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U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF L A B O R L. B. Schwellenbach, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Aryness Joy Wickens, A ctin g Commissioner Factors A ffecting Earnings in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Bulletin ?<lo. 881 For sale by the Superintendent o f Documents, U. S. Governm ent Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 10 cents Letter of Transmittal U n it ed S t a te s D e p a r t m e n t of L a b o r , B u r e a u of L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , Washington, D. C., July 8 , 19J+6. The S e c r e t a r y o & L a b o r : I have the honor of transmitting a bulletin presenting the results of a survey of factors affecting earnings in chemistry and chemical engineering in 1943. The bulletin was prepared in the Bureau’s Occupational Outlook Division for use in vocational counseling of veterans, young people in schools, and others considering the choice of an occupation. The study was prepared by Cora E. Taylor, under the supervision of Harold Goldstein. The Bureau wishes to express appreciation to members of the staffs of the American Chemical Society and the National Roster of Scientific and Specialized Personnel for their helpful comments on the report. The Bureau assumes full responsibility for the analysis of the data. A r y n e ss J oy W ic k e n s , Acting Commissioner. Hon. L. B. SCHWELLENBACH, Secretary of Labor. Contents Page Summary______________________________________________ Scope and method of survey------------------------Sex, age distribution, and years of experience_______________________ Major field of education and educational level__________________________ Geographical distribution---------------------------------------------------------------------Source of employment_________________________________________________ Occupational status------------------------------------------------------------------------------Field of specialization__________________________________________________ Earnings______________________________________________________________ Median annual income____________________________________________ Base monthly salary rate_____________________________ ,_____________ Earnings by occupational field_________________________________ Earnings by educational level__________________________________ Women in chemistry_____________________________ Comparison of prewar and wartime data____________ Shifts in source of employment_____________________________________ Shifts in occupational status_______________________________________ Changes in base monthly salaries___________________________________ Facsimile of questionnaire______________________________________________ Hi) 1 2 3 4 7 7 8 9 10 10 12 13 13 15 36 17 18 18 21 B ulletin 7<lo. 881 o f the U nited States Bureau o f Labor Statistics [Reprinted from the M onthly L abor R e v ie w , June 1946, with additional data] Factors Affecting Earnings in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Sum m ary T H E incomes of persons employed in chemistry and chemical engi neering vary widely, depending on the type of work done, the amount of education, and the years of experience, as well as on individual abilities. These factors were evidenced in the results of two surveys of the economic status of those engaged in chemistry and chemical engineering in 1941 and 1943. In making these surveys, no attempt was made to define member ship of the chemical profession; the surveys included reports from persons who stated that they were employed in the fields of chemistry or chemical engineering. Persons who performed routine work in such jobs as testing were included, as well as those who advanced through research and production into administrative positions requir ing executive ability in addition to a knowledge of chemistry. This is reflected, in part, in the wide range of earnings. The report, there fore, is not intended to show the earnings of members of the chemical profession as such. Infoxmation on the economic status of those work ing in the field in the many different types of jobs which may be open will be helpful in the guidance of young people and veterans interested in appraising the possibilities open to students of chemistry, and in planning their education. M ost of those working in the field had college training in chemistry or chemical engineering: the combined data show that about 87 per cent of those reporting had at least a bachelor’s degree in either of these fields; an additional 6 percent had no degree, but had taken at least some college courses in chemistry or chemical engineering; another 3 percent had degrees in some other field of science or engineering. The chemical manufacturing industries employed nearly two-thirds of all those in the field of chemistry, and about 82 percent of those in chemical engineering. Those employed in chemistry were engaged chiefly in analysis and testing, industrial research, and technical ad ministration; other major fields weie teaching, production, develop ment, research in basic science, and technical service. In chemical engineering, highest proportions were employed in technical adminis tration or production work; large numbers were also engaged in devel opment, industrial research, technical service, and design. In general, administrative jobs paid the highest salaries; technical service and industrial research paid more than analysis and testing or secondary school teaching. a> 2 There was a marked tendency for the earnings of chemists holding a doctor’s degree to exceed those of persons employed in the field of chemistry at the same age or experience levels and holding a master’s or bachelor’s degree, or none. This was true to a lesser extent, and less consistently, among chemical engineers. Charts and tables accompanying this report indicate clearly that years of experience are a major factor in differences in earnings. Earnings reported for 1943 were higher than in 1941. The median base monthly salary of those employed in chemistry increased by 21.5 percent and in chemical engineering b y 26.4 percent, in the 2-year period. There is some evidence that salaries have advanced further since the time of the survey. Scope and M ethod o f Survey Early in 1944, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in cooperation with the American Chemical Society, made a survey of the economic status of members of the society by means of a questionnaire mailed to all members.1 A t approximately the same time the Bureau also made a sample survey of persons employed in the field of chemistry and chemi cal engineering who were not society members. After the elimination of members of the armed forces and those reporting a field of employ ment other than chemistry or chemical engineering, there were about 19.000 questionnaires in the sample of American Chemical Society members, and 2,500 in the sample of nonmembers. Taking the two groups as representing, respectively, the total membership and the total number employed in the field who were not members of the society, weights were established to give the two groups their proper proportions as related to the total estimated number of persons em ployed in chemistry and chemical engineering in 1943. Information from reliable sources placed the total number of chemists at about 71.000 and of chemical engineers at about 26,000, as of January 1944. It is difficult to decide who ought to be included in a survey of a professional field. Professional society memberships are likely to include a higher proportion o f those who have succeeded in their profession than of those who have been relatively unsuccessful; on the other hand, an attempt to correct this bias may dredge up large numbers of persons on the fringe of the profession and hence equally bias the figure in a downward direction. The fact is that some pro fessions as fields of economic opportunity are not precisely definable. On the one hand, the young college graduate is often assigned to a variety of routine jobs of a subprofessional sort, serving, as it were, an informal apprenticeship. On the other hand, the more able young people with no more than a high-school education may rise to jobs of this sort and higher. The ceiling for those with little formal training is often higher than the floor for those with degrees. Beyond this fact of overlapping there is an enormous spread of professional capacity ranging from an undefined lower level of competence to a level that calls for genius or near-genius. The Bureau has tried, therefore, to include the complete range of capacities in the field of chemistry and chemical engineering. i Professional Chemical Workers in War and Peace. An analysis of the economic status of the members of the American Chemical Society, 1941 to 1943, by Andrew Fraser, Jr. (Available in Chemical and Engi neering News Jssues of May 25, July 10, August 25, and October 10,1944, or in reprint form from the Mack Printing Co., Easton, Pa.) 3 The sample for the nonmember survey was selected from among registrants in chemistry and chemical engineering in the files of the National Eoster of Scientific and Specialized Personnel. The regis trations are filed according to numbers which were assigned on a random basis. Approximately every sixth registration was examined and after omitting registrants who stated they were members of the American Chemical Society and those with inadequate addresses, a mailing list of 8,214 chemists and chemical engineers was obtained. Tw o months were allowed for the return of completed questionnaires and at the end o f that period there