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Authorized for public release by the FOMC Secretariat on 4/17/2020

BOARD OF GOVERNORS
OFTHE

NOV

FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM

1 1965

WASHINGTON

November 1, 1965
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL (FR)

TO:

Federal Open Market Committee

FROM:

Mr. Young

The Annual Consultation of the International Monetary
Fund with the United States have recently been completed.

In the

concluding consultation discussion with the U.S. Government Agencies
represented on the National Advisory Council of October 28, the IMF
representatives under the chairmanship of Dr. J. J. Polak, Director
of the Research Department of the IMF, presented the substance of
their summary report which will later be submitted to the Fund
directly.

In view of the comments in the report on U.S. monetary

policy and U.S. balance of payments policy, a copy of the confidential
report is circulated herewith for your information.

The whole of the

report, moreover, is well worth your reading.

Raplh A. Young, Secretary,
Federal Open Market Committee

Enclosure.

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DOCUMENT OF INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND AND NOT FOR PUBLIC USE

Article VIII Consultations with the United States, 1965

Concluding Remarks by J. J. Polak
for the Fund Team

October 28, 1965
The purpose of this concluding statement is

twofold.

First, I want

to give you our understanding--based on the written answers and on last
week's discussions--of how you yourselves see major features of the U.S.
situation and of the policies being pursued.

In preparing this analysis,

we found that the knowledge we gleaned was not always certain or clear.
So, as I go along, please take note of those statements about your position
which you feel we have not gotten right or which require supplementation.
The second thing I want to do in this statement is to give you our
preliminary appraisal of your situation and policies.
invite your discussion.

Here again, we

I would very much appreciate your reactions to

the views we have formed.

Before I go on, let me say that I believe this has been an excellent
Consultations exercise.

The written answers to our advance list of questions

paved the way for some very fruitful discussions last week, and I feel sure
you have given us the basis of a useful Staff Report to the Fund's Executive
Board.

We especially appreciate the candor and frankness with which you

have responded to our many inquiries, and perhaps you won't mind if we give
our views with equal candor and frankness.
Let us look first at the domestic economy.
well.

Obviously, it has done very

The number of months in the expansion--I believe November will be

57!--is no longer viewed by the public as a possible sign of impending downturn.

Instead, the unprecedented lengthening of the economy's advance has

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contributed to widespread euphoria, and it

is remarkable for this time of

the year that most observers, private as well as official, expect the
expansion to keep going throughout all of 1966.
It

is now generally recognized that the current expansion is something

quite different from the cyclical upswings in the earlier postwar period.
The growth of output not only has been prolonged, but it has accelerated

in the past two years.

Unemployment has been brought down much closer to

the 4 per cent interim goal.
satisfactory level.
balanced.
it is

Profit margins have been restored to a very

By almost any criterion, the expansion has been well

The level of costs and prices has been reasonably stable, although

in this area that one lately can find a blemish on the over-all record

and some possible source of concern.
For the economy's remarkable performance in the more recent period,

the major share of the credit must be given to the 1964 tax cut.

We wholly

agree with the assessment you rendered in the answer to Question 9, namely,
that "there can be no reasonable doubt that the 1964 tax cut gave a very
powerful stimulus to total demand and production and has made the difference
between a brisk and sluggish economy in the last year and a half."
course, the tax cut has had a larger significance.
spread acceptance,

And, of

It has fostered wide-

absent until a few years ago, of fiscal policy as a tool

to regulate aggregate demand in the economy up to, and along, the full
employment path.
With strong expansion of the economy powered by the tax cut, the slack
in utilization of resources has now been largely absorbed.

This development

has brought a new situation, focusing close attention on the availability
and distribution of resources as a factor in analysis of the country's

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vulnerability to inflation.
supply factors are still

You have explained to us why you believe that

favorable to further noninflationary expansion.

Your analysis is a reasonable one in light of the available statistics on
the over-all output gap, unemployment, and operating rates in manufacturing.
However, it is well to bear in mind both the limitations of this information
and the difficulty of interpreting it as margins narrow.

One certainly can-

not rule out the real possibility that your appraisal of the supply situationassuming a further strong expansion of demand--may prove too optimistic.
As to the demand situation, an element of uncertain dimension for 1966
is increased military spending for the war in Viet Nam. Another such element
is business capital spending.

Because of factors on both the supply and the

demand sides, forecasting and policy-making may prove more difficult for

1966 than it was in recent years.

