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Employment, Education, and Earnings of American Men of Science Bulletin No. 1027 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Maurice J. Tobin, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner In cooperation with UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Employment, Education, and Earnings of American Men of Science Bulletin No. 1027 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Maurice J. Tobin, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner In cooperation with UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price 45 cents Letter of Transmittal U nited States D epartment of L abor, B ureau of L abor Statistics, Washington, D. C., May 21, 1951 The S ecretary of L abor: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on the employment, education, and earnings of the Nation's leading scientists. The report was prepared in the Bureau's Branch of Occupational Outlook in cooperation with the United States Department of Defense. The coordinating agency of the Department of Defense was the Manpower Branch, Human Resources Division, Office of Naval Research. The National Research Council gave invaluable assistance in connection with the study. The study was carried out under the supervision of Helen Wood. The report was written by Theresa R. Shapiro and Helen Wood. John S. McCauley di rected the editing of the questionnaires. He and Pearl C. Ravner had major responsibility for planning the statistical tabulations and prepared preliminary analyses of the data. E wan Clague, Commissioner. Hon. M aurice J. T obin, Secretary of Labor n Contents Introduction_____________________________________________________________________________________________ Summary of findings_____________________________________________________________________________________ Scope of the study_______________________________________________ Fields of specialization----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Field of greatest competence-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Specialties of women scientists-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Second specialties____________________________________________________________________________________ Education_______________________________________________________________________________________________ Highest degree earned______________ ^________________________________________________________________ Highest degree and age_______________________________________________________________________________ Women scientists____________________________________________________________________________________ Age at time of doctorate-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Region of education___________________ Regional trends in education-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Employment_____________________________________________________________________________________________ Experience in field of greatest competence_____________________________________________________________ Function performed in field of greatest competence_____________________________________________________ Type of employer____________________________________________________________________________________ Level of education and type of employer__________________________________________________________ Age of scientists and type of employer____________________________________________________________ Region of employment-------------------------------------------------------Region and type of employer------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Specialty and region------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Earnings________________________________________________________________________________________________ Salaries of Ph. D .’s--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Field of specialization____________________________________________________________________________ Type of employer________________________________________________________________________________ Additional professional income of Ph. D.’s-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Type of employer------------------------Field of specialization-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . ------- Page 1 1 3 5 6 6 7 9 9 10 11 12 12 15 16 16 18 19 21 22 23 23 25 27 28 28 29 33 34 35 Text Tables1 1. Proportion of Ph. D.’s awarded 1936-45, included in the Directory, A m erican M en of Science , in selected fields______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Number of scientists in each field of specialization, 1948_________________________________________________ 3. Number and percent of women scientists in each general field of specialization, 1948______________ 4. Second specialties most frequently reported by scientists, by general field of first specialty, 1948_____________ 5. Second specialties of scientists in selected fields, 1948_________________________________________________ 9 6. Number and percent of scientists by highest degree earned, 1948-----------------------------------------------------7. Percent of scientists in each general field of specialization by highest degree earned, 1948__________________ 8. Median age of all scientists, by highest degree earned, and by general field of specialization,1948______________ 9. Number and percent of women scientists at each educational level, compared with all scientists, 1948__ 11 10. Median age of women scientists at each level of education, compared with all scientists, 1948__________ 12 11. Age at time Ph. D. degree was received, of all scientists, chemists, physicists and electronic scientists, and bi ologists, 1948______________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Percent of scientists who received bachelor’s and doctor’s degrees in each area, and the number of degrees awarded per 100,000 population, 1948_______________________________________________________________ 13. Percent of scientists by general field of specialization and by area in which Ph. D. degree was received,194814. Median years of experience and median age of all scientists by highest degree earned, and by general field of specialization, 1948_________________________________________________________________________________ 15. Number and percent of scientists reporting specified functions, by highest degree earned______________ 19 16. Percent of scientists employed by each type of employer, for each general field of specialization. 1948----20 17. Number and percent of scientists by type of employer and highest degree earned, 1948________________ 21 18. Median age by type of employer and highest degree earned, 1948------------------------------------------------------------ ni 4 6 7 8 8 10 11 12 15 15 16 22 CONTENTS IV Text Tables-Continued 19. Number and percent of scientists employed in each area and ratio of scientists to the labor force in the area in 1947____________________________________________________________________________________________ 20. Percent of scientists employed in each area of the continental United States by type of employer,1948_______ 21. Percent of scientists employed in each region, by specific field of specialization, 1948_______________________ 22. Median and quartile salaries and interquartile range of salaries by highest degree earned and age, 1948_____ 23. Median and quartile salaries of Ph. D.’s by general field of specialization, 1948____________________________ 24. Median salaries of Ph. D.’s by general field of specialization and age, 1948________________________________ 25. Median age and median salary of Ph. D.’s in each general specialty by type of employer, 1948_____________ 26. Median and quartile salaries of Ph. D.’s in each specific field of specialization, 1948________________________ 27. Median salaries of Ph. D. scientists by type of employer and region of employment, 1948__________________ 28. Median salaries in selected specialties by age and type of employer, for Ph. D.’s employed exclusively with one of the three principal types of employers, 1948________________________________________________________ 29. Added professional income and median regular salary of Ph. D .’s working for specified types of employers, 1948______________________________________________________________________________________________ 30. Percent of Ph. D. scientists reporting added income by general field of specialization and type of employer, 1948______________________________________________________________________________________________ 31. Median regular salary and added income of Ph. D.’s by general field of specialization, 1948________________ Page 24 24 26 27 29 29 30 30 31 31 35 35 36 Appendix Tables A. Number of women scientists in each specific field of specialization, 1948___________________________________ B. Second specialties reported by scientists by specific and general field of first specialty, 1948_________________ C. Percent of scientists in each age group by general field of specialization and highest degree earned, 1948______ D. Number of women scientists by age group, level of education, and general field of specialization, 1948________ E. Percent of scientists in each specific field of specialization by highest degree earned, 1948___________________ F. Percentage distribution of bachelor’s degrees by period of degree and region of degree, 1948_________________ G. Percentage distribution of Ph. D. degrees by decade of degree and area of degree, 1948_____________________ H. Percent of scientists engaged in various functions by general field of specialization_________________________ I. Percent of scientists in each specific field of specialization by type of employer, 1948________________________ J. Percent of scientists by highest degree earned, principal type of employer, and general field of specialization, 1948_______________________________________________________________________________________________ K. Median age of scientists working for various types of employers by highest degree earned and general field of specialization, 1948__________________________________________________________________________________ L. Percent of Ph. D .’s employed by each type of employer, by general field of specialization, 1948_____________ M. Median salary, median age, and number of Ph. D.’s reporting salary by general field of specialization and type of employer, 1948-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------N. Median and quartile salaries of Ph. D .’s by type of employer and age of scientists, 1948-----------------------------O. Distribution of salaries for Ph. D.’s in each general field of specialization employed exclusively by one of the three principal types of employers, 1948-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------P. Median salaries of Ph. D .’s working exclusively for one of the three principal types of employers, by general field of specialization and region ofemployment, 1948--------------------------------------------------------------------------Q. Added professional income of Ph. D. scientists in each general field of specialization, by amount of regular salary, 1948________________________________________________________________________________________ 36 37 38 39 40 41 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 45 46 47 48 Charts123456789 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Close to two-thirds of the scientists in the study held Ph. D. degrees, 1948------------------------------------------------Median age of scientists at time of Ph. D. degree (1900-1949)-----------------------------------------------------------------Southern New England led in number of degrees granted scientists per 100,000 population, 1940_____________ North Central region led in granting of degrees to scientists---------------------------------------------------------------------Educational institutions were the leading employers of scientists in the study, 1948------------------------------------Where these scientists were employed (1948)_________________________________________________________ — Geographic distribution of the scientists in the survey compared to labor force_____________________________ Salary levels of Ph. D. scientists were highest in private industry (1948)----------------------------------------------------The lower salaries of educators were not offset by added professional income (1948)------------------------------------- 10 12 14 17 20 23 25 32 34 Employment, Education, and Earnings of American Men of Science Introduction Our national security and welfare depend to a great extent upon the research carried on by a small number of scientists. The part scientists play in developing weapons for the national de fense needs no emphasis in this atomic age. Less spectacular but of equal importance are the count less contributions of science in opening new fron tiers of knowledge, raising the standard of living, and improving the health of the Nation. Despite the importance of scientific research, very little statistical information has been com piled concerning the individuals who do this work. No comprehensive data are available on such questions as: How many scientists are there in different specialties? How old are they? What education did they receive? How much experi ence have they had? Where are they employed? How much do they earn? The present report contains information on these and related questions for 42,000 of the Nation’s top scientists. The report is a byproduct of a questionnaire survey which had two major purposes: to gather information for a roster of key scientists for use by the National Research Council, the Department of Defense, and other agencies concerned with our supply of scientific personnel; and to provide data for the 1949 edi tion of The Biographical Directory of American Men of Science. The survey was conducted jointly by the Na tional Research Council, the publisher of American Men of Science, and the Department of Defense.1 Advice and assistance were obtained from several scientific societies, government agencies, and other organizations. The Bureau of Labor Statistics, under contract with the Department of Defense, edited the replies and coded data desired for the roster of scientists. It also undertook a statistical analysis of the information, the major findings of which are presented in this report. 1Representatives of the Army, Navy, and Air Force made up a “sponsors” group which guided the project. These three departments and the Atomic Energy Commission provided financial support. The contract was admin istered by the Manpower Branch, Human Resources Division, Office of Naval Research. Summary of Findings Fields of Specialization.—Every branch of the natural sciences was represented among the names in American Men of Science. Of the 42,000 scien tists in the survey the chemists were by far the largest group, comprising about a fourth. The biologists were second in number and the engi neers third, although the total number of engi neers in the country exceeds the total number of professional workers in all other scientific fields combined. The scientists surveyed were above all research scientists. Close to two-thirds of them were or had been engaged in research in the scientific fields in which they had their highest competence. Next to research, teaching was the activity most often reported. Some had had experience in de sign and development work, others had acted as administrators, and some had served in other capacities. Three out of every four had performed more than one function in their fields of highest competency, either concurrently or in different periods of employment. As a rule, these scientists had spent the greater part of their adult fives in the work of their first specialty. A median of 15 years’ experience in these specialties went along with a median age of 1 2 AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 43 years. Differences in length of experience among scientists in different fields were directly related to differences in age. Despite long experience in their first specialty, most of the scientists were able to report also a field of second competence. For about half of the scientists, this second specialty was in the same scientific field as their first specialty. For example, 41 percent of those whose highest field of competence was in some branch of mechanical engineering reported a second specialty within this field, and 49 percent of the electronic scien tists cited a second field of competence in elec tronics. The other half reported second special ties in different fields from their first—often in entirely different branches of science. Level of Education.—The primary purpose of both the 1948 and earlier editions of the Directory, American Men of Science, was to fist scientists engaged in research, particularly in basic research. A strong effort was always made to reach all the Ph. D .’s in the natural sciences. Roughly twothirds of all these Ph. D .’s were included in the present study. The scientists in the Directory who did not hold a doctorate constituted a small, select group; presumably they were equal to the Ph. D .’s in scientific achievement. As a result of the emphasis on the Ph. D. degree as a criterion for inclusion in the Directory, the doctors of philosophy constituted by far the largest segment of the scientists in the survey—63 percent of the entire group. This proportion was even higher (78 percent) for the small number of women (6 percent of the entire group) included in the survey. The proportion of Ph. D .’s in certain fields was distinctly higher than the over-all average. More than three-fourths of the chemists, psychologists, biologists, and mathematicians and statisticians had doctorates. It was only in medicine and related fields and in engineering that fewer than half of the scientists held Ph. D. degrees. Even in engineering, which had relatively fewer Ph. D .’s than any other field of specialization, the propor tion of Ph. D .’s in the survey was much higher than among all the members of the profession. Among the scientists without a doctorate, the largest group were those who had received but had not gone beyond the master’s degree; 15 per cent of the surveyed scientists were in this cate gory. The remainder were about equally divided between the doctors of medicine and the group who either held no degree or had only a bachelor’s degree. One percent of the scientists held no degree. Region of education.—The principal region of education of these scientists was the Middle West. About a third of all the baccalaureates and 40 percent of the doctorates were granted in the North Central region. Relative to popula tion, however, New England had contributed a higher proportion of both doctorates and bacca laureates than any other region. In the absolute numbers of baccalaureates granted these scientists, the Pacific Coast was lower than any other region. The MountainPlains States accounted for the fewest doctorates. But when regional population was taken into account, the South ranked lowest with respect to both bachelor’s and doctor’s degrees. Type of E m p lo y e r Education was the leading field of employment for scientists, with private industry second, and government third. More than a third (37 percent) were employed solely by universities and colleges at the time of the survey, and an additional 13 percent combined education with some other type of employment. The proportion of scientists working exclusively for private industry was 27 percent, for govern ment agencies, 14 percent. About 2 percent were employed exclusively by nonprofit foundations, and even fewer were wholly self-employed as independent consultants. The remainder were working for more than one type of employer (excluding educational institutions). Engineering and chemistry offered notable exceptions to the predominance of college and university employment among these scientists. Half of the chemists and over 40 percent of the engineers worked for business firms at the time of the survey. Electronic scientists also were employed mainly by business firms. In geophysics and geology, on the other hand, government employees constituted the largest group, whereas the majority of medical scientists were physicians engaged in private practice. College and university employment was more common among scientists possessing a Ph. D. than among those who did not have this degree. Three-fourths of the scientists employed exclu sively in colleges and universities had Ph. D. SCOPE OF TEE STUDY degrees. However, private industry was the largest field of employment for scientists with no graduate degree, and a relatively high proportion of the master’s degree holders worked for the government. Region of Employment.—More than half of the scientists were employed in the Middle Atlantic region and the eastern North Central States at the time they filled out their questionnaires. Relatively few scientists worked in northern New England, the South, the Mountain-Plains States, and the North Pacific States. Fewer than 1 percent were employed outside continental United States. Earnings.—Information on the earnings of the scientists included in this survey is most useful for the light it throws on professional earnings of Ph. D .’s and the major factors influencing these salary levels. The median annual salary for all Ph. D .’s was $5,720. Engineers, with a medi an annual salary of $6,960, were by far the best- 3 paid group of specialists. The chemists had the next highest median salary, $6,030, and the biolo gists tended to be the lowest paid Ph. D .’s, with a median salary of $4,940. Salaries in private industry tended to be higher than those paid by other types of employers within each field of specialization, for every age group, and in all regions of employment. For Ph. D .’s in all specialties taken together, the median salary in private industry was $7,070 and in government it was $6,280. The small group of scientists working for nonprofit foundations tended to earn about the same amount as govern ment employees. However, college and univer sity staff members with no other type of employ ment had a median salary of only $4,860. So important was the difference in salary levels among types of employers that even the lowestpaid scientists in private industry, the biologists, fared better than the highest-paid of all educa tors—the engineers. Scope of the Study Scientists Surveyed.—The scientists to whom questionnaires were sent in connection with this survey included all those in the 1944 edition of American Men of Science and those on a list of “new names” developed mainly by the National Research Council. There were approximately 34,000 scientists listed in the 1944 edition of the Directory. The editors’ policy had been to limit the Directory to people engaged in research in the natural sciences. However, some additional persons had been included because they had contributed to science through teaching, administrative work, or the preparation of textbooks and compilations. “ There are also some whose work has been chiefly in engineering, medicine, or other applied sciences, and a few whose work is in education, economics, or other subjects not commonly included under the exact and natural science.” 2 In addition to names appearing in the 1944 Directory, a list of “new names” was built up from several sources. The following criteria were used as a guide for inclusion in the Directory: 2 The Biographical Directory of American Men of Science. New York, The Science Press, 1906. Preface. 1. A doctorate in one of the sciences and continuing professional work in science; or 2. For those not having the doctorate, evidence of mature, scientific ability such as would be indicated by publications in recognized scientific journals of original meritorious work involving high grade research, or re sponsibilities in the direction of scientific activities requir ing command of a science and ability to direct the scientific work of others of high degree of training and experience; or 3. Fellowship or membership in a scientific society where such fellowship or membership involved a high degree of discrimination. Scientists who had been listed in the 1944 Directory were included in the mailing list without reference to the above criteria. A major source of “new names” was the list of persons granted doctorates in the natural sciences. This list is maintained by the Office of Scientific Personnel of the National Research Council. Questionnaires were mailed to all those who had received a doctorate between 1936 and the time of the survey. All the organizations listed in the National Research Council’s “Directory of Industrial Re search Laboratories in the United States” were asked to submit the names of scientists meeting AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 4 the above criteria who had not been included in the 1944 edition of American Men of Science. Nomination slips were also sent to all govern mental research agencies. Additional names were obtained by checking the mailing list against membership lists of scientific societies. Questionnaires were mailed to about 30,000 persons, in addition to those listed in the 1944 Directory, and 24,000 questionnaires were re turned. From this latter number about 4,000 were eliminated by the staff of American Men oj Science, because the respondents failed to meet the criteria listed above. Of the 34,000 scientists listed in the 1944 edition, about 30,000 supplied data for the new edition. The remainder had died, retired, or indicated they no longer wished to be included in the Directory. Thus, the total number of biographical sketches in the 1949 Directory was about 50,000. T a b l e 1.— Proportion of Ph. D ’s awarded 1986-45 , in cluded in the D irectory , American Men of Science, in selected fields Subject Total number Sample used in checking of degrees Directory 1936-45 Biochemistry..... .............. Chemistry_______ _____ Geology............ ................ Metallurgy___________ Paleontology..................... Physics.............................. Psychology___________ 870 4,905 398 118 68 1,220 920 100 200 100 59 34 124 100 Percent of sample listed in Directory 76 76 73 64 82 85 58 Source: M. H. Trytten, “Coverage of Scientific Personnel in American Men of Science, Eighth Edition.” Science, Sept. 8, 1950, vol. 112, No. 2906, (pp. 265-266). In order to determine what proportion of the specialists in the various scientific fields were in cluded in American Men of Science, the National Research Council-National Academy of Science made a check of persons receiving doctorates in the natural sciences (including psychology and geography) from American universities froki 1936 through 1945.3 Every twentieth name was checked, and 76 percent were found to be listed in the Directory. A similar check for the aca demic year 1946-47 indicated that 81 percent of the scientists who received degrees in that year were included. For certain subject fields, separate lists of the individuals receiving their doctorates had been maintained, and a sample of each of these lists was checked for the period 1936-45. The results are shown in table 1. The relatively low propor- tion of psychologists is due to the deliberate ex clusion of social psychologists (such as industrial, educational, and guidance psychologists) from the list of “new names." The present report covers only about 84 percent4 of the scientists at all educational levels listed in the Directory. Hence, the study's coverage of Ph. D.'s is necessarily lower than the Directory's. However, it is not possible to determine how much lower this coverage is by a direct comparison because no information is available regarding the education of the scientists listed in the Directory but not included in the study. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated the study's coverage of the three fields with the largest number of doctorates—chemistry, biology, and physics. This estimate, covering the degree period 1912-48, indicated that 68 percent of the professionally active Ph. D.'s in chemistry, 78 percent in physics, and 64 percent in biology were included in the study.6 It is more difficult to evaluate the coverage of scientists who had not earned Ph. D. degrees. According to the criteria for “new names" listed above, scientists without Ph. D. degrees were added to the Directory only if they bad achieved unusual success. Scientists whose names were carried over from previous editions were a more heterogeneous group, since criteria for inclusion in the Directory were not so clearly formulated in earlier years. It is thus apparent that the scientists included in the survey do not represent a random sample of the Nation's scientists. Rather, they constitute a high proportion of those who held doctorates in the natural sciences plus a small, select, and nonrepresentative group of scientists who did not have Ph. D. degrees. The information obtained.—The questionnaire used in this survey was designed to serve two main purposes: to obtain the biographical data* *In making statistical tabulations it was necessary to establish a cut-off point after data from 43,935 scientists had been punched on machine record cards. Of the latter, 1,951 were excluded from the statistical analysis because they had died, retired, or had failed to furnish data concerning their employ ment status. * The total number of scientists who had earned a degree and who were still professionally active was estimated by applying the death and retirement rates for professional males against the number of persons granted a doctorate from an American university in each of these fields in each 5-year period of degree from 1912 to 1948. The resulting figures were compared with the number of scientists in the survey who had received their doctorates in 8 M. H. Trytten, “Coverage of Scientific Personnel in American Men of these periods. Because no data as to the field of degrees were available, the Science, Eighth Edition.” Science, September 8, 1950, vol. 112, No. 2906, comparison was based on the fields of specialization of these scientists. (pp. 265-266). FIELDS OF SPECIALIZATION needed for American Men of Science and to provide detailed data on the scientists’ fields of specialization and other questions of interest in the recruitment and placement of scientific personnel. Each scientist was asked to give a detailed record of his academic training and professional experience, and to indicate his five main fields of specialization on a check list of about 600 specialties. In addition, information was obtained concerning his publications, inventions, membership in professional societies, knowledge of foreign countries and foreign languages, and other attainments. A question regarding annual professional income was also included.6 Most of the data on scientists’ incomes and employment relate to the spring of 1948, when the great majority filled out and returned their questionnaires. However, some scientists did not eThe questionnaire is reproduced in the Appendix (p. 49). 5 return the completed forms until late 1948 or early 1949. Within the limits of the present report it was possible to analyze only certain major items of information in the questionnaires. The material chosen for analysis depended in part on those items coded and entered on the punch card, which had been designed for roster purposes. For this reason, certain important information, notably on the functions and industries in which the scientists were employed at the time of the survey, was not available for analysis. The first topic considered in the report is the specialties of the scientists. Later sections discuss the scientists’ educational backgrounds; their employment with respect to type of employer, functions performed, length of experience in a particular specialty, and regions where employed; and, finally, their professional incomes and the factors affecting them. Fields of Specialization The most difficult problem facing anyone who wishes to classify scientists, either for roster or for analytical purposes, is to determine their occu pational specialties accurately and at the same time group these specialties so that statistical techniques may be utilized. There are no gen erally accepted definitions of scientific fields or professions, and the fields are so complex and in terrelated that it is not easy to secure agreement on definitions and classifications, even among the scientists themselves. There is apt to be dif ference of opinion, for example, between the academicians who tend to cling to textbook and curriculum classifications and the scientists in in dustry who frequently consider the end product the more significant basis for classification. Not the least of the many difficulties arises from the fact that the body of scientific knowledge is con stantly changing. New discoveries and new con cepts create new occupations and alter the char acter of existing ones. Under these circumstances, with the boundaries of scientific fields shifting and overlapping, it is often perplexing to ascertain where a particular scientist belongs in any system of classification that is used. Is a specialist who studies plant as similation of fertilizers containing radioactive ele948080°— 51----- 2 ments, to be considered a biologist, a chemist, or a physicist? Is the person working on the prob lem of surface tensions in plants a biologist or a physicist? The present study attempted to solve both the problem of the classification of scientific fields and the allocation of individual scientists in two ways. Eminent scientists were asked to cooperate in developing classified lists of their own specialties. The actual slotting of each man into his proper place was done by the scientists in the survey themselves. That is, the respondents were asked to indicate on a previously coded list of several hundred fields each specialty in which they had some competence. The specialty of greatest competence was designated by a “1,” that of second greatest competence by a “2,” and so forth. As can be seen from the reproduction of the questionnaire on page 49 of this report, the fields of specialization were narrowly defined. For ex ample, a botanist could indicate whether he was a general botanist, a plant cytologist, a plant physiologist, a plant taxonomist, a paleobotanist, or a general mycologist. A civil engineer, to cite another example, had 11 fields of civil engineering AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 6 from which to choose his particular specialty. In addition, spaces were provided so that the re spondent might write in his specialty if he found these listings inadequate. The present report is limited to scientists em ployed in their fields of greatest competence at the time of the survey. The 41,737 such scientists constituted 99 percent of all the scientists in the survey who were in the labor force and who were included in the statistical tabulations. The re maining 1 percent was made up of 110 unem ployed scientists and 136 who were employed in a specialty other than their field of greatest com petence. Field of Greatest Competence As table 2 shows, these scientists came from all the natural sciences. A large proportion were from the so-called pure sciences; about half of the entire group were chemists, biologists, physicists, or mathematicians. The chemists, who consti tuted about one out of four scientists in the survey, were much the largest group. The biologists were next in number. The engineers ranked third. T able 2.