m m e r c e - 5 p e r c e n t . The intensified effort to i n c r e a s e the number of degree n u r s e s is probably responsible for the fact that women who m a j o r e d in nursing r o s e from 3 percent in 1955 to 6 percent in 1957. P e r c e n t a g e s of women majoring in physical s c i e n c e s , biological s c i e n c e s , and m a t h e m a t i c s did not i n c r e a s e and r e m a i n e d at a p p r o x i m a t e l y the s a m e low levels as previous y e a r s . The growing demand for m o r e t e a c h e r s throughout the country probably accounts for the r i s e in graduates with t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g - - f r o m 74 p e r c e n t of the 1955 c l a s s to 77 percent of the 1957 c l a s s . (Table 5. ) Most of the gain was confined to those who had taken s o m e education c o u r s e s but had not m a j o r e d or m i n o r e d in this subject, since actually t h e r e w e r e slightly fewer education m a j o r s among the r e c e n t women g r a d u a t e s . "While the p e r centage of graduates with teaching c e r t i f i c a t e s was the s a m e (62 percent) in 1957 as in 1955, the number obtaining c e r t i f i c a t e s i n c r e a s e d steadily. What Were the Recent Graduates Doing? Women graduates of the June 1957 c l a s s w e r e engaged in employment or school a c t i v i t i e s to about the s a m e extent as t h e i r p r e d e c e s s o r s . Eighty-two percent w e r e working either full or part t i m e - - a s c o m p a r e d with 81 percent of the 1956 graduates and 80 percent of 1955. The m o s t noteworthy change was the i n c r e a s e in those both employed and in s c h o o l - from 9 percent in 1955 to 13 percent in 1957. Women graduates "attending school only" equaled 8 percent of all t h r e e c l a s s e s . Those seeking work dropped from 4 percent in 1955 to 3 percent in 1957 and those not seeking work, from 8 to 7 p e r c e n t . (Table 6 . ) 4 Refers only to graduates who reported education as their major; does not include about 29 percent of the graduates who had a subject-matter major and were also qualified to teach. -5C o m p a r i s o n of a c t i v i t i e s r e p o r t e d by g r a d u a t e s living within e a c h of the four m a j o r r e g i o n s during the winter 1 9 5 7 - 5 8 indicated that the W e s t had the l a r g e s t proportion attending school full t i m e (12 p e r c e n t ) ; that the N o r t h e a s t had the m o s t combining employment and school (18 p e r c e n t ) ; and that the South had the highest p e r c e n t out of the labor m a r k e t (9 p e r c e n t ) . (Table 7 . ) The i n c r e a s e d tendency f o r m a r r i e d women to w o r k was a l s o r e f l e c t e d among r e c e n t c o l l e g e g r a d u a t e s . S e v e n t y - t h r e e p e r c e n t of the m a r r i e d g r a d u a t e s f r o m the 1957 c l a s s w e r e working, a s c o m p a r e d with 69 p e r c e n t f r o m 1 9 5 6 . H o w e v e r , among m a r r i e d women with young c h i l d r e n , the p e r c e n t a g e of working wives was the s a m e (36 p e r c e n t ) for both c l a s s e s . ( T a b l e 8 . ) Highest p e r c e n t a g e s of working wives w e r e among the g r a d u a t e s whose husbands w e r e attending s c h o o l (83 p e r c e n t ) o r w e r e not working (92 p e r c e n t ) . (Table 9 . ) About 9 p e r c e n t of the 1957 women g r a d u a t e s w e r e attending school full t i m e and 12 p e r c e n t , p a r t t i m e . While the p e r c e n t a g e of f u l l - t i m e students has r e m a i n e d constant f r o m 1955 to 1 9 5 7 , t h e r e has been a steady i n c r e a s e in p a r t - t i m e students ( f r o m 8 p e r c e n t in 1 9 5 5 ) . Of the r e c e n t g r a d u a t e s not attending school in the winter of 1 9 5 7 - 5 8 , about t w o - t h i r d s indicated they hoped to do graduate study in the future. Education continues t o be the leading field of graduate study for women. In the winter of 1 9 5 7 - 5 8 , it was the field of study of a p p r o x i m a t e l y twice a s many of the p a r t - t i m e students a s f u l l - t i m e students. P a r t - t i m e students not m a j o r i n g in education w e r e distributed f a i r l y evenly among other fields of study. N u m e r i c a l l y significant study fields of the f u l l - t i m e students f o l l o w - - w i t h the p e r c e n t a g e s of full- and p a r t - t i m e students r e porting e a c h subject: P e r c e n t of students Full-time E d u c ation Health fields 1 Home e c o n o m i c s S o c i a l work . . . . . . . . . . . English F o r e i g n languages Biological sciences Speech and d r a m a t i c a r t Psychology Other m a j o r s 1 Excludes nursing. 19 12 9 7 5 5 5 4 4 30 Part-time 44 1 2 1 6 3 3 3 4 34 -6- Chart 2 MAJOR O C C U P A T I O N S OF WOMEN COLLEGE G R A D U A T E S Class of June 1957 o o G r a d e - s c h o o l teachers High-school t e a c h e r s Nurses Junior-high-school teachers S e c r e t a r i e s , stenographers Scientists, mathematicians, statisticians Recreation, r e l i g i o u s , s o c i a l and w e l f a r e workers o o o o o o o o o A A A A A A A A A A A WW w w w w w w w w w O O O O O O O O O O O A A A A A A A A A A A f t T T T T T T f T T o o o o o o o o o l l l l l f t f f o o o o o A A A A A w w wV w o o o o A A Ao A A VJ if III III o o o Home e c o n o m i s t s , d i e t i t i a n s Retail-store workers Therapists 0 EACH Advertising and editorial assistants Bookkeepers, a c c o u n t i n g c l e r k s WOMEN f = 1,000 GRADUATES o o o A A A www 0 0 A A T f -7Highest p e r c e n t a g e s of g r a d u a t e s attending graduate school full t i m e w e r e among those with undergraduate m a j o r s in the biological s c i e n c e s (32 p e r c e n t ) , followed by foreign l a n g u a g e s , physical s c i e n c e s , s o c i o l o g y and s o c i a l work, and h i s t o r y . (Table 1 0 . ) A l m o s t t h r e e - f i f t h s of the f u l l - t i m e students w e r e candidates for a m a s t e r ' s d e g r e e and a few (4 p e r c e n t ) , for a d o c t o r a t e . Most of the r e m a i n d e r w e r e studying for a c e r t i f i c a t e in health s e r v i c e s or t e a c h i n g . H o w e v e r , 10 p e r c e n t of the f u l l - t i m e students and 42 p e r c e n t of the p a r t t i m e ones w e r e not candidates for any d e g r e e or c e r t i f i c a t e . S c h o l a r s h i p s a v e r a g i n g a l m o s t $ 1 , 200 a y e a r w e r e r e c e i v e d by o n e fourth of the f u l l - t i m e students. In addition, one-fifth w e r e g r a d u a t e a s s i s t a n t s , earning about $ 1 , 3 5 0 a y e a r on the a v e r a g e . What Kinds of Jobs Did They Get? The f i r s t jobs obtained by the June 1957 women g r a d u a t e s r e s e m b l e d t h o s e r e p o r t e d by the 1956 and 1955 g r a d u a t e s . (Table 1 1 . ) H o w e v e r , the p e r c e n t a g e of g r a d u a t e s obtaining p r o f e s s i o n a l positions i n c r e a s e d and t h o s e doing c l e r i c a l work or m i s c e l l a n e o u s w o r k d e c r e a s e d - - a s shown in the following f i g u r e s : P e r c e n t of employed g r a d u a t e s 1957 P r o f e s s i o n a l work C l e r i c a l work Miscellaneous work 83 14 3 1956 81 16 3 1955 80 16 4 Teaching continued t o be the m o s t popular p r o f e s s i o n of c o l l e g e women. ( C h a r t 2 . ) D e g r e e n u r s e s , h o w e v e r , moved into second place among m a j o r occupations of the 1957 g r a d u a t e s . Women g r a d u a t e s in the 1955 and 1956 c l a s s e s had included m o r e s e c r e t a r i e s and s t e n o g r a p h e r s than d e g r e e nurses. A l m o s t four-fifths of the employed women g r a d u a t e s r e p o r t e d that the job they held when s u r v e y e d in the winter of 1 9 5 7 - 5 8 was t h e i r f i r s t a f t e r c o l l e g e . Of this group, 18 p e r c e n t obtained t h e i r " p r e s e n t " job e i t h e r b e fore graduation or in June 1957 and another 23 p e r c e n t , in July or August. (Table 1 2 . ) F i f t y - t w o p e r c e n t of the g r a d u a t e s , probably m o s t l y t e a c h e r s , s t a r t e d work in S e p t e m