But if the economy stays well balanced

and develops along the general lines we discussed--that is,

if GNP continues

to go up about $10 billion a quarter and the price rise does not accelerate-real output would advance in line with the economy's estimated potential
growth of 4 per cent and, as a first approximation, unemployment in 1966
might be expected to stay around the current rate of roughly 4½ per cent.
However, the rate could be pushed appreciably lower, perhaps in the
neighborhood of 4 per cent, through the employment-absorptive effects of
the various job expansion programs and of the projected buildup in the
armed forces.
It seems to us that a further 4 per cent expansion in real output for
1966 would thus represent a very satisfactory performance and would be a
prudent target for Government policy.

To use the general instruments of

policy to push for an output expansion significantly larger than 4 per cent

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next year would perhaps be courting some undesirable risks.
authorities during recent years have shown great skill
instruments to influence the domestic economy.
a factor, and there is

The U.S.

in using policy

But luck also may have been

something to be said for not attempting at this junc-

ture to push one's luck too hard.
If
in

we argue for a measure of caution--if,

output is

indeed, a 4 per cent rise

considered as such--please bear in mind that we do not range

ourselves on the side of the many observers who felt

that the performance

of the U.S. economy in the last five years was too good to be true.
convinced all

We were

along--and we said so to our Executive Board last year--that

cyclical fluctuations in the U.S. economy were not inevitable,

and that a

carefully guided economy could expand along a continuing upward trend.
In any case, our principal concern about aiming for an expansion of
real output larger than 4 per cent in 1966 is
price stability.

that it

might upset cost and

Surely, as one studies the good record of the U.S. economy

over the past five years, the maintenance of stable prices and costs has been
an outstanding feature.

It

has broadened domestic markets.

It

has contri-

buted to the widening and restoration of profit margins and, with this, to
the well paced growth of business fixed investment.

It

has permitted busi-

ness to follow steady and conservative policies of inventory management,
and it

has been a general factor in the avoidance of distortions.

the U.S. economy has been doing extremely well in
tially
it

an environment of essen-

constant prices and costs, and we feel there can be no assurance that

will continue to do as well if

tion is

In short,

creeping.

And all

prices and costs go up, even if

this, of course, is

the accelera-

apart from considerations of

the balance of payments, where clearly the continuation of a favorable price

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and cost performance is a vital element of U.S. hopes for achieving fundamental equilibrium.
Beginning with the strong pronouncements by Per Jacobsson in the 1962
Article VIII discussions,

the Fund staff has urged the U.S.

authorities to

put a primary emphasis on maintenance of price and cost stability and has
also expressed its
policy.

agreement with the adoption of a voluntary incomes

We were interested to hear last week that you believe the wage-

price guideposts already may have altered past relationships between
employment gains and wage increases.

This judgment did not surprise us,

since we feel that the guideposts have served a practical value and gradually have come to affect the climate of wage and price bargaining and
decision-making.

However, in

a situation of underutilized resources com-

petition has tended to bring about the sorts of changes in wages and prices

which actually have occurred, and it is likely that the severest test of
the guideposts still lies ahead.
to be truly effective, it

For the functioning of these guideposts

will be necessary to achieve some significant

reductions in prices as well as restraints on wage increases.
In the discussions last week, relatively little attention was given
to the subject of labor market policy.

As we have emphasized in previous

Consultations, we have thought it prudent for the U.S. authorities to adopt
a more active policy in this field.

Manpower programs designed to improve

the quality, mobility, and adaptability of the labor force already have
been launched in the past year or two, and a further substantial expansion
in

such programs would seem to be advisable for the period ahead.

If

effec-

tive, they would serve to facilitate growth, restrain wage and price increases,
and reduce the minimum feasible level of unemployment--provided, of course,

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that aggregate demand proves adequate.

Clearly, there is

a good oppor-

tunity for labor market policy to supplement and assist the effectiveness
of fiscal, wage-price,
When attention is

and monetary policies.
turned to fiscal policy in 1965,

an important back-

ground factor was that a combination of stable expenditures and expanding

revenues had brought about a rapid shift from deficit to surplus (on a
national accounts basis) by the early part of the year.

It was concluded

at that time that a continuation of this shift might bring a slowdown in
the economy, especially in view of the projected decline in steel output,
and perhaps in auto production, during the latter part of 1965.

Concern

also was felt about the possible deflationary effects of the scheduled
increase in social security taxes at the beginning of 1966.

In any case,

because of the various fiscal actions and developments which you have
described to us, this situation has been turned around.
U.S. fiscal policy is now in an expansionary phase.

From the first

to the second half of 1965, the shift from surplus to deficit on a national
accounts basis is a substantial one.

For the first half of calendar 1966,

the currently projected decline in the deficit is not large--notwithstanding
imposition of the new social security taxes of $5½ billion annually.
In fiscal 1966, therefore, the federal budget continues, on balance,
to be an expansionary force, serving to reinforce the strength of private
demand.

