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Employment, Education, and Earnings
of American Men of Science




Bulletin No. 1027

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Maurice J. Tobin, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Ewan Clague, Commissioner
In cooperation with
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE




Employment, Education, and Earnings
of American Men of Science

Bulletin No. 1027

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Maurice J. Tobin, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Ewan Clague, Commissioner
In cooperation with
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.



Price 45 cents

Letter of Transmittal
U nited States D epartment of L abor,
B ureau of L abor Statistics,
Washington, D. C., May 21, 1951
The S ecretary of L abor:
I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on the employment, education,
and earnings of the Nation's leading scientists. The report was prepared in
the Bureau's Branch of Occupational Outlook in cooperation with the United
States Department of Defense. The coordinating agency of the Department
of Defense was the Manpower Branch, Human Resources Division, Office of
Naval Research. The National Research Council gave invaluable assistance
in connection with the study.
The study was carried out under the supervision of Helen Wood. The report
was written by Theresa R. Shapiro and Helen Wood. John S. McCauley di­
rected the editing of the questionnaires. He and Pearl C. Ravner had major
responsibility for planning the statistical tabulations and prepared preliminary
analyses of the data.
E wan Clague, Commissioner.
Hon. M aurice J. T obin,
Secretary of Labor
n




Contents
Introduction_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Summary of findings_____________________________________________________________________________________
Scope of the study_______________________________________________
Fields of specialization----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Field of greatest competence-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Specialties of women scientists-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Second specialties____________________________________________________________________________________
Education_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Highest degree earned______________ ^________________________________________________________________
Highest degree and age_______________________________________________________________________________
Women scientists____________________________________________________________________________________
Age at time of doctorate-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Region of education___________________
Regional trends in education-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Employment_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Experience in field of greatest competence_____________________________________________________________
Function performed in field of greatest competence_____________________________________________________
Type of employer____________________________________________________________________________________
Level of education and type of employer__________________________________________________________
Age of scientists and type of employer____________________________________________________________
Region of employment-------------------------------------------------------Region and type of employer------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Specialty and region------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Earnings________________________________________________________________________________________________
Salaries of Ph. D .’s--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Field of specialization____________________________________________________________________________
Type of employer________________________________________________________________________________
Additional professional income of Ph. D.’s-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Type of employer------------------------Field of specialization-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . -------

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Text Tables1
1. Proportion of Ph. D.’s awarded 1936-45, included in the Directory, A m erican M en of Science , in selected
fields______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Number of scientists in each field of specialization, 1948_________________________________________________
3. Number and percent of women scientists in each general field of specialization, 1948______________
4. Second specialties most frequently reported by scientists, by general field of first specialty, 1948_____________
5. Second specialties of scientists in selected fields, 1948_________________________________________________
9
6. Number and percent of scientists by highest degree earned, 1948-----------------------------------------------------7. Percent of scientists in each general field of specialization by highest degree earned, 1948__________________
8. Median age of all scientists, by highest degree earned, and by general field of specialization,1948______________
9. Number and percent of women scientists at each educational level, compared with all scientists, 1948__
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10. Median age of women scientists at each level of education, compared with all scientists, 1948__________
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11. Age at time Ph. D. degree was received, of all scientists, chemists, physicists and electronic scientists, and bi­
ologists, 1948______________________________________________________________________________________
12. Percent of scientists who received bachelor’s and doctor’s degrees in each area, and the number of degrees
awarded per 100,000 population, 1948_______________________________________________________________
13. Percent of scientists by general field of specialization and by area in which Ph. D. degree was received,194814. Median years of experience and median age of all scientists by highest degree earned, and by general field of
specialization, 1948_________________________________________________________________________________
15. Number and percent of scientists reporting specified functions, by highest degree earned______________
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16. Percent of scientists employed by each type of employer, for each general field of specialization. 1948----20
17. Number and percent of scientists by type of employer and highest degree earned, 1948________________ 21
18. Median age by type of employer and highest degree earned, 1948------------------------------------------------------------




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CONTENTS

IV

Text Tables-Continued
19. Number and percent of scientists employed in each area and ratio of scientists to the labor force in the area
in 1947____________________________________________________________________________________________
20. Percent of scientists employed in each area of the continental United States by type of employer,1948_______
21. Percent of scientists employed in each region, by specific field of specialization, 1948_______________________
22. Median and quartile salaries and interquartile range of salaries by highest degree earned and age, 1948_____
23. Median and quartile salaries of Ph. D.’s by general field of specialization, 1948____________________________
24. Median salaries of Ph. D.’s by general field of specialization and age, 1948________________________________
25. Median age and median salary of Ph. D.’s in each general specialty by type of employer, 1948_____________
26. Median and quartile salaries of Ph. D.’s in each specific field of specialization, 1948________________________
27. Median salaries of Ph. D. scientists by type of employer and region of employment, 1948__________________
28. Median salaries in selected specialties by age and type of employer, for Ph. D.’s employed exclusively with one
of the three principal types of employers, 1948________________________________________________________
29. Added professional income and median regular salary of Ph. D .’s working for specified types of employers,
1948______________________________________________________________________________________________
30. Percent of Ph. D. scientists reporting added income by general field of specialization and type of employer,
1948______________________________________________________________________________________________
31. Median regular salary and added income of Ph. D.’s by general field of specialization, 1948________________

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Appendix Tables
A. Number of women scientists in each specific field of specialization, 1948___________________________________
B. Second specialties reported by scientists by specific and general field of first specialty, 1948_________________
C. Percent of scientists in each age group by general field of specialization and highest degree earned, 1948______
D. Number of women scientists by age group, level of education, and general field of specialization, 1948________
E. Percent of scientists in each specific field of specialization by highest degree earned, 1948___________________
F. Percentage distribution of bachelor’s degrees by period of degree and region of degree, 1948_________________
G. Percentage distribution of Ph. D. degrees by decade of degree and area of degree, 1948_____________________
H. Percent of scientists engaged in various functions by general field of specialization_________________________
I. Percent of scientists in each specific field of specialization by type of employer, 1948________________________
J. Percent of scientists by highest degree earned, principal type of employer, and general field of specialization,
1948_______________________________________________________________________________________________
K. Median age of scientists working for various types of employers by highest degree earned and general field of
specialization, 1948__________________________________________________________________________________
L. Percent of Ph. D .’s employed by each type of employer, by general field of specialization, 1948_____________
M. Median salary, median age, and number of Ph. D.’s reporting salary by general field of specialization and type of
employer, 1948-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------N. Median and quartile salaries of Ph. D .’s by type of employer and age of scientists, 1948-----------------------------O. Distribution of salaries for Ph. D.’s in each general field of specialization employed exclusively by one of the
three principal types of employers, 1948-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------P. Median salaries of Ph. D .’s working exclusively for one of the three principal types of employers, by general
field of specialization and region ofemployment, 1948--------------------------------------------------------------------------Q. Added professional income of Ph. D. scientists in each general field of specialization, by amount of regular
salary, 1948________________________________________________________________________________________

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Charts123456789
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Close to two-thirds of the scientists in the study held Ph. D. degrees, 1948------------------------------------------------Median age of scientists at time of Ph. D. degree (1900-1949)-----------------------------------------------------------------Southern New England led in number of degrees granted scientists per 100,000 population, 1940_____________
North Central region led in granting of degrees to scientists---------------------------------------------------------------------Educational institutions were the leading employers of scientists in the study, 1948------------------------------------Where these scientists were employed (1948)_________________________________________________________ —
Geographic distribution of the scientists in the survey compared to labor force_____________________________
Salary levels of Ph. D. scientists were highest in private industry (1948)----------------------------------------------------The lower salaries of educators were not offset by added professional income (1948)-------------------------------------




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Employment, Education, and Earnings of American
Men of Science
Introduction
Our national security and welfare depend to a
great extent upon the research carried on by a
small number of scientists. The part scientists
play in developing weapons for the national de­
fense needs no emphasis in this atomic age. Less
spectacular but of equal importance are the count­
less contributions of science in opening new fron­
tiers of knowledge, raising the standard of living,
and improving the health of the Nation.
Despite the importance of scientific research,
very little statistical information has been com­
piled concerning the individuals who do this
work. No comprehensive data are available on
such questions as: How many scientists are there
in different specialties? How old are they? What
education did they receive? How much experi­
ence have they had? Where are they employed?
How much do they earn?
The present report contains information on
these and related questions for 42,000 of the
Nation’s top scientists. The report is a byproduct
of a questionnaire survey which had two major

purposes: to gather information for a roster of
key scientists for use by the National Research
Council, the Department of Defense, and other
agencies concerned with our supply of scientific
personnel; and to provide data for the 1949 edi­
tion of The Biographical Directory of American
Men of Science.
The survey was conducted jointly by the Na­
tional Research Council, the publisher of American
Men of Science, and the Department of Defense.1
Advice and assistance were obtained from several
scientific societies, government agencies, and other
organizations. The Bureau of Labor Statistics,
under contract with the Department of Defense,
edited the replies and coded data desired for the
roster of scientists. It also undertook a statistical
analysis of the information, the major findings of
which are presented in this report.
1Representatives of the Army, Navy, and Air Force made up a “sponsors”
group which guided the project. These three departments and the Atomic
Energy Commission provided financial support. The contract was admin­
istered by the Manpower Branch, Human Resources Division, Office of
Naval Research.

Summary of Findings
Fields of Specialization.—Every branch of the
natural sciences was represented among the names
in American Men of Science. Of the 42,000 scien­
tists in the survey the chemists were by far the
largest group, comprising about a fourth. The
biologists were second in number and the engi­
neers third, although the total number of engi­
neers in the country exceeds the total number of
professional workers in all other scientific fields
combined.
The scientists surveyed were above all research
scientists. Close to two-thirds of them were or
had been engaged in research in the scientific




fields in which they had their highest competence.
Next to research, teaching was the activity most
often reported. Some had had experience in de­
sign and development work, others had acted as
administrators, and some had served in other
capacities. Three out of every four had performed
more than one function in their fields of highest
competency, either concurrently or in different
periods of employment.
As a rule, these scientists had spent the greater
part of their adult fives in the work of their first
specialty. A median of 15 years’ experience in
these specialties went along with a median age of
1

2

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

43 years. Differences in length of experience
among scientists in different fields were directly
related to differences in age.
Despite long experience in their first specialty,
most of the scientists were able to report also a
field of second competence. For about half of
the scientists, this second specialty was in the
same scientific field as their first specialty. For
example, 41 percent of those whose highest field of
competence was in some branch of mechanical
engineering reported a second specialty within
this field, and 49 percent of the electronic scien­
tists cited a second field of competence in elec­
tronics. The other half reported second special­
ties in different fields from their first—often in
entirely different branches of science.
Level of Education.—The primary purpose of
both the 1948 and earlier editions of the Directory,
American Men of Science, was to fist scientists
engaged in research, particularly in basic research.
A strong effort was always made to reach all the
Ph. D .’s in the natural sciences. Roughly twothirds of all these Ph. D .’s were included in the
present study. The scientists in the Directory
who did not hold a doctorate constituted a small,
select group; presumably they were equal to the
Ph. D .’s in scientific achievement.
As a result of the emphasis on the Ph. D. degree
as a criterion for inclusion in the Directory, the
doctors of philosophy constituted by far the largest
segment of the scientists in the survey—63 percent
of the entire group. This proportion was even
higher (78 percent) for the small number of women
(6 percent of the entire group) included in the
survey.
The proportion of Ph. D .’s in certain fields was
distinctly higher than the over-all average. More
than three-fourths of the chemists, psychologists,
biologists, and mathematicians and statisticians
had doctorates. It was only in medicine and
related fields and in engineering that fewer than
half of the scientists held Ph. D. degrees. Even
in engineering, which had relatively fewer Ph. D .’s
than any other field of specialization, the propor­
tion of Ph. D .’s in the survey was much higher
than among all the members of the profession.
Among the scientists without a doctorate, the
largest group were those who had received but
had not gone beyond the master’s degree; 15 per­
cent of the surveyed scientists were in this cate­
gory. The remainder were about equally divided



between the doctors of medicine and the group
who either held no degree or had only a bachelor’s
degree. One percent of the scientists held no
degree.
Region of education.—The principal region of
education of these scientists was the Middle
West. About a third of all the baccalaureates
and 40 percent of the doctorates were granted in
the North Central region. Relative to popula­
tion, however, New England had contributed a
higher proportion of both doctorates and bacca­
laureates than any other region.
In the absolute numbers of baccalaureates
granted these scientists, the Pacific Coast was
lower than any other region. The MountainPlains States accounted for the fewest doctorates.
But when regional population was taken into
account, the South ranked lowest with respect
to both bachelor’s and doctor’s degrees.
Type of E m p lo y e r Education was the leading
field of employment for scientists, with private
industry second, and government third. More
than a third (37 percent) were employed solely
by universities and colleges at the time of the
survey, and an additional 13 percent combined
education with some other type of employment.
The proportion of scientists working exclusively
for private industry was 27 percent, for govern­
ment agencies, 14 percent. About 2 percent were
employed exclusively by nonprofit foundations,
and even fewer were wholly self-employed as
independent consultants. The remainder were
working for more than one type of employer
(excluding educational institutions).
Engineering and chemistry offered notable
exceptions to the predominance of college and
university employment among these scientists.
Half of the chemists and over 40 percent of the
engineers worked for business firms at the time
of the survey. Electronic scientists also were
employed mainly by business firms. In geophysics
and geology, on the other hand, government
employees constituted the largest group, whereas
the majority of medical scientists were physicians
engaged in private practice.
College and university employment was more
common among scientists possessing a Ph. D.
than among those who did not have this degree.
Three-fourths of the scientists employed exclu­
sively in colleges and universities had Ph. D.

SCOPE OF TEE STUDY

degrees. However, private industry was the
largest field of employment for scientists with no
graduate degree, and a relatively high proportion
of the master’s degree holders worked for the
government.
Region of Employment.—More than half of the
scientists were employed in the Middle Atlantic
region and the eastern North Central States
at the time they filled out their questionnaires.
Relatively few scientists worked in northern New
England, the South, the Mountain-Plains States,
and the North Pacific States. Fewer than
1 percent were employed outside continental
United States.
Earnings.—Information on the earnings of the
scientists included in this survey is most useful
for the light it throws on professional earnings
of Ph. D .’s and the major factors influencing
these salary levels. The median annual salary for
all Ph. D .’s was $5,720. Engineers, with a medi­
an annual salary of $6,960, were by far the best-

3

paid group of specialists. The chemists had the
next highest median salary, $6,030, and the biolo­
gists tended to be the lowest paid Ph. D .’s, with
a median salary of $4,940.
Salaries in private industry tended to be higher
than those paid by other types of employers
within each field of specialization, for every age
group, and in all regions of employment. For
Ph. D .’s in all specialties taken together, the
median salary in private industry was $7,070 and
in government it was $6,280. The small group
of scientists working for nonprofit foundations
tended to earn about the same amount as govern­
ment employees. However, college and univer­
sity staff members with no other type of employ­
ment had a median salary of only $4,860. So
important was the difference in salary levels
among types of employers that even the lowestpaid scientists in private industry, the biologists,
fared better than the highest-paid of all educa­
tors—the engineers.

Scope of the Study
Scientists Surveyed.—The scientists to whom
questionnaires were sent in connection with this
survey included all those in the 1944 edition of
American Men of Science and those on a list of
“new names” developed mainly by the National
Research Council.
There were approximately 34,000 scientists listed
in the 1944 edition of the Directory. The editors’
policy had been to limit the Directory to people
engaged in research in the natural sciences.
However, some additional persons had been
included because they had contributed to science
through teaching, administrative work, or the
preparation of textbooks and compilations.
“ There are also some whose work has been chiefly
in engineering, medicine, or other applied sciences,
and a few whose work is in education, economics,
or other subjects not commonly included under
the exact and natural science.” 2
In addition to names appearing in the 1944
Directory, a list of “new names” was built up from
several sources. The following criteria were used
as a guide for inclusion in the Directory:
2 The Biographical Directory of American Men of Science. New York,
The Science Press, 1906. Preface.



1. A doctorate in one of the sciences and continuing
professional work in science; or
2. For those not having the doctorate, evidence of
mature, scientific ability such as would be indicated by
publications in recognized scientific journals of original
meritorious work involving high grade research, or re­
sponsibilities in the direction of scientific activities requir­
ing command of a science and ability to direct the scientific
work of others of high degree of training and experience;
or
3. Fellowship or membership in a scientific society
where such fellowship or membership involved a high
degree of discrimination.

Scientists who had been listed in the 1944 Directory
were included in the mailing list without reference
to the above criteria.
A major source of “new names” was the list of
persons granted doctorates in the natural sciences.
This list is maintained by the Office of Scientific
Personnel of the National Research Council.
Questionnaires were mailed to all those who had
received a doctorate between 1936 and the time
of the survey.
All the organizations listed in the National
Research Council’s “Directory of Industrial Re­
search Laboratories in the United States” were
asked to submit the names of scientists meeting

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

4

the above criteria who had not been included in
the 1944 edition of American Men of Science.
Nomination slips were also sent to all govern­
mental research agencies. Additional names were
obtained by checking the mailing list against
membership lists of scientific societies.
Questionnaires were mailed to about 30,000
persons, in addition to those listed in the 1944
Directory, and 24,000 questionnaires were re­
turned. From this latter number about 4,000
were eliminated by the staff of American Men oj
Science, because the respondents failed to meet
the criteria listed above. Of the 34,000 scientists
listed in the 1944 edition, about 30,000 supplied
data for the new edition. The remainder had
died, retired, or indicated they no longer wished
to be included in the Directory. Thus, the total
number of biographical sketches in the 1949
Directory was about 50,000.
T a b l e 1.— Proportion of Ph. D ’s awarded 1986-45 , in ­
cluded in the D irectory , American Men of Science, in
selected fields
Subject

Total number Sample used
in checking
of degrees
Directory
1936-45

Biochemistry..... ..............
Chemistry_______ _____
Geology............ ................
Metallurgy___________
Paleontology.....................
Physics..............................
Psychology___________

870
4,905
398
118
68
1,220
920

100
200
100
59
34
124
100

Percent of
sample listed
in Directory
76
76
73
64
82
85
58

Source: M. H. Trytten, “Coverage of Scientific Personnel in American
Men of Science, Eighth Edition.” Science, Sept. 8, 1950, vol. 112, No. 2906,
(pp. 265-266).

In order to determine what proportion of the
specialists in the various scientific fields were in­
cluded in American Men of Science, the National
Research Council-National Academy of Science
made a check of persons receiving doctorates in
the natural sciences (including psychology and
geography) from American universities froki 1936
through 1945.3 Every twentieth name was
checked, and 76 percent were found to be listed
in the Directory. A similar check for the aca­
demic year 1946-47 indicated that 81 percent of
the scientists who received degrees in that year
were included.
For certain subject fields, separate lists of the
individuals receiving their doctorates had been
maintained, and a sample of each of these lists
was checked for the period 1936-45. The results
are shown in table 1. The relatively low propor-

tion of psychologists is due to the deliberate ex­
clusion of social psychologists (such as industrial,
educational, and guidance psychologists) from
the list of “new names."
The present report covers only about 84 percent4
of the scientists at all educational levels listed in
the Directory. Hence, the study's coverage of
Ph. D.'s is necessarily lower than the Directory's.
However, it is not possible to determine how
much lower this coverage is by a direct comparison
because no information is available regarding the
education of the scientists listed in the Directory
but not included in the study.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated the
study's coverage of the three fields with the largest
number of doctorates—chemistry, biology, and
physics. This estimate, covering the degree
period 1912-48, indicated that 68 percent of the
professionally active Ph. D.'s in chemistry, 78
percent in physics, and 64 percent in biology
were included in the study.6
It is more difficult to evaluate the coverage of
scientists who had not earned Ph. D. degrees.
According to the criteria for “new names" listed
above, scientists without Ph. D. degrees were
added to the Directory only if they bad achieved
unusual success. Scientists whose names were
carried over from previous editions were a more
heterogeneous group, since criteria for inclusion in
the Directory were not so clearly formulated
in earlier years.
It is thus apparent that the scientists included in
the survey do not represent a random sample of
the Nation's scientists. Rather, they constitute
a high proportion of those who held doctorates in
the natural sciences plus a small, select, and
nonrepresentative group of scientists who did not
have Ph. D. degrees.
The information obtained.—The questionnaire
used in this survey was designed to serve two
main purposes: to obtain the biographical data*

*In making statistical tabulations it was necessary to establish a cut-off
point after data from 43,935 scientists had been punched on machine record
cards. Of the latter, 1,951 were excluded from the statistical analysis because
they had died, retired, or had failed to furnish data concerning their employ­
ment status.
* The total number of scientists who had earned a degree and who were
still professionally active was estimated by applying the death and retirement
rates for professional males against the number of persons granted a doctorate
from an American university in each of these fields in each 5-year period
of degree from 1912 to 1948. The resulting figures were compared with the
number of scientists in the survey who had received their doctorates in
8 M. H. Trytten, “Coverage of Scientific Personnel in American Men of these periods. Because no data as to the field of degrees were available, the
Science, Eighth Edition.” Science, September 8, 1950, vol. 112, No. 2906,
comparison was based on the fields of specialization of these scientists.
(pp. 265-266).




FIELDS OF SPECIALIZATION

needed for American Men of Science and to
provide detailed data on the scientists’ fields of
specialization and other questions of interest in
the recruitment and placement of scientific
personnel. Each scientist was asked to give a
detailed record of his academic training and
professional experience, and to indicate his five
main fields of specialization on a check list of about
600 specialties. In addition, information was
obtained concerning his publications, inventions,
membership in professional societies, knowledge
of foreign countries and foreign languages, and
other attainments. A question regarding annual
professional income was also included.6
Most of the data on scientists’ incomes and
employment relate to the spring of 1948, when
the great majority filled out and returned their
questionnaires. However, some scientists did not
eThe questionnaire is reproduced in the Appendix (p. 49).

5

return the completed forms until late 1948 or
early 1949.
Within the limits of the present report it was
possible to analyze only certain major items of
information in the questionnaires. The material
chosen for analysis depended in part on those items
coded and entered on the punch card, which had
been designed for roster purposes. For this
reason, certain important information, notably on
the functions and industries in which the scientists
were employed at the time of the survey, was not
available for analysis.
The first topic considered in the report is the
specialties of the scientists. Later sections
discuss the scientists’ educational backgrounds;
their employment with respect to type of employer,
functions performed, length of experience in a
particular specialty, and regions where employed;
and, finally, their professional incomes and the
factors affecting them.

Fields of Specialization
The most difficult problem facing anyone who
wishes to classify scientists, either for roster or for
analytical purposes, is to determine their occu­
pational specialties accurately and at the same
time group these specialties so that statistical
techniques may be utilized. There are no gen­
erally accepted definitions of scientific fields or
professions, and the fields are so complex and in­
terrelated that it is not easy to secure agreement
on definitions and classifications, even among the
scientists themselves. There is apt to be dif­
ference of opinion, for example, between the
academicians who tend to cling to textbook and
curriculum classifications and the scientists in in­
dustry who frequently consider the end product
the more significant basis for classification. Not
the least of the many difficulties arises from the
fact that the body of scientific knowledge is con­
stantly changing. New discoveries and new con­
cepts create new occupations and alter the char­
acter of existing ones.
Under these circumstances, with the boundaries
of scientific fields shifting and overlapping, it is
often perplexing to ascertain where a particular
scientist belongs in any system of classification
that is used. Is a specialist who studies plant as­
similation of fertilizers containing radioactive ele948080°— 51----- 2




ments, to be considered a biologist, a chemist, or
a physicist? Is the person working on the prob­
lem of surface tensions in plants a biologist or a
physicist?
The present study attempted to solve both the
problem of the classification of scientific fields and
the allocation of individual scientists in two ways.
Eminent scientists were asked to cooperate in
developing classified lists of their own specialties.
The actual slotting of each man into his proper
place was done by the scientists in the survey
themselves. That is, the respondents were asked
to indicate on a previously coded list of several
hundred fields each specialty in which they had
some competence. The specialty of greatest
competence was designated by a “1,” that of
second greatest competence by a “2,” and so
forth.
As can be seen from the reproduction of the
questionnaire on page 49 of this report, the fields
of specialization were narrowly defined. For ex­
ample, a botanist could indicate whether he was
a general botanist, a plant cytologist, a plant
physiologist, a plant taxonomist, a paleobotanist,
or a general mycologist. A civil engineer, to cite
another example, had 11 fields of civil engineering

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

6

from which to choose his particular specialty. In
addition, spaces were provided so that the re­
spondent might write in his specialty if he found
these listings inadequate.
The present report is limited to scientists em­
ployed in their fields of greatest competence at the
time of the survey. The 41,737 such scientists
constituted 99 percent of all the scientists in the
survey who were in the labor force and who were
included in the statistical tabulations. The re­
maining 1 percent was made up of 110 unem­
ployed scientists and 136 who were employed in a
specialty other than their field of greatest com­
petence.

Field of Greatest Competence
As table 2 shows, these scientists came from all
the natural sciences. A large proportion were
from the so-called pure sciences; about half of the
entire group were chemists, biologists, physicists,
or mathematicians. The chemists, who consti­
tuted about one out of four scientists in the
survey, were much the largest group. The
biologists were next in number. The engineers
ranked third.
T able 2.— Number of scientists in each field of special­

,

ization 1948

Field of specialization

Num­
ber

Field of specialization

Num­
ber

2,858
All fields
41,737 Medicine
Clinical _____________
medicine
1,164
325
N europsychiatry_____
Chemistry
10,625
118
Obstetrics___________
682
Chemistry—general___
93
Ophthalmology______
Analytic.
1,020
Pediatrics___________
171
"Rioehemistry
1,594
319
Public health________
Inorganic
763
115
Radiology___________
Organic
4,135
553
Surgery.___________
2,431
Physical
related to medicine. 2,664
Engineering______ _____ - 4,906 Fields
Anatomy. __________
527
Aernnantical
220
116
Dental medicine_____
Chemical
1,976
478
Pathology__________
Civil
696
814
Physiology__________
Electrical
788
Pharmacy-pharmacol­
652
Mechanical__________
539
ogy _____________
M ofal Illogical
138
190
Veterinary medicine__
149
Mining-------- ----------1,930
Mathematics
and
statisties.
157
Ordnance_____
Mathematics________ 1,674
Power
plant ____
130
256
Statistics-----------------Physics and electronics----- 3,439 Psychology.____________
1,589
Physics
2,807
632
Electronics__________ 2,089 Other_________ ________ 3,391
Earth sciences
24
Architecture.. _____
C-eophysi os
293
212
Astronomy__________
O e .o g ra .p h y
262
569
Metallurgy. ________
O e o lo g y
1,394
Military applications
140
Meteorology..................
136
of science__________
A g r ic n ltu r e
_ _
2,427
524
Nutrition and foods---Biology________________ 5,819
920
Manpower
resources.
__
1,420
Bacteriology_________
All other......................... 1,006
G e n e r a l b io lo g y
1,005
Botany_____________ 1,603
822
Entomology_________
969
Zoology..........................

The smallest numbers of scientists are found in
the miscellaneous groups of fields listed as “Other”



in table 2. A few of these fields, such as astronomy
and metallurgy, are well-recognized branches of
the sciences which could not conveniently be
classified elsewhere. Others, such as manpower
resources and planning, tend to serve as a catch-all
for the wide variety of occupations which generally
utilize the services of trained scientists but which
are not clearly scientific in character. Individuals
who were concerned with the administration of
scientific activities, with policy making concerning
scientific research and scientific personnel, and
with the broader aspects of scientific education
tended to list themselves as specialists in man­
power resources and planning.
The number of scientists in the survey in each
field tells little about the relative size of that field
in over-all manpower terms. What the figures do
reveal is the emphasis on research, college teach­
ing, and the Ph. D. degree as the basis for inclusion
in the survey. There were, for example, more than
twice as many chemists as engineers among the
surveyed scientists, but more than four times as
many engineers as chemists in the population as a
whole, according to Bureau of Labor Statistics
estimates.7 Medicine is another field which had
comparatively few representatives in this survey.
Since both engineering and medicine are primarily
applied sciences, only a small proportion of the
persons employed in each—chiefly those actively
engaged in research—met the survey’s criteria of
selection. However, a science like botany, which
is not often used directly in industry and which
has few immediate practical applications, was
well represented in the survey. More than a
fourth of the biologists in this survey listed botany
as their specialty. In contrast, only 10 percent
of National Roster biologists were botanists.8

Specialties of Women Scientists
Only 6 percent of all the scientists in the survey
were women (table 3). In two fields, however,
psychology and biology, the women scientists
represented a sizable segment of the entire group—
20 percent of the psychologists and 12 percent of
the biologists. In some branches of biology the
proportion of women was higher than in this field
as a whole— 14 percent in bacteriology and 13
i The BLS estimates that there were about 80,000 chemists and 350,000
engineers in 1948.
s The National Roster of Scientific and Specialized Personnel, Distribution
of Roster Registrants, December 31,1945. The Roster attempted to obtain
a comprehensive listing of scientific and specialized personnel, but even this
listing was not complete.

FIELDS OF SPECIALIZATION

percent in botany, but they constituted a negligible
fraction, less than 1 percent, of the engineers and
agriculturists, and only 3 percent of the physicists
and electronic scientists. Table A on page 36
gives the number of women scientists employed
in each specific field.
T able 3.— Number and percent of women scientists in each

,

general field of specialization 1948

Field of specialization
All fields-...................................
Chemistry— _______________
Engineering........... .....................
Physics and electronics...............
Earth sciences_______________
Agriculture_________________
Biology_____________________
Medicine___________________
Fields related to medicine------Mathematics and statistics-----Psychology-------------------------Other--- ------- ----------------------

All
scientists
(both sexes)

Women iscientists
Number

41,737
10,625
4,906
3,439
2,089
2,427
5,819
2,858
2,664
1,930
1,589
3,391

2,520
486
7
91
91
13
679
125
226
186
323
293

Percent of
total
6.0
4.6
.1
2.6
4.4
.5
11.7
4.4
8.5
9.6
20.3
8.6

Second Specialties
A very high proportion, 93 percent of the
respondents, checked a second field of competence
in the detailed listing of specialties on the question­
naire. Because it was not practicable to consider
these several hundred fields separately in compar­
ing the first and second fields of specialization,
they were grouped in this report into somewhat
broader fields—the “specific specialties.” 9 Thus,
a person listing the field of greatest competence as
highway engineering and the second as structural
engineering, is shown as having both the first and
second specialties in the same specific field, civil
engineering. A bacteriologist reporting parasitol­
ogy as a second specialty was listed as having the
second specialty in the same specific field as the
first, bacteriology. When, however, the second
specialty was reported in a general field different
from the first, this general field was tabulated.
For example, when an agronomist reported plant
pathology as the field of second competence, the
general field—biology—is shown. (All second
specialties reported, classified according to the
9 For clarity, the most refined definition of field of specialization used in
this report, such as plant cytology or highway engineering, is termed a
“detailed specialty.” The next broader group, such as civil engineering or
botany, is called a “specific field of specialization” and the broadest, such as
engineering or biology, is known as a “general field of specialization.” The
terms “specialty” and “field of specialization” are used interchangeably.
No tabulations of the detailed specialties are included in this report.



