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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR FRANCES PERKINS, Secretary WOMEN’S BUREAU MARY ANDERSON, Director ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN IN THE U. S. A. REPORT OF THE Committee on Economic and Legal Status of Women American Association of JJniversity Ifo men in cooperation with the Women’s Bureau United States Department of Labor By SUSAN M. KINGSBURY, Ph. D. $«rcs a*, Bulletin of the Women’s Bureau, No. 170 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1939 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 15 cents I CONTENTS Cover: Front, A Woman’s College. Back, Department of Labor Building, Washington. Letter of transmittal_____________________________________________ I. The representative character of the study__________________ 1 Returns from members by district_ Colleges and universities represented____ _____________ _____ II. Summary and conclusions~ Representative character of the study_________________ 5 Advanced and professional preparation________________ 5 Age and marital status~ Occupation and changes, 1925-35g Unemployment, 1925-35____3 Earnings and the depression__________ ~ Responsibility for dependents___________________________ 8 Discriminations reported~ III. Educational preparation of women studied___________ Advanced degrees and training9 Institutions at which prepared~~~ Age and advanced training Interval between A. B. and advanced degrees________________ IV. Age and marital status of women reporting _ _ Age-------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.IIII..I Marital status 14 V. Employment, major job in 1934, and unemployment______________ Type of employment 17 Teachers and executives in education 18 Occupations other than in education Unemployment____________________________________ Length of experience 20 VI. Occupation and training 22 Occupations other than education__________________ Education____________ __________________________ " _ ___ * * Change in occupation, 1925-35~ ~ Reasons for leaving jobs________________________________ _ VII. Highest salaries received, 1925-35, and earnings in 1934-.II_III_I. Age and experience and earnings in 1934 __ Highest salary, 1925 to 1935, and training __ Highest salary, 1925 to 1935, and occupation_________________ In education 32 In occupations other than education____________________ Effect of the depression 35 Ten-percent increase or decrease in 10-year period related to age. Fluctuation related to advanced degree 36 VIII. Dependents supported, fully and partially 38 Number of dependents and degree of dependency_____________ Responsibility of married women 39 Responsibility of single women 39 Income of women responsible for dependents_________________ hi Page VII 2 3 5 g 6 7 8 9 9 n 12 14 14 17 18 19 22 23 25 26 28 28 29 32 34 35 38 41 IV CONTENTS Page IX. Discrimination women have suffered and the causes assigned______ Causes and results of discrimination 42 Discrimination because of sex 43 Discrimination because of marital status 44 Discrimination because of advanced age 45 Discrimination because of youth 46 Summary 48 42 TEXT TABLES I. Membership of the Association and returns received from mem bers, related to district----------------------------------------------------II. Membership of the Association and returns from the members that were used, related to district--------------------------------------III. Educational preparation of women studied-----------------------------IV. Training beyond the bachelor’s degree, related to age---------------V. Age and marital status of members---------------------------------------VI. Employment and unemployment, related to marital status_____ VII. Occupation other than educational, related to advanced training. VIII. Type of position in educational work (major job, 1934), related to higher degree 24 IX. Reasons for leaving jobs, related to marital status_____________ X. Earnings in 1934, related to age-------------------------------------------XI. Highest salary received by doctors, 1925-35---------------------------XII. Highest salary received, 1925-35, related to degree and training, except doctors______________________________________ ____ XIII. Highest salary in 1925-35 reported by members, related to occupa tions in education-----------------------------------------------------------XIV. Highest salary in 1925-35 reported in occupations other than education 34 XV. Fluctuation in salary, 1925-35, related to age-------------------------XVI. Fluctuation in salary of doctors, 1925-35---------------------------------XVII. Fluctuation in salary, 1925-35, related to training (doctors excepted) 37 XVIII. Responsibility of members for support of own children in 1934, related to age of children---------------------------------XIX. Responsibility for dependents in 1934, related to marital status.. XX. Causes of discrimination, 1929-35, related to persons and the instances cited 42 XXI. Discrimination because of sex, 1929-35, and its results, related to employment, December 31, 1934------------------------------------XXII. Discrimination because of marital status, 1929-35, and its results, related to employment, December 31, 1934_________________ 2 3 10 12 16 21 22 27 29 30 31 33 36 36 40 40 43 45 GRAPHS Map: Distribution of membership and of returns used, by district.. Frontispiece Educational preparation 10 Age and marital status 15 Highest salary received, 1925-35 31 Bachelors and masters. Doctors. 