— Number of scientists in each field of special , ization 1948 Field of specialization Num ber Field of specialization Num ber 2,858 All fields 41,737 Medicine Clinical _____________ medicine 1,164 325 N europsychiatry_____ Chemistry 10,625 118 Obstetrics___________ 682 Chemistry—general___ 93 Ophthalmology______ Analytic. 1,020 Pediatrics___________ 171 "Rioehemistry 1,594 319 Public health________ Inorganic 763 115 Radiology___________ Organic 4,135 553 Surgery.___________ 2,431 Physical related to medicine. 2,664 Engineering______ _____ - 4,906 Fields Anatomy. __________ 527 Aernnantical 220 116 Dental medicine_____ Chemical 1,976 478 Pathology__________ Civil 696 814 Physiology__________ Electrical 788 Pharmacy-pharmacol 652 Mechanical__________ 539 ogy _____________ M ofal Illogical 138 190 Veterinary medicine__ 149 Mining-------- ----------1,930 Mathematics and statisties. 157 Ordnance_____ Mathematics________ 1,674 Power plant ____ 130 256 Statistics-----------------Physics and electronics----- 3,439 Psychology.____________ 1,589 Physics 2,807 632 Electronics__________ 2,089 Other_________ ________ 3,391 Earth sciences 24 Architecture.. _____ C-eophysi os 293 212 Astronomy__________ O e .o g ra .p h y 262 569 Metallurgy. ________ O e o lo g y 1,394 Military applications 140 Meteorology.................. 136 of science__________ A g r ic n ltu r e _ _ 2,427 524 Nutrition and foods---Biology________________ 5,819 920 Manpower resources. __ 1,420 Bacteriology_________ All other......................... 1,006 G e n e r a l b io lo g y 1,005 Botany_____________ 1,603 822 Entomology_________ 969 Zoology.......................... The smallest numbers of scientists are found in the miscellaneous groups of fields listed as “Other” in table 2. A few of these fields, such as astronomy and metallurgy, are well-recognized branches of the sciences which could not conveniently be classified elsewhere. Others, such as manpower resources and planning, tend to serve as a catch-all for the wide variety of occupations which generally utilize the services of trained scientists but which are not clearly scientific in character. Individuals who were concerned with the administration of scientific activities, with policy making concerning scientific research and scientific personnel, and with the broader aspects of scientific education tended to list themselves as specialists in man power resources and planning. The number of scientists in the survey in each field tells little about the relative size of that field in over-all manpower terms. What the figures do reveal is the emphasis on research, college teach ing, and the Ph. D. degree as the basis for inclusion in the survey. There were, for example, more than twice as many chemists as engineers among the surveyed scientists, but more than four times as many engineers as chemists in the population as a whole, according to Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates.7 Medicine is another field which had comparatively few representatives in this survey. Since both engineering and medicine are primarily applied sciences, only a small proportion of the persons employed in each—chiefly those actively engaged in research—met the survey’s criteria of selection. However, a science like botany, which is not often used directly in industry and which has few immediate practical applications, was well represented in the survey. More than a fourth of the biologists in this survey listed botany as their specialty. In contrast, only 10 percent of National Roster biologists were botanists.8 Specialties of Women Scientists Only 6 percent of all the scientists in the survey were women (table 3). In two fields, however, psychology and biology, the women scientists represented a sizable segment of the entire group— 20 percent of the psychologists and 12 percent of the biologists. In some branches of biology the proportion of women was higher than in this field as a whole— 14 percent in bacteriology and 13 i The BLS estimates that there were about 80,000 chemists and 350,000 engineers in 1948. s The National Roster of Scientific and Specialized Personnel, Distribution of Roster Registrants, December 31,1945. The Roster attempted to obtain a comprehensive listing of scientific and specialized personnel, but even this listing was not complete. FIELDS OF SPECIALIZATION percent in botany, but they constituted a negligible fraction, less than 1 percent, of the engineers and agriculturists, and only 3 percent of the physicists and electronic scientists. Table A on page 36 gives the number of women scientists employed in each specific field. T able 3.— Number and percent of women scientists in each , general field of specialization 1948 Field of specialization All fields-................................... Chemistry— _______________ Engineering........... ..................... Physics and electronics............... Earth sciences_______________ Agriculture_________________ Biology_____________________ Medicine___________________ Fields related to medicine------Mathematics and statistics-----Psychology-------------------------Other--- ------- ---------------------- All scientists (both sexes) Women iscientists Number 41,737 10,625 4,906 3,439 2,089 2,427 5,819 2,858 2,664 1,930 1,589 3,391 2,520 486 7 91 91 13 679 125 226 186 323 293 Percent of total 6.0 4.6 .1 2.6 4.4 .5 11.7 4.4 8.5 9.6 20.3 8.6 Second Specialties A very high proportion, 93 percent of the respondents, checked a second field of competence in the detailed listing of specialties on the question naire. Because it was not practicable to consider these several hundred fields separately in compar ing the first and second fields of specialization, they were grouped in this report into somewhat broader fields—the “specific specialties.” 9 Thus, a person listing the field of greatest competence as highway engineering and the second as structural engineering, is shown as having both the first and second specialties in the same specific field, civil engineering. A bacteriologist reporting parasitol ogy as a second specialty was listed as having the second specialty in the same specific field as the first, bacteriology. When, however, the second specialty was reported in a general field different from the first, this general field was tabulated. For example, when an agronomist reported plant pathology as the field of second competence, the general field—biology—is shown. (All second specialties reported, classified according to the 9 For clarity, the most refined definition of field of specialization used in this report, such as plant cytology or highway engineering, is termed a “detailed specialty.” The next broader group, such as civil engineering or botany, is called a “specific field of specialization” and the broadest, such as engineering or biology, is known as a “general field of specialization.” The terms “specialty” and “field of specialization” are used interchangeably. No tabulations of the detailed specialties are included in this report. 7 scientists’ first fields of specialization, are given in table B of the appendix.) In spite of this grouping of detailed specialties into broader fields, the data show a great variety of combinations of first and second fields of com petence. Almost half of the scientists reported a second specialty in a different specific field from that of their highest competence; slightly over a third reported a second specialty in a different general field. Table 4 shows the proportion, in each general field, of scientists whose second specialty was in another general field,10 and the two fields listed most frequently in each case. The second specialties most frequently reported were very much what one would expect to find. Agriculture often involves the application of biological science to specific production problems, and 35 percent of the agriculturists listed some branch of biology as a second specialty. Physics, chemistry, and engineering shade into each other at their limits, and some scientists in each of these fields reported one of the others as the field of second highest competence. Biology and the fields related to medicine overlap to some degree. Certain fields of physics and mathematics are almost indistinguishable. This is reflected in table 4. Close study of all the combinations of first and second specialties reported by the scientists dis closes a much greater number of permutations. As table 5 shows, a few biologists considered engi neering their second specialty, some engineers regarded agriculture or biology as their second specialty, and some physicists claimed a biological science as their second field. In short, only about half of the second specialties outside of the gen eral field of highest competence were in closely related sciences. The other half were widely dis persed among a great variety of fields. For exam ple, although 68 percent of the chemists indicated some field of chemistry as their second specialty, table 5 shows that every general scientific field was listed by some chemist. And the two broad fields most frequently cited, physics and engi neering, accounted for only 12 percent of the chemists out of the 32 percent whose second fields were not in chemistry. 10 Agriculture and psychology were not subdivided further, as were the other general fields. Those agriculturists and psychologists who listed some field of agriculture or psychology as their second specialty were tabulated as having a second specialty in the same specific field as that of their highest competence. AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 8 , T able 4.— Second specialties most frequently reported by scientists by general field of first specialty, 1948 Percent of scientists with second general field different from their first Field of specialization Chemistry _ _ ____________________ Engineering _ _ _________________ Physics and electronics . . . . ___ Earth sciences______________________ Agriculture _________ ____ _ _ __ Biology _________ _________ _ . .. Medicine______ ________________ _ __ Fields related to medicine _ __________ Mathematics and statistics____________ Psychology ____ __________ _______ 32.2 36.9 31.3 18.4 66. 5 24.0 33.2 32.8 22.1 19.7 Most frequent second field General field Other sciences2______ _____________ ____do 2__________________________ Engineering __________ ____ ______ ____do____________________________ Biology.. ___________ __________ Agriculture_________ __________ Fields related to medicine______ __ Biology.. __________ ____________ Physics and electronics____________ Other sciences2____ _____________ Next most frequent second field Percent of scien tists 1 8.5 10.4 11.6 6.3 34.5 7.3 16.1 12.9 7.7 6.1 General field Physics and electronics ______ _ ____do . ________________________ Mathematics and statistics _ _ . Physics and electronics __________ ____ _____ Chemistry Fields related to medicine__________ Biology. _____ _________________ Chemistry _______________ ____________ Engineering ______ Medicine _ _ Percent of scien tists 1 6.6 9.6 5. 7 3.5 10. 5 5.5 6.6 7.2 5.3 6.0 1 The percentages are based on the number of scientists in each field who reported a second specialty. 2 Other sciences include architecture, astronomy, metallurgy, military application of science, nutrition and foods, manpower resources, and any other science not elsewhere classified. 'The grouping of these scientists into general fields conceals many differences among the various specialties. Some of these general fields, particu larly the earth sciences and the fields related to medicine, are made up of loosely related special ties. The fact that geophysics is as closely re lated to physics as to the other earth sciences is reflected in the large proportion of geophysicists who reported a second specialty in physics and electronics, almost as large a percentage as listed a second specialty in the other earth sciences. Of the fields related to medicine, pharmacology, for example, is only slightly related to some of the other specific fields included in this category, such as veterinary medicine and dental medicine, but it is closely related to chemistry. Hence, more pharmacologists reported a second specialty in chemistry than in one of the other fields related to medicine. But even in such well-defined gen eral fields as biology and engineering, some of the specialties are as closely or more closely related to other sciences than to each other. Chemical en gineering, for example, is in many ways nearer to chemistry than to other branches of engineering, and fewer chemical engineers cited a second spe cialty in another engineering field than listed one in chemistry. Similarly, more botanists indicated some area of agriculture as a second specialty than mentioned bacteriology. Since all the scientists were asked to indicate a second specialty, some may have listed such a specialty despite a lack of professional competence in the area, and the degree of competence in the sec ond field therefore varied. Without a statistical analysis of the employment histories of these scientists, therefore, it is difficult to know pre cisely what significance these second specialties may have. A perusal of the questionnaires sug gests, however, that in the great majority of cases the scientists had had actual experience in the specialty which they designated as their field of second greatest competence. In some cases, this amounted to no more than work on a doc toral thesis, but such cases were apparently the exception. Some scientists had been, while they were em ployed, engaged on research projects in a field other than that of their principal employment. This was particularly true of the college teachers. For example, one scientist who had majored in analytic chemistry as a graduate student and had written his Ph. D. thesis in this field, had taught courses in inorganic chemistry for several years. , T ab le 5.— Second specialties of scientists in selected fields 1948i Percent of scientists whose first field of specialization was— Second field of specialization Second specialty in same general field as first specialty: In same specific field_______ In other specific field---------Second specialty in another gen eral field: Chemistry________________ Engineering_______________ Physics and electronics......... Earth sciences____________ Agriculture---------------- -----Biology---------------------------Medicine_________________ Fields related to medicine— Mathematics and statistics. _ Psychology----------------------Other sciences------------------Total________ __________ i Less than 0.05 percent. Chem Engi istry neering Physics and elec Biology tronics 42.0 25.8 45.9 17.2 60.4 8.3 53.9 22.1 5.5 6.6 1.0 1.3 3.2 .9 3.3 1.8 .1 8.5 100.0 9.1 9.6 2.5 .7 .5 .6 .2 3.3 0)10.4 100.0 4.6 11.6 1.7 (0 1.3 .5 .2 5.7 .2 5.5 100.0 4.0 .2 .6 .8 7.3 2.7 5.5 .5 .2 2.2 100.0 EDUCATION He had continued to carry on research in analytic chemistry and had published several papers in this field. He listed inorganic chemistry as his field of greatest competence and analytic chemistry as his second field. A large number of scientists found that their current employment covered more than one specialty as defined in the questionnaire. For example, a mechanical engineer employed by a firm manufacturing air-conditioning, heating, and refrigeration equipment was engaged in drawing up the plans for the installation of such equip ment and for its adaption to the specific needs of clients. He listed air-conditioning, heating, and refrigeration engineering as his first specialty and 9 mechanical equipment, another branch of me chanical engineering, as his second field. To cite another example, a radio engineer was primarily concerned with electronics in his current job. He listed radio engineering as his first specialty, electronics as his second, and included the years of employment with the current firm as experience in both radio engineering and electronics. These illustrations do not exhaust all the situa tions underlying the designations of second specialties. Undoubtedly, there are instances in which the designations have little practical meaning. On the whole, the second specialties appeared to be fields in which the scientists had considerable competence. Education Highest Degree Earned Perhaps the outstanding single characteristic of the surveyed scientists is their high level of educa tion. This is a reflection of the criteria used in selecting scientists for inclusion in the survey. About two-thirds had received a Doctor of Phil osophy degree and an additional 11 percent had earned a degree in medicine. (See chart 1.) Over 1,000 of the 41,674 reporting their educa tional backgrounds had been awarded both a degree in medicine and a Ph. D. Table 6 shows the highest degrees received by the scientists. It should be noted that seven out of eight people in the first classification, “Bachelor or none,” had received a baccalaureate; only 1 percent of all scientists in the study held no degree. Most of the Ph. D .’s had master’s degrees as well. T able 6 .— Number and percent of scientists by highest degree earned 1948 , Highest degree earned Total reporting ___ ______________________ Bachelor or n one________________________ Master2 _ _ _ ________________ Ph. D.3__________________ __________________ M. D.4_____________________________________ Other5 ______ ______________ ________ ______ Number i 41,674 4,807 6. 383 26,008 4,461 15 Percent 100.0 11.6 15.3 62.4 10.7 (6) 1 Excludes 63 scientists not reporting level of education. 2 Those with a master’s degree but no other graduate degree. 3 Includes a very small number of doctors of education and doctors of science. Scientists holding Ph. D.’s in addition to M. D.’s are classified in the M. D. category. * Includes a few doctors of veterinary medicine, doctors of dental surgery, and doctors of osteopathy. 3 This very small group includes doctors of literature and jurisprudence and holders of other degrees equally infrequent among scientists. No hon orary degree is included in this or any of the other categories in the table. 6 Less than 0.05 percent. Both the Ph. D. and the M. D. categories included a few persons having other degrees—doctors of science and education in the case of the Ph. D. group; doctors of dentistry, osteopathy, and veterinary medicine in the M. D. group. For convenience, however, the abbreviated designa tions, Ph. D. and M. D., are used throughout in referring to these groups. Those scientists who held both M. D .’s and Ph. D .’s were classified with the M. D .’s. In all general fields except engineering, medi cine, and the fields related to medicine, at least half the scientists held Ph. D. degrees (as shown in table 7). Doctors of philosophy were in the majority also in half the specific fields related to medicine; it was only in dental medicine, path ology, and veterinary medicine that the medical degrees predominated, as they did in medicine. Except for medicine, engineering was the general field with the lowest proportion of Ph. D .’s among the surveyed scientists. Nevertheless, the pro portion of Ph. D .’s among the engineers in this survey (33 percent) was much higher than in the profession as a whole. A Bureau survey in 1946 showed that only 6 percent of the Nation’s chemi cal engineers had doctorates and that doctorates were even more exceptional in other branches of the profession.11 The proportion of scientists holding Ph. D. degrees was over 80 percent in two general fields ^U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Outlook for Engineers, Bull. No. 968 (pp. 99-100, table D-6). AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 10 In biology, the proportion of Ph. D .’s ranged from 63 percent in entomology to 87 percent in botany. In the absence of statistics on over-all employ ment in the various scientific fields, it was not possible to determine the extent to which these differences in the relative numbers of Ph. D .’s in the various specialties reflected the differences among all scientists in the country as a whole. Highest Degree and Age (psychology and mathematics and statistics) and in several specific fields (biochemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, geography, general biology, botany, and mathematics). The astron omers, physicists, and zoologists also were pre dominantly Ph. D .’s, with over 75 percent in each field having this degree. Within every general field, the proportion of Ph. D .’s varied among specialties. (See table E, p. 40.) Only 19 percent of the civil engineers but 43 percent of the chemical engineers were doctors of philosophy. There were more Ph. D .’s in physics than in electronics, which draws its personnel from engineering as well as physics. T able 7.— Percent of scientists in each general field of , specialization by highest degree earned 1948 Field of specialization All fields--....................... Chemistry____________ Engineering_______ __ Physics and electronics. _ E arth sciences A griculture Biology____________ _ Medicine....................... Fields related to medi cine Mathematics and statis tics Psychology........... ............ Other sciences.................. Total Other Master Ph. D. M.D. degree report Bachelor ing or none 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 i Less than 0.05 percent. 11.6 9.9 33.4 10.8 14.2 11.0 5.9 1.0 2.9 3.5 .8 19.6 15.3 10.4 33.1 18.1 22.0 32.9 12.4 1.1 3.8 13.0 4.2 18.0 62.4 10.7 78.4 1.3 .1 33.3 .3 70.7 .1 63.7 .2 55.9 75.9 5.8 6.8 91.1 46.7 46.6 .3 83.2 93.8 1.1 59.3 3.0 0) 0) .1 .1 0) C1) .1 .1 In contrast with the popular picture of the dis tinguished scientist as a venerable graybeard, the scientists in the survey constituted a young group. Their median age at the time of the survey was 43 years. They were older by an average of 5 years, however, than both all employed men and all professional and semiprofessional men as reported by the 1940 Census. Scientists having the doctor of philosophy degree tended to be the youngest group, with a median age of 42 years (table 8). The relative youthfulness of this group was probably due to the growing number of Ph. D .’s in the sciences in this country.12. However, the relatively high median age of the M. D. group, 48 years, results from the history of the American Men of Science. Professors in medical schools were customarily in cluded in early editions of the Directory, but in recent years only a limited number were added, namely, those actively engaged in research. As table C, page 38, shows, the Ph. D .’s were markedly concentrated in a 15-year-age range, with 57 percent between 30 and 45 years. Only 39 percent of the M. D .’s fell within these age limits. Scientists without graduate degrees and those with master’s degrees were fairly well repre sented at all age levels. The median age for 6 of the 10 general fields was the same—44 years. In two fields, chemistry and physics, the scientists tended to be younger than the entire group, whereas in agriculture and medicine, the median age was over 44 (table 8). In most specialties 13 the doctors of medicine tended to be the oldest group. The doctors of philosophy were the youngest group, except in 12 Between 1912 and 1929, 7,692 Ph. D. degrees in the sciences were granted by American universities. This number almost tripled in the ensuing period, with 21,270 degrees awarded between 1930 and 1945. Figures on the number of doctorates awarded in the natural sciences each year are compiled by the National Research Council—National Academy of Sciences. 13 It should be noted that these are the specialties of highest compe tence, and not necessarily the fields in which the respondents received their degrees. EDUCATION , T a b le 8. — Median age of all scientists by highest degree earned and by general field of specialization, 1948 , All fields.....................- ........ ........ Chemistry___________________ Engineering__________ _______ Physics and electronics_________ Earth sciences____ ___________ Agriculture________ __________ Biology------- -----------------------Medicine_____________________ Fields related to medicine______ Mathematics and statistics_____ Psychology__________ ______ .. Total re Bachelor port or none Master Ph. D. M. D. ing 43 39 44 40 44 48 44 50 44 44 44 44 40 45 35 43 54 49 50 44 46 44 45 40 47 40 41 51 46 49 45 50 42 42 39 41 41 44 45 43 47 42 44 44 48 39 0) 0) 0) 0) 44 50 46 0) 58 1 Insufficient returns. physics and electronics, psychology, and the earth sciences. The scientists without any graduate degrees were the youngest group in physics and electronics, as were the master’s degree holders in psychology and the earth sciences. The relative homogeneity of the Ph. D. scien tists, as compared with the others in the survey, was reflected in the median ages for the various fields of specialization. The range from the lowest to the highest median age was 11 years for all scientists, but only 8 years for Ph. D .’s. This range reached a high of 19 years for the group having no graduate degrees. It might have been expected that scientists included in American Men oj Science despite their lack of a graduate degree would be men who had re ceived their education before a Ph. D. was consid ered a prerequisite for a responsible position, and to whom the years and their native capacities had given opportunities to make significant contribu tions in their fields. This seems to have been the case in many fields, notably agriculture, biology, and mathematics. But in physics and chemistry, the scientists without a graduate degree were a young group. Thus, 29 percent of the physicists and electronic scientists, and 16 percent of the chemists, as opposed to 12 percent of all the sur veyed bachelors, were under 30 years of age. (See table C, p. 38.) The youthfulness of these phys icists and chemists is probably a result of the war. During the war the need for physicists and chemists increased so sharply that young men had unprece dented opportunities to make outstanding contri butions in their fields. Some of the leading physi cists in atomic research today were recruited from the colleges and graduate schools in the early 1940’s. Women Scientists Median age Field of specialization 11 Holders of Ph. D. degrees predominated among the women scientists to an even greater extent than among the men. Over three-fourths of the women reporting held this degree, as compared with slightly less than two-thirds of all the scientists in the survey (table 9). The proportion of Ph. D .’s among the women in this survey was much higher than among women scientists in the Nation as a whole (as was true also for the men). Among the women National Roster Registrants as of December 31, 1946, only 10 percent of the physical scientists and 24 percent of the biological and agricultural scientists held doctoral degrees. The proportion of women scientists at each level of education tended to coincide, in each specialty, with that for all women scientists. The overwhelming majority were those who had earned Ph. D. degrees, followed by holders of the master’s degree, the M. D. degree, and those without a graduate degree. Only in the field of medicine was there a marked—and understand able—deviation from this pattern, M. D .’s con stituting the largest group. (See table D, p. 39.) T able 9. — Number and percent of women scientists at each , , educational level compared with all scientists 1948 Highest degree earned All scientists Women scientists Number Percent Number Percent Total reporting. _____________ 141,674 Bachelor or none........................ . 4,807 Master. _. ________________ 6, 383 Ph. D _______________________ 26,008 4,461 M. D _______________________ O th er...______ _____________ 15 100.0 11.6 15.3 62.4 10.7 (2) 12,516 113 296 1,961 146 100.0 4.5 11.8 77.9 5.8 1Excludes 63 scientists, 59 men and 4 women, who did not report level of education. 2 Less than 0.05 percent. The women scientists in this survey were some what older than the men. Their median age was 45 years compared with 43 years for both men and women. Among the women, the youngest tended to be those without a graduate degree, rather than the Ph. D .’s. The former were also the only category of women scientists with a lower median age than the corresponding group of scientists of both sexes (table 10). AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 12 10.— Median age of women scientists at each level of education, compared with all scientists, 1948 T able Median age Highest degree earned All scientists Total reporting____________ ___________ Bachelor or none______________________ Master. ________ ___________ ______ Ph. D_._ ....................................................... M. D ................................................................. Women scientists 43 44 45 42 48 45 41 48 45 48 Age at Time of Doctorate There is no normal age for receiving a doctorate, as table 11 shows. Some scientists were as young as 18, others as old as 77. The average age, however, did not vary greatly, either across fields or over time. The median age of all the scientists in the survey was 29 at the time of award of the doctorate. The physicists and electronic scien tists were 29, the chemists were 28, and the biolo gists were 30. As chart 2 shows 14 the median age at time of degree varied only slightly from year to year from 1901 through 1949. It dropped a little during the depression years when com pared with the period of World War I, and rose again to the highest level of any time, in the period following World War II. 14 The relatively low median age for earning a doctorate in the earliest period, shown in chart 2, seems to be due to the accident of survival rather than to a real difference in the average ages of the degree recipients. Probably among the degree recipients of 1900-1915, a relatively low proportion of those who were older when they obtained their doctorate were professionally active at the time of the survey. Chart 2. Median Age of Scientists at Time of Ph.D . Degree Median Age BY YEAR OF DEGREE 35 30 Most of the scientists (76 percent) were between 25 and 35 years of age when the doctorate was awarded. There were, however, significant differ ences among specialties in the age at the time of award. Seventy-five percent of the chemists received the doctorate under the age of 30, as compared with 66 percent of the physicists and electronic scientists, 62 percent of all scientists, and 50 percent of the biologists. On the other hand, 20 percent of the biologists were 35 years of age or older when they obtained their degrees, as opposed to 7 percent of the chemists, 11 percent of the physicists and electronic scientists, and 14 percent of all scientists. In no field for which information is available, however, did more than 2 percent of the recipients receive their doctorates after they had passed their forty-fifth birthday. T a b l e 11.— Age , at time Ph. D. degree was received of all scientists chemists physicists and electronic scientists and biologists 1948 , , , Age at time of Ph. D. degree , Physicists All sci Chemists and elec Biologists entists tronic scientists Percentage distribution 18-19 years.................................... 0) 20-24 years.................................... 9.3 25-29 years. .................................. 52.8 23.6 30-34 years.................................... 9.0 35-39 years............... .................... 3.5 40-44 years..... .............................. 1.3 45-49 years.................................... .3 50-54 years.................................... .1 55-59 years__________________ .1 60-64 years_____ ____ ______ 65-69 years__________________ 0) 70-74 years__________________ 75-79 years__________________ Total................................... 