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Al
IVlSIO
£'$$ ADMINISTRATION
ARCH PRO JEC T AND
tARCH DEPARTMENT
PENNSYLVANIA
THE WPA NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
ON REEIIPWYIIENT OPPOB1'UNITIES AND RECENT CHANGES
IN INDUSTRIAL TECHNIQUES
Under the aut.bOritY granted by the President in the Ezecutive Order Which created the Works Progress Adll1n1strat1on,
Adllinletrator Barry L, lop~in.s authorized the establlsbllent
or a research program tor the purpose or collecting and analYzin~ data Dearing on problems or employment, un1111plo7111ent,
and re11er. Accordingly, the National Research Program was
establ1 a.bed 1n October 1g35 under the auperv1Slon or Corrington
Oill, Assistant Admlnlstrator or the WPA, who appointed the
directors or the 1nd1V1dual studies or projects.
The ProJ act on Reemployment Opportun1 tl es and Recant Changes
in Industrial Technl"uea was organ1Zed ln Decesber ig36 to
1nqutre, w1th tile cooperation or industry, labor, and gOYel'l111ental and private aieDcies, into the utent or recent changes
ln industrial techni~ues and to evaluate tne errects or these
Changes on the volume or employment and unemployment. David
lfeintrau.b and Irving Kaplan, members or the research staU
or the Division orResearcn, Stat1st1cs, and Finance, wereappolnted, respectively, Director and Associate Director or tile
Project. The task set ror them was to assemble and organize
the existing data which bear on the problem and to augment
these data DY rteld surveys and analyses.
To this end, many governmental agencies wh1Ch are the co11ectors and repositories or pertinent 1nrormation were 1nv1ted to cooperate. The cooperating agencies or the United
States Government include the Department or Agrtcul ture, tile
Bureau ot Mlnes or the Department or the Interior, the Bureau
or Labor Stat1st1ca or the Department or Labor, the Rallroad
Retirement Board, the Social Security Board, the Bureau or
Internal Revenue or the Department or the Treasury, tbe Department or Co11111erce, the Federal Trade Commission, and the
Taritr Commission.
The ro11owing prtvate agencies Joined with the National
Research Pro~ect in conducting special studies: the Industrial Research Departmentorthe Un1versitY or Pennsylvania,
tile National Bureau or Economic Researcn, Inc., tne DnploYment Stab111zation Research Institute or the Universit1 or
Minnesota, andtne Agricultural Economics Deparuents in the
Agricultural Experiment Stations or CalUornla, 1111no1S,
Iowa, and New York.
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WORKS
PROGRESS
HARRY L. HOPKINS
Administrator
ADMINISTRATION
OORRINGTON GILL
Assistant Administrator
NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
on
Reemployment Opportunities and Recent Changes
in Industrial Techniques
IRVING KAPLAN
Associate Director
DAVID WEINTRAUB
Director
In cooperation with
INDUSrRIAL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
WHARTON SCHOOL OF FINANCE AND COMMERCE
UNIVERSirY OF PENNSYLVANIA
ANNE BEZANSON
Director
JOSEPH H. WILLITS
Director
Philadelphia Labor Market Studies
Gladys L. Palmer, Economist in Charge
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PHILADELPHIA LlBOR IW\DT STUDIES
lle ■bers
or Starr Who Worked on This Study
L. PALMER, Research Associate, Industrial Research Department, University of
Pennsylvania; Consultant, National Research Project, directing studies of this
section
GLADYS
Statistician
P. PrzrrERNAN, Associate Statistician
MARGARET W. BELL, Assistant Statistician
VIRGINIA F. SHRYOCK, Chief Statistical Clerk
JANETH. LEWIS,
MURRAY
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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN PHILADELPHIA
IN 1936 AND 1937
PART II:
MAY 1937
by
Margaret W. .,,Bell
and
Gladys L. Palmer
WORKS PROGRESS ADIIINISTRATION, NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
In cooperation ■ 1th
l~DUSTRIAL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Report No. P-3, Part II
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
October 1938
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C
ONT E NT S
Page
Section
I. INTRODUCTION
1
Objectives of the study.
Method of conducting the study
Reliability of the data • • •
Summary of findings.
1
1
2
3
II. HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION.
7
III. INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT ••
11
Employment status of persons 16 years of age or
over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age in relation to employment status • • • •
Race and nativity in relation to employment
stat\lS. • .
• .
. • • .
• • • • . .
• •
Marital status in relation to employment ~tatus
School grade completed in relation to employment
11
12
14
14
14
status • • • • • • • • •
Incidence of unemployment by usual occupation
and industry. •
Present or last job. • • • •
\ • • •
IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PREVIOUSLY EMPLOYED
UNEMPLOYED. •
• • • •
15
16
22
22
Sex, race, nativity, and age
Usual occupation and usual industry.
Duration of unemployment • • • • • • •
23
24
Appendix
A. RELIABILITY OF RETURNS ON SCHEDULE NRP FORM f41. •
30
30
Introduction
Method of taking survey ••
Methods of testing reliability of returns.
30
31
Comparison of original and "spot-check" schedules
31
Years in city and years at same address for
household head • • • • • •
Number of persons in household ••
Relationship to head.
32
32
Age. • • . • . • .
Nativity and race • • •
Marital status • • • •
School grade completed
Employment status.
Usual occupation • • •
Usual industry • • •
• ••
Character of present or last job
•• •
Length of service on present or last job•
Date of leaving last job
V
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34
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35
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38
38
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vi
CONTENTS
Page
Appendix
B. SCHEDULE AND DEFINITIONS OF TERM:> USED • •
Schedule •
• • • • • •
45
. • • • .
Definitions of terms on schedule NRP Form f41. •
C. TABLES • • • • • •
45
46
51
TEXT TABLES
Table
1.
2.
3.
4.
e.
7.
Distribution of household heads according to number
of years of residence in Philadelphia and at
present address, by sex.
?
Distribution of households according to number
of persons and number of employable persons
per household. • •
• ••••••••••••
8
Employment status of households by number of
employable persons per household • • • •
9
Employment status of employable persons.
13
Occupational group of usual occupation of employable
persons, by employment status and sex • • • •
17
Character of present or last job of employable
persons, by employment status and sex • • • •
19
Duration of unemployment since last nonrelief job • •
2€,
APPEND IX TABLES
A-1.
Differences in returr.s for years in city ••
40
A-2.
Differences in returns
40
A-3.
Differences in returns for number of persons
in household • • • • • • • • • •
for years at "this" address
40
A-4.
Differences in returns for relationship to head
A-:S.
Differences in returns for age.
A-6.
Degree of difference in returns for age
A-7.
Differences in returns for nativity
A-8.
Differences in returns for race
A-9.
Differences in returns for marl tal status
..
41
.
..
..
41
41
....
42
42
A-10. Differences in returns for school grade completed.
A-11. Degree of difference in returns for school grade
completed
.........
41
.
42
......
42
.
43
A-12. Differences in returns for employment sta t11s.
A-13. Differences in returns for occupation
....
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vii
CONTENTS
APPENDIX TABLES-Contin~sd
Table
A-14. Differences ln returns for industry , •
43
A-15. Differences in returns for character of present or
• . • .
last Job • • . • • . • • . • ~. .
44
A-16. Differences in returns for length of service on
present or last job. • • • • • • • • • • • •
44
A-17. Differences in returns for date of leaving last job
44
Relationship to household head of persons not seeking work, by reason for not seeking work and sex
51
Age of employable persons by employment status
and sex • • • •
52
C-1.
C--2.
C-3.
Age of previously employed persons by employment
• • • .
status and sex. • • • • • • •
53
Race and nativity of employable persons by
employment status and sex • • • • • •
54
Marital status of employable persons by employment
status and sex,
54
Median school grade completed by employable persons,
by usual occupational group, employment status,
and sex • • • •
55
Employment status of employable persons by school
• • • • • • • • •
grade completed and sex
56
Industrial group of usual occupation of previously
employed persons, by employment status and sex. ,
57
Usual occupation of previously employed persons, by
. . . •
employment status and sex.
58
C-10. Occupation of present or last job of previously
employed persons, by employment status and sex. •
66
C-4.
C-5.
C-6,
C-7.
C-8.
C-9,
C-11, Industrial group of present or last job of
previously employed persons, by employment 3tatus
and sex
C-12, Character of present or last job of previously
employed men, by employment status and industrial
group of present or last job, • • • • • , • •
74
C-13. Character of prfsent or last job of previously
employed women, by employment status and
industrial grot:.p of present or last job • , •
75
C-14, Median length of service of previously employed
persor.s on present or last job, by occupational
group of present or last job, employment status,
and se~ . . . • . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
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CONTENTS
viii
APPENDIX TABLES-Continued
Table
C-15. Median age of employed persons and of unemployed
persons previously employed, by sex and usual
occupational group. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
77
C-16. Median length of service of previously employed
persons on present or last job, by industrial
group of present or last job, employment status,
and sex • • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
•
C-17. Usual occupational group of unemployed persons
previously employed, by sex • • • • • • • •
78
79
C-18. Usual industrial group of unemployed persons
previously employed, by sex • • • • • • • •
C-19. Duration of unemployment since last nonrelief job
for unemploye~ persons previously employed, by
age and sex. • • • • • • • • • •
80
C-20. Median duration of unemployment since last nonrelief
job for unemployed persons previously employed,
by sex and usual occupation • • • • • • • • • • •
81
C-21. Median duration of unemployment since last nonrelief
job for unemployed persons previously employed,
by sex and usual industry • • • • • • • • • •
87
C-22. Relationship of respondent to household head in
three districts of Philadelphia survey, May 1937
91
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
It is the purpose of Part II of this report to present the
findings of a survey of employment and unemployment made in
Philadelphia in May 1937. This is the ninth of a series of such
surveys initiated in 1929 by the Industrial Research Department
of the University of Pennsylvania. As one of a group of studies
of recent trends in the Philadelphia labor market, the 1937
employment and unemployment survey was conducted by the National
Research Project of the Works Progress Administration in cooperation with the Industrial Research Department of the University
of Pennsylvania.
METHOD OF CONDUCTINB THE STUDY
The sample includes households in 1~9 selected school blocks
of the 10 school districts of Philadelphia. 1 The areas chosen
have a wide geographic distribution and are representative of
various income levels. 2 In 1929 the survey covered approximately
10 percent of the city's employable population.
Since 1929 the same sample has been utilized for these employment
and unemployment surveys, and households in the same school blocks
as in previous years have been the basis of the 1937 survey. In
1937, ~6,ooo households, including about 9 percent of the estimated
employable population of the city, were covered.
The field work for this survey extended from May 17 to June ~.
Since most of the interviewing was done during the day, the wife
of the household head was the source of the information for half
the households, 3 In only 1 percent of the cases was the information refused, and this low percentage of refusals is probably
due to the fa.ct that the survey has become a well-known source
of employment information in Philadelphia.
1 see Part I, t1g. 1, p. 2.
2 ror further detalls concerntng the ortg!nal sampling procedure, see J. Frec!ertc
Dewhurst and Ernest A. Tupper, Social and Econo•&ic Character of llne11t,!oy,.e-it
in Plliiadelt,hia, At,dl 1929 (U. S. Dept. Labor, Bur. Labor Stat!St!cs, Bull.
No. 520, June 1930).
3 see tab1e c-22.
1
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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
A copy of the schedule and definitions of the terms used will
be found in appendix a.• Some of the definitions are important
enough, however, to be discussed briefly at this point.
A household was defined as a group of persons living together in
one housekeeping unit and constituting a single economic entity.
A household, therefore, could include more than one family as
well as unrelated persons such as lodgers and resident servants.
A count only was made of children under 16 years of age, but
the employment status and important social and occupational characteristics of persons 16 years of age or over were recorded.
Employment status was recorded as of the date of the interview.
Employable persons were defined as those16 years of age or over
who were working or seeking work. New workers, as well as persons
who had had previous employment experience, were included in this
group. For purposes of comparison with previous surveys, 30 hours
or more of employment per week was considered full-time; less
than 30 hours, part-time.
unemployed. 6
A separate count
Works Program, but
have been included
to be seeking work
Persons on strike were counted as
was made of persons employed on the emergency
in all tabulations by employment status they
with the unemployed since they maybe assumed
in private industry.
Unemployable persons ( those not seeking work at the time of the
survey I included those who were temporarily ill as well as those
who would probably be out of the labor market for great lengths
of time if not permanently. 6 Two hundred and eighty-seven men
and 353 women reported that they were not seeking work because
of temporary illness. In this report, persons not seeking work
because of temporary illness have been uniformly considered as
not seeking work.
RELIABILITY DP THE DATA
Within a week or 10 days after the original enumeration, revisits
were made to almost 6 percent of the households surveyed. The
•Although the baste tnrormatton secured tn the 1937 survey ls the same as that
tn 1936 and previous years, certain changes were made 1n the schedule. NO
data on the relier status or households were obtained 1n1937. Questions on
the voluntary and tnvoluntary character or part-time employment and on the date
or 1eavtng the last Job at the usual occupation were dropped. The ro11owlng
questlons were added: Years or residence In cltY and at the survey address;
occupation and Industry or the last Joo; and the length ot servtce and character
or employment or the present or last Job.
6 There were 363 men and 202 women on strike at the time the survey was made.
6~ee appendix B, dettnttton or •Not Seeking Work.•
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3
INTRODUCTION
schedules obtained during the second interviews were compared with
the original schedules to ascertain the degree to which i terns were
reported differently and the kind of discrepancies that occurred.
The 2,686 households for which revisit schedules were obtained
included approximately 12,000 persons, of whom 3,200 were under
16 years of age and 8,800 were 16 years of age or over. When
the schedules secured on the two visits were compared, it was
found that there were more discrepancies in the information when
two different persons had been interviewed than when the same
person had been interviewed both times. Returns involving dates
and periods of time were the least reliable. For employment
status and occupation and industry the returns appeared to be
as consistent as those for age and school grade completed. Data
on race, nativity, family relationship, and marital status were
almost always reported in the same way at each v!sit.
While the number of persons in the household was reported
differently on almost one-!if th of the schedules, the total number
of people included in the enumeration was about the same on both
the first and second visits.
Apparently 1i t tle dif!icul ty was experienced by enumerators in
selecting the economic head of the household, since this selection
was different for less than 3 percent of the schedules. The
relationship of other members to the head was almost always identically reported on both sets of schedules. In only 1 percent of
the cases was a different relationship to the same head recorded.
In general, although the discrepancies in individual schedule
returns were sometimes considerable, the differences were compensating. Averages or summary figures were only slightly affected,
according to a check made for one district of the survey. 7
SUJililARY
or
FINIINBS
In May 1937 the sample embraced ~5,927 households in which
there was an average of 3.8 persons and 1.7 employable persons
per household.
Only 8 percent of the households consisted of
one person. Less than 6 percent reported no employable members,
and at the other extreme, only 3 percent reported five or more
employable members. Almost half of the households reported one
employable member.
7 see appencll:r A tor detailed aescrlptlon or the results or the comparison
between the original returns and the •spot-check.• For this report the
original return was used In tabulations or the survey_ data.
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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
Two-thirds of the households with some employable person reported
that all such members were employed either full or part time;
1q percent, that all were unemployed; and 19 percent, that some
of the members were employed and others unemployed.
The q5,927 hollseholds surveyed included 17q,935 persons, approximately one-quarter of whom were under 16 years of age. Twofifths of the persons 16 years of age or over were not seeking
work. Seventy-five percent of the 79,606 men and women who were
in the labor market were employed in May 1937. Of these, 7 percent
were working less than 30 hours a week, 10 percent were working
30 to 39 hours a week, and 83 percent were workingqo hours a week
or more. The incidence of unemployment and part-time employment
was higher for women than for men, but larger proportions of men
than of women were employed on the emergency Works Program.
The average employed person, if a man, was 38.~ years old, and
if a woman, 30. o years old. Unemployed persons were considerably
younger (men, 3q.q years and women, 2q.2 years), but this difference was due largely to the fact that persons without previous
work experience were included among those who were looking for
jobs. When new workers are excluded from consideration, there
is little difference between the average age of the employed and
of those without jobs.
The incidence of unemployment for men with previous work experience was highest among the oldest group, those 55 years of
age or over, and second highest among the youngest group, those
16 to 2q years of age. When new workers are included, however,
the rate of unemployment is higher for men 16 to 19 years of age
than for any other group. Unemployment was most severe among the
youngest group of women even when those without previous work
experience are disregarded.
More Negroes than white workers were unable to find jobs, and
foreign-born workers had the smallest proportion out of work.
While the relation of the rate of unemployment to marital status
is likely to be somewhat accidental, it was found that both
married men and women were unemployed in smaller proportions than
single men and women or those who were widowed, separated, or
divorced.
Little difference was found in the educational attainments of
men ana women who had jobs and of those who were looking for
work. Women had more schooling than men, and there were differences, as might be expected, among workers in various oGec u at ions.
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INTRODUCTION
5
The incidence of unemployment varied considerably according
to the workers' usual or customary occupations. Hen normally
employed in unskilled laboring work were out of work in the
largest proportions, and those from building and construction
trades ranked second. Women customarily employed in domesticand personal-service occupations were unemployed in large numbers.
The least unemployment was reported by men in puhlic service,
by men and women in executive and professional pursuits, clerical
occupations, and skilled and semiskilled occupations in printing
and publishing, and by women in transportation and trade pursuits.
The findings concerning the rate of unemployment in various
industrial groups bear out those for usual occupation. Unemployment was most severe among men usually employed in building and
construction industries and among women who normally worked either
in firms man~facturing machinery or for private families. With
few exceptions, there was very little difference in the ranking
of the occupations and industries contributing the greatest unemployment, whether determined according to the usual occupation
and industry or according to the occupation and industry of the
present or last job as of Hay 1937.
The principal difference between the character of employment
of the last job of persons out of work and the present job of
the employed was the fact that more of the unemployed workers
had last been employed on casual jobs and fewer had been selfemployed or had owned their business. There were also differences
in the length of service on the present and last job. Employed
men had been working at their present johs, on the average, for
7 years; unemployed men on their last johs, forq years. Employed
women averagedqyears on their presentjobsand unemployed women
less than 3 years on their last jobs. With few except ions, these
differences in the work experience of men and women ohtained
regardless of the occupation and industry of the job.
The workers who were unemployed in May 1937 and had had previous
were representative of the entire employ ab le
population in respect to the ratio of men and wnmen and were
similar to employed persons in respect to age. There were,
however, relatively more Negroes and fewer foreign- and nativeborn white workers among those out of work than among all employable men and women.
work experience
Forty-four percent of the unemployed men with previous work
experience had usually worked at skilled or semiskilled ocGq ipa tions
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6
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
in manufacturing and mechanical industries, many of them in
building and construction trades. Unskilled laboringworkwas the
usual occupation of anotherfifth. Two-fifths of the previously
employed women who did not have jobs had ordinarily worked at
domestic- and personal-service occupations; almost as high a
percentage, at skilled and semiskilled occupations in manufacturing and mechanical industries. Textile and clothing workers
predominated in this group.
Hen had been out of work, on the average, twice as long I aa
months) as women 111 months), and older workers for greater
lengths of time than younger workers. The highest average duration
of unemployment was reported by men usually employed in building
and construction trades; unskilled laborers had been out of work
for almost as long. These men, therefore,notonly suffered from
unemployment in respect to the number who were out of•work in Hay
1937 but also in respect to the duration of their unemployment.
Hen usually working in public-service occupations and in skilled
and semiskilled occupations in printing and publishing establishments were also among the long-time unemployed. Women normally
engaged in domestic- and personal-service occupations had been
out of work for the greatest length of time.
Further instances of prolonged unemployment were evident among
men usually employed in certain industries. For example, men from
firms manufacturing transportation equipment had been out of work
forijo.a months, on the average, and those from firms manufacturing
metal products other than machinery for 39.3 months.
In contrast to this, some groups of workers had lost their
more recently. Hen and women from textile- factories averaged
6.amonths and ij.6 months, respectively, of unemployment; men
firms manufacturing machinery, only a.7 months; and women
firms manufacturing machinery, only a.3 months.
jobs
only
from
from
These findings are described in further detail in the following
sections and appended tables. The household composition of the
sample is described in section II; the incidence of unemployment
in relation to certain social and occupational characteristics
of the workers, in section III. The last section discusses
previously employed persons who were without jobs in May 1937 •
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SECTION I I
HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION
The 1937 schedule included questions regarding the
of the household head's residence in Philadelphia as
the length of time he had lived at his address as of
I table 1 I, Over two-fifths of both men and women had
duration
well as
Hay 1937
lived in
Tabla 1,• DISTRIBUTION DP HOUSEHOLD HBADB ACCDRDINB TD
NUMBER OF YBARS OF RESIDENCE IN PHILADELPHIA
AND AT PRESENT ADDRESS, BY SEX
Number of .vea rs
of continuous residence
as of Ma.v 1937
Wo111en
Men
Number
Percent
NuDlber
Percent
Tot.al household heads
in Philadelphia 8
38,634
100.0
7,116
100.0
Less than 1 .vear
1 ,Yr,- 1 .vr, 11
2 .vr.- 2 .vr. 11
3 ,Yr,- 3 ,Yr, 11
4 .vr, - 4 .vr, 11
5 .vr,- 9 .vr. 11
10 .vr,-14 yr. 11
15 yr,-19 yr. 11
20 .vea rs or over
Since birth
305
221
237
263
213
1,496
2,948
3,192
13,924
15,835
0.8
o.e
o.6
0.7
0.5
3,9
7.6
8.3
36,0
41.0
40
31
56
53
53
309
591
558
2,347
3,078
o.e
0.4
0.0
0.7
0.7
4.3
8,3
7.9
33.0
43.3
mo.
mo.
mo.
mo.
mo •
mo.
mo.
Median number of years
Tot.al household heads
at presen1. addressc
Less 1.han 1 year
1 yr.- l yr. 11
2 yr.- 2 yr. 11
3 yr.- 3 yr. 11
4 yr,- 4 yr, 11
5 yr.- 9 yr, 11
10 yr,-14 ',Yr, 11
15 yr.-19 yr. 11
20 years or over
Since bi rtb
mo.
mo.
DIO,
mo,
DIO,
mo.
mo,
( b)
( b)
38,694
100.0
7,158
100.0
5,699
3,653
3,799
3,340
2,405
6,016
5,302
4,313
3,845
322
14.7
9.5
9.8
0.6
6.2
15.6
13.7
11.2
9. 9
0.0
1,163
647
669
539
398
995
749
749
1,101
148
16,2
9.0
9.3
7.5
5.6
13.9
10,5
10.5
15,4
2.1
Median nlllllber of years
5.8
5.4
•Ezcludeall••en and83•o■en •hod1dnot report 1earsorcont1nuous residence
ln Ph1ladelphla.
~edlan !alls 1n the group 1 20 7ears or over.•
cb:cllldea 6• 111enand21 •0111en•hod1d not report1earsor continuous residence
at present address.
7
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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
8
Philadelphia since birth and one-third for 20 years or more.
Only 3 percent of the household heads had lived in the city for
less than 5 years. The average household head iD the sample had
been living at his address as of the date of the survey for over
s years. Only 15 percent had moved to this address within the
previous year, It seems reasonable to infer from this that the
majority of the households in the 1937 survey were also represen ted in the surveys made in previous years.
In May 1937 the sample consisted of 45,927 households in which
there were, on the average, 3.8 persons and 1. 7 employable persons
per household I table .:al. Because a household, as defined in this
study, includes unrelated as well as related persons, the average
number of persons and employable persons would be smaller if computed for families instead of for households. Slightly less than
8 percent of the households consisted of only one person. A few
of the households 15.5 percent) reported no employable members,
and at the other extreme, less than 3 percent reported five or
more employable members.
Tabla 2.• DISTRIBUTION DP HOUSEHOLDS ACCORDING TD NUMBER
DP PERSONS AND NUMBER DP EMPLOYABLE PIRSDN&
PER HOUSEHOLD
N1111ber of
persons per
household
Total
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 or over
Households
Number
Percent
45,927
100,0
-
3,599
10,142
9,667
8,516
5,761
3,630.
2,110
1,171
646
685
Average
3.8
-7.8
22.1
21.1
18. 6
12, 5
7.9
4.6
2.5
1.4
1.5
Nwnber of
employable
persons per
household
Households
Number
Percent
45, 927
100.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
2,521
21,887
12,233
5,622
2,417
861
5.5
47.6
26.6
6
303
69
13
1
0
0.7
0.2
Total
7
8
9
10 or over
12. 2
5.3
1.9
•
•
1.7
Average
~ess than 0.05 percent.
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Ta~l, S.- IMPLOYMENT STATUS DP HOUSEHOLDS BY NUMBER DP EMPLOYABLE PERSONS PER NOUBENOLD
Employment status
of household
Total households•
Number of employable persons per household
Total
households
Number
Percent
2
1
Number
Percent
Nurr.ber
3
Percent
Number
5 or over
4
Percent
Number
Percent
Nwnber
Percent
43,406 100.0 21,887 100.0 12,233 100.0 5,622 100.0 2,417 100.0 1,247 100.0
:ii:
0
C:
,.,
Cit
Complete full-time employment
Complete part-time employment
Combined full- and part-time
employment
Complete unemploymentb
0
<g
;::;·
<D
0.
Partial unemploymentb
Unemployment and full-time
employment
Unemployment and part-time
employment
Unemployment and full- and
part-time employment
26,484
918
1,557
6,212
61.0 16,505
2.1
820
3.6
14.3
C')
0
-
20.9
6,805
90
869
1,206
55.6 2,275
0.7
6
7.1
9.9
418
344
40.5
0.1
7.4
6.1
666
2
193
84
27.5
0.1
s.o
3.5
233
0
18.7
-
:ii:
0
~
Cl
77
16
6.2
1.3
n
0
.,,
JC
0
Cit
7,053
16.3
0
570
1.3
0
612
1. 4
0
CT
'<
0
4,562
75,4
3.7
-
2,900
23.7 2,224
39.6 1,220
50.5
709
56.8
-4
0
363
0
3.0
147
2.6
42
1.,,
18
1.4
-
roe
3.7
210
8.7
194
15.6
:a
8 Ezcludas 2,521 households with no e■plo7able ■ellbers.
blncludes e■p10711ent on e■ergenc7 Works Program proJects.
~.......
(v
(0
10
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
Sixty-one percent of the households with one or more employable
members reported that all members were employed full time. and
an additional 6 percent that all members were employed, some of
them at part-time work ( table 3). Four-fifths of the singleperson households reported employment.
Complete unemployment
was reported by 14 percent of the total households. Nineteen
percent reported some members employed and others seeking work
on the date of enumeration.
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SECTION III
INCIDENCE OP UNEMPLOYIIENT
A fourth of the persons in the labor market in May 1937 were
totally unemployed. The incidence of unemployment and of part-time
employment was higher among women than among men. The youngest
men, many of them without previous work experience, and the oldest
men were unemployed in larger proportions than those of middle
age. There was more unemployment among women 16 to 19 years of
age than in any other age group. Negroes were unemployed in much
larger proportions than white workers. The incidence of unemployment varied considerably according to the occupation and industry
of customary employment. Men in unskilled laboring work and
building and construction trades and women in metal-manufacturing
industries and domestic- and personal-service occupations suffered
most severely from unemployment in May 1937.
T°he present or last job for the majority of workers was at
the usual occupation. More of the unemployed than of the employed
in May 1937 reported that their most recent job was of a casual
nature, and fewer reported that they had been self-employed or
had owned their business. The present job of employed men was
almost 3 years longer than the last job of those out of work.
For women this difference was only about a year.
IMPLDYMBNT ITATUB DP PIRBDNB 18 YIARB DP ABE DR DYIR
Slightly over half of the 1 7LI-, 935 persons included in the Ll-5, 92 7
households surveyed were not seeking work. This group consisted
of approximately equal numbers of persons under 16 years of age
and persons 16 years of age or over,
There were almost seven times as many women as men among those 16
years of age or over who were out of the labor market ( table C-1 I.
Eighty-four percent of these women, most of them wives of household
heads, were occupied with household duties. Almost two-fifths
of the men who were not seeking work were attending school;
another fifth were retired, and a similar number reported as
too old to work. Much smaller proportions of women than of men
reported these reasons for not seeking work. Larger percentages
of men than of women also reported that they were permanently or
11
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12
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
temporarily disabled. Less than 10 percent of the persons who were
not working or looking for work were heads of households. For
both men and women who were heads of households, the reason most
frequently given for not seeking work was that they had retired.
The incidence of unemployment for workers in the labor market
in May 1937 was higher among women than among men, but a larger
proportion of men than women were working on emergency Works
Program projects at the time of the study I table ~I.
In all
discussions of employment status, persons employed on emergency
Works Program projects, who constitute~ percent of the total
employables and 17 percent of the unemployed, have been considered
to be unemployed. Three-quarters of the total were employed
in May 1937, the large majority at full-time work. The incidence
of part-time employment, whether considered as employment of
less than 30 or less than qo hours per week, 1 was higher for
women than for men.
ABB IN RELATION TD BMPLDYMINT ITATUI
Employed men were about q years older, on the average, than
unemployed men, and employed women were 6 years older than unemployed women (table C-2). The relatively low age of the unemployed
workers is due largely to the fact that persons with no previous
work experience were included in this group. Five percent of all
employable persons (22 percent of the unemployed l were new workers
who had never been gainfully employed. A larger proportion of
unemployed women (32 percent l than of unemployed men ( 17 percent I
had had no previous employment at the time of the survey. Almost
all of this group of persons seeking their first jobs were young,
although a few older women were also included.
When all new workers are excluded from consideration, there is
less difference between the average age of employed and unemployed
persons. Unemployed men with previous experience were slightly
older (38.9 yearsl than the employed 138.2 years). Employed
women, however, were older 130.0 years) than those seeking work
(29.2 years) (table C-3).
For both men and women the greatest volume of unemployment was
found among persons 16 to 19 years of age. Over half the persons
in this age group did not have a job in May 1937. Most of these
1Hereafter, ror purposes or comparison with previous surveys, part-t1ae eaployment will refer to employment or less than 30 hours per week.