40 Dependents and marital status of women. CONTENTS V APPENDIX A. Questionnaire on Economic Status of University Women Table ' I. Coflege^and Universities from which respondents received graduate II. Unemployment, December 31, 1934, related to occupation and reason for leaving last 30b. III. Unemployment December 31, 1934, related to years of experience. IV. 0e.cur>at,ona1tChaiige3 related to education—M. A. and additional trainOccupation of last job, related to marital status. VI. Earnings in education in 1934. A. Teachers, executive. B. Teachers, not executive. VTir ?f members in occupations other than education in 1934. Vill. Marital status and living arrangements of women, related to number of their dependents in 1934. IX. Salary of women, related to number of their dependents in 1934. X' Dli 92.^0^935 1929~35, and its results’ related to change in occupation, A. Because of sex. B. Because of marital status. XI. Discrinnnation, 1929-35, and its results, related to employment, December A. Because of advanced age. B. Because of youth. XII. Discrimination, 1929-35, and its results, related to change in occupation, A. Because of advanced age. Y . B. Because of youth. XIII. Di^crmiiimtiom 1929-35, because of youth, and its results, related to age, LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL United States Department op Labor, Women’s Bureau, Washington, April 5, 1939. Madam: I have the honor to transmit to you a report on the Eco nomic Status of University Women in the United States of America, based on a cooperative study by the American Association of Universxty Women and the Women’s Bureau. The data, assembled from 8,796 questionnaires returned by the Association s gainfully-employed members, relate education and train ing to occupation and salary and give important information conyouth^ ^lscnmmatl0ns on account of sex, marital status, age or The schedules and tables were planned by the A. A. U. W Com mittee on the Economic and Legal Status of Women and the Women’s Bureau. The editing of the schedules and the tabulating of the basic data were done by the Women’s Bureau. The report has been written by Susan M._ Kingsbury, chairman of the Committee from 1934 to the present time. Dr'. Kingsbury was assisted in drafting and computmg the derived tables by Dr. Isabel Janet Blain and Dr. Anne Hendry Morrison. Respectfully submitted. tt ^ xx Mary Anderson, Director. Hon. trances Perkins, Secretary of Labor. vn DISTRIBUTION OF MEMBERSHIP AND OF RETURNS USED, BY DISTRICT NORTH PACIFIC NORTHWEST CENTRAL NORTHEAST C CENTRAL rN0RTH ATLANTIC SOUTH PACIFIC ROCKY MOUNTAIN ‘SOUTHEAST CENTRAL SOUTHWEST CENTRAL MEMBERSHIP RETURNS USED I Opr Black Bar Shows Percent of Total Members in U.S.A. White Bar Shows Percent of Used Returns From Members in U. S.A. SCALE - 10 PERCENT 'SOUTH ATLANTIC Economic Status of University Women in the U. S. A. I. THE REPRESENTATIVE CHARACTER OF THE STUDY That the opportunities for women who have received a bachelor’s degree or additional advanced preparation have been modified mate rially in the past 25 years is a matter of common knowledge. Widen ing employment during the World War and in periods of prosperity between 1919 and 1929 and restricted opportunities due to periods of depression in 1921 and between 1930 and 1935 certainly took place. But how the economic status of university women was affected is not known definitely nor what has been the actual trend. It is for the purpose of discovering the “changing economic status and occupational opportunities and the responsibility for dependents of women in professions and business as revealed during the course of the depression” that this report is presented. As expressed in the questionnaire, the American Association of University Women,through its Committee on the Economic and Legal Status of Women, and the Women’s Bureau of the United States Department of Labor undertook a study of the members of the association who, in January 1935, were “employed,” were “in business” for themselves, or “under usual opportunities probably would be employed.” The committee members were Elizabeth Brandeis, Sophonisba Breckinridge, Lillian M. Gilbreth, Pauline Goldmark, Dorothy