b e r ; m o s t of the remaining g r a d u a t e s , in O c t o b e r or November. -8M o r e than two-fifths of the employed women g r a d u a t e s said they f i r s t h e a r d about t h e i r job through " d i r e c t application on own. M (Table 13. ) School p l a c e m e n t b u r e a u s gave helpful job l e a d s to a l m o s t o n e - f o u r t h , i n cluding substantial proportions of a s s i s t a n t b u y e r s and r e t a i l s t o r e t r a i n e e s , m a t h e m a t i c i a n s and s t a t i s t i c i a n s , c h e m i s t s , r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s , and t e a c h e r s . Those aided m o s t by t h e i r c o l l e g e p r o f e s s o r s w e r e the dietitians and t h e r a p i s t s . P r i v a t e and public employment offices w e r e a m o r e i m portant s o u r c e for v a r i o u s types of c l e r i c a l jobs than for p r o f e s s i o n a l positions. The favorable employment conditions facing c o l l e g e women in the t h r e e c l a s s e s s u r v e y e d probably account to a l a r g e extent for t h e i r wides p r e a d s a t i s f a c t i o n with t h e i r f i r s t jobs. T h e i r r e s p o n s e s in the t h r e e s u r veys follow: Percent "Yes1 f Is it the type of job hoped for ? Does job provide a step f o r w a r d ? Does it m e e t e c o n o m i c needs ? Does it r e l a t e to c o l l e g e m a j o r ? 1957 1956 86 92 83 86 85 90 81 84 1955 83 90 81 84 G r a d u a t e s not employed in the type of work hope d for gave n u m e r o u s r e a s o n s for a c c e p t i n g t h e i r p r e s e n t jobs . R e s p o n s e s f r o m the t h r e e c l a s s e s - - a s listed b e l o w - - a r e f a i r l y s i m i l a r : Percent 1957 1956 Financial reasons 30 20 B e s t job available 10 29 18 15 10 8 6 5 9 T e m p o r a r y or p a r t - t i m e work 4 6 1 1955 20 18 16 X ( ) 15 11 1 t ) 20 Included with "other reasons. " A l m o s t two-fifths of the g r a d u a t e s not s a t i s f i e d with t h e i r p r e s e n t job said they w e r e i n t e r e s t e d in t e a c h i n g . Some of this group w e r e teaching a l r e a d y - - b u t not in the subject or location p r e f e r r e d . Others w e r e -9stationed with a s o l d i e r husband in a s m a l l town with few employment opportunities or w e r e holding a t e m p o r a r y job while waiting for a new school t e r m . Additional fields in which g r a d u a t e s wished they w e r e employed i n cluded health s e r v i c e s , s o c i a l work, e n t e r t a i n m e n t , j o u r n a l i s m , and personnel. Were First Jobs Related to College Majors ? The f i r s t jobs of the 1957 women g r a d u a t e s w e r e l a r g e l y in the fields of t h e i r undergraduate m a j o r s . In the l a r g e group of women with education m a j o r s who w e r e employed in the winter of 1 9 5 7 - 5 8 , 94 p e r c e n t w e r e t e a c h i n g . (Table 14. ) This a c t i v i t y a l s o a t t r a c t e d many who had m a j o r e d in other s u b j e c t s . T h e s e included at l e a s t half of the employed g r a d u a t e s who had m a j o r e d in physical education, m u s i c , h i s t o r y , E n g l i s h , foreign l a n g u a g e s , and home e c o n o m i c s , and two-fifths o r m o r e of t h o s e in p s y chology, m a t h e m a t i c s , a r t , and s o c i a l s c i e n c e s . Among the other employed g r a d u a t e s whose occupations w e r e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d to t h e i r undergraduate study w e r e t h o s e whose m a j o r s w e r e in: n u r s i n g - - w i t h 98 p e r c e n t employed a s n u r s e s ; other health f i e l d s - - w i t h 51 p e r c e n t employed a s biological t e c h n i c i a n s and 16 p e r c e n t a s t h e r a p i s t s ; physical s c i e n c e - - w i t h 43 p e r c e n t employed as c h e m i s t s and 15 p e r c e n t as biological t e c h n i c i a n s ; and m a t h e m a t i c s - - w i t h 42 p e r c e n t employed a s m a t h e m a t i c i a n s o r s t a t i s t i c i a n s . In addition, among other employed g r a d u a t e s , 48 p e r c e n t of t h o s e with biological s c i e n c e m a j o r s b e c a m e biological t e c h n i c i a n s ; 4 4 p e r c e n t with j o u r n a l i s m m a j o r s b e c a m e e d i t o r s , c o p y w r i t e r s , o r r e p o r t e r s ; 39 p e r c e n t with b u s i n e s s and c o m m e r c e m a j o r s b e c a m e s e c r e t a r i e s o r s t e n o g r a p h e r s ; 32 p e r c e n t with home e c o n o m i c s m a j o r s b e c a m e dietitians o r home e c o n o m i s t s ; and 27 p e r c e n t with s o c i o l ogy and s o c i a l - w o r k m a j o r s b e c a m e s o c i a l o r w e l f a r e w o r k e r s . Among the June 1957 g r a d u a t e s with teaching c e r t i f i c a t e s , 75 p e r c e n t of the t o t a l group w e r e employed as t e a c h e r s in the winter of 1 9 5 7 - 5 8 . T e a c h i n g engaged a higher proportion of those with a c e r t i f i c a t e in e l e m e n t a r y education (85 p e r c e n t ) than of those with one in s e c o n d a r y education (62 p e r c e n t ) . (Table 1 5 . ) About 11 p e r c e n t of all the c e r t i f i c a t e holders had nonteaching jobs and 7 p e r c e n t w e r e not in the labor m a r k e t ; the r e m a i n d e r (7 p e r c e n t ) w e r e e i t h e r attending school or seeking w o r k . The r e l a t i v e i m p o r t a n c e of t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s among c e r t i f i c a t e holders in the c l a s s of 1957 was a l m o s t the s a m e a s in 1 9 5 6 . F o u r out ates covered than one-half s c h o o l s only; of five of the teaching c e r t i f i c a t e s obtained by the 1957 g r a d u only one State and m o s t of the r e m a i n d e r , two S t a t e s . M o r e of the c e r t i f i c a t e holders w e r e entitled to t e a c h in e l e m e n t a r y o v e r o n e - t h i r d in s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s only; and about o n e - t e n t h -10held c e r t i f i c a t e s for both types of s c h o o l s . Many of t h o s e with s e c o n d a r y school c e r t i f i c a t e s w e r e entitled t o t e a c h m o r e than one s u b j e c t . The potential supply of r e c e n t g r a d u a t e s t r a i n e d to t e a c h the n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s (including biological and physical s c i e n c e s ) has i n c r e a s e d c o m p a r e d with 1955, a s shown in the following list of s e c o n d a r y - s c h o o l s u b j e c t s and p e r c e n t a g e s of c e r t i f i c a t e holders qualified to t e a c h t h e m : Percent English Fine arts Home e c o n o m i c s Social s c i e n c e s Natural s c i e n c e s B u s i n e s s education History Modern languages Mathematics 1957 1956 35 20 35 21 20 25 17 15 13 10 11 7 17 16 14 12 10 6 1955 34 22 18 18 12 13 8 6 11 7 P r i n c i p a l s u b j e c t s a c t u a l l y being taught by the June 1957 g r a d u a t e s in the winter of 1 9 5 7 - 5 8 and the p e r c e n t a g e s t e a c h i n g t h e s e s u b j e c t s w e r e : E n g l i s h - 35 p e r c e n t ; home e c o n o m i c s - 20 p e r c e n t ; fine a r t s - 16 p e r c e n t ; p h y s i c a l education - 14 p e r c e n t ; business education - 12 p e r c e n t ; s o c i a l s c i e n c e s and m a t h e m a t i c s - e a c h 10 p e r c e n t ; n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s - 9 p e r c e n t ; and h i s t o r y and languages - e a c h 7 p e r c e n t . Among the l a r g e group of g r a d e - s c h o o l t e a c h e r s f r o m the June 1957 c l a s s , the p e r c e n t a g e s teaching e a c h grade follow: K i n d e r g a r t e n - 9 p e r cent; f i r s t g r a d e - 24 p e r c e n t ; second grade - 26 p e r c e n t ; t h i r d g r a d e - 25 p e r c e n t ; fourth grade - 24 p e r c e n t ; fifth g r a d e - 20 p e r c e n t ; and s i x t h grade - 13 p e r c e n t . Some t e a c h e r s r e p o r t e d m o r e than one g r a d e . How Much Did the Graduates Earn ? The $ 3 , 739 a v e r a g e s a l a r y e a r n e d by the June 1957 women g r a d u a t e s who w e r e employed full t i m e in the winter 1 9 5 7 - 5 8 was $ 2 9 3 m o r e than the annual s t a r t i n g s a l a r y a v e r a g e d by the June 1956 g r a d u a t e s . ( T a b l e 1 6 . ) This i n c r e a s e was a l m o s t a s l a r g e as the $ 3 0 5 gained by the 1956 women g r a d u a t e s o v e r the 1955 g r a d u a t e s . The l a r g e s t s a l a r y i n c r e a s e s between 1955 and 1957 w e r e in occupations with s h o r t a g e s of qualified w o r k e r s . T h e s e occupations included c h e m i s t s (with an a v e r a g e i n c r e a s e of $ 9 4 7 b e tween 1955 and 1957), m a t h e m a t i c i a n s and s t a t i s t i c i a n s ( $ 9 1 2 ) , biological -11t e c h n i c i a n s ( $ 8 1 6 ) , home e c o n o m i s t s ( $ 6 9 9 ) , and t e a c h e r s ( $ 6 0 2 ) . J o b s for which starting s a l a r i e s i n c r e a s e d r e l a t i v e l y little w e r e t h o s e of e d i t o r s , c o p y w r i t e r s , and r e p o r t e r s ( $ 3 7 7 ) , s e c r e t a r i e s and s t e n o g r a p h e r s ( $ 4 0 0 ) , and t y p i s t s ( $ 4 0 0 ) . Highest starting s a l a r i e s continued to be r e c e i v e d by the women c h e m i s t s ( $ 4 , 8 4 7 ) and the women m a t h e m a t i c i a n s and s t a t i s t i c i a n s ( $ 4 , 6 7 5 ) . ( T a b l e 1 7 . ) Other groups of June 1957 g r a d u a t e s with r e l a t i v e l y high s a l a r i e s w e r e the home e c o n o m i s t s ( $ 4 , 0 4 0 ) , r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s ( $ 3 , 9 7 1 ) , and t h e r a p i s t s ( $ 3 , 9 4 7 ) . A v e r a g e s a l a r y of d e g r e e n u r s e s was $ 3 , 8 7 5 a y e a r - with n u r s e s 22 y e a r s of age o r under ( p r e s u m a b l y on t h e i r f i r s t nursing job) a v e r a g i n g $ 3 , 543 and n u r s e s 23 y e a r s of age o r o v e r (many of whom had previous nursing e x p e r i e n c e ) averaging $ 4 , 0 5 7 . T e a c h e r s , p r e d o m i nant occupational group among women g r a d u a t e s , had an a v e r a g e s t a r t i n g s a l a r y of $ 3 , 799 in 1957 - - a s c o m p a r e d with $ 3 , 492 in 1956 and $ 3 , 197 in 1955. S a l a r i e s w e r e g e n e r a l l y highest in the W e s t and lowest in the South. (Table 1 8 . ) C o n s i d e r e d in t e r m s of undergraduate m a j o r s , the highest s t a r t i n g s a l a r i e s in the c l a s s of 1 9 5 7 - - a s in the previous c l a s s e s s u r v e y e d - - w e r e r e c e i v e d by c o l l e g e women who had m a j o r e d in: the physical s c i e n c e s ( $ 4 , 509), m a t h e m a t i c s ( $ 4 , 2 4 4 ) , s p e c i a l i z e d health fields other than n u r s ing ( $ 4 , 106) and nursing ( $ 3 , 8 2 0 ) . (Table 19. ) Over half of the women with physical s c i e n c e m a j o r s and two-fifths of t h o s e with m a t h e m a t i c s m a j o r s among the June 1957 women g r a d u a t e s e a r n e d $ 4 , 500 o r m o r e a y e a r . (Table 2 0 . ) On the other hand, o v e r two-fifths of the women with m a j o r s in religion and o n e - f o u r t h in a r t e a r n e d l e s s than $ 3 , 000 a y e a r . When annual s a l a r i e s of women g r a d u a t e s w e r e grouped by i n d u s t r y of employment, t h e r e was l e s s v a r i a t i o n than when c o n s i d e r e d by occupation or by undergraduate m a j o r . Highest a v e r a g e s a l a r i e s w e r e r e c e i v e d by the 1957 g r a d u a t e s in manufacturing i n d u s t r i e s ( $ 3 , 9 1 9 ) and g o v e r n m e n t ( $ 3 , 8 3 6 ) , and lowest, in a d v e r t i s i n g and public r e l a t i o n s f i r m s ( $ 3 , 2 2 0 ) and r e t a i l and wholesale t r a d e ( $ 3 , 3 5 4 ) . (Table 2 1 . ) COMMENTS BY THE GRADUATES In r e s p o n s e to the question, "What a r e your plans for future e m p l o y m e n t ? " the m a j o r i t y of g r a d u a t e s indicated they w e r e planning t o l e a v e the labor m a r k e t when m a r r i a g e or family r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s i n t e r v e n e d : 6 p e r cent when they m a r r i e d , 18 p e r c e n t a short while a f t e r m a r r i a g e , and 40 p e r c e n t when they had c h i l d r e n . (Table 2 2 . ) Another 16 p e r c e n t e x p e c t e d to work indefinitely or when n e c e s s a r y but had no i n t e r e s t in a c a r e e r . Only 18 p e r c e n t said they w e r e planning to have a c a r e e r . T y p e s of positions m o s t popular with the c a r e e r - m i n d e d g r a d u a t e s w e r e : teaching (42 p e r c e n t ) , -12education excluding teaching (13 p e r c e n t ) , health fields excluding nursing (8 p e r c e n t ) , e n t e r t a i n m e n t o r a r t (6 p e r c e n t ) , nursing (6 p e r c e n t ) , s o c i a l w o r k (4 p e r c e n t ) , and j o u r n a l i s m (3 p e r c e n t ) . A c o l l e g e education was c o n s i d e r e d v e r y beneficial in m a n y a s p e c t s of life o t h e r than v o c a t i o n a l . M o r e than nine-tenths of the m a r r i e d g r a d u a t e s offering an opinion thought t h e i r c o l l e g e e x p e r i e n c e s helpful in t h e i r r o l e a s housewife, and an even l a r g e r proportion, in t h e i r r o l e a s m o t h e r . T w o - t h i r d s indicated they w e r e a c t i v e m e m b e r s of at l e a s t one o r g a n i z a tion and o v e r one-fifth of t h e s e w e r e o f f i c e r s . F o r t y - f i v e p e r c e n t of all the g r a d u a t e s belonged to a c h u r c h o r r e l i g i o u s o r g a n i z a t i o n ; o v e r o n e - t h i r d to a p r o f e s s i o n a l s o c i e t y r e l a t e d t o t h e i r work; o v e r one-fifth to a s o c i a l or r e c r e a t i o n a l club; a l m o s t one-fifth to an educational o r c u l t u r a l group; and one-eighth to a s o c i a l - s e r v i c e or c o m m u n i t y w e l f a r e a c t i v i t y . When questioned c o n c e r n i n g " w a y s in which your c o l l e g e work might have been made m o r e valuable, " the women g r a d u a t e s offered a v a r i e t y of s u g g e s t i o n s . Since the m a j o r i t y of the women had p r e p a r e d for t e a c h i n g , it is not s u r p r i s i n g that a significant number d i s c u s s e d t h e i r education c o u r s e s . Most of t h e i r c o m m e n t s w e r e c r i t i c a l , a s shown in the following quotations from g r a d u a t e s of different s c h o o l s throughout the country: " A f t e r taking s e v e r a l education c o u r s e s I felt that b e c a u s e of t h e i r s i m i l a r i t y and repetition I might profit m o r e by taking other courses." " . . . m o r e valuable if a l i b e r a l a r t s p r o g r a m could have been i n c o r p o r a t e d into the education c u r r i c u l u m r a t h e r than so many hours spent in dull r e p e t i t i v e r e q u i r e m e n t s . " " M o r e e m p h a s i s on a c t u a l subject m a t t e r and l e s s e m p h a s i s on t h e o r e t i c a l education c o u r s e s . . . " " M y student teaching was worth all the other education c o u r s e s put t o g e t h e r . " "Could have benefited by spending m o r e t i m e in a c t u a l p r a c t i c e and having m o r e evaluation and t h e o r y worked into t h i s , r a t h e r than given s e p a r a t e l y . " " . . . m o r e c o m p r e h e n s i v e and p r a c t i c a l c o u r s e s in methods r a t h e r than the r e q u i r e d c o u r s e s in t h e o r y , which dealt principally with 'book' p r o b l e m s r a t h e r than a c t u a l i t i e s . " " . . . am m o r e than elated that I took a full l i b e r a l a r t s p r o g r a m and delayed taking any education c o u r s e s until a f t e r graduation. " -13Many of the g r a d u a t e s ' c o m m e n t s w e r e c o n c e r n e d with v o c a t i o n a l counseling, guidance, and p l a c e m e n t and indicated t h e i r continuing need for m o r e help f r o m t h e s e s e r v i c e s : " . . . m y c o l l e g e work might have been m o r e valuable had t h e r e been b e t t e r counseling with attention to my t o t a l situation, r a t h e r than the c o u n s e l o r just t r y i n g t o schedule c o u r s e s I had a l r e a d y c h o s e n . " "I wish that I had had s o m e good advice about what different m a j o r s c o v e r e d . I changed m y m