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Ta,11 4.- IMPLOYMINT ITATUI OP IMPLOYAILI PIRIDNI
Men
Total
Employment status
Total
Employed
Less than 30 hours per week
30-39 hours per week
40 hours or more per week
Women
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
79,606
-100.0
55,848
100.0
23,758
100.0
60,149
75.6
42,830
76.7
17,319
72.9
4,007
6,061
50,081
5.1
7.6
62.9
2,018
3,405
37,407
3.6
6.1
67.0
1,989
2,656
12,674
8.4
11.2
53.3
19,457
?.4.4
13,018
23.3
6,439
27.1
15,187
4,270
19. 1
5.3
10,827
2,191
19.4
3.9
4,360
2,079
18.4
8.7
n
Cl
m
n
m
0
Unemployed
"'"
C
Previously employed
Not previously employed
0
Employed on emergency Works
Program projects
3,356
4.2
2,611
4.7
745
3. 1
Pr~viously employed
Not previously employed
2,869
487
3.6
o.6
2,350
261
4.2
0.5
519
226
2.2
0.9
16,101
20.2
10,407
18.6
5,694
24.0
12,318
3,783
15.5
4.7
8,477
1,930
15.2
3.4
3,841
1,853
16.2
7.8
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
m
z
-v
,-
-<
z
m
-4
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
Not employed on emergency Works
Program projects
Previously employed
Not previously employed
...
~
14
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
unemployed, however, were new workers. When persons without
previous experience are excluded, it is still true that a larger
proportion of all women from 16 to 19 years of age than of any
other (5-yearl age group were unemployed. For men, however, this
is not the case. Of men with previous work experience, those 65
years of age or over were unemployed in the largest proportions
and those 60 to 64 in the second largest proportions. Relatively
fewer men between 25 and 49 years of age than older or younger
men were unemployed, and those 30 to 39 reported the least unemployment. Except for women 65 yearsof age or over, those 45 to
49 years of age were unemployed in the smallest proportions.
Slightly higher proportions of women than of men in the age groups
16 to 19 and 25 to 44 were unemployed.
RACE AND NATIVITY IN RELATION TD EMPLOYMENT STATUS
When the incidence of unemployment was examined in relation to
race and nativity, more unemployment was found among Negroes than
among white workers. Foreign-born white workers experienced least
unemployment. Over two-fifths of the Negro men and women were
unemployed in comparison with approximately one-fifth of the white
workers (table G-4).
MARITAL STATUS IN RELATlDN TD EMPLOYMENT STATUS
The relationships of marital status to employment status are
likely to be due to the age distribution of employed and unemployed
persons. Both married men and married women were unemployed in
smaJler proportions than all men and women. For·men the percentages unemployedwere23 for all employable men and 17 for married
men; for women the percentages were 27 and 18 respectively ( table
C-5). A third of both the single men and those widowed, separated,
or divorced were unemployed, but single women reported slightly
less unemployment than those widowed, separated, or divorced.
The incidence of part-time employment was highest for married
women and lowest for single women.
SCHOOL BRADE COMPLETED IN RELATION TD EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Women reported slightly more schooling than men, and fewer
women than men reported no formal schooling ( tables G-6 and G-7).
The variations in school grades completed for different occupational groups were, in general, characteristic of the educational
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INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT
15
requirements in various types of employment. Persons in professional, executive, and semiprofessional and clerical occupations,
for example, reported the most education; those usually engaged
in unskilled laboring work and domestic and personal service,
the least.
The average school grade completed by new workers
was higher than that completed by all employable persons.
Differences in education in relation to employment status were
very small. Workers employed full time reported slightly better
education than those employed part time or those unemployed,
except in the case of women, where the median number of school
grades completed was the same for persons employed full time and
for those unemployed.
For men these differences obtained in
every occupational group, but for women this was not the case.
Women employed full time in domestic- and personal-service occupations and in executive and professional occupations, however,
had, on the average, almost a year's more schooling than unemployed
women usually engaged in these occupations.
INCIDENCE DP UNEMPLOYMENT
BY USUAL OCCUPATION AND INDUSTRY 2
A fifth of both the men and women who had some previous experience at the time the survey was made were unemployed in May 1937.
Larger proportionsofwomen (9 percent) than men (4 percent) were
working part time. The greatest volume of part-time employment
was found among women usually engaged in executive and professional and domestic- and personal-service occupations.
It is
not surprising to find a high rate of part-time employment among
domestic- and personal-service workers, but it may seem unusual
to find so much part-time work among persons engaged in executive
and professional pursuits. This is largely due to the fact that
many teachers, including music teachers, teachers of vocational
subjects, playground workers, and school and college teachers,
reported employment of less than 30 hours a week. Among workers
usually employed in clerical occupations and transportation and
trade pursuits and to a slightdegreeamong textile workers, the
incidence of unemployment was higher for men than for women.
In all other occupational groups 3 larger proportions of women
than of men were unemployed.
2-rhe codes used 1n the analysts by usual occupat1on and Industry were Bulletin
#3, Occupation Code, and Bullet1n 14,, Industry Code, Works Progress Administration, National Research ProJect 1n cooperat1on w1th the Industr1al Research
Department or the Untvers!ty or Pennsylvan1a (m1meo., Apr11 1936).
3 Exclud1ng unskilled labor1ng work which was the usual occupation or only
22 women.
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16
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
The volume of unemployment among men and women usually employed
in skilled and semiskilled occupations in manufacturing and mechanical industries was slightly lower than the average for
all workers in the city ( table SI. It was particularly high
for women engaged in metal trades (such as coil winders, storagebattery workers, and operatives on electrical goods including
radios I and for men in buil~ing and construct ion. It was low for
both men and women customarily employed in skilled and semiskilled
occupations in printing and publishing establishments. Textile
workers were unemployed in about the same proportions as all
workers (22percent of the men and 21percent of the women).
For men and women in a few specific textile occupations the rate
of unemployment was very high !table C-9).
Men usually employed in unskilled laboring work, particularly
in construction, suffered most from unemployn~nt. Over a third
of them reported that they were seeking work in May 1937. Women
in domestic- and personal-service occ_upat ions were unemployed
in higher proportions (28 percent l than women in any other major
occupational group.
The rate of unemployment was lowest for
men in public-service occupations and relatively low for both
men and women in executive, professional, and semiprofessional
occupations, in clerical occupations, and in transportation and
trade pursuits.
The findings in regard to the incidence of unemployment among
workers usually employed in different industrial groups support
those for usual occupation. Workers usually employed in manufacturing were unemployed in about the same proportions as all workers.
For men the percentages unemployed are 19 in manufacturing and
20 for all employables; for women the percentages are 21 and ;,;io
respectively (table C-8). The rate of unemployment was high for
women in miscellaneous industries,' particularly in domestic
service for private families, and for men usually working in
building and construction and in miscellaneous industries.
PRESENT OR LAST JOB
In addition to the usual occupation and industry, the occupation
and industry of the present job of persons employed in May 1937
°'Includes private ramllles, theaters and motion-picture houses, garages and
auto-re1>alr shops, agriculture and fishing, mines and Quarries, and ce111etertea
and undertaking establishments.
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T1bl1 5,• OCCUPATIONAL GROUP DP USUAL OCCUPATION DP EMPLOYABLE PERSONS, BY EMPLDYM!NT STATUS AND SEX
Men
Occupational group
Nu■ -
ber
Percent.
Percent
Nuber
Nu■ -
ber
Percent
Percent.
Nuber
Nu■ -
ber
Percent
N~
3.6
1,989
ber
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
Unemployed•
Employed part. time
Employed full time
Total
Percent
N~
ber
Percent.
Nuber
Percent
6,438
27,1
z
Total b
55,840 100.0 23,754 100.0 40,808 73. 1 15,327 64.5 2,018
8,4 13,014
23,3
C")
,..,
z
,..,
0
Skilled and semiskilled occupations
in manufacturing and mechanical
industries
Building and construction
Metal products, machinery, and
electrical-goods manufacturing
Printing establishments
Te~tile and clothing manufacturing
Other
•
C")
22,526 100.0
4,966 100.0
7,374 100,0 16,804 74,6
0
-
5,157 69,9
3,238 65.2
0
-
1131
4,1
561
292
5. 9
0
94
9
11
420
121
7.6
4,791
21.3
1,656
-
1,436
28.9
0
2,9
9,2
9,2
5.0
925
105
859
1,466
17,7
12.7
21,7
19.5
142
17
960
537
46,4
14,3
21.2
22.3
2,262
655
1.707
944
34,8
5
15,1
536
16.0
285
22.3 1,717
22,7
11,4
14,0
28,0
5,239
829
3,964
7,528
100.0
100.0
100,0
100.0
306
119
4,536
2,413
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
4,220
678
2,821
5,847
80.;!
81.8
71,l
77.7
155
91
3,156
1,755
50.7
76.5
00.6
72,7
46
284
215
1,8
5.5
7.2
2.8
6,504
4,355
10,669
4,233
100.0
100.0
100.0
100,0
22
4,701
2,040
6,130
100.0
100.0
100.0
100,0
3,866
3,651
8,661
3,126
59.4
83 .8
81.2
73 .a
15
4,060
1,617
3,508
68.2
86.4
79.2
57.2
376
49
301
163
5.8
1.1
2,8
3,9
2
9,1
105
2.2
138
6.8
905 14,8
961 ea.a
9 81.8
182
16
4.5
1,3
278
0
22,5
-
0
""'
C
,..,z
z.,,
r
0
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
Unskilled labor
Clerical work
Transportation and trade pursuits
Domestic and personal service
Executive, professional, and sealprofessional occupations
Public-service occupations
Not previous l;y emp lo;yed
4,099 100.0
1,263 100.0
2,191 100.0
1,397 100.0
11 100.0
2.079 100.0
3,526 86.0
1.174 92.9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
19.9
-
-<
,..,z
...
z
391
9.5
158
11,3
5.8
18,2
2
2,191 100.0 2,079 100.0
73
11 1ncludea persons e ■Pl07ed on emergency Worlr.s Progra■ projects.
ba:zcludea 8 ■en and • women who did not report usual occupattonal group.
...
--1
18
EMPLOYMENT ANO UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
and of the last job 6 for persons unemployed at that time were
recorded. Data were also obtained on the character of employment
and length of service on the present or last job. Ninety-four
percent of the men and 97 percent of the women reported that
their present job in May 1937 or their last job was at their usual
occupation; slightly more, that it was in the same occupational
groupastheir usual occupation. High proportionsofthe workers
( 9i. percent of the men and 97 percent of the women I also reported
that their present or last job was in the same industrial group
as their usual industry. The similarity between the occupation
and industry of the most recent job and the usual occupation
and industry may be due in part to the interpretation of the
terms "usual occupation" and "usual industry" by household members
furnishing information. Data pertaining to the last or present
jobs are most easily recalled. There is also some inclination,
particularly on the part of persons with little specialized training and those who have worked at a variety of jobs, to consider
their most recent employment as their usual or customary work.
The proportion of unemployed men who had last worked at skilled
and semiskilled occupations in manufacturing and mechanical industries was only slightly larger (i.3 percent I than the proportion
of employed men ( 41 percent I who were working at these occupations
in May 1937 (table C-101. The difference was greater in the case
of men engaged in building and construction trades. Over 12 percent of the unemployed men had last worked in these occupations
in contrast with less than 8 percent of those with such jobs in
May 1937. A more striking difference between the two groups
occurred in the percentages last employed in unskilled laboring
work. Only 11 percent of the men with jobs were engaged in work
of this type, while 22 percent of those without jobs had last
been employed in unskilled work. Much larger proportions of the
unemployed women than of those working reported that their last
job had been in domestic- and personal-service occupations and
skilled and semiskilled occupations in the manufacture of metal
products. Considerably more employed than unemployed workers,
both men and women, had most recently worked in clerical occupations, transportation and trade p11rsuits, and executive and
5 Data concerning the last Job 1n private 1ndustrJ or regular Government
employment whtcb lasted ror 1 month or longer were recorded ror persona
unemployed tn Hay 11l37 who had been prev1ous11 employed. 133 casual workers
(57 men and 76 women who reported that they had never had a Job or 1 month • 8
duration l were class1 fled as previously employed and not as new workers,
but because or the casual nature or their usual emplo,ment theyare excluded
from tabulations or these data.
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INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT
professional occupations.
service occupations.
19
This was also true ox men in public-
When the industry of the present or last job is considered,
the most striking difference between the employed and unemployed
men is in the proportion who were most recently engaged in building
and construction. Less than 8 percent of the men employed in
May 1937 were working in the building and construction industries
( table C-11 I. In contrast to this, 17 percent of the unemployed
men had held their last jobs in these industries. To a slight
degree this was also true of men employed in the manufacture of
textiles and clothing; lumber and timber products; stone, clay,
and glass products; and in miscellaneous service industries.
The reverse was true in other industries.
Twenty-eight percent of the .iobless women had last been employed
by private families, whereas only lij percent of the women who
had jobs in May 1937 were working for private families. As was
true in the case of men, considerably larger proportions of employed than of unemployed women were working or had last worked
in retail trade, Government agencies, and insurance, finance, and
business and professional offices.
The large ma,iori ty of both employed and unemployed men and
women reported that they were working in their most recent employment for persons other than themselves (table 61. Host of this
Ta~la I,• CHARACTER OP PRESENT OR LAST JOB DP EMPLOYABLE
RRBONI BY BMPLDYMINT STATUS AND SEX
Unemployed a
Employed
Character of
present or
last job
Total 11
Men
NWIber
Women
Percent
Number
Men
Percent
Number
Women
Percent
Number
Percent
42,827 100.0 17,316 100.0 10,764 100. 0 4,281 100.0
Employee
36,794
Selfemployedc 3,422
ownerc
2,611
85.9 16,474
e.o
6.1
385
457
95.2 10,107
2.2
2.6
499
158
93.9 4,226
4,6
1.5
40
15
··-
98.7
0.9
0,4
----
-
&Includes persons employed on emergency Works Program proJecte.
11 Excludee 9 •en and e wo•en who did not epeciry character or emploYMent or
present or 1a11t Job and 67 men and 70 wo111en wno were employed on Jobe !&Sting
iess than 1 ■ on th.
cror derinition see appendix B.
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20
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
employment was of a "regular" character." Hen in public utilities
(particularly transportation I, miscellaneous industries I part icularly theaters and motion-picture houses and private families),
and building and construction had more casual employment than
men in other industries. As might be expected, the amount of
self-employment was high among men in building and construction,
insurance, finance, and business and professional offices, service
industries, and garages and auto-repair shops in miscellaneous
industries. Host of the owners worked in retail trade and service
industries. Casual employment of women was most prevalent among
those working for private families; self-employment, among those
in retail trade and business and professional offices; and ownership, among those in retail trade and service industries. Women
were more likely than men to have casual employment and less
likely to be working on their own account.
A comparison of the character of the present jobs of persons
working at the time the survey was made with the last job of
those who had been unable to find work reveals a few outstanding
differences. Four percent of the unemployed men had last worked
on casual jobs, while only 1 percent of those working were employed on jobs of this nature !table C-121. On the other hand,
only 6 percent of the jobless men had last been self-employed
or owners, while lij percent of the employed men were working on
their own account. Similar differences were found for women.
Employed men had been working on their present jobs, on the
average, for 7.0 years; unemployed men, q . .a years on the last
job (table C-1ijl. The lengths of service on the present and
last jobs held by women wereq.o years and.a.7 years respectively.
Employed men in every occupational group reported a greater
length of service than unemployed men. For women th is difference
obtained for all occupational groups but one. Unemployed women
most recently employed in the metal trades 7 reported longer service
on the last job than did employed women in these occupations. The
high average length of service reported by employed as compared
with unemployed workers would lead one to infer that many of the
workers in the sample who were employed in Hay 1937 had retained
their jobs through the depression and recovery years, 1930-37.
6 Employment was classtrted as 11elt-emploYJ11ent, ownership, regular work ror
another person, and casual work tor another person. Casual e11plo711ent "aa
de r lned as work tor 1 or more employers by the hour, by the day, or by the
load handled. Regular employment Included both rull-time and part-time "Ork
tnat was on other than a casual basis.
7Tne pnrase •metal trades• ts used In this report to reterto all occupat1Clls
normally associated with the metal-working Industries.
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INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT
21
Among employed men the lowest average length of service was reported by those in unskilled laboring work; among unemployed men,
by those in unskilled laboring work and domestic- and personalservice occupations. Men employed in public-service occupations
reported the highest average length of service. Jobs in executive
and professional service occupations were of comparatively long
duration for both employed men and those out of work. Women who
were engaged in executive and professional pursuits in May 1937
had been employed considerably longer than other women. The
highest average length of service among unemployed women was
reported by those last employed in the metal trades.
When the length of service is examined in relation to the
industry of the present or last job, it is found that unemployed
men whose last job was in the manufacture of metal products 8 or
transportation equipment had worked longer at these jobs than
men employed in these industries in May 1937 (table C-161. Men
and women employed in pub lie utilities, Government agencies,
and insurance, finance, and business and professional offices
had been working for relatively long periods. Unemployed men
and women whose last job was in these industries also reported
higher-than-average lengths of service.
8 In the InduatrJ' Code uaed, • ■etal products• u:cludea ■ach1ner7 and tranaportatlon equlp■ent.
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SECTION IV
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PREVIOUSLY EIIPLOYED
UNEIIPLOYED 1
This section describes the group of men and women who had
been previously employed but were seeking work in May 1937, The
discussion centers around their sex, race, nativity, age, and
occupation and industry of customary employment. Consideration
is also given to the length of time they had been out of work
since losing tneir last nonrelief job of 1 month or longer in
duration.
This group was found to be representative of the entire employable population with respect to the proportion of men and women
and similar to the group employed in May 1937 with respect to
age.
They differed from all employable persons, however. in
racial composition and occupational and industrial experience.
Unemployed men had been out of work almost twice as long as
unemployed women and older workers had been unemployed for longer
periods than younger workers. The time whicl: had elapsed from
the loss of the last job in private industry to June 1, 1937
also varied for persons with different occupational and industrial
backgrounds and for persons employed on emergency Works Program
projects in contrast with other persons seeking work.
SEX, RACE, NATIVITY, AND ABB
Seven-tenths of the persons who had been previously employed
and were unemployed in May 1937 were men. The ratio of men to
women here is the same as that for. all employable persons in
the survey.
Native-born white workers constituted over half of tne previously
employed men and women who were out of work in May 1937. A fifth
of the men were foreign-born whites, and a fourth were Negroes.
Relatively more women than men were Negroes, and fewer were
white workers of foreign birth. For both men and women the
percentage of Negroes was about twice as high among unemployed
workers as for the total employable population.
1 This group includes 2,869 persons employed
on the emergency Worlts Progra111
in Hay 1937 who had been previously employed in private industry or in regular
Government work. It excluc!es 487 persons employed on emergency Works Progru
proJects who had never hac! a nonrelier Job.
22
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNEMPLOYED
23
The ages of the unemployed workers in the sample vary only
slightly from those of employed workers. The average man out of
work who nad been previously employed was 38,9 years, less than
a year older than the average employed man I table C-15 l. The
differences in age between men who were working and those seeking
work are greater for certain occupational groups. Unemployed
men usually engaged in executive and professional occupations,
for example, were 3 years older than employed men; those customarily employed in building and construction trades, ,2 years
older.
Unemployed women, on the other hand, W':'re slightly younger
(,9.2 years) than employed women (30.0 years), This difference
obtained for every major occupational group except skilled and
semiskilled occupations in the manufacture of metal products and
clerical occupations. In these two instances unemployed women
were slightly older •. The greatest difference in the ages of the
two groups occurred among women usually engaged int ransporta t ion
and trade pursuits, most of whom were saleswomen. Employed women
customarily attached to these occupations were 6 years older than
unemployed women.
Employed men were approximately 8 years older than employed
women, on the average, and unenployed men almost 10 years older
than unemployed women.
USUAL OCCUPATION AND USUAL INDUSTRY
Forty-four percent of the men who had ".3.d previo•1s exrerience
and were looking for work at the time of the survey had usually
been employed in skilled and semiskilled occupations in manufacturing and mechanical industries. Three-tenths of this group
were customarily employed in building and construction trades.
An additional fifth of the unemployed men reported unskilled
laboring work as their usual occupation.
Two-fifths of the
unemployed women had usually worked at domestic- and personalservice occupations and almost as high a proportion at skilled
and semiskilled occupations in manufacturing and mechanical industries. A majority of the women in the latter group were
textile and clothing workers (table C-17).
Of the major industrial groups, manufacturing was most frequent!}'
reported as the usual industry by both men ancl women. Workers
from textile and clothing factories predominated in this group.
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24
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
This was particularly trlle of women. Twenty-nine percent of the
unemployed women with previous work experience had usually worked
for private families; 19 percent of the men, in building and
construction !table C-181. Comparatively large proportions of
the workers (13 percent of the men and 11 percent of the women)
were from retail trade. The rest of the unemployed workers, both
men and women, had worked in a wide variety of industries, with
little concentration in any one group.
As was mentioned in the previous section, the large majority
of the workers reported that their last job was at their usual
occupation and in the industry of their customary employment. As
a result, distributions of the unemployed according to occupation
and industry of the last job are similar to those for usual
occupation and industry !tables C-10 and C-111.
DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT
As defined in this study, the duration of unemployment is the
length of time from the date of the loss of the last nonrelief
job which lasted 1 month or more to June 1, 1937. Time employed
on emergency Works Program projects has been counted as unemployment. For the majority of workers the duration of unemployment
therefore represents the length of time they have been seeking
work since the loss of their last job, but for an undetennined
number it may include some periods of time out of the labor market.
The average unemployed man had lost his last nonrelief job
22.3 months prior to the time the survey was made.
The average
unemployed woman, on the other hand, had been out of work for
only about half as long ( 11. 3 months I ! table C-19 I. For men
the average duration of unemployment is about the same as that
reported in 1936, but for women it is almost S months shorter. 2
There was an increase, however, from 1936 to 1937 in the proportion
of men who had not had a job for 5 years or more. In 1937, 22
percer. t, and in 1936, 17 percent of the unemployed men had been
unemployed for this length of time. The reverse was true for
women; 14 percent in 1937 and 17 percent in 1936 reported that
they had been seeking work for s years or longer.
lihen persons who were employed on emergency Works Program
projects in May 1937 are excluded from consideration, the average
2 The r!Mlngs or the 1936 survey are presented 1n Part I or this report, by
Gladys L. Palmer (August 1938).
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNEMPLOYED
length of time out of work is reduced to 16.9 months for men and
8.9 months for women. The comparison of these figures with those
for 1936 presents some interesting differences. The average time
out of work for unemployed men, exclusive of those on emergency
Works Program projects, was 1.9 months lower in 1937 than in 1936;
for women it was 6.o months lower. For persons employed on the
emergency Works Program, on the other hand, the length of time
since the loss of the last nonrelief job increased between 1936
and 1937. Men employed on works Program projects in 1936 had not
had a job in private industry or regular Government employment
for 32.1 :nonths; those employed on such projects in 1937, for
38.7 months. For women these figures are 23.6 and 26.0 months
respectively. Differences between the two years are also found
when the proportions of long-time unemployed are compared. Threetenths of the men employed on emergency Works Program projects
in 1937 had not had a nonrelief job for 5 years or more in comparison with one-fifth of other unemployed men ( table 71. In
1936 these differences were smaller; approximately 20 percent of
the men employed on emergency projects and 15 percent of all
other unemployed men had been seeking work for this length of
time. Similar differences were found for women.
When duration of unemployment is examined in relation to age,
it is found that the long-time unemployed were older than those
who had been out of work for short periods ( table C-19 I • For
men the length of time elapsed since the loss of the last job
increases directly with age except for those 65 years of age or
over, who were out of work for shorter periods, on the average,
than men 60 to 64 years of age. This is probably due to the
fact that the oldest men who had been unemployed for long periods
of time were likely to be classified as unemployable rather than
as part of the labor supply. In the case of women, also, the
duration of unemployment increases with age but not so consistently
as for men. Women 45 to 54 years of age, for example, were out
of work for shorter periods than those from 35 to 44.
There are some important differences in the duration of unemployment reported by men and women in various occupational groups.
Men usually employed in skilled and semiskilled occupations in
manufacturing and mechanical industries had been without jobs
for slightly shorter periods than all men ( table C-201. Men from
the building and construction trades reported the highest average
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~
T1~l1 7.- DURATION DP UlllMPLDYMINT IJNCI LAST NDNRILJIP JDI
Unemployed, excluding
persons on emergency
Works Program projects
All unemployed
Persons on emergency
Program projects
Works
.
...,
lit
Duration of unemployment
in months
Women
Men
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Women
Men
Num-
Number
Percent
B,336
100.0 3, 7'26
Percent
ber
Women
Men
Number
r-
0
Percent
Number
Percent
-<
lit
m
z
100.0
499
100.0
,..
-4
Total•
10,628 100.0 4,225 100.0
100.0 2,292
z
11::11
0- 2
3- 5
6- 8
9- 11
12- 23
24- 35
0
<g
;::;<D
a.
O"
36- 47
48- 59
60-119
120-179
180 or over
1,989
1,024
619
443
1,451
1,096
18.7 1,148
544
9.6
257
5.8
4.2
213
587
13 .7
10.3
373
27.2 1,921
12.9
939
528
6.1
355
5.0
13.9 1,036
763
B.8
23,0 1,122
509
11.3
239
6.3
1B8
4.3
12.4
454
9.2
293
30.1
13.7
6.4
5.0
12.2
7.9
BBO
830
2,130
13B
28
B.3
7.B
20.0
1.3
0.3
586
6.5
576
5.4
12.2 1,503
1.5
108
21
0.5
7,0
6.9
18.0
1.3
0.3
6.1
5.1
11.5
1.4
o.6
274
227
514
65
23
227
189
430
54
21
91
88
415
333
26
3.0
35
3.7
1B
4.0
25
3.8
18.1
133
14 .5 . 80
5.2
7.0
3.6
5.0
26.7
16.0
294
254
627
30
7
12,B
11.1
27.4
1.3
0.3
9.4
7.6
16.9
2.2
0.4
68
85
47
38
84
11
2
'<
CJ
0
-
~
( i)
Median number of months
22.3
11.3
1 11clllc1es 334. persona who dld not report date or loss ot last Job.
16.9
8,9
38,7
26,0
C:
.
:a:
m
lit
r-
0
-<
lit
m
z
-4
z
fO
w
....,
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNEMPLOYED
27
duration o! unemployment (30.2 months}, and those !rom skilled
and semiskilled occupations in printing establishments, unskilled
laboring work, and public-service occupations had been out o! work
!or almost as great a length of time (29.5, 28.1, and .28.5 months
respectively). It was pointed out earlier that the incidence
o! unemployment was highest among men in unskilled laboring work
and second highest among those from building and construct ion
trades. Hen usually employed in these occupations, therefore,
were not only unemployed in large numbers but had been out of
work for relatively long periods of time. On the other hand,
comparatively few men usually engaged in public-service occupations were unemployed in May 1937, but those unemployed had been
out of work for longer periods of time than the average unemployed
man in the sample. Textile workers reported the lowest average
duration of unemployment.
The highest average duration o! unemployment among women was
reported by those in domestic- and personal-service occupations.
The proportion of women from these occupations who were unemployed
in May 1937 was also large. Women in clerical and executive and
professional occupations had been out of work longer than the
average woman. Except for a group of women last employed as radio
workers, who had been out o! work a short period because of a
strike, the lo,..est average duration of unemployment was reported
by textile- and clothing-factory workers and operatives in a
wide range of manufacturing industries.
Variations in duration of unemployment are also found when it
is examined in relation to the usual industry. Whilemen usually
employed in manufacturing had been out of work, on the average,
5 months less than all men, the duration of unemployment was very
high for men attached to certain groups of manufacturing industries
and low forothers. Men customarily employed in the manufacture
of transportation equipment, for example, had been out of work
!or the greatest average length of time (~0.2 months); those
usually employed in the manufacture of metal products, for almost
as long (39.3 monthsl. 3 On the other hand, men from textile
factories and electrical-machinery manufacturing, particularly
radio manufacture, had lost their jobs quite recently. They had
3 For further <1etat1s on the long-ttme unemployment or sk1lle<1 workers In the
111anuracture or metal products an<1 transportation eQulpmentsee Helen Herrmann,
fen lean of liorll. lxperience of Ph Hade iphia Jtachini.sh ( Works Progress
A<1m1n1stratton, National Research ProJect 1n cooperation w1 th In<1ustr1a1
Research Department, University or Pennsylvania, Report No. P-6, September
1938).
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28
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
been unemployed, on the average, for 6.2 and 2.7 months respectively. Excluding manufacturing industries, the highe~t average
duration of unemployment ( 3~. 3 months I was reported by men normally
working for public utilities; the second highest (31.5 months),
by men . from building and construction (table C-211.
Further instances of prolonged unemployment are apparent when
the experience of men usually employed in specific industries
is considered.
The average length of time which had elapsed
since the loss of the last job was ~ years or more for men usually
employed in foundries, railroad-equipment and -repair shops,
shipbuilding, and steam railroads. In addition, it was 3 years
or more for men usually employed in the following industries:
Sugar refining; carpets and rugs;• hats and caps; paper and wood
pulp; iron and steel products; stone, clay, and glass products;
blast furnaces and steel-rolling mills; road and street cons t ruction; electric and street railways, electric-light and -power
plants, and gas companies; banks and trust companies; clubhouses,
camps, and museums; and shoe-repair sbops.
The highest average duration of unemployment for women was
reported by those usually employed in public utilities ( qo .o
months), especially in telephone and telegraph companies, but
the total number of women in th is group was small. Women normally
engaged in all major industrial groups other than manufacturing
and women in the upholstery-manufacturing industry had been out
of work longer than women in general.
4 For rurther details on the long-time unemployment or 11orkers in
the carpet
and rug industry see Gladys L. PUmerand Others, fen Tea.-s of lfof'11. lzj>e.-i.ence
of Philade !phi.a If eave-rs and Loo ■ lixe.-s ( Works Progress Adminiatra t1on,
National Research ProJect In cooperation 11ith Industrial Research Department,
University or PennsyJvanta, Report No. P-4, July 1938).
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APPENDIXES
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APPENDIX A
RELIABILITY OF RETURNS ON SCHEDULE NRP FORM #41
INTRODUCTION
In surveys of this type it is to be expected that there will
be sofTle misstatements due either to the fact that the person
giving the information does not know the exact facts or does not
wish to reveal them. Addition al errors will be introduced because
the interpretations of the questions asked and the answers made
will vary frofTI interviewer to interviewer and from respondent to
respondent.
The results of a check on the extent and type of
discrepancy found in the returns on the 1937 schedules of the
Philadelphia Snrveyof Employment and Unemployment are presented
in this appendix.
M1tbad al T1klag Sarv1r
The 1937 survey covered approxi~ately 9 percent of the city's
em~1loyable p0pulation and included approximately !1-6,ooo households. This survey was made in 3 weeks with about 200 enumerators.
The enumerators were given 2 days of intensive preliminary training
and were provided with writ ten instruct ions. Before the schedules
were sent to the central editing section, they were edited in
the field offices for the pnrposeof checking interpretations of
questions. Return visits w~re made to correct obvious errors.