Kenyon, Iva L. Peters, Kathryn McHale, ex officio, and Susan M. Kingsbury, chairman. Mary Anderson, Director of the Women’s Bureau, United States Department of Labor, cooperated with the committee throughout the study. Questionnaires prepared by the Committee and the Women’s Bureau and printed by the Women’s Bureau were sent by the Bureau to all Branches of the Association with the request that they should be given to their members who would be concerned, and the members were requested to return the questionnaire, unsigned, to the chairman of the branch. They were sent then to the Women’s Bureau in Wash ington. The chairman and other members of the committee in cooper ation with the Bureau planned for the tabulation of the returns, and 140620°—39------- 2 1 2 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN accordingly the Bureau began its work, completing by the spring of 1937 the 84 tables that form the basis of this report.1 Dr. Isabel Janet Blain and Dr. Anne Hendry Morrison assisted the writer of the report in drafting and computing the derivative tables. RETURNS FROM MEMBERS, BY DISTRICT Ten thousand one hundred and seventy-nine members of the asso ciation responded to the request. Thus, 26 percent of the 39,110 women who at that time were members submitted information. The representative character of the sample is as satisfactory as its size. Of the nine A. A. U. W. districts, covering the United States, the Northwest Central district and the North Pacific district returned the maximum proportion of their membership, or 29 percent each, and the North Atlantic, the minimum, or 22 percent.2 Also the proportion of women submitting in each district data that could be used follows closely the proportion of total membership in each district. That is, in general, where the proportion of total membership is greatest, so is the proportion of used returns. However, the largest number of schedules used were from the Northeast Central area, 2,087, or 24 percent, and the second largest number from the North Atlantic section, 1,725, or 20 percent. It may be significant that six of the so-called “Seven Women’s Colleges” are located in the North Atlantic district and that the oldest coeducational institutions are in the Northeast Central area. These areas were followed by the Southwest Central, 12 percent, the Northwest Central, 11 percent, and the South Pacific, 10 percent. The smallest number used from conti nental United States represented the Southeast Central district, 320 members or 4 percent.3 Table I.—Membership of the Association and returns received from members, related to district Total membership Returns received District (A. A. U. W. classification) North Atlantic____________________ ___________________ Southwest Central________________________ ____________ Rocky Mountain... Foreign___________ ________ _________________________ _ Number Percent 39,110 100.0 10,179 26.0 9,562 3, 321 8,416 3,763 1,471 4,958 1, 408 2,110 3,705 324 72 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2,077 899 2,353 1,104 373 1,249 388 611 1,020 77 26 21.7 27.1 28.0 29.3 25.4 25.2 27.6 29.0 27.5 23.8 36.1 District not reported........................................................................ 1 These tables are on file In the office of the association at Washington, D. C. pendix A. 2 See table I. * See table II. Number Percent 2 See questionnaire, ap 3 REPRESENTATIVE CHARACTER OP THE STUDY Table II.—Membership of the Association and returns from the members that were used, related to district Membership Returns used District (A. A. U. W. classification) Number Percent Number Percent 39,110 100.0 8,796 100.0 9, 562 3,321 8,416 3, 763 1,471 4,958 1,408 2,110 3,705 324 72 24.4 8.5 21.5 9.6 3.8 12.7 3.6 5.4 9.5 .8 .2 1, 725 797 2,087 955 320 1,062 361 510 894 60 23 19.6 9.1 23.7 10.9 3.6 12.1 4.1 5.8 10.2 .7 .3 2 It is even more significant that the replies constitute about 50 per cent of the women that form the employed group, a very large pro portion indeed. This figure represents an estimate based on other studies and on casual information. Data from President’s Reports of 728 Branches, covering 26,172 members in 1937-38, show that over 49 percent were employed outside of their homes. However, in 1937 a study of the Pennsylvania branches of the association indi cated that 72 percent of the members were holding paid positions. The final receipts from any investigation reveal a weakness in the schedule, and this one proved to be not without limitations. The actual proportion of members who might be considered as “employed” should have been secured. From the returns it was necessary to exclude 1,383 replies because the experience of the members was not applicable to the study or the schedules were incomplete. The summaries and interpretation, therefore, are based on the records