7
scientists’ first fields of specialization, are given
in table B of the appendix.)
In spite of this grouping of detailed specialties
into broader fields, the data show a great variety
of combinations of first and second fields of com­
petence. Almost half of the scientists reported
a second specialty in a different specific field from
that of their highest competence; slightly over a
third reported a second specialty in a different
general field. Table 4 shows the proportion, in
each general field, of scientists whose second
specialty was in another general field,10 and the
two fields listed most frequently in each case.
The second specialties most frequently reported
were very much what one would expect to find.
Agriculture often involves the application of
biological science to specific production problems,
and 35 percent of the agriculturists listed some
branch of biology as a second specialty. Physics,
chemistry, and engineering shade into each other
at their limits, and some scientists in each of these
fields reported one of the others as the field of
second highest competence. Biology and the
fields related to medicine overlap to some degree.
Certain fields of physics and mathematics are
almost indistinguishable. This is reflected in
table 4.
Close study of all the combinations of first and
second specialties reported by the scientists dis­
closes a much greater number of permutations.
As table 5 shows, a few biologists considered engi­
neering their second specialty, some engineers
regarded agriculture or biology as their second
specialty, and some physicists claimed a biological
science as their second field. In short, only about
half of the second specialties outside of the gen­
eral field of highest competence were in closely
related sciences. The other half were widely dis­
persed among a great variety of fields. For exam­
ple, although 68 percent of the chemists indicated
some field of chemistry as their second specialty,
table 5 shows that every general scientific field
was listed by some chemist. And the two broad
fields most frequently cited, physics and engi­
neering, accounted for only 12 percent of the
chemists out of the 32 percent whose second fields
were not in chemistry.
10 Agriculture and psychology were not subdivided further, as were the
other general fields. Those agriculturists and psychologists who listed some
field of agriculture or psychology as their second specialty were tabulated as
having a second specialty in the same specific field as that of their highest
competence.

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

8

,

T able 4.— Second specialties most frequently reported by scientists by general field of first specialty, 1948

Percent of
scientists
with second
general field
different
from their
first

Field of specialization
Chemistry _ _ ____________________
Engineering
_ _ _________________
Physics and electronics .
. . . ___
Earth sciences______________________
Agriculture _________ ____ _ _ __
Biology _________ _________ _ . ..
Medicine______ ________________ _ __
Fields related to medicine _ __________
Mathematics and statistics____________
Psychology ____ __________ _______

32.2
36.9
31.3
18.4
66. 5
24.0
33.2
32.8
22.1
19.7

Most frequent second field
General field
Other sciences2______ _____________
____do 2__________________________
Engineering __________ ____ ______
____do____________________________
Biology.. ___________ __________
Agriculture_________ __________
Fields related to medicine______ __
Biology.. __________ ____________
Physics and electronics____________
Other sciences2____ _____________

Next most frequent second field
Percent
of scien­
tists 1
8.5
10.4
11.6
6.3
34.5
7.3
16.1
12.9
7.7
6.1

General field
Physics and electronics ______ _
____do . ________________________
Mathematics and statistics _ _ .
Physics and electronics __________
____ _____
Chemistry
Fields related to medicine__________
Biology. _____ _________________
Chemistry
_______________
____________
Engineering
______
Medicine _
_

Percent
of scien­
tists 1
6.6
9.6
5. 7
3.5
10. 5
5.5
6.6
7.2
5.3
6.0

1 The percentages are based on the number of scientists in each field who
reported a second specialty.
2 Other sciences include architecture, astronomy, metallurgy, military

application of science, nutrition and foods, manpower resources, and any
other science not elsewhere classified.

'The grouping of these scientists into general
fields conceals many differences among the various
specialties. Some of these general fields, particu­
larly the earth sciences and the fields related to
medicine, are made up of loosely related special­
ties. The fact that geophysics is as closely re­
lated to physics as to the other earth sciences is
reflected in the large proportion of geophysicists
who reported a second specialty in physics and
electronics, almost as large a percentage as listed
a second specialty in the other earth sciences. Of
the fields related to medicine, pharmacology, for
example, is only slightly related to some of the
other specific fields included in this category, such
as veterinary medicine and dental medicine, but
it is closely related to chemistry. Hence, more
pharmacologists reported a second specialty in

chemistry than in one of the other fields related
to medicine. But even in such well-defined gen­
eral fields as biology and engineering, some of the
specialties are as closely or more closely related to
other sciences than to each other. Chemical en­
gineering, for example, is in many ways nearer to
chemistry than to other branches of engineering,
and fewer chemical engineers cited a second spe­
cialty in another engineering field than listed one
in chemistry. Similarly, more botanists indicated
some area of agriculture as a second specialty
than mentioned bacteriology.
Since all the scientists were asked to indicate a
second specialty, some may have listed such a
specialty despite a lack of professional competence
in the area, and the degree of competence in the sec­
ond field therefore varied. Without a statistical
analysis of the employment histories of these
scientists, therefore, it is difficult to know pre­
cisely what significance these second specialties
may have. A perusal of the questionnaires sug­
gests, however, that in the great majority of
cases the scientists had had actual experience in
the specialty which they designated as their field
of second greatest competence. In some cases,
this amounted to no more than work on a doc­
toral thesis, but such cases were apparently the
exception.
Some scientists had been, while they were em­
ployed, engaged on research projects in a field
other than that of their principal employment.
This was particularly true of the college teachers.
For example, one scientist who had majored in
analytic chemistry as a graduate student and had
written his Ph. D. thesis in this field, had taught
courses in inorganic chemistry for several years.

,

T ab le 5.— Second specialties of scientists in selected fields

1948i

Percent of scientists whose first field of
specialization was—
Second field of specialization
Second specialty in same general
field as first specialty:
In same specific field_______
In other specific field---------Second specialty in another gen­
eral field:
Chemistry________________
Engineering_______________
Physics and electronics.........
Earth sciences____________
Agriculture---------------- -----Biology---------------------------Medicine_________________
Fields related to medicine—
Mathematics and statistics. _
Psychology----------------------Other sciences------------------Total________ __________
i Less than 0.05 percent.



Chem­ Engi­
istry neering

Physics
and elec­ Biology
tronics

42.0
25.8

45.9
17.2

60.4
8.3

53.9
22.1

5.5
6.6
1.0
1.3
3.2
.9
3.3
1.8
.1
8.5
100.0

9.1
9.6
2.5
.7
.5
.6
.2
3.3
0)10.4
100.0

4.6
11.6
1.7
(0 1.3
.5
.2
5.7
.2
5.5
100.0

4.0
.2
.6
.8
7.3
2.7
5.5
.5
.2
2.2
100.0

EDUCATION

He had continued to carry on research in analytic
chemistry and had published several papers in this
field. He listed inorganic chemistry as his field
of greatest competence and analytic chemistry as
his second field.
A large number of scientists found that their
current employment covered more than one
specialty as defined in the questionnaire. For
example, a mechanical engineer employed by a
firm manufacturing air-conditioning, heating, and
refrigeration equipment was engaged in drawing
up the plans for the installation of such equip­
ment and for its adaption to the specific needs of
clients. He listed air-conditioning, heating, and
refrigeration engineering as his first specialty and

9
mechanical equipment, another branch of me­
chanical engineering, as his second field. To cite
another example, a radio engineer was primarily
concerned with electronics in his current job. He
listed radio engineering as his first specialty,
electronics as his second, and included the years
of employment with the current firm as experience
in both radio engineering and electronics.
These illustrations do not exhaust all the situa­
tions underlying the designations of second
specialties. Undoubtedly, there are instances in
which the designations have little practical
meaning. On the whole, the second specialties
appeared to be fields in which the scientists had
considerable competence.

Education
Highest Degree Earned
Perhaps the outstanding single characteristic of
the surveyed scientists is their high level of educa­
tion. This is a reflection of the criteria used in
selecting scientists for inclusion in the survey.
About two-thirds had received a Doctor of Phil­
osophy degree and an additional 11 percent had
earned a degree in medicine. (See chart 1.)
Over 1,000 of the 41,674 reporting their educa­
tional backgrounds had been awarded both a
degree in medicine and a Ph. D.
Table 6 shows the highest degrees received by
the scientists. It should be noted that seven out
of eight people in the first classification, “Bachelor
or none,” had received a baccalaureate; only 1
percent of all scientists in the study held no degree.
Most of the Ph. D .’s had master’s degrees as well.
T able 6 .— Number

and percent of scientists by highest
degree earned 1948

,

Highest degree earned
Total reporting ___ ______________________
Bachelor or n one________________________
Master2
_ _ _ ________________
Ph. D.3__________________ __________________
M. D.4_____________________________________
Other5 ______ ______________ ________ ______

Number
i 41,674
4,807
6. 383
26,008
4,461
15

Percent
100.0
11.6
15.3
62.4
10.7
(6)

1 Excludes 63 scientists not reporting level of education.
2 Those with a master’s degree but no other graduate degree.
3 Includes a very small number of doctors of education and doctors of
science. Scientists holding Ph. D.’s in addition to M. D.’s are classified in
the M. D. category.
* Includes a few doctors of veterinary medicine, doctors of dental surgery,
and doctors of osteopathy.
3 This very small group includes doctors of literature and jurisprudence
and holders of other degrees equally infrequent among scientists. No hon­
orary degree is included in this or any of the other categories in the table.
6 Less than 0.05 percent.



Both the Ph. D. and the M. D. categories included
a few persons having other degrees—doctors of
science and education in the case of the Ph. D.
group; doctors of dentistry, osteopathy, and
veterinary medicine in the M. D. group. For
convenience, however, the abbreviated designa­
tions, Ph. D. and M. D., are used throughout in
referring to these groups. Those scientists who
held both M. D .’s and Ph. D .’s were classified
with the M. D .’s.
In all general fields except engineering, medi­
cine, and the fields related to medicine, at least
half the scientists held Ph. D. degrees (as shown
in table 7). Doctors of philosophy were in the
majority also in half the specific fields related to
medicine; it was only in dental medicine, path­
ology, and veterinary medicine that the medical
degrees predominated, as they did in medicine.
Except for medicine, engineering was the general
field with the lowest proportion of Ph. D .’s among
the surveyed scientists. Nevertheless, the pro­
portion of Ph. D .’s among the engineers in this
survey (33 percent) was much higher than in the
profession as a whole. A Bureau survey in 1946
showed that only 6 percent of the Nation’s chemi­
cal engineers had doctorates and that doctorates
were even more exceptional in other branches of
the profession.11
The proportion of scientists holding Ph. D.
degrees was over 80 percent in two general fields
^U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment
Outlook for Engineers, Bull. No. 968 (pp. 99-100, table D-6).

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

10

In biology, the proportion of Ph. D .’s ranged from
63 percent in entomology to 87 percent in botany.
In the absence of statistics on over-all employ­
ment in the various scientific fields, it was not
possible to determine the extent to which these
differences in the relative numbers of Ph. D .’s in
the various specialties reflected the differences
among all scientists in the country as a whole.

Highest Degree and Age

(psychology and mathematics and statistics) and
in several specific fields (biochemistry, organic
chemistry, physical chemistry, geography, general
biology, botany, and mathematics). The astron­
omers, physicists, and zoologists also were pre­
dominantly Ph. D .’s, with over 75 percent in each
field having this degree.
Within every general field, the proportion of
Ph. D .’s varied among specialties. (See table
E, p. 40.) Only 19 percent of the civil engineers
but 43 percent of the chemical engineers were
doctors of philosophy. There were more Ph.
D .’s in physics than in electronics, which draws
its personnel from engineering as well as physics.
T able 7.— Percent of scientists in each general field of

,

specialization by highest degree earned 1948

Field of specialization
All fields--.......................
Chemistry____________
Engineering_______ __
Physics and electronics. _
E arth sciences
A griculture

Biology____________ _
Medicine.......................
Fields related to medi­
cine
Mathematics and statis­
tics
Psychology........... ............
Other sciences..................

Total
Other
Master Ph. D. M.D. degree
report­ Bachelor
ing or none
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

i Less than 0.05 percent.



11.6
9.9
33.4
10.8
14.2
11.0
5.9
1.0
2.9
3.5
.8
19.6

15.3
10.4
33.1
18.1
22.0
32.9
12.4
1.1
3.8
13.0
4.2
18.0

62.4 10.7
78.4 1.3
.1
33.3
.3
70.7
.1
63.7
.2
55.9
75.9 5.8
6.8 91.1
46.7 46.6
.3
83.2
93.8 1.1
59.3 3.0

0)
0) .1

.1

0)
C1)
.1

.1

In contrast with the popular picture of the dis­
tinguished scientist as a venerable graybeard, the
scientists in the survey constituted a young group.
Their median age at the time of the survey was 43
years. They were older by an average of 5 years,
however, than both all employed men and all
professional and semiprofessional men as reported
by the 1940 Census.
Scientists having the doctor of philosophy
degree tended to be the youngest group, with a
median age of 42 years (table 8). The relative
youthfulness of this group was probably due to
the growing number of Ph. D .’s in the sciences in
this country.12. However, the relatively high
median age of the M. D. group, 48 years, results
from the history of the American Men of Science.
Professors in medical schools were customarily in­
cluded in early editions of the Directory, but in
recent years only a limited number were added,
namely, those actively engaged in research.
As table C, page 38, shows, the Ph. D .’s were
markedly concentrated in a 15-year-age range,
with 57 percent between 30 and 45 years. Only
39 percent of the M. D .’s fell within these age
limits. Scientists without graduate degrees and
those with master’s degrees were fairly well repre­
sented at all age levels.
The median age for 6 of the 10 general fields
was the same—44 years. In two fields, chemistry
and physics, the scientists tended to be younger
than the entire group, whereas in agriculture and
medicine, the median age was over 44 (table 8).
In most specialties 13 the doctors of medicine
tended to be the oldest group. The doctors of
philosophy were the youngest group, except in
12 Between 1912 and 1929, 7,692 Ph. D. degrees in the sciences were granted
by American universities. This number almost tripled in the ensuing period,
with 21,270 degrees awarded between 1930 and 1945. Figures on the number of
doctorates awarded in the natural sciences each year are compiled by the
National Research Council—National Academy of Sciences.
13 It should be noted that these are the specialties of highest compe­
tence, and not necessarily the fields in which the respondents received their
degrees.

EDUCATION
,

T a b le 8. — Median

age of all scientists by highest
degree earned and by general field of specialization, 1948

,

All fields.....................- ........ ........
Chemistry___________________
Engineering__________ _______
Physics and electronics_________
Earth sciences____ ___________
Agriculture________ __________
Biology------- -----------------------Medicine_____________________
Fields related to medicine______
Mathematics and statistics_____
Psychology__________ ______ ..

Total
re­ Bachelor
port­ or none Master Ph. D. M. D.
ing
43
39
44
40
44
48
44
50
44
44
44

44
40
45
35
43
54
49
50
44
46
44

45
40
47
40
41
51
46
49
45
50
42

42
39
41
41
44
45
43
47
42
44
44

48
39

0)
0)
0)
0) 44
50
46
0)
58

1 Insufficient returns.

physics and electronics, psychology, and the earth
sciences. The scientists without any graduate
degrees were the youngest group in physics and
electronics, as were the master’s degree holders in
psychology and the earth sciences.
The relative homogeneity of the Ph. D. scien­
tists, as compared with the others in the survey,
was reflected in the median ages for the various
fields of specialization. The range from the lowest
to the highest median age was 11 years for all
scientists, but only 8 years for Ph. D .’s. This
range reached a high of 19 years for the group
having no graduate degrees.
It might have been expected that scientists
included in American Men oj Science despite their
lack of a graduate degree would be men who had re­
ceived their education before a Ph. D. was consid­
ered a prerequisite for a responsible position, and to
whom the years and their native capacities had
given opportunities to make significant contribu­
tions in their fields. This seems to have been the
case in many fields, notably agriculture, biology,
and mathematics. But in physics and chemistry,
the scientists without a graduate degree were a
young group. Thus, 29 percent of the physicists
and electronic scientists, and 16 percent of the
chemists, as opposed to 12 percent of all the sur­
veyed bachelors, were under 30 years of age. (See
table C, p. 38.) The youthfulness of these phys­
icists and chemists is probably a result of the war.
During the war the need for physicists and chemists
increased so sharply that young men had unprece­
dented opportunities to make outstanding contri­
butions in their fields. Some of the leading physi­
cists in atomic research today were recruited from



the colleges and graduate schools in the early
1940’s.

Women Scientists

Median age
Field of specialization

11

Holders of Ph. D. degrees predominated among
the women scientists to an even greater extent
than among the men. Over three-fourths of the
women reporting held this degree, as compared
with slightly less than two-thirds of all the
scientists in the survey (table 9). The proportion
of Ph. D .’s among the women in this survey was
much higher than among women scientists in the
Nation as a whole (as was true also for the men).
Among the women National Roster Registrants
as of December 31, 1946, only 10 percent of the
physical scientists and 24 percent of the biological
and agricultural scientists held doctoral degrees.
The proportion of women scientists at each
level of education tended to coincide, in each
specialty, with that for all women scientists. The
overwhelming majority were those who had
earned Ph. D. degrees, followed by holders of the
master’s degree, the M. D. degree, and those
without a graduate degree. Only in the field of
medicine was there a marked—and understand­
able—deviation from this pattern, M. D .’s con­
stituting the largest group. (See table D, p. 39.)
T able 9. — Number and percent of women scientists at each

,

,

educational level compared with all scientists 1948

Highest degree earned

All scientists

Women scientists

Number Percent Number Percent

Total reporting. _____________ 141,674
Bachelor or none........................ . 4,807
Master. _. ________________
6, 383
Ph. D _______________________ 26,008
4,461
M. D _______________________
O th er...______ _____________
15

100.0
11.6
15.3
62.4
10.7
(2)

12,516
113
296
1,961
146

100.0
4.5
11.8
77.9
5.8

1Excludes 63 scientists, 59 men and 4 women, who did not report level of
education.
2 Less than 0.05 percent.

The women scientists in this survey were some­
what older than the men. Their median age was
45 years compared with 43 years for both men
and women. Among the women, the youngest
tended to be those without a graduate degree,
rather than the Ph. D .’s. The former were also
the only category of women scientists with a lower
median age than the corresponding group of
scientists of both sexes (table 10).

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

12

10.— Median age of women scientists at each level of
education, compared with all scientists, 1948

T able

Median age
Highest degree earned

All scientists

Total reporting____________ ___________
Bachelor or none______________________
Master. ________ ___________ ______
Ph. D_._ .......................................................
M. D .................................................................

Women
scientists

43
44
45
42
48

45
41
48
45
48

Age at Time of Doctorate
There is no normal age for receiving a doctorate,
as table 11 shows. Some scientists were as young
as 18, others as old as 77. The average age,
however, did not vary greatly, either across fields
or over time. The median age of all the scientists
in the survey was 29 at the time of award of the
doctorate. The physicists and electronic scien­
tists were 29, the chemists were 28, and the biolo­
gists were 30. As chart 2 shows 14 the median
age at time of degree varied only slightly from
year to year from 1901 through 1949. It dropped
a little during the depression years when com­
pared with the period of World War I, and rose
again to the highest level of any time, in the period
following World War II.
14 The relatively low median age for earning a doctorate in the earliest
period, shown in chart 2, seems to be due to the accident of survival rather
than to a real difference in the average ages of the degree recipients. Probably
among the degree recipients of 1900-1915, a relatively low proportion of those
who were older when they obtained their doctorate were professionally
active at the time of the survey.
Chart 2. Median Age of Scientists at Time of Ph.D . Degree
Median Age

BY YEAR OF DEGREE

35

30

Most of the scientists (76 percent) were between
25 and 35 years of age when the doctorate was
awarded. There were, however, significant differ­
ences among specialties in the age at the time of
award. Seventy-five percent of the chemists
received the doctorate under the age of 30, as
compared with 66 percent of the physicists and
electronic scientists, 62 percent of all scientists,
and 50 percent of the biologists. On the other
hand, 20 percent of the biologists were 35 years
of age or older when they obtained their degrees,
as opposed to 7 percent of the chemists, 11 percent
of the physicists and electronic scientists, and
14 percent of all scientists. In no field for which
information is available, however, did more than
2 percent of the recipients receive their doctorates
after they had passed their forty-fifth birthday.
T a b l e 11.— Age

,

at time Ph. D. degree was received of all
scientists chemists physicists and electronic scientists
and biologists 1948

,

,

,

Age at time of Ph. D. degree

,

Physicists
All sci­ Chemists and elec­ Biologists
entists
tronic
scientists
Percentage distribution

18-19 years.................................... 0)
20-24 years....................................
9.3
25-29 years. ..................................
52.8
23.6
30-34 years....................................
9.0
35-39 years............... ....................
3.5
40-44 years..... ..............................
1.3
45-49 years....................................
.3
50-54 years....................................
.1
55-59 years__________________
.1
60-64 years_____ ____ ______
65-69 years__________________
0)
70-74 years__________________
75-79 years__________________
Total................................... 100.0
29
Median age..................................
Total number reporting............... * 25,799

0)12.9
62.7
17.1
4.9
1.7
.6
.1
0)

0)
12.3
53.7
23.2
6.6
3.1
.9
.2
0)

100.0
28
* 8,261

100.0
29
* 2,417

4.2
45.4
30.3
13.0
4.7
1.6
.6
.1
.1
0)
100.0
30
2 4,360

1 Less than 0.05 percent.
* Excludes 209 scientists—63 chemists, 13 physicists, and 45 biologists—
not reporting date of birth or date of degree.

Region of Education

25

20

15

10

5

0

1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1949
Year of Degree

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS




Every part of the United States contributed to
the education of the surveyed scientists but the
leading region of education for these scientists
was the Middle West. Close to a third of all
the baccalaureates and 40 percent of the doctorates
were granted in this region. In population terms,
however, New England emerged as the leader
(table 12). Although that region had only 6 per­
cent of the Nation’s population, her institutions
conferred about 13 percent of both the bachelor’s

EDUCATION
and doctor’s degrees held by these scientists.15
At the other end of the scale, the Pacific region
accounted for the fewest bachelor’s degrees and the
Mountain-Plains States for the fewest Ph. D .’s,
measured in absolute numbers. But when regional
population was taken into consideration, it was
the South which ranked lowest with respect to
both baccalaureates and doctorates.
The concentration of graduate training in a
limited number of educational institutions is
reflected in the figures on the geographic distri­
bution of the scientists’ degrees. A much higher
proportion of the doctorates than of the bacca­
laureates awarded were granted in the two leading
regions of education. Fifty-four percent of all
the bachelor’s degrees but 69 percent of the doc­
torates were awarded in the Middle Atlantic
and the North Central States. At the same time
the South and the Mountain-Plains States con­
tributed a much lower proportion of the doctorates
(8 percent) than of the baccalaureates (25 percent).
The regional distribution of the schools granting
baccalaureates and doctorates to the scientists
in the survey was compared with the national
distribution of these degrees. In each region,
the proportion of doctorates granted the scientists
between 1930 and 1940 conformed closely to the
proportion of all doctor’s degrees awarded in this
period.16 But the bachelor’s degrees received by
the scientists in the 1930’s were more narrowly
concentrated, on a regional basis, than those
granted to all American college graduates. Only
13 percent of the scientists were awarded bacca­
laureates in the South (between 1931 and 1940)
as opposed to 20 percent of all male college
graduates (between 1931-32 and 1941-42).17 All
the other regions accounted for a higher propor­
tion of scientists in the survey than of all male
college graduates.
There were of course distinct differences among
the areas within each region in the number of
degrees awarded. These are best seen in the
accompanying maps (chart 3), which show the
is The population data used in the text and maps are from the 1940 Census.
The figures on baccalaureates given in this section of the report cover all the
scientists, including those with higher degrees.
16Hollis, E. V., “Toward Improving Ph. D. Programs,” pp. 39, 43, 44, 45,
American Council on Education, Washington, D. C., 1945. Mr. Hollis’
figures are based on the academic year; the present study uses the calendar
year.
17 These data are taken from the U. S. Office of Education’s biennial surveys
of education.

°— 51-

948080




13

number of baccalaureates and doctorates awarded
these scientists in each area per 100,000 inhabitants
(as of 1940).
As chart 3 shows, both northern and southern
New England exceeded all the other areas in the
ratio of bachelor’s degrees granted these scientists
to population, but the Massachusetts-Rhode
Island-Connecticut area far surpassed MaineVermont-New Hampshire in this regard. The
Arizona-New Mexico area was much below the
rest of the Mountain-Plains region in the ratio of
baccalaureates to population. The New YorkNew Jersey-Pennsylvania area had considerably
fewer degrees per 100,000 people than the Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia area. Within
the North Central region, the western States
surpassed those to the east.

Three areas with extensive facilities for grad­
uate training stood out as markedly high in the
number of doctorate degrees granted these scien­
tists per 100,000 inhabitants. These were southern
New England, the Maryland-Delaware-District
of Columbia area, and the Minnesota-IowaWisconsin area. California was fourth, with a
considerably higher ratio than the northern
Middle Atlantic States (table 12).

The regional distribution of doctoral degrees
for the various specialties 18 follows the over-all
regional pattern of doctorates to a surprising de­
gree. The most striking exception is in agricul­
ture, with two regions, the North Central and
Middle Atlantic, accounting between them for 82
percent of the Ph. D .’s in this field, in comparison
with 64 percent of all the doctorates. In no other
field of specialization is there such marked depar­
ture from the over-all regional distribution of
doctoral degrees, but some variation is found in
most fields (as shown in table 13). By compar­
ison with the proportion of doctorates in all spe­
cialties granted in the given region, New England
was relatively high in the earth sciences, the South
in mathematics, and the Pacific region in physics
and electronics. On the same basis of comparison,
the North Central States produced relatively few
physicists and electronic scientists and specialists
in medicine, and the Middle Atlantic region rela­
tively few earth scientists.

18 As noted above, these specialties are employment specialties and not
necessarily graduate majors. These fields of specialization, however, appear
to be sufficiently closely related to the studies of the Ph. D.’s to permit
broad comparisons.

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

14

Chart 3. Southern N ew England Led in Number of Degrees
Granted Scientists per 100,000 Population, 1940

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT O f LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS




Source:

Table I2

EDUCATION
T able 12.— Percent

of scientists who received bachelor’s and
doctor’s degrees in each area, and the number of degrees
awarded per 100,000 population, 1948
Ph. D.

Bachelor
Area where degree was awarded
All areas___________________________
New England_______ ________ _____
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont--Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con­
necticut_______ ______ ________
Middle Atlantic__________ ________
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylva­
nia___ ... ___________________
Maryland, Delaware, District of
Columbia_____________ _______
South_____________________________
Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky,
North Carolina, Tennessee__ _ ._
South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama,
Mississippi_____________ _____
Florida______ ?_____ _________
Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma,
Texas________________________
North Central_____________ ______
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan___
Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin.____
Mountain and Plains________ ______
Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri_______
North Dakota, South Dakota, Mon­
tana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado,
Utah, Nevada____ ____________
Arizona, New Mexico____________
Pacific__________ __________ _______
Washington, Oregon_____________
California.______ _______________

Percent

Num­
ber per
100,000
Percent
popu­
lation i

100.0
12.5
2.1
10.4
21.8
19.1
2.7

56
48
58
27
26
37

5.3

14

12.2
2.6.5

3.8
32.3
22.5
9.8
12.1
6.5
5.1
.5
9.1
3.1

6.0

12

109
11
38

Num­
ber per
100,000
popu­
lation

100.0
13.8
(2*)
13.8
28.7
23.4
5.3
4.5
2.9
(2).2

41

1

51
23

21

(*)

48
3
5

2

36
44
37
36

1.4
40.3
25.0
15.3
3.3
2.7

3
31
26
45
7

43
18
35
42
33

.1.5
9.4
1.1
8.3

3
2
24
10
30

10

population data were used in computing these ratios.
2311940
Less than 0.05 percent.
Less than 1 academic degree per 100,000 inhabitants.

Within each region, there were distinct differ­
ences among areas in the proportion of degrees
awarded the various specialists. Thus, all the
T able 13.—

15

earth scientists who studied in New England
received their doctorates in either Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, or Connecticut. Virginia, West
Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, and Ten­
nessee produced most of the South’s mathemati­
cians. Thirty-two percent of all the agriculturists
with Ph. D .’s came from schools in Iowa, Wis­
consin, or Minnesota, and 27 percent from New
York, New Jersey, or Pennsylvania. California
educated most of the specialists in physics and
electronics who received their doctorates on the
West Coast. (See table 13.)

Regional Trends in Education
The baccalaureates and doctorates awarded
these scientists were for the most part recent
degrees. Because death and retirement had
thinned the ranks of the older men, the figures on
the proportion of degrees granted in the various
periods suggest a greater increase in the number
of degrees granted to scientists in recent years
than actually occurred. It can be assumed,
however, that the higher death and retirement
rates among the older men applied equally to all
regions, and did not therefore affect the trends in
the regional distribution of degrees.
Although the absolute number of bachelor’s
degrees awarded increased in each region through­
out the entire period, not all the regions shared

Percent of scientists by general field of specialization and by area in which Ph. D. degree was received, 1948

Area of Ph. D. degree
New England________________________________
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont___________
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut___
Middle Atlantic______________________________
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania________
Maryland, Delaware, District of Columbia----South_______________________________________
Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, North
Carolina, Tennessee______________________
South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi.
Florida___________________________________
Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas_______
North Central________________________________
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan____________
Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin________ ______
Mountain and Plains__________________________
Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri________________
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Idaho,
Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada-----------Arizona, New Mexico______________________
Pacific_______________________________________
Washington, Oregon_______________________
California------------------------------------------------Percent total United States_______________
Number total United States 2______________

1Less than 0.05 percent.



Fields Mathe­
Physics Earth Agri­ Biology Medi­ related
matics Psychol­
Chem­ Engi­ and
elec­ sciences culture
cine to medi­ and sta­ ogy Other
istry neering tronics
cine tistics
(i)11.7
11.7
28.8
23.0
5.8
4.8
0)3.3.2
1.3
43.4
28.6
14.8
3.4

21.0
21.0
25.3

.1
2.5
38.6
24.1
14.5
1.4
.5
.9
10.9
1.2
9.7

17.0
17.6
28.6
23.2
5.4
4.5
3.1
1.4
33.7
24.2
9.5
2.1
1.7
.4
14.1
1.0
13.1

1.5
34.5
23.2
11.3
4.0
2.4
.9
.7
12.4
.9
11.5

1, 533

2, 253

1,274

18.5
.2
18.3
26.9

22.1
4.8
3.7

1.1

18.8
6.5

2.8

1.3

4.6
.1
4.5
31.0
26.7
4.3

010.4
)
10.4

1.5

.2.1
1.7

2.1
.2.2
.2
50.8

18.9
31.9
5.6
5.4

28.1
22.4
5.7
5.0
3.0

41.9
23.2
18.7
4.4
4.0
.3

17.2
1.6
15.6
36.6
26.4
10.2
3.8

13.9
13.9
29.1
24.1
5.0
4.3

.5
31.7
22.0
9.7
3.2

.7
1.4
39.4
23.6
15.8
5.1
4.3

2.8.5

2.2

16.7
16.7
27.0
21.9
5.1
7.5
4.6
2.9
39.0
29.6
9.4
2.3

16.1
.1
16.0
32.3
29.7
2.6
4.9
4.1

.8

37.5
22.2
15.3
2.2
1.9

2.1
2.0
2.6
1.1
.8
.8
(!)
.2 10.2.1 7.5 8.2 7.5.3 7.0.2.1
5.9
7.9
1.5
1.6 7.0
1.2
1.5
1.2 6.8.7 6.8.2
4.4
8.7
5.9
6.7
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

7, 872

1,330

4, 296

186

1, 205

1, 500

1,451

fi)20.1
20.1
29.9
25.3
4.6
2.9

1.8

(l)
1.1
33.7
21.0
12.7
2.3
1.7
.4

11.1.4.2

10.7

100.0
1,890

2Excludes 1,218 scientists not reporting the university from which they
had received their Ph. D. degree.

16

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

equally in the upward movement.19 As chart 4
shows, the proportion of baccalaureates granted
in New England declined steadily from the early
1900’s until 1936-40,20 and the percent granted
in the North Central and Mountain-Plains regions
remained almost stable throughout. In all other
regions, the proportion of baccalaureates granted
was higher in the 1936-40 period than had been
the case before 1905. The gain was most marked
in the Pacific region, where the proportion of
baccalaureates granted doubled between 1901-05
and 1926-30.
The most striking fact about the regional trends
in Ph. D . degrees is the sharp break which occurred
during the 1920’s in the proportion of degrees
granted in the three leading regions. From 1900
to 1919, about 60 percent of the doctorates
» The date of bachelor’s degree was calculated from the date of birth, on
the assumption that the average college graduate earns his baccalaureate in
his twenty-second year. The average age of degree award is lower for some
colleges, even for some States, than others, but these differences tend to cancel
in broad regions such as those discussed here.
20These data are not shown for the period after 1940 because so few of these
scientists earned their degrees after this year that regional comparisons do
not appear warranted.

awarded these scientists were granted in New
England and the Middle Atlantic States.21 A t no
time in the subsequent three decades did the
figure exceed 45 percent. The proportion of
doctorates awarded in the North Central States
doubled between the periods 1900-1909 and
1920-29, but remained almost constant thereafter.
As chart 4 shows, however, there was no such
sharp break during the 1920’s in the trend of
degrees in the other regions. The South declined
in importance as a source of doctorates in science
from the period 1900-1909 to the period 1910-19
and rose again thereafter— to a pronounced extent
during the 1930’s. The curve for the Pacific region
rises quickly until 1920-29 and levels out there­
after, in the same way as the bachelor’s degree
curve for that region. The proportion of Ph. D .
degrees granted in the Mountain and Plains region
changed but slightly during the entire halfcentury.