a j o r t h r e e t i m e s for l a c k of knowing what different m a j o r s c o n s i s t e d of and what I r e a l l y wanted. M . . v o c a t i o n a l guidance should begin m u c h e a r l i e r than the s e n i o r y e a r ; if not in the f r e s h m a n y e a r , c e r t a i n l y by the t i m e a student m u s t c h o o s e her m a j o r d e p a r t m e n t . This vocational guidance should be conducted in an o r g a n i z e d and continuous m a n n e r by the c h a i r m a n of the m a j o r d e p a r t m e n t in c o o p e r a t i o n with the v o c a tional b u r e a u . n " . . . students should be given m o r e detailed and individual guidance aid. At our school it was optional but I think it should have been r e q u i r e d in o r d e r to d e t e r m i n e our e x a c t needs in our individual fields. " "Guidance t o w a r d a vocation was not given by p r o f e s s o r s o r c o u n s e l o r s , but by m y m o t h e r , who is a p e r s o n n e l d i r e c t o r . With her direction, m y schooling has p r e p a r e d m e to work in s e v e r a l different fields. " " . . . m y c o l l e g e work was t r e m e n d o u s l y r e w a r d i n g and valuable in m y own p e r s o n a l life - - c u l t u r a l l y , intellectually, and s o c i a l l y . I do feel, h o w e v e r , that it was r a t h e r u n r e a l i s t i c a s f a r as the b u s i n e s s world is c o n c e r n e d . " • " . . . t h e c o l l e g e I attended g r e a t l y lacks a p r o g r e s s i v e , r e a l i s t i c a p p r o a c h in helping students plan for future c a r e e r s . Many of the c o u r s e s I took w e r e of little or no help in p r e p a r i n g for the future. " " . . . i f I had had s o m e counseling in how to use m y m a j o r in a v o c a t i o n , it would have been v e r y helpful. " " F r o m m y own e x p e r i e n c e , c o l l e g e s a r e v e r y good in placing m e n but v e r y seldom do they have good positions for women. " " R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f r o m v a r i o u s employment fields should be brought on c a m p u s , not only for interviewing p u r p o s e s , but for educational and i n f o r m a t i v e s e s s i o n s o r l e c t u r e s t o o . 1 ' -14Amotig the many other c o m m e n t s offered by the r e c e n t g r a d u a t e s w e r e s o m e which showed c o n c e r n about the quality of t h e i r c o l l e g e education, as r e v e a l e d in s o m e of the following m i s c e l l a n e o u s r e m a r k s : ff I feel that not enough was demanded of m e in m y c o l l e g e e d u c a tion. " "I feel that the c o l l e g e c u r r i c u l u m should provide m o r e opportunity for individual e x p r e s s i o n and formulation of i d e a s . Too m u c h of the c o l l e g e m a t e r i a l is hand fed by the p r o f e s s o r s and not enough is left to the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of the students. " M. . . a l a c k in m y education was the s t r e s s on f a c t s and not on ideas." "I think that m y c o u r s e s that w e r e m o s t valuable w e r e the ones that r e q u i r e d outside p r o j e c t work to be done by the student. . . m a d e learning a v e r y p e r s o n a l m a t t e r which i n s p i r e d r e a l i n t e r e s t instead of s i m p l y a r o t e m e m o r y of f a c t s . 11 " R e s e a r c h f a c i l i t i e s should be made available for all t h o s e w i s h ing to do o r i g i n a l work in any field. I feel that this e x p e r i e n c e is the single m o s t valuable one a c o l l e g e c a n o f f e r . " "While m a n y of the s o - c a l l e d r e q u i r e d c o u r s e s m a y be valuable for students entering c o l l e g e at 18 or 19, I found them of minimum i n t e r e s t and use to a woman o v e r 30. " Although t h e s e c o m m e n t s do not n e c e s s a r i l y r e p r e s e n t the viewpoints of all the women g r a d u a t e s s u r v e y e d , they contain many helpful insights into s o m e of the c u r r e n t p r o b l e m s and thinking of c o l l e g e women today. Among the l a r g e proportion who went to w o r k i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r graduation, t h e r e w e r e s o m e who thought that the difficulties e n c o u n t e r e d in the t r a n sition f r o m c o l l e g e to workplace could and should be d e c r e a s e d . By and l a r g e , however, the r e c e n t women g r a d u a t e s viewed t h e i r c o l l e g e education favorably a s they r e f l e c t e d upon it 6 months a f t e r graduation. CONCLUSION S e v e r a l f a c t s r e v e a l e d in the t h r e e s u c c e s s i v e s u r v e y s of r e c e n t women c o l l e g e g r a d u a t e s have i m p o r t a n t i m p l i c a t i o n s for t h o s e c o n c e r n e d with the development of the skilled manpower and womanpower needed for our Nat i o n ' s continuing growth. High proportions of the women g r a d u a t e s , in a l m o s t e v e r y field of undergraduate education, r e p o r t e d that they w e r e able t o obtain jobs r e l a t e d to t h e i r c o l l e g e t r a i n i n g . M o r e o v e r , the m o s t a t t r a c t i v e -15employment opportunities - - a s indicated by r i s i n g s a l a r i e s , i m m e d i a t e e m ployment in p r o f e s s i o n a l positions, and nationwide a t t e n t i o n - - p r e v a i l e d p r i m a r i l y in occupations with s h o r t a g e s of qualified w o r k e r s . F o r two of t h e s e occupations - - t e a c h i n g and n u r s i n g - - t h e number of women r e c e i v i n g a p p r o p r i a t e training i n c r e a s e d m a r k e d l y a s indicated by a c o m p a r i s o n of findings f r o m the t h r e e s u r v e y s . F o r s e v e r a l other p r o f e s s i o n s , however, with equally s t r o n g demand for t r a i n e d p e r s o n n e l , t h e r e was no evidence that m o r e women w e r e m o t i v a t e d to obtain suitable t r a i n i n g . In this second group of p r o f e s s i o n s w e r e the physical s c i e n c e s , the biologic a l s c i e n c e s , the s o c i a l s c i e n c e s , m a t h e m a t i c s , and e n g i n e e r i n g . To a t t r a c t m o r e women into t h e s e fields, a g r e a t e r a w a r e n e s s m a y be needed on the part of women students, t h e i r p a r e n t s , and t h e i r c o u n s e l o r s that employment opportunities a r e expanding rapidly in t h e s e p r o f e s s i o n s and that women who have e n t e r e d them have not only d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e i r c o m petence but a r e gaining r e c o g n i t i o n . Since our Nation needs t o develop and utilize available talent to the g r e a t e s t extent possible, it is i m p o r t a n t that we help young women c h o o s e c o u r s e s of study which will channel t h e i r abilit i e s and education t o w a r d both fulfillment of t h e i r individual goals and m a x i m u m s e r v i c e to s o c i e t y . APPENDIX A--General Tables Note 1: Survey c o v e r e d only c o l l e g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s granting b a c h e l o r ' s d e g r e e s and c l a s s i f i e d a s women's schools or coeducational. Note 2: Due to rounding, p e r c e n t a g e s in t h e s e tables do not n e c e s s a r i l y equal 100. Note 3: The total of women g r a d u a t e s r e p r e s e n t e d in e a c h table v a r i e s with the number of women who r e ported on the s p e c i f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d e s c r i b e d in the t a b l e . -16- Table 1 . — NUMBERS OF GRADUATES AND SCHOOLS INCLUDED IN SURVEY OF JUNE 1957 WOMEN COLLEGE GRADUATES Item Number WOMEN GRADUATES (total), Survey sample Total represented Percent Number Percent 87,979 100 5,978 100 24,226 23,348 25,898 14,507 28 27 29 16 1,660 1,632 1,385 1,301 28 27 23 22 9,620 17,008 29,111 20,975 11,265 11 19 33 24 13 586 1,283 1,932 1,378 799 10 21 32 23 13 1,034 100 153 100 13 49 199 285 488 1 5 19 28 47 13 23 33 33 51 8 15 22 22 33 By region of school: Northeast North Central South West By size of school (number of women graduates) 500 and over 250 to 499 100 to 249 50 to 99 Under 50 COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES 1 By number of women graduates: 500 and over 250 to 499 100 to 249 50 to 99 Under 50 Covers colleges and universities granting bachelor's degrees and classified as women's schools or coeducational. Table 2 . — A G E AND MARITAL STATUS OF GRADUATES: 1957, 1956, AND 1955 June 1957 Age and marital status Number June 1956 June 1955 Number Percent Number Percent 87,622 100 87,058 100 80,586 100 1,498 15,091 45,906 12,290 4,813 8,024 2 17 52 14 5 9 1,468 15,120 45,496 13,256 4,225 7,493 2 17 52 15 5 9 1,641 17,978 39,617 11,684 3,172 6,494 2 22 49 15 4 8 87,663 100 87,172 100 80,966 100 52,802 33,116 7,724 5,404 2,320 25,392 1,745 60 38 9 6 3 29 2 53,333 31,969 7,984 5,430 2,554 23,985 1,870 61 37 9 6 3 28 2 51,911 27,478 5,793 3,366 2,427 21,685 1,577 64 34 7 4 3 27 2 Percent A .. Age Graduates represented 21 years 22 years 25 to 29 years 30 years and over B . Marital Status Graduates represented Single With children 1 Under 6 years 6 to 17 years only Widowed, separated, divorced 1 Includes graduates who also had children 6 to 17 years of age. Table 3 . — M A R I T A L STATUS OF JUNE 1957 GRADUATES, BY AGE Marital status Total Married Age Widowed, separated , divorced With children Number Percent Graduates represented.... 87,609 Percent 100 Single Total Under 1 6 years 6 to 17 years With no children With children Total With no children 52,773 33,091 5,404 2,320 25,367 1,745 930 815 60 38 6 3 29 2 1 1 100 100 100 ___ 2 3 9 12 32 42 7 10 1 15 67 Percent distribution Total Under 21 years 1,498 15,091 45,893 years and 24 years.....••••. 12,290 to 29 years 4,813 to 39 years 3,615 years and over 4,409 22 23 25 30 40 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 2 17 52 14 5 4 5 2 19 56 14 5 2 1 1 15 49 14 5 6 9 1 11 40 24 13 8 3 ——— 2 18 55 14 4 2 6 Includes graduates who also had children 6 to 17 years of age. 5 41 53 ->_. — 1 5 9 7 24 54 Table 4.—UNDERGRADUATE MAJOR OF GRADUATES: Graduates represented Health fields 1 Languages, foreign Physical sciences 4 2 Social sciences Sociology and social work 1 2 3 4 Number June 1955 June 1956 June 1957 Undergraduate major 1957, 1956, AND 1955 Percent Number Percent Number Percent 84,002 100.0 86,042 100.0 78,819 100.0 2,425 2,779 4,591 27,396 6,642 1,451 2,987 6,599 674 2,380 1,166 1,986 5,155 1,963 1,487 2,858 932 3,333 3,583 2,134 1,481 2.9 3.3 5.5 32.6 7.9 1.7 3.6 7.9 0.8 2.8 1.4 2.4 6.1 2.3 1.8 3.4 1.1 4.0 4.3 2.5 1.8 2,429 2,791 4,156 28,555 6,548 1,192 3,269 7,808 759 2,156 1,816 2,093 3,266 2,370 1,541 3,013 844 4,304 3,524 1,619 1,989 2.8 3.2 4.8 33.2 7.6 1.4 3.8 9.1 0.9 2.5 2.1 2.4 3.8 2.8 1.8 3.5 1.0 5.0 4.1 1.9 2.3 2,118 2,521 3,495 27,440 7,697 1,371 2,113 6,155 956 1,835 1,345 2,434 2,653 2,397 1,392 2,352 3 ( ) 3,200 3,631 1,630 2,084 2.7 3.2 4.4 34.8 9.8 1.7 2.7 7.8 1.2 2.3 1.7 3.1 3.4 3.0 1.8 3.0 Excludes nursing. About four-fifths of the women graduates majored in chemistry in each of the years surveyed. Included with "other majors." Excludes (a) history, (b) psychology, and (c) sociology and social work. 4.1 4.6 2.1 2.6 Table 5. — T E A C H E R TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION OF GRADUATES: June 1956 June 1957 Item Number 1957, 1956, AND 1955 Percent Number June 1955 Percent Number Percent A . Teacher Training Graduates represented Graduates with: Teacher training, total Education major No education courses 86,675 100 86,676 100 79,857 100 66,827 29,900 6,64-9 30,278 19,848 77 34 8 35 23 65,152 31,291 8,060 25,801 21,524 75 36 9 30 25 59,246 30,168 4,818 24,260 20,611 74 38 6 30 26 B . Teacher Certification Graduates represented 86,350 100 85,955 10 0 78,638 100 Graduates with: Teacher certification, total.. Elementary education Secondary education Elementary and secondary Other type of certificate No teaching certificate 53,867 28,592 18,857 5,625 793 32,483 62 33 22 7 51,585 25,835 20,489 4,985 276 34,370 60 30 24 6 X ( ) 40 48,387 25,941 16,263 4,830 1,353 30,251 62 33 21 6 2 38 1 Less than 1 percent. C1) 38 Table 6 . — EMPLOYMENT OR SCHOOL STATUS OF GRADUATES: 1957, 1956, AND 1955 June 1955 June 1956 June 1957 Qnployment or school status Number Full time Employed full time, school Employed full time, school Employed part time, school School full time, employed Full time Part time 1 Less than 1 percent. part full part part time time time time Percent Number Number Percent Percent 87,703 100 87,183 100 80,852 100 60,447 57,887 2,560 69 66 3 60,978 58,746 2,232 70 67 3 57,923 55,464 2,459 71 68 3 11,125 8,532 95 770 1,728 13 10 9,251 7,284 11 8 7,078 5,966 9 7 C1) 1 2 497 1,470 1 2 485 627 1 1 7,005 6,029 976 8 7 1 7,045 5,933 1,112 8 7 1 6,816 6,428 388 8 8 ( ) 2,560 6,566 3 7 2,523 7,386 3 8 2,916 6,119 4 8 x Table 7 - — REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF JUNE 1957 GRADUATES, BY EMPLOYMENT OR SCHOOL STATUS Region where living in winter 1957-58 Total Employment or school status Number Percent 87,703 100 Northeast North Central South West 25,368 22,725 22,718 15,546 1,346 29 26 26 18 2 Other 1 Percent distribution 100 100 100 100 100 100 60,447 57,887 2,560 69 66 3 66 64 2 72 69 3 72 69 4 67 63 3 45 36 10 11,125 8,532 95 770 1,728 13 10 (2) 1 2 18 16 (2) 1 1 12 9 13 8 (2) 1 3 4 3 1 3 7 5 (2) 1 1 Attending school only Full time Part time 7,005 6,029 976 8 7 1 9 7 1 7 6 1 6 5 1 10 9 2 21 16 4 Not seeking work 2,560 6,566 3 7 2 5 2 7 4 9 2 8 13 17 Total Employed and attending school Employed full time, school full time Employed part time, school part time 1 2 Outside continental United States. Less than 1 percent. 1 Table 8 . — M A R I T A L STATUS OF JUNE 1957 GRADUATES, BY EMPLOYMENT OR SCHOOL STATUS Marital status Total Widowed, separated, divorced Married Employment or school status Number Graduates represented With children Single Percent 87,663 Total 52 ; 802 33,116 Under 1 6 years 6 to 17 years 5,404 2,320 With no children With no children Total With children 25,392 1,745 930 815 Percent distribution 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 60,395 57,835 2,560 69 66 3 71 70 1 66 60 6 32 24 8 76 68 8 72 67 5 73 72 1 77 75 2 69 69 11,125 13 16 7 4 13 7 15 15 15 8,532 10 12 5 2 12 5 11 14 8 95 ( ) ( ) ( ) 770 1 1 1 1 1,728 2 3 1 1 Attending school Full time. 7,005 6,029 976 8 7 1 11 10 1 3 2 1 4 1 2 Seeking work Not seeking work 2,560 6,578 3 8 2 1 5 19 7 53 Total Employed only Full time Part time Employed and attending school Employed full time, school part time Employed full time, school full time Employed part time, school part time School full time, employed part time 1 2 2 2 2 2 Includes graduates who also had children 6 to 17 years of age, Less than 1 percent. ( ) 1 1 1 3 1 6 7 4 3 3 2 1 8 7 1 8 8 8 6 1 1 3 5 13 1 3 2 1 2 7 Table 9 . — E M P L O Y M E N T OR SCHOOL STATUS OF MARRIED WOMEN GRADUATES, CLASS OF 1957, AND THEIR HUSBANDS Total Status of married women graduates Married graduates represented.... Number Status of husband 32,725 Percent. Attending school In military service 19,023 8,739 4,560 403 58 27 14 1 Employed Percent 100 Not working Percent distribution 100 100 100 100 100 23,695 72 71 83 57 92 1,348 4 5 4 2 2 1,591 5 4 2 13 3 6,091 19 21 10 28 3 Total 1 Employed . Seeking work 1 2 Includes graduates who are "employed only" or employed primarily and attending school. Includes graduates who are "attending school only" or "attending school full time and employed part time." Table 10.—UNDERGRADUATE MAJOR OF JUNE 1957 GRADUATES, BY EMPLOYMENT OR SCHOOL STATUS Total Number Graduates represented.... Attending 2 school 66,689 8,522 2,436 6,355 100 79 10 3 8 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 73 60 86 88 77 85 68 76 91 63 86 78 85 79 71 69 79 72 73 72 54 9 32 2 2 11 6 20 12 2 25 8 16 7 9 21 17 7 17 21 14 32 4 2 3 3 3 5 3 3 4 4 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 3 2 8 9 13 6 9 7 8 4 8 9 4 8 4 5 6 10 7 12 10 9 4 6 6 Health fields 3 Physical sciences Psychology Other majors 1 2 3 A Includes Includes Excludes Excludes Percent 84,002 2,425 2,779 4,591 27,396 6,642 1,451 2,987 6,599 674 2,380 1,166 1,986 5,155 1,963 1,487 2,858 932 3,333 3,583 2,134 1,481 Not seeking work Seeking work 1 Employed Undergraduate major graduates who are "employed only" or employed primarily and attending school. graduates who are "attending school only" or "attending school full time and employed part time." nursing. (a) history, (b) psychology, and (c) sociology and social work. Table 11.