given by 8,796 women.4 COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES REPRESENTED Curiously enough, all of the colleges and universities “approved” by the A. A. U. W., a total of 223 institutions, are represented in this study by their alumnae that had taken bachelor’s or advanced degrees.8 One-quarter of the members reporting received degrees from 15 institutions, thus: 200 to 300 women: University of California 257 University of Minnesota 256 Columbia University—Teachers College-------------------University of Wisconsin 230 University of Chicago_____________ 230 200 Total......... ................... ................. — -................... - 1,173 ■ dto lauie ii. . . . ® The list of institutions includes those that meet the standards set by the American Association of Uni versity Women and by the American Association of Universities. (See appendix, table I.) 4 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN 100 to 200 women: University of Michigan. Wellesley College_____ Smith College________ Mount Holyoke College University of Nebraska. Vassar College________ University of Illinois__ University of Indiana... Stanford University___ University of Iowa____ Total. 183 158 130 125 125 122 115 115 103 101 1, 277 Furthermore, all States in the Union and the District of Columbia were represented at the time of the report. California heads the list as the place of residence of 885 members, Ohio comes second with 634 S?400'to“00 mZb™ ’ PS?n8rlT“i?. “d Mimiesota, The other States, with the number from each, were as follows: t„j;„ n/r- t • ,, . „ Number of members Indiana, Michigan, New Jersey, Texas______ _____________ 300 to 400. Colorado, Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Wisconsin, Washington__ 200 to 300. Massachusetts, Oregon, Virginia, West Virginia, Oklahoma, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Carolina, District. of_> 100 to 200. Columbia. The other 24 States.. Less than 100. II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REPRESENTATIVE CHARACTER OF THE STUDY The investigation fairly may be said to be representative of women in the United States, employed outside their homes, who have had the advantages of a college education and, in addition, professional prepa ration. It is based upon reports by about 50 percent of the employed women of the American Association of University Women or about one-quarter of its entire membership in 1934. Thus the data that were used are from 8,796 returns through a questionnaire circulated in 1935, and include information from women having attended all of the 223 institutions approved by the Association, and from every State in the United States. The proportion of the 8,796 returns in each district follows closely the proportion of total membership in each district. Similarly the investigation may be said to represent professional women; that is, 79 percent of the women had been prepared by a year or more of training after leaving college, and 45 percent by 1 to 4 years of study. Two-thirds had taken graduate study of some sort and 6 percent a doctor’s degree in philosophy, medicine, or some other field. ADVANCED AND PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION Not only a college degree but advanced study preparatory for business or professions characterizes the group of women here studied. More than three-fourths had taken some type of additional work after leaving college, and 45 percent had taken an additional degree. This applies to all groups, regardless of occupation. Naturally, executives in schools or colleges had the most extended preparation, and also those in the established professions, law, medicine, and research. Also, it should be noted that advanced study takes women into the more advanced positions, and that the subject of preparation makes but little difference. AGE AND MARITAL STATUS The women considered are comparatively mature, but are pretty well distributed in the 5-year classes from 25 to 50 years of age. Only 7 percent are under 25 and 17 percent over 50. According to this study, it is in the older groups, those past 35 or indeed 40 years of age, that women with advanced professional preparation are to be found. Similarly they seem to wait 5 to 10 years after leaving college before taking a master’s degree, 32 percent, and 15 percent wait until 10 to 15 years, but 39 percent did get that preparation within 5 _years. Also, about one-half of those with a doctor’s degree have attained it 5 6 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN within 10 years, and three-fourths within 15 years. The trend is certainly toward the requirement of special training for business as well as professions. . I* is n°t surprising that a small proportion of the women here stud ied are married, only 13 percent, and they tend to be somewhat younger than the single