were 4,500 returns or 55 percent of the original mailing list. (See p. 21 for facsimile of questionnaire.) About 55 percent of those who returned questionnaires were employed in the fields of chemistry or chemical engineering in 1943. M any of the others were employed in other fields of science or engineering, were in the armed forces, or were members of the American Chemical Society although their registration data failed to show them as such. In order to evaluate the extent to which the returns were repre sentative of the randomly selected mailing list— an important ques tion in any voluntary reporting survey— the date of birth was recorded from the National Eoster files for each name selected, and the age distribution of the persons in the mailing list was compared with that of the respondents. It was found to correspond very closely except in the age group 24 to 30 years, in which the proportion of questionnaires returned was somewhat lower than for the other age groups. This was largely due to the fact that a high percentage from this age group was serving in the armed forces. The median age for the mailing list (chemists and chemical engineers combined) was 31.4 years, while the median age of all respondents was 32.4 years. A comparison of the geographical distribution of the mailing list and respondents was also made. There was almost no variation between the two groups in this respect. Since this study is primarily concerned with the economic status of persons employed in chemistry and chemical engineering, all returns from members of the armed forces and those employed in other types of work were excluded from the analysis. The survey, therefore, includes only persons employed in chemistry or chemical engineering; 87 percent held at least a bachelor's degree in the field, 6 percent had partial college education in chemistry or chemical engineering, 3 percent had at least a bachelor's degree in some other field of science or engineering, and only 4 percent reported either college-level education in other fields or no college education. , Sex, A g e D istribution and Years o f Experience It is evident that those employed in chemistry and chemical engineering were predominantly male. W omen in 1943 formed only slightly more than 4 percent of the total in the field of employment of chemistry and about 0.2 percent in chemical engineering. Slightly less than 3 percent of the total number of persons employed as chem ists and 0.4 percent of those employed as chemical engineers were women, according to the 1940 census. The median age of those employed in chemistry in 1943 was 33.5 years; that of women so employed was 29.4 years. The median age 4 of those employed in chemical engineering was 32.6. The 1940 census shows a median age of 33.6 yeais for male employed chemists but does not give age data for chemical engineers. A question on year of birth was included on the questionnaire sent out to nonmembers but was not included on that sent to members of the American Chemical Society. The age data for this combined survey were determined by establishing the relationship of year of entering the profession to the age of respondents. It was found, by comparing year of birth and year of entering the profession as given on the nonmember survey, that the median year of entry into the profession was 23 years of age. This fact was also established in an earlier survey of members made b y the American Chemical Society in 1942.2 It is therefore reasonable to conclude that a median age can be estimated by adding 23 to the number of years in the profession reported by each individual. In 1943, the median years of experience were 10.5 for chemists and 9.6 for chemical engineers. M a jor Field o f Education and Educational Level A high percentage of persons engaged in chemistry hold degrees above the bachelors level (table 1). Nearly a fourth have a m asters degree, while almost 19 percent have obtained the degree of doctor. A bout 8 percent of those employed in chemistry are without a degree, but almost all have done some college work. Fewer chemical engi neers than chemists have advanced formal education beyond the bachelor’s degree. Almost two-thirds have the bachelor’s degree, about 22 percent have acquired the master’s degree, but only 7.6 percent hold the degree of doctor. Relatively few employed engineers are without a degree. A bout 9 percent of those employed in the field of chemistry in 1943 had received their education in the chemical engineering field, but as many as 17.6 percent of those employed as chemical engineers had been trained as chemists. In absolute numbers, however, the shift was in the other direction: some 6,500 persons whose m ajor field of education had been chemical engineering were employed as chemists, while only about 4,500 persons made the reverse shift. As many as 6.6 percent of the chemists, mostly with a master’s degree, were educated in some field other than chemistry or chemical engineering. Am ong the chemical engineers, 5 percent reported some other field of education. * The Economic Status of the Members of the American Chemical Society, 1942, by Andrew Fraser, Jr. (Available in Chemical and Engineering News, issues of October 25, November 25, December 10, and December 25, 1942, or in reprint form from the Mack Printing Co., Easton Pa.) 5 T a b le 1.— Distribution o f Persons Em ployed in Chemistry and Chemical Engineerings by M ajor Field o f Education and Educational Level 1943 , Major field of education Num ber employed Educational level Chemical Chemistry engineering All other CHEMISTRY Number12of persons employed: Total. 71,000 59.700 6,600 4.700 Doctors................................................ . Masters................................................. Bachelors............................................. . Incomplete college............................... No college............................................ . 13,300 17,300 34,700 6,200 500 12,400 14,400 28,000 4,400 500 300 900 4,900 500 600 2,000 1,800 300 0 Percent, by educational level * Persons employed: Total. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Doctors.............................. Masters. ......................... . Bachelors......................... . Incomplete college........... . No college.......................... 18.7 24. 4 48.9 7.3 .7 20.8 24.1 46.9 7.3 .9 3.6 14.0 74.6 7.8 12.8 43 8 37.8 5.6 0 Percent, by major field of education 3 Persons employed: Total. 100.0 84.2 9.2 66 Doctors................. Masters .............. Bachelors....... ...... Incomplete college. No college .......... 100.0 100 0 100 0 100 o 100.0 98.7 82.8 80.8 86.0 99 8 1.8 5.3 14 1 9.9 4.5 11.9 5.1 5.1 .2 20.100 1,300 1,300 4. <500 13. 200 900 100 100 300 800 100 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Number1of persons employed: Total............... ............ 26. ono Doctors____________________ ____ __________________ Masters________________________________________ _ Bachelors______________ ___________________________ Incomplete college_________________________________ No college______________________ ___________________ 2. 000 5,800 18,800 1,300 100 4,600 | 600 900 2,800 300 0 0 Percent, by educational level3 Persons employed: Total___ _______________________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 Doctors___________________________________________ Masters . . . _______________________________________ Bachelors_________________________________________ Incomplete college_________________ _____ __________ No college _ _ _ ....... ...... ... 7.6 22.3 64.5 5.1 .5 13.9 19.2. 59.5 7.1 .3 6.3 23.1 65.7 4.4 .5 5.7 20.2 64.6 9.4 .1 Percent, by major field of education3 Persons employed: Total _ _ _ . ... Doctors _ ... ___ Masters . .... Bachelors,.___________________________ ___________ Incomplete college _________ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ .____ No college__________________ ______ ________________ 100.0 17.6 77.4 5.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 32.2 15.1 16.2 24.5 9.7 64.1 80.4 78.8 66.4 89.5 3.7 4.5 5.0 9.1 .8 1Estimated numbers of persons in this part of the table are shown rounded to the nearest 100. 2Less than 50. 3 Percentages computed before rounding. <Less than a tenth of 1 percent. 6 CHART I EDUCATIONAL LEVELS OF PERSONS IN EACH MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL FIELD CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 1943 MASTERS I DOCTORS I INCOMPLETE OR I NO COLLEGE BACHELORS CHEMISTRY 0 20 40 PERCENT 60 80 100 80 100 TOTAL TEACHING, COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY RESEARCH IN BASIC SCIENCE RESEARCH, INDUSTRIAL ADMINISTRATION, TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT TECHNICAL SERVICE PRODUCTION ANALYSIS AND TESTING TEACHING, SECONDARY SCHOOL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING O 20 40 60 TOTAL RESEARCH, INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, TECHNICAL TECHNICAL SERVICE DESIGN PRODUCTION UNITED STA TES DEPARTMENT OP LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR S TA TIS TIC S ♦ LESS THAN TW O-TENTHS OF ONE PERCENT REPORTED INCOMPLETE COLLEGE OR NO COLLEGE 7 Geographical Distribution Employment opportunities for those in the field of chemistry are concentrated in the Middle Atlantic States, with New York State employing the greatest numbers. The three States comprising the M iddle Atlantic region (New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania) and the five comprising the East North Central region (Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Wisconsin) employed over half the chemists and chemical engineers in the United States in 1943. California and Massachusetts each employed more than 4 percent of those in the field. The South Atlantic States employed about the same proportion of chemical engineers as chemists. Chemists had a higher proportion of jobs in the West North Central region; engineers were proportion ately more numerous in the West South Central region, where the petroleum industries are important. T a b l e 2.