Full text of Federal Housing Policy Responses to COVID-19

The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.

INSIGHTi

Federal Housing Policy Responses
to COVID-19
June 16, 2020
The COVID-19 global pandemic and resulting economic recession presents many housing challenges,
ranging from public health concerns about large populations of unsheltered homeless individuals to the
impact of rising unemployment on housing stability. Housing in the United States is primarily a private
market function regulated at the state and local level, and states and local governments have implemented
a variety of housing policy responses to the pandemic. However, there has been demand for federal action
to supplement and support those efforts. In response, the federal government increased its funding for
housing programs and made policy changes to protect renters and homeowners and support other housing
market participants. In addition to housing-specific interventions, policies such as one-time relief
payments to individuals, federal increases to Unemployment Insurance (UI), and some fiscal relief to
states and localities may be used directly or indirectly for housing needs.
Despite these actions, significant housing challenges remain. For example, according to Census data,
during the last full week of May 18% of renters and 12% of owners reported having not made the current
month’s housing payment, with larger shares (33% and 16%) expecting not to pay the following month.
Thus, there have been calls for further federal action to address outstanding housing challenges related to
homelessness, the stability of renters and owners, the economic health of landlords and lenders, and the
overall health of housing markets. Numerous bills have been introduced to provide additional resources or
make other housing policy changes, including the HEROES Act, which recently passed the House.

Increased Funding for Housing Programs
The CARES Act appropriated an additional $12.4 billion for HUD housing programs in FY2020. Some
funds are to maintain existing rental assistance—including through the public housing, Housing Choice
Voucher, and project-based Section 8 programs—as tenant income decreases lead to program cost
increases. Other funds—such as for Emergency Solutions Grants (ESG) and Community Development
Block Grants (CDBG)—are additional resources to address conditions created by the pandemic. ESG
funds are meant to help communities address homelessness through shelter and rental assistance during
the pandemic, while CDBG funds can be used for a variety of purposes to help communities address and
recover from the effects of COVID-19.
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
IN11424
CRS INSIGHT
Prepared for Members and
Committees of Congress

Congressional Research Service

2

Interventions in the Rental and Mortgage Markets
The CARES Act provides a 120-day moratorium on eviction filings and other protections for tenants in
rental properties with federal assistance or federally related financing. These are designed to alleviate the
economic and public health consequences of tenant displacement during the pandemic. They supplement
temporary eviction moratoria and rent freezes implemented in states and cities by governors and local
officials using emergency powers.
The CARES Act requires servicers to grant forbearance requests for affected borrowers with federally
backed mortgages (up to 360 days for single-family mortgages and up to 90 days for multifamily
mortgages). It also temporarily suspended foreclosures on federally backed single-family mortgages;
federal agencies that back mortgages have since extended this moratorium.
In addition to the CARES Act, federal agencies and government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) have taken
various steps to assist borrowers, support continued mortgage lending, and assist mortgage servicers.
(While the federal agencies and GSEs would ultimately bear most losses on mortgages they back,
servicers largely bear the initial costs of mortgage forbearance or missed payments.) The Federal Reserve
has also agreed to purchase mortgage-backed securities to help provide liquidity and stability in the
mortgage market.

What Happens Next?
As the pandemic has gone on, there have been calls for additional federal policy interventions. Some calls
have been for additional assistance to renters and homeowners so they do not fall behind in their
payments and risk eviction or foreclosure, and possibly homelessness, when current moratoria or
forbearance periods end. Such assistance could take various forms, including direct aid for renters and
homeowners, expanded and extended UI, extended foreclosure or eviction moratoria, or additional relief
payments to individuals or states. Further, some states and communities are thinking about the long-term
outlook for people who were experiencing homelessness when the pandemic began, and if they will return
to homelessness when federal, state, and local resources are no longer available.
Concerns have also been raised about the effects of missed rental payments on the financial health of
landlords. Tenants who work in industries at risk of job loss may be more likely to rent units in singlefamily homes or small multifamily properties, and many of the smaller landlords of these properties may
struggle to withstand months without rental income. Owners of rental properties were eligible for Small
Business Administration Economic Injury Disaster Loans as authorized under the CARES Act.
In response to these concerns and others, the House-passed HEROES Act includes, among other
provisions,



$100 billion for an emergency rent relief fund;
$75 billion for a homeowner relief fund;




a second $1,200 relief payment for most households;
a continuation of the current UI expansion;



a replacement of the CARES Act eviction moratorium with a year-long moratorium
applicable to all renters;
changes to the CARES Act mortgage forbearance and foreclosure moratorium provisions,
including expanding coverage to most mortgage loans;




$1 billion for rental vouchers for homeless families;

Congressional Research Service

3



additional funding to maintain HUD rental assistance, as well as funding for rural rental
assistance (which did not receive CARES Act funding); and



access to loans or other financing for landlords and servicers.

The longer-term implications of COVID-19 on housing markets remain unclear. The pandemic’s effects
have implications for both housing supply and demand. The severity of those impacts, and how long they
last, will depend on a variety of factors, including the duration of the public health threat and the timing
and pattern of economic recovery. Impacts may also depend on local housing markets, geographic
variation in prevalence of COVID-19 and local responses, and differences in housing stability and the
health and economic consequences of the pandemic across demographic groups.

Author Information
Maggie McCarty
Specialist in Housing Policy

Katie Jones
Analyst in Housing Policy

Libby Perl
Specialist in Housing Policy

Disclaimer
This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff
to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of
Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for purposes other than public understanding of
information that has been provided by CRS to Members of Congress in connection with CRS’s institutional role.
CRS Reports, as a work of the United States Government, are not subject to copyright protection in the United
States. Any CRS Report may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without permission from CRS. However,
as a CRS Report may include copyrighted images or material from a third party, you may need to obtain the
permission of the copyright holder if you wish to copy or otherwise use copyrighted material.

IN11424 · VERSION 1 · NEW