21 The percentage of doctorates granted in each area by decades between
1900 and 1950 is shown in table G, p. 41. As can be seen in the table, these
regional trends are not always followed in all the areas within each region.

Employment
As well-established members of their professions,
m ostly in their forties or older, most of the scien­
tists in the survey have a long record of employ­
ment. This chapter begins with a brief considera­
tion of two aspects of their employment history—
the number of years of experience in their fields
of greatest competence and the functions per­
formed in these fields. The relative numbers of
scientists working for educational institutions,
private industry, government, and other types of
employers at the time of the survey are then
discussed in greater detail, in relation to field of
specialization, highest degree held, and age. The
concluding section of the chapter deals with the
regions of the country in which the scientists
were employed.

Experience in Field of Greatest Competence
M ost scientists in this survey had spent the
greater parts of their working lives in employment
which they regarded as their field of highest
competence. They were 43 years of age, on an



average, and had a median of 15 years’ experience
in their first specialty. (See table 14.)
T a b l e 14.— M edian years of experience and m edian age
of all scientists by highest degree earned, and by general
field of specialization , 1948
All scien­
tists 1

Ph. D.

Master

Bachelor
or none

Me­
Me­
Me­
Me­
Field of specialization dian
dian Me­ dian Me­
Me­ dian
Me­ years
years dian
years dian
years
dian
of ex­ age of ex­ age of ex­ age of ex­ dian
peri­
peri­
peri­
peri­ age
ence
ence
ence
ence
All fields2....................
Chemistry...................
Engineering________
Physics and electron­
ics_______________
Earth sciences______
Agriculture-___ _____
Biology____________
Medicine______ ____
Fields related to medi­
cine_____________
Mathematics and sta­
tistics____________
Psychology-------------

15

12
16
12
16
22
17
21
16
18
15

43
39
44
40
44
48
44
50
44
44
44

14

12
13
13

17
20
16

15
14
17
15

42
39
41
41
44
45
43
47
42
44
44

17
13
19

12

13
24
19
19
19
23

12

45 16 44
40 13 40
47 18 45
40 9 35
41 15 43
51 26 54
46 23 49
49 23 50
45 18 44
50 15 46
42 (3) (3)

1Including the relatively small number with degrees other than those
specified and those not reporting level of education.
23Insufficient
Including fields other than those specified.
reports to compute median.

EMPLOYMENT

17

Chart 4. North Central Region Led in Granting of Degrees to Scientists
PERCENT O F DEGREES G RANTED IN EACH REGION

BACHELOR DEGREES

PERCENT

PERCENT

Y ea r of Degree

PH.D. DEGREES

PERCENT

PERCENT

Decade of Degree
u n it ed s t a t e s d e p a r t m e n t op

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS




LABOR

Sources: Appendix Tables F and G

18

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

The number of years the scientists had been
employed in their first specialties depended mainly
on their age. The Ph. D .’s were, on the average,
2 years younger than the scientists with no
graduate degree, and also had 2 years less experi­
ence. The scientists without graduate degrees
were, on the average, 1 year younger in both age
and experience than the master’s degree group.
An analysis of the different specialties indicates
the same age-employment relationship. The
chemists and the physicists and electronic scien­
tists— the groups with the lowest median ages—
were also those having the shortest experience in
their first specialties. At the other end of the
scale, the agricultural and medical scientists as a
whole could claim to be both the oldest and the
most experienced groups.
It should be noted that the data on the scien­
tists’ experience are approximations. For tech­
nical reasons, the figures for some individuals may
understate their experience in their first specialties
to a moderate extent.22 On the other hand, it is
probable that many scientists reported all em­
ployment bearing even remotely on their fields of
highest competence as time spent in that field.
Despite these inaccuracies, which tend to offset
each other, the data afford ample evidence of the
long experience which most scientists in the
survey had in their chosen fields. Further, the
length of their experience was a function primarily
of their age.

Function Performed in Field of Greatest
Competence
The great variety of functions which scientists
perform have been grouped in the present survey
into six broad categories: teaching; research;
production; administration; design, development,
and testing (the last three treated as a single
category and hereafter referred to as “develop­
m ent”); and “other.” 23 Each scientist filling out
22 In filling out the questionnaires, a considerable number of respondents
failed to report total experience in their fields of highest competence and
merely indicated the number of years they had been engaged in performing
each of two or more different functions. In such cases, the highest number
of years reported for any function was coded as also representing total years
of experience in the field because it was important for roster purposes to have
estimates of total experience for as many scientists as possible. This pro­
cedure yielded fairly accurate results in a majority of cases. However, it is
likely that in some instances, where the scientist’s experience in different
functions was not all concurrent, this method cf estimating led to an under­
statement of the respondent’s total experience in the given specialty.
23 Writing, editing, field work, and exploration are some of the functions
included in the “other" category.




a questionnaire was asked to indicate which of
these functions he had performed in his field of
greatest competence,24 during the course of his
professional career. If an individual had been
engaged in two or more activities, he was clas­
sified according to the particular combination of
functions reported.

About one out of four scientists reported only
one function in his field of highest competence.
Most often this single function was research
(table 15). Thirteen percent of all the surveyed
scientists had been engaged exclusively in research,
compared with 6 percent who reported only
teaching. Still fewer scientists had experience in
one of the other single functions.

About half the scientists reported experience
both in research and in some other activity in
their first specialties. The most frequent com­
bination was research and teaching, which was
reported by about a fifth of the scientists. The
next largest group, comprising 1 out of every
10 scientists, reported these 2 functions plus
administration. A small number of scientists re-<
ported experience in all five types of activities for
which separate information was obtained and also
in one or more functions in the “other” category.
In some instances, the scientists were perform­
ing two or more functions concurrently. In
others, their experience in different activities re­
lated wholly or partly to different periods of
employment. Statistical information is not avail­
able concerning the extent to which these func­
tions were performed at different times or the
amount of time the scientists spent in each activity
reported. It appears, however, that as a group
the scientists in the survey were characterized
by considerable flexibility of function and by con­
siderable movement from one type of activity to
another.

Whatever the highest degree earned, the sur­
veyed scientists were primarily research scientists.
But the relative numbers listing research and
other activities varied somewhat according to the
academic degree held (as shown in table 15). For
example, the proportion of scientists reporting a

24 In addition to functions performed in his field of highest competence a
scientist may have engaged in other activities in connection with some other
field of specialization. This experience may, or may not, have been con­
current with experience in his field of highest competence. The question­
naire asked the scientists to report also functions performed in their second,
third, fourth, and fifth fields of specialization, but these data are not included
in this report.

EMPLOYMENT

19

,

T able 15.— Number and 'percent of scientists reporting specified functions by highest degree earned

Function

Total2

Ph. D.

Master

1

Bachelor or none

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Total reporting.................................................................................................... 341,668
Only one function reported_________________________________ ______ 9,613
Research___________________________________
___________
5,257
Teaching __ ____________ ___________________________________
2,658
Administration_________________ ________________________
711
349
Development_______________________________________________
95
Production- ____________________________________________
543
Other................. ....................................... ...................— ................ ..........
Combination of functions reported_________________________________ 32, 055
Research and teaching________________________________________ 8, 079
3,925
Research, teaching, and administration. ----------------------------------Research and administration__________________________________ 1, 935
Research and development____________________________________ 1,631
Teaching and administration_______
--------------------------------- 1,180
1,123
Research, development, and administration. .. _________________
Research, teaching, administration, and development_______ ____- 1,043
982
Research, development, and teaching______ ____________________
884
Research, development, production, and administration__________
827
Research, teaching, administration, development, and production. >_
Other combinations4. ----------- _. . ____________ .. . ------ 10,446

100.0
23.1
12.6
6.4
1.7
.9
.2
1.3
76.9
19.4
9.4
4.6
3.9
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.1
2.0
25.1

25,978
5,978
3, 647
1, 712
318
101
34
166
20,000
6,344
2,608
1,186
790
647
540
728
709
398
543
5,507

100.0
23.0
14.1
6.6
1.2
.4
.1
.6
77.0
24.4
10.1
4.6
3.0
2.5
2.1
2.8
2.7
1.5
2.1
21. 2

6,370
1,677
753
578
138
95
19
94
4, 693
556
363
306
347
289
252
183
190
177
159
1,871

100.0
26.3
11.8
9.1
2.1
1.5
.3
1.5
73.7
8.7
5.7
4.8
5.4
4.5
4.0
2.9
3.0
2.8
2.5
29.4

4.792
1,150
569
96
174
147
32
132
3,642
134
100
431
471
63
311
84
53
302
97
1,686

100.0
24.0
11.9
2.0
3.6
3.1
.7
2.7
76.0
2.8
2.1
7.1
9.8
1.3
6.5
1.8
1.1
6.3
2.0
35.2

1 Information reported in 1948, but applies also to other years.
2 Includes scientists holding degrees other than those specified and a few
not reporting level of education.

3Excludes 69 scientists not reporting functions.
4 Includes a great number of different combinations any of which was
reported by less than 2 percent of the respondents.

combination of research and teaching experience
or these two activities plus administration was
much higher among the Ph. D.’s than among
persons with only a master’s or bachelor’s degree.
Noticeable also is the small proportion of scientists
without graduate degrees who had engaged in
teaching, and the relatively large proportion who
reported experience in development or production.
The relative numbers of scientists not reporting
a given function differed widely by field of special­
ization. For example, in some fields, notably
chemistry, an especially high proportion of the
scientists had been engaged in research. (See
table H, p. 42.) Development and production
bulked much larger in the employment history
of the engineers than in that of any other group
of specialists. In the general field of mathematics
and statistics, most of the scientists had been
engaged exclusively in teaching or had combined
teaching with research.26 In several specialties,
particularly the earth sciences, a high proportion
of the scientists were classified in the “other
combinations” category. About half of the
specialists in the earth sciences reported functions
other than those listed in the questionnaire,
generally in combination with research and other
activities. No doubt many of these scientists
were engaged in field work or exploration.

Type of Employer

as This was particularly true in the specific field of mathematics. Employ­
ment by educational institutions was reported by a higher proportion of
mathematicians than statisticians.



Education was by far the most important field
of employment for the scientists included in the
survey. (See chart 5.) Private industry was
second and government third, both for the entire
group of scientists and for the members of most
specialties. The major exceptions were the
chemists and engineers, who were employed
mainly in private industry, and the medical
scientists, many of whom were physicians engaged
in private practice.
Table 16 shows the relative numbers of scientists
in each general field of specialization who were
working for the various types of employers at
the time of completing the questionnaires (usually
in mid-1948).26 Thirty-seven percent of the
scientists were employed solely by colleges or
universities,27 and an additional 13 percent
combined work for educational institutions with
self-employment, as independent consultants, or
with work for other types of employers. No
statistical information is available as to how those
scientists divided their time between activities.
General information in the questionnaires indi­
cates that most of them devoted the major portions
of their time to their educational work, although
some held full-time jobs with the government or
private industry and did part-time teaching.
26 See p. 20.
27 The term “college or university” is used in this report to cover all types
of educational institutions.

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

20

The proportion of scientists working exclusively
for private industry was 27 percent, markedly
smaller than the group employed solely by educa­
tional institutions. Smaller still were the groups
reporting other types of employers. Only 14
percent of the scientists were employed solely by
government agencies (most of them by the Federal
Government). About 2 percent were employed
exclusively by nonprofit foundations, and still
fewer were wholly self-employed as independent
consultants. The group reporting two or more
T able

16

.— Percent of scientists employed by each type of
employer for each general field of specialization 1948

,

,

Percent of scientists employed by—
Num­
ber of
Field of specialization scien­
tists
report­
ing
All fields.........................
Chemistry........................
Engineering....................
Physics and electronics..
Earth sciences..................
Agriculture.......................
Biology............................
Medicine...........................
Fields related to medi­
cine.
Mathematics and statis­
tics.
Psychology......................

141,733
10,625
4,906
3,439
2,089
2,427
5,818
2,857
2,663
1,929
1,589

All
types
of
em­
ploy­
ers

Edu­
cation­
al
institu­
tions 2

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

37.4
27.7
18.3
43.3
30.0
45.1
53.7
22.6
57.2
73.4
54.4

Other types
Pri­
of employ­
vate Gov­ ers, combi­
in­ ern­ nations of
dus­ ment2 types or
try 2
self-em­
ployed
27.1
50.1
43.8
26.7
16.3
7.9
9.3
7.3
11.9
6.0
4.6

13.5
8.9
12.0
12.7
26.6
29.4
20.8
7.5
7.9
8.1
6.4

22.0
13.3
25.9
17.3
27.1
17.6
16.2
62.6
23.0
12.5
34.6

1 Total includes 3,391 scientists in fields other than those listed; excludes
4 not reporting type of employer.
2 This category includes only scientists employed exclusively by the speci­
fied type of employer. All those reporting more than one type of employer
or self-employment in addition to a salaried position are included in the
“other” category.



types of employers other than colleges or uni­
versities was only slightly larger, about 4 percent.
More than half the scientists were working solely
for colleges and universities in four general fields
(mathematics and statistics, fields related to
medicine, psychology, and biology). There were,
however, wide variations among the specific
specialties within these general fields (shown in
table I, p. 42). Thus, 80 percent of the mathe­
maticians but only 30 percent of the statisticians
reported educational employment only. In biol­
ogy, the proportion employed exclusively by
colleges or universities ranged from 70 percent
among zoologists down to 36 percent among
entomologists. In the fields related to medicine,
the range was from 84 percent for anatomists
down to 28 percent for pathologists, many of
whom were working in hospitals. 28
The general fields with the lowest proportions
employed by educational institutions were en­
gineering, medicine, chemistry, and the earth
sciences (except geography). Only 18 percent of
the engineers reported themselves as working
exclusively for educational institutions, but even
this relatively low percentage was much higher
than the proportion of all engineers in the country
engaged in education, as determined by the
Bureau in a 1946 survey.29 In chemistry, likewise,
the proportion of surveyed scientists employed
by educational institutions (28 percent) was much
greater than the corresponding figure for all mem­
bers of the profession— only 7 percent in 1943.30
The fact that engineers and chemists are widely
employed in private industry explains the small
proportion of these scientists working for educa­
tional institutions. Fifty percent of the chemists
and 44 percent of the engineers among those
surveyed were employed exclusively by business
organizations. In chemistry, there was one
specific field (biochemistry) in which a larger
proportion of the scientists were working for
educational institutions than for private industry,
but the reverse was true in every other specific
field of chemistry. In engineering, six of the nine
28 A comparison of these proportions of scientists employed in colleges and
universities with the proportions of Ph. D.’s in each of these specialties shows
a close relationship. For example, the relative number of Ph. D's was con­
siderably higher in zoology than in entomology.
» U . S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment
Outlook for Engineers, Bull. No. 968 (p. 105, table D-9), 1949.
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Factors Affecting
Earnings in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bull. No. 881 (p. 8, table
3), 1946.

EMPLOYMENT
specific fields had a larger proportion of scientists
working for private industry than for any other
type of employer. However, in aeronautical and
ordnance engineering, the largest numbers were
employed by government agencies; in civil en­
gineering, the largest group was with educational
institutions and the second largest with govern­
ment agencies.
There are two other fields-—electronics and
metallurgy, both primarily applied sciences—in
which private industry was the major employer
of the surveyed scientists. Still other deviations
from the general rule that educational institutions
constitute the major field of employment for the
scientists in this study were found in the earth
sciences. In meteorology, by far the largest group
was on the staff of a government agency, the
United States Weather Bureau. In geophysics,
government employees slightly outnumbered the
scientists with private industry. Among geologists
also, government employees were the largest
group, but in this specialty the scientists with
colleges and universities were nearly as numerous.
In the field of medicine, the majority of scientists
fell in the residual category “other type of em­
ployer,^ primarily because the large number of
M. D .’s in private practice were included in this
group.

Level of Education and Type of Employer
The emphasis on a doctoral degree as a pre­
requisite for a college teaching position is reflected
in this study. The Ph. D. degree was held by
about three-fourths of the scientists employed
exclusively by educational institutions and by
the same proportions of those who did both edu­
cational and independent consulting work.31 In
31 The distribution of Ph. D. scientists by type of employer and general
field of specialization is shown in table L, p. 44.
T able

private industry, on the other hand, only about
three-fifths of the scientists had Ph. D .’s. The
relative number was still lower (about half) among
the government employees and the smaller groups
working for nonprofit foundations or wholly selfemployed as independent consultants. Among
scientists who held positions with both educational
institutions and government agencies, the pro­
portion of Ph. D .’s was about two-thirds, between
the figures for the scientists working only for one
or the other of these two types of employers.
(See table 17.)

Scientists working for still other types of em­
ployers or other combinations of types were the
group with the lowest proportion of Ph. D .’s (only
about a third), because the M. D .’s in private
practice were classified in this category. More
than half of the scientists in the group held M. D.
degrees, though the proportion of M. D .’s was
small among the scientists working for each of the
other specified types of employers.

Scientists with only a master’s degree comprised
a small minority of those surveyed who were
employed with every type of employer. The pro­
portion they represented was largest (23 percent)
among the government employees and smallest (14
percent) among the scientists on educational staffs.
In terms of the absolute numbers of persons em­
ployed, however, educational institutions repre­
sented the largest field of activity for the scientists
with master’s degrees, as well as for the Ph. D .’s.
The largest field of employment for the scien­
tists with no graduate degree was private industry.
Almost half of the surveyed scientists at this edu­
cational level were employed exclusively by busi­
ness organizations, whereas only about one out of
four was working for government agencies alone
and only one out of eight for educational institu­
tions. The rarity with which scientists without

17.— Number and percent of scientists by type of employer and highest degree earned, 1948

Type of employer

Total reporting

Ph. D.

M. D.

Master

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

26,005
11,493
6,904
2,829
462
282
2,034
650
1,351

62.4
73.7
61.2
50.3
50.7
48.7
72.1
65.2
35.1

4,460
1,358
390
385
97
18
92
148
1,972

10.7
8.7
3.4
6.8
10.6
3.1
3.3
14.9
51.2

Excludes 15 scientists reporting other degrees and 67 scientists not reporting type of employer or level of education.
948080°— 51------4




Bachelor or none

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

All fields................ ........ ...............................................- i 41,655
Educational institution............................................... 15, 586
Private industry........................................................... 11,282
Government................................................................... 5,631
912
Foundation__________________________________
579
Independent consultant (self-employed)— ...............
Educational institution and independent consultant- 2,821
996
Educational institution and government------------3,848
Other and other combinations__________________
1

21

6,383
2,116
1,745
1, 289
134
126
554
146
273

15.3
13.6
15.5
22.9
14.7
21.8
19.6
14.7
7.1

4,807
619
2,243
1,128
219
153
141
52
252

11.6
4.0
19.9
20.0
24.0
26.4
5.0
5.2
6.6

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

22

graduate degrees were employed in colleges and
universities is further emphasized by another com­
parison: such persons represented only 4 percent
of the members of educational staffs in the survey,
compared with about 20 percent of the employees
of private industry and of government.
The predominance of Ph. D .’s on college and
university staffs is matched by the data for the
different specialties. In all but two of the general
fields of specialization, the proportion of persons
in the survey holding the Ph. D . degree was higher
in colleges than in government or industry. In
agriculture, however, the possession of a Ph. D.
was reported by a slightly higher proportion of
the small group of scientists in industry than of
the larger numbers in colleges and universities.
In the field of medicine, the Ph. D . degree was
more common in government than in educational
institutions; however, if the Ph. D .’s had been
combined with the M. D .’s, the proportion of
doctors would have been higher in colleges than
in government agencies. Detailed figures on level
of education, by specialty and type of employer,
may be found in table J, page 43.

Age of Scientists and Type of Employer
A comparison of the age distributions of scien­
tists working for different types of employers
shows wide differences. Those scientists employed
exclusively by private industry and the much
smaller number working only for nonprofit foun­
dations tended to be the youngest groups, both
having a median age of 39 years (as indicated in
table 18). In comparison, the median age of
scientists who worked for educational institutions,
exclusively or in combination with self-employment
as a consultant, and for those whose only employ­
ment was with the government was 44 years.
T able

18.— Median

age by type of employer and highest
degree earned 1948

Type of employer
T otal..............................................
Educational institution................
Private industry______________
Government............................ .......
Foundation____________ ______
Independent consultant (self-em­
ployed) ____________________
Educational institution and in­
dependent consultant............. .
Educational institution and gov­
ernment______________ _____
Other and other combinations.



,

All scien­
tists
43
44
39
44
39
57
44
46
47

D.

42
43
38
43
40
53
42
44
42

Master Bachelor
or none
45
48
40
44
38
60
49
52
46

44
45
42
45
34
62
50
53
48

Persons who had positions with two or more
types of employers were somewhat older than
those working for only one type. Thus, the group
holding both government and educational posts
had a median age of 46 years, 2 years higher than
the median figure for scientists with one or the
other of these kinds of positions.
Oldest of all were the small group of scientists
engaged exclusively in independent consulting
work. Their median age was 57 years. These
self-employed scientists apparently fell into two
main categories: well-known men who had been
able to establish full-time consulting services,
and scientists past normal retirement age who
were no longer working full time but continued to
do some consulting work. Nearly a third of the
scientists who reported this type of work only were
65 years of age or over.
The finding that the scientists in private
industry tended to be younger than those with
the two other major types of employers— govern­
ment agencies and educational institutions— held
true for the Ph. D .’s, those with master’s degrees,
and those without a graduate degree. It also
held true in most of the general fields of specializa­
tion, both for scientists at all levels of education
taken together and for the Ph. D .’s alone (as
shown in table K, p. 44). The relative youth of
most scientists in private industry as compared
with those employed in government and education
is treated again in the concluding chapter.32
The data in table K illustrate two points made
earlier— the heterogeneity of the scientists in the
survey who do not have a graduate degree and
the comparative homogeneity of the Ph. D . group.
Among Ph. D . scientists employed in educational
institutions, for example, the range in median ages
was only 8 years. The corresponding range for
college and university employees with no graduate
degree was 27 years. Oldest were the agricul­
turists, whose median age was 57 years, and the
mathematicians and statisticians, half of whom
were 54 or older. In contrast, half of the college
and university chemists and physicists with only
a baccalaureate were under 30. Comments on
the questionnaires indicated that many of the
young scientists without graduate degrees were
continuing their graduate education, expecting
ultimately to obtain Ph. D .’s.
w Seep. 31.

EMPLOYMENT

Region of Employment
That section of the country in which the greatest
number of surveyed scientists was employed
stretches from Illinois on the west to New York
on the east, extending southward along the eastern
seaboard to include Delaware and the District of
Columbia. (See chart 6.) More than half the
scientists were employed in the nine States of
this area and the District of Columbia, at the
time of the survey. The next largest groups were
employed in California and southern New Eng­
land, as table 19 shows.
These leading areas of employment were also
the areas awarding the greatest number of Ph. D.
degrees to these scientists. The proportion of
scientists who had received their doctorates in
the northern Middle Atlantic States and the
eastern North Central States taken together was
about the same as the proportion employed there
at the time of the survey (roughly 45 percent).
For the most part, also, the areas which employed
the smallest numbers of these scientists—that is,
the South, northern New England, the Mountain-

23

Plains States, and the northern Pacific area—
likewise accounted for the smallest proportions of
Ph. D. degrees. Fewer than 1 percent of the
scientists were employed outside continental
United States.
Chart 7 shows the number of scientists in each
area of continental United States per 1 million
individuals in the labor force as of April 1, 1947.
As the chart indicates, Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia, southern New England, and
Arizona-New Mexico were outstanding in this
respect.
Region and Type of Employer

How the scientists in each region were distrib­
uted among the different types of employers is
shown in table 20. Marked divergences from the
Nation-wide pattern of employment already indi­
cated existed in only two of the six regions. The
Middle Atlantic States were distinctly above the
over-all average in the proportion of scientists in
private industry and distinctly below it in the
relative number employed in educational institu-

Chart 6. W h e re These Scientists W e re Employed
PERCENT OF SCIENTISTS IN EACH AREA,, 1948

UNITEO STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS




Sou/ce: TABLE 19

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

24

T able 19.— Number and percent of scientists employed in

each area and ratio of scientists to the labor force in the
area in 1947

Area of employment

Scientists
employed
Number Percent per 100,000
in labor
force 1

Total United States.............. ....................... - 241,434 100.0
8.1
New England. ........... .................................. 3,367
410
1.0
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont____
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con­
2,957
7.1
necticut------------ ------------------------Middle Atlantic________________________ 15,410 37.2
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. 10,980 26.5
Maryland, Delaware, District of Co­
lumbia.................................................... 4,430 10.7
5,828 14.1
South________________________________
Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky,
5.5
2,290
North Carolina, Tennessee_________
South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama,
1,018
2.5
Mississippi.................. .................. ........
414
1.0
Florida____________________________
5.1
Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas. 2,106
9,706 23.4
North Central_________________________
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan........... 7,431 17.9
5.5
Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin.................. 2,275
7.1
Mountain and Plains..... ............... ................. 2,937
3.2
Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri.................... 1,331
North Dakota, South Dakota, Mon­
tana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado,
2.9
Utah, Nevada......................................... 1,191
415
1.0
Arizona, New Mexico. ............................
Pacific................................................................. 4,186 10.1
949
2.3
Washington, Oregon.................................
7.8
California.................................................... 3,237

70
87
58
93
108
86
312
37
42
26
44
40
65
67
61
58
45
70
99
76
65
80

1 Estimated number in the labor force in each area.
2 Excludes 5 scientists not reporting region of employment, 79 scientists
working in United States territories, and 219 scientists employed in foreign
countries.

tions. The Mountain-Plains States, on the other
hand, had exceptionally few scientists in private
industry and an unusually large proportion in
education.

The geographic differences in the relative im­
portance of the various types of employment are
seen more clearly when a similar comparison is
made for narrower groups of States. New YorkNew Jersey-Pennsylvania had a preponderance of
scientists employed in private industry, 44 percent
compared with 27 percent for the entire country.
Employment in private industry was also rela­
tively high in the second great industrial area of
the country, the east North Central States. On
the other hand, in M aryland-Delaware-District of
Columbia, there were— quite understandably—
twice as many scientists in the Government as in
any other area, but a much lower proportion were
employed exclusively in education than elsewhere.
In several predominantly agrarian areas—north­
ern New England, the deep South,33 the western
States of the North Central region, the M ountainPlains region, and the northern Pacific States— at
least half the scientists were employed in edu­
cational institutions. Government employment
also was relatively important in Arizona and New
Mexico, with installations for work on atomic
energy, and in other Rocky M ountain States,34
with their Federal power and reclamation projects,
as well as in the deep South.
88South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi.
84Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada.

,

T able 20. — Percent of scientists employed in each area of the continental United States by type of employer 1948

Total reporting
Area of employment

Percent of scientists employed by—

Educa­
Educa­
tion and
Govern­ tion
Founda­ Independ­
Number Percent Educa­
and
Industry
ent
con­
independ­
Other
tion
tion
ment Govern­
sultant ent con­
ment
sultant

Total all areas: United States.............. ........ ............- i 41,430
3,366
New England...................................... .......................
409
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont-.................. 2,957
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut----Middle Atlantic______________________________ 15,409
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania.............. 10,979
Maryland, Delaware, District of Columbia----- 4,430
South_______________________________________ 5,828
Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, North
Carolina, Tennessee______________________ 2,290
South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi. 1,018
414
Florida-------- ------------------------------------------ 2,106
Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas---------9,705
North Central------------------------------------------------ 7,430
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan------ ------- Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin------------------------ 2,275
2,936
Mountain and Plains---------------------------------1, 330
Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri--------------- ------North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Idaho,
Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada------------ 1,191
415
Arizona, New Mexico-----------------------------4,186
Pacific______________________________________
949
Washington, Oregon---------------------------------3,237
California________________________________

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

37.4
44.2
63.6
41.5
23.0
26.9
13.2
47.1
48.7
51.3
47.3
43.2
44.3
40.7
55.9
54.5
57.7
51.8
52.3
43.9
52.8
41.3

13.5
4.6
5.1
4.5
19.5
5.0
55.4
14.7
13.4
20.4
24.6
11.5
5.6
5.3
6.5
14.5
6.8
20.2
22.4
13.5
13.2
13.6

2.4
2.9
7.1
2.3
1.5
1.2
2.2
3.4
3.3
3.7
6.3
2.8
2.1
1.9
3.0
4.2
3.1
5.6
3.6
3.2
4.2
2.8

27.1
23.4
7.8
25.6
36.6
43.9
18.6
19.1
20.3
9.3
9.2
24.4
27.0
30.2
16.4
9.6
12.8
6.6
8.2
18.8
14.5
20.1

2.2
1.1
2.0
.9
2.7
3.2
1.6
.8
.3
1.3
.7
1.2
3.5
4.2
1.0
.8
.9
.3
2.4
1.0
.6
1.1

1.4
1.6
1.2
1.7
1.5
1.8
.8
1.5
.7
1.1
2.2
2.5
.8
.9
.7
1.3
1.0
1.4
1.5
2.3
1.1
2.7

6.8
10.5
7.1
11.0
5.0
6.2
2.0
6.7
6.2
6.9
5.1
7.4
7.9
7.6
8.9
. 7.7
7.3
8.8
6.0
7.5
7.2
7.6

9.2
.11.7
6.1
12.5
10.2
11.8
6.2
6.7
7.1
6.0
4.6
7.0
8.8
9.2
7.6
7.4
10.4
5.3
3.6
9.8
6.4
10.8

i Excludes 79 scientists employed in United States territories, 219 working in foreign countries, and 9 not reporting region of employment or type of
employer.



EMPLOYMENT

25

Chart 7. Geographic Distribution of the Scientists in the Survey
Compared to Labor Force
SCIENTISTS EMPLOYED IN 1948, PER 1,000,000 PERSONS IN LABOR FORCE A S OF APRIL 1,1947

L e s s than 3 0
3 0 and under 6 0
6 0 and under 9 0
9 0 a nd O v e r

U N IT E D S T A T E S
DEPARTM ENT
BUREAU OF LA B O R S T A T IS T IC S

OF

LA80R

Specialty and Region

In most specialties, the proportion of scientists
working in each region followed the general re­
gional pattern of employment. That is, the
Middle Atlantic and North Central States were the
two leading regions of employment; the South
ranked third; and the Pacific, New England, and
Mountain States followed in that order. As table
21 shows, the most important exceptions to this
general pattern were in biology, agriculture, the
earth sciences, and engineering.
The greatest divergence from the over-all re­
gional pattern of employment appears in agri­
culture. The South employed relatively as many
agricultural scientists as the Middle Atlantic
States, and twice as large a proportion of these
specialists as of the entire group of scientists were
working in the Mountain-Plains region. This
divergence is largely explained by the fact that
private industry employed very few agriculturists,
whereas government agencies and colleges and
universities employed at least three-quarters of
these scientists.