—OCCUPATION OF EMPLOYED GRADUATES: June 1957 1957, 1956, AND 1955 June 1955 June 1956 Occupational group Number Advertising and editorial assistants Assistant buyers, store trainees..... Clerical workers, miscellaneous Editors, copywriters, reporters Professional workers, miscellaneous Recreation workers Salesclerks, retail workers Social and welfare workers Teachers Grade school Junior high 7 school High school Other Typists Other occupations 1 Percent Number Percent 71,44-1 100.0 70,043 100.0 854 402 470 652 586 2,428 970 578 880 406 703 4,915 476 2,167 679 549 646 617 4,753 1,320 42,028 26,793 4,882 8,863 1,490 1,977 887 566 932 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.8 3.4 1.4 0.8 1.2 0.6 1.0 6.9 0.7 3.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 6.7 1.8 58.8 37.5 6.8 12.4 2.1 2.8 1.2 0.8 1.3 633 459 624 817 397 3,389 696 740 758 436 454 3,504 551 2,148 480 699 493 628 4,391 1,541 41,133 25,375 4,650 9,543 1,565 2,123 861 899 1,189 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.2 0.6 4.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.6 5.0 0.8 3.1 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.9 6.3 2.2 58.7 36.2 6.6 13.6 2.2 3.0 1.2 1.3 1.7 2 Number 64,752 Percent 100.0 C1) 3 (2) 914 (X) 470 4,120 (4) 650 887 C1) — 0.7 6.4 1.0 1.4 479 2,585 0.7 4.0 2,911 2,005 (6) (2) 679 4,908 (6) 39,651 26,637 2,791 8,753 1,470 1,929 (2) 1,147 1,417 4.5 3.1 (*) 6 1.4 1.0 7.6 61.2 41.1 4.3 13.5 2.3 3.0 1.8 2.2 Included in "clerical workers, miscellaneous." Included in "professional workers, miscellaneous." Includes bank and insurance workers who6 did primarily clerical work. ^ Included with "home economists." 5 Includes a7 few natural scientists. A combination job covering "recreation, religious, social, and welfare workers." Includes graduates teaching in both elementary and secondary schools. 3 Table 1 2 . — D A T E WHEN JUNE 1957 GRADUATES STARTED ON FIRST JOB, BY FULL- OR PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT Full-time employment Total Date of starting on first job Graduates represented June 1957 or prior July 1957 August 1957.. September 1957 October 1957 November 1957 December 1957 January 1958 or later 1 2 1 Number Percent Number Percent Part-time employment Number Percent 54,776 100 51,890 100 2,886 100 654 5,225 7,335 28, 637 131 967 212 615 18 10 13 52 4 2 (2) 1 9,237 4,939 7,097 27,698 1,627 618 160 514 18 10 14 53 3 1 (2) 1 417 286 238 939 504 349 52 101 14 10 8 33 17 12 2 3 Excludes graduates who were no longer employed on their first job when surveyed in the winter of 1957-58. Less than 1 percent. Table 13.--PRIMARY JOB SOURCE OF JUNE 1957 GRADUATES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS Percent of employed graduates listing as primary job sourceTotal Occupational group Number Graduates represented Percent School placement bureau College professor Private employment service Public employment service Newspaper or magazine advertisement Family or friend Direct application on own Other 17,072 4,688 1,989 1,304 1,594 11,859 30,576 1,352 100 24 7 3 2 2 17 43 2 854 100 17 5 23 8 6 23 18 341 100 6 11 15 9 8 20 20 10 447 100 61 10 9 15 5 632 586 100 100 17 41 2 9 10 5 6 6 35 2 25 36 5 2 2,428 886 100 100 19 13 4 37 5 5 11 7 4 24 4 28 33 C1) 566 852 406 100 100 100 16 9 10 16 3 18 10 3 1 4 2 29 26 11 22 40 44 703 4,775 476 100 100 100 44 3 20 9 4 12 2 21 18 14 21 17 67 9 2,120 100 23 16 7 24 26 70,4-34 Percent Advertising and editorial Artists, musicians, Assistant buyers, store trainees Bookkeepers, accounting clerks Chemists Clerical workers, miscellaneous Dietitians Editors, copywriters, reporters Home economists Library assistants........ Mathematicians, statisticians Personnel assistants Professional workers, miscellaneous See footnotes at end of table. 6 1 20 2 1 4 18 11 — 9 8 2 Table 1 3 . — P R I M A R Y JOB SOURCE OF JUNE 1957 GRADUATES IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS—Continued Percent of employed graduates listing as primary job s o u r c e — Total Occupational group Number Recreation workers Religious workers Research workers Salesclerks, retail School placement Percent bureau Private College employprofessor ment service Public employment service Grade school. Junior high school High school Other Technicians, biological... Therapists Typists Other occupations 1 Less than 1 percent. Family or friend Direct application on own 23 27 15 26 22 18 7 10 Other 630 492 646 100 100 100 16 27 30 14 9 13 8 2 15 2 2 4 2 6 617 100 12 3 3 2 2 34 42 1 4,721 100 15 8 11 7 4 24 29 2 1,304 41,693 26,549 4,870 8,816 1,458 1,935 858 550 916 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 30 28 30 39 15 10 20 13 7 9 5 4 2 8 21 16 23 1 1 1 8 1 5 1 26 14 13 13 19 14 21 8 31 26 39 48 53 53 32 41 38 39 35 47 Secretaries, stenogSocial and welfare workers Newspaper or magazine advertisement 3 C1) 4 2 i 3 5 1 2 2 5 14 7 5 5 1 6 t1) n 1 C1) n i i i 4 10 — — Table 14.—OCCUPATION OF JUNE 1957 GRADUATES, BY UNDERGRADUATE MAJOR Percent of employed graduates with undergraduate major i n - Total Occupational group Number Art Biological sciences Business and commerce Education English Health 1 fields 1,842 1,983 3,941 24,251 5,166 1,287 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 3 1 1 1 1 7 2 58 37 7 13 2 3 1 1 1 3 11 3 1 (3) 4 9 (3) 4 1 1 (3) Percent 68,268 Advertising and editorial assistants... Assistant buyers, store trainees Bookkeepers, accounting clerks Clerical workers, miscellaneous... Editors, copywriters, reporters Library assistants Mathematicians, statisticians Professional workers, miscellaneous.... Religious workers Research workers Salesclerks, retail workers Secretaries, stenographers Grade school Junior high school Other Technicians, biological Therapists Other occupations See footnotes at end of table. 790 402 461 639 574 2,375 942 565 871 406 - 703 4,816 476 2,013 657 459 646 608 4,570 1,298 39,744 24,977 4,747 8,555 1,465 1,943 853 543 914 7 1 5 2 3 1 1 (3) 1 13 2 (3) — 10 (3) i 2 O 2 4 3 2 1 2 7 3 1 2 41 24 10 5 2 2 26 4 5 13 4 48 1 4 4 (3) 3 3 39 (3) 19 3 1 15 (3) 7 — (3) 1 1 (3) ft ft ft ft3 ( ) 2 94 80 5 7 2 S( ) 2 1 1 1 1 10 1 60 16 17 26 1 1 3 1 2 (3) 2 2 (3) (3) 3 2 3 (3) 28 1 1 1 51 16 Table 14. —OCCUPATION OF JUNE 1957 GRADUATES, BY UNDERGRADUATE MAJOR--Continued Percent of employed graduates with undergraduate major i n — Occupational group History Professional workers, miscellaneous Recreation workers Religious workers Research workers Salesclerks, retail workers Secretaries, stenographers Grade school Junior high school Other Technicians, biological Languages, foreign See footnotes at end of table. Music Nursing 612 1,511 1,001 1,718 4,426 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 3 1 21 3 1 2 1 (3) 1 17 1 15 (3) 4 1 1 2 1 (3) •••••• (3) 3 1 (3) 6 2 65 32 14 16 3 — 2 1 1 3 1 5 6 5 — - 44 1 — — 2 1 1 42 1 98 1 9 4 1 6 3 1 1 16 3 55 14 10 28 3 42 3 16 24 (?) 1 2 2 (3) 51 10 13 28 1 (3) 8 2 3 2 2 11 11 1 6 71 26 7 26 12 1 - - - — Other occupations Mathematics 5,504 10 Library assistants Mathematicians, statisticians Journalism 2,139 Advertising and editorial assistants Artists, musicians, actresses Assistant buyers, store trainees Bookkeepers, accounting clerks Editors, copywriters, reporters Home economics 4 5 1 1 4 Table 14.—OCCUPATION OF JUNE 1957 GRADUATES, BY UNDERGRADUATE MAJOR—Continued Percent of employed graduates with undergraduate major i n — Occupational group Advertising and editorial assistants. Artists, musicians, actresses Assistant buyers, store trainees Bookkeepers, accounting clerks Sociology, social work Speech, Other dramatic subjects art Physical education Physical sciences Psychology Religion 1,616 1,062 1,958 763 2,446 2,628 1,572 842 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1 1 4 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 3 7 11 1 1 43 1 Clerical workers, miscellaneous 7 1 1 Editors, copywriters, reporters Social 2 sciences 1 4 Mathematicians, statisticians 3 3 8 — — — — — 4 8 3 1 8 2 — — Professional workers, miscellaneous.. 