The in format ion was obtained in the course of an interview with
some responsible member of the household, or in the few cases
wh~re this was not possible, with someone who was not part of
the household. In about three-tenths of the households the person
interviewed was the head of the household; in half of the households it was his wife; and in most other cases, some other relative
of the household head. In very few cases was the respondent a
lodger, a servant, or some person who was not part of the household, such as a neighbor or an apartment-house manager. 1
1 The relationship or the respondent to tne household head was tabulated ror
scnedules In 3 or the 10 scno0l districts (table C-22).
30
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APPENDIX A
31
Metked1 al T11tla1 R1ll1kllltJ el Rat1raa
Primarily for the purpose of checking the work of the enumerators,
s .8 percent of the households included in the 1937 survey were
revisited by a different interviewer within a week or 10 days
after the first visit. The households chosen for reinterview
were selected at random, the only requirement being that each
enumerator's work be adequately represented. The person making
the second visit had no information about the household except
the name, address, and date of the original enumeration. In
filling in the new schedules the information was recorded as of
the date of the original interview. The "spot-check" or "test"
schedules were compared with the original schedules to determine
the differences in the information reported during the two visits.
Although the discrepancies in the returns on the individual
schedules varied considerably, the differences were to a large
extent compensating and the averages or summary figures were only
slightly affected. A check involving data on age, school grade
cO!llpleted, years in city, and duration of unemployment since last
job was made for one district of the survey. In a comparison of
tabulations according to the original and according to the test
entries, the medians for age and years in city were the same and
the median school grade differed by only 0.5 grades. For comparable job entries, the median duration of unemployment differed
by 1.3 months.
COMPARISON DP DRIBINAL AND "SPOT-CHECK" SCHEDULES
All the entries on the ,.,686 "spot-check" schedules have been
compared with the entries on the original schedules. As was to
be expected, it was found that a greater proportion of cases had
different returns on the two visits when two different persons
had given the information than when the same person had given
the information to both enumerators.
In the following paragraphs the differences in the returns
for each item are described separately. The instructions .to
the enumerators are mentioned only briefly. For more detailed
instructions see Bulletin 113, Instructions !or Filling in Form
1111-1, works Progress Administration, National Research Project
in cooperation with the In?ustrial Research Department o! the
University of Pennsylvania (mimeo., Hay 1937). Tables are appended !or those who wish to make further comparisons of the
results of this check (tables A-1 to A-17).
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32
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
Y11r1 In City and Y11r1 at
Sa■ 1
Addr111 fir K1111h1ld H11d
Since the definitions of "years in city" and "years at this
address" are comparatively simple, different answers to the quest ions cannot be attri huted to dif!icul ties of interpretation
either by the enumerator or by the person giving the information
except in unusual cases. In spite of th is fact, for over half
15".1 percent I of the households for which the information was
available, the returns for "years in city" were different on the
two schedules; for almost two-fifths 138.2 percent) of the households the returns for "years at this address" were different
I tables A-1 and A-,l. In making th is comparison. when years and
months were recorded, the en tries were considered the same if the
number of years was the same, regardless of the numberof months.
The proportion of conflicting returns was considerably higher when
a different person gave the information to the second enumerator
than when the same respondent gave the information both times.
For "years in city", ~7 percent of the returns differed when the
respondent was the same and 63 percent when the respondents were
different: for "years at this address", the percentages were 3~
and ~6 respectively.
When the entries were classified 11_ccording to the intervals
used in coding ( 1-year intervals up to s years and 5-year intervals
up to ""o years or over" and "si nee birth" l, the proportion of
households for which the returns on the two visits came within
different groops was still large (17.3 percent for ''years in
city" and 19.1 percent for "years at this address").
N1mb1r at P1r11n1 In H1u11hald
To determine properly the number of persons in a household,
the enumerator had to have a thorough understanding of the composition of a household according to the definition used, which
was "a group of persons living together in one housekeeping unit."
While the instructions were written to cover borderline cases that
might be misinterpreted,it is probableinsome cases, especially
where more than one family was livini! in a dwelling, that the
enumerator might have had difficulty in determining the number
of households and number of members in each.
The schedule provided for entering the numberof persons in the
household according to whether they were under 16 years of age
or older. For 8.3 percent of the households the number of persons
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APPENDIX A
33
under 16 years of age was recorded differently on the two schednles,
and for 16.2 percent the number 16 years or over was recorded
differently I table A-3 l. The proportion of different returns
was almost twice as great when different persons had given the
information to the two enumerators as when the same person had
supplied the information both times.
A fewofthese discrepancies may be explained by the fact that
the same person was reported as under 16 years of age to one
enumerator and as 16 to the second enumerator. For the most part,
however, the differences are simply due to the addition of persons
who really constituted a separate household or the omission of
persons who were part of the household. For ex amp le, one schedule
showed that a married daughter and her husband were included as
part of the household of her parents one time and as a separate
household the second time.
In another case a lodger had been
included as a member of the household on one schedule hut was
not listed on the other schedule. Differences of this kind may
be due either to misinterpretation or inadequate questioning on
the part of the enumerators or to variations in the answers given
by the respondents.
The total number of persons included in the .. ,686 households
was almost the same for the "spot-check" as for the original
schedules: 12,06q and 12,082 respectively. The test schedules
showed 3,206 persons under 16 years of age and 8,858 persons 16
years of age or over; the original schedules showed 3,223 and
8,859 persons in these two groups.
Occupational and social characteristics were recorded only for
persons 16 years of age or over. For the 8,519 persons 16 years
of age or over who were listed on both schedules, comparisons of
all returns for these characteristics have been made.
R ■ Jatl•••hlp
ta
H•••
In selecting the economic head of the household, the enumerator
was instructedtodeterminewhowas normally the chiefwageearner
and not merely to ask "Who is the head of the household?" As a
result, it is probable that there were a few cases where the
enumerator had to exercise considerable judgment. On 78 of the
2,686 schedules a diffen~nt person was designated as household
head by the two enumerators. Once the head had been selected,
however, it was more or less a routine matter to express th e
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34
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
relationship of the other members of the household to him. This
relationship was reported differently on the two schedules for
only ~-5 percent of the persons, and most of these variations were
due to the fact that a different bead had been selected I table
A-~I. For only 113 of the 8,519 persons involved were different
relationships to the same head recorded.
Since itis an accepted fact that age is frequently misstated,
perhaps it should not be surprising to find that for over one-third
(36.3 percent I of the persons, age was reported differently to the
two enumerators !table A-sl. For the most part the variations
were not great. Almost three-fifths of the differences were
of 1 year; over three-quarters of them were of 2 years or less
!table A-61. As was true for the items previously described,
the percentage of discrepancies was greater when a different
person furnished the information to the second enumerator than
when the same person was interviewed both times.
When the returns for age were grouped in 5-year intervals,
13.2 percent came within different groups.
Nativity aad Rae,
For almost all persons the nativity and race were reported
similarly on both visits. In only 1 percent of the cases was
the nativity recorded differently on the two schedules, the percentage being the same whether or not the respondent was the
same (table A-71.
There were only 11 persons for whom the race entered on the
second schedule was unlike that on the first (table A-81.
In
seven of these cases one enumerator entered the classification
"other", while the second enumerator entered "white" or "Negro."
In four cases one enumerator entered "Negro" and the other "white."
Marital Stata1
For less than 2 percent of the persons were the returns for
marital status unlike on the two schedules I table A-91. It seemed
to make little difference whether the information was given by
the same respondent or not. The percentages of different returns
were 1.8 and 1.9 respectively.
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APPENDIX A
ScbDDI
35
a, •• D Cempl1t1•
The returns for school grade completed varied more than those
for age. For 47.5 percent of the persons the information given
on the second visit differed from that on the original visit
<table A-101. The differences were not great for the most part.
About two-fifths (41.3 percent) of the discrepancies were of
1 grade, and about two-thirds (67.7 percent I of them were of 1 or
2grades (table A-111. For 9 percent of the persons for whom
the school grade completed was reported differently, however,
the variation was of 5 grades or more.
When the returns were classified according to the intervals
used in tabulation, 32.6 percent came within different groups.
£mp II JIIII ■ t 5 tit UI
In recording employment status, persons were classified as
employed in ptivate industry, unemployed, employed on emergency
Works Program projects, or not seeking work. 2 For persons employed in private industry the numher of hours worked per week was
recorded; for persons unemployed or employed on emergency Works
Program projects the classification of "previously employed" or
"not previously employed" was recorded; for persons not seeking
work the reason for not seeking work was recorded.
A comparison of these returns shows that the employment status
of 68.2 percent of the persons was recorded in exactly the same
manner on both visits; that is, not only was the general classification such as "employed" or "unemployed" the same, but the
number of hours worked, the reason for not seeking work, and
the classifications "previously employed" and "not previously
employed" were the same l table A-12 I.
For slightly more than an additional fifth of the individuals
the employment status was in the same general classification
on both schedules, but the specific entry differed. For 17.8
percent of the persons the employment status was "employed" on
both schedules, but the number of hours worked was different;
for 2.0 percent it was "unemployed" or "employed on emergency
Works Program projects", but the classifications "previously
employed" and "not previously employed" were different; for :.i.Q
2
see def1n1t1ons or these terms 1n appendt:i: B.
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36
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
percent it was "not seeking work", but different reasons for not
seeking work were given.
The employment status was recorded entirely differently on the
twoschedules for the remaining persons (9.1 percent I. Difficulty
in distinguishing unemployed persons from those not seeking work
accounted for the greatest number of these variations 144.3
percent I. Almost as large a proportion of the differences I 36. 8
percent I were between employed and unemployed persons, and less
than a fifth I 18.9 percent I were between employed persons and
those not seeking work.
In some cases no possible explanation for the unlike classifications of employment status was shown on the schedules. In most
cases, however, the conflict seemed to be due to variations in the
appropriate disposition of cases that were difficult to classify.
For example, many of the persons classified once as employed
and a second time as not seeking work were housewives. Although
persons occupied with household duties were to be classified as
not seeking work, some women taking care of their homes may have
indicated that they would have liked to have a job. In such
cases it may have been difficult for the enumerator to determine
whether or not the women were actually in the labor market.
Similar difficulties in interpretation may account for the classification of persons as unemployed by one enumerator and as too
old to work by another. The instructions provided that persons
who considered themselves or were considered by their relatives
as too old to work were to be classified as not seeking work.
A number of the persons classified as employed by one enumerator
and as unemployed by another were self-employed persons; others
were working only a few hours a week. While persons working on
their own account were to be considered employed, a person who
is usually self-employed but has had little work may report that
he is unemployed. Many of the women classified first as housewives
and then as employed were women who did dressmaking or helped in
their husbands' stores in addition to taking care of their homes.
The enumerators were asked to use their own judgment in determining
whether women who were taking care of their homes and also working
part of the time should be classified as not seeking work or as
employed. All of these are borderline cases int he class if icat ion
of which the enumerator's judgment, as well as the attitude of
the respondent or the person concerned. enters.
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APPENDIX A
37
U1a1l Occap1tl1a
In comparing the returns for occupation, they have been considered to be the same if the same code numbers 3 were assigned
to the returns on the original and on the test schedule.
The proportion of difference in returns was smaller for the
occupation of the present or last job (21.8 percent) than for the
occupation of the usual or customary job (24.1 percent) I table
A-13).
The _definition of usual occupation was open to more
variation in interpretation by the respondent and the enumerator
than that for the present or last job. The fact that the present
or last job might have been more recent and recalled more easily
may also account for these returns being more consistent than
those for usual occupation.
In an effort to determine the nature of variations that occurred,
the occupations that differed on the two schedules were classified
according to the 11 major groups of the occupational code. For
both the usual occupation and that of the present or last job,
over two-fifths 1~2.8 percent and 43.1 percent respectively) of
the unlike returns came within the same occupational group. Of
the occupations that were assigned to different groups. some were
closely allied. For example, if one schedule showed "machinist"
and the other showed "machinist's helper" or "foreman of machinists" the two returns would fall in different occupational groups
according to the code used. On the other hand, the two occupations recorded for the same person were occasionally entirely
unrelated, such as "salesgirl" and "waitress", "general housework''
and "power sewing-machine opera tor", "watchman'' and "electrician'',
or "porter" and "upholsterer."
U1u1t lada1t ry
The method used for comparing returns for industries was the
same as that for occupations. The returns were considered to
be alike if the same code number 4 was assigned to the entry on
both schedules.
~occupations were coeleel accorel1ng to BUlletln 13. occupation Coele, Works
Progress Aclmlnlstratlon, National Research project In cooperation with th e
Inelustrlal Research Department or the university or pennsy1van1a (mlmeo.,
April 1936). This coele lelent1r1es 233 occupations.
4
Industrleswere coded according to Bulletin 14, Industry Coele, Works ~r~t~!!f
Administration, National Research project In cooperation with th1 1
1936 ) ·
Research Department or the university or pennsy1van1a (mlmeo., pr
This code Identifies 161 Industries.
f/
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38
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
The proportion of difference in returns was smaller for the
industry of employment than for the specific occupation for both
the present or last and the usual job. Since the information for
the entire household was usually given by one person, it is not
surprising to find that the respondent frequently had difficulty
in describing the exact occupation· performed by each member but
knew the type of business or the product made by the finn in which
the individual was employed. As was the case for occupation,
there were fewer differences in the industry returns for the
present or last job I 16. 7 percent I t ban in those for the usual
or customary job 120.0 percent) !table A-1~1.
When the industry returns that differed on the two schedules
were classified according to the 23 major groups of the industrial
code, a smaller proportion were within the same group than was
true for the occupation returns ( 8. 1 percent of the different
returns for usual industry and 25 .6 percent of those for the
industry of present or last job I. Most of the industries that
were classified in different groups were ·entirely unrelated. In
some cases the difference was due to confusing manufacturing with
wholesale or retail trade, but for the most part, the information
on the schedules suggested no explanation for the discrepancy.
Character 1f Pra11at 1r La1t Jo~
Four classifications were used to describe the economic status
or character of employment: Regular, casual, self-employment,
and ownership. The returns for the two visits were different
for 6.9 percent of the persons I table A-151. Some of these differences were related to differences in returns for occupation
and industry. In many cases, however, there were differences
reported in the character of employment when the occupation and
industry returns were the same.
Laagth of S1rwlc1 •• Pr111at ,, La1t Jo~
The entries for length of service on the present or last job
were considered to be the same if the same number of years was
given, regardless of the number of months, provided the duration
was of 1 year or more. If the length of service was less than
a year, the returns were considered the same only if the same
number of months was reported. On this basis, over three-fifths
(63.2 percent! of the entries differed !table A-16).
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APPENDIX A
39
When the returns were classified according to the groups used
in coding 16-month intervals up to 1 year, 1-year intervals up
tos years, and s-year intervals up to ".ao years or over"I, there
were still over two-fifths (ijJ,S percent I of them that came within
different groups.
Dat1 11 L11wla1 L11t J1~
For persons unemployed or employed on emergency Works Program
projects at the time of the survey, the year and month of leaving
the last job which lasted 1 month or longer was recorded. According to the enumerators, this item was one which people seemed to
find difficult to recall. As a result, frequently only the year
and not the month was recorded. The same year and month was
reported for only one-fourth (2ij.J percentl of the persons for
whom the information was obtained; the same year with a different
month or with the month unknown was reported for 2:l.3 percent;
different years were reported for S3 .ij percent of the cases
I table A-171.
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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
40
Table J.-1.- DIJPFEl!EIICES II RETURJIS FOR rEUS Ill Ciff
(For hOllHbol4 bead.a)
....
....
lmenal of rHpoa.aeA
bapaDH
Total
ba~oDt
._
. ber
Total aobo41aloob
._
hroat
b•r
D1tterut
hroat
._
ber
._
hroat
bor
D1ttenn1:
._
hrhrout bor oat
2,620 100.0 1,2&6 tT.9 1,186 6201 2,161 a2., '62 lTol
.... rHpoadOllt
1,128 100.0
Ditterent rHpoadoDt
SK 100.0
921 61.t
SM ITot
806
660
...."·'
1,tt, ea.a 219 11.2
Tll eo.a 171 19.t
&J•r irltenala uaed an tboa• apoo1tied irl tabl• lo
blmluoloa N oobeduloa
OD
llbiob J9&1"a irl oii:7 -a not reported.
Table ~.- DIFFEIIEIICE8 Ill RETUJIIIS FOR YEAllS AT
•ma•
(For bouaobold bead.a)
...
lmenal of NapGIIH&
bapcma•
Total
bapoadont
._
bor
Total aolwllulH'b
Samo reapoad•D:t
DittoreD:t reapoadoll:t
Dittorut
Samo
._
Peroat
ber
Peroont
J.DDU8S
._
b•r
._
hroont
bor
Ditt•ront
._ Per-
Peroont bor oat
2,858 100.0 1,a.2 ,1.a 1,017 18.2 2,162 8009 601 111.1
l,7t0 100.0 1,u2 61'io8
918 100.0
600 Mot
6118 Mot l,tu az.t aoa lT.6
tl.9 t6o6
718 T8ol 201 21.9
&J•r iratenala uaod an thaH apooitiod irl table lo
'b1a1uoloa 27 oolwdulH
OD
ftiob J9&1"a at •t111a• addreH -a not reported.
Table A-lo- DIJPFERBIICBS Ill RETUDS Fell IOIIBD C1P PEIISOllS Ill JIOUSIBOLD
Total
bapoadoDt
...,OI'
I hroat
.....r
....I
bapcmao
Dittorut
Peroont
...,•r
I Peroent
Total Peraou
Total aobodulH
S... reapoadont
Dittorea:t reapoad•D:t
21 686
100.0
2,1118
8108
'88
1a.2
l,TM
100.0
100.0
l,tll8
102
ea.a
n.s
HI
zao
HoT
ltoT
HI
PeraODa 'Dllllor 16 Y•ra ot Ac•
Total aolwduloa
Samo reapoadoll:t
Ditterent roapoad•Dt
-
2,888
100.0
2,'82
UoT
au
Bell
l,TM
100.0
100.0
10 6ll8
827
9llo2
88.T
119
106
11.1
8ll2
808
Peraou 16 Y•ra ot Ace or Oftr
Total oolwdulH
S... reapolld.ont
Ditteront reapoadont
2,686
100.0
2,262
as.a
tit
18.2
1,TM
9212
100.0
100.0
l,&IT
726
8Tol
'7To8
ZZT
12.9
zz.2
207
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APPENDIX A
41
Table A.-4,- DIF!'l:RENCES IN RETURNS FOR RELATIONSHIP TO IIBAJl&
Response
Total
Same
Respondent
Percent
N1a-
ber
Total
person ■
S - Nl■ pondent
Dit'terent reepondent
Different
N.ber
Percent
Num-
ber
Percent
8,519
100,0
8,136
95,5
585
4.5
5,575
5,lM
100,0
100.0
5,171
2,965
96,2
94,5
204
179
3,8
5,7
&cludfioatione uaecl are head, huaband, wife, ■ on, dau,:hter, father, ,nother, brother,
dater, aon-in-ln, daughter-in-law, father-in-law, mother-in-law, brother-in-Jaw, sisteriD-ln, grand1on, great-grand1on, granddaughter, great-granddaur)lter, uncle, aunt, nephew,
nieoe, grandfather, grandmother, other relati,..,,, lodger, servant, resident worker,
■ eccmdary head, and other.
Table A-6,- DI PFERENCES IN RETURNS l'OR AGE
Intenal of re~r>onaea
Response
Total
Same
Respondent
N,Total per1oneb
s-
reopondent
Different re1pondent
N,ber
Percent
N,ber
Percent
100,0
5,400
63,7
3,071
100,0
100.0
3,668
1,732
68,5
55,5
1,683
1,388
ber
Peroent
8,471
5,351
5,120
s.,..,
Different
N,-
Different
N,-
ber
Percent
ber
Percent
36,3
7,550
86,8
1,121
13,2
31,5
44,5
4,780
2,570
89,3
82,4
571
550
10,7
17,6
•~• intenale u1ecl are tho .. 1pecified in table C-2,
bl!lxcludeo 48 per1on1 for whoa age - • no·t reported on both 1chedul11,
Table A-6,- DEGREE OF DI PFERENCE IR RETURNS FOR AGE
Dirrerence in
year ■
Total
l
Respondent
ber
cent
Num- Per- Num- Per- Num- Perber cent ber cent ber cent
3,071 100,0 1,829
69,5
516
16,8
229
7,5
145
4,7
355
11,5
1,685 100.0 1,072
757
1,388 100.0
63,7
54,5
278
237
16,5
17,l
104
125
6,2
9,0
68
4,0
5,6
161
192
9,6
13,8
ber
Sum respondent
Different reapondent
N,-
5 or more
4
3
Percent
N,-
T crt.al per1onea
2
Percent
ber
a.hcludH 5,400 person ■ for whom age - •
- • not reportecl on both eohedules,
■ame
Num- Per-
on both eohodulea and 48
Table A-7,- DI PPERENCES IN RETURNS
77
person■
for whom age
roR NATI VITYa
Response
Total
Sane
Ilea pondent
N,-
Total peraoneb
s-
re ■ pondent
Di f"f"erent re1pondent
Different
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
ber
Percent
8,512
100.0
8,419
98,9
95
1,1
5,371
3,141
100.0
100.0
5,311
3,108
98,9
98,9
60
35
1, l
1,1
&c1assif'1oation1 uaod are native-born and fon,ign-born.
blilsclud•• 7 person• tor whom nat1Tity - • not reported on both aohedulea,
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oog e
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
42
a
table A-lo• DltWM
--
...poa,len
To1a1
.......
--
hroat
u
0.1
•
T
0.1
0.1
oat
....
...
N.1
161
1.1
Nol
10
ud llldowd, ■epuat.4, _.
a_......
-'
oat
"·'
8,lilZ
100.0
8,1101
a,ltl
100.0
100.0
li,IM
Dltfwatl'W~
llclualtl•tl- •ed an
'lllld.w, Ween,
ud otbffo
DUt.-t
,__
NI'
1,m
~
...
...,_.
....,_
,__
bar
Total pen-b
IITllm toR la&
"·'
"·'
a,11,
'bsnludee T , _ . _ tOI' ,._ nN aa DOt l'9pOl"t.d m llotll ao....iNo
fable Ho• w.#Wii IS IITllm toa IIAIIT.f.L ~
...
.......
....
~
To1a1 pen-b
~
Dltfwatl'W~
,__
NI'
oan
8,611
100.0
8,1111
15,aT0
100.0
100.0
a,011
a,Ha
■lllcl•,
-Cludtloatl- ae4 an M!Tled,
...,__
...
....
To1a1
Dlttwa
,__
lier
,__
bar
... .
150 1'11
1.1
let
'bsnl'llllee I ,_.._ trw ,._ aarltal ■-ta■ aa 11ft nponed m botb ■....iNe
1a111e A•lO•• DuriJIIICa m
....
.......
To1alpanOMb
~
Dlt1'9rat l ' H ~
rm. OUJ11
Per-
MIii:
lier
oeat
NI'
C<a'lftlD
...
i.......iotna,-.•
-- .,.. .... ...,__aa.,
...,
Dlthreat
,__
bar
101
...
,_.
....... -•,.1
....
fola1
~
snuae
hroeat
l>lftwreat
hroefl
ber
lier
1,11151
8 1 1'8
100,0 t,210
Iii.II
S,8111
15,lM
100.0 1,891
100.0 1,111
116,8
2,191 ftol 1,880 To.t 1,11,
l,&TZ 111.1 1,811 11.1 1,161
z,tM
11,ftl
n.1
&illWl'ftl■ ue4 are ■peeltle4 1n table C•T •
~11111ee
an
per•-
tor ,._ ■obool grue
eapleted aa
an
DOUa ■ollNlllee.
NpOrw4 •
fable A•U•• DSallll Ot DIP'PDIIICI IS IIITURa tcR ICS>OJ. OIWlS CQl'Jnll)
--~
Total pelNIODlta
. . . l"Npcmdellt
Dltfwat l'Npcmdellt
■obool
Dltt-• b
Tetal
gndee
.... -- .... .... .... ... .... .... ,_.... ......
..,. ....
bff
p_..
Nat
NI'
-
,....
hr-
Per-
ber
•-'
z,ne 100.0
1,1512 100.0
BIi
812 21.,
fll 21.1
lior_..
oad:
NI'
NI'
!_,NI 100.0 1,iwr ,1.1 1,011 21of "1
,1.,
•,__
a
z
1
u ..
6111
1M 11-1
lTT 11.1 1N
u.e
u.a
11.a
Ill
,.1
11T
e.1
111 lo.9
••bNlib• ud
&g,.01..S• t,280 peracma tor ,._ aobool gn,d.e oapleted - . • - m botb
per■ODt tor ,._ aobool gnde ocapleted aa DOt reported m botb aOMaleee
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APPENDIX A
43
!'a'1o j,.l.f,- D ~ DI Rl'n/lR! l'OR 1111'1.Cl'lll!lfT STA'N!•
. .,_.,
- -
IIHPo-
'lbul
-
_111,._
-....-1>1rr..-, - . - . . ,
-
claultlcet.toD
,,....
Mr
Ditf•"DI pDlral
clueitloat loa
S.- PDlnl
Par--
l'IOr-
OeD\
bor
cent
bor
Mr
""'
- -
9,Slt
100,0
,,811
68,1
l,tS.
IZ.7
D,S711
100.0
100.0
:,,'749
"·'
1,800
22.4
23.S
s,1 ..
&11,6
1,061
...,
l'IOr-
774
t.l
,.,
426
11,l
•row- c-ral ol.eHltloations . . N uHdl (1) !bploy•d in print• 1ndu1try or r•c;ul•r Go•enJ111tnt worlr:
noorded), (Z) mplo-led on eoert•ncy Work.I Procrui proJeot• (ola1d!i•
(....a.r ot INNJ'1 •orbd 1a
•tlaa -..,..iou,17 a:apla,ecl• or 9nat PNTlouely -.plo:,ed waa recorded), (3 ) 1m•ploy9d (clau1r1aat1oa
work (rMlort tor not
•pN'nO.a&l7 -,1o,e4• or •not prffloual)- 911loylfd• wa, reoorded), anrl (4) not
•••Ir: ...
••ok1.nc
1. .Jdnc wvrk • • noorded).
Table j,.lS,- Dil'J'll:RIIICIS DI Rrro1IIIS 1011 OCCUPM!c:11"
----
::- I ...,
l'IOr-
'lb\111 , . _ .
-n..-i
DtthftDI , . . , _ . ,
-Ill,--•
-....--
HD\
ber
oeat
ber
S,Ds.
711.t
1,lM
14,l
,,01&
100,0
100,0
1,331
l,1Cl3
4,Ml
100,0
1,1,s
100,0
100,0
._ - - tor,._ -
wN ""''
. . _ l _ S,111 -
tor -
~1.a.1 '·'"' ,..._.
tor
ber
cent
1143
13,9
2tD
11,7
17,6
78,l
n,9
471
11.t
18,1
l,6l111
1,ll80
s,aso
71.1
1,011
11,8
4,061
87,6
D'III
11,4
l,tOl
1,119
80,8
73,7
D?I
439
19,1
26,S
t,641
1,,20
88,8
1111.4
332
243
ll,I
14,6
&Ill
appoa41.Jc A, tla, s.
or
11 MJor •al-1'101
. - ara -
OeDI
88,S
81,4
or ocoupaU-1 a1... 1t1oat10D -
'o.-'1oul -
DitteNDI
Mr
1,6711
1,6611
••-b
or
Dlthreal
··-
DiffHUI . . . . . . . . .
"'ror -
100, 0
4,-
-·... -1,,.,._ - -I"""" --1 Par-1,,.
....
Oroup
'l'elu
Ill• oooupaUoul •1-ltloaUoa •
-ktaa won,
- 1 oooupoUOD na DOI NPo~•4 ca bo\b oobe4111H,
Rea 000--,all• ., , ..... , 01' lut Job WU Dot NpOl"'IN Oil botb
•obedulee.
!'able j,.14,- PDnRIIICll5 IJ RlffllRll9 P0R !llllOMl!1"'
. _....
::- I
...
,,.....,
s-
4,lllll
-
raopc,o6H\
D:lttewal n.,_..a,
1,97'
1,679
100,0
100.0
100.0
s-
J)tttenat
Different
-11'10r-- --1 Par- - I Par- --1 Par-Mr
111,..,..
'fvlal . - - •
°"°"P ot neponaeb
IIHpoue
1b\al
oeat
Mr
Oellt
Mr
cent
ber
cent
eo.o
S,799
81.6
11116
1,474
-
18,4
83.1
78.V
~2
16,V
21,1
tor Ulllal .1114111\rr'
S,724
80.0
1,41&
81.1
78,0
l,SOV
VSl
1111
S70
18.9
22.0
1,=
Rlluna for Iaduflr, of PNMDt or Lael J'ob0
'lbMl , . _ .
4,683
100,0
3,87ll
83,3
1'8
16,7
4,074
87,6
~79
12,4
-....-,
1,,.,,
lllffw- .........
100,0
100.0
1,DlS
1,561
84,4
463
SlD
1,6~
1,4.tt
88.V
1111.t
331
al.I
1e.6
18.8
11.1
14,9
1,976
"For - • ot
1-1'1111 01 ... 1t1oauca -
248
appoD4ls A, tin. 4,
• ~ r i a l .....- .... an IN 13 •Jor oahaorte■ of tbll tlld.u■trial olu■ ,tteaHoa •
... . . . . - tor,-- no _,. ..,,
-klD4 won,
. . . .1 . . . . . . . . . , .. . . . tor - - \IS\llll lD4uftr, wu not nported.
OD
t,ot,b Hhed~•··
- . . 1. . . . , .... , .. . . . tor wbca ha4ua\ry of pNNDt or lut. Job ... ao1 reportN cm bO'IJI
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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
44
Table A•l5o• DIP'PBRDCBS DI RITUllllS rat CIWIACTD OF PRISDT Cll I.Aft JOrJ&
RHpoDH
Total
Sea
lluaber
Per•
oent
Jlua-
,.,,..
ber
oent
t.620
100.0
t.3011
Hol
2 0 982
1.116'1
100.0
100.0
2.112
1.sacs
112.1
Reapondent
Total peraonab
8 - re■ pondent
Different reapondent
Ditterent
---
es.a
Per-
ber
cent
azi
e.t
190
Ul
s.t
.,_,
&cla1aitication• u■ed are - r • Mlt-ployecl 0 regular npl079e 0 and c•-1 aployee.
Character ot present or la ■t job - • not recorded tor per ■ on• who were not Hettng
work.
~olude■
3 0 890 peraou tor whca oharaoter ot en,ploya.nt - • not reported on both
aolwdulea.