— Percentage D istribution o f Persons Em ployed in Chem istry and Chemical Engineering , by R egion and Slate, 1943 Percent employed in— Region and State Chemistry Chemical en gineering Middle Atlantic................. New York______ ____ Pennsylvania............... New Jersey.................. East North Central........... Illinois......................... Ohio............................. Michigan.................... Other States................. South Atlantic................... New England.................... Massachusetts............ Other States................ Pacific................................ California.................. Other States................ West North Central.......... West South Central........... East South Central............ Mountain.......................... District of Columbia......... Territories and possessions. Not reported...................... 32.5 13.5 9.7 9.3 23.4 8.0 6.2 4.4 4.8 10.0 7.9 4.3 3.6 7.2 5.3 1.9 6.0 5.2 3.2 1.9 1.7 .9 .1 29.4 10.8 8.1 10.5 23.2 6.9 8.2 3.1 5.0 10.3 7.2 4.0 3.2 6.8 5.6 1.2 4.6 9.5 4.8 1.4 1.3 1.0 .5 Total........................ 100.0 100.0 Source o f Em ploym ent Over 60 percent o f those working in chemistry and as many as 82 percent o f those in chemical engineering found employment in the manufacturing industries in 1943, with by far the greatest numbers in the chemical industries (table 3). The second largest employer was the petroleum industry, where the proportion of engineers is con siderably higher than that of chemists. State, county, and munici pal governments employed nearly 12 percent of the chemists, while the Federal Government and educational institutions each employed about 7 percent. The Federal Government employed 4.7 percent of the chemical engineers, bpt other public authorities afforded little employment opportunity for this group. 711648°— 46----- 2 s T a b l e 3.— Percentage Distribution o f Persons Em ployed in Chem istry and Chemical Engineering, by Source o f Em ploym ent, 1943 Percent of persons em ployed in— Source of employment Chemistry Public authorities_____________________________________________________ Federal Government____ ______________________________________ _ State, county, and municipal governments__________________________ Other public authorities________ __________________________________ Nonpublic organizations_______________________________________________ E ducational institutions________________ ________________ ____ ______ Private firms or companies_________ _________ _______ ______________ Manufacturing____________________ __ _____ ____________________ Food.................. ......... .................................................................... Textiles............................................................................................. Paper and allied products___________________________________ Chemical........................................................................ ................. Paints, varnishes, and colors_______ _____________________ Miscellaneous chemical industries_______ ________________ Petroleum and coal products_____ ______________ ____________ Rubber products__________________ ______ __________ ____ __ Iron and steel and their products.............................. ............ ...... Nonferrous metals and their products....................................... Other manufacturing industries___________________________ _ Other private organizations1___________________________________ Other non public organizations2__________ _____________________ ____ Retired, unemployed, or direct relief............................. ......... - ................. ...... Not reported.. ____________________________________________________ _ Total........................................................................................................... Chemical engineering 20.7 7.6 11.6 1.6 78.1 6.8 66.4 63.1 4.9 2.1 2.3 28.1 5.9 22.2 7.7 4.0 3.1 3.1 7.8 3.3 4.9 1.2 6.7 4.7 1.7 .3 91.7 1.6 86.4 82.2 3. 3 1.4 4.1 35.6 3.9 31.7 17.1 4.9 2.1 4.1 9.6 4.2 3.7 .1 1.5 100.0 100.0 (3) 1Includes mining, construction, public utilities, etc. * Includes research institutes, consulting laboratory firms, technical or trade associations, etc. * Less than a tenth of 1 percent. Occupational Status In 1943, over 60 percent of the chemists surveyed were engaged in analysis and testing, industrial research, and technical administration. Almost half the engineers were engaged in technical administration or production. The distribution according to occupational status is shown in the accompanying tabulation. Occupational status, 1943: Research, industrial_______________________________ Administration, technical_________________________ Teaching, college or university_______ Analysis and testing______________________________ Research in basic science__________________________ Development_____________________________________ Production_____________________ Technical service __________________________________ Teaching, secondary schools____ _____ _____________ Design............................................................................... All other_________________________________________ Total_________________________ _______ _________ 1 Percent engaged in — Chemical engineering Chemistry 22. 6 14. 9 6. 5 23. 8 4. 8 5. 9 7. 7 2. 1 5.7 0) 6. 0 100.0 11.9 27.2 0) (*) (l) 15.1 21.7 6.2 0) 5. 1 12.8 100.0 Number reporting is too small to be significant and is included in “ all other.” Persons interested in chemistry as a career may be concerned with the extent of formal education which may be necessary to facilitate entrance and success in the various fields of work. In some fields advanced degrees are essential; in others, they are held by a relatively 9 small proportion. (See chart 1 and table 4.) For example, in research in basic science, nearly 60 percent of those employed in chemistry held a doctor's degree; 25 percent held a master's degree. The doctorate was also held by nearly 60 percent of those in college or university teaching, and an additional 30 percent held a master's degree. On the other hand, in secondary school teaching only 1 or 2 percent were doctors, but nearly 60 percent held a master's degree. In analysis and testing only 2 percent, and in production only 5 percent, held a doctor's degree. Among chemical engineers, a high proportion of advanced degrees was found in design work. Analysis and testing and production jobs were filled largely by those with a bachelor's degree. Since bachelors account for nearly two-thirds of all the chemical engineers, it is not surprising to find them predominating in most fields of work. T a ble 4.— Percentage D istribution o f Persons Em ployed in Chem istry and Chemical E ngineering by Selected O ccupational Status A ccording to Educational Level, 1943 Percent employed in chemistry Occupational status Doctor’s degree Master’s degree Bachelor’s Incomplete degree or no college Total Total............................................................. 18.7 24.7 48.8 7.8 100.0 Research, industrial................................... Administration, technical...... ..................... Teaching, college or university.-................ Analysis and testing.................................... Research in basic science......... .................Development........ .................... - ................ Production------------------- ----------------------Technical service......................................... Teaching, secondary school......................... 27.8 17.8 58.7 2.1 59.1 11.4 5.3 6.2 1.5 25.3 19.7 31.5 19.2 25.0 16.2 17.0 23.8 58.3 41.4 52.2 9.7 66.3 15.8 64.1 64.4 59.9 40.2 5.5 10.3 .1 12.4 .1 8.3 13.3 10.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (0 Percent employed in chemical engineering Total.......... ...... .....................- ..................— 7.5 22.5 64.4 5.6 100.0 Research, industrial..................................... Administration, technical_ _............ - ......... Development.............................................. Production......... .......................................... Technical service.....................................— Design........................ ................ ......... ........ 11.1 7.0 10.3 3.5 5.6 5.1 23.2 22.2 21.4 17.4 25.8 40.8 61.2 64.7 65.0 71.6 61.6 52.1 4.5 6.1 3.3 7.5 7.0 2.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1Less than a tenth of 1 percent. Field o f Specialization The greatest number of persons employed in chemistry reported physical, analytical, and inorganic chemistry as their fields of spe cialization, with general industrial chemistry, general chemistry (basic science), and petroleum ranking next in importance. (See table 5.) Each of the following fields also showed more than 5 percent of the total number of chemists: pharmaceuticals, biologicals, and vitamins; foods and kindred products; organic chemistry (basic science); paints, varnishes, and lacquers; and organic chemical tech nology. About 40 percent of those employed in engineering were specialized in the general chemical engineering field or in petroleum and its products. 10 T a b l e 5.