Looking ahead to fiscal 1967, we gather that plans for a tax cut

have faded.

Whereas a tax cut might well have been indicated to help off-

set the well known "fiscal drag," that form of new fiscal stimulus appears
to have been replaced,

in effect, by increased military spending for the

conflict in Viet Nam.

In this connection, we have noted your emphasis that

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the increase in

outlays for Viet Nam will not simply be added dollar for

dollar to programmed expenditures for other purposes.

We conclude from

this that civilian programs are undergoing a thorough review, and that some
of them may be trimmed or stretched out or postponed in the interest of
producing a sound, noninflationary budget for fiscal year 1967.

Now all of this is to the good.

But we continue to feel, as in previous

Consultations, that the flexibility of the budget instrument within the
budget year leaves something to be desired.

Such flexibility may be accom-

plished in part through improvement in the discretionary variation of expenditures, which the answer to Question 12 states is

now under examination.

But the biggest potential in this area would appear to lie on the tax side.
We fully realize that this whole issue of fiscal flexibility goes to
the roots of the U.S.

political system.

However, we believe that it

is

nonetheless increasingly important for the budget instrument to become
more adaptable and precise within the mix of national economic policy.
This is all the more important because of the Administration's stated
objective of using the budget as the principal instrument for achieving an
economy which avoids slack and operates continuously close to the limits
of its capacity.

To obtain an efficient instrument for supporting such

an approach, considerable improvement upon present arrangements and procedures would seem to be necessary.
should do all it can to push this.

We believe that the Administration
Without an improved fiscal instrument,

we fear that there is a real risk that situations will arise where it
will not prove possible to keep the economy on a steady expansionary
course.

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Significant as have been the recent developments in the fiscal field,
probably no area of U.S. economic policy has attracted more attention in
the past year or so than monetary policy.

Widespread concern has centered

on the higher rate of growth in bank credit.

We have appreciated the

opportunity of reviewing monetary developments in some detail and of trying

to put this key area of policy into perspective.

In your analysis, you gave

emphasis to a number of points.
1.

The role of commercial banks in supplying funds to the credit

markets has been significantly enlarged in 1965, at the expense--relatively
speaking--of both nonbank financial institutions and direct flows of capital
or credit among or within the nonfinancial sectors.

2.

Substantial growth of bank credit in 1965 has been required to

meet business and consumer credit demands.

However, the Federal Reserve

has exercised a "modest but cumulatively significant degree of restraint"
over the rate of bank credit expansion throughout the year.

The expansion

of such credit declined from an annual rate of 12 per cent in the first
quarter to 10 per cent in the second quarter and to 6 per cent in the third.
3.

Owing to careful Federal Reserve control of the marginal avail-

ability of reserves to the commercial banks, the current year has brought
greater pressure on bank reserve positions.
4.

The tighter liquidity position of the banks, coupled with a

notable increase in business demands for external financing of investment
outlays, has been a key factor in the progressive firming of interest rates
during 1964 and 1965.

Partly because of expectational influences, the up-

ward movement of interest rates accelerated sharply after mid-19 6 5.

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5.

In general, nonfinancial business sectors of the economy, as well

as the banks, are much less liquid than earlier in

the expansion.

fore, they have become increasingly sensitive to changes in

There-

the cost and

availability of funds.
All these interrelated developments signify an appreciable firming
of monetary and credit conditions since early 1965.
ing very much.

In our judgment, it

We welcome this firm-

has occurred without noticeable adverse

impact on the domestic economy.
Needless to say, we find no difficulty in endorsing the current general
obectives of U.S. monetary and debt management policies as you have described

them to us--"to facilitate noninflationary domestic economic expansion while
limiting the incentives for capital flows which would contribute to our
balance of payments deficit."
question.

The desirability of such policies is

beyond

However, the choices and decisions faced in implementing them

have become more and more difficult in certain ways as the economy has
approached full use of available capacity.

This fact undoubtedly calls

for increased efforts to maintain an alertness of monetary posture, with
a readiness to take timely and appropriate measures.
In carrying out their basic tasks, the monetary authorities must do
the best they can to compensate for any unexpected events that occur after
fiscal policy has been established for some distance ahead.

If over the

coming months the fiscal policy already set in motion were to prove too
expansionary, and inflationary pressures were to arise, a tightening on

the part of monetary policy would be quite consistent with the balance of
payments position.