Table A-111.- DIPPIRIIICIS Ill UTURll8 FOil LDGTH OP SERVICE OIi FIIESBlft Cll LAST Joa&
Intern.l ot re ■ ponaeb
Reapome
Total
Reapondent
Total peraon■
0
s._
rnpondent
Different reapondent
a-
.._
Per-
ber
oent ber
a-
Ditternt
Ditterent
--- --- --- --Percent ber
Per-
hr-
cent ber
cent
t 0 62a 100.0 1.ast
ae.a 2.aa2
sa.2 2.1159
&e.15 1 0 98'1
2.910 100.0 1.1sa
1.11111 100.0 1101
to.o
n.o
110.0 l.'732, 59o5 1 0 11a .a.11
111.0
82'1 1 51.2
789 4.8.6
1. 74.'1
1.1111
ber
Per-
oent
ta.&
Ai.ength or Hnico on preaent or lut job - • not recorded tor pereon■ who wre not
anlciag work.
intenal• u■ ed are under 6 ao •• 6•11 ao •• l yr.-1 yr. 11 mo •• 2 yr.-2 yr. 11
a yr.-a yr, 11 JDO,, t yr.-t yr. 11 -•• 5 yr.-9 )T• 11 mo •• 10 yr,-lt yr. 11 ao.,
15 yr.-19 yr. 11 ao., and 20 yr. or Ol'er.
btia
110.,
°holudH :5 0 99:5 per■on• tor whca length ot Hrrtoe - • not reported on both aohedulea.
Table A-17.- DIFP'ERE1'CES IN RETtllllfS l"Cll Dill'! OF LEAVIIIG LlST JOaA
Re■ ponH
Total
S... 19ar
and month
Rnpondent
8 - reapondent
Different reapondent
:p9&r but
ditte~
month
Ditterent:
,-ar
11.11d
month
.....
ber
Percent
ber
Per•
cent
ber
Percent
ber
oent
1.788
100.0
tat
2t.a
:599
22.a
953
11a.t
1.121
100.0
100,0
28:5
1151
25.2
22.'1
250
U9
22.a
22.t
588
112.11
ll85
M.9
11,m-
Total per ■ on■ 0
s-
6615
11,m-
11,m-
hr-
•Date or laviag - • not recorded tor peracn■ who wre not ■Hkillg work and tor ployed peraou.
bincludea return■ where the :,.ar - • tlw .... but the month not reported.
0
E:itcludea 6.7:5:5 persona tor whca date ct leaving laat job - • not reported on both
achedulea,
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APPENDIX B
SCHEDULE AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED
SCHEDULE
it
., a:
Ufll'IAO'ldWl "AIII■
C ..
~~
NI eor .1sv,
>
W
a
!>NIAYTI ll.'Wll
11-===c..===--1-+-+---,l--l---4--l-1-+-+----Jl--l---+--+-l-+-4-----J'"""'II ~ ,..
,..
o !! <
l.llll'IAO"\dll'll
~1---+-----'-l~ :,:
JO \OJ.:)Ylt't(H:)
~~
11-------1--+--+----Jl--l---4--l- -1--+-+----Jl--l--+- + -1--l--4----l~a.~I
i
L.___ L__
er;
i
ll--------1--+-+---ll--l---4----l-
0
g ~~
-l---l--+---ll--l--+-1--1--1--4----l~'II ~ =, !!
') - '., . fa
o :
i ha.:
1-I---+--- ►
~
►
"'.,
::,
"'
~
:>.::~
~
e
1-
:
_J
►Z C
::, z
0
z
...
I-
C
>
.
...
a:
...
!!
N
>
>
:,
2
...g
-
0
C
...
:,;
. .
.,
. .
•
IG
45
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EMPLOYME"T AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
46
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS ON SCHIDULB NRP FORM f41
Household: A household was defined as a group of related or
unrelated persons constituting an economic unit and living together in one housekeeping unit.
Sf>ecial Cases:
(al Servants were included as part of household where they
slept.
(bl Boarders were included as part of household where they
roomed or lodged.
(c I Persons periodically away at work were included as members
of the household which they considered their residence.
(d I Students away at school and persons in jail or prison
or other institutions were not included as members of
the household.
( e I Rote ls were considered to have as many households as there
were permanent resident individuals or families; other
residents were not enumerated.
(fl Employees of hotels and institutions living with their
families in separate household u~i ts on the grounds were
considered as households; other employees of hotels and
institutions were not considered to const i. tute households.
(gl Students living in fraternity houses or lodging houses
were n~t included as members of the household.
Family: A household could consist of one or more families.
The only groups considered as families separate from that of the
head were the following: I 1 I husband and wife; (.2 I father and/or
mother with children; and (31 children without resident parents.
The economic head of the household was
defined as the person, regardless of age or sex, who was normally
the chief wage earner, whet her employed or unemployed at the
time of the interview. If there was more than one family in a
household, the head of the family longest resident was considered
the head of the household.
Head of Household:
The number of years the
household head had lived in the city was defined as the length
in years of his ::iost recent period of continuous residence in
Philadelphia, disregarding absences of less than 1 year.
Years
in City for Household Head:
Years at This .'1ddress for Household Head: The number of years
the household head had lived at his present address was defined
Digitized
byGoqgle
APPEND IX B
47
as the length_ in years of his most recent period of continuous
residence at his present address, disregarding absences of less
than 1 year.
Relationshi/,: When there was only one family or two or more
related families, the relationship of each member to the head
of the household was expressed. When there were unrelated families, a "secondary head" was selected for the unrelated family,
and the relationship of each member of this family to the secondary head was expressed.
Ate: The person's age on his last birthday prior .to the date
of the interview was recorded.
School Grade Completed: The number of grades completed which
led directly to a grammar-school certificate or a high-school
or college diploma were counted as the school grade completed.
Vocational courses such as business-school or nurses' training
which did not lead directly to a grammar-school certificate or
high-school 01 college diploma were not counted.
E1a/,loyment Status: Each person was classified as "employed",
"unemployed", or "not seeking work" as of the day of enumeration.
la) Employed Persons: Employed persons were defined as those
who had a job on other than emergency work 1 on the day of
enumeration. The following special cases were considered
as employed:
1. Domestic servants or other workers employed in other
than their own or relatives' homes who were receiving
room and board only.
2. Persons who were working on their own account.
3. Personswhowere on sick leaveorvacation with pay.
4, Persons who had been sick for less than 1 week and
had a job to go back to even though they were not
receiving pay.
s. Casual workers, such as longshoremen, truck drivers,
and day workers, wno had worked in the week preceding
the enumerator's visit.
6. Boarding-house keepers, if the number of boarders exceeded five.•
(bl Unemployed Persons: Unemployed persons were defined as
those who did not have a job on the day of enumeration but
ge
1wh1le the schedule provided ror class!!y!ng persons who had Jobs o ~ mergencY
"Ork as employed, 1n tabulation they were included wtt .thi:, unemplo ,
•
1g111~ed by~
48
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
were able and willing to work. Persons on strike and persons employed on emergency work were included in this
group.
"Emergency work" was used as an all-inclusive term to
cover employment on work relief, public works, or Works
Program projects, whether financed by the city, the State,
the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the National
Recovery Act of 1933, or the Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts of 1935 and 1936.
le I Not Suk in; lfork: Persons not seeking work were defined
as those who did not have a job on the day of enumeration
and were not able or willing to work. These would include the following examples:
1. Persons who were occupied with household duties in
their own or relatives' homes.
2. Students 16 years of age or over who were in school.
3. Temporarily disabled persons I persons sick for over
1 week but l~ss than 1 year who were not receiving
pay I.
~- Permanently disabled persons I persons sick for 1 year
or more I.
5. Retired persons living on income or pension.
6. Persons too old to work I persons 65 years of age or
over who had not worked during the last 5 years and
those who considered themselves or were considered
by the respondent as too old to workl.
For employed persons only, the number of hours
worked in the pay-roll week immediately preceding the enumerator's
visit were recorded. For casual workers, the hours worked at
the occupation rather than for one employer in the week preceding
the enumerator's visit were recorded.
Hours lforked:
Part-time employment was defined as employment of less than 30 hours per week.
Part-ti11e Err.pLoyunt:
Full-time employment was defined as employment of 30 hours or more per week.
Full-tiu &npLoyunt:
Previously E11pLoyed Persons: Unemployed persons who had been
employed for wages at some time for 1 month or moreonother than
emergency work were classified as previously employed, 2
2
see section III, !tn. 6 !or exception in case or casual workers who
never had a Job or 1 month's duration,
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APPENDIX 8
49
Unemployed persons who had
never been gainfully employed, those who had been gainfully employed for less than 1 month, or those who had been gainfully
employed on emergency work only were classified as not previously
employed.
Persons not Previousl.y Em.f,loyed:
Occuf,ation: In recording occupations, the kind of work done
was stated as exactly as possible. The occupations were coded
according to Bulletin #3, Occupation Code, WorksProgressAdministration, National Research Project in cooperation with the
Industrial Research Department of the University of Pennsylvania
lmimeo., April 19361.
Persons who owned an establishment and also worked in it were
classified as owners. The term "factory laborer" was used only
for persons who fetch and carry mat.erials to and from the product ion workers or clean up after them. The occupations of the
production workers or factory hands were classified in accordance
with the process or operation on which the workers were engaged.
In recording industries, the exact type of business
or product made
specified, with general terms being avoided as
much as possible. Industries were coded according to Bulletin #4,
Industry Code, Works Progress Administration, National Research
Project in cooperation with the Industrial Research Department
of the University of Pennsylvania !mimeo., April 1936).
Industry:
was
Usual Occuf,ation: The usual occupation was defined as the
occupation which the person considered his usual or customary
occupation.• In cases of doubt, the occupation at which the person
had worked longest was considered his usual occupation. Of two
work experiences of equal length in these cases, the more recent
was considered the usual.
Usual Industry: The usual industry was defined as the industry
in which the person considered that he ordinarily worked when
employed at his usual occupation.
Occuf,ation of Present or Last Job: For employed persons, the
occupation of the present job was recorded; for unemployed persons, the occupation of the last job in private employment lasting
1 month or more was recorded.
For employed persons, the industry of the present job was recorded; for unemployed persons,
Industry of Present or Last Job:
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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
the industry of the last job in private employment lasting
or more was recorded.
1
month
For employed persons,
the length of service in years and months of the present job was
recorded; for unemployed persons, the length of service of the
last job in private employment which lasted 1 month or longer
was recorded.
Lentth ofSeroiceonPresent or Last job:
The character of employment
of the present job for employed persons, and of the last job in
private employment which lasted for 1 month or more for unemployed
persons, was recorded as regular, casual, self-employed, or owner.
Casual employment was defined as work for one or more employers by the hour or by the day as in the case of "day workers" in
domestic service, orby the load handled as in the case of longshoremen and jobbing truckdrivers. Regular employment included
both full-time and part-time work that was on an other than
casual basis. A person was classified as self-_employed when
he worked on his own account and/or on contract but did not own
an establishment, or when be received most of his income from
work with the tools of his occupation or the sale of his services.
A person was classified as an owner if he owned a business establishment, whether he worked in it or not.
Character of Present or Last Job:
For
unemployed persons ( including those employed on emergency workl,
the year and month of leaving the last nonrelief job lasting
1 month or more was recorded. 3
Date Leavint Last Reeular Job Las tine
1
Non th or No re:
The terms "regular" and "nonrelief" have been used to describe
jobs on other than emergency work.
3 1n co111put1ng duration ot une111ploYJ11ent, It was necessary In a maJorlt:V ot
cases to est1111&te date ot loss or Job, since the year but not the month had
been reported. This was done byassu111n1 that loss ot Jobs occurred un1ror1111y
over the months or the year. For persons who lost their Jobs In 1937 the
dlstrl but Ion was assumed to be un1toM11 over the 5 aontha preceding the malting
or the survey.
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Table
c-1.-
RELA.TIOllSHIP
TO UOUB'f.i:1Qug llf.Ml
Total
i:!I household
OF PERSONS NOT SEEKIUG WORK, BY REASON FOR NOT SEEKING 11'0RI AND SP.X
Occupied
Relationship to
household head
duties
Num-
ber
Men -
total ■.
He~d
Son
Brother
Father
O';her male relativoe
Secondary head
All others
Women - total b
Head
Daughter
Wife
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
Yother
Sister
Other female
relatives
Secondary head
All other■
In school
Perc11nt
Num-
ber
TemporarilyJPermanently
disabled
disabled
Retired
Other
Aged
rea ■ ona
Per- Nwnoent ber
Peroent
Percent
Nuri-
ber
Percent
Mum-
bor
Percont
Num-
ber
ber
Peroent
bttr
37.9
286
4.4
1,056
16.3
l,!545
20.8
1,295
o.s
174
48
16
16
10.2
2.0
5.1
1.7
269
151
113
234
15.8
604
36.2
25.4
954 55.s
2 0.1
22
7.1
121 13.l
298 17.4
1
•
28
9.0
549 69.6
226 27.1
1 11.1
61 19.7
118 14.2
3 33.3
125 40o3
323
Num-
6,461
100.i:::
12
0.2
2,116
1,709
2,366
312
922
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
2
5
0
1
0.1
0.2
10
2,150
129
0
833 100.0
9 100.0
310 100.0
2
0
2
0.2
-
0.1
142
0
15
u.,
17.1
4.8
0.1
!?0.9
17
2.0
1 11.1
4.5
14
Num-
20.1
Peroent
22
o.'.5
2
0.1
9
o.4
4
1
1.3
0.1
o.s
o.3
92
29.7
5
0
1
3.5
1,781
4.2
69
0.2
998 46.4
22
o.6
23
0.1
77
2.0
186
1
BB
611
806
o.5
1.0
o.3
15.7
10
36
1
3
38.8
44.5
-
42,561
100.0
35,844
84.2
2,051
4.8
353
o.8
946
2.2
2,151
3,564
28,395
3,904
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
740
1,483
27,982
3,058
34.4
41.6
98.5
78.3
2
1,779
4
1
0.1
49.9
75
•
•
71
107
18
3.5
2.0
o.4
0.-1
140
172
190
136
6.5
4.9
0.1
:5.5
1,342
100.0
923
68.B
113
B.4
25
1.9
119
B.9
97
7.2
59
4.4
6
o.4
1,460 55.2
3 60.0
195 36.l
134
0
16
5.1
24
1
32
0.9
20.0
6.8
129 4.9
0
60 10.8
154
1
146
6.8
20.0
26.l
7M
0
102
27.7
10
0
3
o.4
2,645 100.0
5 100.0
655 100.0
-
3.3
aExnludee 14 men who did not report reason for not seeking work
or relationship to household head.
-
1,517
4
•
18.4
.,,.,,
...,
Jo,
:z
C
><
0
•
0.1
-
o.s
~xoludea 19 ll'Olllen who did not report reason for not
seeking work.
•1.e .. than 0.05 peroent.
...
01
Table c-2.- AGE OF l!IIPLOYABLE PERSORS BY DIPLODmrT STATUS DD SIX
lien
Wcaen
Plllployed
Plllployed
Ag• in y--.r•
Total
Pei-oat
1fmlber
ot
Un•-
ployed•
16-19
20-24.
25-29
SO-M
Un•-
Raab..
Peromt
ot
total
plo7ed•
Total
total
Totalb
CII
t.)
4.2,737
76.7
lS,009
2S,657
17,231
72.8
8,U6
S,861
7,153
7,059
6,560
1,862
5,117
48.2
71.7
79.5
81.7
1,999
2,016
l,4t6
1,198
5,69'
5,371
5,894
2,678
1,822
3,899
3,078
2,114.
H.l
72.6
79.0
'78.9
1,972
l,'72
818
6M
5,562
r0
-<
-...
,.,,z
65.746
5,6H
,.,,
,z
-I
c :,
C:
,.,,
z,
r-
36-59
.6,4.71
40-44
6,4.75
· 6,664,
,, 752
6,266
5,258
4,555
5,796
S,Sl2
2,468
1,987
2,582
1,876
1,469
ST.5
S8.2
45-49
60-54
0
cg
;::;·
(l)
Q.
.:?"
C')
0
arv
55-59
60-64.
65 or oTer
lledian age
81.5
80.9
80.4,
80.2
11.,
75.t
74..9
-
...- •:rnoludea persona employed on ••rgenoy Work• Progrea
projects.
1,211
1,255
1,109
958
2,565
1,883
l,4t7
l,OCB
1,889
1,502
1,178
862
760
612
4.98
62T
34.-1
79.9
79 .. 8
4.16
81,4,
80.1
381
269
206
79.l
79.0
131
9S
287
4.98
360
24.1
M.O
4,6
28.7
so.o
-
4tS
bholudea 102 men and 101
age.
wca• who did not
H.2
report
0
-<
,.,,z
.....
co
...,w
Table C•;,• AGI OF PREVIOUSLY DPLO!ED PBRSOD BY DPLOtllBft STA!US ilD SU
Age in y•r•
Num-
ber
Totalb
0
""
Peroent
Bum-
ber
Wamen
1feD
Peroent
Hum-
ber
Percent
lull-
ber
Wamen
lien
Percent
Bun-
ber
Percent
63,566 100.0 21,681 100.0 42,737 100.0 17,231 100.0 10,819 100.0
lull-
ber
Peroent
4,360 100.0
16-19
20-24
25-29
SO-M
2,389
6,50S
6,988
6,660
4.5
12.1
1s.1
12.2
2,166
4,906
S,8S9
2,651
10.0
22.1
17,8
12.s
1,862
5,117
5,6H
5,S62
12.0
us.1
12.5
1,622
3,899
5,078
2,114
22,6
17,9
12.s
527
1,386
1,574
1,188
4.9
12.8
12.1
11.0
534
1,007
761
657
12.s
2S,2
17.6
12.5
35-59
45-49
50-54
6,472
6,4'1!
6,662
4,732
12.1
12.1
10.6
8.8
2,Ml
1,868
1,434
1,054:
10,9
8.e
6.e
4.9
6,266
6,258
4,566
3,796
12.s
12.2
10,7
8,9
1,889
1,502
1,178
882
11.0
8.7
6,8
s.o
1,206
1,256
1,107
956
11.1
11,4
10.2
8.7
'52
366
256
192
10.4
8.2
6.9
4.4
55-69
60-M
65 or
s,si2
2,488
1,987
6,2
4,6
619
439
284
2,9
2.0
1.s
2,562
1,876
1,489
6.o
4,4
s.s
496
2,9
2.0
1.4
750
612
6.9
6,7
125
89
498
4.6
4a
2.8
2.0
1.0
.0-4'
c6"
N.
Wcmen
Ken
Un.employed•
Ellployecl
Total
OTer
([)
s.1
4,4
9.4
360
24:1
►
"'Cl
"'Cl
,.,
z
ell
><
n
a.
IT
'<
C"')
Median age
38,4
29,9
O •1nolude■ persona employed an anergenoy Worb
0 Program project■•
00
.......
(v
38.2
so.o
38.9
29.2
~olude■ 101 men and 98 wtaen prerloualy employed
who did not report age and 2,191 men and 2,079 WClllen
who were unemployed and not preTioualy employed,
gi
c-,
~4
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
'fable C-'•- RACB AID WATIVIff OF BIIPLO'DJLB PBRIK>IS
Bf IIIPLOnlDT STATUS ilD SU
.,..
Per-
on.t
'bel'
.,..
Imployed
Total&
Sa, raoe,ud
mthit:y
'bel'
Ubn.pl.oyedb
Peroent
lfua'bel'
oen:I:
Per-
&&,MT
100.0 '2,830
Te.T
lS,Ol.T
2s.s
lfatin-born white S&,962
Foreign-born 1lh1 tie 12,82'
lfegro u4 all
T,061
ot!wr
100.0 28,2S9
100.0 10,1586
18.6
82.&
T,TZS
2,2S9
21.15
17.&
,,oos
68.T
S,065
,s.a
2S,766
100.0 17,SlT
72.9
6,439
21.1
llatin-born 1lh1 tie le,621
Foreign-born 1lhi tie 2,577
lfegro ud all
other
4,562
100.0 12,410
100.0 2,2ss
1'.6
86.7
,,211
2&.<&
is.a
100.0
68.T
1,818
Ila - ,:otal
Woaen -
total
~oludH 1
JaD
&Dd
2
100.0
~ who
2,81'
"'
41.:a
did not report mtirtt:y.
'blDoludH per■ona aployed on earg9n07 Worka Progna p-ojeota.
table c-&.- MARITAL STATUS OF EIIPLOTABLB PERSOlfS
BY EIIPLOYllElfT STATUS AHD SEX
Eaplo7ed
tull t1a
Total
Saud
narital ■ tatu
llen - total b
S1.Dgle
lfarried
Widawd, dhoroed,
or Hparate4
Woan - total b
S1Dgl.e
Married
Widowld, dhoroed,
or Hp&rated
ll\ab9I'
Per-
·-
oent ber
Baployed Unemployed.a
part tia
Per- Bua- Per- luaoent 'bel' oen11 'bel'
66,M& 100.0 ,0,811 TS.l 2,01.8
oea11
s.8 lS,Ol.8 zs.s
,.o
17,SSO 100.0 10,lK' 62.8 701
M,660 100.0 27,616 79.6 1,12s s.s
S,966 100.0 2,452 81.8
Per-
&,18, ss.,
6,912 17.l
19S ,.9 1,s20 ss.s
2S,TN 100.0 U,S29 M.IS 1,988 8., 8,-IS9 27.l
lS,687 100.0 8,790 M.8
&,TM 100.0 S,9H 88.T
1n &.1 ,,006 29.&
,,u& 100.0 2,80S 158.-1
4158 10.s l,SK :a1.s
769
n.z
1,039 18.l
•InoludH per■ona aployed on -rgenoy Work• Program p-ojeoile.
°bsxoludH S -n and 2 womn who did not report -.rital ■ tatua.
Digitized by
Google
Table
C-1.-
DDUI SCIXlL 311lll OOll'USTBD
BY IIIPlDtABLI PKRS0III. BT USUAL OCCIJPATIOIAL OROUP.
DlPIDTll!lff STA'l'll8 0 AID 811
Total•
lumber
grade
o-pleted
Jhaber
lledi.u
eohool
grade
o-pleted
&&.278
8.4
40.!61
8.7
22.274
6 0 426
,.s2i;
10.i;es
8.4
8.9
11.,
e.e
16.608
s,eu
s 0 821i
8 0 684
,.11t
8.2
s.0111
,.016
1.2i;s
2.188
12.7
8.8
9.S
11 0 608
1,188
2s.819
8.9
,.ss2
21
••897
2 0 02s
8.s
U••l ~ t i - 1 gl"OQp
Ilea. - total
Stilled and ••1elc1lled oooupation.■ 1Jl the
-raoturiJlg ud aeohanioal 1Jlcluetr1••
Uulr:illed labor
Clerical work
Tra1111portat10D. and trade pur■ui ta
Dcaeatlo ud pereonal aerrtoe
11:eoutin, proteHlom.l, and ealproteedo1111l
oooupatiou
Publlo•■el"Yioe oooupatio1111
lew worker•
W•a - total
0
co·
N.
""
([)
a.
CT
'<
C')
0
a.......
(v
Stilled ud e-111killed oooupation.a 1Jl th•
-raoturing ud -olallloal induetriN
'IJukilled labor
Cla rioal work
Tranaportation. and tn.de pu"ult•
Dcaeetio and per■onal aenioe
beoutbe, protee ■iom.1, ad eaiprotenional
oooupaticma
Publlo•••nioe oooupatione
I
• - worlc■ re
•11xoludes 1570 -n and 159 oooupe.tional group.
•plo:,-1 full tiae
ll•tian
■obool
Biq,lo:,-1 part tiae
U-.,lo,-4b
lledian
grade
-pleted
Jhaber
llediu
eohool
grade
o-pleted
1 0 998
e.s
12.919
e.a
8.4
7.li
11.7
e.e
918
!70
411
801
e.1
6.8
11.0
'·"8
a.a
461
1.898
e.1
4.1
10.2
e.,
8.S
162
8.S
HS
8.o
:lullb•r
■ ohool
l 0 Ht
>
"'Cl
"'Cl
,.,
z
c:,
12.8
e.e
182
18
12.2
!88
71
2 0 188
11.8
8.7
9.a
-
-
I
lli,223
8.9
1.977
e.8
8.419
8.9
e.i;
*
I
I
12.2
10.8
1 0 861
4
liS8
284
8.6
12.2
8.9
668
2
1015
1118
e.,
12.2
9.1
6,123
lli
4,0158
1,11015
12.2
9.9
8.oss
8.2
ll,466
e.,
900
T.9
1,708
7.li
1,594
11
2,078
lll.8
960
. 9
lll.8
276
0
14.ll
168
2
2,078
12.a
who did not nport eduoation or
I
10.0
-
-
I
-
-
-
--
I
I
10.0
binolude ■ pereon.a •ployed on ••rgmo:, Worke Prograa projeote.
fiie41an not oaloulated tor rwer than 26 oaee■ •
><
C,
Cl
0l
Table C-7.- BIIPLOYMEIIT STArUS OF EIIPLOYABIE PERSORS BT SCHOOL GRADE COIIPLBTBD AJID SEX
Total
Sohool grade
oa.pleted
Gr-.-r school
lfongraduate
Graduate
High school
1-3 year•
Graduate
College
1-3 year•
Graduate
Postgraduate
Women
·-
Percent
1.8 1,383
3.,
·-
-<
89
1.,
2,176
Ifber
ber
lledian nmaber ot
eohool gradoec:
""
([)
a.
s.s
64
5,198 22.0 10,320 25.6 2,9'9 19 ••
6,604 28.0 12,601 31.2 ,,396 28.9
691
688
Mo6
29 ••
618
612
292
9,326 16.9 ,,986 21.1 6,662 16.6 2,904 19.l
7,691 13.8 6,097 21.8 8,127 15.2 3,791 24.9
1,324
1,7'1S
623
2.,
s.2
1.1
683
649
TS
2.9 1,129
2.1 1,682
670
o.s
2.e
3.9
1.,
60
660
6.1
...,
z:
"'Cl
0
31.3 ,,eoe 37.2 1,629 26.,
26.9 3,,s5 26.8 1,696 2s.,
...,z:
:a:
~
►
:a:
0
C
H.7
9.8
1.6
2.2
1.1
336 17.0 2,379
2'9 12.6 1,268
119
81
8
6.0
.-.1
o.,
163
H8
31
ls., 1,7'6 27.2
9.8 1,067 is.,
1.3
1.2
0.2
120
79
6
1.9
1.2
0.1
z:
"'Cl
r0
-<
...,z:
:a:
~
:a:
8.6
8.9
8.7
8.9
0
~xcludee 686 MD and 136 'IIOllllln who did not report school grade completed.
(v
29,
196
2.9
32
35g
2.6
'"
2Z
' o., ·31
•1ncludee poreom employed on -rgeDOy Worlte Program projects.
0
lua- Perber oent ber
:a:
...,
C"')
a.......
2.7
132
t!6
IT
'-<
·-
If- Per- IflD- Perber
oent ber cent ber
1.9
3.9
16,817 28.6
16,664 30.l
Peroent
Peroat
WCIIIOD
Men
55,282 100.0 23,622 100.0 .o,ss, 100.0 15,225 100.0 1,998 100.0 1,977 100.0 12,920 100.0 s,,20 100.0
Percent
0
c6"
N.
Women
lleD
r-
ber
Ifo tol'll&l education
lleD
Peroent
5,....
Totalb
Women
Men
Unemployed•
Employed part ti.ma
lmplo)'9d tull ti.ma
CII
=
computed trca lllOre detailed break-down.
8.3
8.6
8.3
8.9
co
w
.....
hble
c-e.-
DmlS'ft!IAL GROUP O'I USUAL OCCUPATION
or
PRSVIOUSLT IMPLOYBD PIRStllS. ff IIG'LOlllDT STA'roll .AIID 11D
H!Dber of oaplo7able
Iad11■ trlal l1'0llp
u ■ual
of
oooupaUoa
Totalb
a.
C"')
0
a.......
(v
lllaber
'16.0
lll,lll9
70.'1
1,018
ll.8
1,989
'1'1,4
80.4
'12.'1
79.ll
74.l
11-886
427
ll,182
1'10
'12.6
76.ll
'10.1
86.ll
8ll.ll
66ll
62
191
118
1,
ll.ll
2.8
6.0
1.6
ll.ll
516
31
ll79
7
l
Leather 11roducta
Rubber product•
Paper 1111d printing
Cb.,.icale
Tobacco product ■
748
120
1,193
l,44ll
193
l&ll
28
740
7'1.1
90.8
82.9
83.8
81.9
lll6
2ll
610
76.ll
82.l
e2.4
84.ll
'Nl.6
llll
I
87
16
6.7
1.,
4.0
1.0
2.6
11
l
1199
1177
109
1,819
1,210
ll!8
Stone, cla7, ud &l•aa product ■
llecbiner)'
Mu ■ icol lnatrumenta
Traneportati'>D equi))IINlnt
other aanutocturlng 1Dduatr1H
386
2,591
19
1, '188
692
47
567
2
114
llll4
278
l ,8ll9
12
1,4!!5
11114
'12.4
71.0
63.2
e1.4
80.o
39
294
2
lll
41
I
269
8ll.O
51.8
100.0
8ll.ll
80.11
ll,448
61
ll,09!!
56.8
47
77.0
79.8
85.6
79.4
182
24
267
lll■eellaneou.a indu■trl••
8
·- ,..
. , _ r ParoeDt
U! ""l
1,769
ll,498
1,940
42ll
Iuuranoe, finance, buatn•••• u4
protH ■ tnual otticH
Inatttut lou
S.nice induatrtea
'<
Perout
40,809
Oo.-en:mant a.gene i ••
IT
lflaber
8 099
560
4,1129
197
36
Public utlliUH
([)
·-·
Peroent
22ll
llO
188
471
41!
10 034
1,304
8,730
ll 602
257
ll,3411
8,119
1,071
7 ,0"8
80.9
82.l
eo.7
2,8'111
220
2,6115
4,89ll
3,4311
1140
1,180
ll,61111
2,950
85.9
"'·'
4711
866
88.0
7ll.6
1,6211
787
ll,740
2,"84
1,480
7118
2,018
3,940
2,295
619
2,&llll
1,602
87,4
78.7
711.8
64.11
1,21!!
1169
1,468
1,928
82.l
711.0
72.8
49.0
Inelu4H peraona emplo,-d oa -rpnc7 Woru
J>r08r• proJeota.
5
18
ll
llO
11
ll.4
1.6
10.11
l.ll
1.6
0
l
11
ll40
6.ll
I
2ll
1118
"
114
41!
llll!
1611
n■pectlY• NZ
pan t lM
21,678
Trade
Wboleaale
Retail
N.
""
.,_r
-107■4
....