100.0 29 Median age.................................. Total number reporting............... * 25,799 0)12.9 62.7 17.1 4.9 1.7 .6 .1 0) 0) 12.3 53.7 23.2 6.6 3.1 .9 .2 0) 100.0 28 * 8,261 100.0 29 * 2,417 4.2 45.4 30.3 13.0 4.7 1.6 .6 .1 .1 0) 100.0 30 2 4,360 1 Less than 0.05 percent. * Excludes 209 scientists—63 chemists, 13 physicists, and 45 biologists— not reporting date of birth or date of degree. Region of Education 25 20 15 10 5 0 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1949 Year of Degree UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Every part of the United States contributed to the education of the surveyed scientists but the leading region of education for these scientists was the Middle West. Close to a third of all the baccalaureates and 40 percent of the doctorates were granted in this region. In population terms, however, New England emerged as the leader (table 12). Although that region had only 6 per cent of the Nation’s population, her institutions conferred about 13 percent of both the bachelor’s EDUCATION and doctor’s degrees held by these scientists.15 At the other end of the scale, the Pacific region accounted for the fewest bachelor’s degrees and the Mountain-Plains States for the fewest Ph. D .’s, measured in absolute numbers. But when regional population was taken into consideration, it was the South which ranked lowest with respect to both baccalaureates and doctorates. The concentration of graduate training in a limited number of educational institutions is reflected in the figures on the geographic distri bution of the scientists’ degrees. A much higher proportion of the doctorates than of the bacca laureates awarded were granted in the two leading regions of education. Fifty-four percent of all the bachelor’s degrees but 69 percent of the doc torates were awarded in the Middle Atlantic and the North Central States. At the same time the South and the Mountain-Plains States con tributed a much lower proportion of the doctorates (8 percent) than of the baccalaureates (25 percent). The regional distribution of the schools granting baccalaureates and doctorates to the scientists in the survey was compared with the national distribution of these degrees. In each region, the proportion of doctorates granted the scientists between 1930 and 1940 conformed closely to the proportion of all doctor’s degrees awarded in this period.16 But the bachelor’s degrees received by the scientists in the 1930’s were more narrowly concentrated, on a regional basis, than those granted to all American college graduates. Only 13 percent of the scientists were awarded bacca laureates in the South (between 1931 and 1940) as opposed to 20 percent of all male college graduates (between 1931-32 and 1941-42).17 All the other regions accounted for a higher propor tion of scientists in the survey than of all male college graduates. There were of course distinct differences among the areas within each region in the number of degrees awarded. These are best seen in the accompanying maps (chart 3), which show the is The population data used in the text and maps are from the 1940 Census. The figures on baccalaureates given in this section of the report cover all the scientists, including those with higher degrees. 16Hollis, E. V., “Toward Improving Ph. D. Programs,” pp. 39, 43, 44, 45, American Council on Education, Washington, D. C., 1945. Mr. Hollis’ figures are based on the academic year; the present study uses the calendar year. 17 These data are taken from the U. S. Office of Education’s biennial surveys of education. °— 51- 948080 13 number of baccalaureates and doctorates awarded these scientists in each area per 100,000 inhabitants (as of 1940). As chart 3 shows, both northern and southern New England exceeded all the other areas in the ratio of bachelor’s degrees granted these scientists to population, but the Massachusetts-Rhode Island-Connecticut area far surpassed MaineVermont-New Hampshire in this regard. The Arizona-New Mexico area was much below the rest of the Mountain-Plains region in the ratio of baccalaureates to population. The New YorkNew Jersey-Pennsylvania area had considerably fewer degrees per 100,000 people than the Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia area. Within the North Central region, the western States surpassed those to the east. Three areas with extensive facilities for grad uate training stood out as markedly high in the number of doctorate degrees granted these scien tists per 100,000 inhabitants. These were southern New England, the Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia area, and the Minnesota-IowaWisconsin area. California was fourth, with a considerably higher ratio than the northern Middle Atlantic States (table 12). The regional distribution of doctoral degrees for the various specialties 18 follows the over-all regional pattern of doctorates to a surprising de gree. The most striking exception is in agricul ture, with two regions, the North Central and Middle Atlantic, accounting between them for 82 percent of the Ph. D .’s in this field, in comparison with 64 percent of all the doctorates. In no other field of specialization is there such marked depar ture from the over-all regional distribution of doctoral degrees, but some variation is found in most fields (as shown in table 13). By compar ison with the proportion of doctorates in all spe cialties granted in the given region, New England was relatively high in the earth sciences, the South in mathematics, and the Pacific region in physics and electronics. On the same basis of comparison, the North Central States produced relatively few physicists and electronic scientists and specialists in medicine, and the Middle Atlantic region rela tively few earth scientists. 18 As noted above, these specialties are employment specialties and not necessarily graduate majors. These fields of specialization, however, appear to be sufficiently closely related to the studies of the Ph. D.’s to permit broad comparisons. AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 14 Chart 3. Southern N ew England Led in Number of Degrees Granted Scientists per 100,000 Population, 1940 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT O f LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Source: Table I2 EDUCATION T able 12.— Percent of scientists who received bachelor’s and doctor’s degrees in each area, and the number of degrees awarded per 100,000 population, 1948 Ph. D. Bachelor Area where degree was awarded All areas___________________________ New England_______ ________ _____ Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont--Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con necticut_______ ______ ________ Middle Atlantic__________ ________ New York, New Jersey, Pennsylva nia___ ... ___________________ Maryland, Delaware, District of Columbia_____________ _______ South_____________________________ Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee__ _ ._ South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi_____________ _____ Florida______ ?_____ _________ Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas________________________ North Central_____________ ______ Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan___ Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin.____ Mountain and Plains________ ______ Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri_______ North Dakota, South Dakota, Mon tana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada____ ____________ Arizona, New Mexico____________ Pacific__________ __________ _______ Washington, Oregon_____________ California.______ _______________ Percent Num ber per 100,000 Percent popu lation i 100.0 12.5 2.1 10.4 21.8 19.1 2.7 56 48 58 27 26 37 5.3 14 12.2 2.6.5 3.8 32.3 22.5 9.8 12.1 6.5 5.1 .5 9.1 3.1 6.0 12 109 11 38 Num ber per 100,000 popu lation 100.0 13.8 (2*) 13.8 28.7 23.4 5.3 4.5 2.9 (2).2 41 1 51 23 21 (*) 48 3 5 2 36 44 37 36 1.4 40.3 25.0 15.3 3.3 2.7 3 31 26 45 7 43 18 35 42 33 .1.5 9.4 1.1 8.3 3 2 24 10 30 10 population data were used in computing these ratios. 2311940 Less than 0.05 percent. Less than 1 academic degree per 100,000 inhabitants. Within each region, there were distinct differ ences among areas in the proportion of degrees awarded the various specialists. Thus, all the T able 13.— 15 earth scientists who studied in New England received their doctorates in either Massachusetts, Rhode Island, or Connecticut. Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, and Ten nessee produced most of the South’s mathemati cians. Thirty-two percent of all the agriculturists with Ph. D .’s came from schools in Iowa, Wis consin, or Minnesota, and 27 percent from New York, New Jersey, or Pennsylvania. California educated most of the specialists in physics and electronics who received their doctorates on the West Coast. (See table 13.) Regional Trends in Education The baccalaureates and doctorates awarded these scientists were for the most part recent degrees. Because death and retirement had thinned the ranks of the older men, the figures on the proportion of degrees granted in the various periods suggest a greater increase in the number of degrees granted to scientists in recent years than actually occurred. It can be assumed, however, that the higher death and retirement rates among the older men applied equally to all regions, and did not therefore affect the trends in the regional distribution of degrees. Although the absolute number of bachelor’s degrees awarded increased in each region through out the entire period, not all the regions shared Percent of scientists by general field of specialization and by area in which Ph. D. degree was received, 1948 Area of Ph. D. degree New England________________________________ Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont___________ Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut___ Middle Atlantic______________________________ New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania________ Maryland, Delaware, District of Columbia----South_______________________________________ Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee______________________ South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi. Florida___________________________________ Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas_______ North Central________________________________ Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan____________ Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin________ ______ Mountain and Plains__________________________ Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri________________ North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada-----------Arizona, New Mexico______________________ Pacific_______________________________________ Washington, Oregon_______________________ California------------------------------------------------Percent total United States_______________ Number total United States 2______________ 1Less than 0.05 percent. Fields Mathe Physics Earth Agri Biology Medi related matics Psychol Chem Engi and elec sciences culture cine to medi and sta ogy Other istry neering tronics cine tistics (i)11.7 11.7 28.8 23.0 5.8 4.8 0)3.3.2 1.3 43.4 28.6 14.8 3.4 21.0 21.0 25.3 .1 2.5 38.6 24.1 14.5 1.4 .5 .9 10.9 1.2 9.7 17.0 17.6 28.6 23.2 5.4 4.5 3.1 1.4 33.7 24.2 9.5 2.1 1.7 .4 14.1 1.0 13.1 1.5 34.5 23.2 11.3 4.0 2.4 .9 .7 12.4 .9 11.5 1, 533 2, 253 1,274 18.5 .2 18.3 26.9 22.1 4.8 3.7 1.1 18.8 6.5 2.8 1.3 4.6 .1 4.5 31.0 26.7 4.3 010.4 ) 10.4 1.5 .2.1 1.7 2.1 .2.2 .2 50.8 18.9 31.9 5.6 5.4 28.1 22.4 5.7 5.0 3.0 41.9 23.2 18.7 4.4 4.0 .3 17.2 1.6 15.6 36.6 26.4 10.2 3.8 13.9 13.9 29.1 24.1 5.0 4.3 .5 31.7 22.0 9.7 3.2 .7 1.4 39.4 23.6 15.8 5.1 4.3 2.8.5 2.2 16.7 16.7 27.0 21.9 5.1 7.5 4.6 2.9 39.0 29.6 9.4 2.3 16.1 .1 16.0 32.3 29.7 2.6 4.9 4.1 .8 37.5 22.2 15.3 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.6 1.1 .8 .8 (!) .2 10.2.1 7.5 8.2 7.5.3 7.0.2.1 5.9 7.9 1.5 1.6 7.0 1.2 1.5 1.2 6.8.7 6.8.2 4.4 8.7 5.9 6.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7, 872 1,330 4, 296 186 1, 205 1, 500 1,451 fi)20.1 20.1 29.9 25.3 4.6 2.9 1.8 (l) 1.1 33.7 21.0 12.7 2.3 1.7 .4 11.1.4.2 10.7 100.0 1,890 2Excludes 1,218 scientists not reporting the university from which they had received their Ph. D. degree. 16 AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE equally in the upward movement.19 As chart 4 shows, the proportion of baccalaureates granted in New England declined steadily from the early 1900’s until 1936-40,20 and the percent granted in the North Central and Mountain-Plains regions remained almost stable throughout. In all other regions, the proportion of baccalaureates granted was higher in the 1936-40 period than had been the case before 1905. The gain was most marked in the Pacific region, where the proportion of baccalaureates granted doubled between 1901-05 and 1926-30. The most striking fact about the regional trends in Ph. D . degrees is the sharp break which occurred during the 1920’s in the proportion of degrees granted in the three leading regions. From 1900 to 1919, about 60 percent of the doctorates » The date of bachelor’s degree was calculated from the date of birth, on the assumption that the average college graduate earns his baccalaureate in his twenty-second year. The average age of degree award is lower for some colleges, even for some States, than others, but these differences tend to cancel in broad regions such as those discussed here. 20These data are not shown for the period after 1940 because so few of these scientists earned their degrees after this year that regional comparisons do not appear warranted. awarded these scientists were granted in New England and the Middle Atlantic States.21 A t no time in the subsequent three decades did the figure exceed 45 percent. The proportion of doctorates awarded in the North Central States doubled between the periods 1900-1909 and 1920-29, but remained almost constant thereafter. As chart 4 shows, however, there was no such sharp break during the 1920’s in the trend of degrees in the other regions. The South declined in importance as a source of doctorates in science from the period 1900-1909 to the period 1910-19 and rose again thereafter— to a pronounced extent during the 1930’s. The curve for the Pacific region rises quickly until 1920-29 and levels out there after, in the same way as the bachelor’s degree curve for that region. The proportion of Ph. D . degrees granted in the Mountain and Plains region changed but slightly during the entire halfcentury. 21 The percentage of doctorates granted in each area by decades between 1900 and 1950 is shown in table G, p. 41. As can be seen in the table, these regional trends are not always followed in all the areas within each region. Employment As well-established members of their professions, m ostly in their forties or older, most of the scien tists in the survey have a long record of employ ment. This chapter begins with a brief considera tion of two aspects of their employment history— the number of years of experience in their fields of greatest competence and the functions per formed in these fields. The relative numbers of scientists working for educational institutions, private industry, government, and other types of employers at the time of the survey are then discussed in greater detail, in relation to field of specialization, highest degree held, and age. The concluding section of the chapter deals with the regions of the country in which the scientists were employed. Experience in Field of Greatest Competence M ost scientists in this survey had spent the greater parts of their working lives in employment which they regarded as their field of highest competence. They were 43 years of age, on an average, and had a median of 15 years’ experience in their first specialty. (See table 14.) T a b l e 14.— M edian years of experience and m edian age of all scientists by highest degree earned, and by general field of specialization , 1948 All scien tists 1 Ph. D. Master Bachelor or none Me Me Me Me Field of specialization dian dian Me dian Me Me dian Me years years dian years dian years dian of ex age of ex age of ex age of ex dian peri peri peri peri age ence ence ence ence All fields2.................... Chemistry................... Engineering________ Physics and electron ics_______________ Earth sciences______ Agriculture-___ _____ Biology____________ Medicine______ ____ Fields related to medi cine_____________ Mathematics and sta tistics____________ Psychology------------- 15 12 16 12 16 22 17 21 16 18 15 43 39 44 40 44 48 44 50 44 44 44 14 12 13 13 17 20 16 15 14 17 15 42 39 41 41 44 45 43 47 42 44 44 17 13 19 12 13 24 19 19 19 23 12 45 16 44 40 13 40 47 18 45 40 9 35 41 15 43 51 26 54 46 23 49 49 23 50 45 18 44 50 15 46 42 (3) (3) 1Including the relatively small number with degrees other than those specified and those not reporting level of education. 23Insufficient Including fields other than those specified. reports to compute median. EMPLOYMENT 17 Chart 4. North Central Region Led in Granting of Degrees to Scientists PERCENT O F DEGREES G RANTED IN EACH REGION BACHELOR DEGREES PERCENT PERCENT Y ea r of Degree PH.D. DEGREES PERCENT PERCENT Decade of Degree u n it ed s t a t e s d e p a r t m e n t op BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS LABOR Sources: Appendix Tables F and G 18 AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE The number of years the scientists had been employed in their first specialties depended mainly on their age. The Ph. D .’s were, on the average, 2 years younger than the scientists with no graduate degree, and also had 2 years less experi ence. The scientists without graduate degrees were, on the average, 1 year younger in both age and experience than the master’s degree group. An analysis of the different specialties indicates the same age-employment relationship. The chemists and the physicists and electronic scien tists— the groups with the lowest median ages— were also those having the shortest experience in their first specialties. At the other end of the scale, the agricultural and medical scientists as a whole could claim to be both the oldest and the most experienced groups. It should be noted that the data on the scien tists’ experience are approximations. For tech nical reasons, the figures for some individuals may understate their experience in their first specialties to a moderate extent.22 On the other hand, it is probable that many scientists reported all em ployment bearing even remotely on their fields of highest competence as time spent in that field. Despite these inaccuracies, which tend to offset each other, the data afford ample evidence of the long experience which most scientists in the survey had in their chosen fields. Further, the length of their experience was a function primarily of their age. Function Performed in Field of Greatest Competence The great variety of functions which scientists perform have been grouped in the present survey into six broad categories: teaching; research; production; administration; design, development, and testing (the last three treated as a single category and hereafter referred to as “develop m ent”); and “other.” 23 Each scientist filling out 22 In filling out the questionnaires, a considerable number of respondents failed to report total experience in their fields of highest competence and merely indicated the number of years they had been engaged in performing each of two or more different functions. In such cases, the highest number of years reported for any function was coded as also representing total years of experience in the field because it was important for roster purposes to have estimates of total experience for as many scientists as possible. This pro cedure yielded fairly accurate results in a majority of cases. However, it is likely that in some instances, where the scientist’s experience in different functions was not all concurrent, this method cf estimating led to an under statement of the respondent’s total experience in the given specialty. 23 Writing, editing, field work, and exploration are some of the functions included in the “other" category. a questionnaire was asked to indicate which of these functions he had performed in his field of greatest competence,24 during the course of his professional career. If an individual had been engaged in two or more activities, he was clas sified according to the particular combination of functions reported. About one out of four scientists reported only one function in his field of highest competence. Most often this single function was research (table 15). Thirteen percent of all the surveyed scientists had been engaged exclusively in research, compared with 6 percent who reported only teaching. Still fewer scientists had experience in one of the other single functions. About half the scientists reported experience both in research and in some other activity in their first specialties. The most frequent com bination was research and teaching, which was reported by about a fifth of the scientists. The next largest group, comprising 1 out of every 10 scientists, reported these 2 functions plus administration. A small number of scientists re-< ported experience in all five types of activities for which separate information was obtained and also in one or more functions in the “other” category. In some instances, the scientists were perform ing two or more functions concurrently. In others, their experience in different activities re lated wholly or partly to different periods of employment. Statistical information is not avail able concerning the extent to which these func tions were performed at different times or the amount of time the scientists spent in each activity reported. It appears, however, that as a group the scientists in the survey were characterized by considerable flexibility of function and by con siderable movement from one type of activity to another. Whatever the highest degree earned, the sur veyed scientists were primarily research scientists. But the relative numbers listing research and other activities varied somewhat according to the academic degree held (as shown in table 15). For example, the proportion of scientists reporting a 24 In addition to functions performed in his field of highest competence a scientist may have engaged in other activities in connection with some other field of specialization. This experience may, or may not, have been con current with experience in his field of highest competence. The question naire asked the scientists to report also functions performed in their second, third, fourth, and fifth fields of specialization, but these data are not included in this report. EMPLOYMENT 19 , T able 15.— Number and 'percent of scientists reporting specified functions by highest degree earned Function Total2 Ph. D. Master 1 Bachelor or none Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total reporting.................................................................................................... 341,668 Only one function reported_________________________________ ______ 9,613 Research___________________________________ ___________ 5,257 Teaching __ ____________ ___________________________________ 2,658 Administration_________________ ________________________ 711 349 Development_______________________________________________ 95 Production- ____________________________________________ 543 Other................. ....................................... ...................— ................ .......... Combination of functions reported_________________________________ 32, 055 Research and teaching________________________________________ 8, 079 3,925 Research, teaching, and administration. ----------------------------------Research and administration__________________________________ 1, 935 Research and development____________________________________ 1,631 Teaching and administration_______ --------------------------------- 1,180 1,123 Research, development, and administration. .. _________________ Research, teaching, administration, and development_______ ____- 1,043 982 Research, development, and teaching______ ____________________ 884 Research, development, production, and administration__________ 827 Research, teaching, administration, development, and production. >_ Other combinations4. ----------- _. . ____________ .. . ------ 10,446 100.0 23.1 12.6 6.4 1.7 .9 .2 1.3 76.9 19.4 9.4 4.6 3.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.1 2.0 25.1 25,978 5,978 3, 647 1, 712 318 101 34 166 20,000 6,344 2,608 1,186 790 647 540 728 709 398 543 5,507 100.0 23.0 14.1 6.6 1.2 .4 .1 .6 77.0 24.4 10.1 4.6 3.0 2.5 2.1 2.8 2.7 1.5 2.1 21. 2 6,370 1,677 753 578 138 95 19 94 4, 693 556 363 306 347 289 252 183 190 177 159 1,871 100.0 26.3 11.8 9.1 2.1 1.5 .3 1.5 73.7 8.7 5.7 4.8 5.4 4.5 4.0 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.5 29.4 4.792 1,150 569 96 174 147 32 132 3,642 134 100 431 471 63 311 84 53 302 97 1,686 100.0 24.0 11.9 2.0 3.6 3.1 .7 2.7 76.0 2.8 2.1 7.1 9.8 1.3 6.5 1.8 1.1 6.3 2.0 35.2 1 Information reported in 1948, but applies also to other years. 2 Includes scientists holding degrees other than those specified and a few not reporting level of education. 3Excludes 69 scientists not reporting functions. 4 Includes a great number of different combinations any of which was reported by less than 2 percent of the respondents. combination of research and teaching experience or these two activities plus administration was much higher among the Ph. D.’s than among persons with only a master’s or bachelor’s degree. Noticeable also is the small proportion of scientists without graduate degrees who had engaged in teaching, and the relatively large proportion who reported experience in development or production. The relative numbers of scientists not reporting a given function differed widely by field of special ization. For example, in some fields, notably chemistry, an especially high proportion of the scientists had been engaged in research. (See table H, p. 42.) Development and production bulked much larger in the employment history of the engineers than in that of any other group of specialists. In the general field of mathematics and statistics, most of the scientists had been engaged exclusively in teaching or had combined teaching with research.26 In several specialties, particularly the earth sciences, a high proportion of the scientists were classified in the “other combinations” category. About half of the specialists in the earth sciences reported functions other than those listed in the questionnaire, generally in combination with research and other activities. No doubt many of these scientists were engaged in field work or exploration. Type of Employer as This was particularly true in the specific field of mathematics. Employ ment by educational institutions was reported by a higher proportion of mathematicians than statisticians. Education was by far the most important field of employment for the scientists included in the survey. (See chart 5.) Private industry was second and government third, both for the entire group of scientists and for the members of most specialties. The major exceptions were the chemists and engineers, who were employed mainly in private industry, and the medical scientists, many of whom were physicians engaged in private practice. Table 16 shows the relative numbers of scientists in each general field of specialization who were working for the various types of employers at the time of completing the questionnaires (usually in mid-1948).26 Thirty-seven percent of the scientists were employed solely by colleges or universities,27 and an additional 13 percent combined work for educational institutions with self-employment, as independent consultants, or with work for other types of employers. No statistical information is available as to how those scientists divided their time between activities. General information in the questionnaires indi cates that most of them devoted the major portions of their time to their educational work, although some held full-time jobs with the government or private industry and did part-time teaching. 26 See p. 20. 27 The term “college or university” is used in this report to cover all types of educational institutions. AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 20 The proportion of scientists working exclusively for private industry was 27 percent, markedly smaller than the group employed solely by educa tional institutions. Smaller still were the groups reporting other types of employers. Only 14 percent of the scientists were employed solely by government agencies (most of them by the Federal Government). About 2 percent were employed exclusively by nonprofit foundations, and still fewer were wholly self-employed as independent consultants. The group reporting two or more T able 16 .— Percent of scientists employed by each type of employer for each general field of specialization 1948 , , Percent of scientists employed by— Num ber of Field of specialization scien tists report ing All fields......................... Chemistry........................ Engineering.................... Physics and electronics.. Earth sciences.................. Agriculture....................... Biology............................ Medicine........................... Fields related to medi cine. Mathematics and statis tics. Psychology...................... 141,733 10,625 4,906 3,439 2,089 2,427 5,818 2,857 2,663 1,929 1,589 All types of em ploy ers Edu cation al institu tions 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 37.4 27.7 18.3 43.3 30.0 45.1 53.7 22.6 57.2 73.4 54.4 Other types Pri of employ vate Gov ers, combi in ern nations of dus ment2 types or try 2 self-em ployed 27.1 50.1 43.8 26.7 16.3 7.9 9.3 7.3 11.9 6.0 4.6 13.5 8.9 12.0 12.7 26.6 29.4 20.8 7.5 7.9 8.1 6.4 22.0 13.3 25.9 17.3 27.1 17.6 16.2 62.6 23.0 12.5 34.6 1 Total includes 3,391 scientists in fields other than those listed; excludes 4 not reporting type of employer. 2 This category includes only scientists employed exclusively by the speci fied type of employer. All those reporting more than one type of employer or self-employment in addition to a salaried position are included in the “other” category. types of employers other than colleges or uni versities was only slightly larger, about 4 percent. More than half the scientists were working solely for colleges and universities in four general fields (mathematics and statistics, fields related to medicine, psychology, and biology). There were, however, wide variations among the specific specialties within these general fields (shown in table I, p. 42). Thus, 80 percent of the mathe maticians but only 30 percent of the statisticians reported educational employment only. In biol ogy, the proportion employed exclusively by colleges or universities ranged from 70 percent among zoologists down to 36 percent among entomologists. In the fields related to medicine, the range was from 84 percent for anatomists down to 28 percent for pathologists, many of whom were working in hospitals. 28 The general fields with the lowest proportions employed by educational institutions were en gineering, medicine, chemistry, and the earth sciences (except geography). Only 18 percent of the engineers reported themselves as working exclusively for educational institutions, but even this relatively low percentage was much higher than the proportion of all engineers in the country engaged in education, as determined by the Bureau in a 1946 survey.29 In chemistry, likewise, the proportion of surveyed scientists employed by educational institutions (28 percent) was much greater than the corresponding figure for all mem bers of the profession— only 7 percent in 1943.30 The fact that engineers and chemists are widely employed in private industry explains the small proportion of these scientists working for educa tional institutions. Fifty percent of the chemists and 44 percent of the engineers among those surveyed were employed exclusively by business organizations. In chemistry, there was one specific field (biochemistry) in which a larger proportion of the scientists were working for educational institutions than for private industry, but the reverse was true in every other specific field of chemistry. In engineering, six of the nine 28 A comparison of these proportions of scientists employed in colleges and universities with the proportions of Ph. D.’s in each of these specialties shows a close relationship. For example, the relative number of Ph. D's was con siderably higher in zoology than in entomology. » U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Outlook for Engineers, Bull. No. 968 (p. 105, table D-9), 1949. U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Factors Affecting Earnings in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bull. No. 881 (p. 8, table 3), 1946. EMPLOYMENT specific fields had a larger proportion of scientists working for private industry than for any other type of employer. However, in aeronautical and ordnance engineering, the largest numbers were employed by government agencies; in civil en gineering, the largest group was with educational institutions and the second largest with govern ment agencies. There are two other fields-—electronics and metallurgy, both primarily applied sciences—in which private industry was the major employer of the surveyed scientists. Still other deviations from the general rule that educational institutions constitute the major field of employment for the scientists in this study were found in the earth sciences. In meteorology, by far the largest group was on the staff of a government agency, the United States Weather Bureau. In geophysics, government employees slightly outnumbered the scientists with private industry. Among geologists also, government employees were the largest group, but in this specialty the scientists with colleges and universities were nearly as numerous. In the field of medicine, the majority of scientists fell in the residual category “other type of em ployer,^ primarily because the large number of M. D .’s in private practice were included in this group. Level of Education and Type of Employer The emphasis on a doctoral degree as a pre requisite for a college teaching position is reflected in this study. The Ph. D. degree was held by about three-fourths of the scientists employed exclusively by educational institutions and by the same proportions of those who did both edu cational and independent consulting work.31 In 31 The distribution of Ph. D. scientists by type of employer and general field of specialization is shown in table L, p. 44. T able private industry, on the other hand, only about three-fifths of the scientists had Ph. D .’s. The relative number was still lower (about half) among the government employees and the smaller groups working for nonprofit foundations or wholly selfemployed as independent consultants. Among scientists who held positions with both educational institutions and government agencies, the pro portion of Ph. D .’s was about two-thirds, between the figures for the scientists working only for one or the other of these two types of employers. (See table 17.) Scientists working for still other types of em ployers or other combinations of types were the group with the lowest proportion of Ph. D .’s (only about a third), because the M. D .’s in private practice were classified in this category. More than half of the scientists in the group held M. D. degrees, though the proportion of M. D .’s was small among the scientists working for each of the other specified types of employers. Scientists with only a master’s degree comprised a small minority of those surveyed who were employed with every type of employer. The pro portion they represented was largest (23 percent) among the government employees and smallest (14 percent) among the scientists on educational staffs. In terms of the absolute numbers of persons em ployed, however, educational institutions repre sented the largest field of activity for the scientists with master’s degrees, as well as for the Ph. D .’s. The largest field of employment for the scien tists with no graduate degree was private industry. Almost half of the surveyed scientists at this edu cational level were employed exclusively by busi ness organizations, whereas only about one out of four was working for government agencies alone and only one out of eight for educational institu tions. The rarity with which scientists without 17.