2 11 16 Religious workers 1 Other 3 3 11 2 15 8 11 43 33 2 2 6* 1 1 2 2 3 1 80 5 25 43 7 15 2 35 2 21 2 27 27 2 2 18 8 40 17 13 9 2 Typists 1 3 Excludes nursing. Less than 1 percent. 2 6 1 2 2 1 (3) 3 2 6 1 2 1 9 27 28 21 1 5 2 (3) 1 1 2 Excludes (a) history, (b) psychology, and (c) sociology and social work. 2 5 1 4 3 — 1 4 2 — 2 2 2 1 2 9 30 10 2 14 4 32 1 3 7 1 11 5 3 8 2 42 20 9 11 3 5 1 1 Table 1 5 . — T E A C H E R TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION OF JUNE 1957 GRADUATES, BY EMPLOYMENT OR SCHOOL STATUS Percent of graduates who a r e — Total Employed Teacher training and certification Number Percent As teachers i n — Total Grade school High Junior high schools- Other schools Other occupations Attending 2 school Seeking work Not seeking work A . Teacher Training Graduates represented 41,745 26,690 4,840 8,789 1,426 27,182 8,682 2,548 6,518 100 48 31 6 10 2 31 10 3 8 100 100 100 100 100 61 82 61 40 5 39 65 31 15 2 7 6 9 8 (3) 13 9 20 16 1 2 2 1 1 1 21 6 20 36 66 8 3 9 13 17 3 3 3 3 4 7 7 8 8 8 86,675 Graduates with: Teacher training, total.... 66,827 Education major 29,900 6,649 Some education courses... 30,278 19,848 No education courses B . Teacher Certification Graduates represented 41,839 26,747 4,840 8,838 1,414 26,972 8,560 2,495 6,484 100 48 31 6 10 2 31 10 3 8 100 100 100 100 100 100 75 85 62 81 27 4 49 81 4 38 6 2 9 2 18 15 1 (3) 16 (3) 38 24 6 1 2 1 2 4 14 1 11 5 18 11 57 65 4 2 8 2 3 19 3 2 3 2 2 3 7 6 8 5 10 9 86,350 Graduates with: Teacher certification, 53,867 28,592 Secondary education 18,857 Elementary and secondary. 5,625 793 Other type of certificate No teaching certificate.... 32,483 1 2 3 Includes graduates teaching in both elementary and secondary schools. Includes graduates attending school full time and employed part time. Less than 1 percent. Table 1 6 . — C O M P A R I S O N OF GRADUATES 1 SALARIES BY OCCUPATION: 1957 Occupational group Advertising and editorial assistants Professional w o r k e r s , miscellaneous Recreation workers•••••••••4..••••••••.«••• Reli finus workers.......................... Teachers Grade school Other Technicians, biological Therapists Typists Other occupations 1 Number Average annual salary 63,945 $3,739 64,841 $3,446 764 427 544 569 2,049 401 542 808 329 627 4,302 447 2,125 543 370 626 396 4,089 1,266 39,320 25,549 4,613 8,290 868 1,586 701 449 630 $3,278 574 3,381 597 740 3,407 4,847 397 3,247 3,007 3,576 355 688 3,397 4,040 683 359 3,097 4,675 454 3,191 3,875 3,676 551 2,351 3,862 3,655 426 3,167 615 430 3,971 2,860 . 471 3,295 4,017 3,792 1,462 3,799 39,059 3,858 24,547 4,583 3,785 3,658 9,137 3,475 792 3,854 1,810 800 3,947 3,104 780 931 3,214 $3,210 3,056 3,017 4,453 3,179 3,351 3,120 3,803 2,960 4,382 3,647 3,497 3,732 3,571 2,960 3,819 2,504 3,148 3,440 3,492 3,550 3,476 3,355 3,348 3,492 3,733 2,912 3,007 M o u n t of increase 1955 Number Average annual salary 1956 to 1957 59,747 $3,141 $293 ..... 893 $2,791 470 3,087 3,900 2,852 650 791 3,020 3,341 438 2,252 3,763 3,438 4,168 3,212 405 4,506 2,420 2,895 37,418 25,800 3,197 3,242 10,705 913 1,720 3,087 3,230 3,038 996 1,218 2,704 3,008 $68 325 390 394 68 225 277 237 137 293 228 179 130 84 207 152 356 147 352 307 308 309 303 127 362 214 192 207 ..... ..... Excludes part-time workers. Includes a few graduates w h o did not report their occupation. NOTE: 1956 Average annual salary Number 1957, 1956, AND 1955 For comparability of occupational groups surveyed, see footnotes in table 1 1 . 1955 to 1957 $598 — $590 947 395 377 699 912 437 — 650 ... 440 400 — 602 616 571 245 816 400 206 Table 17.--ANNUAL SALARY IN WINTER 1957-58 OF JUNE 1957 GRADUATES, BY OCCUPATION Occupational group Graduates represented 1 Average Number of annual graduates salary 63,945 Editors, copywriters, reporters Library assistants Mathematicians, statisticians. Personnel assistants Professional workers, miscellaneous Recreation workers Research workers Salesclerks, retail workers Secretaries, stenographers Teachers Other ' Technicians, biological 1 2 764 427 544 569 2,049 401 542 808 329 627 4,302 447 2,125 543 370 626 396 4,089 1,266 39,320 25,549 4,613 8,290 868 1,586 701 449 630 Under $3,000 $3,000 to $3,499 $3,500 to $3,999 $4,000 to $4,499 7,232 13,069 19,490 17,323 100 11 20 30 27 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 (2) 100 100 100 100 100 (2) 100 (2) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 28 11 39 34 56 15 36 11 8 28 10 66 3 34 30 19 12 23 69 18 28 4 2 15 11 11 11 6 58 6 23 41 20 26 8 31 20 26 54 15 27 24 18 20 71 15 9 21 34 33 19 14 31 25 17 15 21 20 18 25 5 63 27 25 26 32 30 33 39 28 39 40 10 16 9 41 33 36 34 23 21 15 41 4 5 10 11 7 7 8 16 11 10 11 Total $3,739 Percent Advertising and editorial assistants Assistant buyers, store trainees Bookkeepers, accounting clerks Chemists Clerical workers, miscellaneous Percent of employees receiving annual salary of-- $3,278 3,381 3,407 847 3,247 3, 576 3,397 040 3, 097 675 3, 875 3, 676 3, 862 3, 655 3, 167 3,971 2, 860 3,295 3, 792 3, 799 3,858 3, 785 3, 658 3,475 3, 854 3, 947 3, 104 3,214 4 6 15 30 2 8 7 5 12 25 4 2 27 37 Excludes part-time workers. Includes a few graduates who did not report their occupation. Insufficient coverage to warrant breakdown of occupational average. $4,500 and over 6, 831 11 12 76 2 2 11 Table 1 8 . — ANNUAL SALARY IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONS, BY REGION OF 1957 GRADUATES Occupational group Advertising and editorial assistants Personnel assistants Teachers Grade school High school. Other Technicians, biological Therapists Typists 1 EMPLOYMENT Average annual salary Northeast North Central $3,860 $3,381 $4,050 $3,168 $2,765 $3,299 63,945 $3,739 $3,764 764 569 2,049 401 808 627 4,302 447 2,125 370 626 4,089 1,266 39,320 25,549 4,613 8,290 868 1, 586 701 449 $3,278 4,847 3,247 3,576 4,040 4.675 3,875 3.676 3,862 3,167 3,971 3,295 3,792 3,799 3,858 3,785 3,658 3,475 3,854 3,947 3,104 $3,282 4,847 3,464 3,624 3,965 4,608 3,845 3,801 3,689 3,955 3,437 3,752 3,840 3,866 3,822 3,812 3,563 3,595 South West 4,011 4,167 3,673 3,814 4,121 3,624 3,096 4,422 3,403 3,791 3,925 3,940 3,965 3,854 3,069 3,553 3,348 3,425 3,331 3,227 2,965 3,897 3,372 4,131 4,185 4,224 4,113 4,060 3,987 3,957 4,000 3,222 Excludes part-time workers. Includes a few graduates who did not report their occupation. NOTE: Total i Average Number annual salary 1 Salaries are not shown for regions with only small numbers of graduates reporting a specified occupation. Table 19. — C O M P A R I S O N OF GRADUATES' SALARIES, BY UNDERGRADUATE MAJOR: June 1957 Undergraduate major Number English 2 Health fields History Home economics Languages, foreign Physical education Psychology Religion 4 Social sciences 1 2 3 4 Average annual salary June 1956 Number Average annual salary 1957, 1956, AND 1955 June 1955 Number Average annual salary Amount of increase 1956 to 1957 1955 to 1957 63,945 $3,739 64,841 $3,446 59,747 $3,141 $293 $598 1,480 1,538 3,602 22,919 4,716 1,135 1,882 4,628 563 1,287 891 1,241 3,875 1,497 972 1,719 660 2,219 2,211 1,269 710 $3,570 3,683 3,630 3,796 3,608 4,106 3,617 3,693 3,458 3,561 4,244 3,667 3,820 3,662 4,509 3,646 3,007 3,676 3,609 3,614 3,749 1,579 1,791 3,222 24,388 4,635 851 2,356 5,151 603 1,500 1,476 1,270 2,733 1,889 954 1,814 596 2,777 2,195 1,053 1,252 $3,261 3,473 3,266 3,492 3,336 3,612 3,472 3,359 3,139 3,355 3,747 3,335 3,598 3,244 4,100 3,578 3,073 3,413 3,446 3,380 3,560 1,294 1,455 3,027 22,962 5,094 950 1,339 4,543 657 1,131 1,047 1,488 2,123 1,913 679 1,102 $2,660 3,017 3,135 3,204 3,015 3,469 3,092 3,037 2,981 2,849 3,402 2,987 3,451 3,174 3,670 2,862 $910 666 495 592 593 637 525 656 477 712 842 680 369 488 839 784 2,215 2,470 1,182 1,232 3,122 3,214 3,021 3,140 $309 210 364 304 272 494 145 334 319 206 497 332 222 418 409 68 3 66 263 163 234 189 Excludes part-time workers. Includes some graduates who did not report their undergraduate major. Excludes nursing. A decrease in average annual salary. Excludes (a) history, (b) psychology, and (c) sociology and social work. — 554 395 593 609 Table 20. —UNDERGRADUATE MAJOR AND ANNUAL SALARY OF JUNE 1957 GRADUATES Undergraduate major English 2 Health fields History Physical