— Percentage Distribution o f Persons Em ployed in Chemistry and Chemical , , Engineering by Field o f Specialization 1943 Percent employed in— Field of specialization Chemistry Agricultural chemistry....................................... Biological and physiological chemistry 1........... Chemical engineering, general........................... General chemistry1............................................ Industrial chemistry, general............................ Inorganic chemical technology2........................ Medical chemistry3........................................... Organic chemical technology............................ Organic chemistry1............................................ Physical, analytical, and inorganic chemistry1 Public health 3.................................................... Ceramic industries •........................................... Equipment for process industries...................... Explosives........................................................... Fertilizers and insecticides................................ Foods and kindred products.............................. Gas and fuels7.................................................... Laboratory apparatus and equipment.............. Leather and its manufactures............................ Machinery and implements3............................. Metallurgical technology, ferrous...................... Metallurgical technology, nonferrous................ Motor vehicles.. .................... ........................... Paints, varnishes, and lacquers......................... Paper and forest products .......................... Petroleum and its products............................... Pharmaceuticals, biologicals, and vitamins___ Rubber and its products.................................... Synthetic fiber technology..... ........................... Synthetic resins and plastics............................. Textiles and their products10............................ Transportation equipment11............................. Other field of science or engineering.................. Other nonprofessional............ ........................... Not reported....................................................... Total.......................................................... 1.6 3.4 .9 7.8 8.5 2.1 .7 5.0 5.1 10.0 1.7 1.1 .1 3.3 .7 5.6 1.1 .5 .6 .2 1.4 1.8 (4) 5.1 2.5 7.3 5.7 3.8 .7 4.4 3.0 .3 2.8 .2 1.0 100.0 ' Chemical engineering .1 .1 24.4 .1 2.9 5.9 (0 (*) 3.7 .3 .5 1.3 1.8 2.0 6.5 .9 2.8 2.2 .2 .1 .7 .8 2.8 3.1 4.2 15.3 1.3 4.6 1.3 4.0 1.4 .3 3.5 .3 .6 100.0 7 Basic science. 2 Includes heavy chemicals. 3 Includes clinical. * Less than a tenth of 1 percent. 8 Includes water, sewage, and sanitation. 8 Includes glass and cement technology. 7 Includes natural and manufactured gas, and power generation. 3 Includes mechanical and electrical equipment. •Includes naval stores. 73 Excludes synthetic fiber technology. 77 Other than motor vehicles. Earnings MEDIAN ANNUAL INCOME Respondents in the survey were asked to report their annual income including salaries, fees, and bonuses, regardless of whether or not earned in their profession. The median for all employed in chemistry, without regard to any attribute, was $3,280 in 1943; for those employed in chemical engineering, it was $3,998. The median income ranged from $2,152 for beginners in chemistry to $4,751 for those with 36 to 40 years of experience. Those in chemical engineering began at an average of $2,452, and the average steadily increased to $6,620 at levels o f 26 to 30 years’ experience. Median annual incomes, by years of experience, are shown in chart 2 and in table 6. 11 T able 6.— M edian Annual Incom e o f Persons Em ployed in Chem istry and Chemical , , Engineering by Years o f Experience 1943 Median annual income Years of experience Chemistry Median annual income Years of experience Chemical engineering Total.......................... $3,280 $3,998 Under 1 year.............. 1 year................... ...... 2 years........................ 3 years....................... 4 years....................... 5 years........................ 6 years........................ 7-9 years..................... 2,152 2,514 2,659 2,754 2,786 3,003 3,116 3,262 2,452 2,802 3,017 3,156 3,291 3,472 3,616 3,913 Chemistry 10— lU 12 XA) J Cdl O13-15 years................. 16-20 years ................. 21-25 years ._ .............. 26-30 years................ 31-35 years................ 36-40 years_____ ____ 41-43 years................. 44 years and over____ $3,454 3,694 3,980 4,597 4,439 4,497 4,751 4,527 0) Chemical engineering $4,414 4,799 5,838 5,788 6,620 (0 i Total number too small to compute median. [ CHART 2 MEDIAN ANNUAL INCOME OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING BY YEARS OF EXPERIENCE THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 1943 THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS 12 In interpreting the data on income, it should be noted that those persons employed in the.field of chemistry are relatively young (median ages being 33.5 years for chemists employed in 1943 and 32.6 years for chemical engineers), and that the median income, therefore, reflects the preponderance of younger men. Actually, income increased with experience, according to the survey, the older and more experienced chemists and chemical engineers having earned, on the average, well over the indicated median for the groups as a whole. BASE M ONTHLY SALARY R A TE The base monthly salary rate was reported in two ways— (1) exclu sive of overtime payments, fees, and bonuses; (2) exclusive of fees and bonuses, but inclusive of overtime. It was found that after about 13 to 20 years of experience total annual income tended to exceed by substantial amounts a figure 12 times the base monthly salary rate inclusive of overtime. This would indicate that, on the average, those persons at the higher-experience levels began to receive appreciable additional income from fees, bonuses, and sources other than base salary. Median monthly salary rates, with and without overtime, for per sons employed in chemistry and chemical engineering in 1943, are shown in table 7, by length of experience. T a b le 7.— M edian B ase M onthly Salary Botes o f Persons Em ployed in Chem istry and Chem ical Engineering , by Years o f E xperience , 1943 Median base monthly salary rate in— Years of experience Chemistry Chemical engineering Excluding overtime Including overtime Excluding overtime All persons employed......... ............................................ $243 $268 $297 $324 Under 1 year..................................................................... 1 year................................................................................. 2 years............................................................................... 3 years............................................................................... 4 years............................................................................... 5 years............................................................................... 6 years............................................................................... 7-9 years............................................................................ 10-12 years......................................................................... 13-15 years......................................................................... 16-20 years......................................................................... 21-25 years........................................... : ........................... 26-30 years......................................................................... 31-35 years......................................................................... 36-40 years......................................................................... 41-43 years......................................................................... 44 years and over.............................................................. 170 177 194 204 210 216 235 241 257 274 300 340 336 341 357 360 201 206 222 230 229 248 256 262 286 298 329 359 357 357 371 414 176 204 225 240 246 259 268 297 333 358 411 434 510 213 237 256 261 273 294 302 322 370 387 437 451 512 O') (0 0) (0 (0 0) Including overtime (0 (0 0) (0 i Number reporting is too small to compute median. Earnings of those in chemistry seem to have had an almost steady increase until a median of $360 a month was reached after 40 years’ experience. Those in chemical engineering, with 26 to 30 years’ experience, advanced rapidly to as high as $510. In 1943, chemists, on the average, earned $25 each month in overtime payments; chemical engineers earned as much as $27. Apparently the beginners benefited most from overtime, as chemists with less than 1 year of experience 13 had a median income of $201 a month including overtime, or $31 more than the straight-time median. A similar group of chemical engineers earned, with overtime, $37 more than the straight-time median. Earnings by Occupational F ield Highest salaries were earned in administrative jobs. Teachers in colleges and universities received slightly above the median salary of all employed in chemistry; chemistry teachers employed in second ary schools received considerably less remuneration. Analysis and testing, in which field more than a fifth of those employed in chemistry were engaged at the time of the survey, showed a comparatively low rate of pay. The median base monthly salaries for those in chemistry and those in chemical engineering engaged in the principal fields of work are shown in the accompanying tabulation. M edian base monthly salary, 194$ Chemistry $243 $297 259 335 249 218 210 243 229 255 281 Q) 256 370 All principal fields__________________ Research, industrial_________________ Administration, technical____________ Teaching, college or university_______ Teaching, secondary_________________ Analysis and testing_________________ Research in basic science_____________ Development________________________ Production__________________________ Technical service____________________ Design______________________________ Chemical engineering (*) 0 0) 0) 262 278 268 301 1Number too small to compute median. Among the reasons for differences in earnings between those employed in chemistry and those in chemical engineering was the concentration of persons in some fields of higher remuneration in chemical engineering. For example, more than a quarter of those in engineering were engaged in technical administration, as compared to about a seventh of the persons who classified themselves in the field of chemistry. The latter group, on the other hand, had higher proportions in such fields as analysis and testing and secondary school teaching, in which salaries seemed to be lower than the general average. Within a particular field of work, in some cases those em ployed in chemistry earned more, on the average, than those in chemical engineering; in other cases the reverse was true. Earnings by Educational Level The income of those employed in chemistry and chemical engineering seems to vary with the extent of their education. Differentials in earnings between holders of the bachelor’s degree and holders of the master’s degree were neither large nor consistent, but the median base monthly salaries of those holding the doctor’s degree significantly exceeded those of the other groups. Chemists with a doctor’s degree and with 6 to 12 years’ experience reported average monthly base salaries about $65 higher than those of chemists at the same experience levels who held lower degrees. The differentials ranged between $72 and $104 for chemists.with 13 to 20 years of experience, and averaged 14 CHART 3 MEDIAN BASE MONTHLY SALARY OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING BY EDUCATIONAL LEVEL ACCORDING TO YEARS OF EXPERIENCE 1943 MEDIAN SALARY DOLLARS MEDIAN SALARY DOLLARS CHEMISTRY 500 400 300 200 100 10 MEDIAN SALARY DOLLARS 15 20 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE 25 30 35 MEDIAN SALARY DOLLARS CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 500 40 0 300 200 100 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE U N ITE D S TA TE S DEPARTM ENT O F LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR S TA TIS TIC S well over $125 a month for chemists with more than 30 years in the field. A similar pattern of generally widening differences in salaries between doctors and the other two groups is found among the chemical engineers. 15 Persons who reported not having completed college or not having gone to college attained lower median base monthly salaries, among the chemical engineers, than each of the other groups at each experi ence level, but, among those employed in chemistry, their salaries were not consistently or significantly different from those of chemists with the bachelor’s or the master’s degree. M any persons in this group attained success because of special abilities or because of valuable practical experience. Of the total employed in both chemistry and chemical engineering, less than 1 percent was without college training (table 1); so that the combination of those having incomplete college training, and those without college experience entirely, actually represents a group composed chiefly of persons who may have had a great deal of formal college education but who lacked the precise re quirements for a degree. In general, salaries of chemists and chemical engineers seem to rise steadily for at least the first 20 or 30 years of professional work. It should be emphasized, however, that the data do not permit of definite statements as to the progression of salaries of individuals. What is shown is a cross section at one time, of the salaries of persons employed in the field with varying amounts of experience. The curves shown in the charts reflect many factors in the history of the profession over the past 30 or more years, as well as the mere factor of the increasing years of experience of the individuals. Information on median base monthly salary in chemistry and chem ical engineering, analyzed by educational level according to years of experience, as of 1943, is given in table 8 and chart 3. T a b l e 8.— M edian B ase M onthly Salary o f Persons Em ployed in Chem istry and Chemical Engineering, b y Educational Level and Years o f E xperience , 1943 Median base monthly salary of persons employed, with— Years of experience Doctor’s Master’s Bach elor’s degree degree degree Incom plete and Doctor’s Master’s Bach elor’s no degree degree degree college Chemical engineering Chemistry A1J persons............................ $312 $232 $226 Less than 6 years................... 6-12 years.............................. 13-20 years............................ 21-30 years............................. 31 years and over................. 244 297 345 405 461 199 232 267 313 329 196 232 273 346 337 Incom plete and no college $252 206 } 226 241 323 > 327 $406 $312 $282 235 316 389 481 . 0) 230 299 383 466 0) 312 f 489 $285 (?) 8 254 329 i Number too small to compute median. W om en in Chemistry In 1943 women constituted slightly more than 4 percent of all per sons employed in chemistry and considerably less than 1 percent of all employed in chemical engineering. It is impossible with so small a sample to give any reliable data for women engineers, and the number of chemists is also too small to make detailed analyses with any degree of accuracy. The material presented in this section is considered to be less reliable than for the entire group, but, in general, indicates the status of women in relation to all chemists. 16 The distribution of women employed in chemistry by years of srience shows a concentration in the lower experience levels. Over the women had less than 7 years of experience. The median ago was 29.4 years, as compared to a median age of 33.5 years for all chemists. Over 30 percent had been in the field less than 2 years at the time o f the survey, and represent an age group of 25 years or less. B y comparing the occupational status of women (as shown in the following tabulation) with that of all chemists (p. 8), it is evident that analysis and testing is relatively a much more important field for women than for men, inasmuch as about 31 percent of all women were in that status as compared with only 23.8 percent of all chemists. Teaching in colleges and research in basic science have higher pro portions of women, while the reverse is true in such fields as technical administration and industrial research. The distribution of women employed in chemistry in 1943 is shown by occupational status. a Occupational status: Percent Research, industrial_____________________________ 14.3 Administration, technical______________________ 5. 1 Teaching, college or university__________________ 14.1 Analysis and testing___________________________ 31. 1 Research in basic science________________________ 13.0 Development__________________________________ 3. 9 Technical service______________________________ 3. 7 Teaching, secondary school____________________ 4. 0 All other_______________________________________ 10.8 Total_____ ______________ ______ ________ ____ 100.0 In examining the earnings of women employed in chemistry, such factors as experience and type of job in influencing income become especially important. The largest number of women were engaged in analysis and testing— the field in which many beginners find em ployment, and therefore one in which the salaries are comparatively low. The concentration in the low-experience levels greatly affected the income median for the group. It is not surprising, therefore, to find the income of women considerably below that of the entire group o f chemists, of which nearly 96 percent are men. While income may be influenced also by employment and personnel policies, such factors are beyond the scope of this survey. Salaries of women were, on the average, below those of men who had the same number of years of experience. The median base m onthly salaries of women employed in chemistry, by years of ex perience, are shown for 1943: M edia n base monthly salary , 1948 All women employed______________ _______ $170 Less than 6 years’ experience________________ 6-15 years’ experience_______________________ 16 years’ experience and over_________ .______ 159 195 225 Comparison o f Prewar and W artim e Data Since information was requested for the year 1941 as well as for 1943, it is possible to make some comparisons of the prewar and war time statuses of those employed in the field of chemistry. Changes in employment, occupational status, and earnings are evaluated in this study, on the basis of reports by those in the occupa tions early in 1944 as to their experience in 1941 and in 1943. Like 17 all retrospective surveys of individuals, therefore, it is subject to some bias resulting from the inclusion of persons who entered the field between 1941 and 1943, and the exclusion of those who left the field during that period because of death or other reasons. T o some extent, the bias is corrected by tabulating data only on those individuals reporting for both years; but even such data reflect not only the changes in the profession as a whole but also the progress of the careers o f individuals— their advancement in occupational status and in income normally tending to occur with age and experience. Further more, the data for the earlier year do not reflect the higher incomes and advanced occupational status of the older men who died or retired during the period. Fortunately the period was so short that the data are not affected very much by deaths, and it is likely that, as in the labor force as a whole, retirement rates among chemists and chemical engineers were lower in this period because of the great wartime needs for experienced workers. SHIFTS IN SOURCE OF EM PLOYM ENT Using only the data from those respondents who.reported source of employment both in 1941 and in 1943 (86 percent of those in chemistry, 88 percent of those in chemical engineering), it was found that em ployment shifts among those chemists already working in the field in 1941 were mainly into manufacturing, especially into the miscellaneous chemical industries. Chemists left employment in State and local governments, educational institutions, and textile manufacturing. Chemical engineers did less shifting, because their normal employ ment is principally in the manufacturing industries. Some engineers left State and local government jobs, educational institutions, and paint, varnish, and color manufacturing. (See table 9.) T a b le 9.