S e u re t: TA B L E 19

Employment in two fields of biology—general
biology and botany, each with an unusually high
proportion of scientists in educational institu­
tions—was not concentrated in the two leading
regions. Owing to the distribution of employment
in these specific specialties, there were almost as
many biologists in the South as in the North
Central States, and slightly more in the MountainPlains region than in New England.
In the earth sciences, the South, rather than
the North Central States, ranked second among
the regions because it was the leading area of
employment for geophysicists and had a larger
proportion of the geologists than the North
Central States. In meteorology, however, where
Federal employment predominated, almost half
the scientists were working in the Middle Atlantic
region, primarily in the District of Columbia.
As expected, the engineers were generally em­
ployed in the industrial sections of the country.
A much larger proportion (84 percent) of the metal­
lurgical engineers than that of any other group of
specialists covered by the survey were employed

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

26

in the Middle Atlantic and North Central States.
In a few specialties, however, there were distinct
differences from the general geographic pattern of
engineering employment. In aeronautical en­
gineering, the engineers employed in the Pacific
area constituted the second largest group, a pos­
sible result of the great development of the West
Coast aircraft industry in recent years. Almost
as many mining engineers were employed in the
South—largely in Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana,
and Arkansas— as in the Middle Atlantic States.
T able

Large-scale Federal power and land reclamation
projects in the Rocky Mountain area accounted for
the relatively high proportion of civil engineers, as
compared with other scientists, employed in the
Mountain-Plains region.
There were other specialties which deviated in
some way from the Nation-wide pattern of em­
ployment. For example, electronics was more im­
portant in New England than in the North Central
region. Likewise, about the same number of
astronomers were employed on the West Coast,

21.— Percent of scientists employed in each region, hy specific field of specialization, 1948

Field of specialization
All fields____________ ____
Chemistry____________________
General----------------- ------Analytic___________________
Biochemistry_______________
Inorganic__ ______ ________
Organic________ _______ ___
Physical___ _______________
Engineering_________ _________
Aeronautical----------------------Chemical..... ............... ...............
Civil................. ........ .................
Electrical__ _______________
Mechanical—____ _________
Metallurgical_____ _________
Mining___ ________________
Ordnance_________ ________
Power plant________________
Physics and electronics___ ______
Physics_______ ____________
Electronics_______________
Earth sciences....................................
Geophysics.................................
Geography..............................
Geology..................... ................
Meteorology............ ................ .
Agriculture___ ________________
Biology........................... .................
Bacteriology..............................
Biology---------------------------Botany.......................................
Entomology................................
Zoology.................................. .
Medicine_________ ____________
Clinical_________________
Neuropsychiatry___________
Obstetrics._________________
Ophthalmology....................
Pediatrics.................................
Public health..........................
Radiology...................................
Surgery------------ -------------Fields related to medicine...........
Anatomy.................................
Dental medicine.......................
Pathology..................................
Physiology------------ ------------Pharmacy...................................
Veterinary medicine_________
Mathematics and statistics_______
Mathematics_______________
Statistics_____ _____________
Psychology-----------------------------Other----------- ------ ------- ..______
Architecture_______________
Astronomy.________________
Metallurgy_________________
Military application of science.
Nutrition and foods............. .
Manpower resources................
All other and no report............

Number of
scientists
reporting Total United
States
i 41,434
10, 582
678
1,017
1,581
761
4,123
2,422
4,881
218
1,967
692
786
651
136
145
157
129
3,423
2,791
632
2,048
287
261
1,360
140
2,395
5,744
1,407
996
1,578
807
956
2,848
1,160
324
118
93
171
316
114
552
2,647
524
116
478
804
537
188
1,925
1,671
254
1,582
3,359
24
208
563
136
519
915
994

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

Percent of scientists employed in—
New
England
8 .1

. "
7.8
8.7
6.3
7.4
7.1
7.0
8 .2
8.3
7.4
7 2

8 .2
10 .6
10 .6

5.2
5.7
8.5
10 .2
9.8
1 2 .2
7.0
7.3
6.5
6.8
9.3
5.7
7.7
6.4
10 .0
7.7
6.3
8.3
2 .1

10 .0
10 .2
12 .0

11.9
16.1
1 1 .1
9.8
4.4
7.8
7.7
8 .2
10.3
6.5
10 .2
6.0
2.6

8.9
9.2
7.5
10.7
9.0
12.5
13.4
9.4
9.6
8.7
6.9
10.0

Middle
Atlantic
37.2
43.5
48.1
37.8
35.8
38.8
48.1
43.5
40.5
39.9
41.8
31.4
47.5
35.2
46.3
31.7
61.8
34.1
44.2
40.5
60.4
30.1
32.1
31.8
27.7
46.4
22.9
29.5
40.0
24.2
24.6
29.6
27.6
36.6
35.8
41.4
32.2
29.0
39.2
44.6
29.8
33.5
33.4
29.2
26.7
33.3
34.8
39.9
24.5
31.6
29.1
48.0
32.6
41.7
45.9
25.5
40.9
55.9
33.1
48.0
42.1

South
14.1
11.9
9.4
14.2
1 2 .1
14.8
1 1 .1
1 1 .8

13.0
9.2
14.7
13.9
8.9
13.0
5.9
29.7
7.0
9.3
10.6
1 1 .6
6.0
2 1 .2

33.1
14.6
21.4
6.4
23.5
18.7
14.3
2 1.6
20.7
21.5
16.6
10.7
10 .2
9.6
8.5
6.5
12.3
13.6
10.5
1 1 .8
14.8
20.4
7.8
15.9
13.2
13.4
1 1 .2
16.8
17.5
12.6
12.3
8.6
8.3
7.7
3.7
8.8
11.4
10.6
8.4

North
Central
23.4
24.2
24.1
24.5
28.0
25.4
23.7
2 2 .1
23.0
17.0
24.3
24.0
18.4
27.8
38.2
6.9
8.9
31.0
20.0
22.0
1 1 .1

16.0
6.6
31.0
15.2
15.7

22.0
22.0
22.6

23.5
22.8
15.1
23.6
27.1
28.1
25.0
32.2
29.0
22.8
17.7
29.8
30.6
27.0
26.0
42.3
25.5
25.6
25.7
34.6
25.5
26.4
19.3
26.7
24.5
25.0
23.6
34.8
13.2
26.8
22.3
2 1 .2

Mountain
and Plains
7.1
4.8
4.0
7.1
7.2
5.6
3.5
4.4
5.4
5.0
3.7
1 1 .1
4.6
4.0
1.5
16.5
4.5
4.7
5.6
6.3
2. 5
13.5
7.7
6 .1
16.8
7.2
14.2
9.0
6.6
9.5
9.2
12.4
8.8
5.9
5.7
4.6
5.9
8.6
6.4
5.1
8.8
6. 5
8 .1
8.0

6.9
9.6
6.7
7.4
12.8
7.2
7.8
3.2
6.7
6.4
6 .2
6.8

3.7
6.7
4.7
8.0

i Excludes 79 scientists employed in United States territories, 219 employed in foreign countries, and 5 not reporting region of employment.



Pacific
1 0 .1

8.4
6.6
7.7

10.6
8.0

6.5
9.9

1 1 .2

20.6
8 .1

11.4
10 .0
9.4
2.9
13.1
1 2 .1
12.4
9.4
9.8
7.8
1 2 .2
13.2
10.0
1 2 .1

15.0
.7
13.1

11

1 0 .1
1 1 .2

15.0
15.1
15.1
9.7
10.0
7’4
9.3

10.8
8 .2
.2

9
16^7
9*8
9.0
8. 2
6.0
9. 2
9. 5
7*6
14* 3
10.0
10 .0

9.4
*
9.8
8.3
23. 6
4. 4
8. 8
13.3
7.5
10.3
11 0

EARNINGS

27

regions which led in the employment of the surveyed scientists.

with its famous observatories, as in either the
Middle Atlantic or North Central States, the two

Earnings
small unrepresentative group of scientists not hav­
ing a doctorate, but covers a large proportion of
all the Ph. D .’s in the sciences.
Although other studies of earnings in the profes­
sions have shown that doctors of philosophy tend
to earn more than persons with less academic
training, the scientists in the survey having no
graduate degree tended to receive higher salaries
than the Ph. D .’s in the survey. The median an­
nual salary for all the scientists who supplied this
information was $5,850 a year. Those who held
bachelor’s degrees had a median salary of $6,450
a year, as compared with $5,720 a year for Ph.
D .’s and $5,610 a year for scientists with master’s
degrees. The salaries of the medical doctors,
governed in part by the levels set by private prac­
tice, tended to be the highest of all— the median
being $7,430 a year (table 22).
N ot only did the scientists without graduate
degrees and those with an M . D . have higher
average earnings than the Ph. D .’s but they also
had a wider variation in earnings and a larger
proportion in the top salary brackets. About 30
percent of the M. D .’s and 18 percent of the
scientists with bachelor’s degrees earned a salary
of $10,000 or more a year, as compared to 8 per-

One of the most important contributions of this
study is the data it provides on the earnings of
scientists— a subject on which little quantitative
information was previously available. The re­
spondents were asked to report both their regular
annual salary at the time of the survey (mid-1948)
and any additional professional income. Since
many professional people are reluctant to make
their incomes public, the respondents were not
asked to specify the exact amounts of their pro­
fessional earnings. Instead, the questionnaire
provided a check list of salary brackets ranging
from under $2,000 to $10,000 and over in $1,000
intervals. A check list of income classes was also
provided for use in reporting added professional
earnings. The optional character of the question
on earnings was emphasized, but a very high pro­
portion—82 percent of all the respondents and
85 percent of the Ph. D .’s— supplied salary data.
About a third of the scientists who supplied salary
information also reported some added professional
income.
The data thus collected should not be considered
as indicating the average salaries of all scientists
in the country in 1948. As was pointed out earlier
in this report, the survey includes only a very

T able 22.— Median and quartile salaries and interquartile range of salaries by highest degree earned and age, 19J+8

Level of education
All scientists:
Upper quartile _____________ _ _
Median____ ______ ______ __ __
Lower quartile __________________
Interquartile range . ____________
Ph. D. degree:
Upper quartile___________________
Median___ ____________ __ ...
Lower quartile ____ _________
Interquartile range. __________ _
Master’s degree:
Upper quartile_____________ ___
Median.. ________ _________ ...
Lower quartile _____ __________
Interquartile range. ____________
Bachelor’s degree or no degree:
Upper quartile---------------------- . _
Median______________ __________
Lower quartile__________ ______
Interquartile range. . . . ____ ____
M. D. degree:
Upper quartile____________ ____
Median._ _________ ... ---- -Lower quartile_________________ .
Interquartile range________ _
1 $10,000 and over.



All age Under 30
groups years

30-34
years

35-39
years

40-44
years

45-49
years

50-54
years

55-59
years

60-64
years

65-69
years

70 years
and over

$8, 500
6, 360
4, 960
3, 540

$8,800
6,480
5,060
3,740

$8,900
6,670
5,160
3,740

$8, 700
6,550
5, 090
3,610

$8,480
6,350
5, 010
3, 470

$8,440
5, 650
3,620
4,820

$7,600
5,850
4, 610
2, 990

$5,350
4,440
3, 600
1, 750

$6,420
5,260
4,290
2,130

$7,400 $8,020
5,850 6, 250
4, 660 4,920
2,740 3,100

7,200
5,720
4, 580
2,620
7,230
5,610
4,420
2,810
8, 680
6,450
4, 910
3, 770
i 10,000+
7, 430
5,210

5,500
4,580
3,720
1,780
4,930
4,120
3,270
1, 660
5,100
4,390
3, 540
1, 560
5,250
4,110
3, 330
1,920

6,440
5,280
4, 310
2,130
6,180
5,120
4,180
2,000
6,490
5,320
4,430
2,060
6,620
5,170
3,800
2,820

7, 210 7,670
7,850
7,980
8,050
8,050
7,720
7,500
5, 730 6,000
6,070
6,170
6,290
6,300
6,070
5, 520
4,600 4,820
4,980
4,860
4,990
5, 050
4,980
3, 610
2,610 2,850
2,990
3,000
3,000
3,060
2,740
3,890
6,910 7,730
7,960
7,900
8,370
8,100
7,850
6, 670
5,630 5,930
5,940
5,920
6,350
6,020
6,160
4,460
4, 550 4,630
4,720
4, 710
4, 930
4, 650
4,690
3, 270
2,360 3,100
3,190
3, 240
3, 440
3, 450
3,160
3,400
7,960 9, 260 110, 000+ 110, 000+ 110,000+ 9,970 110,000+ 9,670
6,490 7,280
7,780
7,910
8,090
7,430
7,160
6,500
5,240 5,890
5, 960
5,870
6,290
5,780
5, 460
4,000
2,720 3,370
4,190
5, 670
9,060 * 10, 000+ i 10, 000+ i 10, 000+ 1 10, 000+ i 10, 000+ 110, 000+ 110, 000+
6,900 7,830
8,390
8, 920
8,150
8,310
8,140
7, 330
5,250 5,860
5,990
6,190
6,100
6,030
5,360
4,330
3,810

28

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

cent of the Ph. D .’s and 10 percent of those with a
master’s degree. Similarly, the range in earnings
between the highest salary of the lowest-paid
fourth and the lowest salary of the highest-paid
fourth (the interquartile range) was smaller for
the Ph. D .’s than for any other group (table 22).
Although the P h.D .’s in this survey were younger
than their colleagues and therefore presumably
less experienced, these differences in median sala­
ries cannot be ascribed to differences in the age
composition of the various groups.35 The tendency
of the surveyed scientists with no graduate degrees
to earn higher salaries than those with higher de­
grees (except M. D .’s) was true for every age
group except that of persons under 30 years.
Whatever the level of education attained, the
older and more experienced men tended to receive
higher salaries than the younger scientists, the
peak salaries having been received in most cases
by those 55-59 years of age. The difference in
median salary between the lowest-paid age group
— the scientists under 30— and the highest-paid
group was even greater for the bachelors than for
the Ph. D .’s. The lower and upper quartile sala­
ries also tended to increase more sharply with age
for the scientists with the bachelor’s degree than
for those holding doctorates. (See table 22.)
This paradoxical finding that the Ph. D .’s earned
less, on the average, than the scientists without
graduate degrees was undoubtedly due in large
part to the type of employment and to the charac­
teristics of the latter group. For one thing, almost
half of this latter group were employed in private
industry, where salaries are relatively high, where­
as the largest number of Ph. D .’s were on college
faculties. A sizable proportion (34 percent) of the
bachelors were in engineering, the best paying
general field of specialization. M ost important,
the criteria for inclusion set by the compilers of the
Directory were such that the scientists in this
survey without graduate degrees were outstanding
and conspicuously successful. M any of them must
have earned salaries considerably above the levels
prevailing for all scientists without graduate train­
ing, even within private industry and within
engineering. Similarly, the M. D .’s in the survey
35 In the absence of information on length of experience, this analysis was based
on age, which is a close approximation of the former. The alternative datum,
years since award of highest degree, seemed inadequate because so many of
the Ph. D.’s were doing professional work before they received their doc­
torates. The relation of salary to age indicated by the data is of course based
on the findings of a single year, and cannot be taken to mean that an indi­
vidual’s earnings necessarily increase as he grows older.



did not in any sense represent their colleagues
throughout the Nation.
In the case of Ph. D .’s, however, the proportion
included in the survey was large enough to validate
broad conclusions as to salary levels in 1948 and as
to the factors which influenced the earnings of all
Ph. D. scientists. The findings on the relation of
salary levels to field of specialization, age, type of
employer, and region of employment are treated
in the following pages. M any other factors in­
fluence earnings, but some of these are not amenable
to statistical analysis, and for some the necessary
information was not available.
It must be borne in mind that the salaries were
earned in a particular year, a year characterized by
a high level of industrial production and a large
measure of business prosperity. Inevitably, the
scientists employed in industry also prospered. A
survey of annual earnings in some other phase of
the business cycle might have shown a somewhat
different salary pattern, since salaries in govern­
ment agencies and educational institutions tend
to be more stable than those in private industry.

Salaries of Ph. D .’s
Field of Specialization

Engineers, with a median salary of $6,960 a year,
were much the best-paid group of specialists among
the scientists in the survey who had Ph. D. de­
grees. As table 23 shows, there was a sharp dif­
ference in average earnings between the engineers
and the next highest-paid group, the chemists,
whose median salary was $6,030. The difference
between the middle salary figures for chemists and
engineers was about as great as the spread between
the median salary in the lowest-paid general field,
biology, and that in chemistry. Earnings of the
highest-paid fourth of the engineers compared still
more favorably with the corresponding figures for
other specialties. The lowest salary of the toppaid 25 percent (the upper-quartile salary) was
$8,900 in engineering as against $7,560 in physics
and electronics and also medicine, the two fields
having the next highest upper-quartile salaries.
Engineers near the bottom of the salary scale for
their profession also fared better than the lowerpaid members of other specialties. (See table 23.)
In fact, the lower-quartile salary for engineers ex­
ceeded the median salaries of the scientists in 4
of the 10 general fields.

EARNINGS

Type of Employer

T able 23.—

M edian and quartile salaries of Ph. D .’s by
general field of specialization, 1948

Field of specialization

Upper Lower Interquartile
Median quartile
quartile
range

All fields____________ _____ $5, 720
Engineering___ _________ 6,960
Chemistry________________ 6,030
Physics and electronics.......... 5,960
Medicine_________________ 5,830
5, 710
Earth sciences.........................
5,660
Agriculture_______________
5,420
Fields related to medicine__
5,320
Psychology_______________
Mathematics and statistics.. _ 5,060
Biology---------------------------- 4,940

$7,200
8,900
7,490
7,560
7,560
7,130
6,790
6, 810
6, 550
6, 510
6,090

$4,580
5,620
4,860
4,740
4,680
4,650
4,840
4,390
4,340
4, 220
4,150

$2,620
3,280
2,630
2,820
2,880
2,480
1,950
2,420
2,210
2,290
1,940

In every general specialty, salaries tended to
increase with age (table 24). Some young men
earned more than some older members of their
professions, but average salaries were higher for
the older men. The rate of increase and the age
at which peak median salaries were received
varied from one specialty to another. In two
such widely disparate fields as engineering and
biology, it was the group between 60 and 65 who
had the highest salaries. This was also true in
the fields related to medicine, agriculture, and
psychology. In physics and electronics, how­
ever, the scientists between 40 and 45 years of
age had the highest salaries. This does not mean
that physicists begin to decline in earning power
at a relatively young age. Rather, these salary
figures reflect, in great measure, the unprecedented
demand for nuclear physicists and electronic
scientists in recent years. This demand threat­
ened to outrun the available supply and pushed
salaries in these fields above previously existing
levels. A t the same time, it was mostly the
younger men who were trained in nuclear physics
and electronics and who thus obtained a monetary
advantage over their elder colleagues.
T able 24. —

The type of employer for whom scientists work
exerts an even greater influence on earnings
than either specialty or age. For Ph. D .’s in all
specialties taken together, the median salary in
private industry was $7,070 a year, in govern­
ment, $6,280. The small group of scientists
working for nonprofit foundations and institutes
tended to earn about the same amount as govern­
ment employees. But college and university
staff members with no other type of employment
were found to have a median salary of only $4,860
a year.
If all the educators, including those who had
other work, had been combined into one category,
the median salary in education would have been
somewhat higher. The median salary of Ph. D .’s
employed by both government and educational
institutions was $5,710 a year (table M , p. 45)
whereas those who combined educational em­
ployment and work as a consultant had a median
salary of $5,570. Since many of the group who
combined education with other employment were
full-time educators, it appears that the highest
paid members of college and university staffs
were in the best position to secure additional
work. In considering these salary figures, how­
ever, allowance must be made for the fact that a
small proportion of these educators may have
reported the combined receipts from both sources
of employment as regular annual salaries.
Within the various general specialties also,
scientists employed exclusively in educational
institutions earned less than their colleagues
working in government agencies, who in turn
averaged somewhat less than the group employed
by business firms. In the one field, physics and
electronics, where an exception to this rule is

M edian salaries of Ph. D .’s by general field of specialization and age, 1948

Field of specialization

All age Under
groups 30 years

All fields____________________ ______
Chemistry__________________________
Engineering.. --------------------------------Physics and electronics----------------------Earth sciences--------- -----------------------Agriculture______ ______________ —
Biology----------------------------------------Medicine______________ ___________Fields related to medicine------------------Mathematics and statistics.--------------Psychology_________________________
Other______________________________
i Insufficient reports to compute median.



29

$5, 720
6,030
6,960
5,960
5, 710
5, 660
4, 940
5,830
5, 420
5,060
5, 320
6,520

$4,580
4,830
5,130
4,450
0)
4, 560
4,070
0)
3,900
3,770
4,020
5,070

30-34
years

35-39
years

40-44
years

45-49
years

50-54
years

55-59
years

60-64
years

65-69
years

$5,280
5,790
6,360
5,520
4,730
5,120
4,430
0)
4,720
4, 460
4,670
5,460

$5,730
6,370
7,120
6,440
5,290
5,230
4,720
5, 210
5,250
4,950
5, 420
6,320

$6,000
6,720
7,460
6,690
5,720
5,700
5,080
5,950
5,490
5,210
5,640
6,950

$6,070
6,460
7,570
6,510
6,110
5,970
5,290
7,000
5,840
5,460
5, 670
6, 960

$6,170
6,580
8,210
5,940
6,220
6,200
5, 550
6,130
6,280
5,720
5, 450
7,350

$6,300
6,860
7,810
5,880
6,750
6,520
5,700
(0
6,470
5,720
5,410
7,080

$6,290
6,500
9,170
5,880
6,500
6,790
5,910
(9
6,640
5,500
5,820
7,360

$6,070
6,110
7,500
5,820
6,600
5,810
5,630
(9
6,290
5,890
5,750
7,750

70 years
and over
$5, 520
5, 500
5, 000

(9
(9
(9

5, 400

(9
(9
(9
C9
(9

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

30

shown (table 25), the tendency toward top
salaries in private industry held for scientists of
comparable age. (See table 28.)
Differences in salary from one type of employer
to another tended to be greater than salary differ­
ences from one specialty to another in any given type
of employment. Even the biologists employed
in private industry, who earned less on the average
than any other group so employed, fared better
than the highest paid of all the college teachers,
the engineers. (See table 25.)
T able 25.— M edian age and m edian salary of Ph. D .’s in
each general specialty by type of em ployer , 1948
Scientists employed solely in—
Field of specialization

Education

Government

Industry

Me­ Me­ Me­ Me­ Me­ Me­
dian dian dian dian dian dian
age 1 salary age 1 salary age 1 salary
All fields___ ______ _______
Chemistry________________
Engineering_______________
Physics and electronics...........
Earth sciences______ ______
Agriculture__________ _____
Biology............ ..........................
Fields related to medicine___
Mathematics and statistics. __
Psychology.............. ...... ..........

42 $4,860
39 4,670
42 5,700
42 5,040
45 5,200
43 5,390
42 4,610
42 5,060
44 4,760
44 4,920

42
41
42
41
42
45
43
42
41
42

$6,280
6,290
7,400
7,400
6,120
5,980
5,480
5,930
6,830
6,180

38 $7,070
37 6,880
39 8,000
38 7,350
42 7,780
42 6,670
40 6,250
39 6,850
40 7,350
40 7,940

1 These median age figures refer only to the scientists who reported salary.

It was not practicable to analyze separately the
salary levels of scientists in each specific specialty
working for each type of employer. However,
the differences in median earnings among the
specific fields, shown in table 26, appear to be as­
sociated with the varying proportions of scientists
in private industry, government, and educational
employment. For example, civil engineers had a
lower median salary than was found in any other
branch of engineering, and they also constituted
much the smallest proportion of engineers em­
ployed in private industry. Electronic scientists,
who were more frequently employed in private
industry than physicists, tended to earn higher
salaries than the latter. There were relatively
more geophysicists than other earth scientists
working for private business firms, and geophysi­
cists had the highest median salary in this general
field. In biology, salary levels were lowest in
zoology, general biology, and botany—the branches
which had the highest proportions of scien­
tists in educational institutions. The mathema­
ticians, with a middle salary of $4,920 a year, were



working mostly for colleges and universities; the
statisticians had a much higher median salary
($6,350) and a relatively small proportion were
employed exclusively in educational institutions.
T able 26.— M edian and quartile salaries of P h. D .’s in
each specific field of specialization , 1948
Field of specialization
All fields reporting___________
Chemistry_______ __________
General_______ __________
Analytic_________________
Biochemistry.____ _______
Inorganic.................................
Organic....................................
Physical.......................... .
Engineering......... .........................
Aeronautical...........................
Chemical.................................
Civil.........................................
Electrical................................
Mechanical............................
Metallurgical......................
Mining____ ______ _____
Ordnance................................
Power plant________ _____
Physics and electronics................
Physics__________________
Electronics_________ _____
Earth sciences_______________
Geophysics..............................
Geography____ __________
Geology....................................
Meteorology_____________
Agriculture................. ...................
Biology...................... .....................
Bacteriology. ......... ............
Biology_____ ___________
Botany........................ ............
Entomology...........................
Zoology........... ........................
Medicine____________________
Fields related to medicine2.........
Anatomy________________
Pathology_______________
Physiology_______________
Pharmacy-pharmacology___
Mathematics and statistics____
Mathematics_____________
Statistics________________
Psychology_________________
Other fields__________________
Astronomy_______________
Metallurgy___ ___________
M ilitary application of
science_________________
Nutrition and foods......... .
Manpower resources3_____
All others_______________

Num­
ber Me­ Upper Lower Inter­
report­ dian
quar­ quar­ quar­
tile
ing
tile
tile range
salary
22,116
6,915
321
498
1,110
438
2,832
1, 716
1,313
73
680
103
184
114
25
28
68
38
2,059
1,818
241
1,102
99
188
763
52
1,213
3,826
822
720
1,183
450
651
155
1,125
307
34
500
263
1,404
1,234
170
1,304
1,700
134
207
54
337
436
532

$5,720
6,030
6,800
5,450
5,640
5,680
6,240
6,110
6,960
7,820
7,020
6,240
6,680
6, 520
7,880
7, 750
7, 540
7,000
5,960
5,840
6,910
5, 710
6,780
5,670
5,630
5,670
5,660
4,940
5,420
4,880
4,870
5,130
4,520
5,830
5,420
5,180
5,400
5,210
5,950
5,060
4,920
6,350
5,320
6, 520
5,450
6,830
7,300
5, 710
8,730
5,800

$7,200
7,490
8,520
6,610
6,960
6,990
7,730
7,520
8,900
8,930
9,460
7,830
8,650
8,380
no,ooo+
110,000+
8,430
6,950
7,560
7,380
8,670
7,130
8,930
6,750
7,020
7,330
6,790
6,090
6,590
6,220
6,010
6,120
5,510
7,560
6,810
6,580
6,920
6,580
7,520
6,510
6,250
7,870
6,550
8,610
6,620
8,380
9,580
7,180
110,000+
7,380

$4,580 $2,620
4,860 2,630
5,560 2,960
4,460 2,150
4, 580 2,380
4,490 2,500
5,100 2,630
4,890 2,630
5,620 3, 280
6,440 2,490
5,670 3,790
4,900 2,930
5,330 3,320
5,440 2,940
6,310
6,200
6,600 1,830
5,720 1,230
4,740 2,820
4,650 2,730
5,610 3,060
4,650 2,480
5,060 3,870
4,790 1,960
4,580 2,440
4, 770 2,560
4,840 1,950
4,150 1,940
4,470 2,120
4,050 2,170
4,160 1,850
4,350 1, 770
3,720 1,790
4,680 2,880
4,390 2,420
4,250 2,330
4,350 2,570
4,270 2,310
4,970 2,550
4,220 2,290
4,150 2,100
5,190 2,680
4,340 2,210
5,040 3,570
4,200 2,420
5,530 2,850
5,390 4,190
4,650 2,530
7,090
4,580 2,800

1$10,000 and over.
2 Total also includes dental medicine and veterinary medicine.
3 As was indicated on p. 6 this was a miscellaneous group containing many
individuals in policy-making and executive positions.

Scientists in private industry enjoyed a salary
advantage in all sections of the country, as well
as in the Nation as a whole. This is shown by
the figures on median salaries of Ph. D /s in differ­
ent regions, which are given in table 27. In every
region, the Ph. D.’s employed exclusively in pri­
vate industry tended to earn considerably higher
salaries than those in government agencies, and
the government scientists, in turn, fared much
better than those in educational institutions.

EARNINGS
T able 27 .— M edian salaries of Ph. D. scientists by type of
em ployer and region of em ploym ent , 1948
Scientists employed solely in—
All
Region of employment scientists1
All regions____ _______
New England__________
Middle Atlantic_______
South___ _____________
North Central_________
Mountain and Plains___
Pacific________________

$5,720
5,380
6,310
5,200
5,730
4,940
5, 550

Educa­ Private
tional
institutions industry

Govern­
ment
$6, 280
5,410
6,730
5, 660
5,750
5,810
6,050

$7,070
6. 590
7,320
7,240
6,940
6, 500
6,630

$4,860
4,730
4,930
4,700
5,070
4, 620
4,940

1 Includes scientists working for all types of employers and all combinations
of types.

Moreover, the highest median salary received by
educators in any one region was below the lowest
regional median salary of government scientists.
The monetary advantages of private employ­
ment appear even greater when age is taken into
account. Despite their higher median earnings,
the Ph. D.’s in business firms were younger than
their fellow specialists elsewhere employed. As
table 25 shows, scientists in all fields had a lower
median age in private industry than in any of the
other principal types of employment, with one
exception. Earth scientists in government em­
ployment had the same median age as those in
private industry.
It would be expected, then, that private indus­
try would be the most remunerative type of
employment and education the least for the mem­
bers of each specialty in every age group. This
was true wherever the number of the scientists
reporting was large enough to permit such com­
parisons. (See table 28.) In chemistry, biology,

31

and physics and electronics, educators had the
lowest median salaries and employees of business
firms the highest in every case. Very few agri­
culturists with Ph. D.’s were employed in indus­
try. Those in government service tended to earn
higher salaries than educators in every group
between 30 and 60 years with one exception, the
35-39 age group. A comparison of median sal­
aries of engineers associated with business firms
and those working solely for universities shows
great differentials at every age level.
The data shown in table 28 suggest that salaries
tend to increase more rapidly with age in private
industry than in any other type of employment.
A detailed analysis of the relation of type of
employer to changes in salary levels with age,
which is possible only for all specialties taken
together, points to this conclusion (chart 8). For
the young men at the beginning of their careers,
there was not much difference in median salaries
among types of employment. Among the
scientists reporting only one source of employ­
ment, the annual median salary of the group under
30 was not much higher in private industry than
in government employment, $5,560 compared with
$5,050 (table N, p. 45). In the 50-54-year age
group, the annual median salary in private indus­
try was $9,980 and in government only $6,800.
The advantage enjoyed by scientists in private
industry was most marked at the higher salary
levels. An examination of upper-quartile salaries
shows an even sharper rate of increase with age
than that in median salaries, and an even greater
disparity between the rate of increase in private
industry and in other employment (chart 8).

T abl e 28 .— M edian salaries in selected specialties by age and type of em ployer , for P h . D .’s em ployed exclusively with one
of the three prin cipal types of em ployers, 1948
30
Field of specialization and type of employer Under
years
Chemistry:
E ducational institutions _-------- ---------Government--------------------- -------------Private industry____________________
Biology:
Educational institutions____________
Government----------------------------------Private industry-----------------------------Physics and electronics:
Educational institutions_____________
Government---------------- ----------------Private industry____________________
Agriculture:3
Educational institutions_____________
Government_______________________
Engineering:3
Educational institutions_________ _
Private industry.----- -----------------------

$3,800
5,100
5,550
3,840
(0
(0
4,070
(95,590
4, 550
0)
4,460
5, 720

30-34
years
$4,430
5,690
6,360
4,150
4,660
5, 850
4,600
6,440
6,520
4,880
5,320
5,190
6,860

35-39
years
$4,680
6,060
7,280
4,460
4,820
6,250
5,150
7,330
7,790
5,010
4,970
5,440
7,980

40-44
years
$4,930
6,380
8,170
4,670
5,580
6, 530
5,500
7,910
8,030
5,460
5, 860
6,180
8,890

45-49
years
$5,030
6,820
8,700
4,820
5, 870
6,690
5, 570
7,750
8, 800
5, 620
6,350
5, 960
9,700

50-54
years

55-59
years

$5,240
6,910
9,110
5,120
5,970

$5,550
$5,520
7,450
(9
2 10, 000+ 2 10,000+
5,240
5,440
6,390
6,860

(9

(9

5,410
5,230
7,000
2 10,000+
(90)
5, 960
5, 970
6,670
7,400
6,400
(9
2 10, 000+ 2 10, 000+

60-64
years

(9
(9(95,440

6,500

(9
(9(9

65-69
years

(9$5,580
(9
(95,280
(9

5,330
(9(9
(9
(9
(9

i Insufficient reports to compute median.
j $10,000 and over.
3 There were fewer than 20 scientists in most age groups among agriculturists employed in private industry, and among engineers employed in government.



AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

32

Chart 8, Salary Levels of Ph. D . Scientists W e re Highest in Private Industry
M ED IAN A N D QUART1LE SALARIES O F PH.D.'S EM PLO YED EXCLUSIVELY
IN PRIVATE INDUSTRY, G O VERN M EN T, O R EDUCATIO NAL INSTITUTIONS, 1948
VOUARS

bOUARS

YEARS OF AGE

S ourc*

UNITEO STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LAB OR STATISTICS




tAppendix Table M

EARNINGS

Among Ph. D.’s under 30 years of age, the lowest
salary of the top 25 percent was almost the same
in government and in private industry, $5,820
and $6,050, respectively. However, among those
40 to 44 years of age, the upper-quartile salary in
private industry was over $10,000 but only $7,670
in government and $6,050 in educational insti­
tutions.

Data as to annual salaries above $10,000 are
not available, but a good indication of the con­
tinuing advance of salaries in private industry is
given by the high proportions in the older groups
who earned $10,000 or more. Thirty-nine percent
of the scientists between 40 and 45 years employed
by business firms earned $10,000 or more a year.
This proportion increased to 59 percent of the
group between 55 and 60 years, and to 62 percent
of those between 60 and 64 years. In contrast,
the proportion of government scientists who
earned $10,000 a year or more did not exceed 10
percent at any age level, and the highest propor­
tion in any age group of educators was 5 percent.

The highest-paid scientists were found in private
industry. However, the range of salaries was
much greater in this type of employment than
in either education or government. Some scien­
tists in industry were no better off than their
colleagues in either government or education.
By and large, however, the lower-paid scientists
in private industry earned higher salaries than the
lower-paid group in any other kind of employment.
Salaries under $5,000 were reported by only 5
percent of the Ph. D. scientists between 50 and 65
in industry, but by 11 percent of those in govern­
ment. It was only among educators that the
group earning under $5,000 constituted a sizable
proportion—36 percent—of the doctors of philos­
ophy between 50 and 65 years of age.
Salaries also tended to increase with age among
the scientists employed in nonprofit institutions
and among educators who combined employment
in colleges and universities with either consulta­
tion or government work. Median and quartile
salaries at each age level for each type of employer
or combination thereof are shown in table N,
page 45.

Additional Professional Income of Ph. D.’s
Information on the professional income that
Ph. D. scientists earned in addition to their regular



33

salaries is interesting for the fight it throws on
their activities and their total earnings. It also
provides a desirable check on the analysis of salary
differentials.

As mentioned above, the scientists were asked
to indicate on check fists the average amount of
additional professional income they had received
annually during recent years and the source of
this income. Additional income was reported by
39 percent of the Ph. D.’s reporting regular salary.
Another 26 percent specified that they had no
additional professional income, and the remainder
(about 35 percent) failed to respond.36 It is
believed that many scientists in the last group did
not have any added professional income.37

Consulting and teaching (in evening, extension
or summer programs) were the most frequent
sources of added income. About half of the
scientists reporting such income derived it ex­
clusively from one or both of these activities;
another sizable group received added income from
consulting or teaching in combination with other
sources. Royalties from publications were also
frequently mentioned as a source of extra income.
For those Ph. D .’s who supplemented their
regular salaries from one or more sources, the
added earnings often made a real difference in
total income. Half of them earned at least $890
extra a year. One out of four received over
$1,550. However, for another fourth the added
pay amounted to less than $500.
The proportion of scientists with extra earnings
tended to be highest among those who were
slightly above the bottom of the salary scale.
About half (52 percent) of the group with regular
salaries of $3,000 to $3,999 reported added income,
compared with 45 percent of those in the $4,000
to $4,999 salary bracket and considerably lower
proportions* of the groups making under $3,000
or $5,000 and above. In teams of the amount of
added income received, however, it was the topsalaried scientists who made the most. Median
added income ranged from $1,890 for the group
with regular salaries of $10,000 or over, down to
$650 for those whose salaries were under $3,000.
The proportion of Ph. D .’s in each salary bracket
36 Data concerning scientists who did not report any additional income are
based on a hand count of several hundred questionnaires.
37 On the questionnaire the check list for additional income was printed
next to that for regular salary. It was assumed that if a scientist had both
types of income, he would have reported his regular salary and then failed to
indicate his added income.

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

34

who reported added income and the amount of
such income are shown for each general specialty
in table Q, page 48.
Type of Employer

Throughout the discussion of salaries, it has
been repeatedly demonstrated that educators
receive considerably lower salaries than scientists
in either government or private industry employ­
ment. The scientist on the campus typically has
a shorter working week and working year than his
colleagues in the business world. Many people
assume, therefore, that educators can and do
augment their regular salaries by other employ­
ment to a much greater extent than is possible for
scientists in government or industry.
This observation seems valid to some extent
among the scientists in the survey with Ph. D.
degrees. A much larger proportion of the edu­

cators than of other scientists did supplement
their salaries by earnings from other sources,
though the extra income by no means made up
the difference in salary levels between education
and other employment. Secondary professional
earnings were of minor importance to government
employees and to people employed in private
industry, both in the proportion who earned such
income and in the median amount received. (See
table 29.) In contrast, nearly half the faculty
members (44 percent) had extra income, and their
median added income was $810.
For obvious reasons, it was the scientists who
were working regularly for more than one type
of employer for whom added professional income
was most important. For example, 90 percent
of those who combined education with consultinghad supplementary earnings, and the median sum
earned was $1,260 a year. The proportion report­
ing added earnings was generally very large also

Chart 9 . The Lo w e r Salaries of Educators W e r e N o t O ffs e t b y A d d e d Professional Incom e
Ph. D.'s Reporting Added Income,, 1948
PERCENT RECEIVING
A O D E D IN CO M E

Median
Regular
Salary

PRIVATE
INDUSTRY
$ 75 0

J& y/,

' r;;;;

Median
Regular
Salary

EDUCATIONAL t l l l l l f l f l l j l l
INSTITUTIONS! i g p ■ ■

Median
Added
Income
$ 8 10

BITTED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS




Sovret: ToBIb *9

EARNINGS
T able 29.— A dded professional income and m edian regular
salary of Ph. D .’s working for specified types of em ployers ,

Field of Specialization

1948

The proportion of scientists with added pro­
fessional income varied widely by field of speciali­
zation as well as by type of employer, as indicated
in table 29. More than two-thirds of the Ph. D.
psychologists and slightly over half of the Ph. D .’s
in the earth sciences and in the general field of
mathematics and statistics reported additional
income. On the other hand, only about a fourth
of the agricultural scientists and a third of the
biologists had added professional incomes.
These differences persisted when the type of
employer was taken into account. Among the
various specialists employed by educational insti­
tutions, for example, the pattern was much the
same as it was for scientists in all types of em­
ployment taken together (table 30). However, in
each general specialty, as in all fields taken to­
gether, the proportion of scientists reporting
added income was much higher in colleges and
universities than it was in government or private
industry. And in every field except agriculture
it was the specialists working for more than one
type of employer who most often reported
added income.38
The differences in added income among the
various fields of specialization did not make up for
the differences in salary levels discussed above.
In fact, four of the five fields having the highest
median salaries also fared relatively well in regard
to added income (table 31). A considerable
proportion of the engineers, the highest salaried

Added income

Type of employer
Educational institution-------------------------Private industry----------------------------------Government-------------- ------------------------Foundation______________________ --Educational institution and independent
consultant___________________________
Educational institution and government—
Educational institution and private indus­
try _________________ ______ ______
Independent consultant and government- __
Independent consultant, government, and
educational institution-----------------------Independent consultant and private indus­
try
______ ____________ ____

Median
regular Percent
salary report­ Median
ing 1
$4,860
7,070
6,280
6,070
5, 570
5,710
6,170
6,720
5,530
7,710

43.9
13.9
12.2
17.8
92.2
44.9
78.2
89.6
94.1
84.1

35

$810
750
(2) 520
1,260
970
1,140
710
1,480
1, 060

1 Percents are based only on scientists reporting regular salary.
2 Less than $500.

among the scientists with other combinations of
employment. There was one major exception:
only 45 percent of the scientists who were em­
ployed in both educational institutions and govern­
ment agencies reported any additional professional
income. Some of these scientists may have failed
to report because their secondary incomes were
very small, and others considered money received
from secondary employment a part of their
regular salaries.
Supplementary income compensated little for
the low salary levels in education as is seen in
chart 9. For some people, earnings from con­
sultation, teaching, or writing made a real con­
tribution to the family budget. For the group
of educators as a whole, however, total professional
income apparently was well below the average
total income of scientists working in industry or
government.

38 Because land grant colleges and State experimental stations are usually
one unit for administrative purposes, agriculturists frequently act both as
teachers and research scientists for one salary. This is probably why only
a sixth of the agriculturists who reported both government and education
employment also reported secondary professional income.

T able 30.— Percent of Ph. D . scientists reporting added income by general field of specialization and type of em ployer , 1 9 4 8 1
Field of specialization

Percent
reporting
ajdded
income

All fields--.................................. ------------------ -----------Chemistry------------------- ---------------------------------------Engineering______________-..............................................
Physics and electronics................ .........................................
Earth sciences___________________ _________________
Agriculture....... ........................................................................
Biology..................................... ............... ...........................
Fields related to medicine--------------------------------------Mathematics and statistics-------------------------------------Psychology-.---------------------------------------------------1 Based upon number of scientists reporting regular salary.
2 Insufficient reports to compute median.




38.9
30.1
44.2
45.1
52.9
24.2
34.5
35.6
54.6
68.7

Educa­
tional
institu­
tion
43.9
40.7
53.5
48.0
62.7
24.3
38.9
35.7
53.5
62.6

Private
industry

Govern­
ment

13.9
12.7
15.0
15.2
10.6
11.1
13.2
13.2
29.5
37.3

12.2
9.2
15.2
14.0
12.2
9.5
8.8
12.3
29.1
21.8

Other Education Education Other
single
and in­
and
combina­
types of dependent Govern­ tions of
employers consultant ment employers
22.6
19.0
38.5
30.3
34.6
(2)14.9
22.2
(2)26.1

92.1
93.7
93.5
92.9
91.6
91.3
88.2
83.8
88.2
94.7

44.9
40.3
(2)58.8
75.0
16.2
33.0
(2)
95.5
83.7

84.7
82.1
86.6
92.9
84.4
83.9
72.2
70.0
83.3
94.6

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

36

Table 31.— M edian regular salary and added income of

$890
900
1,260
940
1,100
0) 740
1,040
720
890
1,010

that for any other field of specialization. Scientists
in medical fields, the earth sciences, and the
general field of physics and electronics also fared
relatively well in regard to both added income
and regular salary. However, in chemistry, the
field with the second highest median salary, only
30 percent of the scientists reported any extra
earnings. The group with the lowest median
salary, the biologists, also ranked very low in
regard to additional professional income.39

specialists, reported additional income, and the
median amount that they received was well above

3« There was not much variation in regard to added income among the
different specific fields within the same general specialty. This was true
even in specialties, such as the general field of mathematics and statistics,
where considerable differences in regular salary have been observed. How­
ever, in civil engineering the proportion reporting added income was consider­
ably higher than in other branches of engineering.

Ph. D .’s by general field of specialization , 1948
Field of specialization

All fie ld s..____ _________________
Chemistry ______
Engineering_________ ____________
Physics and electronics___________
Earth sciences_______ _____________
Agriculture___ ___________________
Biology__________________________
Medicine.................. ...............................
Fields related to medicine__________
Mathematics and statistics_________
Psychology_______________________

Median
regular
salary
$5,720
6,030
6.960
5.960
5,710
5,660
4,940
5,830
5,420
5,060
5,320

Percent
reporting
added
income

Median
amount
of added
income

38.9
30.1
44. 2
45.1
52.9
24.2
34.5
51.6
35.6
54.6
68.7

1 Less than $500.

Appendix Tables
T able

A.—Number of Women Scientists in Each Specific Field of Specialization, 1948

Field of specialization
Total ................................ ......................
______
Chemistry ____
General
Analytic
Biochemistry
Inorganic_____________________Organic
Physical
Engineering
Aernnanti cal
Chemical
Civil
E/lectrical
M ech anical
Metallurgical
Mining
Ordnance
Power plant
Physics and electronics
Physics
E lectron ics.----- --------------------




Number

Field of specialization

sciences. _ __________________
2,520 Earth
Geophysics
Geography_____________________
Geology_______________________
486
Meteorology___________________
30
54
185 Agriculture________________________
31
129 Biology___________________________
Bacteriology.. __________ ____
57
General biology_________________
7
Botany________________________
Entomology____________________
4
Zoology_______________________
1 Medicine. _ _______________________
Clinical. _____________________
N europsychiatry................................
Obstetrics___ ______ ______ ____
1
Ophthalmology______________ ..
1
Pediatrics______________________
Public health. ._ __________
91
Radiology
.. __________ 87
Surgery.____ ____________ -4

Number
915
30
54
2
13
679
200
102
206
23
148
125
29
27
5
10
17
30
2
5

Field of specialization
Fields
related to medicine___________
Anatomy
Dental medicine________________
Pathology___________ __________
Physiology.........................................
Pharmacy................... ........................
Veterinary medicine .......................
Mathematics and statistics__________
Mathematics___________________
Statistics______________________
Psychology________________________
Other sciences____________________
Architecture............. .........................
Astronomy_____________________
Metallurgy. .. ______________
Military application of science __
Nutrition and foods______ ______
Manpower resources. ...................
All other_____ ___ ___________

Number
226
62
3
28
112
19
2
186
165
21
323
293
1
21
4
4
158
17
88

APPENDIX TABLES
T able B.—Second

Specialties Reported by Scientists by Specific and General Field of First Specialty,
1948
Percent reporting a second specialty in—

Total report­
ing second
field of spe­ Same general
cialization
field
Field of specialization

All fields............................ .............
Chemistry
____________
General ___________
Analytic _________________
Biochemistry______________
Inorganic_________________
Organic. _ _______________
Physical__________________
Engineering. _______________
Aeronautical______________
Civil
________________
Electrical ____________
Mechanical _____________
Metallurgical_____________
Mining______ _ __________
Ordnance. _______________
Power plant_______________
Physics and electronics........... .
Physics
_ _________
Electronics. ___________
Earth sciences ._ ____________
Geophysics
____
Geography. _______________
Geology__________________
Meteorology______________
Agriculture
__________
Biology
_ __________
Bacteriology______________
Biology, general—...................
_________
Botany
Entomology.______________
Zoology _______________
Medicine
____ ___________
Clinical.. ________________
N europsychiatry__________
Obstetrics___ ___________
Ophthalmology____________
Pediatrics________________
Public health_____________
Radiology________________
Surgery
____________
Fields related to medicine______
Anatomy________ ________
Dental medicine. _________
Pathology__ _____________
Physiology. ____________
Pharmacv-pharmacology.. __
Veterinary medicine.______
Mathematics and statistics_____
Mathematics__________ _
Statistics _______ ______
Psychology _ _ _ ___________
Other..
_____________
Architecture______________
Astronomy______ ________
Metallurgy_______________
Military application of science.
Nutrition and foods_____ _
Manpower resources _____
All other--------------------------

Same
Num­ Per­ spe­
ber cent cific
field

Other
spe­
cific
field

50.7
42.0
28.1
23.0
38.7
26.2
56.4
36.2
45.9
53.8
42.3
61.9
55.4
41.2
26.0
26.7
26.0
37.2
60.4
63.0
49.4
70.9
21.6
77.7
81.7
57.1
33.5
53.9
56. 6
27.7
58.8
71.4
54.8
54.2
55.4
69.2
81.8
63.9
58.7
34.7
49.4
42.7
54.7
59.9
63.5
62.2
40.1
58.0
71.2
72.2
75.1
54.6
80.3
36.0
8.7
56.8
60.1
15.7
35.3
34.0
22.9

15.2
25.8
37.9
43.1
14.5
41.9
22.8
23.4
17.2
25.2
15.5
8.3
8.2
31.5
16.8
20.0
26.6
42.6
8.3
5.9
18.4
10.7
24.1
13.3
6.9
14.3
22.1
12.2
37.2
20.0
18.6
27.3
12.6
8.5
8.3
7.8
9.6
15.3
17.7
22.0
22.1
12.5
15.0
8.6
9.9
14.1
12.1
8.2
5.7
4.2
14.6
5.2
4.3
3.0
2.3
13.4
1.7
5.7
7.6

i 38,820
9,733
940
1,529
702
3,793
2,260
4' 496
214
1,777
'627
736
593
131
135
154
129
3,299
2,669
630
2,017
291
255
1,338
133
2,175
5, 592
1,391
977
1, 518
773
933
2,426
1,016
302
115
83
150
294
91
375
2, 564
514
104
445
795
522
184
1, 771
1,518
253
1,516
3,231
23
199
551
134
513
917
894

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
io o

o

Other general fields
All
Phys­
Fields Math­
other Chem­ Enics and Earth Agri­ Biol­ Medi­ related emat­
Psy­
ics chol­
gigen­ istry neer- elec­ sci­ cul­ ogy cine to and
Other
eral
medi­
tron­
ences
ture
ogy
ing ics
fields
cine statis­
tics
34.1
32.2
34.0
33.9
46.8
31.9
20.8
40.4
36.9
21.0
42.2
29.8
36.4
27.3
57.2
53.3
47.4
20.2
31.3
31.1
32.2
18.4
54.3
9.0
11.4
28.6
66.5
24.0
31.2
35.1
21.2
10.0
17.9
33.2
36.1
22.5
10.4
26.5
26.0
47.6
28.6
35.2
32.8
25.1
27.9
27.9
45.8
29.9
20.6
22.1
20.7
30.8
19.7
58.8
87.0
.40.2
37.6
70.9
63.0
60.3
69.5

1 Excludes 2,916 scientists who failed to report a second specialty and 1
Scientist failing to report either a first or second specialty.




37

4.6

4.4
5.5
7.9
4.0
.8
8.0
5.6
8.0

4.3 1.2 1.7
6.6 1.0 1.3
4.7 1.2 2.5
7.4 2.2 2.1
.1 2.1
.6
6.4 3.7 1.3
2.3
.4
.9
18.1 1.3
.6
9.1
9.6 2.5
.7
8.4
1.9
.5
19.2
4.3
.9
.6
1.1
3.3 7.3 2.6
29.1
.7
.5
8.3
.3
3.0
.8
1.5
3.8
7.4
3.7 32.6
9.1
21.4
.7
10.2
4.6
.8
4.6 11.6
1.7 (2)
5. 2 9.3
1.7 (2)
1.9
1.7 21.6
1.4 6.3 3. 5
1.7
4.5 17. 2 17.9
.8
.3
1.2 5.1
.1
6.0 11.3
1.5
.2 2.2
10.5 3.4
.2
.6
4.0
.8 7.3
.1
.2 4.2
7.9
.4 3.4
3.2
.8 11.0
.1
.1 1.2 12.5
4.4
. 1 5.0
1.4
.3
.6
.1
1.8 1.8
.4
.2
.1
3.0
.4
4.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
1.2
3.6
7.3
3.4 3.7
1.0
.7
4.4
2.2
1.3
.3
.4
7.2
.5
1.0
.6
.2
.4
2.9 1.0 2.9
1.0
.2
2.0
.5
9.8
.6
.5
.9
17.0
.8
.6
.5
7.1
.5 5.3 7.7 1.0
.3
.1
.3 5.7 8.9
.6
1.6 3.2
.4 3.6 1.6
.1
.3
.3
14.9 13.7 10.3 2.0 1.9
13.0 30.4 13.0 17.4 4.4
1.5 3.5 22.1 1.5
9.8 23.2 3.1
.4
.2
11.9 13.4 7.5 6.0 1.5
36.3 1.8
.4
4.9
14.0 19.3 8.1 1.8 2.2
10.2 10.8 20.5 3.6 1.4
2 Less than 0.05 percent.

4.7
3.2
3.7
2.9
11.0
.4
2.0
.9
.5
.7
.5
.3
.5
.7
.7
1.3
1.5
.5
2.3
.7
3.1
2.5
2.3
34.5

6.6
7.3
.7
4.8
5.3
18.4
9.9
2.1
12.9
16.7
2.9
13.3
16.5
5.9
10.8
1.1
.4
5.1
.6
4.4
4.4
4.5
7.0
3.4
7.7

1.6
.9
1.4
1.1
3.4
.3
.2
.3
.6
.3
2.7
.1
.3

3.1
3.3
2.7
1.9
12.1
.4
2.4
.4
.2
.4

2.2 0.6
.l
1.8
2.0
.2
2.0
.3
.3
2.4
.4
1.4 ( 2 )
.1
3.2
3.3 (2)
6.0
3.2
3.7
g2.7
.2 3.5
.2
2.2
5.8
.5
.2 5.7
.2
.2
.5
.2 6.6
.3
.3 2.1
.1 1.2 ( 2 )
.3 3.4
.3
.4
.4
.7 5.3
.5 1.4 4.1
.3
.2
2. 7 5. 5
.5
8.4 6.1
.3
1.7 11.2 1.6
.2
.1
.3
.7
.2
.1
.5 1.4
.8 9.9
.3
.4
16.1
.6 2.8
20.5
.4
6.6
.3 13.3
9.5
4.8
7.3
6.7
2.0
7.2 4.4 3. 7
6.6
29.1
.3
.5
6.6
.7
(2)
5. 2
.4
8.6
8.5
1.6
.1 1.1
9.1
4.2
.2
1.1
.4
.2
1.1
.1
.5
2.7 1.2
4.7
6.0 1.6 4.7
1.9 3.9 3.0 2.8
4.4
.5
, 2 11.1
.2
.5
9.0 10.’4 4.5 2.2
2.3 9.7
.2
.4
1.5 2.9 1.6 5. 5
2.5 3.6 5.4 3.8

5.7
8. 5
77
10.0
16.4
8.6
5.6
7. 5
10.4
4. 2
12.6
8.6
27
10.2
51.9
6. 7
9.7
46
5.5
5.9
3! 8
3.1
8.3
4! 7
1.8
1.5
9.4
2. 2
4.0
1.6
1. 6
1.2
2. 2
3.0
3.1
1.0
.9
4.8
4.7
5.1
5.5
1.6
3.5
1.6
8.6
1.8
7. 2
1. 2
1.1
4. 5
4.1
6. 7
6.1

AMERICAN MEN QF SCIENCE

38

T able C.—Percent of Scientists in Each Age Group by General Field of Specialization and Highest
Degree Earned, 1948
Highest degree earned by general specialty

Total reporting
age
Under 30 30-34
years years
Number Percent

All fields— . ........... ....................................................... i 41,384
Bachelor or none___________ __________ 4,752
M aster .............................................................. 6,315
M. D ........................................ .. ........ .......... .. 4,427
Ph. D . _______ ____________ _________ _________ 25,815
Other degree and no report_____________
75
Chemistry__________I. ------------------------------------ 10, 547
Bachelor or none............................... .
1,044
Master....... ......................................... ............ 1,098
133
M. D ............. ........... ................ — ........................
Ph. D ___________ _______ _______ ______________ 8,265
Other degree and no report_________
7
Engineering.!________________ !.............................. 4,861
Bachelor or none........ ......... ............ ............ 1,618
Master___________________________ 1,599
6
M. D __________________ ______________
Ph. D _____________ _________________ — 1, 622
Other degree and no report—....... ............
16
Physics and electronics------------------------------------- 3,413
Bachelor or none.--------------- --------------------------361
617
Master.-------------------------------------------------------------9
M. D ________ _____________________
Ph . D _____ ______ __________________ 2,420
Other degree and no report_________
6
Earth sciences------------------------------------------------------ - 2,070
Bachelor or none-------------------------------------------293
453
Master...............................................................
2
M. D .............. ....................... ....................
Ph. D ______ ________________ _________ _ 1,317
Other degree and no report_________
5
Agriculture_________________ _________ — - 2,409
Bachelor or none...................................
263
787
Master......... ........ .................................... ..
M. D ................................................ —
6
Ph. D _____________________ ______ 1,347
Other degree and no report_________
6
Biology.-------- ---------------------------------- 5,767
Bachelor or none............ ........................
337
715
Master................. ....................................
M. D.....................................................
332
Ph. D ___________ ______________ 4,368
Other degree and no report_________
15
Medicine-------------------------------------- 2,831
Bachelor or none _________________
27
30
Master _____ __________________
M. D ____________________________ 2,579
192
Ph.
D
_______ ______________________
Ofhfir
and nn report
3
Fields related to medicine--------------------------------- 2,644
Bachelor or none______ ______ ___________
73
102
Master________________ ______ _________
M. D _______________________________ 1,236
Ph. D ____________________ __________ 1,232
Othp.r rjp.grpp and no rppnrt ............ ..
1
Mathematics and statistics........................... .. 1,913
66
Bachelor or none-------------------------------------------246
Master..----------------------------------------------- -----------6
M. D ______ _______________________
Ph. D_______________________ ______ _ 1, 594
1
Othpp d«gro« and no report
Psychology ____________________________ __________ 1, 570
13
Bachelor or none____________________________
64
Master----------------------------------------------18
M. D ______________________ ________
Ph. D . . ____ ____ _________ __________ 1,473
Other degree and no report_________
2
Other.------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- 3,359
656
Bachelor or none..----------------- ---------------------604
Master.......................................... ............
M. D__....... ................ ...............................
100
Ph. D ___________________________ 1,986
13
Other degree and no report_________
i Excludes 353 scientists not reporting age.




100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
166.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

6.3
11.6
7.0
1.9
5.9
10.5
16.3
9.7
6.8
9.9
6.5
9.0
5.5
16.7
5.1
10.6
28.8
13.6
7.1
3.9
8.9
8.4
1.3
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.8
3.6
5.0
7.5
3.3
2.9
1.2
3.3
1.2
1.0
3.1
9.6
4.9
2.4
3.2
5.8
21.2
5.3
5.3
5.7
7.7
17.2
5.3
4.4
9.3
3.2
3.0
3.2

35-39
years

16.9
15.5
15.0
8.9
19.0
24.0
19.0
22.3
20.3
24.9
15.2
14.6
11.4
19.6
21.0
20.8
21.7
44.5
20.8
15.0
17.1
22.1
12.1
10.8
6.1
7.9
16.7
13.4
15.3
10.4
11.8
14.8
16.3
6.1
11.1
10.0
6.0
6.2
14.1
21.9
15.7
11.7
15.9
14.6
9.1
9.8
15.6
15.0
23.0
15.6
15.1
14.9
15.1
14.2
13.0
15.2

17.3
13.7
14.5
14.0
19.3
19.5
15.7
17.8
27.1
20.1
15.6
12.9
13.3
20.6
18.5
15.2
15.9
19.8
16.9
13.0
16.8
17.8 .
13.9
9.1
9.6
17.3
17.8
11.3
14.1
17.5
19.0
12.7
11.1
6.7
12.5
16.2
18.1
12.3
13.7
15.1
21.9
i5.9
13.6
13.8
16.4
16.4
7.7
14.1
5.6
16.8
18.3
15.4
16.7
15.0
20.0
i

40-44
years
16.7
12.9
13.5
15.9
18.3
IB. 5
12.5
12.9
12.8
16.3
15.5
12.9
14.6
19.4
16.2
11.6
13.8
11.1
17.5
19.7
19.1
13.7
22.1
14.5
9.1
11.4
16.7
17.4
18.4
11.6
14.8
17.5
19.6
15.3
14.8
10.0
15.2
18.8
19.3
8.2
14.7
17.4
22.1
16.3
4.6
8.1
33.3
18.0
17.3
15.4
6.2
18.1
18.1
14.8
14.9
19.0
20.1

45-49
years
13.1
11.5
13.4
14.9
13.1
16.5
10.5
8.6
10.5
10.8
13.1
12.6
14.3
16.7
12.4
12.0
8.0
10.5
22.2
12.9
16.4
8.5
11.0
15.3
14.6
10.3
15.5
16.7
14.9
13.8
14.5
15.8
13.0
13.5
15.9
11.1
23.3
15.3
23.4
14.2
12.3
14.7
14.3
14.3
14.7
7.6
13.0
16.7
15.3
14.0
15.4
7.8
27.7
14.0
15.7
12.6
18.7
23.0
15.4

50-54
years
10.5
10.2
11.6
14.6
9.6
8.5
10.2
9.0
8.3
8.2
11.1
10.6
14.1
16.7
8.6
8.0
5.3
8.8
11.1
8.2
10.8
9.6
9.7
11.5
14.8
14.4
15.1
16.7
14.6
10.3
12.8
10.9
8.4
10.2
16.8
22.3
10.0
16.8
16.7
10.5
9.6
7.8
12.7
8.5
10.1
10.6
13.4
16.7
9.5
10.7
7.7
4.7
5.6
11.1
10.6
8.8
11.6
11.0
10.7

55-59
years
8.4
10.2
11.0
12.0
6.8
5.4
7.2
8.6
6.0
4.8
9.2
10.7
10.7
6.4
5.6
4.2
7.6
5.4
8.5
6.8
7.5
50.0
9.1
13.9
23.2
16.9
10.4
9.5
15.7
11.8
10.8
8.5
13.3
14.8
33.4
13.4
8.9
9.2
2.8
19.6
10.4
7.4
8.6
16.6
11.8
33.3
7.7
9.8
77
18.8
22.2
9.2
8.3
11.0
9.6
5.0
7.2

60-64
years
5.8
7.1
7.9
9.1
4.5
3.4
4.3
6.1
3.0
2.9
6.7
7.8
8.3
3.9
4.0
3.0
4.4
4.1
5.6
8.9
5.3
4.9
9.0
14.0
12.7
5.9
6.7
9.8
7.3
8.4
6.2
9.5
7.4
3^3
10.0
4.7
6.3
11.0
5.9
8.5
3.9
7.3
4.6
14.6
6.3
6.4
10.9
22.2
6.0
5.6
7.1
7.8
5.0
4.5

65-69 70 years
years and over
3.2
4.4
4.1
5.0
2.3
1.8
2.0
3.6
3.0
1.5
4.4
5.3
5.4
49.9
2!l
2.6
1.7
2.4
11.1
2.7
4.2
6.1
3.1
4.1
4.4
8.4
6.0
33.2
2.5
2.8
5.3
3.6
2.1
2.4
5.6
3.7
5.8
3.6
3.2
8.2
2.0
4.3
2.0
4.8
9.1
6.9
4.3
2.7
7.7
1.6
5.6
2.6
2.6
3.5
1.8
3.0
2.5

1.8
2.9
2.0
3.7
1.2
.9
2.3
1.4
2.2
.6
2.7
3.6
2.4
1.9
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.4
50.0
L8
1.4
2.7
2.2
.8
1.8
3.6
2.4
4.2
1.4
3.6
3.7
3.8
.5
2.0
4.1
1.0
3.2
.8
1.9
3.0
3.3
1.6
2.0
7.7
3.*1
11.1
1.8
1.5
2.4
1.5
3.0
1.2

APPENDIX TABLES

39

T able D —Number of Women Scientists by Age Group, Level of Education, and General Field of
Specialization, 1948