20 204
2,202
4,816
1,446
1171
Building and conatrucUon
c6"
·-·
....
ot total tor
llll,6l!O
Mllnutacturl"'!
l"ood product ■
'l'enil• and clotbill(I
lletal product 1
Luober and Uaber product ■
0
ud perout
Saplo,-4 full t 1M
Total
....
per■on•
4
9
Peroeat
6,4
5.11
8.6
a.a
a.a
,.o
ll.6
ll.8
1.6
11.0
....
u...10,-4•
Parout
10,lllll
1().1
6,lllO
10.1
3 900
19.3
16.8
11.ll
18.ll
l.69'1
102
968
21,0
18.Z
11.6
10.1
lll.t
18.1
,.11
lll.l
111.1
111.a
ll6
6
101
lll
6
166
0
371
1,011!
"8
119
.,
llll
9
11,
llO
...,
8.11
1.,
9ll
711
ll.ll
II
310
117
16.1
1!7.6
26.3
17.ll
18.6
ll.ll
2,0lll
1,633
209
1,416
1.9
·-·
...,.r
lllaber Paro•••
IC)
a
18
8
lll.t
11
1,.,
16.ll
16.0
16.ll
1111
llll
671
16.2
lll.6
16.1
10.,
8.1
214
6.0
0.8
6.4
11.ll
1.,
7
119
l.ll
18.ll
Hl
618
19.8
118
11.1
911
2.1
11.,
3.6
95
84
1M
726
a.6
11.1
,.1
18.4
176
113
10.a
111.,
10.1
28.t
..
,
717
"·'16.8
16.1
116
.,.,.
8.11
114
2.8
1.9
ll.O
2
19.7
16,ll
lll.8
16.ll
16.6
170
1011
616
1,186
:a:
.::,
><
n
11.a
lll.t
11.1
lll!.6
"Kzclu4H 7 MD U4 l wbo 414 Dot npon 11■11■1 111411■\r)' ad 1,191 - · U4
1,079 - - • •ho
-plo,-4 U4 aot prnl-17 ~o,-4.
••n
►
""Cit
""Cit
...,
CII
-.J
Table c-11.- USUAL OCCUPATICII OP PRBVIOUSLY IIIPLOY1!D PBRSOIS BY DIPLO!JlllllT STATIJII .AID
sa:
QI
or
N11111ber
Total
mployable persona and peroent
&ployed t'ull time
Uaual ocoupation
Women
ll!en
Unemployed a
Woman
Number
Percent
Num.ber
Percent
111.....
ber
Percent
CZ)
total ror reapeotin an:
lbployed part time
Women
lien
lien
or
.,....
lien
ll'aun
ber
Percent
llum.ber
Percct
ber
w-
Percct
...,
:z:
""Cl
Total pereonab
55,649
21,676
40,808
76.0
15,527
10.1
2,018
s.8
1,989
9.2
10,82l5
20.2
4,569
20.1
22,626
7,574
16,804
74.6
6 ,157
69,9
951
4.1
661
7.6
4,791
21.5
1,666
22.s
S 258
156
1S4
545
72
65.2
62.5
64.l
63.6
46.5
0
0
0
0
0
292
12
10
52
14
5.9
5.6
209
857
166
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
----
1.456
69
85
260
69
28.9
51.9
51.l
50.5
44.5
0
0
0
0
0
Concrete mixers and work er,
Crane, dred ge, hoiat, and ate..-ehovel operotora
Elect rician.a
Foremen (building and conetruotion)
Lather•
129
16:S
505
157
22
0
0
0
0
0
55
118
412
42,6
72.4
81.6
68.6
45.5
0
0
0
0
0
Ornamental-iron worll:ere
Paintere (except aig:n and factory)
Paperhanger•
Pipe coverera, aabestoa inaulatora
Plaaterera
18
68:S
244
17
157
0
0
0
0
0
11
455
176
86
61.l
66.5
72.l
64,7
54.2
0
0
0
0
0
Plumber•• pipe , gu, and ateam titter•
Riggers
Road11Achine and n,e,c, construction-plant
operator,
llodmen, chainmsn
662
96
0
0
465
61
10.s
6S.6
0
0
12
16
0
0
7
10
58.5
62.5
0
0
Rootore, 1lateta, tinner,
Stoneoutter1
Ston0111A1one, atone and 111Uble eettor,,
ourb sottera
Structural-iron and -steel won:era
221
59
0
0
15:S
31
80.2
52.5
0
0
172
49
0
0
96
50
65 .8
61.2
0
0
Slc illed and •-iakilled ocoupetiona in m&mlfacturuii
and mechanical induatriea
Building and construction
Bricklqera, briolcmaeone
Cabinetmakers
Carpenter,, joiner■
C-=t finiehera
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C')
0
a.......
(v
r-
0
-<
~:
94
10
11
-
----
----
----
-
4 .8
6.1
9.0
s
2
9
l
0
2 .5
1.2
1.e
0.1
2
40
:so
11.1
5.9
12.5
0
25
14.8
-
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
34
.4
4.2
0
0
0
l
6,5
-
0
0
5,1
26
6
11.s
6
s.s
:s
8,6
6.1
0
0
0
0
-
--
-------
--
7l
56.l
45
26.4
84
42
16.6
so.1
54.5
0
0
0
0
0
49
27,8
27,8
15.6
55.5
51.2
0
0
0
0
0
165
51
24.8
52.5
0
0
5
5
41.7
si.2
0
0
65
25
28,6
39.0
0
0
70
16
40,7
52,7
0
0
12
6
190
l58
6
-----
--
-----
--
:z:
...,
:a:
--t
►
::a:
0
C:
...,
:a:
:z:
""Cl
r0
-<
:z:
...,
:a:
--t
c-o
w
:a:
.....
•
TU. . .OD■, terra-oot1:& Httff■
Tiabenum, ■hoNn ,
Skilled am ■fti■killed -Ileen ill building
ad oOD■truotiClll n.e.o.
11.t:al product•, maohin117, and
-1°Mltul'ing
torg•en, ~I'm.Ill
Boilenuker■ , l~n-oat
Butter■, tiler■, grind■n (-■tal)
-ldera, t o ~
Cloolmalt■N Uld -tohaak ■ra, j ■welen
Coppel'aith■, tinaith•
Conau■n
(fCIIDldl'J')
Iaetnaent
Mk■ n
ll&ohin■
tinn (other than looa)
([)
a.
0
0
102
0
67
115.9
0
6.219
118
M
21'
151
aos
M
0
0
l
0
0
60
21
112
111
Op■ ratiTH n•••••• other Mi:al indu ■trlea
Fatt■l-■lcen (wood an4 Mtal)
Plo.t■ n, -l■ r•
166
80
Rollen, roll h&Dda (et■ol)
""
-
8"
R1T■t ■n
0
ST
0
82.7
0
ll&ohini ■t■
lleohanio■, autcaobil• IIZl4 &iror&tt
•■ohanioa, other
Op■ ratiT■■ n.e.c., ■leotrioal good•
Op■ ratiT■■ n.■ .c., iron IIZl4 et■•l induetrlH
R•••n, driller■, bolter■ (ahipyard)
c6"
N.
0
8
■l ■otrlcal-goo4■
Bl&okadth■,
Cut ■n,
119
Sh■■t-cetal-n:•n
ll■l■lt■r ■, h■1.t ■n, paddl■n
Stor&g■-batte17 -rk•r■ (coil nlld■n, ■old■Nn)
Tool Miter■ , .Ulwrighta, di• ,■tten
Welden
7M
fM
181
969
M
11
66
H
2011
108
12
216
267
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
Printing ■etabU ■i-t■
Bookbinden
Compo■ iton, printer ■, lillotyp■ IIZl4 110110tJp■
operator■
l!lllgranr,,
Uillograpb■ ra
Prootr-■ r•
Opff&tin■
n.,.o., printing e■t&blillmumt■
SN footnotH &t .,,_ of tehl■e
f.220
88
67
180
96
80.6
64.7
87.8
M.1
72.6
86
f2
18
11
96
90.t
M.0
?8.2
96.9
86.8
0
0
1
0
0
7fl
670
a7t
101
169
87.B
77.7
ae.2
66.8
19.1
0
0
0
60
0
0
0
0
1111
66
72.9
111.,
8
'1
70.t
12.7
7f.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
110
0
0
22
188
88
61
188
218
111.,
81.8
81.6
70.8
87.6
M.0
0
0
0
21
0
0
818
M
81.8
77.2
91
21
82.6
87.1
0
0
6
119
0
0
12
0
0
0
0
90
.a
as
829
67
119
626
0
0
tall
II
11
118
82
111
172
•
ts
71
M
Bf.I
n.1
--
166
0
0
11
0
10.2
-
0
0
10
11.e
0
1.e
9
0
0
0
0
60.7
M
91.7
6
1
6
-----
100.0
'°
a9
M.f
88.t
f2
M.0
--
----
20.9
.
8
0
78.li
12.e
--
100.0
sa.o
•
II
a.1
1.2
2.5
f.6
a.2
2.0
-------
2.11
--
0.11
0
0
0
0
0
o.6
2.11
2.a
1.1
1.11
0
0
0
1
2
o.8
1.8
f
0
0
0
0
'
2
a
a.,
0.11
11.1
0.11
1.2
0
0
0
'l
0
0
II
li.6
6.a
11
6
11.2
11.1
1.1
a.2
0
0
0
8
--
l
0
0
1
'
17
12
2
17
l
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
.
29
2
0
12
-
1.8
,.o
..
H
8
27.l
100.0
0
0
Ill
Mel
0
926
'3
17.7
lf2
lllell
0
11.0
1a.1
22.11
0
1
0
8.t
0
0
0
0
0
28
29
IIO
8
7
6
1
16
99
HT
"
i..o
za.e
11.l
11.11
11.7
20.0
11.0
.a.1
111.1
,1.1
18
lU
s.o
'1
6
16
a
la
21.a
211.1
2
a.a
IIO
19
lf
26
17.8
211.8
11.8
----.
-
1.8
8.6
as
106
10
211.1
8.I
21.e
Hell
u.e
11.,
lT.6
ea
12.0
2
H
11.t
11.11
•
11.,
0
0
0
--
-
...-,
-
s.s
--
----
,11 M.I
a
0
0
0
,.,
z
,.o
IC'
8.o
><
' -0
0
0
0
►
"'O
-0
n
-.
86
77.a
0
0
-
11 u.a
11 26.1
-• e.10
0
0
QI
CD
Table C-ll.- USUAL OCCUPATIOB OP PRRYIOUSU NP1D!m PDISOSS Br DIPLODIEIT STATUS AID 81:1 - Ccmtimle4
C)
JIUllber ot a.plo,-able peraCID8 1111d pwoct ot tollal tor reapeoti·.-. HZ
.. ·- --.. --·- --·- --·- --·- ---·Total
U1111al -patica
0
Peromt
ber
Peroct
ber
Ulla.ployed&
!lllploJ94 part ts-
1aploJ94 Ml t1-
ber
Peroct
ber
poeat
Peroeat
ber
ber
Peromt
-
Slcille4 Uld ••hkilled oooapatiom in aumt'aotul'1Dg
Ul4 aNbanical induatl'i.. - Ccmtinue4
Teztile 1111d olothiDg -utaotm1ac
B - n • twiaten
Burl ■n, amden
DrNaaJcen, tllrrien (not in taotory)
O,.n (indaatrial)
nniahen (clothing)
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
ll.~
4,0
2ll
z,
180
TS
2.821
22
llll
2T8
1
19
21
111
HZ
&I
za
0
0
H
l)Z
aa.,
Ao-I
SI?
12.s
1)2
54,
0
151
SIi
0
n
Xillinen (not clealen), ailllm17 -.orbn
Pieoen, :,arn apiJIDera
POW91'4&Cbine (awing) operati-n■
Preuen (taoto17)
Shoe worken (taoto17)
Tailon
0
Ill
BIii
112
1111
TS
Iii
1,6'?
228
5?1
10
12
8
118
HII
10
Other *illed 1114 Hm*illed -upatiom ia
-ranv1ng 1114 -lwlioal illlluatrl"
Appnlltia ■• to *illed trade•
.bHlllllen
u
4,81
15
211
181
580
., &28
'°'
ZH
n.1
4..liH
21
H&
608
81
IS
WiDl!era, apoolen
Wool - " " and aarten
OperatiYH a 0 eooo, alothJ:ac faotol'iH
Operati-n■ ••••••• teztile tacrtori ..
r-
0
l'itten (olotbing)
Batten
lmtten, tllll-tuh1cme4 hodel"J'
1Ditt1nc-aoh1Jle operathH
X-tizen
1-pen, bouden, topper•
·IU'pff•
Wn-nn
l'T1
JC
,,
4,1
18
n
212
218
4,5
4,M
11
au
66.0
sz.e
8602
Ho&
,s.,
ll .1151
Ill
111.s
1211
171
1
112
T6o7
11.11
100.0
81.9
21
0
0
11&.T
28
TS.I
4.8.1)
0
H&
-
a
es.,
4,
-
Ill
12.1
s1.1
TS.8
0
z,
M.li
H
11.1
I
IT
n.,
Tllo&
111.1
81).0
as.a
4,1
1,088
HT
.,
.,
sa
"'
"'
:tu
4,01
n.1
z.,u
18
181
&.H?
"·'
l.?&6
11
118
161
0
n.,
12.,
n.o
21
., -- az -
II
TS.II
n.s
s11.11
17,1
ee.a
6T
,.z
6 11.0
,.s
1
0
20 11.l
11.1
11.,
1211
161
&
SIii
289
8
"·'
ZM
10.0
1,.11
Mol
Ho1
10.0
ee.z
10.1
2
4,
22.1
&.Ii
a.,
a.1
11.,
,.,
,.z
a.11
1.1
s.a
-
0
'1 a.a
a zo.o
1
a.a
18
1.11
sa &.9
12.1
21&
81,2
u.11
16
6
ao
4,
12
4,1
0
28
..
l).J
&.I
,
u.&
~
11.1
-., as 0
0
0
,.1
0
.,
10.S
9.1
&.T
1.2
,.o
a
111
18
,.o
a
1 10.0
--
869
12
s
4,
"
24,.4,
10
is.,
4,
u.s
u.1
22.1
Zll.l
22.1
4'.S
21
111
H
12
11)
Ill
4a
80
Zl.9
20.8
21.Z
4.lo&
HoO
1
lot
8.1
22.2
12&
1.4,11
121
0
s.o
Z.1
I
2.Z
-
4,
21.,
M
Hol
18.l
za.a
.,
16
Ill
960 21.z
14, 19.?
26 11.11
H 21.0
0
52 21.11
-
JC
l'T1
z:
-4
►
z:
IC'
,. -
0
21
0
0
11 12.,
a so.o
&I 10.1
IO 10.s
2.8
s.1
21.,
ao.o
u.1
H.8
-<
111.1
18.1
211.,
l
0
0
,.a
19
20.,
--
0
?& 21.0
.,
11
u.s
11.z
211 18.0
I& 28.li
1 11.a
z zo.o
1
H
&T
111.,
22.11
20.0
111 zs.,
lllS 28.11
,.s
z:
l'T1
,,rJC
0
-<
JC
l'T1
z:
-4
z:
12.11
a
u,
C:
22.1
18,1
Noll
co
w
.....
Balcer• ( llldunrtal )
Barrel aaltera, ooopen
4311
Butohen
Cabinet (radio) 11111!
,111
116
89
0
a
112
H
88
~
az
fm'nitun wor1cer1
women
21T
438
6T6
Fi.l1iahore 11..e.o, ( 1n 111U1Ut'aoturlll.g)
Fiahenaa, oystena911.
For-em
Gardenon (greenhouso1)
Glas• blawors
Hl
a
814
125
17
21
0
154.
0
0
Gladen
Inopeotore, examinore (factory)
Labelor1, p&sters, paolcera (factory)
Leather wor!<ers (other than 1hoe)
Linemen
19
282
270
334
82
0
528
462
57
0
llll.intenanoe men
111
19
4,42
0
0
0
0
183
21
S2
81
118
0
0
0
18
129
18S
Piano and organ tull.er, am
0
""
([)
0
Cigar aakera (band)
Cigarette and tobaooo wot1cen
(-.mine Uld 11..0.s •)
Cobblen, eboe repainuaa
Cutten
&gilleer, 11..e.o •• r1r-- (,tationary)
Minera, lDino operative ■
Motion-picture oporatora
Oilers or 11achinery
Operativoa n.e.o. • t'ood produot■
c6"
N.
0
builder■
Quarry,aern (exoept etonoouttora)
Radio repail'lllen and 111.■ tallation am
Torten
"
S82
0
84,
0
lllMI
20
H2
69
11.a
112.11
az.2
"6.9
as.a
lT
M
0
0
0
1
---
14
0
lT
• ,.,
4.1
a.11
0
0
0
1
Ii
a.a
•
S9
aa.a
62.9
TO.II
TT
8To5
2
ll6
11.a
T6ol
174,
:a&T
661
28T
0
81.6
81.8
88
TB.I
1
8
16
8
11.0
S3,S
88.8
12.0
52.9
11
0
129
0
0
72
63,1
68.8
71.5
81.l
87.8
0
255
326
42
0
91
8
55
53
341
82.0
42.l
82.5
79.l
77.2
14
86
1
723
90
9
80.2
0
-
T6.2
--
8a.8
-
8
o.9
TT.O
n
66.6
65.6
.a.1
61.Z
0
0
0
6
---
2
T
97
112
T6.Z
12.1
2
ffl
l574,
6T5
SST
H
278
40
21
39
Uphol■teren
C"')
Varniaher,, painten 1n t'aato"7
Operative, 11..e.o., other manut'actw-lnc
'<
0
a.......
(v
1.ndu■triH
Other n,e.o. ■killed &11.d eaillkilled
oooupation• in lUZDlt'aoturlll.g Uld aeohanioal
1.ndu■triea
SH t'ootll.c,tea at -4 ot
tabl••
20.a
T
T
ll6
1&.11
18.1
16,1
lT.Z
78
20.0
0
lS
0
111.1
-
l
l
l
0
16
67
6
0
0
0
0
0
141
271
4.11
,.11
2,6
---
193
71.6
70.6
73.7
14
21
5
0
a.a
-
0
0
0
0
10
1
1
2
0
4.8
a.1
2.5
0
0
0
lll
a
100.0
'2.9
TB.1
28T
12.11
29
s.s
2.5
-
---
6,9
4.3
4.5
8.8
-
---
5.5
---
86
116
4,8
2
Mo0
88oT
Ii
0
21
6
10.a
24.0
as.a
6
84
65
46
9
31.8
29.8
24.l
13.5
11.0
0
79
115
10
0
19
10
8
14
85
17.l
52.6
15.0
20.9
19.2
0
0
0
0
az
8
10
28.I
31,3
4,9.4
aa.a
0
0
0
88
30
40
2 12.6
46
0
0
19
I
10.1
a.a
T6.T
19
2.1
Iii
76.a
6
1.a
I
a1.s
---
0
0
0
1 aa.•
18 u.o
aa.a
1.1
0
0
4
0
0
5.3
1,4
4.4
5.4
1.2
u.o
liT
6T
2'
T
6.o
0
0,4
3
5
4.0
2 11.8
-
I&
12
IT.Ii
llloT
•11.1
2T.O
19
0
Ii
0
l
4
12
18
1
12
194
--
2.a
ll,T
a.,
1.2
a.
IT
a.z
0
0
9
a.o
-
21.1
--
1a.1
-
24,l
24.9
17.6
---66.Z
►
-,:,
-,:,
rr,
z
0
><
C">
lToli
• -
u
HoT
2,.,
0
6.T
HZ
19.a
62
11.1
To9
&a
16.T
I
111.e
&T.1
,..
C)
Table C-9.- USUAL OCCUPATIOII OF PllMOU3LY UIPW'lm PEIISOIIS Br EXPLOYIIEIIT STATUS dD sn • Contlme4
C)
lhmber ot aplo7&ble peraona and peromt ot total tor re•peot1Te ..,,.
Total
Apprentice• n.e.o •• helper•
Cit)' .treet o l - r a
Dair,an. tu• hand•
Dook hand•• loillhor-
Garage 11,:u!ten ,mllkillecl.)
Oa■•.taticm attendallt■
HandJmm
llod. oarriera
Laborera. building and oon.tnaotion
Laborera. -■nutaoturing am other
Portera
Watolaen, guard■
other laborera n.e.o.
Clarioal
won:
Bookkeeper■
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
Cashiera (exoept benk)
Cleric•, bllDlc
Cleric ■, tiling, 11&11. geeral-ottioe
a.
l!!.tillator•,
IT
lle■ amger•,
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
apprai ■ er•
ottioe bo711 IIZld gld. ■
Operator•, ott1o• appliaoe■
Operaton. telephou md telegraph
~ e n , t1a*NP•n• pq-roll olelll: ■
PromotlOlll oln!u,
tS--■tud,r oleric■
Seoretarle•
Shipping and reoe!.Tl.ng oler!c■
Statl.tloal olezke
Per-
ber
1.868
69.4
16
68.2
126
Ta.5
M.O
39.8
1
0
0
0
0
100.0
22
170
124
101
486
291
l
0
0
0
165
0
1ST
19S
1152
69
1,816
0
0
0
0
155
86
27
726
1.282
9
0
0
12
924
288
:59'
61JS
12.1
10.e
82.l
60.8
0
0
•.101
s.651
as.8
••oeo
408
480
1,121
HT
289
41
IIS
l,S<K
152
212
as
62
91
12
76
861
24
15
583
2Sl
61
to
M.o
M.s
eo.s
66.9
45.8
....
88.4
e1.s
92.T
IIS.5
1.120
298
236
38
ST
1,300
ea.&
l
12
165
275
27
48
12.a
152
al
52
69
n.1
"
l
541
24
12
93.9
83.9
75.9
M.4
27
Ta
117 .s
104
81-2
22
111.,
0
0
0
0
1
1
----
Per•
omt
ber
olllt
ber
6.S<K
4,S55
Aoco1mt&llt•, aaditora
"-
Perolllt
176
•
I
I
--_ I
n.e
58.S
2
6
118
12
a
1~
69
10
76
86.T
89.0
74.4
l
10
161
248
H
100,0
ea.a
IJS.S
as.•
92.T
so.2
as.,
l 100.0
liot
9S.2
8T.6
21
10
IJS.s
i
o,
I
1~
I
0
5
--
41
65
24.1
M.6
37.5
a1.6
0
0
0
0
0
16.l
37.6
50.S
51.4
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.a
2.4
2.1
6.11
0
0
0
2
-
16.T
110
76
164
25.S
21.0
15.8
32.4
1011
2.2
856
15.l
1.6
1.4
-
1.1
01
1
M.8
1.e
s.6
a.•
,.2
1,9
2 ••
1
0
2,2112
0
0
0
0
0
!I ~I
9.1
2.4
1.a
5.9
20.s
•• 1
., 6
ber
Peromt
2
ea., ,__ '.!'__ 1.1
lS
519
172
:19
9S9
bar
"-
11cm
Peroat
5.8
I
M
10
Uuaaplor,Sa
"-
llm
lien
Ilea
Unu:1llecl. labor
-- --·- -- ·- -- ...
•ploy-94 part ts-
laploy-ecl. 1'11.11 ts-
Unal oooupaticm
t..:i
a.2
1.1
I 1.1
o.a
-
0
6
21
l
28
0
l
0
6
I
0
H
l
0
--
----
1.0
9.1
2.a
2.6
-
a.a
1.e
11.1
2.e
•• 2
66
182
9Z
15
57
llO
841
124
S4
50
s
...,
10.1
17.:5
1.a
6.6
ber
-<
JC:
ITI
::z
-4
JI,
::z
0
C:
::z
5S8
11.•
0
2
68
38
1s.s
10.0
18.5
9.1
• u.,
s.e
25.9
6.1
12.9
23,l
0
l
12
22
0
12.6
2.1
18.0
0
21
s.s
r-
0
25.0
I
56
•
JC:
.,,
s
l&a
2
1118
2
-------
ITI
ITI
12.•
8
21
22.1
22.2
6
181
i
Per-
olllt
2
2
-
a.a
1.1
a.o
-
-
••2
a.a
16.T
.,,
JC:
r-
-<
:a::
ITI
::z
-4
::z
(0
w
.....
Tl
hmo&npilen
lteognptM~...."
2
ftoell: Illes■
fyput;•
Ol;Mr elerl■al woltcen a.e.o.
Tnuponatic-. a4 trade
.&c-1:■ ,
.¢•.
.&&mt••
ao
0
111
110
MO
0
II
T
a
0
21
i.oae
o-.traton
n...-. ,...,__
lallroad nltolac,
llallroad t ~ . nraa, •-•aotore, engiaNra
Sal.. olezb, lllloppen { ■tore)
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Taxi 11114 bu 4rl.ffr■
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OtlMr t-■ponatl• )llll'ftib a.e.o,
Dae■tlo
11114 penoml ""1oe
hrb■ ir- 11114 b ~ p wo•en
Bartcclen
Butler■, hou■- {4- ■t:1■ )
Cbmattean (c!AaNtl■ )
c1-1nc- 11114 "7elns-■hop women
Coale•• olwh (not •-stlo)
lee tootnot•• at m4 ot table,
1S8
1
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10.0
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e.g ••
USUAL OCCUPATIOI OP PREVIOUSLY DIPIDtD> PBRSOIIS BT l!JIPLO!lmlT ST.ArUS AID SEI • CaatimMd
i
lullb•r ot aployabl• per•on• and peroent ot total tor re•peati.,. -
·- -- --·- -- ---- -- --·11. .
11. .
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OonnaeaaH, oh114' • 11.IIJ'•••• tat:on
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ltit:oh-ricere, 41alauher•s pt.11.t:17 wo:irlt•n.
boa•- (aot «-.tie
Lund17 woricera (aot «-.-i.10)
llaida (cl-et:lo)
llaid• (not 4- ■Uo), hotela, lmtltatlona
llatnma, howi• aothen (ill.t:it:utlaaa)
Orderll••, ~oapital attc4ud:a
Praot:ioal 11.Ul'H•, ocm,pudaaa
Sernnta, cl,ae.tio (u.,..111.)
Se!'ftll.t:a, 4cae.t:io (11Te-Ollt)
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Other cl-.-tio am por•cmal
11.•••••
••nio•
Bl:eout:in, prote- ■ i~, ad Haiprotead-1
-patiaaa
Apprentioe1 111d aa1i.-tut1 ill prot•••icmal
1111d ........tioaal pur111it111. •••••
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DIIJ wo:iricere, lauadNHH (c!aeet:io)
Dq woric•r• (aot clcae.t:io), ottioe o l - n
llnator or.ro.t:on
Oud-n ■ernnt:•)
!111,ployed. put tS-
lkployed tull tS..
Totel
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180
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Bllgineere
Dietitiam
l)raf't"l)Ort■n
( tec:bnl. olll), aDff9701'8
Entertainera, actor,
X..boratol"J' aaaiatazata and teohnioiam
1-yera
Librarian•
llanagere, offloiala
lluaioiana, toaohere ot male
Ruraoa, graduate
Pbanuciata
Photograph ere
~aiciana, aurgeona
24
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110
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206
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Proprietora, °""era, -tractor■, deal•I'■
Reaoarch woritera
Social woriter ■, weltare woriter ■
Teachel'■, athletic ■, danoing, TOO&tional aubjecta,
pl~ground and recrt1ational W11ritera
Teaohel'8, oollege
sos
0
T•ohera, achool (exoept college)
ProfeHional and 1ciproteaaional woritere n,a,o,
11::ecutiTea n•••c•
518
ST
;::;·
P.ecreation&l worker• n.•.c•
121
151
136
26
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10
l,26S
11
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92.9
9
81.8
16
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170
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129
508
122
0
0
0
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168
299
110
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112
98,8
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l'ubl ic-eerri.oa
occupation■
n..-n
llailmen, -11 olerita
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llatchnen, policemen, guarda (public)
Other public aervico n,a,c,
11
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182
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alncludea per10n1 •played on -rg■nOJ' Worka Prograa projeota.
2,079 -
~elude■ 8 •n and
N,o,o., not •la..tlero claaaitled.s Doo•••• not othenriae apecitied.
4 - • who did not report oocupatiaa ml 2,191 ani Ul4
0
who were unemployed and not prffiouaq •ployed.
---
-
18.Z
0)
QI
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
66
Tabl• C-10.• 0CC11PA!IOI
a, PUllft ca WT .a
fir l'UnDUILT aD'IOTID , _ .
IT all'LO!lll!IIT Sll'l'UI AJID 811
...
·... ... ... ...-UD-.,lopd&
a.p1op4
0ooupatloll
of PN••t or laat jo'b
Jin
Per-t
'ber
hr- t 'ber
hromt 'ber
'ber
hromt
U,828 100.0 17,115 100.0 10,71111 100.0 ,,zaa 100.0
Tot&l'b
llr:111..S u4 Nalakille4 oooupatloU
111 -1'aotllrillc u4 -ab&a1-.1
1114\IStrlH
laild111c u4 --1.N<JUOD
'°•II
11,517
a.sz2
?08
U?
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o.a
1.a
o.z
0
0
0
0
0
17 ,a&II
lrlokl-.,.ra, ' b r 1 - - Ca'blMta&br•
Carpmtara, jo1119r•
C - t t1a1ab<Jra
la&
1185
87
eon-ta alxar• and worlmra
Crane, dndp, boht, u4 a i ahoft1 operator•
llHtrlol&M
Poran (build1JIC ud
. •-trllotlOII)
L&tb<Jra
119
0.1
0
118
1711
0.1
o.9
0
0
111
10
o.z
•
0
0
u
0.1
0
'86
zoo
1.Z
0.11
0
0
Onlaamtal•il'OD worlmra
h1atera (aoapt alp u4
h<Jto17)
Paperl,qg•n
Pipe oOYeren, aa'beatoa
lna11l&ton
nutarera
n..,.ra, pipe,
pa, Uld • tittera
i1gpra
llo&d-oblM ud 11 0 eooo
.,_truatloa-,,l&llt c,perston
lodam,ob&1looter,, lllatara, t1-ra
17
o.z
•
0
0
'70
61
1.1
0.1
0
0
5
10
161
•
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•
0
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18
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51
0.1
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. .tel pro411<Jta, aohlllel"J', Uld
eleotrl-.1-p,od.• -1'a<Jtur111& ,,212
Blaol<aitha, tore-, i - . . _
88
lolh.-i..ra, 1-.,.ra-out
1111
Blltfer1, tllera, crilldera ( - 1 )
208
ea.tare, aold•ra, tolllld~
119
10.0
0.2
0.1
0.11
0.2
1511
0
0
11
0
0.2
0.1
Si-Clllttera
sio-aona, •toa Uld ~ l e
Mttare, em1I eett<Jra
StNcrtural•UOD Uld -<Jt<Jel
worlmra
T l l - . - , tarra-ootta aetter1
T!Me..-, eborera
Sldlle4 and Nalakilhd worlmr1
ill lnail4111& Uld -
atnaotloa ••••o•
Clooliabra Uld watolaalmra,
j_.hra
Copperaitha, tlaa1tl,.