— Percentage D istribution o f Persons Em ployed in Chem istry and Chemical Engineerii\g R esponding fo r Roth Years, by Source o f Em ploym ent, 1941 and 1943 Percent employed in— Source of employment Chemical <mgineering Chemistry 1941 1943 1941 1943 Public authorities.._________ _______ _______________ Federal Government______ ____ ________________ State, county, and municipal governments_____ __ Other public authorities______________ ____ _____ 22.5 5.5 14.7 2.3 20.8 7.4 11.2 2.2 6.6 3.2 2.9 .5 7.4 4.9 1.5 1.0 N onpublic organizations............................................. . E ducational institutions......................................... . Private firms or companies..... .................................. Manufacturing........ ........................................... Food............. .............................. ................. Textiles............... ........... ........... —„ . ........... Paper and allied products............................ Chemical______________________________ Paints, varnishes, and colors................ Miscellaneous chemical industries— — Petroleum and coal products....................... Rubber products................ ...................... Other manufacturing industries................... Other private organizations1..... ........................ Other nonpublic organizations 3................................ 77.4 9.3 63.1 58.6 5.2 4.5 .5 26.0 6.6 19.4 7.5 3.2 11.7 4.5 5.0 79.2 6.9 67.4 64.0 5.2 2.1 2.3 28.8 6.2 22.6 7.7 3.8 14.1 3.4 4.9 93.4 2.4 86.7 82.0 3.6 1.6 4.9 36.3 5.4 30.9 17.2 4.1 14.3 4.7 4.3 92.5 1.5 87.2 82.9 3.2 1.6 4.4 36.5 4.2 32.3 17.1 4.5 15.6 4.3 3.8 100.0 100.0 j 100.0 Retired, unemployed, or direct relief____________ ____ .1 T otal....................................................................... 100.0 .1 * Includes mining, construction, public utilities, etc. 3 Includes research institutes, consulting laboratory firms, technical or trade associations, etc. 18 SHIFTS IN OCCUPATIONAL STATUS The shifts in occupational status, or type of work, were more pronounced than the shifts in source of employment. The shifts in occupational status are shown in table 10. For chemists, the greatest increases were in the fields of industrial research and technical ad ministration, the shift being away from analysis and testing, and teaching. For chemical engineers, the chief shift (9.7 percentage points) was into the technical administration field. Employment in production increased by 3.7 percentage points. Among the engineers, the greatest reduction (9.5 percentage points) was in analysis and testing; the proportion engaged in industrial research dropped by 3.1 percentage points. While these changes, as shown by the data, represent largely the real changes in status which took place in the field of chemistry in this period, to a small extent they also reflect the bias mentioned above. The distribution of the “ total group” of chemists and engineers in 1943 is presented in table 10 in order to show whether the shifts in occupational status of individuals responding for both years is repre sentative of real shifts in the profession. The total group includes those entering the field in 1942 and 1943, but, of course, excludes those who left in that period. Very slight differences appear when the two groups are compared for 1943. The shifts all reflect the emphasis on war production. The greater proportion of chemists engaged in analysis and testing in the total group in 1943, as compared with the identical group in the same year, indicates that this field absorbs many beginners. Beginners in chemical engineering ap parently secure jobs more readily in analysis and testing and pro duction; a smaller proportion of beginners than of the older group were employed in technical administration. T a b l e 10.— Percentage D istribution o f Persons Em ployed in Chem istry and Chemical E ngineering R eporting O ccupational Status fo r 1941 and 1943 Chemistry Occupational status Identical group * 1941 Chemical engineering Total group2 1943 Research, industrial....................................................... Administration, technical.............................................. Teaching, college or university...................................... Analysis and testing....................................................... Research in basic science................................................ Development.................................................................. Production...................................................................... -Technical service............................................................ Teaching, secondary school.......................................... Design............................................................................. All other.......................................................................... 17.6 10.7 8.0 26.2 4.2 4.5 7.1 2.1 7.5 23.1 16.2 6.6 21.7 4.9 6.0 7.7 2.1 5.6 13.1 6.1 Total...................................................................... 100.0 100.0 1943 Identical group * 1941 1943 11.5 28.4 (3) 1.9 (3) 14.9 21.3 5.9 Total group2 1943 22.6 14.9 6.5 23.8 4.8 5.9 7.7 2.1 5.7 14.6 18.7 (3) 11.4 (3) 14.1 17.6 4.8 (3) 6.0 4.7 14.1 5.2 10.9 11.9 27.2 (3) 2.5 (3) 15.1 21.7 6.2 (3) 5.1 10.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (3) 1Includes only those who reported occupational status for both years. 2 Includes all who reported occupational status for 1943. * Number reporting is too small to be significant and is included in “ all other.” CHANGES IN BASE MONTHLY SALARIES In making comparisons o f earnings in 1941 and 1943 for the same group o f workers (table 11), it should be borne in mind that the respond 19 ents had 2 years more experience when reporting 1943 salaries. In 1941, 7.5 percent of those employed in chemistry earned less than $100 per month, but in 1943 there were only 2.2 percent earning less than this amount. As many as 31.7 percent earned less than $160 per month in 1941; 2 years later there were only 8.0 percent. It is not known to what extent those reporting the low salaries may have been engaged in routine work in such jobs as analysis and testing or production. A t the other end of the scale, 14 percent made $400 or more per month in 1943, compared to 8.7 percent in 1941. Among those employed in chemical engineering, as many as 18.2 percent earned less than $160 per month in 1941, but only 1.6 per cent in 1943. In 1941, 17.2 percent earned more than $400; 2 years later 26.8 percent fell in that salary bracket. The extent to which the increases in earnings shown in table 11 reflect the professional advancement of individuals rather than a general advance in income levels in the field is partially suggested by data in table 12, which includes all persons employed in chemistry and chemical engineering who reported income in either year. The median base monthly salaries for 1941 are nearly identical in the two tables, both in the case of chemists and in that of chemical engineers. In 1943, however, the tabulation for all those reporting (table 12), shows lower median incomes than the tabulation (table 11) which covers only those reporting in both years (chemists, $243 as compared with $252; chemical engineers, $297 as compared with $308); i. e., those who entered the field between 1941 and 1943 had lower-than-average salaries, as would be expected. Since the survey omits the income in 1941 of persons who left the field since, including largely those who died or retired and whose incomes in 1941 were very likely higher than the average, the 1941 average shown by the survey may be slightly lower than the true average in that year, and the increase in income levels indicated b y table 12 may be somewhat greater than actually took place. T a b l e 11.— Percentage D istribution o f Persons Em ployed in Chem istry and Chemical Engineering R eporting B ase M onthly Salary, 1941 and 1943 Percentage distribution Base monthly salary rate Under $100............... $100-$119................... $120-$139_................. $140-$159.................. $160-$179_................. $180-$199................... $200-$219................... $22n-$93Q $240-$259— .............. $260-$299................... Chemistry Chemical en gineering 1941 1943 1941 7.5 5.4 8.6 10.2 9.7 8.5 10.6 5.6 5.8 7.0 2.2 .9 1.5 3.4 6.8 8.3 11.9 9.4 9.1 13.2 2.1 1.7 4.9 9.5 9.3 8.1 9.3 6.6 6.9 8.7 Percentage distribution Base monthly salary rate Chemical en gineering 1941 1943 1941 $300-$339.................. $340-$399................... $400-$479__.............. $480-$569.................. $570-$679.................. $680-$849.................. $850 and over........... 7.2 5.2 3.5 2.1 1.0 .8 1.3 10.8 8.5 6.5 3.1 1.6 1.1 1.7 9.1 6.6 6.6 4.0 2.4 1.9 2.3 13.5 12.3 11.4 6.6 3.5 2.1 3.2 Total.............. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1943 0.5 .2 .3 .6 1.7 3.8 6.3 8.4 10.1 15.5 Chemistry 1943 Nevertheless, it is significant that an increase of nearly 22 percent occurred in the median base monthly salaries of those employed in chemistry, and that the salaries of those employed in chemical engi neering advanced slightly more than 26 percent in the 2-year period, 20 reflecting the great needs of war industry for the services of these workers. It is also of interest that the salaries of the lowest-paid groups in both fields of employment increased by the greatest amounts proportionately (table 12). T a b l e 12.— Com parison o f F ive Levels o f B ase M onthly Salaries in 1941 and 1943fo r A ll Persons Em ployed in Chem istry and Chem ical Engineering Percent earning more than specified salary Base monthly salary 1941 1943 Increase from 1941 to 1943 Amount Percent $107 148 200 276 383 $160 194 243 318 426 $53 46 43 42 43 1941 1943 Increase from 1941 to 1943 Amount Percent Chemical engineering Chemistry 90 percent.............................. 75 percent.............................. 50 percent-............................. 25 percent.................... .......... 10 percent.............................. Baso monthly salary 49.5 31.1 21.5 15.2 11.2 $14.4 174 235 333 490 $199 236 297 400 540 $55 62 62 67 50 38.2 35.6 26.4 20.1 10.2 21 Boreao Budget No. 44-4408. 1 Approval e s p iro a September SO. 1044 8URVEY OP THE CHEMICAL PROFESSION COBDOCTBD BT TUB BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS o f the U. S. DEPARTMENT OP LABOR IB COOPERATION WITB THE NATIONAL ROSTER OF SCIENTIFIC AND SPECIALIZED PERSONNEL OF THE VAR MANPOWER COMMISSION 1. Before answering any questions. plaaso read accompanying fe t t e r . In each question p lease note that only ONE code fe t t e r or nuaber i s to be recorded tor any one year; otb e re ise the questionnaire cannot be used for tabulation purposes. WAR-TIME STATUS AND POST-WAR EMPLOYMENT EXPECTATION; CIRCLE ONE CODE NUMBER. (1 ) Does your present employment, whether as a member o f the armed forces o r as a c iv ilia n , require training o r experi ence In chemistry, chemical engineering, or a c lo s e ly related fie ld ? YES 1 NO 2 (2 ) Are you now A member o f the armed forces........................ ...............................................1 A male c iv ilia n o f d raft age (18-37 years in clu siv e): C la ssifie d 4-F..................................................................................................2 O ccupationally d e fe r r e d .............................................................................. 3 Other d ra ft c la s s ific a tio n .......................................................................... 4 A male c iv ili a n not o f draft age.................................................................. 5 A female c iv ilia n ........................................................................................... 6 (3) I f you are a member o f the armed fo rces c i r c l e one o f each o f the month and year codes that corresponds to the period when you entered the s erv ice. MONTH YEAR coos January. February March. . A pril. . (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) . . . . . . . . T 2 3 4 CODE BOBBER May. . June . July . August 5 6 7 8 CODE BOMBER September. October. . November . December . . . . . . . . . 9 0 X 8 CODE BOMBER 1940 o r b efore. . . 0 1941.................. 1 1 9 4 2 ................................. 2 1943................................3 1944.................................4 I f you are now a c iv ilia n do you consider your present employment PER4ANENT 1 TEMPORARY (Including "duration on ly *) 2 I f you a r e ln t h e armed forces or marked "Temporary 2" ln (4 ) above (OTHERWISE OMIT THIS ITEM ),circle the code number beside the ONE ITEM that best d escribes your post-war employment prospects. NOW ON LEAVE from permanent p osition .................................................................................................................................................. 1 OTHER DEFINITE PROSPECT o f post-war employment: In the p rofession al fie l d In which now employed....................................................................................... ............................... 2 In some other profession or occupation.......................................................................................................................................... 3 NO DEFINITE PROSPECT o f post-war employment, but Intend to: Seek employment in the p rofessional fie l d In which now employed . . ........................................................................... 4 Oet addition al training in this professional fie ld before seeking employment............................................................... 5 Seek employment in another p rofession o r o ccu p a tio n ........................................................................... ... ............................... 6 Oet training In another profession or occupation before seeking employment...................................................................7 R etire......................................................................................................................................................................................................... • Do n ot know .......................................................................................................................... ... ................................................... 9 Whatever your present economic status and expectations, do you consider your post-war employment prospects to be: CODE BDMBER (C irc le enly one) 2. 3. 4. Better than your pre-war s t a t u s ? ............................................ I Same as your pre-war s t a t u s ? ........................................; . . 2 Worse than your pre-war s t a t u s ? . ............................................ 3 (7 ) I f you are a c iv ilia n (OTHERWISE OMIT THIS ITO 0, c ir c le the code besid e the ONE ITEM that best d escribes your post war Intentions with respect to your place o f residence. W in stay In present lo c a lit y (c it y , town, v illa g e , e t c . ) ........................................1 Will move to d iffe r e n t lo c a lit y only I f you lo s e your jo b ........................................ 2 Will move to d iffe r e n t lo c a lit y In any e v e n t ............................................................... 3 Do not k n o w ............................................................................................................................... 4 SEX: CIRCLE PROPER CODE NUMBER. MALE 1 FEMALE 2 YEAR OF BIRTH; ENTER PROPER TEAR.____________________________ EDUCATIONAL LEVEL: CIRCLE BELOW IN ONE AND ONLY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING FOUR FIELDS THE ONE CODE NUMBER THAT CORRESPONDS TO THE HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL LEVEL REACHED BT YOU. BDOCATIOBAL LBVBL (C i r c le eae and o n ly one codo nueber) Incomplete c o lle g e No cot lego Hester Bachelor Doctor (or equiv. ) training training 14 13 15 12 Chemistry........................................ 24 23 25 22 Chemical engineering ................ 34 33 35 Other f ie l d o f s c ie n c e ‘or engineering. •. <. . 31 32 44 45 43 42 Any other f i e l d ............................ YEAR OF ENTERING PROFESSION: (1 ) IF TOU HAVE A BACHELOR'S DEGREE, CIRCLE THE YEAR In which I t was awarded. or (8 ) IF TOUDO NOT HAVE A BACHELOR'S DEGREE, CIRCLE THE TEAR In whlchyou consider you rself to have entered the profession. 1899 or before 07 00 01 03 04 05 02 08 09 06 19 13 14 15 17 10 11 12 16 18 19 23 24 25 27 26 20 21 22 28 29 33 34 35 36 37 30 31 38 39 32 40 41 43 42 F i e l d 6. STATE IN \HICH EMPLOYED: Under each o f the follow ing years, PLACE the CODE NUMBER corresponding to the STATE in which you were employed fo r the major part o f that year. DONOT ENTER any Item fo r any year p r io r to the one in Which you received your b a ch elor's degree, or, i f a nongraduate, the year in which you consider you rself to have entered the profession. 1941 1942 1943 State: CODR CODB CODB CODB STATE 8TATB BTtTt 8TATK BOMBRR BOMBRR BOMBRR BOMBER 98 Alabam a...................... . 73 Nevada........................ South Dakota. . . . Iowa............................ 32 Tennessee ................ New Hampshire . . . . Arizona........................ . 96 Kansas........................ Kentucky.................... 02 Arkansas .................... . 61 New Jersey. . . . . . Texas ........................ 95 C a li f o r n ia ................ . 43 Louisiana ................ New Mexico.................... Utah............................ 01 Vernon t .................... M aine........................ New Y o r k ..................... C o lo ra d o.................... . 94 25 Connecticut................ . 36 North Carolina. . . .. V i r g i n i a ................. Maryland.................... 54 WasSmgton................ Delaware .................... . 21 34 North Dakota. . . . . Massachusetts . . . . West V irginia . . . . 24 D is t r ic t o f Columbia . 89 11 Michigan. . . . . . . Ohio............................ ... 63 Wisconsin . . . . * . Oklahoma. . . . t . . Florida. ..................... . 28 Minnesota Wyoming.................... 42 Georgia........................ . 27 Oregon.................... . M ississippi . . . . 03 U, S. T erritories Pennsylvania................ I d a h o ......................... . 92 M issouri.................... 35 and possessions . . X6 Rhode Island................ I lli n o is .................... . - 13 Montana.................... 26 87 Nebraska..................... Indiana........................ . 12 South Carolina. . . , Foreign Countries . 22 INCOME AND RATEOF EARNINGS: Under each o f the follow ing years, PLACE the ONE CODE NUMBER Of the INCOME BRACKET that contains (1) your ANNUAL INCOME INCLUDING sa la ries, fees, and bonuses, regardless o f whether or not earned in your profession; and (2) your MONTHLY SALARY RATE fo r TIME ACTUALLY EMPLOYED in your major fie ld : (a) exclusive o f overtime payment, fees, and bonuses; and (b) exclusive o f fees and bonuses, but inclusive o f overtime. (In sert figure in (b) even i f (a) and (b) are the same. Otherwise the resu lts cannot be tabulated.) DO NOT ENTER any Item fo r any year p rio r to the one in itolch you received your bach elor's degree, or, i f a nongraduate, the year in which you consider you rself to have entered the profession. 1943 1943 1941 ( I ) Annual Incoma: ' " ySCDSS BRACKET t l,2 0 0 1,400 1 ,60 0 1 ,8 0 0 2 ,0 0 0 2 ,2 0 0 2 ,4 0 0 and and and and and and and Under under under under under under under under j $1 ,2 00 1 ,4 0 0 .. 1 ,6 0 0 .. 1 ,8 0 0 .. 2 ,0 0 0 .. 2 ,2 0 0 .. 2 ,4 0 0 .. 2 ,6 0 0 .. CODS IBMBSR 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 CODS HUMBER 3 ,0 0 0 .,,. 09 3 ,4 0 0 .,.. 10 3 ,8 0 0 .,,. 11 4 ,2 0 0 .,,. 12 4 ,6 0 0 .,.. 13 5 ,0 0 0 ..,. 14 5 ,4 0 0 ., 15 6 ,0 0 0 .,.. 16 IXCPSE BRACKET $2 ,6 0 0 $ 3 ,0 00 3 ,4 0 0 3 ,8 0 0 4 ,2 0 0 4 ,6 0 0 5 ,0 0 0 5 ,4 0 0 and and and and and and and and under under under under under under under under CODS INC0MS BRACKET $6 ,0 00 6 ,6 0 0 7 ,2 0 0 7,8 0 0 8 ,4 0 0 9 ,0 0 0 9 ,6 0 0 10,200 and and and and and and and and ISCOMS BRACKST MMBSR under 6 ,6 0 0 . . under 7,20 0. . under 7,80 0. . under 8 ,4 0 0 . . under 9 ,0 0 0 . . under 9 .60 0. . under 10,300. . under 12,000. . $12,000 13,8 00 15,6 00 17 ,4 0 0 19 ,2 00 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 and and and and and under under under under e v e r .. 13 ,8 00 . 16 ,6 00 . 17,400. 19,200. CODS BUMPER . 25 . 26 . 27 . 28 (2 ) Monthly Salary Rate: la) E x clu siv e o f o v e rtim e p a y m e a ts , f e e s , lb ) B x c la s iv e o f f e e s sad b oa sses b i t sad bonuses) 1943 CODS jracoas atmsir $100 110 130 130 140 ISO 160 end end end end end end end Under $100___ under 1 1 0 .... under 130___ under 1 30.. under 1 4 0 .. under iso.... under 1 6 0.. under 1 7 0 .... iaelu sive o f overtime) 1943 1941 $170 180 190 . .300 . :330 240 . .360 280 end end end end end end end and * " coms_,bracket under 180........... under 190........... under 30 0 .......... under 330........... under 340........... under 260........... under 280........... under 300........... 09 10 11 13 13 14 IS 16 $300 320 340 370 400 440 480 S20 and and and and end and end and under under under under under under under under 1941 IBCOlIt RRACSBT $S7b 620 680 750 850 1,000 3 2 0 ... 3 4 0 ... 3 7 0 ... 4 0 0 . .. 4 4 0 ... 4 8 0 . .. 5 2 0 ... 5 7 0 ... CODS HOUSSR end under 620.......... and under. 680......... end under 7S0......... end under 8S0......... end under1.000.......... and over.............. . 25 26 27 38 29 30 24 EMPLOYMENT STATUS Under each o f the follow ing years place the ONE CODE NUMBER corresponding to your a c tiv ity during the major part o f the year with respect to: (U your GENERAL FIELD OF EMPLOYMENTS (2) your OCCUPATIONAL STATUS (3) Your SOURCE OF EMPLOYMENT: and (4) your field of SPECIALIZATION, do not enter any item fo r any year p rio r to the one m which you received your bach elor's degree, or, i f a nongraduate, the year in which you consider you rself to have entered the profession. ( 1 ) GENERAL F ield o f Employment: 1943 1942 1941 OSHSRAL FIELD OF SMPLOTMEHT Chemistry.................................................. Chemical Engineering.......... .. ( 2 ) Occupational Statua: Administration, nontechnical.08 Administration, t e c h n ic a l ....02 Analysis and testin g................. 04 Construction b in s ta lla tio n ..21 Consultation, independent.. . . 11 Design.............................................14 Development............................... ..0 6 ( 3 ) Source a t Employment: Editing end writing......... ..1 8 Library ft information service........................... . 19 Maintenance.............................23 Patents................................... 13 Postgraduate study............... 16 Product io n ........................... . . . 0 7 Reseach ind ustrial................. 01 R e t i r e d .................................. 20 Safety engineering................. 24 Sales....................... 09 Teaching secondary sch ool.. 12 Teaching, co lle g e or u n iv e r s ity .... . . . . . . . . . .,0 3 Research in basic science.OS 1943 CODS BUMBER 80URCE OP EMPLOTMEBT Teaching, o t h e r ................ 22 Technical s e r v i c e . . . . . . ..1 0 Other p r o f e s s i o n a l .......15 N o n -p r o fe s s io n a l....... . . 17 Unemployed............................25 R e lie f, d i r e c t . . . . , . . . . . . 26 1942 CODS BUMBER 1941 SOURCE OP EMPLOTMEBT Nen-pubtic organisations—Cent’ d Non-public ortanita tiona —Cont’ d Public a u th o ritiee: Private firm, company, etc. Armed forces.......... .............. .0 10 0 Stone.cl ay, and glass products.. . . . . . 2012 Mining..............*.......................... ........ 2001 County government................................. 1500 Iron and steel and their p ro d u cts .... 2013 Federal government............................... 1200 Const ruction........................................ 2002 Nonferrous metals and their p roducts.2014 Municipal government............................1300 Manufacturing: 3015 Machinery..................................... Food......................................................2003 State government...................................1200 Transportation equipment.........................2016 T extiles.............................................. 2004 V.P.A. or work r e l i e f ......................... 1600 Other manufacturing ind ustries.............2017 Paper and a llie d products. . . . . . . 2005 Transportation, communication, Other p u b lic authority....................... 1*00 Chemical: and other public u t i l i t i e s . . . ............... 2018 Rayon..................................................2006 Non-public organisations: Trade, or service firm (other Paints, varnishes, and c o lo r s .. 2007 Consulting laboratory, firm or than those liste d s e p a ra te ly )............ 2019 Miscellaneous chemical o f f i c e .............................................. ...2 2 0 0 Other private o r g a n is a t io n s ............... 2020 ind ustries...................................... 2008 Other non-public organisations................ 2500 Educational ih stitu tion .ex clu siv e Petroleum and coal products.. o f those under p ublic authorities2100 .2009 Retired............................................................. 3100 Rubber products..................................2010 Unemployed or d irect r e li e f . Research in s titu te ...............................2300 .4 1 0 0 Leather and leather products........ 2011 Technical or trade a ssociation and publishing organisation........... 2400 194L ( 4 ) F ield o f Sped el i ta t ion: PISLD OP 8PECIALIEATI0M PISLD OP 8PSCI ALHATIOB Agricultural chemistry.............. ............... B iologica l and p h ysiological chemistry (b a sic s cien ce).............. . Ceramic industries, including glass and cement technology.............................. Chemical engineering, general.. Equipment fo r process in d u stries.. Explosives............................................. F e r t ilis e r s and in s e c tic id e s .. Foods and kindred products...................... Gas and fu els, natural and manufactured, and power generation.. General chemistry (basic scien ce).........' Industrial chemistry, g e n e ra l.............. Inorganic chemical technology, including heavy c h e m i c a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . IWBBR 16 Laboratory apparatus and equipawnt... Leather and it s manufactures.......... Machinery, isplements, and mechanicat and e le c tr ic a l equipment. 24 Medical chemistry, including c lin ic a l M etallurgical technology, ferrous.. ___ 31 M etallurgical, technology, nonferrous. .................... 18 Motor v e h i c l e s ........................ Organic chemical technology. 03 Organic chemistry (basic s c ie n c e ).... Paints, varnishes and la c q u e r s .... 22 Paper and forest products, including naval stores............................................. 14 Physical, analytical, and inorganic chemistry (basic s c ie n c e ).................. 15 Petroleum and it s p ro d u cts ................. 30 32 08 26 21 34 06 12 17 PISLD OP 8PBCIALIZATI0H ,m ,lt Pharmaceuticals, b io lo g ica l a, aqd vitamins..................................... . . . . . 0 9 Public health, including water, sewerage, and s a n i t a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . r . . 20 Rubber and i t s products............................10 Synthetic fib er technology............ . . . . . 2 3 Synthetic resins and p l a s t i c s . . . . . . . . . 11 T extiles and their products, exclusive o f synthetic fiber technology.................................. . . . . . . . 1 9 Transportation equipment other than motor veh icles........................................... 33 Other fie l d o f science or engineering. 13 Other non-professional.. 01 02 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1946
@FedFRASER