— Number and percent of scientists by type of employer and highest degree earned, 1948 Type of employer Total reporting Ph. D. M. D. Master 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 26,005 11,493 6,904 2,829 462 282 2,034 650 1,351 62.4 73.7 61.2 50.3 50.7 48.7 72.1 65.2 35.1 4,460 1,358 390 385 97 18 92 148 1,972 10.7 8.7 3.4 6.8 10.6 3.1 3.3 14.9 51.2 Excludes 15 scientists reporting other degrees and 67 scientists not reporting type of employer or level of education. 948080°— 51------4 Bachelor or none Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent All fields................ ........ ...............................................- i 41,655 Educational institution............................................... 15, 586 Private industry........................................................... 11,282 Government................................................................... 5,631 912 Foundation__________________________________ 579 Independent consultant (self-employed)— ............... Educational institution and independent consultant- 2,821 996 Educational institution and government------------3,848 Other and other combinations__________________ 1 21 6,383 2,116 1,745 1, 289 134 126 554 146 273 15.3 13.6 15.5 22.9 14.7 21.8 19.6 14.7 7.1 4,807 619 2,243 1,128 219 153 141 52 252 11.6 4.0 19.9 20.0 24.0 26.4 5.0 5.2 6.6 AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 22 graduate degrees were employed in colleges and universities is further emphasized by another com parison: such persons represented only 4 percent of the members of educational staffs in the survey, compared with about 20 percent of the employees of private industry and of government. The predominance of Ph. D .’s on college and university staffs is matched by the data for the different specialties. In all but two of the general fields of specialization, the proportion of persons in the survey holding the Ph. D . degree was higher in colleges than in government or industry. In agriculture, however, the possession of a Ph. D. was reported by a slightly higher proportion of the small group of scientists in industry than of the larger numbers in colleges and universities. In the field of medicine, the Ph. D . degree was more common in government than in educational institutions; however, if the Ph. D .’s had been combined with the M. D .’s, the proportion of doctors would have been higher in colleges than in government agencies. Detailed figures on level of education, by specialty and type of employer, may be found in table J, page 43. Age of Scientists and Type of Employer A comparison of the age distributions of scien tists working for different types of employers shows wide differences. Those scientists employed exclusively by private industry and the much smaller number working only for nonprofit foun dations tended to be the youngest groups, both having a median age of 39 years (as indicated in table 18). In comparison, the median age of scientists who worked for educational institutions, exclusively or in combination with self-employment as a consultant, and for those whose only employ ment was with the government was 44 years. T able 18.— Median age by type of employer and highest degree earned 1948 Type of employer T otal.............................................. Educational institution................ Private industry______________ Government............................ ....... Foundation____________ ______ Independent consultant (self-em ployed) ____________________ Educational institution and in dependent consultant............. . Educational institution and gov ernment______________ _____ Other and other combinations. , All scien tists 43 44 39 44 39 57 44 46 47 D. 42 43 38 43 40 53 42 44 42 Master Bachelor or none 45 48 40 44 38 60 49 52 46 44 45 42 45 34 62 50 53 48 Persons who had positions with two or more types of employers were somewhat older than those working for only one type. Thus, the group holding both government and educational posts had a median age of 46 years, 2 years higher than the median figure for scientists with one or the other of these kinds of positions. Oldest of all were the small group of scientists engaged exclusively in independent consulting work. Their median age was 57 years. These self-employed scientists apparently fell into two main categories: well-known men who had been able to establish full-time consulting services, and scientists past normal retirement age who were no longer working full time but continued to do some consulting work. Nearly a third of the scientists who reported this type of work only were 65 years of age or over. The finding that the scientists in private industry tended to be younger than those with the two other major types of employers— govern ment agencies and educational institutions— held true for the Ph. D .’s, those with master’s degrees, and those without a graduate degree. It also held true in most of the general fields of specializa tion, both for scientists at all levels of education taken together and for the Ph. D .’s alone (as shown in table K, p. 44). The relative youth of most scientists in private industry as compared with those employed in government and education is treated again in the concluding chapter.32 The data in table K illustrate two points made earlier— the heterogeneity of the scientists in the survey who do not have a graduate degree and the comparative homogeneity of the Ph. D . group. Among Ph. D . scientists employed in educational institutions, for example, the range in median ages was only 8 years. The corresponding range for college and university employees with no graduate degree was 27 years. Oldest were the agricul turists, whose median age was 57 years, and the mathematicians and statisticians, half of whom were 54 or older. In contrast, half of the college and university chemists and physicists with only a baccalaureate were under 30. Comments on the questionnaires indicated that many of the young scientists without graduate degrees were continuing their graduate education, expecting ultimately to obtain Ph. D .’s. w Seep. 31. EMPLOYMENT Region of Employment That section of the country in which the greatest number of surveyed scientists was employed stretches from Illinois on the west to New York on the east, extending southward along the eastern seaboard to include Delaware and the District of Columbia. (See chart 6.) More than half the scientists were employed in the nine States of this area and the District of Columbia, at the time of the survey. The next largest groups were employed in California and southern New Eng land, as table 19 shows. These leading areas of employment were also the areas awarding the greatest number of Ph. D. degrees to these scientists. The proportion of scientists who had received their doctorates in the northern Middle Atlantic States and the eastern North Central States taken together was about the same as the proportion employed there at the time of the survey (roughly 45 percent). For the most part, also, the areas which employed the smallest numbers of these scientists—that is, the South, northern New England, the Mountain- 23 Plains States, and the northern Pacific area— likewise accounted for the smallest proportions of Ph. D. degrees. Fewer than 1 percent of the scientists were employed outside continental United States. Chart 7 shows the number of scientists in each area of continental United States per 1 million individuals in the labor force as of April 1, 1947. As the chart indicates, Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia, southern New England, and Arizona-New Mexico were outstanding in this respect. Region and Type of Employer How the scientists in each region were distrib uted among the different types of employers is shown in table 20. Marked divergences from the Nation-wide pattern of employment already indi cated existed in only two of the six regions. The Middle Atlantic States were distinctly above the over-all average in the proportion of scientists in private industry and distinctly below it in the relative number employed in educational institu- Chart 6. W h e re These Scientists W e re Employed PERCENT OF SCIENTISTS IN EACH AREA,, 1948 UNITEO STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Sou/ce: TABLE 19 AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 24 T able 19.— Number and percent of scientists employed in each area and ratio of scientists to the labor force in the area in 1947 Area of employment Scientists employed Number Percent per 100,000 in labor force 1 Total United States.............. ....................... - 241,434 100.0 8.1 New England. ........... .................................. 3,367 410 1.0 Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont____ Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con 2,957 7.1 necticut------------ ------------------------Middle Atlantic________________________ 15,410 37.2 New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. 10,980 26.5 Maryland, Delaware, District of Co lumbia.................................................... 4,430 10.7 5,828 14.1 South________________________________ Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, 5.5 2,290 North Carolina, Tennessee_________ South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, 1,018 2.5 Mississippi.................. .................. ........ 414 1.0 Florida____________________________ 5.1 Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas. 2,106 9,706 23.4 North Central_________________________ Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan........... 7,431 17.9 5.5 Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin.................. 2,275 7.1 Mountain and Plains..... ............... ................. 2,937 3.2 Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri.................... 1,331 North Dakota, South Dakota, Mon tana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, 2.9 Utah, Nevada......................................... 1,191 415 1.0 Arizona, New Mexico. ............................ Pacific................................................................. 4,186 10.1 949 2.3 Washington, Oregon................................. 7.8 California.................................................... 3,237 70 87 58 93 108 86 312 37 42 26 44 40 65 67 61 58 45 70 99 76 65 80 1 Estimated number in the labor force in each area. 2 Excludes 5 scientists not reporting region of employment, 79 scientists working in United States territories, and 219 scientists employed in foreign countries. tions. The Mountain-Plains States, on the other hand, had exceptionally few scientists in private industry and an unusually large proportion in education. The geographic differences in the relative im portance of the various types of employment are seen more clearly when a similar comparison is made for narrower groups of States. New YorkNew Jersey-Pennsylvania had a preponderance of scientists employed in private industry, 44 percent compared with 27 percent for the entire country. Employment in private industry was also rela tively high in the second great industrial area of the country, the east North Central States. On the other hand, in M aryland-Delaware-District of Columbia, there were— quite understandably— twice as many scientists in the Government as in any other area, but a much lower proportion were employed exclusively in education than elsewhere. In several predominantly agrarian areas—north ern New England, the deep South,33 the western States of the North Central region, the M ountainPlains region, and the northern Pacific States— at least half the scientists were employed in edu cational institutions. Government employment also was relatively important in Arizona and New Mexico, with installations for work on atomic energy, and in other Rocky M ountain States,34 with their Federal power and reclamation projects, as well as in the deep South. 88South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. 84Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada. , T able 20. — Percent of scientists employed in each area of the continental United States by type of employer 1948 Total reporting Area of employment Percent of scientists employed by— Educa Educa tion and Govern tion Founda Independ Number Percent Educa and Industry ent con independ Other tion tion ment Govern sultant ent con ment sultant Total all areas: United States.............. ........ ............- i 41,430 3,366 New England...................................... ....................... 409 Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont-.................. 2,957 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut----Middle Atlantic______________________________ 15,409 New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania.............. 10,979 Maryland, Delaware, District of Columbia----- 4,430 South_______________________________________ 5,828 Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee______________________ 2,290 South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi. 1,018 414 Florida-------- ------------------------------------------ 2,106 Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas---------9,705 North Central------------------------------------------------ 7,430 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan------ ------- Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin------------------------ 2,275 2,936 Mountain and Plains---------------------------------1, 330 Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri--------------- ------North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada------------ 1,191 415 Arizona, New Mexico-----------------------------4,186 Pacific______________________________________ 949 Washington, Oregon---------------------------------3,237 California________________________________ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 37.4 44.2 63.6 41.5 23.0 26.9 13.2 47.1 48.7 51.3 47.3 43.2 44.3 40.7 55.9 54.5 57.7 51.8 52.3 43.9 52.8 41.3 13.5 4.6 5.1 4.5 19.5 5.0 55.4 14.7 13.4 20.4 24.6 11.5 5.6 5.3 6.5 14.5 6.8 20.2 22.4 13.5 13.2 13.6 2.4 2.9 7.1 2.3 1.5 1.2 2.2 3.4 3.3 3.7 6.3 2.8 2.1 1.9 3.0 4.2 3.1 5.6 3.6 3.2 4.2 2.8 27.1 23.4 7.8 25.6 36.6 43.9 18.6 19.1 20.3 9.3 9.2 24.4 27.0 30.2 16.4 9.6 12.8 6.6 8.2 18.8 14.5 20.1 2.2 1.1 2.0 .9 2.7 3.2 1.6 .8 .3 1.3 .7 1.2 3.5 4.2 1.0 .8 .9 .3 2.4 1.0 .6 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.7 1.5 1.8 .8 1.5 .7 1.1 2.2 2.5 .8 .9 .7 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.5 2.3 1.1 2.7 6.8 10.5 7.1 11.0 5.0 6.2 2.0 6.7 6.2 6.9 5.1 7.4 7.9 7.6 8.9 . 7.7 7.3 8.8 6.0 7.5 7.2 7.6 9.2 .11.7 6.1 12.5 10.2 11.8 6.2 6.7 7.1 6.0 4.6 7.0 8.8 9.2 7.6 7.4 10.4 5.3 3.6 9.8 6.4 10.8 i Excludes 79 scientists employed in United States territories, 219 working in foreign countries, and 9 not reporting region of employment or type of employer. EMPLOYMENT 25 Chart 7. Geographic Distribution of the Scientists in the Survey Compared to Labor Force SCIENTISTS EMPLOYED IN 1948, PER 1,000,000 PERSONS IN LABOR FORCE A S OF APRIL 1,1947 L e s s than 3 0 3 0 and under 6 0 6 0 and under 9 0 9 0 a nd O v e r U N IT E D S T A T E S DEPARTM ENT BUREAU OF LA B O R S T A T IS T IC S OF LA80R Specialty and Region In most specialties, the proportion of scientists working in each region followed the general re gional pattern of employment. That is, the Middle Atlantic and North Central States were the two leading regions of employment; the South ranked third; and the Pacific, New England, and Mountain States followed in that order. As table 21 shows, the most important exceptions to this general pattern were in biology, agriculture, the earth sciences, and engineering. The greatest divergence from the over-all re gional pattern of employment appears in agri culture. The South employed relatively as many agricultural scientists as the Middle Atlantic States, and twice as large a proportion of these specialists as of the entire group of scientists were working in the Mountain-Plains region. This divergence is largely explained by the fact that private industry employed very few agriculturists, whereas government agencies and colleges and universities employed at least three-quarters of these scientists. S e u re t: TA B L E 19 Employment in two fields of biology—general biology and botany, each with an unusually high proportion of scientists in educational institu tions—was not concentrated in the two leading regions. Owing to the distribution of employment in these specific specialties, there were almost as many biologists in the South as in the North Central States, and slightly more in the MountainPlains region than in New England. In the earth sciences, the South, rather than the North Central States, ranked second among the regions because it was the leading area of employment for geophysicists and had a larger proportion of the geologists than the North Central States. In meteorology, however, where Federal employment predominated, almost half the scientists were working in the Middle Atlantic region, primarily in the District of Columbia. As expected, the engineers were generally em ployed in the industrial sections of the country. A much larger proportion (84 percent) of the metal lurgical engineers than that of any other group of specialists covered by the survey were employed AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 26 in the Middle Atlantic and North Central States. In a few specialties, however, there were distinct differences from the general geographic pattern of engineering employment. In aeronautical en gineering, the engineers employed in the Pacific area constituted the second largest group, a pos sible result of the great development of the West Coast aircraft industry in recent years. Almost as many mining engineers were employed in the South—largely in Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas— as in the Middle Atlantic States. T able Large-scale Federal power and land reclamation projects in the Rocky Mountain area accounted for the relatively high proportion of civil engineers, as compared with other scientists, employed in the Mountain-Plains region. There were other specialties which deviated in some way from the Nation-wide pattern of em ployment. For example, electronics was more im portant in New England than in the North Central region. Likewise, about the same number of astronomers were employed on the West Coast, 21.— Percent of scientists employed in each region, hy specific field of specialization, 1948 Field of specialization All fields____________ ____ Chemistry____________________ General----------------- ------Analytic___________________ Biochemistry_______________ Inorganic__ ______ ________ Organic________ _______ ___ Physical___ _______________ Engineering_________ _________ Aeronautical----------------------Chemical..... ............... ............... Civil................. ........ ................. Electrical__ _______________ Mechanical—____ _________ Metallurgical_____ _________ Mining___ ________________ Ordnance_________ ________ Power plant________________ Physics and electronics___ ______ Physics_______ ____________ Electronics_______________ Earth sciences.................................... Geophysics................................. Geography.............................. Geology..................... ................ Meteorology............ ................ . Agriculture___ ________________ Biology........................... ................. Bacteriology.............................. Biology---------------------------Botany....................................... Entomology................................ Zoology.................................. . Medicine_________ ____________ Clinical_________________ Neuropsychiatry___________ Obstetrics._________________ Ophthalmology.................... Pediatrics................................. Public health.......................... Radiology................................... Surgery------------ -------------Fields related to medicine........... Anatomy................................. Dental medicine....................... Pathology.................................. Physiology------------ ------------Pharmacy................................... Veterinary medicine_________ Mathematics and statistics_______ Mathematics_______________ Statistics_____ _____________ Psychology-----------------------------Other----------- ------ ------- ..______ Architecture_______________ Astronomy.________________ Metallurgy_________________ Military application of science. Nutrition and foods............. . Manpower resources................ All other and no report............ Number of scientists reporting Total United States i 41,434 10, 582 678 1,017 1,581 761 4,123 2,422 4,881 218 1,967 692 786 651 136 145 157 129 3,423 2,791 632 2,048 287 261 1,360 140 2,395 5,744 1,407 996 1,578 807 956 2,848 1,160 324 118 93 171 316 114 552 2,647 524 116 478 804 537 188 1,925 1,671 254 1,582 3,359 24 208 563 136 519 915 994 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Percent of scientists employed in— New England 8 .1 . " 7.8 8.7 6.3 7.4 7.1 7.0 8 .2 8.3 7.4 7 2 8 .2 10 .6 10 .6 5.2 5.7 8.5 10 .2 9.8 1 2 .2 7.0 7.3 6.5 6.8 9.3 5.7 7.7 6.4 10 .0 7.7 6.3 8.3 2 .1 10 .0 10 .2 12 .0 11.9 16.1 1 1 .1 9.8 4.4 7.8 7.7 8 .2 10.3 6.5 10 .2 6.0 2.6 8.9 9.2 7.5 10.7 9.0 12.5 13.4 9.4 9.6 8.7 6.9 10.0 Middle Atlantic 37.2 43.5 48.1 37.8 35.8 38.8 48.1 43.5 40.5 39.9 41.8 31.4 47.5 35.2 46.3 31.7 61.8 34.1 44.2 40.5 60.4 30.1 32.1 31.8 27.7 46.4 22.9 29.5 40.0 24.2 24.6 29.6 27.6 36.6 35.8 41.4 32.2 29.0 39.2 44.6 29.8 33.5 33.4 29.2 26.7 33.3 34.8 39.9 24.5 31.6 29.1 48.0 32.6 41.7 45.9 25.5 40.9 55.9 33.1 48.0 42.1 South 14.1 11.9 9.4 14.2 1 2 .1 14.8 1 1 .1 1 1 .8 13.0 9.2 14.7 13.9 8.9 13.0 5.9 29.7 7.0 9.3 10.6 1 1 .6 6.0 2 1 .2 33.1 14.6 21.4 6.4 23.5 18.7 14.3 2 1.6 20.7 21.5 16.6 10.7 10 .2 9.6 8.5 6.5 12.3 13.6 10.5 1 1 .8 14.8 20.4 7.8 15.9 13.2 13.4 1 1 .2 16.8 17.5 12.6 12.3 8.6 8.3 7.7 3.7 8.8 11.4 10.6 8.4 North Central 23.4 24.2 24.1 24.5 28.0 25.4 23.7 2 2 .1 23.0 17.0 24.3 24.0 18.4 27.8 38.2 6.9 8.9 31.0 20.0 22.0 1 1 .1 16.0 6.6 31.0 15.2 15.7 22.0 22.0 22.6 23.5 22.8 15.1 23.6 27.1 28.1 25.0 32.2 29.0 22.8 17.7 29.8 30.6 27.0 26.0 42.3 25.5 25.6 25.7 34.6 25.5 26.4 19.3 26.7 24.5 25.0 23.6 34.8 13.2 26.8 22.3 2 1 .2 Mountain and Plains 7.1 4.8 4.0 7.1 7.2 5.6 3.5 4.4 5.4 5.0 3.7 1 1 .1 4.6 4.0 1.5 16.5 4.5 4.7 5.6 6.3 2. 5 13.5 7.7 6 .1 16.8 7.2 14.2 9.0 6.6 9.5 9.2 12.4 8.8 5.9 5.7 4.6 5.9 8.6 6.4 5.1 8.8 6. 5 8 .1 8.0 6.9 9.6 6.7 7.4 12.8 7.2 7.8 3.2 6.7 6.4 6 .2 6.8 3.7 6.7 4.7 8.0 i Excludes 79 scientists employed in United States territories, 219 employed in foreign countries, and 5 not reporting region of employment. Pacific 1 0 .1 8.4 6.6 7.7 10.6 8.0 6.5 9.9 1 1 .2 20.6 8 .1 11.4 10 .0 9.4 2.9 13.1 1 2 .1 12.4 9.4 9.8 7.8 1 2 .2 13.2 10.0 1 2 .1 15.0 .7 13.1 11 1 0 .1 1 1 .2 15.0 15.1 15.1 9.7 10.0 7’4 9.3 10.8 8 .2 .2 9 16^7 9*8 9.0 8. 2 6.0 9. 2 9. 5 7*6 14* 3 10.0 10 .0 9.4 * 9.8 8.3 23. 6 4. 4 8. 8 13.3 7.5 10.3 11 0 EARNINGS 27 regions which led in the employment of the surveyed scientists. with its famous observatories, as in either the Middle Atlantic or North Central States, the two Earnings small unrepresentative group of scientists not hav ing a doctorate, but covers a large proportion of all the Ph. D .’s in the sciences. Although other studies of earnings in the profes sions have shown that doctors of philosophy tend to earn more than persons with less academic training, the scientists in the survey having no graduate degree tended to receive higher salaries than the Ph. D .’s in the survey. The median an nual salary for all the scientists who supplied this information was $5,850 a year. Those who held bachelor’s degrees had a median salary of $6,450 a year, as compared with $5,720 a year for Ph. D .’s and $5,610 a year for scientists with master’s degrees. The salaries of the medical doctors, governed in part by the levels set by private prac tice, tended to be the highest of all— the median being $7,430 a year (table 22). N ot only did the scientists without graduate degrees and those with an M . D . have higher average earnings than the Ph. D .’s but they also had a wider variation in earnings and a larger proportion in the top salary brackets. About 30 percent of the M. D .’s and 18 percent of the scientists with bachelor’s degrees earned a salary of $10,000 or more a year, as compared to 8 per- One of the most important contributions of this study is the data it provides on the earnings of scientists— a subject on which little quantitative information was previously available. The re spondents were asked to report both their regular annual salary at the time of the survey (mid-1948) and any additional professional income. Since many professional people are reluctant to make their incomes public, the respondents were not asked to specify the exact amounts of their pro fessional earnings. Instead, the questionnaire provided a check list of salary brackets ranging from under $2,000 to $10,000 and over in $1,000 intervals. A check list of income classes was also provided for use in reporting added professional earnings. The optional character of the question on earnings was emphasized, but a very high pro portion—82 percent of all the respondents and 85 percent of the Ph. D .’s— supplied salary data. About a third of the scientists who supplied salary information also reported some added professional income. The data thus collected should not be considered as indicating the average salaries of all scientists in the country in 1948. As was pointed out earlier in this report, the survey includes only a very T able 22.— Median and quartile salaries and interquartile range of salaries by highest degree earned and age, 19J+8 Level of education All scientists: Upper quartile _____________ _ _ Median____ ______ ______ __ __ Lower quartile __________________ Interquartile range . ____________ Ph. D. degree: Upper quartile___________________ Median___ ____________ __ ... Lower quartile ____ _________ Interquartile range. __________ _ Master’s degree: Upper quartile_____________ ___ Median.. ________ _________ ... Lower quartile _____ __________ Interquartile range. ____________ Bachelor’s degree or no degree: Upper quartile---------------------- . _ Median______________ __________ Lower quartile__________ ______ Interquartile range. . . . ____ ____ M. D. degree: Upper quartile____________ ____ Median._ _________ ... ---- -Lower quartile_________________ . Interquartile range________ _ 1 $10,000 and over. All age Under 30 groups years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-44 years 45-49 years 50-54 years 55-59 years 60-64 years 65-69 years 70 years and over $8, 500 6, 360 4, 960 3, 540 $8,800 6,480 5,060 3,740 $8,900 6,670 5,160 3,740 $8, 700 6,550 5, 090 3,610 $8,480 6,350 5, 010 3, 470 $8,440 5, 650 3,620 4,820 $7,600 5,850 4, 610 2, 990 $5,350 4,440 3, 600 1, 750 $6,420 5,260 4,290 2,130 $7,400 $8,020 5,850 6, 250 4, 660 4,920 2,740 3,100 7,200 5,720 4, 580 2,620 7,230 5,610 4,420 2,810 8, 680 6,450 4, 910 3, 770 i 10,000+ 7, 430 5,210 5,500 4,580 3,720 1,780 4,930 4,120 3,270 1, 660 5,100 4,390 3, 540 1, 560 5,250 4,110 3, 330 1,920 6,440 5,280 4, 310 2,130 6,180 5,120 4,180 2,000 6,490 5,320 4,430 2,060 6,620 5,170 3,800 2,820 7, 210 7,670 7,850 7,980 8,050 8,050 7,720 7,500 5, 730 6,000 6,070 6,170 6,290 6,300 6,070 5, 520 4,600 4,820 4,980 4,860 4,990 5, 050 4,980 3, 610 2,610 2,850 2,990 3,000 3,000 3,060 2,740 3,890 6,910 7,730 7,960 7,900 8,370 8,100 7,850 6, 670 5,630 5,930 5,940 5,920 6,350 6,020 6,160 4,460 4, 550 4,630 4,720 4, 710 4, 930 4, 650 4,690 3, 270 2,360 3,100 3,190 3, 240 3, 440 3, 450 3,160 3,400 7,960 9, 260 110, 000+ 110, 000+ 110,000+ 9,970 110,000+ 9,670 6,490 7,280 7,780 7,910 8,090 7,430 7,160 6,500 5,240 5,890 5, 960 5,870 6,290 5,780 5, 460 4,000 2,720 3,370 4,190 5, 670 9,060 * 10, 000+ i 10, 000+ i 10, 000+ 1 10, 000+ i 10, 000+ 110, 000+ 110, 000+ 6,900 7,830 8,390 8, 920 8,150 8,310 8,140 7, 330 5,250 5,860 5,990 6,190 6,100 6,030 5,360 4,330 3,810 28 AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE cent of the Ph. D .’s and 10 percent of those with a master’s degree. Similarly, the range in earnings between the highest salary of the lowest-paid fourth and the lowest salary of the highest-paid fourth (the interquartile range) was smaller for the Ph. D .’s than for any other group (table 22). Although the P h.D .’s in this survey were younger than their colleagues and therefore presumably less experienced, these differences in median sala ries cannot be ascribed to differences in the age composition of the various groups.35 The tendency of the surveyed scientists with no graduate degrees to earn higher salaries than those with higher de grees (except M. D .’s) was true for every age group except that of persons under 30 years. Whatever the level of education attained, the older and more experienced men tended to receive higher salaries than the younger scientists, the peak salaries having been received in most cases by those 55-59 years of age. The difference in median salary between the lowest-paid age group — the scientists under 30— and the highest-paid group was even greater for the bachelors than for the Ph. D .’s. The lower and upper quartile sala ries also tended to increase more sharply with age for the scientists with the bachelor’s degree than for those holding doctorates. (See table 22.) This paradoxical finding that the Ph. D .’s earned less, on the average, than the scientists without graduate degrees was undoubtedly due in large part to the type of employment and to the charac teristics of the latter group. For one thing, almost half of this latter group were employed in private industry, where salaries are relatively high, where as the largest number of Ph. D .’s were on college faculties. A sizable proportion (34 percent) of the bachelors were in engineering, the best paying general field of specialization. M ost important, the criteria for inclusion set by the compilers of the Directory were such that the scientists in this survey without graduate degrees were outstanding and conspicuously successful. M any of them must have earned salaries considerably above the levels prevailing for all scientists without graduate train ing, even within private industry and within engineering. Similarly, the M. D .’s in the survey 35 In the absence of information on length of experience, this analysis was based on age, which is a close approximation of the former. The alternative datum, years since award of highest degree, seemed inadequate because so many of the Ph. D.’s were doing professional work before they received their doc torates. The relation of salary to age indicated by the data is of course based on the findings of a single year, and cannot be taken to mean that an indi vidual’s earnings necessarily increase as he grows older. did not in any sense represent their colleagues throughout the Nation. In the case of Ph. D .’s, however, the proportion included in the survey was large enough to validate broad conclusions as to salary levels in 1948 and as to the factors which influenced the earnings of all Ph. D. scientists. The findings on the relation of salary levels to field of specialization, age, type of employer, and region of employment are treated in the following pages. M any other factors in fluence earnings, but some of these are not amenable to statistical analysis, and for some the necessary information was not available. It must be borne in mind that the salaries were earned in a particular year, a year characterized by a high level of industrial production and a large measure of business prosperity. Inevitably, the scientists employed in industry also prospered. A survey of annual earnings in some other phase of the business cycle might have shown a somewhat different salary pattern, since salaries in govern ment agencies and educational institutions tend to be more stable than those in private industry. Salaries of Ph. D .’s Field of Specialization Engineers, with a median salary of $6,960 a year, were much the best-paid group of specialists among the scientists in the survey who had Ph. D. de grees. As table 23 shows, there was a sharp dif ference in average earnings between the engineers and the next highest-paid group, the chemists, whose median salary was $6,030. The difference between the middle salary figures for chemists and engineers was about as great as the spread between the median salary in the lowest-paid general field, biology, and that in chemistry. Earnings of the highest-paid fourth of the engineers compared still more favorably with the corresponding figures for other specialties. The lowest salary of the toppaid 25 percent (the upper-quartile salary) was $8,900 in engineering as against $7,560 in physics and electronics and also medicine, the two fields having the next highest upper-quartile salaries. Engineers near the bottom of the salary scale for their profession also fared better than the lowerpaid members of other specialties. (See table 23.) In fact, the lower-quartile salary for engineers ex ceeded the median salaries of the scientists in 4 of the 10 general fields. EARNINGS Type of Employer T able 23.