Co~lcara (tollll4l"J')
Jaat~t abr•
llaehiu tlser1 (other tllul local
»aoh111ht•
. .obuloa, aatca:>'bile us4
airc,ratt
Meaballioa, otb<Jr
Operat1Tea ••••c., eh<Jtrloal
good•
S8
100
0.1
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0
0
l
0
0
706
lo7
0
6'7
110
loll
0.1
0
0
107
0.s
ll7
86
42
15
S2
•
u.9
1,11111
1z.a
o.a
IO
o.s
2.Z
Hl
ez o.a
0
0
0
0
0
az.9 ,,81'
---
--------
-0.1
--
0.1
--•
---
0.2
1.122
60
?ti
0.1
0
aa
T6
o.,
0.1
0
0
'°
o.,
0.1
0
0
11
•
0
111
11
1.a
o.s
0
0
8
,11
0.1
o.,
0
0
151
ZS
1.,
0.2
0
0
5
5
IS
•
•
0.a
0
0
0
12
aa.11
-----------
21
o.z
0
56
o.a
0
1S
15
8
0.1
0.1
0.1
0
0
0
---
29
o.s
0
-
aeo
H
11.Z
0.t
0.Z
0.a
0.2
1411
0
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l
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6
0.1
H
•
•
•
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
88
0.11
0
lS8
1.s
0.,
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~7
22
29
'
1
"
76
s.,
-•
-
----
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1.Z
... footllotH at n4 or t&'ble.
Digitized by
Google
APPENDIX C
67
!al• C-10.- OCCUP&flm a, JIIIIIDT OR WT JOII f1P PltlnOIJBLJ aPLODD , . . _
Ill BIPIDllllft l'UTUI AID Sa: • CcmtimaN
0ooupatim
ot pn-t or lut job
...
...
··-- -- -- -a.p10794
Unapl<1794•
Per-
1-r
lld.11.S UIS Naialclll.S o-.patl1a -taoturb& 11114 -o11amoa1
lallutrlH • Colltlmae4
11114
Jletal pro4uota,
ehotrloal•&004• ~oturillg
• Coots-c,p.ratina a.e.o., lroa UIS atMJ.
ialuatriH
Operatlna a.••o•• otllar anal
ia4utr1H
P a ~ r • (-4 UIS anal)
1'1aten, - 1 e n
8-ra, clrWera. bolter•
(llblPJVd)
llwten
ber
NAt
818
1.11
u
UT
N
Ill
o.a
0.1
0.1
o.z
o.s
Per-
Per- t 1-r
Per-
.-1:
ber
NAt
-..iwi.,,.,
•nen, roll bu4a (stHl)
1Met4Stal worlmra
...ltera. baatera, pall4ler■
Sto,-■-tte,,. worbn
ooll w!D4ere. oolclenr■ )
Tool aabr•• llillwrlpta,
41e ■fftera
Welclen
PriMlac elltallllalamu
lool&ll1a4er■
Caiipo■lton,
UIS
prlaten, 11aot;ne
-tni-
a.era-■ •
operator■
HUiocrapllen
Prootnader■
Operati'fN -...e. • Fiatb&
Ntull~
Tatll• UIS olotlwlc _,-etvlac
8-re, wlsten
llarler■ • ...Sen
Dn--.ra, fuTlen (aot
1a taoto,,.)
D.,.n (baolutrial)
Plalaber■
( olotlwlc)
Fitten (olotlwlc)
a,.ttera
Salttera• fllll•tull1all■4 llo■1e17
Saltt1Jl&-oblm operaUn■
Loca ftur■
~ • • boarden.
!:r."9
Jlills-r■ (aot dNl•n •
llilllaa17 worlllln
PieNn, J'&l'll •111-r•
,.__._ab1zl■ ( ■-lac)
openUna
J'l"HMn (taoto17)
mi. •rbra (taoto,,.)
Tallon
'hrpen
••nn
W1a4er•• ■pool•r•
Wool ■ ooanr■ 11114 aorter■
Opentift.■ n.e.o •• olotlwlc
taotol"iH
Operatift.■ n ••• o., tatlle
faotoriH
IN
foetmte■
17
0.1
21
lTS
ti
0d
0.2
" ----
&Ii
0.1
21
192
U2
o.11
0oli
T06
•T
11
•
0
0
180
1.,
a
0.1
M
6
o.•
0.1
0.1
Ii
0
0
0.1
18
•
0
•
0.2
0
0
0
o.z
115
23
SIi
o.z
o.,
0
"
II
o.9
0.1
111
10
o.,
0.2
&T
8
o.11
0.1
0
0
--
lZ
0
0
0
-
:slS
19
0.ll
0.1
1T
0
0
--
1.11
0.1
l°'
Sl
o.e
0.2
"3
le
11
1.0
0.1
e
0
0
8
--
HII
o.,
8T
0d
1,017
28
1.0
0.1
ll,667 20.8
o.s
118
116 0.11
16
•
ZS
111
0.1
o.a
ZOii
eo
0.1
0.1
118
0.ll
0
0
70
•
0
180
0.2
.a
28
1111
178
12
ll8
zo
0
711
2116
18'
0.11
0.1
0.1
-
•
1
Z1
67
0o'7 1,1116
7.7
0.1
1.1
0.1
II
17
z
•
0
0
2.0
--
8
0.2
1166
22.1
o.a
o.8
H
28
611
0
1.•
0.1
611
1.2
0
•
1
-•
--
0d
llZ
2ll
o.z
1.0
o.z
0
18
o.,
1.8
-
10
16
0.1
0.1
0
76
1.8
o.a
o.s
-
12
19
0
o.z
809
78
o•.,
1.0
o.z
0.1
N
0.11
o.,
o.,
o.8
122
o • .,
II
22
•
•
1116
8
1.1
0.1
182
0d
uz
6M
1.0
a.a
•
IIH
11
0.2
•
MO
tel
11
Zli
•
61
171
18
8
T
z
•
o.e
0.1
1.1
67
2
•
•
o ••
1.Z
---
•
0
0.1
0
0
e
.--
•
65
70
l
102
•
•
-
21111
o.a
0.1
9.1
n
lo'7
6
8
z
l
0.1
•
•
0.9
2t
o.s
1.Z
•
as
6
0.1
2
z.,
as
0.4
116
I.Z
z.o
126
1.Z
lU
a.a
•
at ea4 ot table.
Digitized by
Google
EMPLOYMENT AND l1NEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
68
Table C-10.- OCCUPATIOI OP PUSlft OR LAST JOB OP PUVIOIISLY BIPLORD PERSOIS
BY DIPLOll!l!IIT STATUS AllD SEX - Continued
---·- -- ---·Uaapla,eda
a.pla,ed
---
ber
lld.lled alld ••hld.lled o-pat1ou
1D amfaoturing liDcl MobaDi-1
lDdutriH • Conti-«
other ald.lled alld ...S.ald.lled
oooapatiou 1D ...,\lfaoturi.ng
Ul4 MobaDi-1 1Dduatr1H
Appnat1oe• to ald.lled trade•
Aaaablen
llabn (iDduatrW)
Barrel abra, -per•
CUIIIT-rbra
Cigar -.Jmra (band)
Ciprette alld toba- ...,rbra
(-ohiDe and 11.0.e.)
•ho• repe.1-
~•r•
n.e.o.,,
(at&tiolaJ'J')
ro~
ll&rd-N
(gnenbouaH)
Ola•• blCIINlra
Olaaiere
Impeotor•• -1Mra (faotol'J')
Labelera, paater•• paobra .
(faoto1'7)
•hoe)
:Ma1D~oe111Dera, ll1ne operat1w•
11c,t1-p1otur• operator•
01l•n of -olwlel'J'
Operatiw• n.e.o., food produota
Piano Ul4 organ ~ r • an4
'builder•
Quarr,an ( ezoept atoMo·.atteN)
llacU.o repe.1- am wtallatioll
-
Teeter•
Upboleterere
Varaieher•• pa1Dter• 1D faotol'J'
Operatiw• 11.e.o •• other - taoturi.ng 1Dduatr1e•
Otb9r 11.e.o. ald.lled and • • ald.lled oooupatiou 1D
.-faoturi.ng am Moba:D1-1 1Dduetr1H
Unaldlled labor
Apprantioee n.e.c •• helper•
City etnet olean•r•
Dai..,..n, tan, hand•
Dock hand•• longehor....,
oat
ber
:
I
Per-t
Per- t ber
ber
lZ.T
O.l.
1.11
ISM
&S
o.s
0
o.s
0.2
•
l
1B
7
o.•
o.z
1.11
sso
o.a
0
57
61
17
O.l.
0.2
2
,5
sa
-•
a
Tll
0
0
Bl
o.s
o.5
5B
26
&
0.1
301
1.1
7
0.1
T6
176
S68
o.,
0.11
0
72
-
sa
o.,
S2
o.a
0.6
0
12
563
1.a
0
1011
1.0
0
95
0
0.2
-
16
0
&S
729
101
11
H
206
1.7
0.2
•
•
o.&
lM
0
0
0
250
216
0.11
286
0.1
'TO
0.2
o.a
•
1-ther worbra (oti.r tua
~
Per-
oat
6-020 H.l 1.8?B 10.a 1,'80 u.a
0.1
77
O.T
529
o.a
H
o.,
OeT
6B
o.s
1'
169
611
o.a
S&l
o.s
0
10 0.1
19
0
f1.raen
nniaheN ••••'• (in
~otur1:ag)
P1ahe.... , oyate ....
Per-
•
lllltobllra
CabiMt (radio) Ul4 tlanlituN
worbr•
Cobbler••
Cutter•
Jim
Ila
o-patioll
of pre••t or le.at job
I
•
o.l
o.a
o.&
•
5
0
--
86
o.a
o.a
o.&
1.•
BB
0.1
o.a
19
0
0
0
79
MB
2.0
T7
0.1
117
i.1
u
o.a
aa
0-'
0.1
0.2
0.1
11
o.a
-
0.1
a&9
0.1
o.a
0
166
l&
20
•
•
0
0
SB
0.1
0
'Tl
106
lll9
0.2
o.s
o.s
7
2
s
5M
1.,
&&
-
s
0
0
0
0
106
0
M
0.1
-
--
o.a
29
2
6
•
--
21
7
&
•
0
0
0
0
0.11
15
BIi
0.1
o.a
0
Sl
a
10
0.1
0.1
0
0
--
-
8
--
1.a
----
OeT
• 1.a
SIi
0-'
•
•
•
'8
19
,11
o.s
o.z
o.,
10
0
0
SlO
1.a
lM
1.,
61
o.z
0.1
283
0.1
S2
o.z
M
o.s
Ii
0.1
,,&36
10.a
18
0.1
2,360
21.9
5
0.1
137
69
,a
o.a
0.2
0.1
o.e
l
0
0
0
--•
-
f,9
60
112
178
0.5
o.&
o.a
1.11
0
0
0
0
---
328
-
s .. tootnotH at end ot table.
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Google
APPENDIX C
69
Ml• c-10.- OCCUPAnm or l'Ull!n Ill LAST JOB or l'U9'J0111LT WPLO!ID PDllOIII
BT IIIPLODIJIIT STATUS ilD Sl:l - COlltimMd
.. ··-- -- - -- -- atploJN
Oooapatloll
of pre-t or lut job
Jim
ber
lln.llcilled labor - COllt:lauecl
Garage worura (uuldlled)
Oaa-etatioa attendant•
~
Bod •rri•r•
Laboren, bllll4111g uu! omatruotio11.
Laborere, -v.raotlU'ill.g 1111.d oth.Porten
Watalac, guard•
Other lllborara ll••. o.
Clerioal - r t
A.-tall.te, au41tora
BookkNpere
Caehiera ( a:oept bait)
Clem, but
c1.-1ce, r11111g, ..u,
oft1oe
,-n1-
Z.tS-tora, appra1HN
•Hell.pr•, ott1oe bCIJ'• 811.d g1rla
Operaton, ott1oe appl11.11.oea
Operaton, telepboae 811.d telegraph
~at•r•, ts-tNpera, p1.7-roll
olerlca
z~
Peramt
0
0
0
0
0
828
2.4
0.1
lol
1.9
1
0
0
10
S,869
806
285
2Sl
S9
Bl
Oo1
Ool5
Ool
o.z
1,S26
t7
az
808
1,017
no
28
818
o.9
o.s
o.a
o.s
..
T.8
,
0
0
0
0
0
----•
0.1
1.1
Oo9
So&
2
0
0
s
0.1
4,121
2so8
MO
5.9
611
11.9
u
Ool
s.o
1.1
0.2
:,2
ISH
lH
S9
OoS
Oo4
s.1
972
5.s
l
11
160
262
•
62
Ool
o.4
Ool
Ool
66
0.1
27
28
l
616
41K
168
n
Stenograph•r-boolclcNpera
Stoot olerb
'f7p1at•
Other cleri•l worun 11..e.a.
1
238
23
188
006
Ool
o.4
n
9,006
ta
u
69
468
90
•al••· 111.l•-
Agell.te,
1,228
Agell.ta, ehippillg 1.11.4 reoehillg
l
Cunauere
31
Coll•oton, ON41t 82
Con4uotora, 110to1'1181l (atr..t oar)
316
Deooratora, w1Jl4olr 4nHera
47
Delin.,._,, truclc 4rinr•
2,283
n-m.tratora
2
Deteotina (prhate), 111.natigatora
t7
lmolclltera, pe44len, j'IIDllaen
S20
na,......,
•
99
86
82
--
0.1
0.2
1.7
0.1
0.1
Karille cgillffr•
Packer•, wrapper• ( etore)
Railroad antaiac,
:,ardMII.
Railroad tra'--, t 1 r - ,
CODductora, e11.gillffn
---
Per-t
Per- i ber
ber
STO
118
9S
S88
ns
ZS
86
Adj'lleten, olaia agcta
Agmta, attnrtiaillg
A.gent•, freight 1.11.4 t1out
Age,ita, W'lll"l.ll.oe Ul4 real Htate
A.gmta, purcbaaillg 1.11.4 ~ r •
Per-t
ber
Ool5
oo•
0.2
0.1
lo9
1n
101
Produot10II olerb, tS--•t~
olerlca
S.ontar1ee
Sh1ppillg 811.d Noebillg olerb
Stat1et1oal olerb
Stenographer•
!'ranaportat10II 811.d trade pur1N1t•
tlnapl07N•
•
22
10
l,OM
u
2
•
•
•
S6
4
1.s
o.8
0.1
189
1.a
160
s.&
0.1
0.9
1.4
s
6ll
2
8
o.s
0.1
20
0.2
0
•
•
•
0.1
0
24
2
2
1116
•
41
4
4
4
s.o
0.1
0.1
6oS
2
16ll
2
6
0.2
0.2
lol
Oo3
1
83
8
26
•
•
Ool
1.4
•
66
0
l
12
21
-•
o.s
006
-
o.a
•
•
s.z
o.8
Ool
Oo2
t9
4
0.1
Oo2
1.2
0.1
21.0 1,788 10.3 1,n3 15.9
290
6.8
37
187
61
•
Ool
Ool
Ool
1.1
0.2
l
2
2
16
31
0.1
0.2
60
2o9
215
0
17
0.2
122
0
0.1
4
•
Ool
0.2
0.1
0.1
5.3
4
o.8
0
4
0
22
2
2
29
53
0.1
0.1
0
153
60
0.1
0
24S
0.6
0
•
0.1
•
•
-••
-
Ool
•
•
-
0.3
3
11
B
8
10
17
•
0.1
0.1
Oo6
Ool
1.1
-•
4
9
1
2
0
0
6
2
0
3
1
0
3
0
•
•
--
o.z
-•
0.1
-•
-
176
0.1
0.2
Ool
7.Z
2
11
126
Ool
lo2
3
Ool
2t
0.1
o.z
0
16
o.4
10
Ool
0
20
0.2
0
6
16
•
3
2
0.1
Ool
•
-
' " footnote• at end or table.
Digitized by
Google
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
70
Table C•lOe• OCCUP.lTIOI OF l'USIIT OR UST JOB OF PRB'IIOUSLT alPLOTID PIIIUIOIII
BT 81PLODIIIIT STATUS AJID Sil • CClllt1mae4
-~
··....
---11Dapl07eda
~loyed
Oooupation
of prea•t or laat job
Jim
Jim
Paroct
b•r
P•roct Ml'
bff
· - ,___ - -- - - --
Tnnaportation UIII tracl• purauita
- Contin....S
Saha olerlca, aboppera (atore)
Tu:1 UIII bua drinra
Tellera, ••h1era (banll:)
other trade puraui ta n.a. o •
Otmr tranaportation purauita
•••• o.
Dcaeatio and peraonal Hl'Tioe
2,91!1
lH
52
226
7.0
o.t
0.1
o.s
1,5!10
0
1!13
Oe!I
0
s.o
.!.66
Coolca, ohefa (not domeatio)
Count.r- and •feteria-atation
worltera
Dq worltera, laundreuea (d«- ■ tio)
Dq worker ■ (not dcaeatio), ottioe
0.1
O.ll
H
86
18
o.s
112
1.1
!10
0.1
ti
HS
0.2
t.ll
10
0
OJ.
-
7
o.z
4,02
11.t
276
2!1
1.a
0.1
Z8
57
Oell
o.5
ti
11
0.11
o.!I
0
70'
2!11
!103
23
M
0
7
0
151
o.!I
o.t
0.1
1.8
0.1
0.1
0
tl
!I
76
367
225
o.t
2.1
1.3
128
l.Z
32
o.3
HS
0.11
0
u
t8
0
0.1
-
0.2
o.t
-
pantry
2231
U8i
:1
I
o.5:
0:!11
I
I
-- "
-
-
let
---
0
I
50
01
0
!19.2
98
-
o.!I
--
o.z
28
0
0
0
21
o.s
56:
-
&.a
o.&
o.t
0.2
o.s
O.l
279
90
o.a
2!111
0
0
10
a.a
Od
ParNDt
f--
11.z 1,677
199
M
110I Oe!I
ol
0.1
O,
t99 i 1.2
Uaher•• doormen. oheokroca
attmdanta
Waitara, -itre ■■•• (dcmeatio)
Waiter■ , -itrea ■ea (not domeatio)
other d011e1tio and per ■onal
10
52
Gardener• (ael"ftnta)
CloTerneaaea, child'• nuraH, tutor•
lloateuea • head -1 tera • atnarda
llouaelteepera
Janitor•• •retalcera
Orderllea, hoapital attendant•
Practical nuraea • OOlllpanione
Sel"t'llnta, dameatio (liTe-in)
Sel"ftnt ■, domeatio (live-out)
Soda diapenaera
o.t
10
0
18
1185
80
(not d...atio)
Jlaida (dcmeetio)
Jidda (not dcaeatio), hotels,
in ■ ti tutiona
•tron•• house aothe"
(inatitutiona)
1M
1.11
188,
dome ■tio)
Laundry work■ r■
-•
-
25.8
oleaner ■
worker a• bou•- (not
a
H
s.11
!12!1
0
0
0
511
!17!1
Elentor operator•
ntohemrork■ ra, dilmra■ hera,
-
1.2
0.11
0.2
o.s
0.1
~.!4_21_
BarNr- IUld b•uty-abop wort.re
llartenc!era
Butler•• bou•- (d.-atio)
Chauffeur• (d...atio)
Cleaning- and dy•ing-abop wort.re
P•r- t Mr
-
25 I o:il
24
57
o!
I 1,055
0
('
0
12
to 0,1
---
0.3
0
0.1
0,3
6,1
18
0
0
0,
11
0.2
-
1
0.1
I
0.1
27
•
H
HS
--
o.&
-
0.11
0.1
o.s
0.1
88
o.a
s.t
1.6
58
1.t
7
0.2
II
0.2
0,7
28
516'
0
u.•
a
-•
70
0
261
0,2
-
9
0.1
•
2.7
10
l
811
O,l
o.e
6
t61
o.a
lM
•
o.z
0,1
!1.1
167
o.•
6
•
75
0.1
2
•
Bl:eouthe, proteuional, and aadprofeadonal oooupetiona
~2
t---e.s
1,217
1.0
!170
!let
158
!leZ
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0,2
0,3
0.1
27
0
16
!I
0
l
H
0.1
18
2
II
6
8
0
0.1
a
o.2
11"101
n.,.c.
•
7
Apprentice ■
and a11iatant1 in
profeaaional IUld recreational
pur1uit1
n. ■ .o•
.lrti ■ t ■, teacher■
ot art
Chaaiata
Clergymen
footnote ■
60
69
98
12t
42
Denti ■ t ■
De ■ igner■
See
86
2!1
Architect ■
-
0.1
•
•
0.1
-
•
0.1
0,1
0.1
s
-•
• --.
0
0.1
0
0
0
!I
-
C>.l
at md of table.
Digitized by
Google
APPENDIX C
71
fule C-lOe• OCCUPATIOI a, PIIISIIT Cll I.UT JOB a, PUnOUSLt IIIPLOtlD PDSOJIS
Bt WPIDDIIH IT.lTUI ilD 11:l • Coat1-4
.. ·- .. ·-- --- --- - --- Uaaplo,wcl&
a.p107ecl
of
Oooapatioll
or lut job
prNmt
hr•
-t
hr-
ber
laeolltl'N• prot.•d-1• u4 eaiprot.n1-1 oooapatl- • Coatl-.1
Dietltlau
Draftautor•· author•,
~
4-"
(teelmlaal • nrn,on
lillaterta1Mn. a.tor•
-t
0
118
"
2110
20
teolmlolau
Llbrariau
.._.r•• offloW•
llaiolau. teaoben of -1o
........ gradate
Plia,-olata
PbotoCftphara
PbJeiobu.nrgeou
Proprietor•• _ , . . . ~aton.
dealer•
b-ob-rara
loolal worll:ien. -1tare wortien
T•obera, aWetioa. dmaoing. 'l'Otioal nbjeot•s pl~gro,md
Uld reo.-..tioal worara
T•oben• oollep
T•ober•• aobool (aoept oollep)
~fe•d-1 Uld aaiprofeHi-1
wrbr• 11..e.o.
a&eoutiwa 11..e.o.
.._tioml worll:ien a.e.o.
JllabUo-8erriM OOCllllp&ti-
J'uam
- . i i - . -u olerb
lallon. eoldi•r•, ...-iaea (V. B.)
WatabMa• p o l l - • c,ard•
(pubUo)
other publio aomoa ••••••
•IaoludH peraou apl07ecl oa
12
1
0.1
18
-
•
0
22
11
Hll
2
0.1
o.a
"8
a
1.lM
181
II
1110
"8
z.1
o.,
119
2'11
2ll
1Aborato17 aaallltulta ad
._,....
o.•
0.1
o.8
ber
•
15
o.a
•
o.z
118
8ll
187
8
5
0.1
o.•
1.1
o.a
II
0.1
0.8
•
0.1
0.1
18
l
87
H
0.1
A
117
•
2li
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
•
•
•
5
•
1
N
70
l
8
•
•
Per-
ber
0
10
8
•
0.1
aa
o.•
0.1
Per-
ber
u
o.,
0.1
0
l
0
0
12
o.a
• •
•
-•
0.1
0
1
0.1
0.1
•
8
"8
2
0
•
--•
0.1
0.2
1.1
•
•
•
•
l
•
o.z
o ••
211
0
l
-•
2
0
l
-
n
o.a
II
0.1
a
0.1
0.1
o.z
8
t50
•
0
2.8
0.11
HO
111
15
o.a
o.a
e
ll6
•
o.z
2
•
•
1,1118
2.a
II
0.1
185
lll&
108
o.,
o.?
o.a
0
0
0
--
25
20
128
1.1
o.s
0
9
0.1
H
lll
•
·~
-rceaa, Worb
8
0.1
-
0
llll
8
II
II
0.1
0.1
0.1
2
0
l
-••
St
o.a
1
•
o.s
o.z
•
0
0
0
---
o.z
0.1
0
l
z
-
-•
Pl'ogna proj•ot••
blDEoludea 8 Uld • wtio did aot nport oooupatioa of pNHnt or lut job• 57 mid 78 wtlo were apl0Te4 oa joba laetiag leu than l
Uld 2.191 Uld z.0711
wtlo were miapl07•d and not prffioual.7 aployed.
-th,
°"LeH ti.a
0.05 peromt.
•.e.o., aot . i - i . n oloHWecls a.o•••• aot otllarwln epeoifiecl.
Digitized by
Google
Table c-11.- INDUSTRIAL GROUP OF PRESENT OR IAST JOB OF PBBVIOUSLY J!'JIPLOYED PERSONS
BY EMPLOYMERT STATUS ABD SEX
Unemployed&
Thlployed
Industrial group
of present or last job
Totalb
Manufacturing
Food produota
Textile and clothing
manufacturing
Metal products
Lumber ann timber products
Women
Men
~
~
,.,,
JC
Wam.en
Men
~
r-
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Peroent
Number
Percent
42.827
100.0
17.318
100.0
10.766
100.0
4.284
100.0
16.267
1.848
37.9
4.3
6.381
470
36.8
2.7
3.927
394
36.6
3.7
1. 707
106
39.8
2.6
0
-<
:a:
z
,.,,
-4
,..z
c:,
C:
3.696
2.039
428
8.6
4.8
1.0
3.638
183
31
20.4
1.0
0.2
1.012
436
115
9.4
4.0
1.1
964
22
6
22.6
,.,,z
0.1
r-
o.s
JC
~
0
0
c6"
N.
""
Leather products
Rubber products
Paper and printing
Chemicals
Tobacco products
608
123
1.900
1.243
164
1.4
o.3
4.4
2.9
0.4
147
26
639
193
498
o.8
0.1
3.7
1.1
2.9
126
11
290
242
29
1.2
0.1
2.7
2.2
o.3
56
6
103
34
98
o.8
0.1
2.4
o.8
2.3
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
Stone. clay. and glass
products
Machinery
Musical instruments
Transportation equipment
0-1:.hel'
-<
,.,,JC
z
-4
z
co
294
1.884
14
1.467
659
0.7
4.4
•
3.4
1.3
44
291
2
48
272
0.3
1.7
•
o.3
1.6
92
762
6
299
126
o.8
1.0
•
2.a
1.2
4
269
0
6
67
0.1
6.3
-
0.1
1.3
...,w
0
c6"
N.
""
Building and oonatruotion
s.240
1.6
48
o.s
1.878
11.,
Trade
Wholesale
Retail
8.470
1.138
7.332
19.8
2.1
11.1
3.101
221
2.880
17.9
1.3
16.6
1.886
221
1.-tM
16.6
2.0
13.6
Pablio utilitiea
Govel'Dlllent agencies
Inauranoe. tinan.oe. busine•••
and professional ottioea
Institutions
Service industries
3.908
3.119
9.1
7.3
f80
2.e
6.3
H1
467
e.e
1.097
2.326
'724
3.073
6.4
1.1
7.2
1.2rr
668
1.622
7.4
3.9
9.4
263
146
112
Misoellaneou• industries
Theater and motion-pioture
houses and other reoreational plaoes
Garages and auto••ervioe
shops
Private families
Other
1.111
4.0
2.6'4
l5e3
690
o.s
606
3S
473
11.8
o.8
11.0
68
89
1.s
2.1
2o4
1.4
7.2
161
110
416
3.6
2.6
10.2
6.4
1.216
28.4
4.3
z
3'73
o.9
100
o.6
162
1.4
26
o.6
630
419
289
1.,
1.0
o.1
14
0.1
l4o4
0.2
232
1'72
lH
2.2
1.8
lo2
l
1.183
8
0.1
27.8
0.1
c:,
)IC
2.604
26
ainoludes persons em.ployed on emergency Works Pro•
gram projects•
who were employed on job• lasting leH than l month.
and 2.191 aen and 2.079 women who were unemployed
and not prerloualy •ployed.
'biaoludes 8 men and 1 woman who did not report in•
present or last job• 67 aen and 76 women
•Leas
([)
CJ duat:ry of
>
"'V
"'V
l'TI
a.
~
11
C")
than o.os percent •
0
a.......
(v
-1
~
Table
c-u.-
CIWW:TD i . PRISDf oa I.I.IIT JIii i . PRIVIOUSLr DP1D1'ID . . . IY lll'LDnlllf ST.l!tla .&ID 1-TauL GIIIJUP i . PIIIIIDf
job
Total
- - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - -•• ·. ...
......
...
....
..plar
>--'bor
_,_ __ be
,.... ,,__
T-11• ud •lotlwlc
-•turlac
Motal , . . _ _
Labor and - · ~ • t o
ta_,
pronoto
lla'bbor pl'Odlloto
...., au prlDtq
Chlm.oal ■
TobaooO prochot.■
_,
'bor
--117
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a........
(v
lolt•-1..,,..
0-r
'ber
'bor
6341
1,2
2,111
1.1
s,uz
11,0
10,751
100.0
t,
"°'
,o.z
too
1.7
161
1.1
97.4
"7o0
It
0.2
Ill
1,4
1111
1,0
s tl!I
100.0
s.an
ff.7
zo
o.a
11
o.s
1,0
l,IM·
z,oat
u,
eoe
lZS
1,900
1,zu
154
ZM
1,881
•....,.o
l, ro
100,0
100.0
100.0
s,eoo
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100,0
HT
l,tlO
tot
lZS
1,801
l,ZZZ
142
97,4
n.e
ee.2
100,0
M.8
ta.•
92.Z
98,1
ta.1
115,11
o••
o,s
o.,
o.z
711
17
s
o.&
I
0
1,0
24
1.z
1.0
1.z
0
a
-
o.z
0.1
0.1
H
1.11
Tra4o
11bolooale
II 470
100,0
100.0
100,0
5,Tet
100.0
100.0
,.,12
S,117
14
10
H
o.,
4. 791
118.1
86.t
115.4
aoa
1,131
T,13Z
S,901
S,llt
1.867
12
1,658
17ll
1Na:tne1 ■,
100.0
100,0
100.0
l,HT
s,on
l 111
100.0
I'll
810
419
289
100.0
z,sza
TH
100.~
100,0
100.0
."·'
119.S
"·'
,.,
2
s
11
o.s
2
1
11
II
•
--
H
1
4
8
0.1
,
100.0
100.0
100.0
1,006
UI
109
-
111
UI
11
277
211
Zt
91
o.a
7611
5
Ztt
uz
100.0
100,0
0
z
0
0
I
-Id-
815
1,877
100.0
1,611
a.a
N
a.1
l
'°'
a.s
S,9
t.o
1 1186
221
l,'84
100.0
1,411
zoe
l,ZOI
81,7
H
111,S
zo
1,1
z.s
1.,
114
I
101
80,1
117
I
11,1
0,1
0
0
0
0
II
12
1
s
5
lot
0
z.1
80,4
n
8,3
17
o.&
7,2
2.4
25
1
1 lnolwle1 penODI •ployed on ~rgaoy Work• Pregru proJeot.a.