Field of specialization and highest degree earned

Total Under 30-34 35-39 40-44
reporting 30 years
years years
age
years

All fields .
Bachelor or none----------- ------Master_____________________
M. D ______________________
Ph. D _____________________
Other degree and no report-----Chemistry--------------------------Bachelor or none-------------Master-------------------------M. D__________________
Ph. D __________________
Other degree and no report.
Engineering________________
Bachelor or none-------------Master---- ---------------------M. D— _________________
Ph. D_________________
Other degree and no report.
Physics and electronics----------Bachelor or none-------------Master--------------------------M. D ___________________
Ph. r>___________________
Other degree and no report..
Earth sciences.--------------------Bachelor or none-------------Master__________________
M. D— _________________
Ph. D ___________________
Other degree and no report..
Agriculture..-----------------------Bachelor or none-------------Master---- ------- -------------M. D ___________________
Ph. D __________________
Other degree and no report..
Biology_____________________
Bachelor or none_________
Master__________________
M. D___ _______________
Ph. D ___________________
Other degree and no report.
Medicine----------------------------Bachelor or none_________
Master_________________
M. D ___________________
Ph. D ___________________
Other degree and no report.
Fields related to medicine-------Bachelor or none-------------Master--------------------------M. D— . ________________
Ph. D __________________
Other degree and no report.
Mathematics and statistics-----Bachelor or none-------------Master__________________
M. D__________________
Ph. D ___________________
Other degree and no report.
Psychology_________________
Bachelor or none_________
Master_________________
M. D __________________
Ph. D __________________
Other degree and no report.
Other______________________
Bachelor or none------------Master------------------------M. D __________________
Ph. D ___ ______________
Other degree and no report.
Excludes 105 women scientists not reporting date of birth.




i 2,415
109
277
139
1,886
4
465
29
48
7
381

4

10

72
84
5
22

57

12

308
9
25
20
253
1
61
1
4
2
54
2

405
14
32
19
340
77
3
6
1
67
2
1

407
15
48
26
317
1
71
3
9
59
1

1
11

2
16
2

II

II

7
1
3
3

16
4
12
3

1
10
1
9
11

1
8
1
7
14
1
4
9
3
1
2
105
7
18
80
24

194
30
32
4
128
64
14
8
42

262
13
21
10
218
67
5
4
58

I

I

1
9
3
5
4
1
2
1

1

655
40
96
13
504
2
117
1
3
75

51
4
13
1
33
2

78
3
5
1
69
6

2

6

215
7
14
37
157
181
3
25
153
313
3
14
5
290
1
280
16
41

12
1
1
10
15
2
2
11
25
1
3
21
11
5
2
4

21
2
3
3
13
15
2

2
220

1

years
45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70and
years years years years years over

I§

34
2
32
22
2
2
18

I

10
1

12
31

1
125
6
15
3
101
17
1
10
6
43
3
1
5
34
29
3
26
46

31
30
2
3
25

45
44
4
40

3
90
5
11
3
70
1
15
12
3
31
1
3
27
13
1

1

12
12
39
3
11
25
35
2
33
47
2
1
2
42
60
2
9
1
47
1

358
13
44
19
282
65
2
8
1
54

256
5
42
23
186
32
8
2
22

138
3
21
12
102
18
1
17

60
4
9
2
43
2
17

27
3
3
4
17
3

6

1
2

12

11
1
3
7
12
4
8
1

8
1
7
5
3
2

1
1
4

1

4

1

32
3
2
1
26
7

14
1
5
1
6
1
1

4
1
1
2
3

12
10
2
1
7
4
3
1
99
7
17
1
74
22
1
11
10
26
2
6
18
27
4
23
50
2
48
43
2
6
35

1
57
3
10
1
43
20
2
14
4
22
2
4
16
19
4
15
47
3
1
43
35
1
6
1
27

6
1
12
3
9
18
5
13
18
1
2
15
20
8
12

1
31
1
1
8
2
6
16

9
1
12
1
1
10

2
1
6x
1
4
2
1
1
5
1
4
31
2

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

40
T able

E.— Percent of Scientists in Each Specific Field of Specialization by Highest Degree Earned, 1948
Field of specialization

All fields........................................ .
Chemistry___________________
General......................................
Analytic. _____ __________
Biochemistry______________
Inorganic__________________
Organic___________________
Physical__________________
Engineering___________________
Aeronautical_______________
Chemical_________________
Civil..______ _____________
Electrical__________________
Mechanical________________
Metallurgical__________ ____
Mining__ ________________
Ordnance_________________
Power plant_____ __________
Physics and electronics_________
Physics___________________
Electronics________________
Earth sciences_________________
Geophysics_____ ___________
Geography._______ ________
Geology.______ ____________
Meteorology-.................. ..........
Agriculture----------------------------Biology.--------------------------------Bacteriology_______________
General biology____________
Botany____ ______ ________
Entomology_______________
Zoology___________________
Medicine_____________________
Clinical medicine_______ ....
Neuropsychiatry___________
Obstetrics_________________
Opthalmology______________
Pediatrics_____ ____________
Public health__ ___________
Radiology_____ ____________
Surgery...................... ...............
Fields related to medicine_______
Anatomy__________________
Dental medicine___________
Pathology_________________
Physiology________________
Pharmacy-pharmacology____
Veterinary medicine________
Mathematics and statistics______
Mathematics_______________
Statistics__________________
Psychology_________ ______ ___
Other________________________
Architecture_______________
Astronomy..............................
Metallurgy.............. ...................
Military application of science
Nutrition and foods..................
Manpower resources________
All other and no report______ *9

Total reporting
imber
i 41,674
10,621
679
1,020
1,594
762
4,135
2,431
4,892
220
1,975
693
783
649
137
148
157
130
3,435
2,804
631
2,083
292
262
1,392
137
2,421
5,805
1, 418
1,003
1,603
819
962
2,856
1,164
325
117
93
171
319
115
552
2,663
527
116
478
814
538
190
1,929
1,673
256
1,588
3,381
24
211
568
134
524
918
1,002

1Does not include 63 persons not reporting level of education.
9Less than 0.05 percent.




Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

Bachelor’s
degree or no
degree
11.6
_
17.1
23.4
4.4
17.1
7.7
7.5
33.4
29.5
34.1
35.4
29.9
33.4
40.1
35.1
30.6
33.1
10.8
7.4
26.0
14.2
31.2
4.2
11.4
24.8
11.0
5.9
4.8
4.3
2.6
13.4
8.0
1.0
.4
2.1
.6
4.1
4.3
.5
2.9
2.1
4.3
.6
.9
8.9
1.1
3.5
2.3
11.7
.8
19.6
4.2
8.1
31.0
26.9
11.4
21.5
17.5

Master’s
degree
15.3
10.4
14.0
*19.5
6.8
15.3
9.3
8.3
33.1
32.3
22.6
45.7
41.2
44.7
28.5
37.9
21.6
33.1
18.1
15.8
28.8
22.0
25.0
15.3
21.5
34.3
32.9
12.4
8.2
10.6
10.8
23.1
14.4
1.1
.4
.3
.8
1.1
6.9
3.8
3.8
.9
1.1
2.6
10.1
.5
13.0
12.7
14.4
4.2
18.0
54.1
12.3
24.6
16.4
11.3
19.8
16.6

Ph. D.
62.4
78.4
67.6
56.8
81.8
67.6
82.8
84.1
33.3
37.3
43.2
18.5
28.5
21.9
31.4
27.0
47.8
33.8
70.7
76.6
44.5
63.7
43.8
80.5
67.0
40.2
55.9
75.9
67.0
82.2
86.5
62.9
75.7
6.8
2.2
13.5
.8
26.9
2.9
26.0
6.1
.7
46.7
65.5
8.6
9.0
66.2
54.8
6.3
83.2
84.9
72.3
93.8
59.3
41.7
78.2
44.4
44.0
74.4
54.6
62.6

M. D.

Other

10.7
—
1.3
.2
7.0
.2
.1
.1
.9
.1
.1
.3
.3
.2
.5
.1
.1
.7
.2
5.8
19.9
2.9
.1
.6
1.8
91.1
97.0
86.2
98.4
69.9
96. 5
63.0
89.6
98.6
46.6
28.6
86.2
89.3
30.3
26.2
92.1
.3
.1
1.6
1.1
3.0
.9
12.7
2.9
4.0
3.2

(2)
(2)
(2)

0.1
.1
.3
.1

(2)

.1
.2

(2)

.1

(2)

.1

.2

.1
.1
.5
.1
.1

APPENDIX TABLES
T able

41

F.—Percentage Distribution of Bachelor’s Degrees by Period of Degree and Region of Degree,
1948

Region of bachelor’s degree

Year of bachelor’s degree 1
B efore 1900

1901-05

l 1906-10

1911-15

1916-20

1921-25

1926-30

1931-35

1936-40

Percentage distribution
New England__ _______________________
Middle Atlantic..___________ ____
South_____________________ ___________
North Central________________ _______
Mountain and Plains. _______________
Pacific________________________________
Total United States____________________
Total number reporting 12_ ---------------------

24.0
19.1
8.1
32.3
9 .9
6 .6
100.0
566

16.5
18.3
11.0
37.1
12.1
5 .0
100.0
1,073

16.8
19.0
9 .1
34.9
14.3
5 .9
100.0
2,069

14.3
21.4
10.5
33.4
13.3
7.1
100.0
3,068

13.5
21.2
12.3
32.5
12.7
7 .8
100.0
3,803

12.2
20.5
12.7
32.4
13.1
9 .1
100.0
4,828

11.2
19.4
13.1
32.7
13.4
10.2

11.5
22.5
12.9
31 .4
11.5
10.2

100.0
6 , 276

100.0
6,608

10.7
24.0
12.8
31.7
10.8
10.0
100.0
6 , 629

1Year of bachelor’s degree was computed by subtracting age shown on questionnaire from 1948 and adding 22 years, at which age it was assumed the average
college graduate earned his degree.
2 The total number reporting, 34,920, excludes 2,501 earning degrees after 1940, 307 scientists failing to report date of birth, 3,636 who did not report region
of bachelor’s degree, and 373 scientists who did not receive bachelor’s degree.

T able

G.—Percentage Distribution of Ph. D . Degrees by Decade of Degree and Area of Degree, 1948
Area of Ph. D. degree

Decade of Ph. D. degree
1900-09 1910-19 1920-29 1930-39 1940-49
Percentage distribution

New England____________________ ________
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont...............
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut.
Middle Atlantic___________________________
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania____
Maryland, District of Columbia, Delaware.
Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee___________________
South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi..____ __________________________
Florida----------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas----------------------------------------------------------North Central_____ ___________________________________________________________
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan_____________________________________________
Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin_________________________________________________
Mountain and Plains-------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ------- --------Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri_________________________________________________
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, Utah.
Arizona, New Mexico______________________________________________________
Pacific---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Washington, Oregon________________________________________________ _______
California_____________________ ________________________________ __________
Total............................................................................................. .........................................
Total number reporting2_______________________________________________________

28.6
28.6
42.4
28.6
13.8
2.5
2.5

20.0
.1

19.9
38.0
30.7
7.3
1.4

1.0.1

14.0
.1
13.9
30.7
23.6
7.1
2.0
1.3

13.9
13.9
27.4
22.4
5.0
4.8
3.4

12.3
0)12.3

24.4
15.9
3.9
3.2

25.7
15.4
3.4
2.7

8.0

9.7
1.3
8.4

8.8

.1

23.2
4.1
5.8
3.3

0).2 O .2
1.2 41.1
2.3
40.3

16.6
4.2

.3
33.0
25.2
7.8

4.6
4.6

5.5
.1
5.4

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

283

1,353

4,210

9,618

9,290

20.8

1.1
1.1

2.1
1.8.3

.6

42.4
25.5
16.9
2.5
2.1.4
O. ‘t.
.4

.6
.1

.1.6
10.1
1.3

1 Less than 0.05 percent.
2 The 24,754 scientists reporting excludes 45 scientists receiving Ph. D. degree before 1900, 6 who failed to report year of degree, and 1,203 who did not report
region of degree.




AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

42
T

a b le

H.—Percent of Scientists Engaged in Various Functions by General Field of Specialization 1
Function

Total

Physics
Chem­ Engi­ and Earth
Agri­ Biol­ Medi­
sci­ culture
istry neering elec­ ences
ogy cine
tronics

Fields
related
to
medi­
cine

Mathe­
matics
and
Other
statis­ chology
tics

Total................................. .......................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Only one function reported—......................................
23.1 27.2 15.3 28.1 VIA 15.4 25.8 17.8 17.7 31.2 14.1
'Research___________________________ ____
12.6 22.1
4.5 14.8
6.4
9.9 15.5
3.8
9.3
3.2
7.7
Teaching.. ................. _____________ _______
6.4
3.7
4.4 11.1
4.5
2.9
8.3
6.9 22.0
7.1
8.7
1.7
.3
Administration....................................................
1.0
.2
.8
1.0
.4
1.9
.5
.4
.7
.9
.5
Development.........................................................
.1
3.7 (2)1.8
.1
.1.1
.1
.1
.5
.51
.2
.2
Production_____ ________________________
2
.3
.2
.6
.
2
Other____________________ _____ ________
1.3
.4
.2
5.3
1.1
1.3
1.4
£7
.5
.*9
.8
More than one function reported...............................
76.9 72.8 84.7 71.9 82.6 84.6 74.2
82.2 82.3 68.8 85.9
Research and teaching________________ ____
19.4 20.3
4.2 18.1 15.2 15.9 27.5 19.5 34.3
35.0
21.4
Research, teaching, and administration..............
9.4
8.0
3.0
6.6
5.7 16.2 10.1 17.0 20.2
7.2 13.3
Research and administration_______ ________
3.2
4.6
7.6
3.4
4.2
3.7
5.8
1.4
3.0
1.4
1.7
Research and development________ _________
3.9
9.2
1.0
5.7
8.1
1.3
.7
.4
1.2
.7
.8
Teaching and administration_______________
2.8
1.0
2.1
4.9
2.0
2.2
3.0
4.7
2.9
5.2
8.6
Research, development, and administration___
2.7
3.5
4.3
1.3
6.6
.5
.7
.2
.8
.5
1.4
Research, teaching, administration, and de­
2.5
1.9
4.3
velopment_____________________________
5.6
1.4
1.2
.7
1.1
1.8
1.0
7.5
2.4
2.3
5.4
5.6
.5
Research, development, and teaching____ ____
1.0
.8
.7
1.1
.9
5.0
Research, development, production, and admin­
2.1
2.0
istration_____ _________ _______________
2.7
6.8
.5
.7
.6
.1
.3
.3
.4
Research, teaching, administration, develop2.0
2.1
4.6
1.6
. ment, and production........................................
.7
2.6
.8
.7
.9
1.1
3.0
25.1 17.7 34.9 12.1 51.3 37.6 24.1 36.3 16.3 11.7 26.1
Other combinations............... ..............................
Total number reporting.___ ______ _______ _____ 841,668 10,611 4,901 3,432 2,086 2,425 5,813 2,846 2,659 1,928 1,587

100.0
28.8
10.2
2.3
13.9
.7
.3
L4
71.2
9.3
7.0
6.4
4.0
2.1
4.0
2.5
1.7
3.3
2.8
28.1
3,380

1Information reported in 1948, but applies also to other years.
2 Less than 0.05 percent.
8 Excludes 69 scientists not reporting functions.
T

a b le

I.—Percent of Scientists in Each Specific Field of Specialization by Type of Employer, 1948
Field of specialization

Total reporting

Educa­ Educa­
Educa­ Private Govern­ Founda­ Consult­ tion
and tion and Other
tion industry ment
tion
ant
consult­
Govern­
Number Percent
ant
ment

All fields...................................................................... i 41,733
Chemistry................................................................... 10,625
682
General________________________________
Analytic...................................___....................... 1,020
Biochemistry...................................................... 1,594
Inorganic..............................................................
763
Organic............................................................
4,135
Physical................................................................ 2,431
Engineering................................................................ 4,906
220
Aeronautical............ ..........................................
Chemical................................................... ........ 1,976
Civil___ _______ ________ __________ _____
696
788
Electrical............................................................
652
Mechanical. _______ ___________________
138
Metallurgical____________________________
Mining
________ __________________
149
157
Ordnance______________________ _________
130
Power plant. ___________________________
Physics and electronics_______ ______________— 3,439
2,807
Physics_______________ ___________ _____
632
Electronics............... ..........................................
Earth sciences_________________ ____________ _ 2,089
293
Geophysics________ _____ _______________
262
Geography...................... ......................................
Geology..... ........................................................... 1,394
140
Meteorology_____________________________
Agriculture.......................... ....................................... 2,427
Biology---- ------------------------- ----------------------- 5,818
B acteriology................................... ..................... 1,420
Biology.................... ........................................... 1,005
Botany.............................................................. 1, 603
822
Entomology................... ............................. ........
968
Zoology.................................................................
Medicine..................................... .............................. 2,857
1,164
Clinical....... ......................... -.............................
325
Neuropsychiatry..................................................
Obstetrics_______________________________
117
Ophthalmology__________________________
93
Pediatrics____________________ __________
171
Public health___________________ ________
319
115
Radiology_______________ _______________
Surgery________________________________
553

See footnote at end of table.




100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

37.4
27.7
24.0
29.9
42.0
38.7
19.7
28.5
18.3
20.0
8.8
28.2
28.4
26.7
6.5
12.1
14.7
26.9
43.3
48.7
19.4
29.9
15.7
68.7
25.7
30.0
45.1
53.7
41.0
64.1
57.8
35.8
70.2
22.6
24.8
15.4
21.4
23.6
21.6
19.7
28.7
23.2

27.1
50.1
51.8
38.2
26.2
42.7
63.7
49.7
43.8
20.0
67.5
9.0
38.6
31.9
51.4
32.2
23.6
30.8
26.7
22.4
45.6
16.3
30.0
1.1
17.4
5.0
7.9
9.3
19.3
3.7
7.9
10.1
2.2
7.3
7.1
5.6
6.9
7.5
5.9
8.2
13.9
7.6

13.5
8.9
10.6
16.2
13.0
6.4
5.8
8.7
12.0
32.3
6.1
22.8
8.0
6.7
7.2
18.8
50.3
11.5
12.8
11.6
17.9
26.6
31.4
11.1
26.3
48.6
29.4
20.8
18.8
15.8
20.5
39.6
13.2
7.5
4.6
7.1
5.4
2.9
33.5
5.2
2.5

2.2
2.3
2.6
2.6
3.3
2.1
2.0
1.9
2.0
.9
2.2
.4
.2
2.8
14.5
1.9
6.2
1.1
1.3
.2
1.2
1.4
.4
1.4
.7
3.1
3.3
3.1
2.2
1.6
5.5
2.0
2.2
.9
.8
.6
6.9
.9
.7

1.4
.9
3.2
1.1
.5
.9
.8
.7
3.9
.9
3.0
7.6
2.8
4.0
4.4
11.4
.6
4.6
.9
.9
.9
4.6
3.4
.8
6.0
.7
1.4
.6
.5
.4
.7
.7
.8
.7
.5
.9
1.1
2.9
.3
.6

6.8
5.2
3.1
7.6
5.7
5.7
4.2
6.1
12.9
18.2
6.5
22.6
14.9
20.5
8.0
15.4
.6
16 2
9! 3
9.8
7.4
10.7
8.9
9.5
11.8
57
4.’9
3.6
4.4
5.1
2.9
2.1
3.1
2.7
2.2
4.3
.8
5.4
4.1
4.7
1.7
1.4

2.4
.9
1.0
1.4
2.4
.9
.3
.6
.8
2.3
.6
.9
1.0
.3
2.0
l.Z
1.4
1.4
1.6
3.8
1.7
3.4
4.4
2.1
8.1
4.6
3.9
3.2
6.1
7.7
1.9
3.0
2.3
4.9
.8
2.9
8.2
17
1.4

9.2
4.0
3.7
3.0
6.9
2.6
3.5
3.8
6.3
5.4
5.3
8.5
6.1
7.1
8.0
8! 1
7^0
38
A5
3.9
7.0
6.9
7.5
5.0
7.0
7.9
2! 5
4.3
8.8
4.6
1.9
2.4
3.1
54.2
56.3
60.9
69.3
57 0
59.'1
18.5
47.9
62! 6

APPENDIX TABLES
T

a b le

43

I.—Percent of Scientists in Each Specific Field of Specialization by Type of Employer, 1948—
Continued
Field of specialization

Fields related to medicine_____ _________ ______
Anatomy________________________________
Dental medicine __
_ _ ________
Pathology__________________ _____________
Physiology_______________ _______________
Pharmacy, pharmacology__________________
Veterinary medicine __ ___________________
Mathematics and statistics____________ ________
M at hematics__________________________
Statistics
____________________________
Psychology------- ----------------------- ------------------Other______________________________________
Architecture______________________ ,_______
Astronomy________________________ ______Metallurgy_______________________________
Military application of science______________
Nutrition and foods----------------------------------Manpower resources---------------------------------All others and no report------------------------------

Educa­ Educa­
Educa­ Private Govern­ Founda­ Consult­ tion and tion and
tion industry ment
tion
ant consult­ Govern­
Number Percent
ment
ant
Total reporting
2,663
526
116
478
814
539
190
1,929
1,673
256
1,589
3,391
24
212
569
136
524
920
1,006

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

57.2
83.5
43.1
28.0
68.5
41.9
61.7
73.4
80.0
30.5
54.4
28.6
25.0
74.5
13.4
17.6
35.5
14.0
39.1

11.9
1.7
3.4
13.2
7.5
30.6
8.4
6.0
4.8
13.7
4.6
33.0
8.3
3.8
47.7
22.8
36.6
44.6
20.3

7.9
3.2
6.9
10.2
6.8
9.8
14.7
8.1
5.2
26.9
6.4
15.3
16.7
10.4
9.3
38.2
10.1
19.4
15.5

1.9
1.9
.9
1.9
2.8
1.1
1.0
.3
.3
1.4
5.4
8.3
1.9
11.2
2.2
1.7
4.0
6.4

.2
.6
.1
.2
.6
.5
1.6
.8
1.5
12.5
.5
1.2
2.2
1.5
1.5
1.5

3.8
1.9
4.3
2.7
3.9
6.9
1.6
7.4
6.4
13.7
11.4
7.7
20.9
2.8
11.2
5.9
6.9
7.6
7.0

2.3
1.7
4.3
3.4
2.0
1.3
4.7
1.4
1.1
3.5
3.0
1.5
1.4
.7
1.5
2.9
1.2
1.7

Other
14.8
6.1
37.1
40.0
8.4
8.2
7.9
2.8
1.7
10.1
18.0
7.0
8.3
4.7
5.3
9.6
4.8
7.7
8.5

i Excludes 4 scientists not reporting type of employer.

T

a b le

J.

—Percent of Scientists by Highest Degree Earned, Principal Type of Employer, and Genera
Field of Specialization, 1948

Type of employer and field of specialization
Educational institution __ ________________________
Chemistry __________________________________
Engineering __________________________________
Physics and electronics__________________________
Earth sciences
_____________________________
Agriculture ___________________________________
Biology
__________________________________
Medicine
_ _______________________________
Fields related to medicine________________________
Mathematics and statistics- _____________________
Psychology____________________________________
Other _ _______________ __________________
Private industry___________________________________
Chemistry __________ _______________________
Engineering ________ ________________________
Physics and electronics____________________ ______
Earth sciences _________________________________
Agriculture _________________________________
Biology ____________________________________
Medicine. ____________________________________
Fields related to medicine________________________
Mathematics and statistics_______________________
Psychology ___________________________________
Other
_________________________________
Government
__________________________________
Chemistry _ ______________________________
Engineering __________________________________
Physics and electronics _________________________
Earth sciences . ________________ ______________
Agriculture _________________________________
Biology
. -- _____________________________
Medicine
_________________________________
Fields related t-« mpidirinps
Mathematics and statistics__ ____________________
Psychology_____________________________________
Other
________ _______________________

Total reporting
Number1
15,586
2,940
897
1,488
626
1,094
3,123
646
1,524
1,415
863
970
11,282
5,327
2,142
914
340
192
538
209
317
116
73
1,114
5,631
943
587
437
552
709
1,207
214
210
156
101
515

i The 32,499 scientists employed by the three principal employers do not
include 9,156 who reported other employers and combinations of employers,
4 who did not report type of employer, and 78 who reported other degrees or
who failed to report level of education.




Percent
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

Ph. D.2
73.7
85.5
36.6
76.3
78.8
61.3
84.5
9.4
57.1
85.7
95.1
76.8
61.2
76.8
33.2
61.0
55.6
63.0
73.2
7.7
40.7
63.8
80.8
50.8
50.3
61.7
21.5
61.3
42.2
44.9
58.8
18.2
40. 5
74. 4
92.1
50.3

M. D.3
8.7
2.0
.1
.3
.4
3.4
88.7
37.7
.2
.8
2.7
3.4
.4
.1
.2
1.1
6.9
86.6
40.7
1.4
1.2
6.8
1.7
.2
.2
5.6
76.7
52.9
.6
4.5

Master4
13.6
9.1
46.1
17.6
16.6
31.9
10.4
1.6
3.5
12.4
3.6
13.2
15.5
10.1
25.5
21.0
25.6
22.9
10.8
8.5
20.7
13.7
19.6
22.9
18.1
30.0
22.2
30.8
37.5
21.2
4.2
1.4
14.1
6.9
21.7

Bachelor or
none
4.0
3.4
17.2
5.8
4.6
6.4
1.73
1.7
1.75
7.3
19.9
12.7
41.2
17.8
18.8
13.0
9.1
5.7
10.1
15.5
4.1
28.4
20.0
18.5
48.5
16.3
26.8
17.6
14.4
.9
5.2
10.9
1.0
23.5

2Includes a very small number of doctors of education and doctors of
science.
3 Includes a few doctors of veterinary medicine, doctors of dental science,
and doctors of osteopathy.
4 Those with a master’s degree but no other graduate degree.

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

44
T

a b le

K.—Median Age of Scientists Working for Various Types of Employers, by Highest Degree
Earned and General Field of Specialization, 1948
Total reporting age

Highest degree earned and field of specialization
Total reporting3____________
Chemistry__________________
Engineering________________
Physics and electronics_______
Earth sciences______________
Agriculture.......... ........................
Biology____________________
Medicine___________________
Fields related to medicine____
Mathematics and statistics___
Psychology------------------------Other fields_______ _________
Ph. D _____________________
Chemistry______________
Engineering_____________
Physics and electronics___
Earth sciences___________
Agriculture-------------------Biology------------------------Medicine_______________
Fields related to medicine..
Mathematics and statistics.
Psychology-------------------Other fields...........................
Master_________________ —
Chemistry----------- ---------Engineering_____________
Physics and electronics.......
Earth sciences----------------Agriculture-------------------Biology..................................
Medicine----------------------Fields related to medicine..
Mathematics and statistics.
Psychology.......... .................
Other fields...........................
Bachelor or none.........................
Chemistry........ ...................
Engineering_______ _____
Physics and electronics----Earth sciences___________
Agriculture-------------------Biology........ .........................
Medicine...............................
Fields related to medicine..
Mathematics and statistics.
Psychology_____________
Other fields_____________

Education *

Private industry *

Government1

Other2

Median
Median
Median
Number Median
age Number age Number age Number Median
age Number age
41,384
10, 547
4,861
3, 413
2,070
2.409
5, 767
2,831
2,644
1,913
1,570
3,359
25,815
8,264
1,622
2,420
1,317
1,347
4,368
192
1,232
1,594
1,473
1,986
6,315
1,098
1,599
617
453
787
715
30
102
246
64
604
4,752
1,045
1,618
361
293
263
337
27
73
66
13
656

43
39
44
40
44
48
44
50
44
44
44
43
42
39
41
41
44
45
43
47
42
44
44
43
45
40
47
40
41
51
46
49
45
50
42
45
44
40
45
35
43
54
49
50
44
46
(4) 44

15,448
2,912
886
1,479
622
1,084
3,097
640
1,512
1,402
854
960
11,390
2,490
325
1,129
490
666
2,615
60
863
1,204
812
736
2,090
264
409
260
103
344
321
10
53
171
30
125
609
99
151
83
29
69
53
2
25
23
4
71

44
40
47
42
45
47
43
48
44
45
45
45
43
40
42
42
45
44
43
48
42
44
45
44
48
45
51
45
42
51
45
(4) 49
53
43
46
45
30
53
31
34
57
48
(4) 51
54
(4) 41

11,212
5,291
2,129
909
334
190
533
209
316
115
73
1,113
6,861
4,062
708
555
186
120
391
16
128
73
59
563
1,726
534
538
190
85
44
55
27
24
10
219
2, 215
669
874
159
63
24
48
12
31
18
3
314

39
38
41
38
43
45
41
49
41
40
<1
42
38
37
39
39
42
43
40
(4) 40
40
41
41
40
38
42
38
43
49
39
36
38
(4) 44
42
40
43
37
47
51
42
(4) 37
(4)
(4) 43

5,613
944
584
434
551
711
1,199
212
207
155
100
516
2,816
582
125
268
232
318
703
39
83
116
91
259
1,278
171
172
94
168
265
255
9
3
22
7
112
1,119
174
284
70
147
124
172
1
10
16
1
120

44
42
45
40
41
47
45
46
44
40
42
44
43
41
43
41
43
45
44
47
42
41
42
43
44
42
47
39
39
49
46

(4)
(4) 37
(4) 44
45
44
45
36
41
51
51

(4)
(4)
(4)
(4) 46

9,111
1,400
1,262
591
563
424
938
1,770
609
241
543
770
4,748
1,130
464
468
409
243
659
77
158
201
511
428
1,221
129
480
73
97
134
84
11
19
29
17
148
809
103
309
49
54
46
64
12
7
9
5
151

4642
48
39
45
52
45
50
46
43
43
44
43
42
43
46
45
48
44
46
42
42
43
43
48
43
49
38
43
56
48

(4)
(4)
46
(4)
47
48
38
51
35
51
58
51
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4) 43

1 Employed exclusively by this type of employer.
2 Employed by other single employers and all combinations of employers. Also includes four scientists not reporting type of employer.
3 Includes scientists holding M. D. degrees, other degrees, and those not reporting level of education; excludes 353 scientists not reporting age.
* Insufficient reports to compute median.
T

a b le

L.—Percent of Ph. D .’s Employed by Each Type of Employer, by General Field of Specialization,
1948
Type of employer

Total............................................................
Educational institution................ ...........
Government________________________
Educational institution and govern­
ment----------------------- ------------------Private industry. _ ------- -----------------Foundation_______________ ________
Independent consultant______________
Educational institution and independ­
ent consultant------- ------ ------- --------All other combinations_______________

Total reporting

Physics Earth Agricul­ Biol­
Chemis­ Engi­ and
elec­ sciences ture
try neering tronics
ogy
Number Percent
i 26,005
11,493
2,829
650
6,904
462
282
2,034
1,351

100.0
44.2
10.9
2.5
26.5
1.8
1.1
7.8
5.2

100.0
30.2
7.0
.8
49.1
2.1
.8
6.0
4.0

100.0
20.1
7.7
1.2
43.6
.9
4.0
15.6
6.9

100.0
46.7
11.0
1.6
22.9
1.0
.8
11.4
4.6

100.0
37.1
17.6
5.3
14.2
1.0
3.8
13.8
7.2

100.0
49.6
23.5
9.0
9.0
.6
.7
5.2
2.4

1 Total includes 2,005 scientists in fields other than those listed; excludes 3 not reporting type of employer.



100.0
60.0
16.1
4.7
9.0
2.4
.5
4.1
3.2

Fields Mathe­
Medi­ related matics Psychol­
cine
to and sta­ ogy
medicine tistics
100.0
31.3
20.0
3.1
8.2
3.1
2.5
10.8
21.0

100.0
70.1
6.8
1.0
10.4
2.3
.2
5.5
3.7

100.0
75.6
7.3
1.4
4.6
.3
.6
7.4
2.8

100.0
55.1
6.3
3.1
4.0
1.1
.7
11.7
18.0

45

a p p e n d ix t a b l e s
T

a b le

M.—Median Salary, Median Age, and Number of Ph.D.’s Reporting Salary by General Field
of Specialization and Type of Employer, 1948
Item

Total

All fields:
Number reporting salary________________________
Median age________________________________ -Median salary..................................................................
Chemistry:
Number reporting salary________________________
Median age___________________________________
Median salary...................................................................
Engineering:
Number reporting salary.____ __________________
Median age
Martian salary
Physics and electronics:
Number reporting salary________________________
Median age____________________________________
Median salary........................................ ........................
Earth sciences:
Number reporting salary..............................................
Median age
_
_ _ ___
Median salary
_
.
. . . ___
Agriculture:
Number reporting salary________________________
Median age
.
____________ ___ _
Median salary
_ _____ ____________________
Biology:
Number reporting salary...............................................
Median age_________ ________ _________ _______
Median salary.............................................................
Fields related to medicine:
Number reporting salary________________________
_____ ____________________
Median age
Median salary
___
Mathematics and statistics:
Number reporting salary............. ...................................
Median age
_ _ _ _ __________
Median salary
____ _______________
Psychology:
Number reporting salary------- ---------------------------Median age
________________________ Median salary
_ _______ _______________

i 22,116
42
$5, 720
6,915
38
$6,030
1,313
41
$6,960
2,059
40
$5, 960
1,102
44
$5, 710
1,213
44
$5, 660
3,826
42
$4, 940
1,125
42
$5,420
1,404
43
$5,060
1,304
43
$5,320

9,913
42
$4,860
2,137
39
$4, 670
271
42
$5, 700
962
42
$5,040
410
45
$5, 200
613
43
$5,390
2,321
42
$4,610
785
42
$5,060
1,043
44
$4, 760
706
44
$4,920

1 Includes 1,855 scientists reporting other fields of specialization; excludes
3,889 not reporting salary and 3 who did not report either type of employer
or salary.
T

a b le

Education
Industry Foundation and govern­
ment

Education Govern­
ment
2,556
42
$6, 280
522
41
$6,290
112
42
$7,400
243
41
$7,400
205
42
$6,120
294
45
$5,980
627
43
$5,480
81
42
$5,930
110
41
$6,830
87
42
$6,180

5,434
38
$7,070
3,241
37
$6,880
535
39
$8,000
422
38
$7,350
141
42
$7,780
90
42
$6, 670
310
40
$6,250
114
39
$6,850
61
40
$7,350
51
40
$7,940

366
39
$6,070
146
38
$5, 980
13

570
44
$5,710
62
42
$5,670
13

23
35
$6,250
8

34
40
$7,380
64
44
$5,590
105
46
$5,660
179
44
$5,370
10

6
80
40
$5, 650
24
40
$6, 670
3
9

22
40
$6,140 !
43
43
$5, 720

Education
and inde­
pendent
consultant
1,986
42
$5,570
493
42
$5,360
245
42
$5,860
267
40
$5,650
179
44
$5,340
69
48
$5, 780
178
43
$5,410
68
42
$5, 500
119
42
$5,680
170
43
$5,490

Other
1,291
42
$6,350
314
41
$6,340
124
42
$7,750
108
40
$6, 500
95
44
$6,060
36
47
$6,500
131
43
$5,800
43
41
$6, 500
46
42
$6,880
238
41
$5, 750

N ote: Median ages shown above are for only those scientists who reported
salary. Where fewer than 20 scientists reported salary, median age and
median salary were not computed.