— M edian and quartile salaries of Ph. D .’s by general field of specialization, 1948 Field of specialization Upper Lower Interquartile Median quartile quartile range All fields____________ _____ $5, 720 Engineering___ _________ 6,960 Chemistry________________ 6,030 Physics and electronics.......... 5,960 Medicine_________________ 5,830 5, 710 Earth sciences......................... 5,660 Agriculture_______________ 5,420 Fields related to medicine__ 5,320 Psychology_______________ Mathematics and statistics.. _ 5,060 Biology---------------------------- 4,940 $7,200 8,900 7,490 7,560 7,560 7,130 6,790 6, 810 6, 550 6, 510 6,090 $4,580 5,620 4,860 4,740 4,680 4,650 4,840 4,390 4,340 4, 220 4,150 $2,620 3,280 2,630 2,820 2,880 2,480 1,950 2,420 2,210 2,290 1,940 In every general specialty, salaries tended to increase with age (table 24). Some young men earned more than some older members of their professions, but average salaries were higher for the older men. The rate of increase and the age at which peak median salaries were received varied from one specialty to another. In two such widely disparate fields as engineering and biology, it was the group between 60 and 65 who had the highest salaries. This was also true in the fields related to medicine, agriculture, and psychology. In physics and electronics, how ever, the scientists between 40 and 45 years of age had the highest salaries. This does not mean that physicists begin to decline in earning power at a relatively young age. Rather, these salary figures reflect, in great measure, the unprecedented demand for nuclear physicists and electronic scientists in recent years. This demand threat ened to outrun the available supply and pushed salaries in these fields above previously existing levels. A t the same time, it was mostly the younger men who were trained in nuclear physics and electronics and who thus obtained a monetary advantage over their elder colleagues. T able 24. — The type of employer for whom scientists work exerts an even greater influence on earnings than either specialty or age. For Ph. D .’s in all specialties taken together, the median salary in private industry was $7,070 a year, in govern ment, $6,280. The small group of scientists working for nonprofit foundations and institutes tended to earn about the same amount as govern ment employees. But college and university staff members with no other type of employment were found to have a median salary of only $4,860 a year. If all the educators, including those who had other work, had been combined into one category, the median salary in education would have been somewhat higher. The median salary of Ph. D .’s employed by both government and educational institutions was $5,710 a year (table M , p. 45) whereas those who combined educational em ployment and work as a consultant had a median salary of $5,570. Since many of the group who combined education with other employment were full-time educators, it appears that the highest paid members of college and university staffs were in the best position to secure additional work. In considering these salary figures, how ever, allowance must be made for the fact that a small proportion of these educators may have reported the combined receipts from both sources of employment as regular annual salaries. Within the various general specialties also, scientists employed exclusively in educational institutions earned less than their colleagues working in government agencies, who in turn averaged somewhat less than the group employed by business firms. In the one field, physics and electronics, where an exception to this rule is M edian salaries of Ph. D .’s by general field of specialization and age, 1948 Field of specialization All age Under groups 30 years All fields____________________ ______ Chemistry__________________________ Engineering.. --------------------------------Physics and electronics----------------------Earth sciences--------- -----------------------Agriculture______ ______________ — Biology----------------------------------------Medicine______________ ___________Fields related to medicine------------------Mathematics and statistics.--------------Psychology_________________________ Other______________________________ i Insufficient reports to compute median. 29 $5, 720 6,030 6,960 5,960 5, 710 5, 660 4, 940 5,830 5, 420 5,060 5, 320 6,520 $4,580 4,830 5,130 4,450 0) 4, 560 4,070 0) 3,900 3,770 4,020 5,070 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-44 years 45-49 years 50-54 years 55-59 years 60-64 years 65-69 years $5,280 5,790 6,360 5,520 4,730 5,120 4,430 0) 4,720 4, 460 4,670 5,460 $5,730 6,370 7,120 6,440 5,290 5,230 4,720 5, 210 5,250 4,950 5, 420 6,320 $6,000 6,720 7,460 6,690 5,720 5,700 5,080 5,950 5,490 5,210 5,640 6,950 $6,070 6,460 7,570 6,510 6,110 5,970 5,290 7,000 5,840 5,460 5, 670 6, 960 $6,170 6,580 8,210 5,940 6,220 6,200 5, 550 6,130 6,280 5,720 5, 450 7,350 $6,300 6,860 7,810 5,880 6,750 6,520 5,700 (0 6,470 5,720 5,410 7,080 $6,290 6,500 9,170 5,880 6,500 6,790 5,910 (9 6,640 5,500 5,820 7,360 $6,070 6,110 7,500 5,820 6,600 5,810 5,630 (9 6,290 5,890 5,750 7,750 70 years and over $5, 520 5, 500 5, 000 (9 (9 (9 5, 400 (9 (9 (9 C9 (9 AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 30 shown (table 25), the tendency toward top salaries in private industry held for scientists of comparable age. (See table 28.) Differences in salary from one type of employer to another tended to be greater than salary differ ences from one specialty to another in any given type of employment. Even the biologists employed in private industry, who earned less on the average than any other group so employed, fared better than the highest paid of all the college teachers, the engineers. (See table 25.) T able 25.— M edian age and m edian salary of Ph. D .’s in each general specialty by type of em ployer , 1948 Scientists employed solely in— Field of specialization Education Government Industry Me Me Me Me Me Me dian dian dian dian dian dian age 1 salary age 1 salary age 1 salary All fields___ ______ _______ Chemistry________________ Engineering_______________ Physics and electronics........... Earth sciences______ ______ Agriculture__________ _____ Biology............ .......................... Fields related to medicine___ Mathematics and statistics. __ Psychology.............. ...... .......... 42 $4,860 39 4,670 42 5,700 42 5,040 45 5,200 43 5,390 42 4,610 42 5,060 44 4,760 44 4,920 42 41 42 41 42 45 43 42 41 42 $6,280 6,290 7,400 7,400 6,120 5,980 5,480 5,930 6,830 6,180 38 $7,070 37 6,880 39 8,000 38 7,350 42 7,780 42 6,670 40 6,250 39 6,850 40 7,350 40 7,940 1 These median age figures refer only to the scientists who reported salary. It was not practicable to analyze separately the salary levels of scientists in each specific specialty working for each type of employer. However, the differences in median earnings among the specific fields, shown in table 26, appear to be as sociated with the varying proportions of scientists in private industry, government, and educational employment. For example, civil engineers had a lower median salary than was found in any other branch of engineering, and they also constituted much the smallest proportion of engineers em ployed in private industry. Electronic scientists, who were more frequently employed in private industry than physicists, tended to earn higher salaries than the latter. There were relatively more geophysicists than other earth scientists working for private business firms, and geophysi cists had the highest median salary in this general field. In biology, salary levels were lowest in zoology, general biology, and botany—the branches which had the highest proportions of scien tists in educational institutions. The mathema ticians, with a middle salary of $4,920 a year, were working mostly for colleges and universities; the statisticians had a much higher median salary ($6,350) and a relatively small proportion were employed exclusively in educational institutions. T able 26.— M edian and quartile salaries of P h. D .’s in each specific field of specialization , 1948 Field of specialization All fields reporting___________ Chemistry_______ __________ General_______ __________ Analytic_________________ Biochemistry.____ _______ Inorganic................................. Organic.................................... Physical.......................... . Engineering......... ......................... Aeronautical........................... Chemical................................. Civil......................................... Electrical................................ Mechanical............................ Metallurgical...................... Mining____ ______ _____ Ordnance................................ Power plant________ _____ Physics and electronics................ Physics__________________ Electronics_________ _____ Earth sciences_______________ Geophysics.............................. Geography____ __________ Geology.................................... Meteorology_____________ Agriculture................. ................... Biology...................... ..................... Bacteriology. ......... ............ Biology_____ ___________ Botany........................ ............ Entomology........................... Zoology........... ........................ Medicine____________________ Fields related to medicine2......... Anatomy________________ Pathology_______________ Physiology_______________ Pharmacy-pharmacology___ Mathematics and statistics____ Mathematics_____________ Statistics________________ Psychology_________________ Other fields__________________ Astronomy_______________ Metallurgy___ ___________ M ilitary application of science_________________ Nutrition and foods......... . Manpower resources3_____ All others_______________ Num ber Me Upper Lower Inter report dian quar quar quar tile ing tile tile range salary 22,116 6,915 321 498 1,110 438 2,832 1, 716 1,313 73 680 103 184 114 25 28 68 38 2,059 1,818 241 1,102 99 188 763 52 1,213 3,826 822 720 1,183 450 651 155 1,125 307 34 500 263 1,404 1,234 170 1,304 1,700 134 207 54 337 436 532 $5,720 6,030 6,800 5,450 5,640 5,680 6,240 6,110 6,960 7,820 7,020 6,240 6,680 6, 520 7,880 7, 750 7, 540 7,000 5,960 5,840 6,910 5, 710 6,780 5,670 5,630 5,670 5,660 4,940 5,420 4,880 4,870 5,130 4,520 5,830 5,420 5,180 5,400 5,210 5,950 5,060 4,920 6,350 5,320 6, 520 5,450 6,830 7,300 5, 710 8,730 5,800 $7,200 7,490 8,520 6,610 6,960 6,990 7,730 7,520 8,900 8,930 9,460 7,830 8,650 8,380 no,ooo+ 110,000+ 8,430 6,950 7,560 7,380 8,670 7,130 8,930 6,750 7,020 7,330 6,790 6,090 6,590 6,220 6,010 6,120 5,510 7,560 6,810 6,580 6,920 6,580 7,520 6,510 6,250 7,870 6,550 8,610 6,620 8,380 9,580 7,180 110,000+ 7,380 $4,580 $2,620 4,860 2,630 5,560 2,960 4,460 2,150 4, 580 2,380 4,490 2,500 5,100 2,630 4,890 2,630 5,620 3, 280 6,440 2,490 5,670 3,790 4,900 2,930 5,330 3,320 5,440 2,940 6,310 6,200 6,600 1,830 5,720 1,230 4,740 2,820 4,650 2,730 5,610 3,060 4,650 2,480 5,060 3,870 4,790 1,960 4,580 2,440 4, 770 2,560 4,840 1,950 4,150 1,940 4,470 2,120 4,050 2,170 4,160 1,850 4,350 1, 770 3,720 1,790 4,680 2,880 4,390 2,420 4,250 2,330 4,350 2,570 4,270 2,310 4,970 2,550 4,220 2,290 4,150 2,100 5,190 2,680 4,340 2,210 5,040 3,570 4,200 2,420 5,530 2,850 5,390 4,190 4,650 2,530 7,090 4,580 2,800 1$10,000 and over. 2 Total also includes dental medicine and veterinary medicine. 3 As was indicated on p. 6 this was a miscellaneous group containing many individuals in policy-making and executive positions. Scientists in private industry enjoyed a salary advantage in all sections of the country, as well as in the Nation as a whole. This is shown by the figures on median salaries of Ph. D /s in differ ent regions, which are given in table 27. In every region, the Ph. D.’s employed exclusively in pri vate industry tended to earn considerably higher salaries than those in government agencies, and the government scientists, in turn, fared much better than those in educational institutions. EARNINGS T able 27 .— M edian salaries of Ph. D. scientists by type of em ployer and region of em ploym ent , 1948 Scientists employed solely in— All Region of employment scientists1 All regions____ _______ New England__________ Middle Atlantic_______ South___ _____________ North Central_________ Mountain and Plains___ Pacific________________ $5,720 5,380 6,310 5,200 5,730 4,940 5, 550 Educa Private tional institutions industry Govern ment $6, 280 5,410 6,730 5, 660 5,750 5,810 6,050 $7,070 6. 590 7,320 7,240 6,940 6, 500 6,630 $4,860 4,730 4,930 4,700 5,070 4, 620 4,940 1 Includes scientists working for all types of employers and all combinations of types. Moreover, the highest median salary received by educators in any one region was below the lowest regional median salary of government scientists. The monetary advantages of private employ ment appear even greater when age is taken into account. Despite their higher median earnings, the Ph. D.’s in business firms were younger than their fellow specialists elsewhere employed. As table 25 shows, scientists in all fields had a lower median age in private industry than in any of the other principal types of employment, with one exception. Earth scientists in government em ployment had the same median age as those in private industry. It would be expected, then, that private indus try would be the most remunerative type of employment and education the least for the mem bers of each specialty in every age group. This was true wherever the number of the scientists reporting was large enough to permit such com parisons. (See table 28.) In chemistry, biology, 31 and physics and electronics, educators had the lowest median salaries and employees of business firms the highest in every case. Very few agri culturists with Ph. D.’s were employed in indus try. Those in government service tended to earn higher salaries than educators in every group between 30 and 60 years with one exception, the 35-39 age group. A comparison of median sal aries of engineers associated with business firms and those working solely for universities shows great differentials at every age level. The data shown in table 28 suggest that salaries tend to increase more rapidly with age in private industry than in any other type of employment. A detailed analysis of the relation of type of employer to changes in salary levels with age, which is possible only for all specialties taken together, points to this conclusion (chart 8). For the young men at the beginning of their careers, there was not much difference in median salaries among types of employment. Among the scientists reporting only one source of employ ment, the annual median salary of the group under 30 was not much higher in private industry than in government employment, $5,560 compared with $5,050 (table N, p. 45). In the 50-54-year age group, the annual median salary in private indus try was $9,980 and in government only $6,800. The advantage enjoyed by scientists in private industry was most marked at the higher salary levels. An examination of upper-quartile salaries shows an even sharper rate of increase with age than that in median salaries, and an even greater disparity between the rate of increase in private industry and in other employment (chart 8). T abl e 28 .— M edian salaries in selected specialties by age and type of em ployer , for P h . D .’s em ployed exclusively with one of the three prin cipal types of em ployers, 1948 30 Field of specialization and type of employer Under years Chemistry: E ducational institutions _-------- ---------Government--------------------- -------------Private industry____________________ Biology: Educational institutions____________ Government----------------------------------Private industry-----------------------------Physics and electronics: Educational institutions_____________ Government---------------- ----------------Private industry____________________ Agriculture:3 Educational institutions_____________ Government_______________________ Engineering:3 Educational institutions_________ _ Private industry.----- ----------------------- $3,800 5,100 5,550 3,840 (0 (0 4,070 (95,590 4, 550 0) 4,460 5, 720 30-34 years $4,430 5,690 6,360 4,150 4,660 5, 850 4,600 6,440 6,520 4,880 5,320 5,190 6,860 35-39 years $4,680 6,060 7,280 4,460 4,820 6,250 5,150 7,330 7,790 5,010 4,970 5,440 7,980 40-44 years $4,930 6,380 8,170 4,670 5,580 6, 530 5,500 7,910 8,030 5,460 5, 860 6,180 8,890 45-49 years $5,030 6,820 8,700 4,820 5, 870 6,690 5, 570 7,750 8, 800 5, 620 6,350 5, 960 9,700 50-54 years 55-59 years $5,240 6,910 9,110 5,120 5,970 $5,550 $5,520 7,450 (9 2 10, 000+ 2 10,000+ 5,240 5,440 6,390 6,860 (9 (9 5,410 5,230 7,000 2 10,000+ (90) 5, 960 5, 970 6,670 7,400 6,400 (9 2 10, 000+ 2 10, 000+ 60-64 years (9 (9(95,440 6,500 (9 (9(9 65-69 years (9$5,580 (9 (95,280 (9 5,330 (9(9 (9 (9 (9 i Insufficient reports to compute median. j $10,000 and over. 3 There were fewer than 20 scientists in most age groups among agriculturists employed in private industry, and among engineers employed in government. AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 32 Chart 8, Salary Levels of Ph. D . Scientists W e re Highest in Private Industry M ED IAN A N D QUART1LE SALARIES O F PH.D.'S EM PLO YED EXCLUSIVELY IN PRIVATE INDUSTRY, G O VERN M EN T, O R EDUCATIO NAL INSTITUTIONS, 1948 VOUARS bOUARS YEARS OF AGE S ourc* UNITEO STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LAB OR STATISTICS tAppendix Table M EARNINGS Among Ph. D.’s under 30 years of age, the lowest salary of the top 25 percent was almost the same in government and in private industry, $5,820 and $6,050, respectively. However, among those 40 to 44 years of age, the upper-quartile salary in private industry was over $10,000 but only $7,670 in government and $6,050 in educational insti tutions. Data as to annual salaries above $10,000 are not available, but a good indication of the con tinuing advance of salaries in private industry is given by the high proportions in the older groups who earned $10,000 or more. Thirty-nine percent of the scientists between 40 and 45 years employed by business firms earned $10,000 or more a year. This proportion increased to 59 percent of the group between 55 and 60 years, and to 62 percent of those between 60 and 64 years. In contrast, the proportion of government scientists who earned $10,000 a year or more did not exceed 10 percent at any age level, and the highest propor tion in any age group of educators was 5 percent. The highest-paid scientists were found in private industry. However, the range of salaries was much greater in this type of employment than in either education or government. Some scien tists in industry were no better off than their colleagues in either government or education. By and large, however, the lower-paid scientists in private industry earned higher salaries than the lower-paid group in any other kind of employment. Salaries under $5,000 were reported by only 5 percent of the Ph. D. scientists between 50 and 65 in industry, but by 11 percent of those in govern ment. It was only among educators that the group earning under $5,000 constituted a sizable proportion—36 percent—of the doctors of philos ophy between 50 and 65 years of age. Salaries also tended to increase with age among the scientists employed in nonprofit institutions and among educators who combined employment in colleges and universities with either consulta tion or government work. Median and quartile salaries at each age level for each type of employer or combination thereof are shown in table N, page 45. Additional Professional Income of Ph. D.’s Information on the professional income that Ph. D. scientists earned in addition to their regular 33 salaries is interesting for the fight it throws on their activities and their total earnings. It also provides a desirable check on the analysis of salary differentials. As mentioned above, the scientists were asked to indicate on check fists the average amount of additional professional income they had received annually during recent years and the source of this income. Additional income was reported by 39 percent of the Ph. D.’s reporting regular salary. Another 26 percent specified that they had no additional professional income, and the remainder (about 35 percent) failed to respond.36 It is believed that many scientists in the last group did not have any added professional income.37 Consulting and teaching (in evening, extension or summer programs) were the most frequent sources of added income. About half of the scientists reporting such income derived it ex clusively from one or both of these activities; another sizable group received added income from consulting or teaching in combination with other sources. Royalties from publications were also frequently mentioned as a source of extra income. For those Ph. D .’s who supplemented their regular salaries from one or more sources, the added earnings often made a real difference in total income. Half of them earned at least $890 extra a year. One out of four received over $1,550. However, for another fourth the added pay amounted to less than $500. The proportion of scientists with extra earnings tended to be highest among those who were slightly above the bottom of the salary scale. About half (52 percent) of the group with regular salaries of $3,000 to $3,999 reported added income, compared with 45 percent of those in the $4,000 to $4,999 salary bracket and considerably lower proportions* of the groups making under $3,000 or $5,000 and above. In teams of the amount of added income received, however, it was the topsalaried scientists who made the most. Median added income ranged from $1,890 for the group with regular salaries of $10,000 or over, down to $650 for those whose salaries were under $3,000. The proportion of Ph. D .’s in each salary bracket 36 Data concerning scientists who did not report any additional income are based on a hand count of several hundred questionnaires. 37 On the questionnaire the check list for additional income was printed next to that for regular salary. It was assumed that if a scientist had both types of income, he would have reported his regular salary and then failed to indicate his added income. AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 34 who reported added income and the amount of such income are shown for each general specialty in table Q, page 48. Type of Employer Throughout the discussion of salaries, it has been repeatedly demonstrated that educators receive considerably lower salaries than scientists in either government or private industry employ ment. The scientist on the campus typically has a shorter working week and working year than his colleagues in the business world. Many people assume, therefore, that educators can and do augment their regular salaries by other employ ment to a much greater extent than is possible for scientists in government or industry. This observation seems valid to some extent among the scientists in the survey with Ph. D. degrees. A much larger proportion of the edu cators than of other scientists did supplement their salaries by earnings from other sources, though the extra income by no means made up the difference in salary levels between education and other employment. Secondary professional earnings were of minor importance to government employees and to people employed in private industry, both in the proportion who earned such income and in the median amount received. (See table 29.) In contrast, nearly half the faculty members (44 percent) had extra income, and their median added income was $810. For obvious reasons, it was the scientists who were working regularly for more than one type of employer for whom added professional income was most important. For example, 90 percent of those who combined education with consultinghad supplementary earnings, and the median sum earned was $1,260 a year. The proportion report ing added earnings was generally very large also Chart 9 . The Lo w e r Salaries of Educators W e r e N o t O ffs e t b y A d d e d Professional Incom e Ph. D.'s Reporting Added Income,, 1948 PERCENT RECEIVING A O D E D IN CO M E Median Regular Salary PRIVATE INDUSTRY $ 75 0 J& y/, ' r;;;; Median Regular Salary EDUCATIONAL t l l l l l f l f l l j l l INSTITUTIONS! i g p ■ ■ Median Added Income $ 8 10 BITTED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Sovret: ToBIb *9 EARNINGS T able 29.— A dded professional income and m edian regular salary of Ph. D .’s working for specified types of em ployers , Field of Specialization 1948 The proportion of scientists with added pro fessional income varied widely by field of speciali zation as well as by type of employer, as indicated in table 29. More than two-thirds of the Ph. D. psychologists and slightly over half of the Ph. D .’s in the earth sciences and in the general field of mathematics and statistics reported additional income. On the other hand, only about a fourth of the agricultural scientists and a third of the biologists had added professional incomes. These differences persisted when the type of employer was taken into account. Among the various specialists employed by educational insti tutions, for example, the pattern was much the same as it was for scientists in all types of em ployment taken together (table 30). However, in each general specialty, as in all fields taken to gether, the proportion of scientists reporting added income was much higher in colleges and universities than it was in government or private industry. And in every field except agriculture it was the specialists working for more than one type of employer who most often reported added income.38 The differences in added income among the various fields of specialization did not make up for the differences in salary levels discussed above. In fact, four of the five fields having the highest median salaries also fared relatively well in regard to added income (table 31). A considerable proportion of the engineers, the highest salaried Added income Type of employer Educational institution-------------------------Private industry----------------------------------Government-------------- ------------------------Foundation______________________ --Educational institution and independent consultant___________________________ Educational institution and government— Educational institution and private indus try _________________ ______ ______ Independent consultant and government- __ Independent consultant, government, and educational institution-----------------------Independent consultant and private indus try ______ ____________ ____ Median regular Percent salary report Median ing 1 $4,860 7,070 6,280 6,070 5, 570 5,710 6,170 6,720 5,530 7,710 43.9 13.9 12.2 17.8 92.2 44.9 78.2 89.6 94.1 84.1 35 $810 750 (2) 520 1,260 970 1,140 710 1,480 1, 060 1 Percents are based only on scientists reporting regular salary. 2 Less than $500. among the scientists with other combinations of employment. There was one major exception: only 45 percent of the scientists who were em ployed in both educational institutions and govern ment agencies reported any additional professional income. Some of these scientists may have failed to report because their secondary incomes were very small, and others considered money received from secondary employment a part of their regular salaries. Supplementary income compensated little for the low salary levels in education as is seen in chart 9. For some people, earnings from con sultation, teaching, or writing made a real con tribution to the family budget. For the group of educators as a whole, however, total professional income apparently was well below the average total income of scientists working in industry or government. 38 Because land grant colleges and State experimental stations are usually one unit for administrative purposes, agriculturists frequently act both as teachers and research scientists for one salary. This is probably why only a sixth of the agriculturists who reported both government and education employment also reported secondary professional income. T able 30.— Percent of Ph. D . scientists reporting added income by general field of specialization and type of em ployer , 1 9 4 8 1 Field of specialization Percent reporting ajdded income All fields--.................................. ------------------ -----------Chemistry------------------- ---------------------------------------Engineering______________-.............................................. Physics and electronics................ ......................................... Earth sciences___________________ _________________ Agriculture....... ........................................................................ Biology..................................... ............... ........................... Fields related to medicine--------------------------------------Mathematics and statistics-------------------------------------Psychology-.---------------------------------------------------1 Based upon number of scientists reporting regular salary. 2 Insufficient reports to compute median. 38.9 30.1 44.2 45.1 52.9 24.2 34.5 35.6 54.6 68.7 Educa tional institu tion 43.9 40.7 53.5 48.0 62.7 24.3 38.9 35.7 53.5 62.6 Private industry Govern ment 13.9 12.7 15.0 15.2 10.6 11.1 13.2 13.2 29.5 37.3 12.2 9.2 15.2 14.0 12.2 9.5 8.8 12.3 29.1 21.8 Other Education Education Other single and in and combina types of dependent Govern tions of employers consultant ment employers 22.6 19.0 38.5 30.3 34.6 (2)14.9 22.2 (2)26.1 92.1 93.7 93.5 92.9 91.6 91.3 88.2 83.8 88.2 94.7 44.9 40.3 (2)58.8 75.0 16.2 33.0 (2) 95.5 83.7 84.7 82.1 86.6 92.9 84.4 83.9 72.2 70.0 83.3 94.6 AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 36 Table 31.— M edian regular salary and added income of $890 900 1,260 940 1,100 0) 740 1,040 720 890 1,010 that for any other field of specialization. Scientists in medical fields, the earth sciences, and the general field of physics and electronics also fared relatively well in regard to both added income and regular salary. However, in chemistry, the field with the second highest median salary, only 30 percent of the scientists reported any extra earnings. The group with the lowest median salary, the biologists, also ranked very low in regard to additional professional income.39 specialists, reported additional income, and the median amount that they received was well above 3« There was not much variation in regard to added income among the different specific fields within the same general specialty. This was true even in specialties, such as the general field of mathematics and statistics, where considerable differences in regular salary have been observed. How ever, in civil engineering the proportion reporting added income was consider ably higher than in other branches of engineering. Ph. D .’s by general field of specialization , 1948 Field of specialization All fie ld s..____ _________________ Chemistry ______ Engineering_________ ____________ Physics and electronics___________ Earth sciences_______ _____________ Agriculture___ ___________________ Biology__________________________ Medicine.................. ............................... Fields related to medicine__________ Mathematics and statistics_________ Psychology_______________________ Median regular salary $5,720 6,030 6.960 5.960 5,710 5,660 4,940 5,830 5,420 5,060 5,320 Percent reporting added income Median amount of added income 38.9 30.1 44. 2 45.1 52.9 24.2 34.5 51.6 35.6 54.6 68.7 1 Less than $500. Appendix Tables T able A.—Number of Women Scientists in Each Specific Field of Specialization, 1948 Field of specialization Total ................................ ...................... ______ Chemistry ____ General Analytic Biochemistry Inorganic_____________________Organic Physical Engineering Aernnanti cal Chemical Civil E/lectrical M ech anical Metallurgical Mining Ordnance Power plant Physics and electronics Physics E lectron ics.