1'sxo1ude1 14 am 'llho dld 11ot report toiu■trSal group or ohanct•r or pre■-at or la■t joi.,
I
- '" z.o
u.z
0,S
11
ZIG
100.0
100,0
...
'97
100.0
100,0
rr.1
100.0
....
,,..
Nd
n.z
"·'
I
I
0
I
1.0
·z.a
0,1
I
M.S
llZ
1,1
1,1
,.1
100.0
811
ea.,
11
11,11
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
U5
110
141
118
111.1
10
I
11.z
2.z
17,t
ZH
lte
711
100.0
100.0
100,1)
2.11
181
,
190
,.a
4,0
25
n
1,7
14,7
I
0.1
to
11,9
llZ
ZIii
172
114
..
•••
118,9
H.t
21.1
sz.2
14
,.
100.0
Al
Ml
o.z
1.,
0
0
z
l
0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
o.z
IOO
509
--
IZ
'IIIZ
a
299
ua
9
411
0
0
ux,.o
I
z
0
It
0
,.1
o.s
o.z
o.t
•
1.,
0.1
,.1
o.z
1,1
4
7.11
0.1
Tl
l
1
u ...
2U
.
Ill.I
I
M.S
Nd
1
1.7
o,,
z.o
MO
,.a
"·'
llt.S
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
u,s
1,611
s
o.z
1,011
6111
115
o.s
o.,
7
0
SM
so
7
1.,
0.11
,.1
o,s
1.,
z
0
70
5
s
...... o
o.z
l,Z
1.1
23,2
0,1
0,1
0.11
eo.e
91.t
ea.o
-
7
H
13
1,911
llZ
l,IISl
I
Zt
SIIS
HT
z.1
0,8
2.e
21.1
1111.t
709
Z,06&
o.,
7
11
7
l
70,7
14
284
,,.,
D
121
HS
M,11
ez.o
n.s
I
10
I
•••
,__
Por-
M.7
91.5
°""''
'bor
......
U,1117
"··
Oaragoo and auto-oorrloe ohopo
Prha to tuil1H
_,
Ca-1
H,261
M5
IU.11Nllauou 1Dduatrl••
Thea- U>d -ti-plotve
boua•• and other non•tl-1 plaoe■
'bor
......
Por-
100.0
2,Zlt
ud protooo1-1 orr1Imtituticao
Berrioe 11141111tri••
'bor
Por-
100.0
100.0
laaarano•, ts.....
Por-
16 ZH
s.2to
GONJ"aeat aceaal••
•ca1.ar
l•lt-lc,yN
U,1115
luildl.ac ud oou-ica
...'blio 911111t1H
N.
""
'bor
1 ...,
H9
a.tan
c6"
Por-t
2
0
0
z
0
-.11oal l D . - t o
T,..,.portatim equi~
O"'-r
0
Por-
100,0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
ltaM• olq. qd cla11 prolhota
O..r
Canal
'bor
Por-
Total -'b
..,
~
Cllal'UWl'ot-1-'
Total
Imuwlal P'-
WT Jal
"-1_.
Blrj>lOJ9'1
Claraotor at - 1 - t
atpn..t .-lut
oa
1
0
0
0
0
•
I
0
0
I
0,1
0,1
--
0,7
0,4
•••
ao
g
l
0,1
-
..
0.1
o.,
•Leu thua 0.01 peroent.
"'Q
r0
• .,
-<
:z:
0
0
I
0
0
.
I
0
z
0
0
0
----
1.1
m
:a:
-4
:a:
0
-.-
117
11,1
I.II
11,0
0
,
111
7,4
111
11,t
17
0
1,t
m
:a:
u
0
11
•••-
:z
0,11
16
Z,0
co
1.1
--
,
•••
1,1
1
1
1.1
o.s
.. . ...
--•••
I
-
C
:a:
m
:a::
.,,
r-
-<
:a::
-4
7.t
1,0
0.1
0,7
&T who ..ro aplo7od .., jo'bo •loh had lutN looo thaD 1 - t h ot date at lntomn, 1111d
r,191
ro -rl07od ud not prmoualJ aplo,-.t,
*• ..
m
:z:
....w
Table C•U•• CJWW:TER OF PRESEIT OR UST JOI OP P!u;VJOUSLT ENl'LOn:D- W(acl:B, BY Df'LOYIIEll'l ST.UUS AIID IIIDUSTlliL OROOP
0,
~lo,-d•
....loy9d
Charact:er ot -plo,--t
Chanotu of • p l ~
Indu ■ trial
- - - - - - - - --- - ...-- - -- bor
(v
cant
~
-
-
ber
oont
bor
oant
bar
cont
bor
""r•
oont
bor
z.z
4,281
100.0
l,TIIII
ea.,
UT
10.0
16
6 381
470
100.0
99.4
,a.a
21
6
o.4
1.3
10
z
0.1
o.4
5
0.1
I 706
100.0
100.0
l 899
106
19.e
e
o.a
100.0
e 143
462
100.0
0
3,618
183
11
100.0
100.0
100.0
a,61a
182
11
1111.4
99,E
100.0
14
0
0
o••
•
-
0
0
0.1
0,5
960
22
6
1111.1
100.0
100.0
o.,
5
100,0
100.0
100.0
0
0
0
147
25
619
191
496
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
14T
25
100.0
100.0
36
100.0
16
814
519.2
99.0
0
0
0
l
2
6
101
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
6
101
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.0
0
0
0
0
l
211
2
48
2T2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
291
2
48
272
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0
0
0
0
0
4
268
0
6
57
100.0
100.0
4
268
0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
56
100.0
96.4
0
0
0
0
47
100.0
48
9T,P
0
11
100.0
11
100.0
0
Trade
Wholenl•
Retail
I JOI
221
2 615
218
2,397
84.3
98,f
83.2
"0
o.z
506
8
0
o.a
II
471
91.T
100.0
8
100.0
100.0
100.0
464
z,eeo
100.0
100.0
100.0
411
91.1
8
Public vtilitiH
GO'f'ensent agenci••
luura.noe, finance, buaineaa,
and pro ten 1 oml otf1oe1
480
1,097
100.0
100.0
47ll
1,095
99,6
99.e
0
2
58
89
100.0
100.0
58
0.2
15
100.0
96,6
0
4
1,277
668
1,622
100.0
100.0
100.0
1,166
645
1,573
92.9
96.8
64.T
16
10
0.2
2.2
o.6
2,643
100.0
2,049
77.6
583
22.1
100
14
2,503
2e
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
90,◊
90
14 , 100.0
11.1
1.,ao
67,7
15
6
0
570
T
.
In ■ t1tutiona
SerTice indu1trie1
lliecel l•neou.• indu11trie ■
Theater a..nd motion-picture
hO\l.'181 am other rkr••
etional plaou
Gange, and aut~aeniee aMJ)I
Prhate fuili••
other
I
I
I
I
!
191
496
.
_.L.___
19.e
100.0
I
I
---
l
0
o.6
a
---
----
0
0
0
0
0
-
l
572
2
170
-
-
z
0.1
0
0
0
0
2
l
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.1
0
12.0
106
-- I
---
o.a
0.5
1,4
0.6
1,8
1015
22
14
98
-
14
IT
e
aa
-
•
0
0
I
---
1.0
--
-1.a
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
l.T
9
0
8
4,6
0
0
1.6
ci.9
l
12,9
105
2
0
o.,
0
0
100.0
100.0
100.0
a
1.2
10.s
150
110
415
95,I
,.z-
66
8
171
143
0
88
109
416
99,l
95.e
2.0
o.e
1.4
0
0
e
2
0.1
9
0.3
1,216
100.0
814
67,0
199
12.e
0
~
1.0
I
3,o
26
-
0.1
11,5
l,lF.3
100,0
0
196
e
100.0
766
6
84.6
100.0
66.4
85,3
U.5
l
100.0
100.0
22
0
a
a
0
0
0
0
-
.I. .
~-
6.0
26,P
o.s
0
0
0,4
22:e
--
0
0
0
I
I
•include• persona ..,ployed on eanrr;enoy Work• Progru. projecta.
bz.zcludH 8 woaen who did not report industrial group or character ot pnHnt or hst job,
-
I
a.9
-e.1
-
l
1
a
I
Solt-lo,-!
bor
386
lailding and oon•t~ction
a.......
·-
Z.T
llachin■ ry
0
ber
O..r
4&7
Vu1icd in ■ tnment ■
Tra.n1port1t10n equipnent
Other
C"')
-
Ca-1
3.T
Ston•• clay, and glan produot1
'<
-
,.,_
p.,..
&H
LN.tMr product ■
Rubber product•
Paper and printing
Chm1call
Tobacco produc,;1
IT
cant
,.,_
11.4
Lumber and tiab•r product,
([)
..nt
ber
-· -- ~ - - - '
,.,_
a.g,,lar
15,9150
Food product ■
Terli le and olothing
11&1lU.facturinc
lletal produot ■
a.
Per-
Solt••ploy9d
100.0
Jlamltacturlng
0
Per-
Owner
17.31&
Total wcaenb
""
Caaul
Rer,ular
ot pr•••nt or lut !ob
c6"
N.
Total
Total
group
PRES!IIT OIi LAST JOII
-
aa.4
16,1
e
76 who were e,,1ployed on joba which had luted leas than l aonth at date
2,079 who wer• un41111ployed an::i not previou■ ly en.ployed.
0.4
-------
1.e
-
1.e
-----
1.,
ot
ber
oont
40
o.,
1
0
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
l
0
25
0
25
--
-----
-
1.,
'0:z""
>C
C")
,.&
-
6.1
4
0
T
-1.e
a
0.2
0
0
>
"'V
"'V
2.T
l
1.e
0
2
0
0.2
-
-
intent. . , 11.Dd
--1
01
Table C-14.- JIBDIAI LDa!R OP SBRVICB or PREVIOUSLY BIIPLO?ID PERSOIS OI PRESENT OR LAST JOB, BY OCCUPA'l'IOIAL GROUP
OP PRESENT OR LAST JOB, DIPLOlllDT STATUS, AND SBX
Ullellployedb
Employed•
Jledian
'lmlber
42,748
Total
Woaen
Ven
Oooupetional group
ot F•••Dt or lu1I job
muaber
ot year•
1.0
llullber
17,258
Jlen
lledian
mmber
ot ;par•
4.0
•umber
10,669
Vedian
mmber
ot 1ear•
4.2
-J
Ol
---
rT'I
Jledian
•umber
mmber
ot JNr•
4,244
2.7
z
"'U
,-
0
-<
z
rT'I
:z:
-4
Skilled and •emi•killed oocupationa in
-.n•1facturing and -hanioal
indu•trie■
Building and conatruotion
Jl.tal product■, aohinery, and
eleotrioal-goocl■ -=taotaring
Printing e■ tabli•~
Tenile and clothing -tacturing
other
17.S2S
7.1
5,691
s.6
4,689
6.2
1.860
s,ns
9.2
0
-
1,SOIS
7.ll
0
4,286
701
S,01.S
6,011
6.6
9.9
1.0
6.8
168
10&
ll,662
1,877
2,8
4.9
s.6
ll.6
874
97
826
1,467
4.9
7.2
6.0
4.S
l.S
18
949
640
2.7
s.2
I
2.9
2,4
►
:z:
C
C
:z:
rT'I
z
"'U
,0
-<
z
rT'I
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
0
a.......
(v
Unalcilled labor
Clerioal 110rk
'l'r-■portation and trade pur■ui-1:e
Doa■■tic and per■ om.1 ■ lll"Yic•
B:uoutin, proteHiom.1, am •emiprote■■ iom.1 oocupetiona
Publio-■ et"Yic• occupetiona
I
4,~2
ll,669
8,990
S,417
s.9
6.s
7.6
4.8
18
4,112
1,787
4,426
4.9
4.8
ll.4
2,SS7
6M
1,701
979
s.2
s.1
4.0
s.2
S,6112
1,196
9.9
1,21s
9
e.1
1166
81
8.o
8.8
lS.6
-._,lud•• 82 men and 6ll - n who did not report occupation or
length ot ■ enice ot pre ■ent job.
bhol1Jd•• 101 men and to woaen who did not report oocupation
or length ot ■ -nice ot lut job, 67 Mn and 76 wo•n who wve
I
6
I
:z:
-4
287
l,66S
2.8
2.6
2.7
:z:
lM
1
2.9
...,w
60&
I
employed on jobs lasting leas than 1 mouth, and 2,191 men and
2,0'79 - n who 119re umaployed and not prniou■ l7 aplof9d,
include■ per■ ou employed on .....-geno7 Worka Program project••
#Median not oalculated tor t.-..r than 25 ou•••
co
Table C-15.- MEDIAN ACE OF EMPLOYED PERSONS AND OF UNO!PLOYED PERSONS PREVIOUSLY EMPLOYED
BY SEX AND USUAL OCCUPAT1 Ot!AL GROUP
Usual occupational group
Employeda
Number
Total
Skilled and semiskilled oooupations in
the nanufacturing and mechanical
industries
Building and construction
~etal products. 11¥l-chinery 0 and
electrical-goods manufacture
Printing establishment~
Textile and clothinp, mauufaoturlng
other
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
C"')
Unskilled labor
ClericRl 110rk
Trar.sportotion and trade pursuits
Comestic and personal service
Executive, professional, and semiprofesfiionel occupations
Public--service occupeti on.s
Jledian
age
•
Women
Men
Une111ployed
previour.ly employedb
UD11111plo7ed
preYioualy employedb
Employed.a
Number
Jledian
age
Humber
Median
age
Humber
Median
age
42.n4
38.2
10,815
s8.9
17,228
so.o
4,349
29.2
17,705
38.~
4,788
40.6
5,697
28.S
l,65S
26.4
3,527
42.3
1,435
44.9
0
-
0
4,305
721
3.100
6.052
38.4
34.l
39.3
37.0
924
105
859
1.465
39.8
34.6
37.5
36.8
163
100
3.561
1,£173
24.0
30.5
30.l
25.7
4.231:1
3.689
a.9~4
3,280
36.5
31 .3
37.e
39.2
2,25()
40.3
29.9
27.2
33.4
35.8
~.c9~
39.7
4?..l
34.9
,fl
1,166
l,7C6
:!!"1. 7
944
:::7 .Cl
17
4,140
1,745
4,:.'i85
391
73
42.7
41.9
1,235
9
654
#
24.4
17
958
637
#
5
27.7
26.::>
284
1,716
33.(1
156
31.5
2
~xcludes 96 men end 91 women who did not report age or
occupation.
blncludes persons employed on emergency Works Program projects,
but excludes 12 men end 11 women who did not report age or
#Median not calculated for fenr than 25 cases.
(v
rT'I
z
C
><
(")
#
27.5
0
a.......
141
5~~
occupation And 2 0 191 1110n and 2,079
and not previously mnployed.
1'0l!ICD
-
.,,>.,,
27.4
#
who were unemployed
~
~
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
78
!able C•ll•• IIDIAII 1.1111ft OP IIRVICI OJ' PIIYICOILY 8IPIDTID , . . _
ow PIIIIDT 01 LAST JOB, IT lllDlllftIAL GROUP or PIIIIAft
Oil
LAST JOB, 8IPLOl1IDT STAM, DD 1111
a.p1a,J
Indu■ trial
group ot
pNHDt or la•t job
lien
lled1u
IIWlll■ r
-11■ r
ot
·-
ll&ma,.oturing
Food produot ■
Testil• and oloth•
Ila
lledian
lllaber
:,■an
Total
Vlllaplopdb
mab■ r
ot
pan
lllaber
•-n
M■diu
-11■ r
ot
pan
lledian
Jhaber
,.o
17,1&8
•• o
10,888
•• 2
t,Hli
1.,
,.....
a.a
1.1ft
....
1.1
1.1
1.11111
•••
1.1
2.,
IIH
1.111&
104
11111
2.1
Ii.I
1.1
•• ,110
produot■
1,011
1.,
..
1.111
111
1.11
1.a
1.001
'82
UT
li,1
11
•••
111
IOI
,.1
a.,
7.1
HT
11.,
111
,.1
Iii
1.,
11
187
IU
•••
1.1
102
29
1.1
"
H
1.11
•• 1
Laall■ r
and
1-ther produot■
Rubber produot■
Pap■ r ud printing
C'-iloal ■
Tobaooo
,
t1al>■ r
produot■
produot■
121
1....
1,zae
llit
,.a
1.1
..
,
...
817
191
4,8
s.,
..,
..,
f
Stone, ola7, and
gla- ■ produot■
•ohin■ II')'
llu■ 1oal inatnaent■
Tranaporta tioa
equ1p,ent
Oth■ r
ot
42,TH
11.IH
tlt.oturing
inc-lletal
nall■ r
pan
HS
1,1171
•• 1
M
1.,
a.a
14
•••
l,HII
•• o
1568
11.1
IT&
•••
a,za-t
,.1
48
2.,
*
Hl
.
I
f
'"
a.a
H8
1.&
II
f
Ii
f
•••f
• 1.1
a.a
Iii
H
I
215
1,1
f
1.1
f
0
-
I
lH
11.1
11.11
8T
f
1.,
11
f
...
az
1.,
a.1
II
Building and
oon■ truotion
1.1
S.097
Whol- ■ o.1•
l,lllll
Toll
Retail
,.au
8.41511
,.1
~u
2,878
Trade
Pllblio utilltiH
Gove~nt o.genole ■
Inauro.noa, tlnanoe,
bua1n■ .. , ud
...,
s,1101
s,111
12.1
office•
1.11,
722
1,0811
11.2
a.z
Bemo• lndu1tri11
llolll
.,. •••
1,011s
prof-■ ■tonal
In ■titutlona
...,
••a
1,178
"··
..
1.e
l,HII
1.1
1.1,,
I.Ii
2.11
llolll
s.11
938
Hl
&.•
11.1
!ill
1.,
z.,
161
1.a
788
a.a
s.z
148
110
lla8
HI
•••
1,1119
.,••11
1.709
a.1
I 801
a.o
881
a.a
an
&.1
100
s.e
111
•••
*
ISO
116
liOO
HU
1,419
ea
tali
z.a
z.a
1.201
2.,
.
..
2.11
lliaoellanaoua
indu■ trie ■
Theater and aotloa•
ploture hou111
ud other
reoreati onal
plao-■
O&ro.ge■
ud auto•
H"loe ahop■
Pri'ftte t'utlllea
Other
"'zxoludo■ 81 and 11 pre ■ -nt or la■ t job.
110
4111
IH
•• z
e.1
•• 11
14
1.u,
21
1.0
a.a
170
lSO
,
1.e
s.z
1
1.no
•
f
2.,
I
who did not report lndu■ trlal group or length of ■-"lo• or
~olud-■ 101 un and 111 - n who did not report lndu■ trial group or length ot ■■mo■ or
pr., ■ ent or lo.st job, 8T un and Tl - n who nre -,107ed on job■ luting lna than l
aenth 0 am 1,191 aen and z.079 - n who_,.. -ployed and not prn1oual7 •PlOJ■ dJ in•
elude• p■ nona aployed on -rgm,oy Work■ Progro.a projeot■•
#iiedlan not •loulated tor r - r tllea I& ••"•
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APPENDIX C
79
....
Tallle C-17 •• IJSIIAL OCCUPAr IOJW. OIOIIP OP 1JIIDPLO!ED Pllllloal PllffIOIJSLT IIIPLOTID • BT SU
Ilea
Jaber
hroent
11..,...
hroent
10.an
100.0
•.aae
100,0
• '791
l,tll8
~.a
l.166
aa.o
926
11.e
1.0
ld
lT
NO
151T
22.0
11.11
u,..i oooupati-1 croup
Total.a
SkilW and 1.ai1killed oowp.tiom 1a -..hotv1ng and
MOhuioal llllluatriH
llll1ld1ng and oomtruo\1oa
lletel produot1 • -i.taery • and el•otrloal•good•
-1'aotur1ag
PrintiJlc establlalaeate
hztUe and oloth1ng -1'aotv1Jlc
Other
u..Jd.lled labor
Clffll&l worll:
Traaeportat11111 Uld tn.cle puraulta
Dmeatio and peraoaal aorrioe
blcnltilft, protwad-1. and 1-1proteu1oaal oocupatiou
Publ10-11"1oe oooupatiom
u.a
108
llli9
,.11
l.MII
11.11
-
2.zez
20.11
1611
1.,0,
Kt
11111
a.o
II
1518
111.11
8.T
1.n,
•••
OoT
'Tl
w
118
•••
o••
0.1
12.1
8015
....
S,8
0,1
2
•IaoludH per■- uplOJ9d on -r£1111G7 Worka Progra projeot1, but ezolll4ea • •n Uld l
who 414 Qllt report •-1 oooupatloa Uld 2.1111 Mil Uld 2•079 _ . , *o Wl'I U11811plo,-4
Uld aot pl'ITloua 17 aplo,-4 o
Table c-18,- USUAL lllDtlSTRUL GROUP OP UJl!l,IPLOYED P!RSOlli PkEVIOUSLT EIIPLOTED. BT S1:l
WGMa
11911
U11al llllluatrial group
Tote.la
lluututurtag
Food produota
Textile 11114 clothing _.,..taot\ll'ing
Metal pro4uota
1-ber Uld tiaber pro4..ota
Peroeat
10,821
lOOoO
a 900
18,0
a.,
9,15
,.1
1.2
1.897
102
988
20
15
18,9
2os
22,2
0,6
Ool
1.2
0,1
2.a
2o0
Oo:S
M
0,8
Ool
2.11
Oo'T
Zoll
an
1.026
M8
lH
158
Leather pro4uota
ltabber produote
Paper 11114 pr1at1ng
C1-1oal1
To'bMoo pro4uota
287
219
Stoae • 011.7 • Uld glu1 pro4uota
llaohiaery
lluaioal taat..-t:1
Tl'l.lllportatloa equlpoent
Other
9:S
n1
6
510
127
0,9
608
h1ld1ng 11114 ooa1truotioa
2.01s
Tnde
WholHale
ltetall
1 ass
209
1.,z.
Pabllo ut111t1ea
G--n ageo1H
i . . . - . n - . buaiaeu• Uld proteui-1 ottloH
llllt1tat1s.-Tloe lllll•tr1H
lllaoel1U11Ga1 1Dlh•tr1H
Theater Uld IIOtion-piotal'I houae1 and other
reoreatioaal plaoH
Oaragea 11114 auto-11rrioe 1hopa
Prhate taa111H
other
II,__.
,.aeo
l\aber
9
ao
•
2o9
1.2
•
102
S2
98
•
264
-8
Peroct
lOOoO
0.1
8,1
-0.2
M
lo2
1808
12
o.i
16ol
1.9
1So2
611
llo'T
o.e
10.11
35
U8
9n
,.o
278
1211
m
aoe
2.e
1.1
1.1
170
1015
•28
1.1
2o2
lloP
2ot
Voe
n1
608
1,288
29,15
ns
158
96
.
1.11
z,z
28
o.e
2'!1
187
1211
l.T
1.t
1
1.zsz
7
28,7
0,2
159
8 IaoludH perec:aa aplo,9<1 Oil -rgeacy Worlal Prograa project•• bllt pol11411 • aan who did aot
report 11-1 1Dd111t17 and 2.191 ..., and 2.019 ,,_., lltlo wr■ 111t.cplo7ed and aot prenoull7
aplc,pd,
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80
I
:I
II
l1
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
'1
I !.
11
0
N
N
0
.
II
0
13
--:.
0
0
,0
0
0
B
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APPENDIX C
81
Table c-20.- MEDIAi DURATION C1F UHEIIPLOYJIBNT SI!ICE LAST !IOIIRELIEF
Jee
F<E UIIE)(PLODD PERSCIIS PREVIOOSLY EMPLOYED, BY SEX
AND USU.\L OCCUPATION
Median
duration
1n montha
!!WIiber
ot per•ona
Uaual oooupation
Stilled &Dd ■ai ■ tilled oooupation■ 1n ianutaoturing &Dd •ohanioal 1Ddu■trie■
Building &Dd
4,224
4,7sa
1.6ss
66
66
266
68
0
0
0
oon■truotion
Briolclayer■ • briolaaaon■
Cabin■tlalmra
Carpenter■• joiner■
tini•her■
Ce•nt
22.s
11.s
20.s
o so.2
5.1
0
39.4
6.7
ss.s
4D.S
Concrete mixer■ &Dd worlmra
Crane, dredge, hoht, ud ■ te..-haftl
71
o as.a
operator■
Eleotrioian■
"3
81
0
0
42
12
0
0
6
0
0
0
For-n (building &Dd oon■truotion)
lAther■
Ornamental-iron worlmr■
Painter• (exoept ■ ign &Dd taotol")')
Paperhanger■
Pipe
oonrer■, a■be ■ toa in■ ulator•
pipe, gu, and
Plumber■,
183
S6
6
■ teaa fitter■
Road-oh:ine ud n.e.o.
operator•
Rodan, om1-n
S~on■ • ■tone
ourb ■etter■
and ..rble
*
26.S
#
#
63
0
0
0
23
0
69
16
16
0
4
6
Stoneoutter■
#
29.5
12.7
0
161
oon■ truotion-plant
Rooter■, ■ later•• tinnar■
#
40.0
Sl
Rigger■
0
67.6
20.4
40.S
0
49
Plaaterer■
0 so.o
ntter■ ,
21.6
ss.o
6
0
0
0
**
*
35
0
42.0
918
142
43
26
29
0
2.4
•
so
0
1
0
26.s
62.5
40.0
11.9
62.S
Cloolaaker■ and -toba.ker■, j■-ler■
6
0
#
-
Copper■llitha, tin■mitha
7
6
0
0
Struotural•ircm and
-■teel worlmn
T11-aon■ , terra-ootta ■etter■
Tiaberaen, ■honr■
Skilled ud ■emi■killed worlmr• 1n
building and oon■ truotion n.e.o.
lletal
produot■,
good■
•ohinery, &Dd eleotrioal•
anutaoturing
Blaolmlllitha, torge-n, i.-raen
Boileralmr■ • layer■ -out
Butter•• filer■, grinder■ (•tal)
Cuter■, molder■,
Ccirealmr■
tOU!ldryMn
( foundl"J)
In■tri-nt •lmr■
llaohine
t'ixer■
llaohini ■ t■
lleomnio■ •
lleohanio■ •
SN
10,626
footnote ■
(other than loca)
automobile ud airoratt
other
1
16
98
146
48
0
o
0
0
0
#
-
*#
*I
56.6
24.9
22.4
at end ot table.
Digitized by
Google
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
82
Tabh
c-20.-
IIEDUI DURATIOI OF UIIDPLO!Dll'1' SDCE WT •<IIRELIEF J(J3
F<E UJIEKPLOYED PERSONS PREVIOUSLY DPLOIED, BY SEX
AJID USUAL CX:CUPATICII • Cont1nued
--
Uual oooupaticm
Sldllecl ud aell111dlled oooupationa in -tao•
turing and •ohanioal iDduatrie ■ - CoatiDued
Metal produot■, •ohiDllry, ud eleotrioalgood■ anutaoturing • Continued
Operative ■ n.e.o., eleotrioal good ■
Operative, n.e.o., iron and ■ teel indu■ trie•
Operative, n.e.o., o~her •tal iDduatrie•
Patterna.lalr■ (wood and •tal)
Plater■, e-ler•
Reamer■ , driller■, bolter• ( ■ hiPJW-rd)
Riveter■
Roller,, roll band, (1teel)
Shee~tal worlr:ar1
S•lter1, heater,, puddler,
Storage-batte~ worlr:ar■ (ooil winder■ ,
aolderera
Tool almr■, mllwright■, die Htter,
Welder•
76
181
n
Weavers
Winders, 1poolers
Wool scourer■ and sorter,
Operatina n.e.o •• clothing taotorie1
Operative• n.e.o., textile faotorie1
30
19
0
17
25
38
85
0
0
I
I
8.9
36.9
WoaeD
2.s
I
I
----
2.s
--
17 29-5
J;
11
I
I
63
6
2
0
0
28.5
24
6
-
A"1
941
14
26
82
6-9
6-3
3.5
27.8
0
51
I
I
#
11.9
I
4.7
l
0
I
12
3
4
43
10
4
21
110
24
12
19
0
20
76
94
46
80
0
0
18
D
73
24
4
56
7
34
123
See footnote, at end or table.
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I
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I
I
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258 2.9
65 6.4
7 18.8
2 7.6
l
104
----
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0
I
0
I
0 31.5
Textile and olothing anutaoturing
Beamer■ , twi1ter1
Burler■, •nd.er1
Dre1 ■-lr:ar■, furrier■ (not in taotory)
O,.n ( 1Dduatr1al)
Fini1her1 (olothing)
Warper■
49 2.4
3 31.7
4 23.9
13
105
10
111111.Der• (not deahn), m.111.Dery worbr1
Piecer■, yarn 1pinner■
Power-•ohiDII (aewing) operative ■
Presser■ (taotory)
Shoe worlmr• (f'aotory)
Tailors
Men
0
0
0
Printing e1tabliai-nt1
Boolr:biDder•
Ccapoaitor,, printer■, linotype and
ac>notype operator■
Bngravera, lithographer■
Proofreader•
Operative, n.e.o., printing e1tabliahante
top115r1
in aonthll
5
15
3
2
Fitter, (olothing)
Batter•
lnitter1, f\&ll•f'aahioned ho1iery
lnitting-ohim 0115rative1
duration
Women
lien
Loo■ fixer■
Looper■, b-rder,,
Median
lfllllber
of per■ ona
I
13.5
I
2
I
127
2.e
135 17.0
-
1.9
I
I
4.6
11.6
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8.9
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2.11
4.5
APPENDIX C
83
Table c-20.- MEDIAN DURATION OF UNEJIPLOYMEHT SINCI LAST IONRELIBF JOB
Fe& UNBKPLO!ED PERSONS PREVIOUSLY IIIPLOYED, BY SEX
AllD USUAL OCCUPATICII • c-timaecl
Uaual oooupation
Stilled and
aeai ■ tilled
to atilled
trade ■
Aaaeablera
Baker■ (i.Dduatrlal)
Barrel •leer■• cooper■
Butoher■
Cab1-t (radio) and turniture -rkllr■
Candy
-rkllr■
Cigar ••r• (hand)
Cigarette am tobaooo worlmra (aohine
and n.o. ■ .)