sciences..... Religion 1 2 3 Number of graduates Average annual salary 63,945 $3,739 1,480 1,538 3,602 22,919 4,716 1,135 1,882 4,628 563 1,287 891 1,241 3,875 1,497 972 1,719 660 2,219 2,211 1,269 710 $3,570 3,683 3,630 3,796 3,608 4,106 3,617 3,693 3,458 3,561 4,244 3,667 3,820 3,662 4,509 3,646 3,007 3,676 3,609 3,614 3,749 Percent of employed graduates receiving annual salary o f — Total Under $3,000 $3,000 to $3,499 $3,500 to $3,999 $4,000 to $4,499 $4,500 and over 7,232 13,069 19,490 17,323 6,831 100 11 20 30 27 11 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 25 11 22 9 14 5 13 8 7 19 7 17 5 14 3 15 45 9 11 17 13 25 29 25 17 26 14 23 20 42 15 12 21 24 20 5 21 32 26 31 20 18 18 29 23 32 31 42 36 40 38 38 14 24 29 25 18 29 17 34 26 31 41 23 18 18 33 22 20 21 27 12 23 27 28 29 32 20 31 5 20 25 25 15 9 13 12 10 7 19 7 5 Excludes part-time workers. Includes some graduates who did not report their undergraduate major. Excludes nursing. Excludes (a) history, (b) psychology, and (c) sociology and social work. 5 40 10 13 9 53 4 — 10 7 7 13 Table 21. — INDUSTRY OF EMPLOYMENT AND ANNUAL SALARY OF JUNE 1957 GRADUATES Percent of employed graduates receiving annual salary o f — iNUILLUcX Industry of employment Graduates represented 1 Retail or wholesale trade.... Finance, insurance, or law Transportation, communications, or public utilities Social services or religion Advertising or public relations... Manufacturing Other industries 1 2 of graduates 63,945 iiV C i clgti annual salary Total Under , nnn UUU $3,000 to $3,499 $3,500 to $3,999 $4,000 to $4,499 $4,500 and over 7,232 13,069 19,490 17,323 6,831 100 11 20 30 27 11 $3,739 42,634 6,165 2,008 1,922 $3,769 3,797 3,354 3,508 100 100 100 100 10 7 29 23 17 23 28 32 32 36 29 24 32 20 9 11 9 13 5 10 1,426 1,888 524 3,651 2,864 853 3,553 3,364 3,220 3,919 3,836 3,596 100 100 100 100 100 100 10 16 31 10 9 27 36 42 46 25 24 19 33 27 15 21 17 26 13 15 8 18 31 13 8 Excludes part-time workers. Includes a few graduates who did not report their industry of employment. Excludes graduates employed in government hospitals, as they are included in medical services. — 26 18 15 Table 2 2 . — F U T U R E EMPLOYMENT PLAN OF JUNE 1957 GRADUATES, BY MARITAL STATUS Total Marital status Employment plan Number Single Percent 78,893 100 Married Other 1 49,299 28,105 1,489 62 36 2 Percent distribution Plan to work indefinitely, have no interest in a career Plan to work only as necessary—for economic Plan to work short while after marriage Other plans 1 2 Widowed, separated, divorced. Less than 1 percent. 100 100 100 100 14,193 7,683 18 10 19 10 14 9 52 27 5,089 31,531 14,052 4,406 1,754 185 6 40 18 6 2 (2) 4 33 25 9 (2) (2) 11 54 6 11 1 3 4 2 5 (2) • — -42- B. QUESTIONNAIRE FORM Survey of Please leave blank: Class of June 1957 Women Baccalaureate Graduates Sch. No Conducted by the National Vocational Guidance Association Region in cooperation with the Weight Women's Bureau, U.S. Department of Labor College or university Location- Instructions: Please circle ONLY ONE NUMBER in each question. Fill in all blank lines where pertinent, but do not fill in boxes (inserted for tabulating purposes). I. Are you a graduate assistant? 1. Yes 2. No I EDUCATION A. Degree received: 1. B.A. 2. B.S. 3. Other, specify B. Field of degree: j J. Amount of assistantship per school year: Major Minor C. Are you attending school now? 1. Yes, full time 2. Yes, part time 3. No, not at all D. If "yes", give: Name of school Major field of study E. Are you a candidate for a graduate degree or certification? 1. Yes 2. No F. If "yes", what degree or type of certificate? G. Do you have a scholarship? 1. Yes 2. No H. Amount of scholarship per school year: K. If not now attending school, do you plan to do graduate study later? 1. Yes 2. No L. Did you take any education course or courses as an undergraduate ? 1. Yes 2. No M. Did you meet the requirements for a teaching certificate (either permanent or temporary) ? 1. Yes 2. No N. In elementary education? 1. Yes 2. No 0 . In secondary education? 1. Yes 2. No P, If secondary, list teaching subjects: Q. If you have a teaching certificate, what states does it cover? -43- R. If you have another type of certificate, specify: II AGE AND MARITAL STATUS A. Age on your last birthday: 1. Under 21 years 2. 21 years 3. 22 years 4. 23-24 years 5. 25-29 years 6. 30-39 years 7. 40 years or over B. Marital status: 1. Single 2. Married 3. Widowed, separated, or divorced C. If you have children, indicate their ages: 1. Under 6 years old 2. 6 to 17 years old 3. Both under 6, and 6 to 17 years old 4. No children D. If married, is your husband: 1. Employed full time: Occupation ..... 2. Attending school full time: Field of study. 3. In military service 4. Not working 5. Other, specify E. In which state are you now living? Ill EMPLOYMENT A. Are you employed? 1. Yes, full time 2. Yes, part time 3. No, but seeking work 4. No, and not seeking work IF EMPLOYED, ANSWER THE FOLLOWING: B. Is this your first job since graduation? 1. Yes 2. No C. Date you began work on present job: D. From whom (or what source) did you first hear about your present job? 1. College or university placement bureau 2. College professor 3. Private employment service 4. Public employment service 5. Newspaper or magazine advertisement 6. Family or friend 7. Direct application on own 8. Other, specify E. Is your present job the kind you hoped to get after college? 1. Yes 2. No F. If "no", what kind of job did you hope to get? I I G. If "no", reason for accepting present job: IN YOUR OPINION, DOES YOUR PRESENT JOB: H. Meet your economic needs? 1. Yes 2. No I. Provide a step forward in your professional development? 1. Yes 2. No J. Relate to your college major? 1. Yes 2. No K. If employed, what is your occupation? Job title Major job duties L. Name of employing organization Location Main activity of employer: 0. Educational service 1. Medical service 2. Retail or wholesale trade 3. Finance, insurance, or law -44- 4. Transportation, communications, or public utilities 5. Social service or religion 6. Advertising or public relations 7. Manufacturing 8. Government 9. Other, specify 4. Plan to work only as necessary—for economic reasons 5. Do not plan to work in the forseeable future 6. Plan to work indefinitely, but have no interest in a career 7. Plan to have a career. What type of position do you hope eventually to hold? M. If employed as a teacher, give type of school: 1. Grade school—What grade IV GENERAL 2. Junior high—What grade and subjects A. If married, do you feel that your college experience has helped you in your role—As a housewife: 1. Yes 2. No 3. Senior high—What subjects 4. Other, specify B. As a mother 1. Yes 2. No N. Gross salary (before deductions): (Answer one): Per week $ Every 2 weeks $ Per month $ Per year $ 1 C. If you are an ACTIVE member (contributing time as well as dues) of any organizations, circle one or more of the following: 1. Social service or community welfare 2. Professional society related to work 3. Social or recreational 4. Political 5. Union 6. Educational and cultural (literature, art, music, etc.) 7. Church or religious 8. Other, specify I 0 . If teaching, how many paychecks do you receive per year? P. What are your plans for future employment? (Circle the one statement which most closely applies.) 1. Plan to stop working when I marry 2. Plan to work for a short time after marriage 3. Plan to stop working when I have children D. Are you an officer (elected or appointed) in any of these organizations? 1. Yes 2. No NAME OF COLLEGE FROM WHICH YOU GRADUATED LOCATION YOUR NAME (If married, include your maiden name) PRESENT ADDRESS (Number) (Street) (City) (State) PERMANENT MAILING ADDRESS (Number) (Street) (City) (State) WHERE YOU LIVED BEFORE GOING TO COLLEGE (City) (State) NOTE: Please add on the back any explanations you wish to make concerning the above questions or other topics. We should be especially interested in specific comments on ways in which your college work might have been made more valuable. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING O F F I C E : 1959 O - 5 0 3 1 4 2
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