----- -------------------- Number Field of specialization sciences. _ __________________ 2,520 Earth Geophysics Geography_____________________ Geology_______________________ 486 Meteorology___________________ 30 54 185 Agriculture________________________ 31 129 Biology___________________________ Bacteriology.. __________ ____ 57 General biology_________________ 7 Botany________________________ Entomology____________________ 4 Zoology_______________________ 1 Medicine. _ _______________________ Clinical. _____________________ N europsychiatry................................ Obstetrics___ ______ ______ ____ 1 Ophthalmology______________ .. 1 Pediatrics______________________ Public health. ._ __________ 91 Radiology .. __________ 87 Surgery.____ ____________ -4 Number 915 30 54 2 13 679 200 102 206 23 148 125 29 27 5 10 17 30 2 5 Field of specialization Fields related to medicine___________ Anatomy Dental medicine________________ Pathology___________ __________ Physiology......................................... Pharmacy................... ........................ Veterinary medicine ....................... Mathematics and statistics__________ Mathematics___________________ Statistics______________________ Psychology________________________ Other sciences____________________ Architecture............. ......................... Astronomy_____________________ Metallurgy. .. ______________ Military application of science __ Nutrition and foods______ ______ Manpower resources. ................... All other_____ ___ ___________ Number 226 62 3 28 112 19 2 186 165 21 323 293 1 21 4 4 158 17 88 APPENDIX TABLES T able B.—Second Specialties Reported by Scientists by Specific and General Field of First Specialty, 1948 Percent reporting a second specialty in— Total report ing second field of spe Same general cialization field Field of specialization All fields............................ ............. Chemistry ____________ General ___________ Analytic _________________ Biochemistry______________ Inorganic_________________ Organic. _ _______________ Physical__________________ Engineering. _______________ Aeronautical______________ Civil ________________ Electrical ____________ Mechanical _____________ Metallurgical_____________ Mining______ _ __________ Ordnance. _______________ Power plant_______________ Physics and electronics........... . Physics _ _________ Electronics. ___________ Earth sciences ._ ____________ Geophysics ____ Geography. _______________ Geology__________________ Meteorology______________ Agriculture __________ Biology _ __________ Bacteriology______________ Biology, general—................... _________ Botany Entomology.______________ Zoology _______________ Medicine ____ ___________ Clinical.. ________________ N europsychiatry__________ Obstetrics___ ___________ Ophthalmology____________ Pediatrics________________ Public health_____________ Radiology________________ Surgery ____________ Fields related to medicine______ Anatomy________ ________ Dental medicine. _________ Pathology__ _____________ Physiology. ____________ Pharmacv-pharmacology.. __ Veterinary medicine.______ Mathematics and statistics_____ Mathematics__________ _ Statistics _______ ______ Psychology _ _ _ ___________ Other.. _____________ Architecture______________ Astronomy______ ________ Metallurgy_______________ Military application of science. Nutrition and foods_____ _ Manpower resources _____ All other-------------------------- Same Num Per spe ber cent cific field Other spe cific field 50.7 42.0 28.1 23.0 38.7 26.2 56.4 36.2 45.9 53.8 42.3 61.9 55.4 41.2 26.0 26.7 26.0 37.2 60.4 63.0 49.4 70.9 21.6 77.7 81.7 57.1 33.5 53.9 56. 6 27.7 58.8 71.4 54.8 54.2 55.4 69.2 81.8 63.9 58.7 34.7 49.4 42.7 54.7 59.9 63.5 62.2 40.1 58.0 71.2 72.2 75.1 54.6 80.3 36.0 8.7 56.8 60.1 15.7 35.3 34.0 22.9 15.2 25.8 37.9 43.1 14.5 41.9 22.8 23.4 17.2 25.2 15.5 8.3 8.2 31.5 16.8 20.0 26.6 42.6 8.3 5.9 18.4 10.7 24.1 13.3 6.9 14.3 22.1 12.2 37.2 20.0 18.6 27.3 12.6 8.5 8.3 7.8 9.6 15.3 17.7 22.0 22.1 12.5 15.0 8.6 9.9 14.1 12.1 8.2 5.7 4.2 14.6 5.2 4.3 3.0 2.3 13.4 1.7 5.7 7.6 i 38,820 9,733 940 1,529 702 3,793 2,260 4' 496 214 1,777 '627 736 593 131 135 154 129 3,299 2,669 630 2,017 291 255 1,338 133 2,175 5, 592 1,391 977 1, 518 773 933 2,426 1,016 302 115 83 150 294 91 375 2, 564 514 104 445 795 522 184 1, 771 1,518 253 1,516 3,231 23 199 551 134 513 917 894 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 io o o Other general fields All Phys Fields Math other Chem Enics and Earth Agri Biol Medi related emat Psy ics chol gigen istry neer- elec sci cul ogy cine to and Other eral medi tron ences ture ogy ing ics fields cine statis tics 34.1 32.2 34.0 33.9 46.8 31.9 20.8 40.4 36.9 21.0 42.2 29.8 36.4 27.3 57.2 53.3 47.4 20.2 31.3 31.1 32.2 18.4 54.3 9.0 11.4 28.6 66.5 24.0 31.2 35.1 21.2 10.0 17.9 33.2 36.1 22.5 10.4 26.5 26.0 47.6 28.6 35.2 32.8 25.1 27.9 27.9 45.8 29.9 20.6 22.1 20.7 30.8 19.7 58.8 87.0 .40.2 37.6 70.9 63.0 60.3 69.5 1 Excludes 2,916 scientists who failed to report a second specialty and 1 Scientist failing to report either a first or second specialty. 37 4.6 4.4 5.5 7.9 4.0 .8 8.0 5.6 8.0 4.3 1.2 1.7 6.6 1.0 1.3 4.7 1.2 2.5 7.4 2.2 2.1 .1 2.1 .6 6.4 3.7 1.3 2.3 .4 .9 18.1 1.3 .6 9.1 9.6 2.5 .7 8.4 1.9 .5 19.2 4.3 .9 .6 1.1 3.3 7.3 2.6 29.1 .7 .5 8.3 .3 3.0 .8 1.5 3.8 7.4 3.7 32.6 9.1 21.4 .7 10.2 4.6 .8 4.6 11.6 1.7 (2) 5. 2 9.3 1.7 (2) 1.9 1.7 21.6 1.4 6.3 3. 5 1.7 4.5 17. 2 17.9 .8 .3 1.2 5.1 .1 6.0 11.3 1.5 .2 2.2 10.5 3.4 .2 .6 4.0 .8 7.3 .1 .2 4.2 7.9 .4 3.4 3.2 .8 11.0 .1 .1 1.2 12.5 4.4 . 1 5.0 1.4 .3 .6 .1 1.8 1.8 .4 .2 .1 3.0 .4 4.2 .3 .3 .3 .3 1.2 3.6 7.3 3.4 3.7 1.0 .7 4.4 2.2 1.3 .3 .4 7.2 .5 1.0 .6 .2 .4 2.9 1.0 2.9 1.0 .2 2.0 .5 9.8 .6 .5 .9 17.0 .8 .6 .5 7.1 .5 5.3 7.7 1.0 .3 .1 .3 5.7 8.9 .6 1.6 3.2 .4 3.6 1.6 .1 .3 .3 14.9 13.7 10.3 2.0 1.9 13.0 30.4 13.0 17.4 4.4 1.5 3.5 22.1 1.5 9.8 23.2 3.1 .4 .2 11.9 13.4 7.5 6.0 1.5 36.3 1.8 .4 4.9 14.0 19.3 8.1 1.8 2.2 10.2 10.8 20.5 3.6 1.4 2 Less than 0.05 percent. 4.7 3.2 3.7 2.9 11.0 .4 2.0 .9 .5 .7 .5 .3 .5 .7 .7 1.3 1.5 .5 2.3 .7 3.1 2.5 2.3 34.5 6.6 7.3 .7 4.8 5.3 18.4 9.9 2.1 12.9 16.7 2.9 13.3 16.5 5.9 10.8 1.1 .4 5.1 .6 4.4 4.4 4.5 7.0 3.4 7.7 1.6 .9 1.4 1.1 3.4 .3 .2 .3 .6 .3 2.7 .1 .3 3.1 3.3 2.7 1.9 12.1 .4 2.4 .4 .2 .4 2.2 0.6 .l 1.8 2.0 .2 2.0 .3 .3 2.4 .4 1.4 ( 2 ) .1 3.2 3.3 (2) 6.0 3.2 3.7 g2.7 .2 3.5 .2 2.2 5.8 .5 .2 5.7 .2 .2 .5 .2 6.6 .3 .3 2.1 .1 1.2 ( 2 ) .3 3.4 .3 .4 .4 .7 5.3 .5 1.4 4.1 .3 .2 2. 7 5. 5 .5 8.4 6.1 .3 1.7 11.2 1.6 .2 .1 .3 .7 .2 .1 .5 1.4 .8 9.9 .3 .4 16.1 .6 2.8 20.5 .4 6.6 .3 13.3 9.5 4.8 7.3 6.7 2.0 7.2 4.4 3. 7 6.6 29.1 .3 .5 6.6 .7 (2) 5. 2 .4 8.6 8.5 1.6 .1 1.1 9.1 4.2 .2 1.1 .4 .2 1.1 .1 .5 2.7 1.2 4.7 6.0 1.6 4.7 1.9 3.9 3.0 2.8 4.4 .5 , 2 11.1 .2 .5 9.0 10.’4 4.5 2.2 2.3 9.7 .2 .4 1.5 2.9 1.6 5. 5 2.5 3.6 5.4 3.8 5.7 8. 5 77 10.0 16.4 8.6 5.6 7. 5 10.4 4. 2 12.6 8.6 27 10.2 51.9 6. 7 9.7 46 5.5 5.9 3! 8 3.1 8.3 4! 7 1.8 1.5 9.4 2. 2 4.0 1.6 1. 6 1.2 2. 2 3.0 3.1 1.0 .9 4.8 4.7 5.1 5.5 1.6 3.5 1.6 8.6 1.8 7. 2 1. 2 1.1 4. 5 4.1 6. 7 6.1 AMERICAN MEN QF SCIENCE 38 T able C.—Percent of Scientists in Each Age Group by General Field of Specialization and Highest Degree Earned, 1948 Highest degree earned by general specialty Total reporting age Under 30 30-34 years years Number Percent All fields— . ........... ....................................................... i 41,384 Bachelor or none___________ __________ 4,752 M aster .............................................................. 6,315 M. D ........................................ .. ........ .......... .. 4,427 Ph. D . _______ ____________ _________ _________ 25,815 Other degree and no report_____________ 75 Chemistry__________I. ------------------------------------ 10, 547 Bachelor or none............................... . 1,044 Master....... ......................................... ............ 1,098 133 M. D ............. ........... ................ — ........................ Ph. D ___________ _______ _______ ______________ 8,265 Other degree and no report_________ 7 Engineering.!________________ !.............................. 4,861 Bachelor or none........ ......... ............ ............ 1,618 Master___________________________ 1,599 6 M. D __________________ ______________ Ph. D _____________ _________________ — 1, 622 Other degree and no report—....... ............ 16 Physics and electronics------------------------------------- 3,413 Bachelor or none.--------------- --------------------------361 617 Master.-------------------------------------------------------------9 M. D ________ _____________________ Ph . D _____ ______ __________________ 2,420 Other degree and no report_________ 6 Earth sciences------------------------------------------------------ - 2,070 Bachelor or none-------------------------------------------293 453 Master............................................................... 2 M. D .............. ....................... .................... Ph. D ______ ________________ _________ _ 1,317 Other degree and no report_________ 5 Agriculture_________________ _________ — - 2,409 Bachelor or none................................... 263 787 Master......... ........ .................................... .. M. D ................................................ — 6 Ph. D _____________________ ______ 1,347 Other degree and no report_________ 6 Biology.-------- ---------------------------------- 5,767 Bachelor or none............ ........................ 337 715 Master................. .................................... M. D..................................................... 332 Ph. D ___________ ______________ 4,368 Other degree and no report_________ 15 Medicine-------------------------------------- 2,831 Bachelor or none _________________ 27 30 Master _____ __________________ M. D ____________________________ 2,579 192 Ph. D _______ ______________________ Ofhfir and nn report 3 Fields related to medicine--------------------------------- 2,644 Bachelor or none______ ______ ___________ 73 102 Master________________ ______ _________ M. D _______________________________ 1,236 Ph. D ____________________ __________ 1,232 Othp.r rjp.grpp and no rppnrt ............ .. 1 Mathematics and statistics........................... .. 1,913 66 Bachelor or none-------------------------------------------246 Master..----------------------------------------------- -----------6 M. D ______ _______________________ Ph. D_______________________ ______ _ 1, 594 1 Othpp d«gro« and no report Psychology ____________________________ __________ 1, 570 13 Bachelor or none____________________________ 64 Master----------------------------------------------18 M. D ______________________ ________ Ph. D . . ____ ____ _________ __________ 1,473 Other degree and no report_________ 2 Other.------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- 3,359 656 Bachelor or none..----------------- ---------------------604 Master.......................................... ............ M. D__....... ................ ............................... 100 Ph. D ___________________________ 1,986 13 Other degree and no report_________ i Excludes 353 scientists not reporting age. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 166.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 6.3 11.6 7.0 1.9 5.9 10.5 16.3 9.7 6.8 9.9 6.5 9.0 5.5 16.7 5.1 10.6 28.8 13.6 7.1 3.9 8.9 8.4 1.3 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 3.6 5.0 7.5 3.3 2.9 1.2 3.3 1.2 1.0 3.1 9.6 4.9 2.4 3.2 5.8 21.2 5.3 5.3 5.7 7.7 17.2 5.3 4.4 9.3 3.2 3.0 3.2 35-39 years 16.9 15.5 15.0 8.9 19.0 24.0 19.0 22.3 20.3 24.9 15.2 14.6 11.4 19.6 21.0 20.8 21.7 44.5 20.8 15.0 17.1 22.1 12.1 10.8 6.1 7.9 16.7 13.4 15.3 10.4 11.8 14.8 16.3 6.1 11.1 10.0 6.0 6.2 14.1 21.9 15.7 11.7 15.9 14.6 9.1 9.8 15.6 15.0 23.0 15.6 15.1 14.9 15.1 14.2 13.0 15.2 17.3 13.7 14.5 14.0 19.3 19.5 15.7 17.8 27.1 20.1 15.6 12.9 13.3 20.6 18.5 15.2 15.9 19.8 16.9 13.0 16.8 17.8 . 13.9 9.1 9.6 17.3 17.8 11.3 14.1 17.5 19.0 12.7 11.1 6.7 12.5 16.2 18.1 12.3 13.7 15.1 21.9 i5.9 13.6 13.8 16.4 16.4 7.7 14.1 5.6 16.8 18.3 15.4 16.7 15.0 20.0 i 40-44 years 16.7 12.9 13.5 15.9 18.3 IB. 5 12.5 12.9 12.8 16.3 15.5 12.9 14.6 19.4 16.2 11.6 13.8 11.1 17.5 19.7 19.1 13.7 22.1 14.5 9.1 11.4 16.7 17.4 18.4 11.6 14.8 17.5 19.6 15.3 14.8 10.0 15.2 18.8 19.3 8.2 14.7 17.4 22.1 16.3 4.6 8.1 33.3 18.0 17.3 15.4 6.2 18.1 18.1 14.8 14.9 19.0 20.1 45-49 years 13.1 11.5 13.4 14.9 13.1 16.5 10.5 8.6 10.5 10.8 13.1 12.6 14.3 16.7 12.4 12.0 8.0 10.5 22.2 12.9 16.4 8.5 11.0 15.3 14.6 10.3 15.5 16.7 14.9 13.8 14.5 15.8 13.0 13.5 15.9 11.1 23.3 15.3 23.4 14.2 12.3 14.7 14.3 14.3 14.7 7.6 13.0 16.7 15.3 14.0 15.4 7.8 27.7 14.0 15.7 12.6 18.7 23.0 15.4 50-54 years 10.5 10.2 11.6 14.6 9.6 8.5 10.2 9.0 8.3 8.2 11.1 10.6 14.1 16.7 8.6 8.0 5.3 8.8 11.1 8.2 10.8 9.6 9.7 11.5 14.8 14.4 15.1 16.7 14.6 10.3 12.8 10.9 8.4 10.2 16.8 22.3 10.0 16.8 16.7 10.5 9.6 7.8 12.7 8.5 10.1 10.6 13.4 16.7 9.5 10.7 7.7 4.7 5.6 11.1 10.6 8.8 11.6 11.0 10.7 55-59 years 8.4 10.2 11.0 12.0 6.8 5.4 7.2 8.6 6.0 4.8 9.2 10.7 10.7 6.4 5.6 4.2 7.6 5.4 8.5 6.8 7.5 50.0 9.1 13.9 23.2 16.9 10.4 9.5 15.7 11.8 10.8 8.5 13.3 14.8 33.4 13.4 8.9 9.2 2.8 19.6 10.4 7.4 8.6 16.6 11.8 33.3 7.7 9.8 77 18.8 22.2 9.2 8.3 11.0 9.6 5.0 7.2 60-64 years 5.8 7.1 7.9 9.1 4.5 3.4 4.3 6.1 3.0 2.9 6.7 7.8 8.3 3.9 4.0 3.0 4.4 4.1 5.6 8.9 5.3 4.9 9.0 14.0 12.7 5.9 6.7 9.8 7.3 8.4 6.2 9.5 7.4 3^3 10.0 4.7 6.3 11.0 5.9 8.5 3.9 7.3 4.6 14.6 6.3 6.4 10.9 22.2 6.0 5.6 7.1 7.8 5.0 4.5 65-69 70 years years and over 3.2 4.4 4.1 5.0 2.3 1.8 2.0 3.6 3.0 1.5 4.4 5.3 5.4 49.9 2!l 2.6 1.7 2.4 11.1 2.7 4.2 6.1 3.1 4.1 4.4 8.4 6.0 33.2 2.5 2.8 5.3 3.6 2.1 2.4 5.6 3.7 5.8 3.6 3.2 8.2 2.0 4.3 2.0 4.8 9.1 6.9 4.3 2.7 7.7 1.6 5.6 2.6 2.6 3.5 1.8 3.0 2.5 1.8 2.9 2.0 3.7 1.2 .9 2.3 1.4 2.2 .6 2.7 3.6 2.4 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.4 50.0 L8 1.4 2.7 2.2 .8 1.8 3.6 2.4 4.2 1.4 3.6 3.7 3.8 .5 2.0 4.1 1.0 3.2 .8 1.9 3.0 3.3 1.6 2.0 7.7 3.*1 11.1 1.8 1.5 2.4 1.5 3.0 1.2 APPENDIX TABLES 39 T able D —Number of Women Scientists by Age Group, Level of Education, and General Field of Specialization, 1948 Field of specialization and highest degree earned Total Under 30-34 35-39 40-44 reporting 30 years years years age years All fields . Bachelor or none----------- ------Master_____________________ M. D ______________________ Ph. D _____________________ Other degree and no report-----Chemistry--------------------------Bachelor or none-------------Master-------------------------M. D__________________ Ph. D __________________ Other degree and no report. Engineering________________ Bachelor or none-------------Master---- ---------------------M. D— _________________ Ph. D_________________ Other degree and no report. Physics and electronics----------Bachelor or none-------------Master--------------------------M. D ___________________ Ph. r>___________________ Other degree and no report.. Earth sciences.--------------------Bachelor or none-------------Master__________________ M. D— _________________ Ph. D ___________________ Other degree and no report.. Agriculture..-----------------------Bachelor or none-------------Master---- ------- -------------M. D ___________________ Ph. D __________________ Other degree and no report.. Biology_____________________ Bachelor or none_________ Master__________________ M. D___ _______________ Ph. D ___________________ Other degree and no report. Medicine----------------------------Bachelor or none_________ Master_________________ M. D ___________________ Ph. D ___________________ Other degree and no report. Fields related to medicine-------Bachelor or none-------------Master--------------------------M. D— . ________________ Ph. D __________________ Other degree and no report. Mathematics and statistics-----Bachelor or none-------------Master__________________ M. D__________________ Ph. D ___________________ Other degree and no report. Psychology_________________ Bachelor or none_________ Master_________________ M. D __________________ Ph. D __________________ Other degree and no report. Other______________________ Bachelor or none------------Master------------------------M. D __________________ Ph. D ___ ______________ Other degree and no report. Excludes 105 women scientists not reporting date of birth. i 2,415 109 277 139 1,886 4 465 29 48 7 381 4 10 72 84 5 22 57 12 308 9 25 20 253 1 61 1 4 2 54 2 405 14 32 19 340 77 3 6 1 67 2 1 407 15 48 26 317 1 71 3 9 59 1 1 11 2 16 2 II II 7 1 3 3 16 4 12 3 1 10 1 9 11 1 8 1 7 14 1 4 9 3 1 2 105 7 18 80 24 194 30 32 4 128 64 14 8 42 262 13 21 10 218 67 5 4 58 I I 1 9 3 5 4 1 2 1 1 655 40 96 13 504 2 117 1 3 75 51 4 13 1 33 2 78 3 5 1 69 6 2 6 215 7 14 37 157 181 3 25 153 313 3 14 5 290 1 280 16 41 12 1 1 10 15 2 2 11 25 1 3 21 11 5 2 4 21 2 3 3 13 15 2 2 220 1 years 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70and years years years years years over I§ 34 2 32 22 2 2 18 I 10 1 12 31 1 125 6 15 3 101 17 1 10 6 43 3 1 5 34 29 3 26 46 31 30 2 3 25 45 44 4 40 3 90 5 11 3 70 1 15 12 3 31 1 3 27 13 1 1 12 12 39 3 11 25 35 2 33 47 2 1 2 42 60 2 9 1 47 1 358 13 44 19 282 65 2 8 1 54 256 5 42 23 186 32 8 2 22 138 3 21 12 102 18 1 17 60 4 9 2 43 2 17 27 3 3 4 17 3 6 1 2 12 11 1 3 7 12 4 8 1 8 1 7 5 3 2 1 1 4 1 4 1 32 3 2 1 26 7 14 1 5 1 6 1 1 4 1 1 2 3 12 10 2 1 7 4 3 1 99 7 17 1 74 22 1 11 10 26 2 6 18 27 4 23 50 2 48 43 2 6 35 1 57 3 10 1 43 20 2 14 4 22 2 4 16 19 4 15 47 3 1 43 35 1 6 1 27 6 1 12 3 9 18 5 13 18 1 2 15 20 8 12 1 31 1 1 8 2 6 16 9 1 12 1 1 10 2 1 6x 1 4 2 1 1 5 1 4 31 2 AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 40 T able E.— Percent of Scientists in Each Specific Field of Specialization by Highest Degree Earned, 1948 Field of specialization All fields........................................ . Chemistry___________________ General...................................... Analytic. _____ __________ Biochemistry______________ Inorganic__________________ Organic___________________ Physical__________________ Engineering___________________ Aeronautical_______________ Chemical_________________ Civil..______ _____________ Electrical__________________ Mechanical________________ Metallurgical__________ ____ Mining__ ________________ Ordnance_________________ Power plant_____ __________ Physics and electronics_________ Physics___________________ Electronics________________ Earth sciences_________________ Geophysics_____ ___________ Geography._______ ________ Geology.______ ____________ Meteorology-.................. .......... Agriculture----------------------------Biology.--------------------------------Bacteriology_______________ General biology____________ Botany____ ______ ________ Entomology_______________ Zoology___________________ Medicine_____________________ Clinical medicine_______ .... Neuropsychiatry___________ Obstetrics_________________ Opthalmology______________ Pediatrics_____ ____________ Public health__ ___________ Radiology_____ ____________ Surgery...................... ............... Fields related to medicine_______ Anatomy__________________ Dental medicine___________ Pathology_________________ Physiology________________ Pharmacy-pharmacology____ Veterinary medicine________ Mathematics and statistics______ Mathematics_______________ Statistics__________________ Psychology_________ ______ ___ Other________________________ Architecture_______________ Astronomy.............................. Metallurgy.............. ................... Military application of science Nutrition and foods.................. Manpower resources________ All other and no report______ *9 Total reporting imber i 41,674 10,621 679 1,020 1,594 762 4,135 2,431 4,892 220 1,975 693 783 649 137 148 157 130 3,435 2,804 631 2,083 292 262 1,392 137 2,421 5,805 1, 418 1,003 1,603 819 962 2,856 1,164 325 117 93 171 319 115 552 2,663 527 116 478 814 538 190 1,929 1,673 256 1,588 3,381 24 211 568 134 524 918 1,002 1Does not include 63 persons not reporting level of education. 9Less than 0.05 percent. Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Bachelor’s degree or no degree 11.6 _ 17.1 23.4 4.4 17.1 7.7 7.5 33.4 29.5 34.1 35.4 29.9 33.4 40.1 35.1 30.6 33.1 10.8 7.4 26.0 14.2 31.2 4.2 11.4 24.8 11.0 5.9 4.8 4.3 2.6 13.4 8.0 1.0 .4 2.1 .6 4.1 4.3 .5 2.9 2.1 4.3 .6 .9 8.9 1.1 3.5 2.3 11.7 .8 19.6 4.2 8.1 31.0 26.9 11.4 21.5 17.5 Master’s degree 15.3 10.4 14.0 *19.5 6.8 15.3 9.3 8.3 33.1 32.3 22.6 45.7 41.2 44.7 28.5 37.9 21.6 33.1 18.1 15.8 28.8 22.0 25.0 15.3 21.5 34.3 32.9 12.4 8.2 10.6 10.8 23.1 14.4 1.1 .4 .3 .8 1.1 6.9 3.8 3.8 .9 1.1 2.6 10.1 .5 13.0 12.7 14.4 4.2 18.0 54.1 12.3 24.6 16.4 11.3 19.8 16.6 Ph. D. 62.4 78.4 67.6 56.8 81.8 67.6 82.8 84.1 33.3 37.3 43.2 18.5 28.5 21.9 31.4 27.0 47.8 33.8 70.7 76.6 44.5 63.7 43.8 80.5 67.0 40.2 55.9 75.9 67.0 82.2 86.5 62.9 75.7 6.8 2.2 13.5 .8 26.9 2.9 26.0 6.1 .7 46.7 65.5 8.6 9.0 66.2 54.8 6.3 83.2 84.9 72.3 93.8 59.3 41.7 78.2 44.4 44.0 74.4 54.6 62.6 M. D. Other 10.7 — 1.3 .2 7.0 .2 .1 .1 .9 .1 .1 .3 .3 .2 .5 .1 .1 .7 .2 5.8 19.9 2.9 .1 .6 1.8 91.1 97.0 86.2 98.4 69.9 96. 5 63.0 89.6 98.6 46.6 28.6 86.2 89.3 30.3 26.2 92.1 .3 .1 1.6 1.1 3.0 .9 12.7 2.9 4.0 3.2 (2) (2) (2) 0.1 .1 .3 .1 (2) .1 .2 (2) .1 (2) .1 .2 .1 .1 .5 .1 .1 APPENDIX TABLES T able 41 F.—Percentage Distribution of Bachelor’s Degrees by Period of Degree and Region of Degree, 1948 Region of bachelor’s degree Year of bachelor’s degree 1 B efore 1900 1901-05 l 1906-10 1911-15 1916-20 1921-25 1926-30 1931-35 1936-40 Percentage distribution New England__ _______________________ Middle Atlantic..___________ ____ South_____________________ ___________ North Central________________ _______ Mountain and Plains. _______________ Pacific________________________________ Total United States____________________ Total number reporting 12_ --------------------- 24.0 19.1 8.1 32.3 9 .9 6 .6 100.0 566 16.5 18.3 11.0 37.1 12.1 5 .0 100.0 1,073 16.8 19.0 9 .1 34.9 14.3 5 .9 100.0 2,069 14.3 21.4 10.5 33.4 13.3 7.1 100.0 3,068 13.5 21.2 12.3 32.5 12.7 7 .8 100.0 3,803 12.2 20.5 12.7 32.4 13.1 9 .1 100.0 4,828 11.2 19.4 13.1 32.7 13.4 10.2 11.5 22.5 12.9 31 .4 11.5 10.2 100.0 6 , 276 100.0 6,608 10.7 24.0 12.8 31.7 10.8 10.0 100.0 6 , 629 1Year of bachelor’s degree was computed by subtracting age shown on questionnaire from 1948 and adding 22 years, at which age it was assumed the average college graduate earned his degree. 2 The total number reporting, 34,920, excludes 2,501 earning degrees after 1940, 307 scientists failing to report date of birth, 3,636 who did not report region of bachelor’s degree, and 373 scientists who did not receive bachelor’s degree. T able G.—Percentage Distribution of Ph. D . Degrees by Decade of Degree and Area of Degree, 1948 Area of Ph. D. degree Decade of Ph. D. degree 1900-09 1910-19 1920-29 1930-39 1940-49 Percentage distribution New England____________________ ________ Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont............... Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut. Middle Atlantic___________________________ New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania____ Maryland, District of Columbia, Delaware. Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee___________________ South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi..____ __________________________ Florida----------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas----------------------------------------------------------North Central_____ ___________________________________________________________ Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan_____________________________________________ Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin_________________________________________________ Mountain and Plains-------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ------- --------Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri_________________________________________________ North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, Utah. Arizona, New Mexico______________________________________________________ Pacific---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Washington, Oregon________________________________________________ _______ California_____________________ ________________________________ __________ Total............................................................................................. ......................................... Total number reporting2_______________________________________________________ 28.6 28.6 42.4 28.6 13.8 2.5 2.5 20.0 .1 19.9 38.0 30.7 7.3 1.4 1.0.1 14.0 .1 13.9 30.7 23.6 7.1 2.0 1.3 13.9 13.9 27.4 22.4 5.0 4.8 3.4 12.3 0)12.3 24.4 15.9 3.9 3.2 25.7 15.4 3.4 2.7 8.0 9.7 1.3 8.4 8.8 .1 23.2 4.1 5.8 3.3 0).2 O .2 1.2 41.1 2.3 40.3 16.6 4.2 .3 33.0 25.2 7.8 4.6 4.6 5.5 .1 5.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 283 1,353 4,210 9,618 9,290 20.8 1.1 1.1 2.1 1.8.3 .6 42.4 25.5 16.9 2.5 2.1.4 O. ‘t. .4 .6 .1 .1.6 10.1 1.3 1 Less than 0.05 percent. 2 The 24,754 scientists reporting excludes 45 scientists receiving Ph. D. degree before 1900, 6 who failed to report year of degree, and 1,203 who did not report region of degree. AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 42 T a b le H.—Percent of Scientists Engaged in Various Functions by General Field of Specialization 1 Function Total Physics Chem Engi and Earth Agri Biol Medi sci culture istry neering elec ences ogy cine tronics Fields related to medi cine Mathe matics and Other statis chology tics Total................................. .......................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Only one function reported—...................................... 23.1 27.2 15.3 28.1 VIA 15.4 25.8 17.8 17.7 31.2 14.1 'Research___________________________ ____ 12.6 22.1 4.5 14.8 6.4 9.9 15.5 3.8 9.3 3.2 7.7 Teaching.. ................. _____________ _______ 6.4 3.7 4.4 11.1 4.5 2.9 8.3 6.9 22.0 7.1 8.7 1.7 .3 Administration.................................................... 1.0 .2 .8 1.0 .4 1.9 .5 .4 .7 .9 .5 Development......................................................... .1 3.7 (2)1.8 .1 .1.1 .1 .1 .5 .51 .2 .2 Production_____ ________________________ 2 .3 .2 .6 . 2 Other____________________ _____ ________ 1.3 .4 .2 5.3 1.1 1.3 1.4 £7 .5 .*9 .8 More than one function reported............................... 76.9 72.8 84.7 71.9 82.6 84.6 74.2 82.2 82.3 68.8 85.9 Research and teaching________________ ____ 19.4 20.3 4.2 18.1 15.2 15.9 27.5 19.5 34.3 35.0 21.4 Research, teaching, and administration.............. 9.4 8.0 3.0 6.6 5.7 16.2 10.1 17.0 20.2 7.2 13.3 Research and administration_______ ________ 3.2 4.6 7.6 3.4 4.2 3.7 5.8 1.4 3.0 1.4 1.7 Research and development________ _________ 3.9 9.2 1.0 5.7 8.1 1.3 .7 .4 1.2 .7 .8 Teaching and administration_______________ 2.8 1.0 2.1 4.9 2.0 2.2 3.0 4.7 2.9 5.2 8.6 Research, development, and administration___ 2.7 3.5 4.3 1.3 6.6 .5 .7 .2 .8 .5 1.4 Research, teaching, administration, and de 2.5 1.9 4.3 velopment_____________________________ 5.6 1.4 1.2 .7 1.1 1.8 1.0 7.5 2.4 2.3 5.4 5.6 .5 Research, development, and teaching____ ____ 1.0 .8 .7 1.1 .9 5.0 Research, development, production, and admin 2.1 2.0 istration_____ _________ _______________ 2.7 6.8 .5 .7 .6 .1 .3 .3 .4 Research, teaching, administration, develop2.0 2.1 4.6 1.6 . ment, and production........................................ .7 2.6 .8 .7 .9 1.1 3.0 25.1 17.7 34.9 12.1 51.3 37.6 24.1 36.3 16.3 11.7 26.1 Other combinations............... .............................. Total number reporting.___ ______ _______ _____ 841,668 10,611 4,901 3,432 2,086 2,425 5,813 2,846 2,659 1,928 1,587 100.0 28.8 10.2 2.3 13.9 .7 .3 L4 71.2 9.3 7.0 6.4 4.0 2.1 4.0 2.5 1.7 3.3 2.8 28.1 3,380 1Information reported in 1948, but applies also to other years. 2 Less than 0.05 percent. 8 Excludes 69 scientists not reporting functions. T a b le I.—Percent of Scientists in Each Specific Field of Specialization by Type of Employer, 1948 Field of specialization Total reporting Educa Educa Educa Private Govern Founda Consult tion and tion and Other tion industry ment tion ant consult Govern Number Percent ant ment All fields...................................................................... i 41,733 Chemistry................................................................... 10,625 682 General________________________________ Analytic...................................___....................... 1,020 Biochemistry...................................................... 1,594 Inorganic.............................................................. 763 Organic............................................................ 4,135 Physical................................................................ 2,431 Engineering................................................................ 4,906 220 Aeronautical............ .......................................... Chemical................................................... ........ 1,976 Civil___ _______ ________ __________ _____ 696 788 Electrical............................................................ 652 Mechanical. _______ ___________________ 138 Metallurgical____________________________ Mining ________ __________________ 149 157 Ordnance______________________ _________ 130 Power plant. ___________________________ Physics and electronics_______ ______________— 3,439 2,807 Physics_______________ ___________ _____ 632 Electronics............... .......................................... Earth sciences_________________ ____________ _ 2,089 293 Geophysics________ _____ _______________ 262 Geography...................... ...................................... Geology..... ........................................................... 1,394 140 Meteorology_____________________________ Agriculture.......................... ....................................... 2,427 Biology---- ------------------------- ----------------------- 5,818 B acteriology................................... ..................... 1,420 Biology.................... ........................................... 1,005 Botany.............................................................. 1, 603 822 Entomology................... ............................. ........ 968 Zoology................................................................. Medicine..................................... .............................. 2,857 1,164 Clinical....... ......................... -............................. 325 Neuropsychiatry.................................................. Obstetrics_______________________________ 117 Ophthalmology__________________________ 93 Pediatrics____________________ __________ 171 Public health___________________ ________ 319 115 Radiology_______________ _______________ Surgery________________________________ 553 See footnote at end of table. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 37.4 27.7 24.0 29.9 42.0 38.7 19.7 28.5 18.3 20.0 8.8 28.2 28.4 26.7 6.5 12.1 14.7 26.9 43.3 48.7 19.4 29.9 15.7 68.7 25.7 30.0 45.1 53.7 41.0 64.1 57.8 35.8 70.2 22.6 24.8 15.4 21.4 23.6 21.6 19.7 28.7 23.2 27.1 50.1 51.8 38.2 26.2 42.7 63.7 49.7 43.8 20.0 67.5 9.0 38.6 31.9 51.4 32.2 23.6 30.8 26.7 22.4 45.6 16.3 30.0 1.1 17.4 5.0 7.9 9.3 19.3 3.7 7.9 10.1 2.2 7.3 7.1 5.6 6.9 7.5 5.9 8.2 13.9 7.6 13.5 8.9 10.6 16.2 13.0 6.4 5.8 8.7 12.0 32.3 6.1 22.8 8.0 6.7 7.2 18.8 50.3 11.5 12.8 11.6 17.9 26.6 31.4 11.1 26.3 48.6 29.4 20.8 18.8 15.8 20.5 39.6 13.2 7.5 4.6 7.1 5.4 2.9 33.5 5.2 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.6 3.3 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.0 .9 2.2 .4 .2 2.8 14.5 1.9 6.2 1.1 1.3 .2 1.2 1.4 .4 1.4 .7 3.1 3.3 3.1 2.2 1.6 5.5 2.0 2.2 .9 .8 .6 6.9 .9 .7 1.4 .9 3.2 1.1 .5 .9 .8 .7 3.9 .9 3.0 7.6 2.8 4.0 4.4 11.4 .6 4.6 .9 .9 .9 4.6 3.4 .8 6.0 .7 1.4 .6 .5 .4 .7 .7 .8 .7 .5 .9 1.1 2.9 .3 .6 6.8 5.2 3.1 7.6 5.7 5.7 4.2 6.1 12.9 18.2 6.5 22.6 14.9 20.5 8.0 15.4 .6 16 2 9! 3 9.8 7.4 10.7 8.9 9.5 11.8 57 4.’9 3.6 4.4 5.1 2.9 2.1 3.1 2.7 2.2 4.3 .8 5.4 4.1 4.7 1.7 1.4 2.4 .9 1.0 1.4 2.4 .9 .3 .6 .8 2.3 .6 .9 1.0 .3 2.0 l.Z 1.4 1.4 1.6 3.8 1.7 3.4 4.4 2.1 8.1 4.6 3.9 3.2 6.1 7.7 1.9 3.0 2.3 4.9 .8 2.9 8.2 17 1.4 9.2 4.0 3.7 3.0 6.9 2.6 3.5 3.8 6.3 5.4 5.3 8.5 6.1 7.1 8.0 8! 1 7^0 38 A5 3.9 7.0 6.9 7.5 5.0 7.0 7.9 2! 5 4.3 8.8 4.6 1.9 2.4 3.1 54.2 56.3 60.9 69.3 57 0 59.'1 18.5 47.9 62! 6 APPENDIX TABLES T a b le 43 I.—Percent of Scientists in Each Specific Field of Specialization by Type of Employer, 1948— Continued Field of specialization Fields related to medicine_____ _________ ______ Anatomy________________________________ Dental medicine __ _ _ ________ Pathology__________________ _____________ Physiology_______________ _______________ Pharmacy, pharmacology__________________ Veterinary medicine __ ___________________ Mathematics and statistics____________ ________ M at hematics__________________________ Statistics ____________________________ Psychology------- ----------------------- ------------------Other______________________________________ Architecture______________________ ,_______ Astronomy________________________ ______Metallurgy_______________________________ Military application of science______________ Nutrition and foods----------------------------------Manpower resources---------------------------------All others and no report------------------------------ Educa Educa Educa Private Govern Founda Consult tion and tion and tion industry ment tion ant consult Govern Number Percent ment ant Total reporting 2,663 526 116 478 814 539 190 1,929 1,673 256 1,589 3,391 24 212 569 136 524 920 1,006 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 57.2 83.5 43.1 28.0 68.5 41.9 61.7 73.4 80.0 30.5 54.4 28.6 25.0 74.5 13.4 17.6 35.5 14.0 39.1 11.9 1.7 3.4 13.2 7.5 30.6 8.4 6.0 4.8 13.7 4.6 33.0 8.3 3.8 47.7 22.8 36.6 44.6 20.3 7.9 3.2 6.9 10.2 6.8 9.8 14.7 8.1 5.2 26.9 6.4 15.3 16.7 10.4 9.3 38.2 10.1 19.4 15.5 1.9 1.9 .9 1.9 2.8 1.1 1.0 .3 .3 1.4 5.4 8.3 1.9 11.2 2.2 1.7 4.0 6.4 .2 .6 .1 .2 .6 .5 1.6 .8 1.5 12.5 .5 1.2 2.