N.—Median and Quartile Salaries of Ph. D .’s by Type of Employer and Age of Scientists, 1948
Type of employer

Educational institution:
Median salary________ _____________
Lower quartile salary--------- -------------Upper quartile salary................................
Government:
Median salary........... ...................... .........
Lower quartile salary................................
Upper quartile salary................................
Private industry:
Median salary.____ ________________
Lower quartile salary________________
Upper quartile salary................................
Foundation:
Median salary_____ ________________
Lower quartile salary-----------------------Upper quartile salary..----- --------------Educational institution and government:
Median salary.-------- ----------------------Lower quartile salary......................... ...
Upper quartile salary.............................
Educational institution and independent
consultant:
Median salary________ . _________ .
Lower quartile salary________________
Upper quartile salary_______________
Other:3
Median salary______________________
Lower quartile salary_______________
Upper quartile salary________________
1 $10,000 and over.
2 Insufficient reports to compute median.



Age of scientists
45-49
50-54
years
years

30-34
years

35-39
years

40-44
years

$3,900
3,390
4,610
5,050
4, 410
5,820
5, 560
5,100
6,050
4,680
3,780
5, 720
(2)
(2)
(2)

$4,390
3,700
5,020
5,450
4,620
6,520
6,400
5,640
7,240
5,410
4,420
6,250
4,960
4,220
5,940

$4,720
4,090
5,600
6,070
4,890
7,380
7,350
6,310
8,760
5,910
5,010
6,950
5,400
4, 560
6,320

$5,040
4,260
6,050
6,330
5,250
7,670
8,150
6,690
110,000+
6,880
6,150
7,960
5,660
4,740
6,620

$5,260
4,380
6,440
6,650
5,510
7,820
8, 760
6,740
U0,000+
7,360
5, 290
9,250
6,240
5,070
7,480

4, 220
3, 590
4,820
4, 950
4,070
6,040

4,730
4,170
5, 560
5,840
4,740
6,950

5,350
4,530
6,320
5,990
4,930
7,910

5,870
5,090
6,950
6,600
8,360
5, 710

5, 950
5,040
7,550
6,960
5, 510
i 10, 000+

Under 30
years

55-59
years

60-64
years

65-69
years

$5,460
4,510
6,640
6,800
5,680
7,970
9,980
7,540
i 10,000+
6, 790
5,810
i 10,000+
6,000
5,050
7,750

$5,540
4,520
6, 740
7,130
6,120
8,400
i 10,000+
7,250
i 10,000+
(12)
(2)
(2)
6,280
5,320
6,970

$5,700
4,700
7,050
6,840
5,630
8,180
110, 000+
7,920
110,000+
(2)
(2)
(2)
6,630
5,320
8,380

$5,620
4,670
6,880
6,890
6,310
8,390
7,830
6,390
i 10,000+
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)

6,020
5,090
7,480
6,440
5,150
9, 720

6,680
5,340
8,010
7,620
5, 670
no, 000 +

6,690
5,470
8,170
6,730
5,540
8,630

6,360
5,250
8,250
6,500
4,880
9,750

3 Includes self-employed scientists, independent consultants, and scientists
employed by any combination of types of employers other than those listed
elsewhere in the table.

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

46
T

a b le

O.—Distribution of Salaries for Ph. D.’s in Each General Field of Specialization Employed Ex­
clusively by One of the Three Principal Types of Employers, 1948
Chemists employed by—
Annual salary

All types of
employers

Tnt.f^l rp.pnrt.ing
$0-$l,999................................................
$2,000-$2,999..........................................
$3,000-$3,999..........................................

$4,000-$4J99Q
^'nOO-^'OflQ
$a'nnft-$fi'09Q

_

$7^000-$7'999..........................................
$8,000-$8,999..........................................

$9,nnn-$9J999
$10,000 and pvflr

_ .

Engineers employed by—

Educational Government
institutions

16,915

2,137

25
45
655
1,164
1,531
1,378
790
469
223
635

16
34
541
711
436
232
89
34
13
31

Private
industry

All types of
employers

$0-$l,999
$2 n n n - $ 9 Q

QQ
$5?7ftn n _ $ q 'o Q Q

........................................

3,241

U ,313

271

112

535

1
8
83
131
133
90
54
6
16

2
3
19
154
709
835
517
314
174
514

2
6
30
158
221
252
196
134
68
246

2
20
67
66
64
13
12
10
17

5
11
23
43
22
2
6

15
56
101
95
69
35
163

$4|0OO-$4'999..........................................
$5,000-$5,999..........................................
$6,000-$6,999..........................................
$7,000-$7,999 ........................................
$8,000-$8,999 ........................................
$9,000-$9,999................................. ........
$10,000
................

and ov«r

Educational Government
institutions

12,059

962

4
12
197
409
425
361
245
166
73
167

2
9
168
294
224
138
64
22
20
21

Private
industry

243

12
32
55
56
54
13
21

Total reporting r. - -

1 1,213

$0-$1 999
$2 OOO—$2,000
__________
$3*000-$3,999 ........................................
$4,000-$4,999..........................................
$5,000-$5,999..........................................
$6,000-$6,999..........................................
$7,000-$7,999..........................................
$8,000-$8,999.......................... - .............
$0
$9,000
$10,000

ooo—
_ ___
and over___________________

3
51
298
383
222
108
68
29
51

Educational Government
institutions
613
2
30
194
206
91
50
25
8
7

All types of
employers

Total rp,porting _ _
$0-$1 900
$2,000-$2,999

$ 2 0 0 0 —$ 2 ,0 0 0
$A 0 0 0 _ $ 4 QOQ

_

______
...................................

$a nnn_$R ooo

$5,000-$5,999..........................................

$ 7 OOO—$ 7 j0 Q 0

$8,000-$8,999..........................................
$9,000-$9,999
................................. $10 000 and over

See footnotes at end of table,




1 155
2
1
12
35
33
22
20
9
6
15

Educational
institutions
48

11,102

410

205

1
15
69
102
68
61
26
80

4
4
101
257
261
183
116
70
30
76

3
59
121
113
53
34
11
5
11

1
2
37
57
46
28
23
4
7

Private
industry

12
57
80
62
36
24
9
14

5
16
8
6
7
2
4

36

3
6
8
10
6
2
1

Educational Government
institutions

Private
industry
141
1
10
15
25
25
15
11
39

Biologists employed by—

294

Government

\

422

All types of
employers

Educational
institutions

Government

Private
industry

90

13,826

2,321

627

310

4
8
15
27
8
7
4
17

31
86
660
1,212
832
526
230
109
47
93

23
71
553
845
437
222
86
44
9
31

2
2
37
195
160
115
61
31
18
6

1
3
11
40
80
79
37
15
10
34

Specialists in medicine employed by—
All types of
employers

1

Earth scientists employed by—

Agriculturists employed by—
All types of
employers

Private
industry

522

Physicists and electronic scientists employed by—
All types of
employers

Educational Government
institutions

Specialists in fields related to medicine employed by—
All types of
employers

Private
industry

Educational Government
institutions

Private
industry

10

11,125

785

81

114

1
1

7
17
143
290
249
171
104
66
25
53

7
17
126
232
175
108
55
34
10
21

4
17
21
13
16
7
2
1

3
10
21
27
13
16
6
18

3
1
1
3

APPENDIX TABLES

47

T able 0 .—Distribution of Salaries for Ph. D.’s in Each General Field of Specialization Employed Ex­
clusively by One of the Three Principal Types of Employers, 1948—Continued
Mathematicians and statisticians employed by—

Annual salary

All types of Educational Government
employers institutions
11,404
5
19
234
428
277
177
122
57
25
60

Total reporting...................................
$0-$l,999 ...
...................
$2,000-$2,999 _
....................
$3,000-$3,999........................................
$4,000-$4,999............................... ........
$5,000-$5,999............ ..........................
$6,000-$6,999........................... ...........
$7,000-$7,999.......................................$8,000-$8,999....... ................................
$9,000-$9,999.......................................
$10,000 and over.................................

a b le

61
1
1
2
10
12
13
8
3
11

2
3
10
21
23
25
12
2
12

i Excludes 1,410 chemists, 318 engineers, 371 physicists and scientists in
electronics, 225 earth scientists, 139 agriculturists, 578 biologists, 40 scientists
in medicine, 118 in fields related to medicine, 200 mathematicians and statistiT

Private
industry

110

1,043
3
17
214
379
201
112
57
22
14
24

Psychologists employed by—
All types of Educational Government
employers institutions
11,304
17
21
170
343
317
199
103
57
25
52

706
12
13
133
212
170
91
34
19
11
11

87
1
3
16
20
19
17
8
1
2

Private
industry
51
1
5
6
5
9
7
3
15

cians, and 185 psychologists not reporting salary and 3 scientists not reporting
either type of employer or salary,

P.—Median Salaries of Ph. D.’s Working Exclusively for One of the Three Principal Types of
Employers, by General Field of Specialization and Region of Employment, 1948

Region of employment

Total i

Physics
Earth Agriculture Biology
and
Chemistry Engineer­
ing
electronics sciences

Fields Mathemat­
related to ics and Psychology
medicine statistics

Scientists employed by all types of employers2
Total8.........................................
New England.............................
Middle Atlantic.........................
South....... ..................................
North Central...........................
Mountain and Plains................
Pacific.........................................

$5, 720
5,380
6,310
5,200
5,730
4,940
5,550

$6,030
5,510
6, 530
5, 570
5,950
4,950
5,650

$6, 960
6,470
7,580
6,650
6,780
6,030
6,870

$5,960
5,540
6,420
5,530
5,810
5,100
5,990

$5, 710
5,330
6,060
5,630
5,710
5,170
5,690

$5,660
5, 080
6,340
5,460
5,790
5,110
5,740

$4,940
4,680
5,430
4,640
4,790
4,620
5,050

$5,420
5,180
5,540
5,270
5,700
4,970
5,100

$5,060
5, 250
5,640
4,730
4, 960
4,700
5,080

$5,320
5,180
5,620
5,000
5,330
4, 710
5,260

$5,060
4,710
4, 890
5,140
5,430
4,840
4,940

$4,760
5,000
4,890
4, 650
4, 760
4,610
4,780

$4,920
4,810
4,940
4,740
5, 270
4, 430
5,030

$6, 850
(♦7,) 600
(4)6, 670
(4)
(4)

$7, 350
(4)7,170
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

$7,940
(4)8,200
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

$5, 930
(4)5,920
(4)
(4)
(4)

$6,830

$6,180

Scientists employed by educational institutions
Total8.......................................
New England.............................
Middle
Atlantic___ _________
South_____________________
North Central..........................
Mountain and Plains................
Pacific........................................

$4,860
4,730
4,930
4,700
5,070
4,620
4,940

$4,670
4, 510
4,780
4, 570
4,750
4, 550
4, 670

$5, 710
(4)6,080
5, 440
6,000
5,500
5,150

$5, 040
4,980
4, 990
4,990
5, 290
4,800
5,030

$5,200
4, 890
5,480
4,800
5, 450
4,530
5,430

$5,390
5,080
5, 600
5, 310
5, 610
4, 820
5, 670

$4,610
4, 370
4, 690
4, 450
4, 790
4, 360
4, 850

Scientists employed by private industry
Total3................. ............... ......
New England___ __________
Middle Atlantic........................
South_____________________
North Central...................... .
Mountain and Plains................
Pacific.........................................

$7,070
6,590
7,320
7,240
6,940
6,500
6,630

$6,880
6,340
7,080
7,000
6,800
6,330
6,410

$8,000
6,880
8,440
7,960
7,800
(4)7,640

$7,350
8, 670
7,370
7,580
6,980
(4)7,380

$7, 780
(4)9,750
7,830
(4)7,130
(4)

$6,670
(4)7,630
(4)7,000
(4)
(4)

$6, 250
(4)6, 360
6,430
6,080
(4)5, 770

Scientists employed by government
Total 3_._...................................
New England.___ _________
Middle Atlantic.........................
South.........................................
North Central...........................
Mountain and Plains................
Pacific__________ __________

$6, 280
5,410
6,730
5,660
5, 750
5,810
6,050

$6,290
(4)6,370
6,320
6,310
(4)5,920

$7, 400
(4)7,650
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)

$7, 400
(4)7,420
(4)
(4
(4)7,630

1Includes scientists in fields of specialization other than those listed.
2 Includes scientists not employed by one of the three principal types of
employers.



$6,120
(4)6,490
(4)
(4)5,720
(4)

$5, 980
(4)7,100
5,690
5, 670
5,320
5,440

$5,480
4,830
5,960
5,030
4,920
5,750
5,210

6, 910
(4)
(4)
(4)

6,620
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
2 Includes scientists employed in United States Territories, foreign coun­
tries, and those who did not report region of employment.
*Insufficient reports to compute median.

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE

48

Table Q.—Added Professional Income of Ph. D. Scientists in Each General Field of Specialization, by
Amount of Regular Salary, 1948
$0-$2,999 $3,000$3,999

Field of specialization

$4,000$4,999

$5,000$5,999

$6,000$6,999

$7,000$7,999

$8,000$8,999

$9,000- $10,000
$9,999 and over

Percent reporting additional income 1
All fields_______________
Chemistry_____________
Engineering..____ ______
Physics and electronics___
Earth sciences__________
Agriculture_____________
Biology_______________
Fields related to medicine..
Mathematics and statistics.
Psychology-------- -----------

38.9
30.1
44.2
45.1
52.9
24.2
34.5
35.6
54.6
68.7

36.2
37.1
0
(?)
0
(2)31.6
16.7
41.7
44.7

52.2
49.8
80.0
59.4
76.2
25.5
45.2
37.7
58.1
73.1

45.4
41.6
67.7
62.1
64.0
16.1
34.1
36.6
60.5
68.5

38.8
25.8
54.4
48.2
57.2
25.6
32.8
39.8
57.8
69.7

33.0
23.0
40.4
32.4
46.4
24.3
31.2
33.9
48.0
69.8

33.0
23.7
33.7
38.8
39.7
27.8
29.1
30.1
45.1
67.0

34.3
28.4
39.0
31.9
36.2
39.7
26.6
29.8
47.4
73.7

36.8
33.2
41.2
32.9
40.0
37.9
21.3
44.0
56.0
72.0

28.0
22.5
31.2
34.1
27.6
23.5
30.1
32.1
35.0
57.7

$940 $1,060
540~ 1, 070
1,320
1,000
970
990
1,400
1,300
670
0 790
720
660
0 880 1,130
1,380
1,520

$960
1,200
870
930
1,250
630
530
640
1, 550
1,380

$1,170
1,170
1,880
1,100
0
0
0
0
0
0

$1,890
2,580
3, 250
1, 250

Median added income
All fields............................
Chemistry_____________
Engineering____________
Physics and electronics___
Earth sciences__________
Agriculture__.._________
Biology_______ ________
Fields related to medicine..
Mathematics and statistics.
Psychology_____________

$650
700~
00
0
(4)
0
00
(4)

1 Percentages in this table are based only on scientists reporting regular
salary.
2 Fewer than 20 scientists reported regular salary.




$770
780
1,170
800
1,010
0 680
600
770
830

$850
850
1,190
900
920
0 740
780
870
910

$920
900
1,100
1,080
1,120
0 860
680
1,020
1,040

3 Less than $500.
4 Insufficient reports to compute median.

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1981

01,330
1,000

AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE
in cooperation with
THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
The items preceded by a symbol (f) will be used by AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE in the eighth edition. The National
Research Council and the Federal Government will make use of certain items in connection with their participation in the
National Science Program and for studying American scientific personnel resources. If for any item you do not have enough space,
kindly attach supplementary sheets, clearly identifying each such addition by item-number. Disregard code numbers and checking
boxes except where specifically directed otherwise. Entries should be typed or very clearly printed.
tf*

INFORMATION ON AMERICAN SCIENTISTS
F u ll h a m e w ith P referred T itle: (Prof., Dr., Miss, etc.) Print your name in capitals. Enclose within parentheses the part of your name you
ordinarily omit in correspondence—e.g., Dr. SMITH, J(OHN) WILSON; Prof. JONES, M(ARY) E(LIZABETH).
LAST NAMB (PRINT IN CAPITAL*)

FIRST (PRINT IN CAPITALS)

MIDDLE (PRINT IN CAPITAL*)

PLEASE DO NOT WRITE IN THESE BOXES
[ 12-281

f2. □ H om e A d d ress: ...........

t*?. □

NUMRKR * BTRRBT

E m ploym en t A ddress:

INSTITUTION OR FIRM

■129-31]

NUMBRR * BTRRBT

Check (X) one of the two boxes at the left of Items 2 and 3 to show which address you prefer printed in AMERICAN MEN OF SCIENCE.
4. P erm an en t A ddress: Addresses frequently change, sometimes are lost. Kindly give below the names and addresses of two institutions, friends
or relatives, who will always know your current address.
Name:....................................................................................... Address:.............................................................................................................................................
Name:....................................................................................... Address:.............................................................................................................................................
f5. Other N am es: Names are frequently changed, causing confusion in records where there are many listed. Kindly record the name or names
applicable as replies to each of the questions below. Where your answer to any one of these is identical with your name as recorded in item 1
above, make a dash (—) as your response.
P rofessio n a l N am e: What name or names have you used professionally?...........................................................................................
P u blication N am e: Under what name or names have you published?.......................................................................
M aid en N am e (W om en ):

If you are or have been married, what was your maiden name?...............................................................

fG.

P lace o f B irth : ..................... ...........................................................................

f£.

S ex a n d P resen t M a rita l S ta tu s:

CITY

--------------

an d S p ecia liza tio n : For each college attended—undergraduate and graduate—record in chronological order the facts

(37- 89)

[40- 4 1 )

Academic Institution
and
State in which Located

□

Inclusive Dates
of
Attendance

(42)

(43- 44)

□

Earned
Degree

H on orary D egrees: Record below your honorary degrees.

College or University
Granting Honorary Degree
and State in which Located

113.

■16-7]

12-5]
f9. C itizen sh ip : Check (X) one box
18-11]
A. Check (X) one box to indicate your sex and present marital
1. Q Native-born citizen of the U. S., including those born abroad
status.
of U. S. parentage.
1. □ Male-Single
4. Q Female-Single
2. □ Naturalized citizen of the U. S.—COUNTRY of previous
2. □ Male-Married
5. □ Female-Married
Widowed
t Widowed
citizenship and DATE of naturalization:..................................
( Separated
6. □ Female! Separated
3. □ Alien, IN PROCESS of naturalization.—Country of present
Divorced
(32]
( Divorced
citizenship:...............................................................................
4. □ Alien, NOT IN PROCESS of naturalization.—Country of
Date of Marriage:........................■ [33-34]
■ 136]
B. Children: I have............. children, whose ages are:
..■ 135]
present citizenship:...................................................................
(OIVR NO. OR RBOORD “ N O N *" )

t i0* requested
A cadem ic T ra in in g
below.

fff.

D ate o f B irth:

VTATR

Date
Awarded

Major Field
of
Specialization

Minor Field or Fields
of
Specialization

12. D octoral D isserta tio n

Honorary Date
Degree Awarded

Major Professor
or Professors.
Give full name

Titles of Dissertations for
Earned Doctoral Degrees

P ostdoctoral F ellow ships:
( 1 ) .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
NAMB OF FELLOWSHIP

TBAR

INSTITUTION OR INSTITUTIONS ATTENDED

Topic(•) Investigated.........................................................................................................................................................
( 2 ) .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................

NAMB OF FELLOWSHIP

TBAR

$ ..........................................................

ANNUAL MONETARY VALUE,
INCLUDING SUBSISTENCE
IF RECEIVED.

$...............................

INSTITUTION OR INSTITUTIONS ATTEND

ANNUAL MONETARY VALUE,
INCLUDING SUBSISTENCE
IP RECEIVED.

Topic (s) Investigated...........................................................................................................................................................
t f4. P rofession al E m p lo ym en t H isto ry: Start with your first position and bring your employment record to date, recording your important pro­
fessional positions. Record multiple concurrent employments as separate jobs. Place a capital “ P ” in front of your present regular job. EXCLUDE
any employment of a nontechnical nature.
Job Title
(Use abbreviations
sparingly)
A ssistant Professor
of Geology
Director of Field
Studies

Inclusive
DUTIES
Dates of
(Be as specific as possible)
Employment
1914-1917 Taught Three Quiz Sections and Two 2-hr.

Name and Location
of Employer
Univ. of Algano
A lpako, A ril.
N ation al Botanical
Survey, Wash. D.C.

.

(Earliest Job)

2.

(Second Job)

1917-1919

Laboratories in Paleontology
Leader of F ield P arty of 10 Studying Algae
of Lower M ississip p i River Valley

1

3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
■ 145-471
If additional space is needed, attach a sheet of paper, identify the item by number (14) and continue the above system of numbering your positions.
15. P resent A n n u a l P rofessio n a l Incom e: (VOLUNTARY) There are almost no reliable data on the salaries of scientists. It therefore is obvious
why such data are important.
T A B L E C. Sources of A dditional Profes­
T A B L E B. A dditional A nnual Professional
T A B L E A. Regular A nnual Salary: Check
sional Income: Check (X) one or more times
Income: (In addition to your regular salary.
(X) once. The salary reported below is based
as it applies to you.
See Sources Table C.) Check (X) to show
o n ____months of work per year.
average annual amount for recent years.
1 □ Consultant fees
0 □ $0------$2000 5 □ $6000-16999
2 □ Teaching salary, outside regular
No additional professional income.
1 LJ $2000-$2999 6 Q $7000-$7999
duties
$2500-$2999
□ $100---$499
2 □ $3000-$3999 7 Q $8000-$8999
4 □ Royalties from inventions and
$3000-$3499
— $500--- $999
3 □ $ lOOO-$4999 8 □ $9000-$9999
patents
$350O-$3999
$1000-$1499
4 □ $5000-$5999 9 □ $10,000 and over
8 t □ Royalties from publications
$4000-$4499
$1500-$1999
■ 148]
(X) l □ Royalties from popularized writing
$4500 and over
$2000-$2499
NOTE: Income from summer school, night
16 □ Honoraria
32 □ Other sources (specify):....................
school and extension teaching, not a part
NOTE: Non-professional income, such as
of your regular employment, should be
that
received
from
investments,
specula­
reported in “Sources of Additional Income,”
tions, stocks and bonds, profits, rentB,
Table B.
interest, etc., should not be recorded.
(50-51]

□ :::::..:::::::::::::

f 16. P rofession al S cien tific S ocieties: Record honorery societies in Item 23 below.
Name of Professional Society
{PLEA S E do not use
abbreviations)

Present Grade of Member­
ship (e.g., Associate.
Honorary Member, Fellow)

Year
Elected
(Approximate)

Major Offices Held (espe­
cially Pres., V. Pres., Sec’y-.
Treas.) with Dates

LJ

1521

f 17. C h ief F ields o f Research: Record below the chief fields or areas in
which you have done or are doing research. UNDERLINE those
in which you are now engaged. Be as specific as possible, e.g.,
micropaleontology, mass spectroscopy, genetics of Drosophila,
design of radio transmitters, metallurgy of chromium alloys.

18.

B ib lio g r a p h y o f P u b lic a tio n s : Record below several of your

publications (books, monographs, articles, reviews only if espe­
cially noteworthy) so chosen to illustrate best (1) the unique
angle or trend of your specialization in the field of your greatest
professional competence; (2) the diversity of your scientific inter­
ests and accomplishments to date. If you have available a pre­
pared list of your publications, attach it, instead of writing here
selected titles; then star (*) those titles which are most repre­
sentative.
□ Check (X), at the left, if you are attaching a list of your
publications.

f 19. P a ten ts , In ven tion s a n d C om pleted D evelopm ents: List those
for which you have been fully or mainly responsible. Do not
record patent numbers; rather, give the purpose or needs which
the patent or invention fulfills, e.g., a patent on tetraethyl lead to
prevent cylinder-knocking in gasoline engines.

............................................................................ □

-

20. E m ploym en t as a S c ien tist b y G overnm ent R esearch A gen cies , on C ontracts, a n d D evelopm ent P rojects: Check (X) as many times as

□

appropriate in EACH row below, to show the history of your employment IN THE PAST and AT PRESEN I on government-sponsored research
of the types mentioned.
I have NOT been associated at any time with a government-sponsored research or development project. (See list below.) (If you check this
answer, proceed immediately to Item 21.)
Government Research
and
Research-Contracting
Agencies

948080 O - 51 (Inside back cover)

Atomic Lnergy Commission; or
Manhattan District
O.S.R.D.: N.D.R.C.: or
J.R.D.B.
Army
Air Force
Navy
N.A.C.A.
Bureau of Standards
Public Health Service
Other Government Agency or
Agencies (specify):
AQKfVCT




I am AT PRESENT ENGAGED
IN A SCIENTIFIC CAPACITY AS I have NEVER BEEN EN­
GAGED as a scientist on
sponsored by
An employee of aorresearch
A direct
originating from the
a contractor
employee of
agency mentioned.
of the agency
the agency
mentioned
mentioned

I have PARTICIPATED
IN THE PAST as a scien­
tist in the work of the
agency mentioned, as:
A member of
A civilian
the armed forces
1
2

3
4
5
6

7
8

9

121. Military and Civilian Service with the Armed Forces:

f 23. Other Attainments and Achievements: Record below any
data about yourself not previously mentioned that you. feel should
properly be included in a complete biography of yourself, e.g.,
community service; professional achievements, honors, and
awards; honorary positions; scholarships and fellowships; honor­
ary and academic societies such as Sigma Xi, Phi Beta Kappa;
expeditions; prizes and medals.

Complete the following statement; also the table below:
My U.S. military serial number is.......................................

SERIAL NUMBER
IF NONE, WHITE “ NONE"

Military Service

Name of Service (I)
(Copy both name l
and subscript)
J

0

3
m
Civilian Professional
Consultant in World War II 1
E
Active Military War Service
i
for a Foreign Government 2
a
*
Specify Country...............
H
COUNTRY
0z,
Active U.S. Military
§
3
Service World War I
Active U.S. Military
4
Service World War II
Active U.S. Military
5
Service AT PRESENT
In U.S. Reserve MilitaryOrganization AT PRES­ 6
ENT (2)
■ (561
(1) Services: Army,, Navy* Air Force,, Marine Corps,, Coast
Guards, Merchant Marines.
(2) Reserve Organizations: Organized Reserve Corpsi, Naval
Reserve,, Air Force Reserve,, Marine Reserve* Air Force
National Guard,, Army National Guard,.

□
□
□

24. Knowledge of Foreign Countries and Resources: Regardless
of how your information was obtained, list the names of those
countries of whose resources you have considerable knowledge in
any one or more of the following respects: foreign industry and
technology, research scientists, agriculture, educational institu­
tions, native customs and folkways, or similar information.

22. Modern Foreign Language Facility: Record in the first column

of the table below, IN ORDER OF YOUR GENERAL COM­
PETENCE (best language first), the modern foreign languages in
which you have some knowledge. Be sure to include the names
of any rare, little-spoken, or out-of-the-beaten-path modern lan­
guage even if your competence is limited.
-------------------Then check your proficiency in reading
and speaking each language.
-------------------[60-62
LANGUAGE
READ
SPEAK
(In descending order
of your facility) Fair Good Exc. Fair Good Exc.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

25. Avocations, Hobbies or Special Skills. List each avocation or

hobby, record the number of years you have had the interest, and
check your degree of skill as compared with others having this
same interest.
Degree of Skill
Avocation Number of years
or
you have had
Very Excel­
the interest Fair Good Good
Hobby
lent

FIELDS OF SPECIALIZATION

Please see directions, questions 26 below, for checking in the boxes all your specialties and ranking the five in which you have
greatest competence: 1 = greatest competence.
N.E.C .----NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED

AGRICULTURE
CODE NOS.
410 □ ...... A g r ic u l t u r e , g e n e r a l
411 □ ...... A g r ic u l t u r a l E n g in e e r in g
412 □ ...... A g r o n o m y & S o i l S c ie n c e
413 □ ...... A g r ic u l t u r a l E c o n o m ic s
414 □ ...... A n im a l H u s b a n d r y
415 □ .......P o u l t r y H u s b a n d r y
416 □ ...... D a i r y Sc ie n c e
417 □ ...... H o r t ic u l t u r e
418 □ ...... F o r e s t r y
419 □ ...... F is h e r ie s 420 □ ...... A g r ic u l t u r e , n o t
e l s e w h e r e c l a s s if ie d

S p e c i f y :...................................

ANATOMY

CODE NOS.

500 □ ...... A n a t o m y , g e n e r a l
501 □ .......G ross H u m a n A n a t o m y

409

□

S a l t W a t e r B io l o g y

40X □ .... B io l o g y , m a t h e m a t ic a l
40Y □ ....... G e n e r a l B io l o g y , n .e .c .
S p e c if y :..............................

BOTANY
CODE NOS.
□ .... B o t a n y , g e n e r a l
□ .... P l a n t A n a t o m y
□ .... P l a n t P h y s io l o g y
□ .... P l a n t P a t h o l o g y
□ .... .. P l a n t C y t o l o g y
..... T a x o n o m y
..... ..P a l e o b o t a n y
..... P h a r m a c o g n o s y
□ ..... M y c o l o g y , G e n e r a l
□ ..... ..B o t a n y , n .e .c .