If,

however, the domestic economy should confound

present expectations and begin to falter, monetary policy might be in a

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very difficult position to provide support if
quickly on the fiscal side.

actions could not be taken

This underscores my earlier remarks about the

need for a more flexible budget instrument.

I come now to the balance of payments.
history of the U.S.

effort to deal with its

At least until this year, the
payments problem has been one

of occasional over-optimism and periodic disappointment.

The approach of

"buying time" until fundamental market adjustments took place has not gone
according to schedule.

With respect to the current account, the mechanism

of adjustment through prices and costs has not worked so rapidly as the
authorities expected three or four years ago.

Nor has the continuous

improvement in the domestic economic situation had the beneficial effects
on the capital account that were expected from it.

On the contrary, the

outflow of private capital has shown a sharp tendency to increase.

When

first introduced as a measure to operate directly on private capital outflows, the Interest Equalization Tax had some rather obvious loopholes,
notably bank lending.

The approach under the February 1965 program is

more comprehensive and logical, and it takes account not only of the U.S.
position itself but of current attitudes abroad.
It

may be helpful to make a general comment about the Government's

current balance-of-payments programs.
considered for the short haul.

These programs have tended to be

Nothing, however, in the development of

the U.S. balance of payments in recent years, or in 1965, suggests that it
can be taken for granted that external equilibrium could be reached quickly
without reliance on restrictive measures of one kind or another, such as
the voluntary controls on capital, preferences in Government spending, the
tying of aid, etc.

A sharp and sudden improvement in the U.S. balance of

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payments is,

-

of course, not impossible, but for planning purposes it

appear safer to base policies on the assumption that it

is

would

quite likely

not to occur.
In making this observation,
sensus that it

I am ruling out--and I think there is

should be ruled out--a measure which perhaps could bring

balance rather quickly, namely, a deliberate reduction in the U.S.
growth.

con-

rate of

We strongly believe that this should be avoided and that the

greater degree of balance in world payments that could be obtained by

reducing U.S. expansion below what is feasible on a noninflationary basis
would not be worth the cost in terms of output both in the United States
and elsewhere, particularly in the less developed countries.

In this con-

nection, attention should be drawn to the fact that the decline in the U.S.
current-account balance in 1965 may be attributed in part to the decline
in growth rates abroad.

It is recognized that in a number of other indus-

trial countries the growth rate has had to be slowed down either for
balance of payments reasons or to contain domestic inflationary pressures.
If the resulting rate of expansion abroad were taken as a datum to which
expansion in the United States would have to be adjusted, the world economy
would risk sinking into a recession by a series of balance of payments
adjustments.
At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the position of the
dollar by the restoration of balance of payments equilibrium without delay.
We fully agree with Secretary Fowler's recent statement that a weak dollar
would lead to a further shrinkage of international liquidity.

We have noted

your statement that the United States is aiming at a further substantial
reduction in 1966 of the deficit on regular transactions.

This probably

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would mean that there would be little

or no need for settlement of a deficit

through official transactions.

We fully endorse your balance of payments objectives for next year
and, indeed, we believe that they are indispensable.

We understand from

you that these objectives are going to be achieved--barring unexpected

developments outside of your control--by so adjusting your various balance
of payments programs as to produce the desired result in light of the best
estimates of how the U.S. international accounts would work out in the

absence of a reinforcement of those programs.
It would seem to us that, even if things work out in 1966 as you
expect, programs in the balance of payments field will continue to be
needed in order to maintain equilibrium in terms of official settlements.
In such circumstances, it would appear least harmful to the world economy
if these programs took the form mainly of restrictions on the outflow of
U.S. capital.

In this connection, we go along with the intention of the

U.S. authorities to continue the voluntary control mechanism over bank
credit and it is in this same context that we see a need for more effective
measures to limit the net outflow of direct investment capital.
There seems to be no question thus far about the cooperation of the
financial community in the conduct of the new programs of restraint upon
private capital outflows.

In the case of nonfinancial corporations, one

would have to say in all candor that the jury is still out.

To be sure,

it must be recognized that, once the easy adjustments of liquid asset
positions abroad have been completed, business corporations can contribute
further to balance of payments improvement only through slower basic
adjustments in their procurement, sales, and investment activities.

While

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corporations may well have financial incentives to raise exports, the curtailment of foreign investment plans,
than U.S.

sources,

or their financing from foreign rather

can often constitute a real sacrifice which is probably

greater than the sacrifice a bank makes when it
abroad.
it

lends at home rather than

Granted that any basic adjustments take time and may be difficult,

must also be said that the information on the performance of the non-

financial corporations to date is

not entirely reassuring.

This is perhaps

not surprising given the fact that the guidelines which have been provided
to the corporations are highly generalized.
This whole area, in

our view, needs tightening.