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 3.8 1.9 4.3 2.7 3.9 6.9 1.6 7.4 6.4 13.7 11.4 7.7 20.9 2.8 11.2 5.9 6.9 7.6 7.0 2.3 1.7 4.3 3.4 2.0 1.3 4.7 1.4 1.1 3.5 3.0 1.5 1.4 .7 1.5 2.9 1.2 1.7 Other 14.8 6.1 37.1 40.0 8.4 8.2 7.9 2.8 1.7 10.1 18.0 7.0 8.3 4.7 5.3 9.6 4.8 7.7 8.5 i Excludes 4 scientists not reporting type of employer. T a b le J. —Percent of Scientists by Highest Degree Earned, Principal Type of Employer, and Genera Field of Specialization, 1948 Type of employer and field of specialization Educational institution __ ________________________ Chemistry __________________________________ Engineering __________________________________ Physics and electronics__________________________ Earth sciences _____________________________ Agriculture ___________________________________ Biology __________________________________ Medicine _ _______________________________ Fields related to medicine________________________ Mathematics and statistics- _____________________ Psychology____________________________________ Other _ _______________ __________________ Private industry___________________________________ Chemistry __________ _______________________ Engineering ________ ________________________ Physics and electronics____________________ ______ Earth sciences _________________________________ Agriculture _________________________________ Biology ____________________________________ Medicine. ____________________________________ Fields related to medicine________________________ Mathematics and statistics_______________________ Psychology ___________________________________ Other _________________________________ Government __________________________________ Chemistry _ ______________________________ Engineering __________________________________ Physics and electronics _________________________ Earth sciences . ________________ ______________ Agriculture _________________________________ Biology . -- _____________________________ Medicine _________________________________ Fields related t-« mpidirinps Mathematics and statistics__ ____________________ Psychology_____________________________________ Other ________ _______________________ Total reporting Number1 15,586 2,940 897 1,488 626 1,094 3,123 646 1,524 1,415 863 970 11,282 5,327 2,142 914 340 192 538 209 317 116 73 1,114 5,631 943 587 437 552 709 1,207 214 210 156 101 515 i The 32,499 scientists employed by the three principal employers do not include 9,156 who reported other employers and combinations of employers, 4 who did not report type of employer, and 78 who reported other degrees or who failed to report level of education. Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Ph. D.2 73.7 85.5 36.6 76.3 78.8 61.3 84.5 9.4 57.1 85.7 95.1 76.8 61.2 76.8 33.2 61.0 55.6 63.0 73.2 7.7 40.7 63.8 80.8 50.8 50.3 61.7 21.5 61.3 42.2 44.9 58.8 18.2 40. 5 74. 4 92.1 50.3 M. D.3 8.7 2.0 .1 .3 .4 3.4 88.7 37.7 .2 .8 2.7 3.4 .4 .1 .2 1.1 6.9 86.6 40.7 1.4 1.2 6.8 1.7 .2 .2 5.6 76.7 52.9 .6 4.5 Master4 13.6 9.1 46.1 17.6 16.6 31.9 10.4 1.6 3.5 12.4 3.6 13.2 15.5 10.1 25.5 21.0 25.6 22.9 10.8 8.5 20.7 13.7 19.6 22.9 18.1 30.0 22.2 30.8 37.5 21.2 4.2 1.4 14.1 6.9 21.7 Bachelor or none 4.0 3.4 17.2 5.8 4.6 6.4 1.73 1.7 1.75 7.3 19.9 12.7 41.2 17.8 18.8 13.0 9.1 5.7 10.1 15.5 4.1 28.4 20.0 18.5 48.5 16.3 26.8 17.6 14.4 .9 5.2 10.9 1.0 23.5 2Includes a very small number of doctors of education and doctors of science. 3 Includes a few doctors of veterinary medicine, doctors of dental science, and doctors of osteopathy. 4 Those with a master’s degree but no other graduate degree. AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 44 T a b le K.—Median Age of Scientists Working for Various Types of Employers, by Highest Degree Earned and General Field of Specialization, 1948 Total reporting age Highest degree earned and field of specialization Total reporting3____________ Chemistry__________________ Engineering________________ Physics and electronics_______ Earth sciences______________ Agriculture.......... ........................ Biology____________________ Medicine___________________ Fields related to medicine____ Mathematics and statistics___ Psychology------------------------Other fields_______ _________ Ph. D _____________________ Chemistry______________ Engineering_____________ Physics and electronics___ Earth sciences___________ Agriculture-------------------Biology------------------------Medicine_______________ Fields related to medicine.. Mathematics and statistics. Psychology-------------------Other fields........................... Master_________________ — Chemistry----------- ---------Engineering_____________ Physics and electronics....... Earth sciences----------------Agriculture-------------------Biology.................................. Medicine----------------------Fields related to medicine.. Mathematics and statistics. Psychology.......... ................. Other fields........................... Bachelor or none......................... Chemistry........ ................... Engineering_______ _____ Physics and electronics----Earth sciences___________ Agriculture-------------------Biology........ ......................... Medicine............................... Fields related to medicine.. Mathematics and statistics. Psychology_____________ Other fields_____________ Education * Private industry * Government1 Other2 Median Median Median Number Median age Number age Number age Number Median age Number age 41,384 10, 547 4,861 3, 413 2,070 2.409 5, 767 2,831 2,644 1,913 1,570 3,359 25,815 8,264 1,622 2,420 1,317 1,347 4,368 192 1,232 1,594 1,473 1,986 6,315 1,098 1,599 617 453 787 715 30 102 246 64 604 4,752 1,045 1,618 361 293 263 337 27 73 66 13 656 43 39 44 40 44 48 44 50 44 44 44 43 42 39 41 41 44 45 43 47 42 44 44 43 45 40 47 40 41 51 46 49 45 50 42 45 44 40 45 35 43 54 49 50 44 46 (4) 44 15,448 2,912 886 1,479 622 1,084 3,097 640 1,512 1,402 854 960 11,390 2,490 325 1,129 490 666 2,615 60 863 1,204 812 736 2,090 264 409 260 103 344 321 10 53 171 30 125 609 99 151 83 29 69 53 2 25 23 4 71 44 40 47 42 45 47 43 48 44 45 45 45 43 40 42 42 45 44 43 48 42 44 45 44 48 45 51 45 42 51 45 (4) 49 53 43 46 45 30 53 31 34 57 48 (4) 51 54 (4) 41 11,212 5,291 2,129 909 334 190 533 209 316 115 73 1,113 6,861 4,062 708 555 186 120 391 16 128 73 59 563 1,726 534 538 190 85 44 55 27 24 10 219 2, 215 669 874 159 63 24 48 12 31 18 3 314 39 38 41 38 43 45 41 49 41 40 <1 42 38 37 39 39 42 43 40 (4) 40 40 41 41 40 38 42 38 43 49 39 36 38 (4) 44 42 40 43 37 47 51 42 (4) 37 (4) (4) 43 5,613 944 584 434 551 711 1,199 212 207 155 100 516 2,816 582 125 268 232 318 703 39 83 116 91 259 1,278 171 172 94 168 265 255 9 3 22 7 112 1,119 174 284 70 147 124 172 1 10 16 1 120 44 42 45 40 41 47 45 46 44 40 42 44 43 41 43 41 43 45 44 47 42 41 42 43 44 42 47 39 39 49 46 (4) (4) 37 (4) 44 45 44 45 36 41 51 51 (4) (4) (4) (4) 46 9,111 1,400 1,262 591 563 424 938 1,770 609 241 543 770 4,748 1,130 464 468 409 243 659 77 158 201 511 428 1,221 129 480 73 97 134 84 11 19 29 17 148 809 103 309 49 54 46 64 12 7 9 5 151 4642 48 39 45 52 45 50 46 43 43 44 43 42 43 46 45 48 44 46 42 42 43 43 48 43 49 38 43 56 48 (4) (4) 46 (4) 47 48 38 51 35 51 58 51 (4) (4) (4) (4) 43 1 Employed exclusively by this type of employer. 2 Employed by other single employers and all combinations of employers. Also includes four scientists not reporting type of employer. 3 Includes scientists holding M. D. degrees, other degrees, and those not reporting level of education; excludes 353 scientists not reporting age. * Insufficient reports to compute median. T a b le L.—Percent of Ph. D .’s Employed by Each Type of Employer, by General Field of Specialization, 1948 Type of employer Total............................................................ Educational institution................ ........... Government________________________ Educational institution and govern ment----------------------- ------------------Private industry. _ ------- -----------------Foundation_______________ ________ Independent consultant______________ Educational institution and independ ent consultant------- ------ ------- --------All other combinations_______________ Total reporting Physics Earth Agricul Biol Chemis Engi and elec sciences ture try neering tronics ogy Number Percent i 26,005 11,493 2,829 650 6,904 462 282 2,034 1,351 100.0 44.2 10.9 2.5 26.5 1.8 1.1 7.8 5.2 100.0 30.2 7.0 .8 49.1 2.1 .8 6.0 4.0 100.0 20.1 7.7 1.2 43.6 .9 4.0 15.6 6.9 100.0 46.7 11.0 1.6 22.9 1.0 .8 11.4 4.6 100.0 37.1 17.6 5.3 14.2 1.0 3.8 13.8 7.2 100.0 49.6 23.5 9.0 9.0 .6 .7 5.2 2.4 1 Total includes 2,005 scientists in fields other than those listed; excludes 3 not reporting type of employer. 100.0 60.0 16.1 4.7 9.0 2.4 .5 4.1 3.2 Fields Mathe Medi related matics Psychol cine to and sta ogy medicine tistics 100.0 31.3 20.0 3.1 8.2 3.1 2.5 10.8 21.0 100.0 70.1 6.8 1.0 10.4 2.3 .2 5.5 3.7 100.0 75.6 7.3 1.4 4.6 .3 .6 7.4 2.8 100.0 55.1 6.3 3.1 4.0 1.1 .7 11.7 18.0 45 a p p e n d ix t a b l e s T a b le M.—Median Salary, Median Age, and Number of Ph.D.’s Reporting Salary by General Field of Specialization and Type of Employer, 1948 Item Total All fields: Number reporting salary________________________ Median age________________________________ -Median salary.................................................................. Chemistry: Number reporting salary________________________ Median age___________________________________ Median salary................................................................... Engineering: Number reporting salary.____ __________________ Median age Martian salary Physics and electronics: Number reporting salary________________________ Median age____________________________________ Median salary........................................ ........................ Earth sciences: Number reporting salary.............................................. Median age _ _ _ ___ Median salary _ . . . . ___ Agriculture: Number reporting salary________________________ Median age . ____________ ___ _ Median salary _ _____ ____________________ Biology: Number reporting salary............................................... Median age_________ ________ _________ _______ Median salary............................................................. Fields related to medicine: Number reporting salary________________________ _____ ____________________ Median age Median salary ___ Mathematics and statistics: Number reporting salary............. ................................... Median age _ _ _ _ __________ Median salary ____ _______________ Psychology: Number reporting salary------- ---------------------------Median age ________________________ Median salary _ _______ _______________ i 22,116 42 $5, 720 6,915 38 $6,030 1,313 41 $6,960 2,059 40 $5, 960 1,102 44 $5, 710 1,213 44 $5, 660 3,826 42 $4, 940 1,125 42 $5,420 1,404 43 $5,060 1,304 43 $5,320 9,913 42 $4,860 2,137 39 $4, 670 271 42 $5, 700 962 42 $5,040 410 45 $5, 200 613 43 $5,390 2,321 42 $4,610 785 42 $5,060 1,043 44 $4, 760 706 44 $4,920 1 Includes 1,855 scientists reporting other fields of specialization; excludes 3,889 not reporting salary and 3 who did not report either type of employer or salary. T a b le Education Industry Foundation and govern ment Education Govern ment 2,556 42 $6, 280 522 41 $6,290 112 42 $7,400 243 41 $7,400 205 42 $6,120 294 45 $5,980 627 43 $5,480 81 42 $5,930 110 41 $6,830 87 42 $6,180 5,434 38 $7,070 3,241 37 $6,880 535 39 $8,000 422 38 $7,350 141 42 $7,780 90 42 $6, 670 310 40 $6,250 114 39 $6,850 61 40 $7,350 51 40 $7,940 366 39 $6,070 146 38 $5, 980 13 570 44 $5,710 62 42 $5,670 13 23 35 $6,250 8 34 40 $7,380 64 44 $5,590 105 46 $5,660 179 44 $5,370 10 6 80 40 $5, 650 24 40 $6, 670 3 9 22 40 $6,140 ! 43 43 $5, 720 Education and inde pendent consultant 1,986 42 $5,570 493 42 $5,360 245 42 $5,860 267 40 $5,650 179 44 $5,340 69 48 $5, 780 178 43 $5,410 68 42 $5, 500 119 42 $5,680 170 43 $5,490 Other 1,291 42 $6,350 314 41 $6,340 124 42 $7,750 108 40 $6, 500 95 44 $6,060 36 47 $6,500 131 43 $5,800 43 41 $6, 500 46 42 $6,880 238 41 $5, 750 N ote: Median ages shown above are for only those scientists who reported salary. Where fewer than 20 scientists reported salary, median age and median salary were not computed. N.—Median and Quartile Salaries of Ph. D .’s by Type of Employer and Age of Scientists, 1948 Type of employer Educational institution: Median salary________ _____________ Lower quartile salary--------- -------------Upper quartile salary................................ Government: Median salary........... ...................... ......... Lower quartile salary................................ Upper quartile salary................................ Private industry: Median salary.____ ________________ Lower quartile salary________________ Upper quartile salary................................ Foundation: Median salary_____ ________________ Lower quartile salary-----------------------Upper quartile salary..----- --------------Educational institution and government: Median salary.-------- ----------------------Lower quartile salary......................... ... Upper quartile salary............................. Educational institution and independent consultant: Median salary________ . _________ . Lower quartile salary________________ Upper quartile salary_______________ Other:3 Median salary______________________ Lower quartile salary_______________ Upper quartile salary________________ 1 $10,000 and over. 2 Insufficient reports to compute median. Age of scientists 45-49 50-54 years years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-44 years $3,900 3,390 4,610 5,050 4, 410 5,820 5, 560 5,100 6,050 4,680 3,780 5, 720 (2) (2) (2) $4,390 3,700 5,020 5,450 4,620 6,520 6,400 5,640 7,240 5,410 4,420 6,250 4,960 4,220 5,940 $4,720 4,090 5,600 6,070 4,890 7,380 7,350 6,310 8,760 5,910 5,010 6,950 5,400 4, 560 6,320 $5,040 4,260 6,050 6,330 5,250 7,670 8,150 6,690 110,000+ 6,880 6,150 7,960 5,660 4,740 6,620 $5,260 4,380 6,440 6,650 5,510 7,820 8, 760 6,740 U0,000+ 7,360 5, 290 9,250 6,240 5,070 7,480 4, 220 3, 590 4,820 4, 950 4,070 6,040 4,730 4,170 5, 560 5,840 4,740 6,950 5,350 4,530 6,320 5,990 4,930 7,910 5,870 5,090 6,950 6,600 8,360 5, 710 5, 950 5,040 7,550 6,960 5, 510 i 10, 000+ Under 30 years 55-59 years 60-64 years 65-69 years $5,460 4,510 6,640 6,800 5,680 7,970 9,980 7,540 i 10,000+ 6, 790 5,810 i 10,000+ 6,000 5,050 7,750 $5,540 4,520 6, 740 7,130 6,120 8,400 i 10,000+ 7,250 i 10,000+ (12) (2) (2) 6,280 5,320 6,970 $5,700 4,700 7,050 6,840 5,630 8,180 110, 000+ 7,920 110,000+ (2) (2) (2) 6,630 5,320 8,380 $5,620 4,670 6,880 6,890 6,310 8,390 7,830 6,390 i 10,000+ (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 6,020 5,090 7,480 6,440 5,150 9, 720 6,680 5,340 8,010 7,620 5, 670 no, 000 + 6,690 5,470 8,170 6,730 5,540 8,630 6,360 5,250 8,250 6,500 4,880 9,750 3 Includes self-employed scientists, independent consultants, and scientists employed by any combination of types of employers other than those listed elsewhere in the table. AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 46 T a b le O.—Distribution of Salaries for Ph. D.’s in Each General Field of Specialization Employed Ex clusively by One of the Three Principal Types of Employers, 1948 Chemists employed by— Annual salary All types of employers Tnt.f^l rp.pnrt.ing $0-$l,999................................................ $2,000-$2,999.......................................... $3,000-$3,999.......................................... $4,000-$4J99Q ^'nOO-^'OflQ $a'nnft-$fi'09Q _ $7^000-$7'999.......................................... $8,000-$8,999.......................................... $9,nnn-$9J999 $10,000 and pvflr _ . Engineers employed by— Educational Government institutions 16,915 2,137 25 45 655 1,164 1,531 1,378 790 469 223 635 16 34 541 711 436 232 89 34 13 31 Private industry All types of employers $0-$l,999 $2 n n n - $ 9 Q QQ $5?7ftn n _ $ q 'o Q Q ........................................ 3,241 U ,313 271 112 535 1 8 83 131 133 90 54 6 16 2 3 19 154 709 835 517 314 174 514 2 6 30 158 221 252 196 134 68 246 2 20 67 66 64 13 12 10 17 5 11 23 43 22 2 6 15 56 101 95 69 35 163 $4|0OO-$4'999.......................................... $5,000-$5,999.......................................... $6,000-$6,999.......................................... $7,000-$7,999 ........................................ $8,000-$8,999 ........................................ $9,000-$9,999................................. ........ $10,000 ................ and ov«r Educational Government institutions 12,059 962 4 12 197 409 425 361 245 166 73 167 2 9 168 294 224 138 64 22 20 21 Private industry 243 12 32 55 56 54 13 21 Total reporting r. - - 1 1,213 $0-$1 999 $2 OOO—$2,000 __________ $3*000-$3,999 ........................................ $4,000-$4,999.......................................... $5,000-$5,999.......................................... $6,000-$6,999.......................................... $7,000-$7,999.......................................... $8,000-$8,999.......................... - ............. $0 $9,000 $10,000 ooo— _ ___ and over___________________ 3 51 298 383 222 108 68 29 51 Educational Government institutions 613 2 30 194 206 91 50 25 8 7 All types of employers Total rp,porting _ _ $0-$1 900 $2,000-$2,999 $ 2 0 0 0 —$ 2 ,0 0 0 $A 0 0 0 _ $ 4 QOQ _ ______ ................................... $a nnn_$R ooo $5,000-$5,999.......................................... $ 7 OOO—$ 7 j0 Q 0 $8,000-$8,999.......................................... $9,000-$9,999 ................................. $10 000 and over See footnotes at end of table, 1 155 2 1 12 35 33 22 20 9 6 15 Educational institutions 48 11,102 410 205 1 15 69 102 68 61 26 80 4 4 101 257 261 183 116 70 30 76 3 59 121 113 53 34 11 5 11 1 2 37 57 46 28 23 4 7 Private industry 12 57 80 62 36 24 9 14 5 16 8 6 7 2 4 36 3 6 8 10 6 2 1 Educational Government institutions Private industry 141 1 10 15 25 25 15 11 39 Biologists employed by— 294 Government \ 422 All types of employers Educational institutions Government Private industry 90 13,826 2,321 627 310 4 8 15 27 8 7 4 17 31 86 660 1,212 832 526 230 109 47 93 23 71 553 845 437 222 86 44 9 31 2 2 37 195 160 115 61 31 18 6 1 3 11 40 80 79 37 15 10 34 Specialists in medicine employed by— All types of employers 1 Earth scientists employed by— Agriculturists employed by— All types of employers Private industry 522 Physicists and electronic scientists employed by— All types of employers Educational Government institutions Specialists in fields related to medicine employed by— All types of employers Private industry Educational Government institutions Private industry 10 11,125 785 81 114 1 1 7 17 143 290 249 171 104 66 25 53 7 17 126 232 175 108 55 34 10 21 4 17 21 13 16 7 2 1 3 10 21 27 13 16 6 18 3 1 1 3 APPENDIX TABLES 47 T able 0 .—Distribution of Salaries for Ph. D.’s in Each General Field of Specialization Employed Ex clusively by One of the Three Principal Types of Employers, 1948—Continued Mathematicians and statisticians employed by— Annual salary All types of Educational Government employers institutions 11,404 5 19 234 428 277 177 122 57 25 60 Total reporting................................... $0-$l,999 ... ................... $2,000-$2,999 _ .................... $3,000-$3,999........................................ $4,000-$4,999............................... ........ $5,000-$5,999............ .......................... $6,000-$6,999........................... ........... $7,000-$7,999.......................................$8,000-$8,999....... ................................ $9,000-$9,999....................................... $10,000 and over................................. a b le 61 1 1 2 10 12 13 8 3 11 2 3 10 21 23 25 12 2 12 i Excludes 1,410 chemists, 318 engineers, 371 physicists and scientists in electronics, 225 earth scientists, 139 agriculturists, 578 biologists, 40 scientists in medicine, 118 in fields related to medicine, 200 mathematicians and statistiT Private industry 110 1,043 3 17 214 379 201 112 57 22 14 24 Psychologists employed by— All types of Educational Government employers institutions 11,304 17 21 170 343 317 199 103 57 25 52 706 12 13 133 212 170 91 34 19 11 11 87 1 3 16 20 19 17 8 1 2 Private industry 51 1 5 6 5 9 7 3 15 cians, and 185 psychologists not reporting salary and 3 scientists not reporting either type of employer or salary, P.—Median Salaries of Ph. D.’s Working Exclusively for One of the Three Principal Types of Employers, by General Field of Specialization and Region of Employment, 1948 Region of employment Total i Physics Earth Agriculture Biology and Chemistry Engineer ing electronics sciences Fields Mathemat related to ics and Psychology medicine statistics Scientists employed by all types of employers2 Total8......................................... New England............................. Middle Atlantic......................... South....... .................................. North Central........................... Mountain and Plains................ Pacific......................................... $5, 720 5,380 6,310 5,200 5,730 4,940 5,550 $6,030 5,510 6, 530 5, 570 5,950 4,950 5,650 $6, 960 6,470 7,580 6,650 6,780 6,030 6,870 $5,960 5,540 6,420 5,530 5,810 5,100 5,990 $5, 710 5,330 6,060 5,630 5,710 5,170 5,690 $5,660 5, 080 6,340 5,460 5,790 5,110 5,740 $4,940 4,680 5,430 4,640 4,790 4,620 5,050 $5,420 5,180 5,540 5,270 5,700 4,970 5,100 $5,060 5, 250 5,640 4,730 4, 960 4,700 5,080 $5,320 5,180 5,620 5,000 5,330 4, 710 5,260 $5,060 4,710 4, 890 5,140 5,430 4,840 4,940 $4,760 5,000 4,890 4, 650 4, 760 4,610 4,780 $4,920 4,810 4,940 4,740 5, 270 4, 430 5,030 $6, 850 (♦7,) 600 (4)6, 670 (4) (4) $7, 350 (4)7,170 (4) (4) (4) (4) $7,940 (4)8,200 (4) (4) (4) (4) $5, 930 (4)5,920 (4) (4) (4) $6,830 $6,180 Scientists employed by educational institutions Total8....................................... New England............................. Middle Atlantic___ _________ South_____________________ North Central.......................... Mountain and Plains................ Pacific........................................ $4,860 4,730 4,930 4,700 5,070 4,620 4,940 $4,670 4, 510 4,780 4, 570 4,750 4, 550 4, 670 $5, 710 (4)6,080 5, 440 6,000 5,500 5,150 $5, 040 4,980 4, 990 4,990 5, 290 4,800 5,030 $5,200 4, 890 5,480 4,800 5, 450 4,530 5,430 $5,390 5,080 5, 600 5, 310 5, 610 4, 820 5, 670 $4,610 4, 370 4, 690 4, 450 4, 790 4, 360 4, 850 Scientists employed by private industry Total3................. ............... ...... New England___ __________ Middle Atlantic........................ South_____________________ North Central...................... . Mountain and Plains................ Pacific......................................... $7,070 6,590 7,320 7,240 6,940 6,500 6,630 $6,880 6,340 7,080 7,000 6,800 6,330 6,410 $8,000 6,880 8,440 7,960 7,800 (4)7,640 $7,350 8, 670 7,370 7,580 6,980 (4)7,380 $7, 780 (4)9,750 7,830 (4)7,130 (4) $6,670 (4)7,630 (4)7,000 (4) (4) $6, 250 (4)6, 360 6,430 6,080 (4)5, 770 Scientists employed by government Total 3_._................................... New England.___ _________ Middle Atlantic......................... South......................................... North Central........................... Mountain and Plains................ Pacific__________ __________ $6, 280 5,410 6,730 5,660 5, 750 5,810 6,050 $6,290 (4)6,370 6,320 6,310 (4)5,920 $7, 400 (4)7,650 (4) (4) (4) (4) $7, 400 (4)7,420 (4) (4 (4)7,630 1Includes scientists in fields of specialization other than those listed. 2 Includes scientists not employed by one of the three principal types of employers. $6,120 (4)6,490 (4) (4)5,720 (4) $5, 980 (4)7,100 5,690 5, 670 5,320 5,440 $5,480 4,830 5,960 5,030 4,920 5,750 5,210 6, 910 (4) (4) (4) 6,620 (4) (4) (4) (4) 2 Includes scientists employed in United States Territories, foreign coun tries, and those who did not report region of employment. *Insufficient reports to compute median. AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE 48 Table Q.—Added Professional Income of Ph. D. Scientists in Each General Field of Specialization, by Amount of Regular Salary, 1948 $0-$2,999 $3,000$3,999 Field of specialization $4,000$4,999 $5,000$5,999 $6,000$6,999 $7,000$7,999 $8,000$8,999 $9,000- $10,000 $9,999 and over Percent reporting additional income 1 All fields_______________ Chemistry_____________ Engineering..____ ______ Physics and electronics___ Earth sciences__________ Agriculture_____________ Biology_______________ Fields related to medicine.. Mathematics and statistics. Psychology-------- ----------- 38.9 30.1 44.2 45.1 52.9 24.2 34.5 35.6 54.6 68.7 36.2 37.1 0 (?) 0 (2)31.6 16.7 41.7 44.7 52.2 49.8 80.0 59.4 76.2 25.5 45.2 37.7 58.1 73.1 45.4 41.6 67.7 62.1 64.0 16.1 34.1 36.6 60.5 68.5 38.8 25.8 54.4 48.2 57.2 25.6 32.8 39.8 57.8 69.7 33.0 23.0 40.4 32.4 46.4 24.3 31.2 33.9 48.0 69.8 33.0 23.7 33.7 38.8 39.7 27.8 29.1 30.1 45.1 67.0 34.3 28.4 39.0 31.9 36.2 39.7 26.6 29.8 47.4 73.7 36.8 33.2 41.2 32.9 40.0 37.9 21.3 44.0 56.0 72.0 28.0 22.5 31.2 34.1 27.6 23.5 30.1 32.1 35.0 57.7 $940 $1,060 540~ 1, 070 1,320 1,000 970 990 1,400 1,300 670 0 790 720 660 0 880 1,130 1,380 1,520 $960 1,200 870 930 1,250 630 530 640 1, 550 1,380 $1,170 1,170 1,880 1,100 0 0 0 0 0 0 $1,890 2,580 3, 250 1, 250 Median added income All fields............................ Chemistry_____________ Engineering____________ Physics and electronics___ Earth sciences__________ Agriculture__.._________ Biology_______ ________ Fields related to medicine.. Mathematics and statistics. Psychology_____________ $650 700~ 00 0 (4) 0 00 (4) 1 Percentages in this table are based only on scientists reporting regular salary. 2 Fewer than 20 scientists reported regular salary. $770 780 1,170 800 1,010 0 680 600 770 830 $850 850 1,190 900 920 0 740 780 870 910 $920 900 1,100 1,080 1,120 0 860 680 1,020 1,040 3 Less than $500. 4 Insufficient reports to compute median. U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1981 01,330 1,000 AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE in cooperation with THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL The items preceded by a symbol (f) will be used by AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE in the eighth edition. The National Research Council and the Federal Government will make use of certain items in connection with their participation in the National Science Program and for studying American scientific personnel resources. If for any item you do not have enough space, kindly attach supplementary sheets, clearly identifying each such addition by item-number. Disregard code numbers and checking boxes except where specifically directed otherwise. Entries should be typed or very clearly printed. tf* INFORMATION ON AMERICAN SCIENTISTS F u ll h a m e w ith P referred T itle: (Prof., Dr., Miss, etc.) Print your name in capitals. Enclose within parentheses the part of your name you ordinarily omit in correspondence—e.g., Dr. SMITH, J(OHN) WILSON; Prof. JONES, M(ARY) E(LIZABETH). LAST NAMB (PRINT IN CAPITAL*) FIRST (PRINT IN CAPITALS) MIDDLE (PRINT IN CAPITAL*) PLEASE DO NOT WRITE IN THESE BOXES [ 12-281 f2. □ H om e A d d ress: ........... t*?. □ NUMRKR * BTRRBT E m ploym en t A ddress: INSTITUTION OR FIRM ■129-31] NUMBRR * BTRRBT Check (X) one of the two boxes at the left of Items 2 and 3 to show which address you prefer printed in AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE. 4. P erm an en t A ddress: Addresses frequently change, sometimes are lost. Kindly give below the names and addresses of two institutions, friends or relatives, who will always know your current address. Name:....................................................................................... Address:............................................................................................................................................. Name:....................................................................................... Address:............................................................................................................................................. f5. Other N am es: Names are frequently changed, causing confusion in records where there are many listed. Kindly record the name or names applicable as replies to each of the questions below. Where your answer to any one of these is identical with your name as recorded in item 1 above, make a dash (—) as your response. P rofessio n a l N am e: What name or names have you used professionally?........................................................................................... P u blication N am e: Under what name or names have you published?....................................................................... M aid en N am e (W om en ): If you are or have been married, what was your maiden name?............................................................... fG. P lace o f B irth : ..................... ........................................................................... f£. S ex a n d P resen t M a rita l S ta tu s: CITY -------------- an d S p ecia liza tio n : For each college attended—undergraduate and graduate—record in chronological order the facts (37- 89) [40- 4 1 ) Academic Institution and State in which Located □ Inclusive Dates of Attendance (42) (43- 44) □ Earned Degree H on orary D egrees: Record below your honorary degrees. College or University Granting Honorary Degree and State in which Located 113. ■16-7] 12-5] f9. C itizen sh ip : Check (X) one box 18-11] A. Check (X) one box to indicate your sex and present marital 1. Q Native-born citizen of the U. S., including those born abroad status. of U. S. parentage. 1. □ Male-Single 4. Q Female-Single 2. □ Naturalized citizen of the U. S.—COUNTRY of previous 2. □ Male-Married 5. □ Female-Married Widowed t Widowed citizenship and DATE of naturalization:.................................. ( Separated 6. □ Female! Separated 3. □ Alien, IN PROCESS of naturalization.—Country of present Divorced (32] ( Divorced citizenship:............................................................................... 4. □ Alien, NOT IN PROCESS of naturalization.—Country of Date of Marriage:........................■ [33-34] ■ 136] B. Children: I have............. children, whose ages are: ..■ 135] present citizenship:................................................................... (OIVR NO. OR RBOORD “ N O N *" ) t i0* requested A cadem ic T ra in in g below. fff. D ate o f B irth: VTATR Date Awarded Major Field of Specialization Minor Field or Fields of Specialization 12. D octoral D isserta tio n Honorary Date Degree Awarded Major Professor or Professors. Give full name Titles of Dissertations for Earned Doctoral Degrees P ostdoctoral F ellow ships: ( 1 ) ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. NAMB OF FELLOWSHIP TBAR INSTITUTION OR INSTITUTIONS ATTENDED Topic(•) Investigated......................................................................................................................................................... ( 2 ) ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... NAMB OF FELLOWSHIP TBAR $ .......................................................... ANNUAL MONETARY VALUE, INCLUDING SUBSISTENCE IF RECEIVED. $............................... INSTITUTION OR INSTITUTIONS ATTEND ANNUAL MONETARY VALUE, INCLUDING SUBSISTENCE IP RECEIVED. Topic (s) Investigated........................................................................................................................................................... t f4. P rofession al E m p lo ym en t H isto ry: Start with your first position and bring your employment record to date, recording your important pro fessional positions. Record multiple concurrent employments as separate jobs. Place a capital “ P ” in front of your present regular job. EXCLUDE any employment of a nontechnical nature. Job Title (Use abbreviations sparingly) A ssistant Professor of Geology Director of Field Studies Inclusive DUTIES Dates of (Be as specific as possible) Employment 1914-1917 Taught Three Quiz Sections and Two 2-hr. Name and Location of Employer Univ. of Algano A lpako, A ril. N ation al Botanical Survey, Wash. D.C. . (Earliest Job) 2. (Second Job) 1917-1919 Laboratories in Paleontology Leader of F ield P arty of 10 Studying Algae of Lower M ississip p i River Valley 1 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ■ 145-471 If additional space is needed, attach a sheet of paper, identify the item by number (14) and continue the above system of numbering your positions. 15. P resent A n n u a l P rofessio n a l Incom e: (VOLUNTARY) There are almost no reliable data on the salaries of scientists. It therefore is obvious why such data are important. T A B L E C. Sources of A dditional Profes T A B L E B. A dditional A nnual Professional T A B L E A. Regular A nnual Salary: Check sional Income: Check (X) one or more times Income: (In addition to your regular salary. (X) once. The salary reported below is based as it applies to you. See Sources Table C.) Check (X) to show o n ____months of work per year. average annual amount for recent years. 1 □ Consultant fees 0 □ $0------$2000 5 □ $6000-16999 2 □ Teaching salary, outside regular No additional professional income. 1 LJ $2000-$2999 6 Q $7000-$7999 duties $2500-$2999 □ $100---$499 2 □ $3000-$3999 7 Q $8000-$8999 4 □ Royalties from inventions and $3000-$3499 — $500--- $999 3 □ $ lOOO-$4999 8 □ $9000-$9999 patents $350O-$3999 $1000-$1499 4 □ $5000-$5999 9 □ $10,000 and over 8 t □ Royalties from publications $4000-$4499 $1500-$1999 ■ 148] (X) l □ Royalties from popularized writing $4500 and over $2000-$2499 NOTE: Income from summer school, night 16 □ Honoraria 32 □ Other sources (specify):.................... school and extension teaching, not a part NOTE: Non-professional income, such as of your regular employment, should be that received from investments, specula reported in “Sources of Additional Income,” tions, stocks and bonds, profits, rentB, Table B. interest, etc., should not be recorded. (50-51] □ :::::..::::::::::::: f 16. P rofession al S cien tific S ocieties: Record honorery societies in Item 23 below. Name of Professional Society {PLEA S E do not use abbreviations) Present Grade of Member ship (e.g., Associate. Honorary Member, Fellow) Year Elected (Approximate) Major Offices Held (espe cially Pres., V. Pres., Sec’y-. Treas.) with Dates LJ 1521 f 17. C h ief F ields o f Research: Record below the chief fields or areas in which you have done or are doing research. UNDERLINE those in which you are now engaged. Be as specific as possible, e.g., micropaleontology, mass spectroscopy, genetics of Drosophila, design of radio transmitters, metallurgy of chromium alloys. 