Cobbler■,
Median
duration
in 111111tha
llen
Jig
.
oooupationa in manu!'ao•
turing aJld -banioal induatriea. - Contim.lN
Other ■ tilled aJld ■elliatilled oooupationa in
-.nutaoturiDg and -banioal i.Dduatrie ■
Apprentice ■
_ ._
IUJlber
or paraom
ahoe repail"Mll
Cutter•
Bzlg1-er■
Fini■her■
n.e.o., fire•n ( ■tati0DU7)
n.e.o., (in anutaoturiDg)
Fl■ heran, oyateraen
l."55
7S
69
6&
12
&7
&7
&
0 s2.o
1 14.4
18
#
7
#
T
T6
H
S&
6&
11&
68
2
Fo~
Gardener• (greenhOIUle■ )
Glua blower•
Gluier•
Iupeotora, e ~ r • (taotory)
87
labeler■ , putera, paolmra (taotory)
1-tbar -r•r• (other than ■hoe)
LiMaD
•intenanoe •D
Miner■, lline operathea
64
operator•
or •ohlnery
Operathea n.e.o., tood produote
Plano aJld organ tuner• and builder•
Quarryan (exoept atoneouttera)
6
14
8&
6
10
Radio repalraen am inatallatlon Teater•
Upholaterera
Varniahera, painter• in taotory
Operatives n.e.c., other mnufaoturillg
lnduatriea
other n.e.c. sld.lled and semisk:1.lled
oooupationa in -=facturing and
mechanical industrie•
40
46
Jlotlon•piotur■
Oiler■
tfnak:1.lled labor
Apprentice• n.e.c., helpers
City atreet cleaner•
Dair,-n, tarm bands
Dool!: bands, longaho~
5SS 16.6
2.4
s
76 2.6
0 17.0
0
#
so
6
&
84
46
#
0 S9.0
lS 20.0
0 44.6
5 s.5
0
#
21 22.0
0 19.7
0
I
0
78 s.2
*
114 11.1
10 ss.6
0
I
0
#
0
#
5.9
f
2.4
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#
I
21.4
-
I
-
#
-
#
--
2.7
7.1
#
Sl
21.2
0
0
I
#
--11.0
--
2.8
2.2
19
0
9
0
I
46
4
20.0
#
140
61 26.7
6.&
5S
6 S5.9
I
2.189
5 28.l
#
S9
55
5S
169
0 2S.9
0 5.S
0 so.e
0 ss.1
8
19
10
0
0
I
I
I
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Digitized by
Google
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
84
Table
c-zo ••
JIZDIAI D1111ATIIII <»' 1IIIBIIPLODIBIT SIIICI WT l<Jra!LIBF J<B
FCJl UHIJIPWYED PERSCIIS PRBVIOOSLY BIIPWDD, BY SEX
AHD USUAL OOCUPATICII • Contin-4
IINian
duration
1n 1110ntha
Jlwmer
Usual ooouiation
ot peraou
lien
Uukilled labor • Continued
Garage worker■ (UD11k1lled)
Ga■ ..tatiaa. attallldanta
Band,-n
l&bor■r■,
building and oonatnotion
laborer■,
anutaoturin£ and other
Porter■
lfatohioen, guard■
other laborer• n.e.o.
Clerical work
Aeoountant■, auditor■
Bookkeeper■
Ca ■ hiera (exoept bank)
Clerb, bank
Clerics, til1ni, ail, general-ottioe
E1tiator1, appraie•r•
llea1enger1, office boy• and girl.a
Operator,, office appliance,
Operator■, talephcme and telegraph
Payuaatera, timekeeper■, iay-roll olerkl
Production elerlas, t1m-■tw1y olarkl
Secretari••
Shipping and receiving olerkl
Stati ■ tical clerk■
Stenographer•
Stenographer-boolclcaepera
Stock alerb
Typi ■ te
Other clerical worker• n.e.c.
Tran■ portation
and
trade pur1ulta
Adjueter■, claim agent■
Agent■, adnrthing
Agent,, freight and tlobt
Agent,, 1De'IU'll&oe and real e ■tate
Agent,, purchadng and w,er•
Agent■, ■alee,
eale•-
Ce.nvaHer•
Collector ■,
Co:aduotor■,
credit •n
motormn (atreet oar)
Deooratore, wi:adow
dre ■ eer■
Del1nl')'W8n, truck drinre
Demoutratore
Deteotin ■ (prhate), inveatigator■
Buobterc, peddlers, junkmen
Jlarine engineer■
footnote ■
lfeD
20.8
zs.9
27
825
0
0
0
0
0
S3.9
Sl7
110
75
SS9
2
0
0
s
26.5
S5.5
27.6
22.5
-#
--
652'
522
11.e
16.7
M
60
2
55
S8
so.o
15.6
89
S5
66
Bod aarriera
See
w-n
3
6
187
s
4
ZS.4
za.4
I
#
160 16.2
0
#
64
1
15.E
2
11
8
21
0
0
22
I
I
I
21
4
2
#
#
155
2
8
1
82
7
ZS
2 21.E
2
I
150
I
1.67!
280 21.2
4
49
4
18
I
zs.9
26.0
I
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#
I
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$
10.P
#
I
lS.E
I
10.e
6
I
I
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s
1
0
s
1s.1
I
#
I
0
21.7
4
I
124
108
#
I
#
1
2
0
0
75S
2
12
I
I
.
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59
8
s
12
22
5
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at end of table.
Digitized by
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APPENDIX C
Table C-20.- IIEDIAJI DURATIOII
at
85
UDIIPLOYIIEJIT SINCB LAST IIONRELIEF JOB
FCR lDIBKPLOYED PERS<!lS PREVIOUSLY EMPLOYED, BY SEX
AND USUAL OCCUPATIOII - Continued
Uaual oooupation
llen
Transportation and trade purauita - Continued
Paobra, wrapper• (atore)
Railroad rritohmen, tlapmn, yardan
Railroad traU111111n, firemen, oonduotora,
anginaara
Salee olerb, ahoppera ( ■ tore)
Taxi and bu• drhers
Teller ■, oaahiere (bank)
other trade pureuite n.e.c.
other tranapcrtation pureuite n,e.c.
»-■tic
and personal eerrioe
Median
duration
UI IIDZltha
IIUlllber
or peraona
18
8
26
S8S
24:
1
S6
S6
Woaan
Men Women
*I f-
16
0
-
0 69,P
2SO 19.4: 11.1
0
I
0
9 26.4:
0 16.0
*
9SO 1,6M
-I
-
22.4: 17,7
57
S8
28
89
lll
ll3
0
0
0
20
11.e 16.0
16,0
27.0
26,7
Coob, abet■ (not domestic)
Counter- and oafeteria-etation worker•
Day worbra, laundreaeee (domestic)
Day worker• (not domeetio), ottio• cleaner•
Bl.-tor oraratore
Gardener• senants)
121
9
0
Sl
30.e 44,0
Gcnerneeeee, ohild'• nurse,, tutor•
lloateuee, bead -1tere, steward•
Bouaebeper•
Jani tore, oaretabra
litcbemrorbre, dilhw.ehere) pantry worbra,
houee•n (not d<111estic
laundry worbre (not domestic)
0
7
0
126
4:ll
116
26
16
136
0
0
0
12
0
0
69
4:8
7
8
27
674:
0
0
2
7
Barber- and beauty-ahop worker•
Bartender•
Butler,, housemen (domestic)
Chauffeur• (domestic)
ClNDing- and dyeing-ehop worbra
llaide (domestic)
llaida (not doaustic), hotels, iutitutiona
llatrona, hoim, mother■ (1netitutiom)
OrderliH, hoepital attendant•
Praotioel nurses, companiona
Senanta, domestic (U.,.-in)
H
60
54:
6
SM
4:ll
12
f
I
-
*
54:,8
0 20.~
s
-
#
-
27
3 30,6
-#
I
17,2
2S.P
I
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9,6
I
8,0
I
18.B
I
20.0 21,7
-- 17.l
20.•
-I II
-- 11,9
19,9
- I
Sel"ft.llte, domestic (liTI1-out)
Soda diepeneara
Uebere, dooll"lllen, checkroom attendant■
Waiter■ , -1treHee (domestic)
Waiter■ , -itressea (not domeatic)
Other domeatic and personal eenice n•••••
10
1
92
69
128
3
18.0 11.2
25.2
lucutiTII, proteedonal, and eemiproteedo-1
oooupat1cm
374:
148
24:,l 14.2
17
2
10
7
0
* f*# I
Apprentioe1 and asaiatanta 1n prote111onal and
recreatio-1 purauita n.e.c.
Arohiteata
Artieta, teacher• or art
11
4:
4:
**I
*
*
I
See footnote, at end or table,
Digitized by
Google
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
86
Table
c-20.- JIEDLU
DURATI<JI OF UJIEIIPLOrl8ft SINCB WT ll<lll!ELIEF J<II
FCB UNEMPLOYED PERSONS PREVIOOSLY EKPLOYBD, BT SEX
AND USUAL OCCUPATION • Continued
lled1an
l'Ullber
Ueual occupation
BucutiTII, proteeaional, and eelliprofeesional
occupation■• Continued
Chemiete
Clergymen
Dentbte
Designer•
dun.tion
in amtha
or persona
0
3
0
0
0
0
3
0
*#
Drart■-
H
1
#
Bditore, author,, r•r.rter•
Engineer ■ (teohnical, eurnyora
Enterta1-r•, actore
l&boratol')' a11ietante and technicians
l&w:,-r•
Librarian•
7
24
0
0
16
12
7
6
0
1
1
*I
*
*
*
llanagera, official•
Muaici.ane, teacher• or meic
Nuraee, graduate
Phanaciate
Photographer•
88
,
6
26.15
17.2
Dietitian■
Phyaiciane, eurge011B
Proprietor•, owner,, contractors, dealer•
Reeearch wcrlcera
Social worbre, 119lfare worker•
Teachers, athletic■, dancing, TOOational
1ubjeot11 playground and recreational
worbra
Teachers, college
Teacher,, echool (except college)
Protenio-1 and eemiprotenicnal
workers DoeoCo
EucutiTI11 n.e.c.
Recreational worlllBra n,e.c.
Public-aemoe occupationa
Firemen
•11-11, •11 clerb
Sailor•,
eoldier■,
•rinee
(u. s.)
Watchmen, pol1cem11n, guard■ (public)
Other public se"1oe n.e.c.
6
B
•
72
2
8
1,
I
I
#
#
6,9
#
#
0
'
-
I
I
I
I
I
I
23
•
2
0
0
1
1
I
10
0
#
I
#
I
'1
2
1
10
I
,10
*
28,0
1
I
I
I
I
TO
2
28.15
I
2
0
0
0
0
2
1
5
10
8
0
20
16
23
9
I
#
I
$
I
alncludee person■ employed on emergency Worb Progr- projeota,but uoludee
lk DID and 60 women who did not report ueual occupation or duration or uneaployment and 67 men and 76 women who •re laet employed on a job laathlg leH
than 1 month.
li.ed1an not calculated for fewer than 26 oa■ea.
N.e.o., not
el■ ewhere
olaaeified1 11,0.1., not otherwiee apeoifiedo
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APPENDIX
C
87
Table c-21.- )IEDIAII DURATION CF UIIEIIPLOYIIE!iT SINCE LAST ltONRELI~ JOB FOlt U!IEIO'LOYED
PERSONS PREVlOIJSLr EIIPLOYED, BY. SEX A!ID USUAL INDUSTRY
W01M1n
lien
u,ual
1Ddun17
11,.-
Per-
ber
cent
-ian
dure- ► 11,.-
t!:
b•r
lledian
Percent
lanuf&cturillg
Food product•
Bewragea
Bread and bakery product,
C&nnillg and preHMillg
CottH • 1pice1 • and peanut■
Contectio.,.ry
l.ir")' product, and ice creui
Flour, grain, and cereal product•
Ice
- t product,
Jlalt
SUg&r retinin&
Other food product,
Food product• Dec• ■•
Textile and clothing anut'acturing
C1.rpet1 and rug1
Cotton and cotton good,
Bats and oapa (other than straw)
Hosier")'
Knit gocda
Linen■
Kan'•
clo'..hing
Men• a tllrniahinga ( ■hirta, collar ■, eto,)
111llinery goods (ribbona)
Sillc 0 l'&)'OD gooda
1/pholatery •teriah
Wcaen'• and children'• olothillg
Woolen and worated good,
Woolen and oarpet )'&ffll
lace curtaina and laoe
0,-e houaea and fini•hillg
other textile produot, and textil.. n,e,o.
Textile ■ DeOele
C'ther clothillg and olothing n,o.,.
lln&l product•
Bla1t t'urmcH, steel work,, and rollillg
mill• (tin plate and terneplate)
Foundrie ■, tor~ing•, and outing•
Sheet-metal product,
Bolt•• washers. r1nta, nuta, looka,
mil1, and 1p1lcea
Cutlery, tile ■, tirearma, eawa, and toola
Iron and ateel producta, barrela, drum.a
and tanks, sate ■ and nulta, atovea
and furnaceo
lln&l turni ture
P1pillg and tubing, plUllben• euppliea,
and 1teu, r1 ttillga
Tin cau and t1-re, wire, ,pringa
100.0
3,860
370
66
87
40
6
o.6
o.8
o.,
0.1
22.3
4,226
17,2
l,67'l
21-8
19.5
26ol
1a.e
102
12
2l5
#
4
l
0
7
u
0
29
2
a
•
•
•
17
0.2
0.1
Oo4
o.s
50
35
l59
llO
4
22
1.0
0.1
•
lOoE
I
#
0.2
0.1
3.1
1.1
0.1
2.7
4.7
21
27
198
o.5
#
l56
20
o.e
OoE
#
25
o.&
a.e
48
5
o.&
0.1
o.6
o.a
o.4
o.s
#
15,8
19.2
aa
l55o9
16
5.7
l52
5
o.e
4.7
0.1
I
2l5.9
a.a
10.5
f
o.e
11.e
o.e
7.5
o.~
I
20
1.0
1.0
0.2
e
42.5
64.0
l
l
I
ll
#
0
ll?
20.0
l57
47.9
12
I
z,
2-•
6l5
0
Ul
44'
110
109
5.1
948
24
21
12
232
2
1711
17
ll
8
11.3
0
252
78
43
65
28
100,0
0
0
0.2
l 014
72
22
45
aa
in
6
3
42
43
a2
18
16
tion
montha
110nthe
10 627
dura-
0.1
I
0
2
0.1
I
0.1
I
0.1
I
I
32
o.a
16.0
lloll
0
8
lT
10
0.2
0.1
f
f
0
21
0.2
0.1
0.2
•
•
0.1
Alaima0 Babbitt •tal, brau, bronse and
copper product,, lead, ,older, t)'pe
•tal
plated -re, ,n .... - n
Gu and electric fixture,, electroplating,
tire extinguisher,, lamp a e.nd retleotora, stamped ware and enamelware
ll11oellaneou1 ... tal product,
J-1.,.,
8
0
2
l
Sae tootnote, at end or table.
Digitized by
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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
88
Table C-21•• IIEDIAR DURATION CF IJIIEIIPLOYIIEI SIICE LAST IOIIELIEF JOIJ Ftll Ullllll'UJ!ID
PERSONS PREVIOUSLY DIPLOYED, BY SEX AJID USUAL IIDUSTRI • Contillllecl
......
lien
Ueaal industry
llediall
Median
---
Percent
127
83
11
16
17
1.2
o.e
0.1
0.1
0.2
33.e
30.9
;
I
0
l
0
1.3
22.1
16,5
30.8
13
I
10
0.9
0.3
0.1
0.3
ber
duration
1D
111<>ntb1
---
ber
Percent
dura•
tion
1n
montha
llanufacturing - Contl.nued
umt,er and timber product■
Furniture
Planing- and turning-,,,J.ll
Eoxea and barrel ■
other lumber product ■
product ■
Leather froducta
Boots and ohoea (not rubber)
Leather tanneriea
Trunk•• lu~r:i..be. ar.d pocketbook■
other leather produota, beltillg,
saddles, etc.
,____ill_
• - I•-• -I
5
I
56
0.1
0.1
9.B
:
,.
68
o.e
t8
7
o.s
0.1
12
0.1
I
7
o.z
9
l
0
2
6
0.1
•
I!
I
0.1
0.1
$
4
l
0
0
3
0.1
Papor and printillg
Paper o.nd wood pulp
l'lper boxes
Printing nnd publhhin;:;
other paper product,
284
37
23
202
22
2.1
0.1
0.2
1.9
0.2
28.l
40.8
99
8.o
Chern.lea la
214
11
26
93
4
80
2.0
0.1
11.3
Tobacco products
Che.rl.ni; and s:r.oki~ tobacco. snuff,
olbars. anrl ci~aretttt ■
Stone. clay. e.n:l .;lass pr.:>ducts
Rubber products
Bel~ lng nnj hose (rubber)
Boots and shoo ■ (rubber)
Tires an.-J. inner tubes
other rubber gooda
\!edicinoo end drugs
1\1.ints and nrnishea
Petrole-.un refining
Tollet prape.rationa. cosmetics
other cheml.oo.ls
IIBchinery
Electric 1111.ohiner-J and appa.ratua, not
includinc; radios and refrigerator•
IJe.chine shops n.o.a.
Refrie;era t:Jr!I and. equipment and electrical
househol..l applianooa
other !IE.Chiner; and. parta, agricultural
implements. engines. machine tools,
of!'ice a.pplinnco3• pumps. scales,
sewing cachines. washing :m.ohine ■,
steam 1hovela• and elevutora
l.a10icnl
1nstnunent ■
Trr.mportation equipment
Motor vohic lee and parts
Aircrnft and parts
Railrond-equipment llnd -repair ahopa
Ships
Street railway equipment
other tranaporte tion equipment
other r,anufacturin.; 1nduatrie1
Dental goods
Profess ioDAl llJ1d ocientific 1Datrumenta,
optical bOods• 1urbico.l appliancos•
e.nd other profeaaiono.l &nd aoientifio
inatrumenta
All othar .-...nufe.cturini; induatriea and
nee• ■• mo.nu.facturing
------ -- - - See footnote ■ at end or table•
-•
6
-
--•
I
8
19
27.3
54
I
18
2.3
0.2
o.4
lo3
0.-1
27,4
32
o.s
I
*I
-I
s
908
t
. s
- '-
0.2
I
8
0.!l
14.0
27.7
o.o
3:1.4
1
7
0
16
0.-1
I
29
0.3
28.5
98
2.3
18.B
29
0.3
28.5
98
2.3
18.B
92
0.9
36.5
0.1
I
703
6.6
2.7
264
s.2
2.3
54
Sl
o.s
o.a
30.0
26.4
8
0.1
0
-
#
533
s.o
2.3
251
5o9
2.2
85
o.s
35o9
7
0.2
I
5
•
I
.a.2
0
-
-
8
6
0.2
0.1
,,
64o3
0
2
0.1
49.2
0
i
12.e
o.z
•
2.9
1.3
~97
139
•
3
Ii
•
23.9
I
o.:?
--
-
#
--
85
62
17
l
o.e
o.e
0.2
I
I
0
0
127
30.0
B
1.2
0.1
54
2
loll
0.1
8
0.1
I
6
0.1
I
1.0
29.l
1.1
10.s
111
•
I
t
.,
Digitized by
,,
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APPENDIX C
89
Table C-21 •• IIEDIAJI DIIRATICII I»' UIIIIPL0DEIT SIICE IAST NOIIRELIEF JOB FOR IIIIDIPLOYED
PUSONS PREVIOOSLY !IIPLOYED, BY SEX All!) USUAL IIDUSTRY • Cont!.maed
Wamen
lien
Uwal 1Ddlln17
--
P9rcut
1,970
18.5
ber
Buildinl t.Dd conatruotion
BuildiJI&
Road and at"et conatruotion
Houaewrec1<1111
Contractor ehope t.Dd contractora lloOoSo
Other conatruction
Trade
WholHale
Iaportera and exporter,, other wboleeale
utabliam.nta
Warehou.••• neo•••• gl"&ln •l••tor••
1tooll:;yarda
R.otall
Autoa and acoeaaorie1
balceri••
Butcher ahopa
Candy, conteotioneey, and 01,are
Clothill& atorea
Coal, coke, wood, and ice
lle.iey•product1 stores
lleparboont atoru
Drue atorea
O.,,•i;ood1 ato"•
Food 1torea, other
Buckatera, peddler,, t.Dd junk d•lera
Filling atationa
FUl'lll.tu" 1to"a
Grooerle ■,
Median
lledian
dura•
tion
in
montba
n.5
11,-
ber
12
~
98
l5ol
20-l
lo9
177
18.5
8
0
0
o.z
"0
0.1
501
llo9
21.0
34
o.a
21.1
33
27
0.2
21.6
l
l 398
33
6',
66
31
13.2
1a.2
23.9
14.2
l9o5
20.0
467
6
75
186
30.0
21.a
20
183
37
1s.o
o.3
o.5
o.e
0.3
40
II
13.9
I
13
109
18.0
11.1
21.6
26,0
137
37
3-l
8
2
16
. 3
3
0.1
9
19
0.1
0.2
l
13
2
1'ailora
Fh•• t.Dd ten-cent atorea
Other 1to"•
R.otail atorea unapac iried
83
0
128
o.a
l'lablio utilitlu
Electric t.Dd atreet rail-ya
Taxicab ■ and bus companies
Electric•lii;ht nnd -power plante
Trucking, ato,.,.&•, and packing
Gaa oompaniea
Central-heating plante
lladio brO&dcestin& atat1O1111
345
8.9
28
39
256
43
l
224
Cit,, (education and other oi ty)
County t.Dd State
241
12
10
23
32
28
66
u. s.
I&")'
ll&r Depa1"1:m9nt
Poat ottio•
Federal and Govermnent agenoiea n.o•••
Philadelphia It.")' Yard
33
236
7
2.3
0,1
0,1
0,2
0o3
0.5
o.6
0,5
0,7
"
0,1
2
l
14
26
0
0
3
I
5,8
I
*
22.5
If
if
3
2
51,3
l8o7
2908
l9o5
9.5
19o4
o.s
1,5
0
2
a.a
/J
#
#
o.3 I
0.1
57
I
$I
11
21
0.1
0.1
I
2
1,8
0.1
25
22
28
3
43.l
10,5
4008
25.l
45,0
64
rail-ye
Telephone and telegraph COJO?Ulioa
"/later tn.naportation
We. ter aupply
lispreH Oomp&lliH
other public utilities noOolo
Steu,
I
0.1
0.2
0.1
0o4
6
2
7
3106
•
11.1
10
l
0
0.2
1.2
1.2
0.1
11.9
7
26
131
13
7
I
l
226
obain
Grocerioa, indepandent
Hard-re 1torH
:..:ail-orl•r houae ■
Shoe 1to"1
11.s
tion
in
montba
1,210
250
12
l 602
dura.-
P9roent
•
t
IJ
*I
*
t
35,9
.
t
66
lo6
20,0
6
0
6
3
0,1
#
15
0,3
l
See tootnotea at end of table.
Digitized by
l
0,1
0,1
0.1
•
I
/J
f
/J
ii
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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN 1937
90
fabl• C-2le• IIEDIAII DIJRATIOII r, tJIIEIIPLODIEII IUCI LAST WOIIIIEUEF JOB FOR 1..llEMFLOYED
PERSONS PUVIOOSLY EIIPLCY!D, BY SKX AJlll USUAL IIIDUSTRY - Contlmed
....
u-111141111"7
ber
...
·...
Medi.an
Paroct
dun.t10II
1ll
ParCMDt
b•r
zn
z.e
25.5
BanJc■, tl'll ■t OCllp&llill1 ftOo
Building and 1....,, rw.l Hta te
Inaurano1
Other t1Dano•
ae
ti.o
21.0
2s.3
21
o ••
o.s
o.o
o.z
Proteaa1onal ott'io••
l&bora tori ea
Studio1
Ofrioe building, or building ott1o.. n.0.1.
22
0.2
I
S2
66
Ina ti tut1ona
Ho1pitala
Clubhoua•••
School ■
ouq,••
-.iaeu.a
and colleglta
Other l.lllti tution1 and 1n•t1tut10ftl n,0.1,
Senio• 1ndu1tr1ea
Barber and beauty 1hop1, bathhou,. .
l&undri•• (1t1&11 and hand)
!loteh
Ape.M:llent houaea, boarca.Di houaea
Reataura.nta, tearoom.a
Dyeing and cleaning eatablisbmont1
Shoe-r.,pair ■hop1
other senic• induatriea
Theater and motion-picture housu, bawling
alleya, and other recreational and
aniaement plaoe ■
Garages and a.uto-aerTice ■ hop ■
Undertaking eatablialm:ent1
Cemeter1ea
Home work !or outside manufacturer ■
Yin11
Quarriea
Agriculture 0 thhin,:;, and toreatey
l'rin.to f&Jr.lliea
165
3,9
1s.s
la
o.s
o.4
#
I
I
I
19
20
1
I
..,
o.s
o.z
10,l
0.1
2<1.9
53
1.0
0.1
0.1
1.s
122
1.1
26o5
100
2.,1,
l7ol
.a
0.,1,
0.2
0.2
o.s
2s.o
•2;°
61
9
23.9
22
1,5
0.2
0.2
o.s
u.1
2T
ZS
29
144
1.0
20.9
"11
9,9
1e.e
70
59
117
12.6
21.0
22.1
28,ll
20.s
se
o.&
s.s
1.:1
0.,1,
12.e
20.4
28.6
289
ZS
ST
99
0.1
0.1
1.1
o.<1
2.1
0.2
o.s
o.&
699
6.e
21.e
153
240
8
3
l
12
1.6
2.:1
0.1
11.1
20.0
a
,.
21
40
J.!l.1callaneou1 indu1tri81
dun.ticm
1n
~
~
lDllln.DCMI, tU1&110e, b1111D111, and prot1H1-l
ottiOH
lledl.aD
14
86
182
•
0.2
•
•
0.1
0.1
o.e
1.7
$
2
5
8
131!
lie
lE
1"6
25.5
25.T
s
I
0.1
I
l 206
2806
17.f
26
l
o.£
11.0
-.
-I
'
II
#
,
12.6
0
"
19.6
I
II
18,0
s.4
o.f
23
se.t
I
#
i
-
a
•
0.1
0
0
l
l
2
1,172
0.1
27,7
•
i
I
I
#
I
11.e
'rnolud11 peraOlll anployod on -rgmo:r Wol'lc1 Proi;rea projeot ■, but aalud•• 1'3 am and 59
..,..on who did not report u1,al induatey or dun.tion cl ananpl~t Uld IT am and TS who wore -,ployed cm job1 laatl..ng hH than l llOlll:h.
fvec11an not oaloulated for
t-•r
than 26
OUHe
•:i..11 than 0.05 peroct •
•••• o., IIOt 111..tlere olul1ried1 ... o., •• Dot oth•rn•• 1peo1tled.
Digitized by
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Table c-22.- RELATIONSHIP OF RESPONDENT TO BOUSEHOID BEAD IH THREE DISTRICTS
OF PHilADELPHIA SURVEY• MAY 1937
Relationship to
household head
0
c6"
N.
""
([)
a.
IT
'<
0
Total.
3 districts
~
District 6
District 10
ber
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Peroent
Kumber
Percent
Total respondents
13.387
100.0
s.163
100.0
5.412
100.0
2.812
100.0
Head - male
Hee.d - female
Brother
Daughter
Father
2.536
1.578
874
677
17
187
19
16.9
13.l
0.3
3.6
o.4
1.129
674
37
231
26
20.9
12.5
18.9
8.1
0.1
4.3
533
227
19
532
61
18.9
11.8
o.s
4.0
o.s
11-l
o.s
16
4.0
0.6
Mother
Sister
Son
Wife
636
284
267
6.4o5
4.8
2.1
2.0
47.9
221
97
108
2.603
4.3
283
126
109
2.394
5.2
2.3
2.0
44.2
132
61
50
1.408
4.7
2.2
1.e
50.1
3
614
412
86
3.8
3.1
0.6
3
195
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WPA NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
Reports issued to date
General
The Research Program or the National Research Project
Unemplo111ent and Increasing Productivity (o~t of print)
sununary or Findings to Date, March 1938
Studies in Changing Technology and Labor Productivity
Mining
Ho.
E-1
Ho. E-2
Technology and the Mineral Ind~strles
(~t
of print)
Slllall-SCale Placer Hines as a source or Gold, Employment, and Livelihood
in 1935 (~t of print)
No. E-3 Mecbanization Trends in Metal and Nonmetal Mining as Indicated by Bales or
Underground Loading Equipment
No. E-4
EJnplo7111ent and Related Statistics or Hines and Quarries, 1935:
No. E-6
FUel Err1ciency in cement Hanuracture, 1909-1935
No. E-6
Mineral Technology and output per Man Studies:
~oal
urade or Ore
Agriculture
No. 1-1
Changes 1n Technology and Labor Requirements in Crop Production:
Ho. A-2
Changes in Farm Power and Equipment:
Ho. A-3
Selected References on Practlces and Use or Labor on Farms (in two parts)
sugar Beets
Mechanical Cotton Picker
Ho. A-4 Changes in Technology and Labor Requirements lr. Crop Production:
No, l-6 Changes 1n Technology and Labor Requirements in Crop Production:
Potatoes
Corn
Ho. A-6 Trends ln Size and Production or the Aggregate Farm Enterprise, 1909-36
ln Techno1ogy and Labor Requirements in Crop Production:
Cotton
No, A-7
Changes
No, N-1
No, H-1
Product1v1ty and Employment 1n Selected !ndustr1es:
No.
B-1
Labor Productivity in the Leather Industry (Su.asary)
No,
B-2
Mechanical Changes 1n the Cotton-Textile Industry, 1910 to 1936 (Su•sary)
!lo,
B-3
M.echanlcal Changes in the Woolen and worsted Industries, 1910 to 1936
Manufacture
Beet sugar (in press)
Industrial Instruments and Changing Technology (in P-,-ess)
(Su••ary)
No,
B-4 Errects or Mechanization in Cigar Manufacture (SU1&sary)
No. B-6 Systems or Shop Management 1n the Cotton-Garment Industry
(Su.a•ary)
Studies of the Effects of Industrial Change on Labor Markets
No. P-1
Recent Trends ln Employment and Unemployment in Ph1ladelph1a
No. P-2 The Labor Force or the Phlladelpbla Radle Industry 1n 1936
No. P-3 Employment and Unemployment 1n Philadelphia ln 1936 and 1937 (in two parts/
No. P-4 Ten Years or Work Experience or Ph1ladelphia Weavers and Loom Fixers
No. P-6 Ten Years or Work Experience or Phlladelphla Machlnlsts
No. L-1
Cigar Makers-Arter the Lay-arr
R1qu11t1 for copies of
this• report• should bl addr1111d to:
Publlc1tlon1 Section, Olvlaion of lnfor11atlon
Works Progr111 Administration
W11hlngton, 0, C,
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