The guidelines to

nonfinancial firms cooperating in the Government's program should be made
more ambitious and more concrete.
We believe that it is necessary to tighten the nonfinancial corporate
program for two reasons.

First, progress under this program, for which

there would seem to be a good potential, is one of the very few sources of
improvement now visible in the U.S. payments position for 1966.

Second,

as time goes on, the cooperation of banks and other financial institutions
under the voluntary program might be impaired if they were to get the impression that the nonfinancial corporations were operating under a looser
set of arrangements and were failing to contribute "their share."

Conse-

quently, considerations of equity as well as of balance of payments improvement would seem to point to the nonfinancial corporate program as one in
which some revisions are definitely indicated.

We welcomed Secretary

Brimmer's statement to us that the program is now undergoing a thorough
review in the attempt to assure its effectiveness.

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Quite briefly, I should like to mention again the belief we voiced
tentatively last week that the tax method of restraining capital outflows
has certain merits for direct investment as well.

It marshalls the very

price factor which in the longer run, through a narrowing of interest differentials, is expected to contain direct investment without controls.

If

guidelines are maintained in some form, it also provides a financial assist
to these guidelines which, even with the best of effort, are likely to remain
somewhat arbitrary.

For these reasons, we feel that consideration should be

given to more comprehensive use of the tax approach.

We can appreciate that

the application of an interest-equalization tax to corporate investment and
related activities would, as you pointed out to us, pose some real complexities and difficulties.

However, the administrative and procedural problems

involved could be studied in the period ahead with a sufficiency of time
that was not available when the February 1965 program was being formulated.
We have noted from your written answers and from last week's discussion

that even for the longer run the United States is aiming at a balance of
payments

position that would produce--on the average--not a surplus, but

approximate balance (on an official settlements basis).

As we understand

this, it would mean that the United States would count on achieving a
gradual rise in its gross reserves outside of the balance of payments as
a result of some kind of collective action for the creation of reserves.
We have noted in particular two assumptions made by the U.S. authorities
concerning the world envirorment for achievement of their balance of payments
and reserve aims over the longer run:

(1) full employment with reasonable

price stability and reasonably steady growth in the other major countries

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of the world, and (2) adequate arrangements to assure an orderly and suf-

ficient growth in the global supply of international reserves.

I have

already commented on the crucial importance to the U.S. balance of payments
of the rate of activity and growth elsewhere in the industrial countries-a subject calling for deeper study than has yet been undertaken.
useful to make a comment on the second assumption.

It may be

The consequences of

international reserve creation are likely to be of importance to the United
States not only, perhaps not even primarily, because they would add in some
measure to U.S. reserves, but also because they would affect the outturn of
the U.S. balance of payments.

Let me explain how I believe these factors

could work out, recalling at the same time that we are dealing with a
matter that is in the realm of contingency and is beyond the range for
which U.S. policy in the shorter run is now being conceived.
In the absence of any deliberate measures to add to world reserves,
balance in U.S. international transactions would mean that the sum of all
balance of payments surpluses minus all balance of payments deficits of
other countries could not exceed the net availability of gold from new
production--and this quite independently of the willingness of countries
to hold their reserves in the form of dollars.

This is not the occasion

to enter into the question whether or for how long other countries in the
aggregate would be satisfied with the resulting constraint on their balances
of payments.

If or when a situation were to arise in which countries were

not so satisfied, many countries would repeatedly find their balance of
payments aspirations frustrated, ending up with either smaller surpluses
or larger deficits than they had hoped for, and those countries would then
have to consider what further steps to take to improve their situations for

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the next period.

If

this development were to occur, we believe that it

would be reasonable to anticipate that a considerable proportion of the
aggregate balance-of-payments disappointment,

the difference between

i.e.,

the hoped for increases in reserves and the actual increases, would tend to
fall
its

on the United States--because of the size of its

economy, because of

relative freedom of access as a market in which to sell, and perhaps

above all

because of the opportunities it

provides to borrow capital, if

necessary even over the barrier of the Interest Equalization Tax.
it

would be expected that a given set of U.S.

Therefore,

policies capable of maintaining

balance as long as the total supply of liquidity was adequate would lead to
a deficit in U.S.

payments in

circumstances where countries as a group felt

constrained by the inadequacy of liquidity.
We would conclude from all

this that at some stage the ability of the

United States to maintain balance without recourse to measures having an
unduly severe impact on other countries, and its
controls as fundamental changes in

ability to dismantle

competitiveness and remuneration of

capital work themselves out, will to a considerable extent become dependent
on actions taken in

the field of international liquidity.