430
431
432
433
434
435 □
436 □
437 □
438
439

...... E m b r y o l o g y
...... C y t o l o g y & H is t o l o g y
...... N e u r o l o g ic a l A n a t o m y
...... C o m p a r a t iv e A n a t o m y
( P r im a t e s )
506 □ .... ...A n a t o m y , n .e .c .
502
503
504
505

□
□
□
□

m ent
□ ...... P r o p e l l e r s
□ .... S e e P o w e r P l a n t E n g i ­
n e e r in g
□ ...... T r a n s o n ic E n g in e e r in g
□ ...... S u p e r s o n ic E n g i n e e r i n g
□ ...... H y d r o d y n a m ic s ( A l s o S e e
167 P h y s ic s )
□ ...... A e r o n a u t ic a l E n g in e e r ­
i n g , n .e .c .

318

S p e c i f y :................................

CHEMISTRY

0

B.
Then, indicate in which of the_following
sub-fields you apply your specialization:
The sub-fields listed below apply to any of
the above six divisions o f chemistry.
00 □ .......G e n e r a l
01 □ .......A t o m ic a n d M o l e c u l a r
St r u c t u r e
02 □ .......E l e c t r o c h e m is t r y
03 □ ..... H e a v y C h e m ic a l s
04 □ ..... F in e C h e m ic a l s
05 □ ......C o a l a n d C o a l P ro du cts
06 □ ....... S y n t h e t ic R e s in s a n d P l a s ­
t ic s

07 □ ....... P e t r o l e t im , N a t u r a l G as
a n d t h e ir P ro du cts
08 □ .......P a in t s , E n a m e l s a n d V a r ­
n is h e s

09
10
11
12
13
14
15

□
□
□
□
□
□
□

.......P ig m e n t s , D y e s , a n d I n k s
.......C e r a m ic s a n d G la s s
.......T e x t il e P ro d u c ts
.......W o o d , P a p e r , a n d P u l p
.......R ubber
.......E x p l o s iv e s
.......O i l s , F a t s , W a x e s , a n d
So a p s
16 □ ......O r g a n ic S o l v e n t s
17 □ ....... P h a r m a c e u t ic a l C h e m is ­

18 □
19 □
20 □
21 □
22 □
23 □
24 □
25 □
26 □
27 □

try
.......W a t e r , S e w a g e , a n d
S a n it a t io n
....... A g r ic u l t u r a l C h e m is t r y
.... ;..F ood C h e m is t r y , C o m p o s i ­
t io n , a n d P ro c e s s in g
......C a r b o h y d r a t e s
..... P r o t e in s
......P h y s io l o g ic a l B io ­
c h e m is t r y
....... N u t r it io n B io c h e m is t r y
......M e d ic a l B io c h e m is t r y
.......M e d ic in a l A g e n t s
G e o c h e m is t r y S e e G eo ­
p h y s ic s N o . 188
......O t h e r S p e c i a l i z a t i o n ,
n .e .c .

S p e c i f y ....................................

CLINICAL MEDICINE
CODE n o s .
610 □ ....... C l i n i c a l M e d ic in e ,
GENERAL
611 □ ....... I n f e c t io u s D is e a s e s
612 □ ...... D e g e n e r a t iv e D is e a s e s
613 □ ...... C a r d io v a s c u l a r D is e a s e s
614 □ ...... M e t a b o l ic D is e a s e s
615 □ ...... D e r m a t o lo g y
616 □ ...... T r o p ic a l M e d ic in e
617 □ ...... M e d ic a l S p e c i a l i t i e s ,
n .e .c .
Sp e c if y :...................................

DENTAL MEDICINE
NOS.
680 □ ......D e n t a l M e d ic in e , g e n e r a l
681 □ ......D e n t a l H is t o l o g y &
E m bryolog y
682 □ ...... O p e r a t iv e D e n t is t h y
683 □ ...... O r a l a n d M a x il l o - F a c ia l
Su rg e ry
684 □ ...... O r t h o d o n t ia
685 □ ...... E x o d o n t ia
□ ...... O r a l P a t h o l o g y
687 □ ...... P r o s t h e t ic D e n t is t r y a n d
R em o vable D e n tu res
□ ...... D e n t a l P r o p h y l a x is
689 □ ...... D e n t a l H y g ie n e
X
□ .....D e n t a l S p e c ia l it ie s , n .e .c .

ENGINEERING, CIVIL
CODE NOS.

320 □ .....Crvn. E n g in e e r in g , g e n e r a l
411 □ ......A g r ic u l t u r a l E n g in e e r in g
S e e 411 A g r ic u l t u r e
321 □ .....S u r v e y in g a n d M a p p in g
322 □ ......H ig h w a y E n g i n e e r i n g
323 □ ......R a i l w a y E n g i n e e r i n g
324 □ ......H y d r a u l ic E n g i n e e r i n g
325 □ ......H y d r o g r a p h ic a n d
R e c l a m a t io n E n g i n e e r i n g
326 □ ......S t r u c t u r a l
327 □ ......S a n i t a r y a n d P u b l ic
H e a l t h E n g in e e r in g
328 □ ......A i r p o r t E n g in e e r in g
529 □ ....C i v i l E n g in e e r in g , n .e .c .
Sp e c i f y :...................................

ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL
CODE NOS.
330 □ ...

E l e c t r ic a l E n g in e e r in g ,
GENERAL
R a d io
C o m m u n ic a t io n s ( o t h e r
t h a n R a d io )
E l e c t r ic it y a n d
M a g n e t is m
.E l e c t r o p h o n ic s
335 □ .... .P o w e r G e n e r a t io n ,
T r a n s m is s io n , a n d D is t r i ­

331
332
333
334

□
□
□
□

.....
.....
.....
.....

336 □ .....

337 □ ....

338 □

686
688
68

ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL
code n o s.

340 □ ...... M e c h a n ic a l E n g in e e r in g ,
GENERAL
341 □ ...... A u t o m o t iv e E n g i n e e r i n g
342 □ ...... I n t e r n a l C o m b u s t io n
E n g in e s
343 □ ...... .P o w e r P l a n t s a l s o 'S e e 380
344 □ .......M a c h in e r y & E q u ip m e n t
345 □ ...... H e a t i n g , R e f r ig e r a t in g ,
a n d A ir C o n d it io n in g
346 □ ...... I n d u s t r ia l a n d S a f e t y
E n g in e e r in g
347 □ ...... N a v a *. A h o h it h o t o b b a n d
M a r in e E n g in e e r in g
348 □ ...... N a v a l S a l v a g e
349 □
M e c h a n ic a l E n g in e e r in g ,
n .e .c .
S p e c i f y :...................................

ENGINEERING, METALLURGICAL
CODE NOS.
350 □ ....... M e t a l l u r g ic a l E n g in e e r ­
i n g , GENERAL
351 □ ....... M e t a l l u r g ic a l P l a n t s a n d
E q u ip m e n t
352 □ ....... S e l e c t io n a n d S p e c if ic a ­
t io n o f M e t a l s
353 □ ....... W e l d in g E n g in e e r in g S e e
147 M e t a l l u r g y
354 □ ....... M e t a l l u r g ic a l E n g in e e r ­
i n g , n .e .c .
S p e c i f y :.

ENGINEERING, MINING

co d e n o s .

190
191
192
193
194
195
196

□
□
□
□
□
□
□

197
198
199
19X
19Y

□
□
□
□
□

...... E l e c t r o n ic s , g e n e r a l
...... R a d ia t io n & P r o p a g a t io n
...... C ir c u it r y
...... E l e c t r o n ic B a l l is t ic s
...... I n s u l a t io n 4 S h ie l d in g
...... M ic r o w a v e
...... I n s t r u m e n t a t io n ft
T e l e m e t e r in g
...... T e l e v is io n
...... R a d a r
...... So n a r
...... I AIR AN
...... E l e c t r o n ic s , n .e .c .

364 □
365 □

S p e c if y :...................................

ENGINEERING, ORDNANCE
CODE NOS.
□ .... E x p l o s iv e s
□ .... ...P r o p e l l e n t s
□ ..... P y r o t e c h n ic s
□ ..... ...Ch e m ic a l W a r f a r e
□ ..... A rm o r a n d P e n e t r a t io n
□ ..... D e m o l it io n
□ ..... U n d e r w a t e r O r d n a n c e
x
□ ..... ..B a l l is t ic s I n t e r n a l *
t e r n a l Se e
M ath em a­

370
371
372
373
374
375
S76
377

378
379
S7X
37Y

E -

136

t ic s

□ .... G u n s a n d M o u n t s
□ .. . F ir e C o n t r o l
□ .... G u id e d M is s il e s
□ ..... O r d n a n c e E n g i n e e r i n g ,
n .e .c .
S p e c i f y :.

609 □ ....... I n d u s t r ia l M e d ic in e a
H y g ie n e
6 0 X □ ..... .Sig h t C o n s e r v a t io n
6 0 Y □ ..... P u b l ic H e a l t h , n .e .c .

PSYCHOLOGY

S p e c i f y :...................................
P U B L IC

H EALTH

CODE NOS.
600 □ ....
327 □ ....
456
601
602
603
604
605
606
607

□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□

608 □

P u b l ic H e a l t h , g e n e r a l
P u b l ic H e a l t h E n g in e e r INO
..... ...P u b l ic H e a l t h N u t r it io n
.......P r e v e n t iv e M e d ic in e
...... S a n i t a t i o n
....... P h y s io l o g ic a l H y g ie n e
.......M e n t a l H y g ie n e
.......T u b e r c u l o s is
.......So c ia l H y g ie n e
.......O t h e r C o m m u n ic a b l e
D is e a s e s
....... P u b l ic H e a l t h Ad m i n i s ­
t r a t io n

400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408

..... B a c t e r io l o g y , g e n e r a l
......P a r a s it o l o g y , g e n e r a l
.....M ic r o b io l o g y
.......T a x o n o m y a n d P h y s io l o g y
o p B a c t e r ia
424 □ .......S e r u m ft V a c c in e P ro d u c ­
t io n

425 □ ....... I n d u s t r ia l B a c t e r io l o g y

ENGINEERING, POWER PLANTS
380 □ ...... P o w e r P l a n t E n g i n e e r i n g ,
GENERAL
381 □ ...... S t e a m E n g i n e e r i n g
382 □ ...... J e t E n g i n e e r i n g
383 □ ...... R o c k e t E n g i n e e r i n g
384 □ ...... G a s T u r b i n e E n g i n e e r i n g
385 □ .......D ie s e l s
386 □ .......R e c ip h o c a t in o E n g in e s
387 □ ...... N u c l e a r P o w e r S y s t e m
388 □ ...... P o w e r P l a n t E n g in e e r in g ,
N.E.C.
S p e c i f y :...................................

r

ENTOMOLOGY

CODE NOS.
440 □ .......E n t o m o l o g y , g e n e r a l
441 □ .......T a x o n o m y
442 □ .......E c o l o g y
443 □ .......C o n t r o l T e c h n iq u e s
444 □ ...... I n s e c t s a f f e c t in g
M e n a n d A n im a l s
445 □ ...... F o r e s t I n s e c t s
446 □ ......I n s e c t s a f f e c t in g F ie l d
a n d C u l t iv a t e d C r o ps
447 □ ...... A p ic u l t u r e
448 □ .......E n t o m o l o g y , n .e .c .
S p e c i f y :...................................

GEOGRAPHY
co d e n o s .

111

110 □
□
112 □
113 □
114 □
115
116
117
118
119
11X

□
□
□
□
□
□

......G e o g r a p h y , g e n e r a l
......P h y s ic a l G e o g r a p h y
......R e g io n a l G e o g r a p h y
....... C a r t o g r a p h ic a n d F ie l d
G eo graphy
....... E c o n o m ic a n d P o l it ic a l
G eo graphy
...... P o l a r G e o g r a p h y
...... T r o p ic a l G g o o r a p h y
...... D e s e r t G e o g r a p h y
...... M e d ic a l G e o g r a p h y
...... M i l i t a r y G e o g r a p h y
...... G e o g r a p h y , n .e .c .
S p e c i f y :...............................

GEOLOGY
cod e n o s .

120
121
122
123
124
125
436
126
1261
1271

□
□
□
□
□

......G e o l o g y , g e n e r a l
...... M in e r a l o g y
...... P e t r o l o g y
......S t r u c t u r a l G e o l o o t
......S t r a t ig r a p h y a n d S e d i ­

□
□
□
□
□

m e n t a t io n
......P a l e o n t o l o g y
....... P a l e o b o t a n y S e e B o t a n y
......S u r f i c i a l G e o l o g y
......G e o m o r p h o l o g y
....... E c o n o m ic G e o l o g y , c o a l ,

AND PETROLEUM,
1272 □ ......E c o n o m ic G e o l o g y
M e t a l ic M in e r a l s
1273 □ ....... G r o u n d w a t e r G e o l o g y
128 □ ..... M i l i t a r y G e o l o g y ,
129 □ ......G e o l o g y , n .e .c .
S p e c i f y :...................................

GEOPHYSICS
co d e n o s .

180
181
182
183
150
184
185
186
187
188
189

□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□

..... G e o p h y s ic s , g e n e r a l
...... G e o d e s y
....... G e o p h y s ic a l P r o s p e c t in g
.......H y d r o l o g y
.......M e t e o r o l o g y
.......O c e a n o g r a p h y
S e is m o l o g y
.......T e r r e s t r ia l M a g n e t is m
.......V o l c a n o l o g y
.......G e o c h e m is t r y
......G e o p h y s ic s , n .e .c .
S p e c i f y :...................................

□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□

...... B io l o g y , g e n e r a l
...... E c o lo g y
...... E v o l u t io n
B io m e t r y
C y t ol ogy
......G e n e t ic s
...... G e n e r a l P h y s io l o g y
...... B io l o g ic a l P h y s ic s
...... F r e s h W a t e r B io l o g y

152 □ ....... P h y s ic a l a n d D y n a m ic
M eteo rolo gy
153 □ ...... W e a t h e r F o r e c a s t in g
154 □ ...... M e t e o r o l o g y , n .e .c .
S p e c i f y :...........................

co d e n o s .

NEUROPSYCHIATRY
cod e n o s .

650
651
652
463

□
□
□
□

...... N e u r o p s y c h ia t r y , g e n e r a l
...... C l i n i c a l N e u r o l o g y
......C l i n i c a l P s y c h ia t r y
......C l i n i c a l P s y c h o l o g y (S e e
P syc h o lo g y)
......M e n t a l H y g ie n e
......P s y c h o a n a l y s is
...... N e u r o s u r g e r y S e e
Surgery
...... P s y c h o t h e r a p y
...... N e u r o p s y c h ia t r y , n .e .c .

653 □
654 □
664 □
655 □
656 □

S p e c i f y :...................................

NUTRITION AND FOODS
cod e n o s .

450 □ ...... N u t r it i o n a n d F o o d s ,
general

451
452
453
454
455

□
□
□
□
□

...... F ood C h e m is t r y
...... P h y s io l o g y o f N u t r it i o n
......F ood T e c h n o l o g y
.......E c o n o m ic s
.......V i t a m i n s , E n z y m e s a n d A c ­
c e s s o r y F ood F a c t o r s
456 □ .......P u b l ic H e a l t h N u t r it io n
457 □ .......N u t r it io n a n d F o o d s ,
n .e .c .
S p e c i f y :...................................

OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY
code n o s .

630 □ ..... O b s t e t r ic s , g e n e r a l
631 □ ......G y n e c o l o g y , g e n e r a l

OPHTHALMOLOGY
cod e n o s .

620
621
622
668

□
□
□
□

.......O p h t h a l m o l o g y , g e n e r a l
......R e f r a c t io n
......P h y s io l o g ic a l O p t ic s
.......O p h t h a l m o l o g ic a l S u r g e r y
See Su r g e r y
623 □ ...... O p h t h a l m o l o g y , n .e .c .
S p e c i f y :...................................

PATHOLOGY
CODE NOS.
520 □ ......P a t h o l o g y , g e n e r a l
521 □ ......S p e c ia l P a t h o l o g y
522 □ ......C l i n i c a l P a t h o l o g y
523 □ ......P a t h o l o g y o f N e o p l a s m
524 □ ...... P a t h o l o g y , n .e .c .
S p e c i f y :...................................

PEDIATRICS
CODE NOS.
640 □ .......P e d ia t r ic s , g e n e r a l
641 □ .......I n f e c t io u s D is e a s e s
642 □ ....... C a r d io v a s c u l a r D is e a s e s
643 □ .......M e t a b o l ic D is e a s e s
644 □ .......N u t r it io n
645 □ ....... P e d ia t r ic S p e c i a l i t i e s ,
n .e .c .
S p e c i f y :.................................

PH ARM ACOLOGY
co d e n o s .

530
531
532
533
534
535

□
□
□
□
□
□

....... P h a r m a c o l o g y , g e n e r a l
......P h a r m a c o d y n a m ic s
......B io - A s s a y in g
......T o x ic o l o g y
......C h e m o t h e r a p y
.......P h a r m a c o l o g y , n .e .c .
S p e c i f y :..............................

MATHEMATICS
cod e n o s .

130
131
132
133
134

□
□
□
□
□

135 □
136 □

......M a t h e m a t ic s , g e n e r a l
.......A l g e b r a
....... G e o m e t r y
.......A n a l y s is
....... S t a t is t ic s a n d P r o b a b il it y
S e e 170 S t a t i s t ic s
...... A c t u a r ia l S c ie n c e
..... B a l l is t ic s S e e 377
Ordnance En g .
...... C r y p t o a n a l y s is
...... C o m p u t in g D e v ic e s
...... M a t h e m a t ic a l I n s t r u ­

4 0 X □ ....... M a t h e m a t ic a l B io l o g y S e e
B io l o g y
13X □ ...... A p p l ie d M a t h e m a t ic s ,
n .e .c .
S p e c i f y :...................................

METALLURGY
NOS.
140 □ ...... M e t a l l u r g y , g e n e r a l
141 □ ...... B e n e f i c i a t io n , S m e l t in g ,
R e p in in g
142 □
P h y s ic a l M e t a l l u r g y
143 □ .......C a s t in g , F o r m in g , F a b r i ­
c a t in g a n d F in is h in g
144 □ .......P o w d e r M e t a l l u r g y
145 □ .... F e r r o u s
146 □ ......N o n F e r r o u s
147 □ .......W e l d in g S e e 353 M e t a l ­
l u r g ic a l E n g .
148 □ .......I n s t r u m e n t a t io n
149 □ .......M e t a l l u r g y , n .e .c .
S p e c i f y :...................................

cod e

METEOROLOGY
cod e n o s .

150 □ ....... M e t e o r o l o g y , g e n e r a l
151 □ ....... C l im a t o l o g y

692 □ ...... V e t e r i n a r y P h y s io l o g y
693 □ ......A n i m a l ft P o u l t r y P a t m
oot

694 □ ..... A n im a l ft P oultry B ac ­

PHARMACY
co d e n o s .

540
541
542
543

□
□
□
□

......P h a r m a c y , g e n e r a l
....... D r u g M a n u f a c t u r e
....... D r u g S t a n d a r d iz a t io n
....... P h a r m a c e u t ic a l C h e m ­
is t r y

544 □ ...... P h a r m a c o g n o s y
545 □ ......B io - A s s a y in g
546 □ ...... P h a r m a c y , n .e .c .
S p e c i f y :...............................
P H Y 8 IC S
co d e n o s .

160
407
161
162
1621
163
1631
164
1641
1642
1643
165

□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□

166 □
167 □
168 □
169 □
16X □
16Y □

......P h y s ic s , g e n e r a l
......B io p h y s ic s
...... M e c h a n ic s
...... H e a t
...... C r y o g e n ic s
...... So u n d
......U n d e r w a t e r S o u n d
...... L ig h t
...... P h y s ic a l O p t ic s
...... S p e c t r o s c o p y
...... I n f r a r e d
...... E l e c t r ic it y a n d M a g n e t ­
is m S e e 186 G e o p h y s ic s
...... E l e c t r o n ic s
...... F l u id D y n a m ic s a n d
S t a t ic s
...... M o l e c u l a r a n d A t o m ic
P h y s ic s
...... N u c l e a r P h y s ic s S e e 385
P ow er P la n t E n g .
...... R a d io l o g ic a l P h y s ic s
.......M a t h e m a t ic a l P h y s ic s
P H Y S IO L O G Y

cod e n o s .

510 □ .......P h y s io l o g y , g e n e r a l
452 □ .......P h y s io l o g y o p N u t r i t i o n
(S e e n u t r it io n ft fo ods )

727 □ ....... S y n t h e t ic T r a in in g
D e v ic e s
728 □ ......F ir e f i g h t i n g
729 □ ...... E m e r g e n c y O p e r a t io n s ,

t e r io l o g y

695 C ......A n i m a l * P o u l t r y I m m u ­
nolo gy

RADIOLOGY
cod e no b.

670
671
672
673

□ ..... R a d io l o g y , g e n e r a l
□ ..... .C l i n i c a l X - r a y
□
..T h e r a p e u t ic R a d ia t io n
□ ....... R a d io l o g y , n .e .c .

696 □ ......V e t e r in a r y S u r g e r y
697 □ ......M e a t I n s p e c t io n
6 9 8 □ ....... V s

N .E .C .

S p e c i f y :...................................

CODE NOS.
460 □ .... .. P s y c h o l o g y , g e n e r a l
461 □ .... ...P h y s io l o g ic a l P s y c h o l o g y
462 □ .... D e v e l o p m e n t a l P s y c h o s
OGY
463 n ... ...C l i n i c a l P s y c h o l o g y
464 □ .... ...A n i m a l or C o m p a r a t iv e
P syc h o lo g y
465 □ .... L a b o r a t o r y a n d E x p e r i m en tal P syc h o lo g y
466 □ .... So c ia l P s y c h o l o g y
467 □ .... E d u c a t io n a l P s y c h o l o g y
468 □ . ... G u id a n c e
469 □ .... B u s in e s s a n d I n d u s t r ia l
P s yc h o l o g y
46X □ .... PsYCHOMETRY
46Y □ .... P s y c h o l o g y , n .e .c .

BIOLOGY, GENERAL

CODE NOS.

□
□
□
□

m ents

general
......C o a l m i n i n g
......M e t a l M in i n g
......N o n m e t a l l ic M i n i n g ft
, Q u a r r y in g
......P e t r o l e u m & N a t u r a l G a s
...... M in i n g E n g in e e r in g , n .e .c .

S p e c if y :.................................

511 □ ....... S e n s o r y ft N e u r a l
P h y s io l o g y
512 □ ....... E n d o c r in o l o g y ft
M e t a b o l is m
513 □ .......R e s p ir a t o r y P h y s io l o g y
514 □ ....... P h y s io l o g y o f t h e B u m
a n d C ir c u l a t io n
515 O .......G a s t r o -E n t k r o l o o y
516 □ .......St r e s s ft E n v ir o n m e n t a l
P h y s io l o g y
517 □ ....... P s yc h o s o m a tic P h y s io l o g y
518 □ .......E x c r e t o r y P h y s io l o g y
519 □ .......P h y s io l o g y , n . e .c .

420
421
422
423

360 □ ......M i n i n g E n g in e e r in g ,
361 □
362 □
363 □

S p e c i f y :...................................

CODE NOS.

137 □
138 □
139 □

co d e n o s .

S p e c i f y :................................

ELECTRONICS

b u t io n
I l l u m in a t io n E n g i n e e r i n g
E l e c t r ic a l A p p a r a t u s a n d
M a c h in e r y
.E l e c t r ic a l E n g in e e r in g ,
n .e .c .

Sp e c if y :.

co d e

......A s t r o n o m y , g e n e r a l
......A s t r o n o m ic a l B o d ie s
......C e l e s t ia l N a v ig a t io n
......C e l e s t ia l M e c h a n ic s
......A s t r o p h y s ic s
......A s t r o n o m y , n .e .c .

BACTERIOLOGY AND
PARASITOLOGY

ENGINEERING, AERONAUTICAL
CODE NOS.
310 □ ......A e r o n a u t ic a l E n g in e e r ­
i n g , GENERAL
311 □ ......A e r o d y n a m ic s
312 □ ......A e r o n a u t ic a l D e s ig n a n d
St r u c t u r e s
313 □ ...... I n s t r u m e n t s a n d E q u ip ­

315
316
317

426 □ ....... M e d ic a l B a c t e r io l o g y a n d
P a r a s it o l o g y
427 □ .......E p id e m io l o g y
428 □ .......V ir o l o g y
429 □ .......A n t ib io s is , B a c t e r io THERAPY, MlCROBIOTIC
A gents a n d P h ag otherapy
42X
□ .....B a c t e r io l o g y , n .e .c .

S p e c i f y :...................................

S p e c i f y :...................................

314
380

□
□
□
□
□
□

ARCHITECTURE

300 □ ....... A r c h it e c t u r e , g e n e r a l
301 □ ...... H o u s in g
302 □ ...... C o m m e r c ia l a n d
I n d u s t r ia l B u il d in g
303 □ ...... I n s t i t u t i o n a l a n d
P u b l ic B u il d in g
304 □ ....... St r u c t u r e s o t h e r t h a n
B u il d in g s
305 □ ...... C i t y ft R e g io n a l P l a n n in g
306 □ ...... A r c h it e c t u r e , n .e .c .

S p e c i f y :..........................

Check (X ) opposite the term below which
best describes your classification as a
chemist:
□ ..... A n a l y t i c C h e m is t
28 □ ..... I n o r g a n ic C h e m is t
56 □ ..... O r g a n ic C h e m is t
84 □ ..... P h y s ic a l C h e m is t
112 □ ..... B io c h e m is t
140 □ ......C h e m ic a l E n g in e e r

100
101
102
103
104
105

S p e c i f y :.............................

CODE NOS.

ASTRONOMY

CODE NOS.

CODE NOS.

STATISTICS

170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178

□ ......S t a t is t ic s , •
□ ......M a t h e m a t i c a l ]
□ ......S a m p l in g D e s k in
□ ...... D e s ig n o r E x p e r im e n t s
□ ...... C o n t r o l o f Q u a l i t y
□ ...... C o r r e l a t io n A n a l y s is
□ ...... M a t h e m a t ic a l S t a t is t ic s
□ ...... E c o n o m e t r ic s
□ ...... A p p l ic a t io n o f s t a t is t ic a l
TECHNIQUES TO VARIOUS
FIELDS, (E.O. DEMO­
GRAPHY, GEODESY)
179 □ .......S t a t is t ic s , n . e .c .
S p e c if y :...................................

CODE
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669

NOS.
□ .... ...Su r g e r y , g e n f .r a l
□ .... ...A n e s t h e s ia
□ .... O t o l o g y a n d L a r y n g o l o g y
□ .... O r t h o p e d ic S u r g e r y
□ .... ... N BUROSURGBRY
□ .... ...G e n i t o u r i n a r y S u r g e r y
□ .... ...T h o r a c ic S u r g e r y
□ .... P l a s t ic S u r g e r y
□ .... . O p t h a l m o l o g ic a l S u r g e r y
□ .... ...Su r g e r y , n . e .c .
S p e c i f y :...................................

VETERINARY MEDICINE
CODE n o s .
690 □ ....... V e t e r i n a r y M e d ic in e ,
GENERAL
691 □ ....... V e t e r in a r y A n a t o m y

470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
47X
47 Y

□ ...... Z o o l o g y , g e n e r a l
□ ...... C o m p a r a t iv e A n a t o m y
□ ...... C o m p a r a t iv e P h y s io l o g y
□ ...... I n v e r t e b r a t e Z o o lo g y
□ ... "
E colo gy
...O r n it h o l o g y
11.... M a m m a l o g y
□ .... ...I c h t h y o l o g y ft
H er pe to lo g y
n .... ...H is t o l o g y
n ..... ...E m b r y o l o g y
n ..... ..N e u r o l o g y
□ ..... ...Zo o l o g y , n .e .g .
S p e c i f y :.............................. . -

M IS C E L L A N E O U S
CODE NOS.
740 □ .... ... A n t h r o p o l o g y
741 □ ....... E t h n o o t r a p h y

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
OF SCIENCE
SPECIAL OPERATIONS
OODE NOS.
720 □ .......A v i a t i o n M e d ic in e
721 □ .......S u b m a r in e & D iv in g
M e d ic in e
722 □ .......P r o s t h e t i cs
723 □ .......A m p h ib io u s O p e r a t io n s
724 □ .......S u b s u r f a c e O p e r a t io n s
725 □ .......O p e r a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h
726 □ .......S t r a t e g y a n d T a c t ic s

INTELLIGENCE
CODE NOB.
710 □ -----A e r i a l m a p p in g
711 □ ____C r y t o g r a p h y
S e e 137 M a t m e m a t io b
712 □ ----- .Cartography
713 □ ...... P h o t o g r a p h y
714 □ ...... P h o t o o r a m m e t r y
715 □ ...._I n t e l l ig e n c e , n .e .c .
Sp

LOGISTICS
OODE NOS.
700 □ ........R a w M a t e r ia l R e s e r v e s
701 □ ..... M a t e r i e l S u p p l ie s
702 □ .... T r a n s p o r t a t io n
703 □ ..... M o b il e E q u ip m e n t
704 □ ..... S to r a g e
705 □ ..... S t o w a g e
706 □ ..... ..C o n t a in e r s ft P a c k a g in g
707 □ ..... F ood So u r c e s
708 □ ..... ..F oo d R e q u ir e m e n t s
709 □ ..... ..C l o t h in g
70 X □ ..... ..S h b l t e h
70Y □ ..... ..L o g is t ic s , n .e .c .
S p e c i f y :................................

MANPOWER RESOURCES
AND PLANNING
co d e n o s .

730
731
732
733
734

□
□
□
□
□

...... P e r s o n n e l R e q u ir e m e n t s
...... P e r s o n n e l S e l e c t io n
.......P e r s o n n e l C l a s s if ic a t io n
.......P e r s o n n e l T r a in in g
....... U t il iz a t io n o f S c i e n t i f i c ft
T e c h n ic a l P e r s o n n e l
735 □ ....... A d m in is t r a t io n o f P e r s o n ­
nel

736 □ ....... A d m in is t r a t io n o f S c i e n ­
t if i c A c t iv it ie s
737 □ ....... M a n p o w e r R es o u r c e s a n d
P l a n n i n g , n .e .c .
S p e c i f y :...................................

26. Occupational Specialties: Inspect carefully the list of Fields of Specialization, designated by code-numbers below.

A. Mark (X) in the little box opposite each specialty in which you have some competence, regardless of the science under which it appears.
B. Then write “1” opposite the specialty of your greatest competence, even if it should not be in the field of your present occupation; “2”
opposite the field of your second greatest competence, and so on up to five (5). Do not erase any of your X’s from the Fields of Specialization.
N O T E : I f in the Fields o f Specialization you do not fin d categories to express adequately the picture of your competence, kindly record on the
dotted line below, as concisely as possible, the names of those fields in which you are competent:
YOUR f i e l d o f s p e c i a l i z a t i o n n o t e l s e w h e r e l is t e d

C. Complete the following table after you have checked the Fields of Specialization.
FIELDS OF SPECIALIZATION
(in decreasing order of competence)
At

Order of Competence in decreasing order
(1 = greatest competence)

Greatest

Competence
1

Second
Greatest

Competence
2

Third
Greatest

Competence
3

Fourth
Greatest

Competence
4

Fifth
Greatest

Competence
5

Record at the right your fields-of-specialization —>
specialty
specialty
specialty
specialty
specialty
and
their code numbers —k
code no.
code no.
code no.
code no.
code no.
Total years of your experience in each of the above fiddsof-specialization, i.e., regardless of duties or functions
Record below your total years of experience in the several functions of the specialty in
FUNCTIONS
question. Experience in several functions may run concurrently.
Research
Design, development and testing
Production
Teaching
Administration
Other e.g. editing, field work and exploration
Specify.............................................
Date.

0
1
2
3
4
5

i

[63-681

[69-74]

[75-80]

....................................................................
Signature.......................................................................................
This blank should be returned to the Biographical Directory of American Men of Science, Lancaster, Pa.