18. B ib lio g r a p h y o f P u b lic a tio n s : Record below several of your publications (books, monographs, articles, reviews only if espe cially noteworthy) so chosen to illustrate best (1) the unique angle or trend of your specialization in the field of your greatest professional competence; (2) the diversity of your scientific inter ests and accomplishments to date. If you have available a pre pared list of your publications, attach it, instead of writing here selected titles; then star (*) those titles which are most repre sentative. □ Check (X), at the left, if you are attaching a list of your publications. f 19. P a ten ts , In ven tion s a n d C om pleted D evelopm ents: List those for which you have been fully or mainly responsible. Do not record patent numbers; rather, give the purpose or needs which the patent or invention fulfills, e.g., a patent on tetraethyl lead to prevent cylinder-knocking in gasoline engines. ............................................................................ □ - 20. E m ploym en t as a S c ien tist b y G overnm ent R esearch A gen cies , on C ontracts, a n d D evelopm ent P rojects: Check (X) as many times as □ appropriate in EACH row below, to show the history of your employment IN THE PAST and AT PRESEN I on government-sponsored research of the types mentioned. I have NOT been associated at any time with a government-sponsored research or development project. (See list below.) (If you check this answer, proceed immediately to Item 21.) Government Research and Research-Contracting Agencies 948080 O - 51 (Inside back cover) Atomic Lnergy Commission; or Manhattan District O.S.R.D.: N.D.R.C.: or J.R.D.B. Army Air Force Navy N.A.C.A. Bureau of Standards Public Health Service Other Government Agency or Agencies (specify): AQKfVCT I am AT PRESENT ENGAGED IN A SCIENTIFIC CAPACITY AS I have NEVER BEEN EN GAGED as a scientist on sponsored by An employee of aorresearch A direct originating from the a contractor employee of agency mentioned. of the agency the agency mentioned mentioned I have PARTICIPATED IN THE PAST as a scien tist in the work of the agency mentioned, as: A member of A civilian the armed forces 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 121. Military and Civilian Service with the Armed Forces: f 23. Other Attainments and Achievements: Record below any data about yourself not previously mentioned that you. feel should properly be included in a complete biography of yourself, e.g., community service; professional achievements, honors, and awards; honorary positions; scholarships and fellowships; honor ary and academic societies such as Sigma Xi, Phi Beta Kappa; expeditions; prizes and medals. Complete the following statement; also the table below: My U.S. military serial number is....................................... SERIAL NUMBER IF NONE, WHITE “ NONE" Military Service Name of Service (I) (Copy both name l and subscript) J 0 3 m Civilian Professional Consultant in World War II 1 E Active Military War Service i for a Foreign Government 2 a * Specify Country............... H COUNTRY 0z, Active U.S. Military § 3 Service World War I Active U.S. Military 4 Service World War II Active U.S. Military 5 Service AT PRESENT In U.S. Reserve MilitaryOrganization AT PRES 6 ENT (2) ■ (561 (1) Services: Army,, Navy* Air Force,, Marine Corps,, Coast Guards, Merchant Marines. (2) Reserve Organizations: Organized Reserve Corpsi, Naval Reserve,, Air Force Reserve,, Marine Reserve* Air Force National Guard,, Army National Guard,. □ □ □ 24. Knowledge of Foreign Countries and Resources: Regardless of how your information was obtained, list the names of those countries of whose resources you have considerable knowledge in any one or more of the following respects: foreign industry and technology, research scientists, agriculture, educational institu tions, native customs and folkways, or similar information. 22. Modern Foreign Language Facility: Record in the first column of the table below, IN ORDER OF YOUR GENERAL COM PETENCE (best language first), the modern foreign languages in which you have some knowledge. Be sure to include the names of any rare, little-spoken, or out-of-the-beaten-path modern lan guage even if your competence is limited. -------------------Then check your proficiency in reading and speaking each language. -------------------[60-62 LANGUAGE READ SPEAK (In descending order of your facility) Fair Good Exc. Fair Good Exc. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 25. Avocations, Hobbies or Special Skills. List each avocation or hobby, record the number of years you have had the interest, and check your degree of skill as compared with others having this same interest. Degree of Skill Avocation Number of years or you have had Very Excel the interest Fair Good Good Hobby lent FIELDS OF SPECIALIZATION Please see directions, questions 26 below, for checking in the boxes all your specialties and ranking the five in which you have greatest competence: 1 = greatest competence. N.E.C .----NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED AGRICULTURE CODE NOS. 410 □ ...... A g r ic u l t u r e , g e n e r a l 411 □ ...... A g r ic u l t u r a l E n g in e e r in g 412 □ ...... A g r o n o m y & S o i l S c ie n c e 413 □ ...... A g r ic u l t u r a l E c o n o m ic s 414 □ ...... A n im a l H u s b a n d r y 415 □ .......P o u l t r y H u s b a n d r y 416 □ ...... D a i r y Sc ie n c e 417 □ ...... H o r t ic u l t u r e 418 □ ...... F o r e s t r y 419 □ ...... F is h e r ie s 420 □ ...... A g r ic u l t u r e , n o t e l s e w h e r e c l a s s if ie d S p e c i f y :................................... ANATOMY CODE NOS. 500 □ ...... A n a t o m y , g e n e r a l 501 □ .......G ross H u m a n A n a t o m y 409 □ S a l t W a t e r B io l o g y 40X □ .... B io l o g y , m a t h e m a t ic a l 40Y □ ....... G e n e r a l B io l o g y , n .e .c . S p e c if y :.............................. BOTANY CODE NOS. □ .... B o t a n y , g e n e r a l □ .... P l a n t A n a t o m y □ .... P l a n t P h y s io l o g y □ .... P l a n t P a t h o l o g y □ .... .. P l a n t C y t o l o g y ..... T a x o n o m y ..... ..P a l e o b o t a n y ..... P h a r m a c o g n o s y □ ..... M y c o l o g y , G e n e r a l □ ..... ..B o t a n y , n .e .c . 430 431 432 433 434 435 □ 436 □ 437 □ 438 439 ...... E m b r y o l o g y ...... C y t o l o g y & H is t o l o g y ...... N e u r o l o g ic a l A n a t o m y ...... C o m p a r a t iv e A n a t o m y ( P r im a t e s ) 506 □ .... ...A n a t o m y , n .e .c . 502 503 504 505 □ □ □ □ m ent □ ...... P r o p e l l e r s □ .... S e e P o w e r P l a n t E n g i n e e r in g □ ...... T r a n s o n ic E n g in e e r in g □ ...... S u p e r s o n ic E n g i n e e r i n g □ ...... H y d r o d y n a m ic s ( A l s o S e e 167 P h y s ic s ) □ ...... A e r o n a u t ic a l E n g in e e r i n g , n .e .c . 318 S p e c i f y :................................ CHEMISTRY 0 B. Then, indicate in which of the_following sub-fields you apply your specialization: The sub-fields listed below apply to any of the above six divisions o f chemistry. 00 □ .......G e n e r a l 01 □ .......A t o m ic a n d M o l e c u l a r St r u c t u r e 02 □ .......E l e c t r o c h e m is t r y 03 □ ..... H e a v y C h e m ic a l s 04 □ ..... F in e C h e m ic a l s 05 □ ......C o a l a n d C o a l P ro du cts 06 □ ....... S y n t h e t ic R e s in s a n d P l a s t ic s 07 □ ....... P e t r o l e t im , N a t u r a l G as a n d t h e ir P ro du cts 08 □ .......P a in t s , E n a m e l s a n d V a r n is h e s 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ .......P ig m e n t s , D y e s , a n d I n k s .......C e r a m ic s a n d G la s s .......T e x t il e P ro d u c ts .......W o o d , P a p e r , a n d P u l p .......R ubber .......E x p l o s iv e s .......O i l s , F a t s , W a x e s , a n d So a p s 16 □ ......O r g a n ic S o l v e n t s 17 □ ....... P h a r m a c e u t ic a l C h e m is 18 □ 19 □ 20 □ 21 □ 22 □ 23 □ 24 □ 25 □ 26 □ 27 □ try .......W a t e r , S e w a g e , a n d S a n it a t io n ....... A g r ic u l t u r a l C h e m is t r y .... ;..F ood C h e m is t r y , C o m p o s i t io n , a n d P ro c e s s in g ......C a r b o h y d r a t e s ..... P r o t e in s ......P h y s io l o g ic a l B io c h e m is t r y ....... N u t r it io n B io c h e m is t r y ......M e d ic a l B io c h e m is t r y .......M e d ic in a l A g e n t s G e o c h e m is t r y S e e G eo p h y s ic s N o . 188 ......O t h e r S p e c i a l i z a t i o n , n .e .c . S p e c i f y .................................... CLINICAL MEDICINE CODE n o s . 610 □ ....... C l i n i c a l M e d ic in e , GENERAL 611 □ ....... I n f e c t io u s D is e a s e s 612 □ ...... D e g e n e r a t iv e D is e a s e s 613 □ ...... C a r d io v a s c u l a r D is e a s e s 614 □ ...... M e t a b o l ic D is e a s e s 615 □ ...... D e r m a t o lo g y 616 □ ...... T r o p ic a l M e d ic in e 617 □ ...... M e d ic a l S p e c i a l i t i e s , n .e .c . Sp e c if y :................................... DENTAL MEDICINE NOS. 680 □ ......D e n t a l M e d ic in e , g e n e r a l 681 □ ......D e n t a l H is t o l o g y & E m bryolog y 682 □ ...... O p e r a t iv e D e n t is t h y 683 □ ...... O r a l a n d M a x il l o - F a c ia l Su rg e ry 684 □ ...... O r t h o d o n t ia 685 □ ...... E x o d o n t ia □ ...... O r a l P a t h o l o g y 687 □ ...... P r o s t h e t ic D e n t is t r y a n d R em o vable D e n tu res □ ...... D e n t a l P r o p h y l a x is 689 □ ...... D e n t a l H y g ie n e X □ .....D e n t a l S p e c ia l it ie s , n .e .c . ENGINEERING, CIVIL CODE NOS. 320 □ .....Crvn. E n g in e e r in g , g e n e r a l 411 □ ......A g r ic u l t u r a l E n g in e e r in g S e e 411 A g r ic u l t u r e 321 □ .....S u r v e y in g a n d M a p p in g 322 □ ......H ig h w a y E n g i n e e r i n g 323 □ ......R a i l w a y E n g i n e e r i n g 324 □ ......H y d r a u l ic E n g i n e e r i n g 325 □ ......H y d r o g r a p h ic a n d R e c l a m a t io n E n g i n e e r i n g 326 □ ......S t r u c t u r a l 327 □ ......S a n i t a r y a n d P u b l ic H e a l t h E n g in e e r in g 328 □ ......A i r p o r t E n g in e e r in g 529 □ ....C i v i l E n g in e e r in g , n .e .c . Sp e c i f y :................................... ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL CODE NOS. 330 □ ... E l e c t r ic a l E n g in e e r in g , GENERAL R a d io C o m m u n ic a t io n s ( o t h e r t h a n R a d io ) E l e c t r ic it y a n d M a g n e t is m .E l e c t r o p h o n ic s 335 □ .... .P o w e r G e n e r a t io n , T r a n s m is s io n , a n d D is t r i 331 332 333 334 □ □ □ □ ..... ..... ..... ..... 336 □ ..... 337 □ .... 338 □ 686 688 68 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL code n o s. 340 □ ...... M e c h a n ic a l E n g in e e r in g , GENERAL 341 □ ...... A u t o m o t iv e E n g i n e e r i n g 342 □ ...... I n t e r n a l C o m b u s t io n E n g in e s 343 □ ...... .P o w e r P l a n t s a l s o 'S e e 380 344 □ .......M a c h in e r y & E q u ip m e n t 345 □ ...... H e a t i n g , R e f r ig e r a t in g , a n d A ir C o n d it io n in g 346 □ ...... I n d u s t r ia l a n d S a f e t y E n g in e e r in g 347 □ ...... N a v a *. A h o h it h o t o b b a n d M a r in e E n g in e e r in g 348 □ ...... N a v a l S a l v a g e 349 □ M e c h a n ic a l E n g in e e r in g , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :................................... ENGINEERING, METALLURGICAL CODE NOS. 350 □ ....... M e t a l l u r g ic a l E n g in e e r i n g , GENERAL 351 □ ....... M e t a l l u r g ic a l P l a n t s a n d E q u ip m e n t 352 □ ....... S e l e c t io n a n d S p e c if ic a t io n o f M e t a l s 353 □ ....... W e l d in g E n g in e e r in g S e e 147 M e t a l l u r g y 354 □ ....... M e t a l l u r g ic a l E n g in e e r i n g , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :. ENGINEERING, MINING co d e n o s . 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ 197 198 199 19X 19Y □ □ □ □ □ ...... E l e c t r o n ic s , g e n e r a l ...... R a d ia t io n & P r o p a g a t io n ...... C ir c u it r y ...... E l e c t r o n ic B a l l is t ic s ...... I n s u l a t io n 4 S h ie l d in g ...... M ic r o w a v e ...... I n s t r u m e n t a t io n ft T e l e m e t e r in g ...... T e l e v is io n ...... R a d a r ...... So n a r ...... I AIR AN ...... E l e c t r o n ic s , n .e .c . 364 □ 365 □ S p e c if y :................................... ENGINEERING, ORDNANCE CODE NOS. □ .... E x p l o s iv e s □ .... ...P r o p e l l e n t s □ ..... P y r o t e c h n ic s □ ..... ...Ch e m ic a l W a r f a r e □ ..... A rm o r a n d P e n e t r a t io n □ ..... D e m o l it io n □ ..... U n d e r w a t e r O r d n a n c e x □ ..... ..B a l l is t ic s I n t e r n a l * t e r n a l Se e M ath em a 370 371 372 373 374 375 S76 377 378 379 S7X 37Y E - 136 t ic s □ .... G u n s a n d M o u n t s □ .. . F ir e C o n t r o l □ .... G u id e d M is s il e s □ ..... O r d n a n c e E n g i n e e r i n g , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :. 609 □ ....... I n d u s t r ia l M e d ic in e a H y g ie n e 6 0 X □ ..... .Sig h t C o n s e r v a t io n 6 0 Y □ ..... P u b l ic H e a l t h , n .e .c . PSYCHOLOGY S p e c i f y :................................... P U B L IC H EALTH CODE NOS. 600 □ .... 327 □ .... 456 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ 608 □ P u b l ic H e a l t h , g e n e r a l P u b l ic H e a l t h E n g in e e r INO ..... ...P u b l ic H e a l t h N u t r it io n .......P r e v e n t iv e M e d ic in e ...... S a n i t a t i o n ....... P h y s io l o g ic a l H y g ie n e .......M e n t a l H y g ie n e .......T u b e r c u l o s is .......So c ia l H y g ie n e .......O t h e r C o m m u n ic a b l e D is e a s e s ....... P u b l ic H e a l t h Ad m i n i s t r a t io n 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 ..... B a c t e r io l o g y , g e n e r a l ......P a r a s it o l o g y , g e n e r a l .....M ic r o b io l o g y .......T a x o n o m y a n d P h y s io l o g y o p B a c t e r ia 424 □ .......S e r u m ft V a c c in e P ro d u c t io n 425 □ ....... I n d u s t r ia l B a c t e r io l o g y ENGINEERING, POWER PLANTS 380 □ ...... P o w e r P l a n t E n g i n e e r i n g , GENERAL 381 □ ...... S t e a m E n g i n e e r i n g 382 □ ...... J e t E n g i n e e r i n g 383 □ ...... R o c k e t E n g i n e e r i n g 384 □ ...... G a s T u r b i n e E n g i n e e r i n g 385 □ .......D ie s e l s 386 □ .......R e c ip h o c a t in o E n g in e s 387 □ ...... N u c l e a r P o w e r S y s t e m 388 □ ...... P o w e r P l a n t E n g in e e r in g , N.E.C. S p e c i f y :................................... r ENTOMOLOGY CODE NOS. 440 □ .......E n t o m o l o g y , g e n e r a l 441 □ .......T a x o n o m y 442 □ .......E c o l o g y 443 □ .......C o n t r o l T e c h n iq u e s 444 □ ...... I n s e c t s a f f e c t in g M e n a n d A n im a l s 445 □ ...... F o r e s t I n s e c t s 446 □ ......I n s e c t s a f f e c t in g F ie l d a n d C u l t iv a t e d C r o ps 447 □ ...... A p ic u l t u r e 448 □ .......E n t o m o l o g y , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :................................... GEOGRAPHY co d e n o s . 111 110 □ □ 112 □ 113 □ 114 □ 115 116 117 118 119 11X □ □ □ □ □ □ ......G e o g r a p h y , g e n e r a l ......P h y s ic a l G e o g r a p h y ......R e g io n a l G e o g r a p h y ....... C a r t o g r a p h ic a n d F ie l d G eo graphy ....... E c o n o m ic a n d P o l it ic a l G eo graphy ...... P o l a r G e o g r a p h y ...... T r o p ic a l G g o o r a p h y ...... D e s e r t G e o g r a p h y ...... M e d ic a l G e o g r a p h y ...... M i l i t a r y G e o g r a p h y ...... G e o g r a p h y , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :............................... GEOLOGY cod e n o s . 120 121 122 123 124 125 436 126 1261 1271 □ □ □ □ □ ......G e o l o g y , g e n e r a l ...... M in e r a l o g y ...... P e t r o l o g y ......S t r u c t u r a l G e o l o o t ......S t r a t ig r a p h y a n d S e d i □ □ □ □ □ m e n t a t io n ......P a l e o n t o l o g y ....... P a l e o b o t a n y S e e B o t a n y ......S u r f i c i a l G e o l o g y ......G e o m o r p h o l o g y ....... E c o n o m ic G e o l o g y , c o a l , AND PETROLEUM, 1272 □ ......E c o n o m ic G e o l o g y M e t a l ic M in e r a l s 1273 □ ....... G r o u n d w a t e r G e o l o g y 128 □ ..... M i l i t a r y G e o l o g y , 129 □ ......G e o l o g y , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :................................... GEOPHYSICS co d e n o s . 180 181 182 183 150 184 185 186 187 188 189 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ ..... G e o p h y s ic s , g e n e r a l ...... G e o d e s y ....... G e o p h y s ic a l P r o s p e c t in g .......H y d r o l o g y .......M e t e o r o l o g y .......O c e a n o g r a p h y S e is m o l o g y .......T e r r e s t r ia l M a g n e t is m .......V o l c a n o l o g y .......G e o c h e m is t r y ......G e o p h y s ic s , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :................................... □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ ...... B io l o g y , g e n e r a l ...... E c o lo g y ...... E v o l u t io n B io m e t r y C y t ol ogy ......G e n e t ic s ...... G e n e r a l P h y s io l o g y ...... B io l o g ic a l P h y s ic s ...... F r e s h W a t e r B io l o g y 152 □ ....... P h y s ic a l a n d D y n a m ic M eteo rolo gy 153 □ ...... W e a t h e r F o r e c a s t in g 154 □ ...... M e t e o r o l o g y , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :........................... co d e n o s . NEUROPSYCHIATRY cod e n o s . 650 651 652 463 □ □ □ □ ...... N e u r o p s y c h ia t r y , g e n e r a l ...... C l i n i c a l N e u r o l o g y ......C l i n i c a l P s y c h ia t r y ......C l i n i c a l P s y c h o l o g y (S e e P syc h o lo g y) ......M e n t a l H y g ie n e ......P s y c h o a n a l y s is ...... N e u r o s u r g e r y S e e Surgery ...... P s y c h o t h e r a p y ...... N e u r o p s y c h ia t r y , n .e .c . 653 □ 654 □ 664 □ 655 □ 656 □ S p e c i f y :................................... NUTRITION AND FOODS cod e n o s . 450 □ ...... N u t r it i o n a n d F o o d s , general 451 452 453 454 455 □ □ □ □ □ ...... F ood C h e m is t r y ...... P h y s io l o g y o f N u t r it i o n ......F ood T e c h n o l o g y .......E c o n o m ic s .......V i t a m i n s , E n z y m e s a n d A c c e s s o r y F ood F a c t o r s 456 □ .......P u b l ic H e a l t h N u t r it io n 457 □ .......N u t r it io n a n d F o o d s , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :................................... OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY code n o s . 630 □ ..... O b s t e t r ic s , g e n e r a l 631 □ ......G y n e c o l o g y , g e n e r a l OPHTHALMOLOGY cod e n o s . 620 621 622 668 □ □ □ □ .......O p h t h a l m o l o g y , g e n e r a l ......R e f r a c t io n ......P h y s io l o g ic a l O p t ic s .......O p h t h a l m o l o g ic a l S u r g e r y See Su r g e r y 623 □ ...... O p h t h a l m o l o g y , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :................................... PATHOLOGY CODE NOS. 520 □ ......P a t h o l o g y , g e n e r a l 521 □ ......S p e c ia l P a t h o l o g y 522 □ ......C l i n i c a l P a t h o l o g y 523 □ ......P a t h o l o g y o f N e o p l a s m 524 □ ...... P a t h o l o g y , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :................................... PEDIATRICS CODE NOS. 640 □ .......P e d ia t r ic s , g e n e r a l 641 □ .......I n f e c t io u s D is e a s e s 642 □ ....... C a r d io v a s c u l a r D is e a s e s 643 □ .......M e t a b o l ic D is e a s e s 644 □ .......N u t r it io n 645 □ ....... P e d ia t r ic S p e c i a l i t i e s , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :................................. PH ARM ACOLOGY co d e n o s . 530 531 532 533 534 535 □ □ □ □ □ □ ....... P h a r m a c o l o g y , g e n e r a l ......P h a r m a c o d y n a m ic s ......B io - A s s a y in g ......T o x ic o l o g y ......C h e m o t h e r a p y .......P h a r m a c o l o g y , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :.............................. MATHEMATICS cod e n o s . 130 131 132 133 134 □ □ □ □ □ 135 □ 136 □ ......M a t h e m a t ic s , g e n e r a l .......A l g e b r a ....... G e o m e t r y .......A n a l y s is ....... S t a t is t ic s a n d P r o b a b il it y S e e 170 S t a t i s t ic s ...... A c t u a r ia l S c ie n c e ..... B a l l is t ic s S e e 377 Ordnance En g . ...... C r y p t o a n a l y s is ...... C o m p u t in g D e v ic e s ...... M a t h e m a t ic a l I n s t r u 4 0 X □ ....... M a t h e m a t ic a l B io l o g y S e e B io l o g y 13X □ ...... A p p l ie d M a t h e m a t ic s , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :................................... METALLURGY NOS. 140 □ ...... M e t a l l u r g y , g e n e r a l 141 □ ...... B e n e f i c i a t io n , S m e l t in g , R e p in in g 142 □ P h y s ic a l M e t a l l u r g y 143 □ .......C a s t in g , F o r m in g , F a b r i c a t in g a n d F in is h in g 144 □ .......P o w d e r M e t a l l u r g y 145 □ .... F e r r o u s 146 □ ......N o n F e r r o u s 147 □ .......W e l d in g S e e 353 M e t a l l u r g ic a l E n g . 148 □ .......I n s t r u m e n t a t io n 149 □ .......M e t a l l u r g y , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :................................... cod e METEOROLOGY cod e n o s . 150 □ ....... M e t e o r o l o g y , g e n e r a l 151 □ ....... C l im a t o l o g y 692 □ ...... V e t e r i n a r y P h y s io l o g y 693 □ ......A n i m a l ft P o u l t r y P a t m oot 694 □ ..... A n im a l ft P oultry B ac PHARMACY co d e n o s . 540 541 542 543 □ □ □ □ ......P h a r m a c y , g e n e r a l ....... D r u g M a n u f a c t u r e ....... D r u g S t a n d a r d iz a t io n ....... P h a r m a c e u t ic a l C h e m is t r y 544 □ ...... P h a r m a c o g n o s y 545 □ ......B io - A s s a y in g 546 □ ...... P h a r m a c y , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :............................... P H Y 8 IC S co d e n o s . 160 407 161 162 1621 163 1631 164 1641 1642 1643 165 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ 166 □ 167 □ 168 □ 169 □ 16X □ 16Y □ ......P h y s ic s , g e n e r a l ......B io p h y s ic s ...... M e c h a n ic s ...... H e a t ...... C r y o g e n ic s ...... So u n d ......U n d e r w a t e r S o u n d ...... L ig h t ...... P h y s ic a l O p t ic s ...... S p e c t r o s c o p y ...... I n f r a r e d ...... E l e c t r ic it y a n d M a g n e t is m S e e 186 G e o p h y s ic s ...... E l e c t r o n ic s ...... F l u id D y n a m ic s a n d S t a t ic s ...... M o l e c u l a r a n d A t o m ic P h y s ic s ...... N u c l e a r P h y s ic s S e e 385 P ow er P la n t E n g . ...... R a d io l o g ic a l P h y s ic s .......M a t h e m a t ic a l P h y s ic s P H Y S IO L O G Y cod e n o s . 510 □ .......P h y s io l o g y , g e n e r a l 452 □ .......P h y s io l o g y o p N u t r i t i o n (S e e n u t r it io n ft fo ods ) 727 □ ....... S y n t h e t ic T r a in in g D e v ic e s 728 □ ......F ir e f i g h t i n g 729 □ ...... E m e r g e n c y O p e r a t io n s , t e r io l o g y 695 C ......A n i m a l * P o u l t r y I m m u nolo gy RADIOLOGY cod e no b. 670 671 672 673 □ ..... R a d io l o g y , g e n e r a l □ ..... .C l i n i c a l X - r a y □ ..T h e r a p e u t ic R a d ia t io n □ ....... R a d io l o g y , n .e .c . 696 □ ......V e t e r in a r y S u r g e r y 697 □ ......M e a t I n s p e c t io n 6 9 8 □ ....... V s N .E .C . S p e c i f y :................................... CODE NOS. 460 □ .... .. P s y c h o l o g y , g e n e r a l 461 □ .... ...P h y s io l o g ic a l P s y c h o l o g y 462 □ .... D e v e l o p m e n t a l P s y c h o s OGY 463 n ... ...C l i n i c a l P s y c h o l o g y 464 □ .... ...A n i m a l or C o m p a r a t iv e P syc h o lo g y 465 □ .... L a b o r a t o r y a n d E x p e r i m en tal P syc h o lo g y 466 □ .... So c ia l P s y c h o l o g y 467 □ .... E d u c a t io n a l P s y c h o l o g y 468 □ . ... G u id a n c e 469 □ .... B u s in e s s a n d I n d u s t r ia l P s yc h o l o g y 46X □ .... PsYCHOMETRY 46Y □ .... P s y c h o l o g y , n .e .c . BIOLOGY, GENERAL CODE NOS. □ □ □ □ m ents general ......C o a l m i n i n g ......M e t a l M in i n g ......N o n m e t a l l ic M i n i n g ft , Q u a r r y in g ......P e t r o l e u m & N a t u r a l G a s ...... M in i n g E n g in e e r in g , n .e .c . S p e c if y :................................. 511 □ ....... S e n s o r y ft N e u r a l P h y s io l o g y 512 □ ....... E n d o c r in o l o g y ft M e t a b o l is m 513 □ .......R e s p ir a t o r y P h y s io l o g y 514 □ ....... P h y s io l o g y o f t h e B u m a n d C ir c u l a t io n 515 O .......G a s t r o -E n t k r o l o o y 516 □ .......St r e s s ft E n v ir o n m e n t a l P h y s io l o g y 517 □ ....... P s yc h o s o m a tic P h y s io l o g y 518 □ .......E x c r e t o r y P h y s io l o g y 519 □ .......P h y s io l o g y , n . e .c . 420 421 422 423 360 □ ......M i n i n g E n g in e e r in g , 361 □ 362 □ 363 □ S p e c i f y :................................... CODE NOS. 137 □ 138 □ 139 □ co d e n o s . S p e c i f y :................................ ELECTRONICS b u t io n I l l u m in a t io n E n g i n e e r i n g E l e c t r ic a l A p p a r a t u s a n d M a c h in e r y .E l e c t r ic a l E n g in e e r in g , n .e .c . Sp e c if y :. co d e ......A s t r o n o m y , g e n e r a l ......A s t r o n o m ic a l B o d ie s ......C e l e s t ia l N a v ig a t io n ......C e l e s t ia l M e c h a n ic s ......A s t r o p h y s ic s ......A s t r o n o m y , n .e .c . BACTERIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY ENGINEERING, AERONAUTICAL CODE NOS. 310 □ ......A e r o n a u t ic a l E n g in e e r i n g , GENERAL 311 □ ......A e r o d y n a m ic s 312 □ ......A e r o n a u t ic a l D e s ig n a n d St r u c t u r e s 313 □ ...... I n s t r u m e n t s a n d E q u ip 315 316 317 426 □ ....... M e d ic a l B a c t e r io l o g y a n d P a r a s it o l o g y 427 □ .......E p id e m io l o g y 428 □ .......V ir o l o g y 429 □ .......A n t ib io s is , B a c t e r io THERAPY, MlCROBIOTIC A gents a n d P h ag otherapy 42X □ .....B a c t e r io l o g y , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :................................... S p e c i f y :................................... 314 380 □ □ □ □ □ □ ARCHITECTURE 300 □ ....... A r c h it e c t u r e , g e n e r a l 301 □ ...... H o u s in g 302 □ ...... C o m m e r c ia l a n d I n d u s t r ia l B u il d in g 303 □ ...... I n s t i t u t i o n a l a n d P u b l ic B u il d in g 304 □ ....... St r u c t u r e s o t h e r t h a n B u il d in g s 305 □ ...... C i t y ft R e g io n a l P l a n n in g 306 □ ...... A r c h it e c t u r e , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :.......................... Check (X ) opposite the term below which best describes your classification as a chemist: □ ..... A n a l y t i c C h e m is t 28 □ ..... I n o r g a n ic C h e m is t 56 □ ..... O r g a n ic C h e m is t 84 □ ..... P h y s ic a l C h e m is t 112 □ ..... B io c h e m is t 140 □ ......C h e m ic a l E n g in e e r 100 101 102 103 104 105 S p e c i f y :............................. CODE NOS. ASTRONOMY CODE NOS. CODE NOS. STATISTICS 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 □ ......S t a t is t ic s , • □ ......M a t h e m a t i c a l ] □ ......S a m p l in g D e s k in □ ...... D e s ig n o r E x p e r im e n t s □ ...... C o n t r o l o f Q u a l i t y □ ...... C o r r e l a t io n A n a l y s is □ ...... M a t h e m a t ic a l S t a t is t ic s □ ...... E c o n o m e t r ic s □ ...... A p p l ic a t io n o f s t a t is t ic a l TECHNIQUES TO VARIOUS FIELDS, (E.O. DEMO GRAPHY, GEODESY) 179 □ .......S t a t is t ic s , n . e .c . S p e c if y :................................... CODE 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 NOS. □ .... ...Su r g e r y , g e n f .r a l □ .... ...A n e s t h e s ia □ .... O t o l o g y a n d L a r y n g o l o g y □ .... O r t h o p e d ic S u r g e r y □ .... ... N BUROSURGBRY □ .... ...G e n i t o u r i n a r y S u r g e r y □ .... ...T h o r a c ic S u r g e r y □ .... P l a s t ic S u r g e r y □ .... . O p t h a l m o l o g ic a l S u r g e r y □ .... ...Su r g e r y , n . e .c . S p e c i f y :................................... VETERINARY MEDICINE CODE n o s . 690 □ ....... V e t e r i n a r y M e d ic in e , GENERAL 691 □ ....... V e t e r in a r y A n a t o m y 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 47X 47 Y □ ...... Z o o l o g y , g e n e r a l □ ...... C o m p a r a t iv e A n a t o m y □ ...... C o m p a r a t iv e P h y s io l o g y □ ...... I n v e r t e b r a t e Z o o lo g y □ ... " E colo gy ...O r n it h o l o g y 11.... M a m m a l o g y □ .... ...I c h t h y o l o g y ft H er pe to lo g y n .... ...H is t o l o g y n ..... ...E m b r y o l o g y n ..... ..N e u r o l o g y □ ..... ...Zo o l o g y , n .e .g . S p e c i f y :.............................. . - M IS C E L L A N E O U S CODE NOS. 740 □ .... ... A n t h r o p o l o g y 741 □ ....... E t h n o o t r a p h y SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF SCIENCE SPECIAL OPERATIONS OODE NOS. 720 □ .......A v i a t i o n M e d ic in e 721 □ .......S u b m a r in e & D iv in g M e d ic in e 722 □ .......P r o s t h e t i cs 723 □ .......A m p h ib io u s O p e r a t io n s 724 □ .......S u b s u r f a c e O p e r a t io n s 725 □ .......O p e r a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h 726 □ .......S t r a t e g y a n d T a c t ic s INTELLIGENCE CODE NOB. 710 □ -----A e r i a l m a p p in g 711 □ ____C r y t o g r a p h y S e e 137 M a t m e m a t io b 712 □ ----- .Cartography 713 □ ...... P h o t o g r a p h y 714 □ ...... P h o t o o r a m m e t r y 715 □ ...._I n t e l l ig e n c e , n .e .c . Sp LOGISTICS OODE NOS. 700 □ ........R a w M a t e r ia l R e s e r v e s 701 □ ..... M a t e r i e l S u p p l ie s 702 □ .... T r a n s p o r t a t io n 703 □ ..... M o b il e E q u ip m e n t 704 □ ..... S to r a g e 705 □ ..... S t o w a g e 706 □ ..... ..C o n t a in e r s ft P a c k a g in g 707 □ ..... F ood So u r c e s 708 □ ..... ..F oo d R e q u ir e m e n t s 709 □ ..... ..C l o t h in g 70 X □ ..... ..S h b l t e h 70Y □ ..... ..L o g is t ic s , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :................................ MANPOWER RESOURCES AND PLANNING co d e n o s . 730 731 732 733 734 □ □ □ □ □ ...... P e r s o n n e l R e q u ir e m e n t s ...... P e r s o n n e l S e l e c t io n .......P e r s o n n e l C l a s s if ic a t io n .......P e r s o n n e l T r a in in g ....... U t il iz a t io n o f S c i e n t i f i c ft T e c h n ic a l P e r s o n n e l 735 □ ....... A d m in is t r a t io n o f P e r s o n nel 736 □ ....... A d m in is t r a t io n o f S c i e n t if i c A c t iv it ie s 737 □ ....... M a n p o w e r R es o u r c e s a n d P l a n n i n g , n .e .c . S p e c i f y :................................... 26. Occupational Specialties: Inspect carefully the list of Fields of Specialization, designated by code-numbers below. A. Mark (X) in the little box opposite each specialty in which you have some competence, regardless of the science under which it appears. B. Then write “1” opposite the specialty of your greatest competence, even if it should not be in the field of your present occupation; “2” opposite the field of your second greatest competence, and so on up to five (5). Do not erase any of your X’s from the Fields of Specialization. N O T E : I f in the Fields o f Specialization you do not fin d categories to express adequately the picture of your competence, kindly record on the dotted line below, as concisely as possible, the names of those fields in which you are competent: YOUR f i e l d o f s p e c i a l i z a t i o n n o t e l s e w h e r e l is t e d C. Complete the following table after you have checked the Fields of Specialization. FIELDS OF SPECIALIZATION (in decreasing order of competence) At Order of Competence in decreasing order (1 = greatest competence) Greatest Competence 1 Second Greatest Competence 2 Third Greatest Competence 3 Fourth Greatest Competence 4 Fifth Greatest Competence 5 Record at the right your fields-of-specialization —> specialty specialty specialty specialty specialty and their code numbers —k code no. code no. code no. code no. code no. Total years of your experience in each of the above fiddsof-specialization, i.e., regardless of duties or functions Record below your total years of experience in the several functions of the specialty in FUNCTIONS question. Experience in several functions may run concurrently. Research Design, development and testing Production Teaching Administration Other e.g. editing, field work and exploration Specify............................................. Date. 0 1 2 3 4 5 i [63-681 [69-74] [75-80] .................................................................... Signature....................................................................................... This blank should be returned to the Biographical Directory of American Men of Science, Lancaster, Pa.