women. This is not true, however, of the widowed, separated, or divorced, who constitute 5 percent of the total number that reported their age; probably they should be classified with the group of single women. OCCUPATION AND CHANGES, 1925-3S The women represented by this study are not in independent busi ness, only 3 percent of them; the others are working for an employer. It is to be expected that a large proportion of “college women” are engaged in educational work, 69 percent of them, and one-fifth of these are executives. Also, so far as known, four-fifths of the teachers and of the executives are in colleges, senior high schools, or normal schools. However, that 28 percent, or 2,319 women, are engaged in work other than educational is important, and that’they represent 11 or more professions. More than half, 55 percent, are librarians, social, health, and religious workers, home economists, and those engaged in research, and more than one-fourth are employed in business as secretaries, clerical workers, or personnel workers. During the 10-year period, as might be expected, much change from one occupation to another took place. Somewhat under onethird of those reporting indicated this situation. It may be sur prising that women holding a master’s degree changed more frequently than those with a bachelor’s degree only, those with a doctor’s degree less frequently than the Masters. This may indicate that early training led women into the type of work for which they were less fitted,_ but that they were settled by the time they had completed the highest preparation. However, only 26 percent of the total number shifted their job, but married women to a greater degree. It is significant that the transfer from one job to another is so largely due to personal reasons; thus 74 percent of those making changes so reported. The reason for change in position seems not to have been affected by marital status except that those involving reduc tion in force seem to affect the married women more seriously. UNEMPLOYMENT, 1925-35 These women were not affected so seriously by the depression as might have been expected. In the 10-year period, 1925-35, a decade including the great . depression, only 8 percent met more than one period of enforced idleness, and 21 percent had only one such ex perience. Furthermore, on December 31, 1934, only 6 percent were unemployed and 4 percent doing part-time work. But of the unem ployed it is amazing that one-half were idle for personal reasons and in only 177 cases was it involuntary, a third of the latter because of SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 7 marriage or age. Also the type of occupation had little to do with unemployment. On the other hand, a larger proportion of married women were idle or on part-time work, as also were the younger or less experienced women. EARNINGS AND THE DEPRESSION The amount of earnings by women who have devoted 4 years to a college education, and especially to more advanced study, is indeed disturbing. The time and investment seems not to have been justified, except among those with the highest type of preparation, that is, those who have secured a doctor’s degree. Of this group, 55 percent attained $3,000 or more. However, 33 percent earned $3,000 to $4,000 and 22 percent $4,000 or more. Thus training counts, but this is a small proportion of the total number reporting. Women with a master’s degree or that degree and additional train ing, considering the highest salaries in the 10-year period, earned less than those with the highest degree, only 17 percent reaching $3,000 or more, and that is regardless of experience. But 36 percent of them earned $2,500 or more. The largest or modal group as well as the median number attained $2,000 to $2,500. However, only 8 percent with a bachelor’s degree alone, or a bachelor’s degree and additional training but not an advanced degree, earned $3,000 or more. Indeed, 57 percent of the Bachelors with more work and 73 percent of those without it got less than $2,000, the mode being $1,500 to $2,000 for the former and $1,000 to $1,500 for the latter. The median for the two groups together was $1 500 to $2,000. Naturally, executives in educational work were in the higher salary ranges, and also teachers in colleges, although lower than executives. Earnings in other occupations vary considerably and according to the type of work, certain ones yielding higher returns, especially lawyers, those in independent business, personnel workers, and physicians and psychiatrists. The depression does not seem to have affected greatly some groups of women here studied. Others suffered seriously. Comparing the salary in 1934 with the highest earnings in the 10-year period, the proportion of executives in education who earned $3,000 and more dropped 14 points. Teachers had much the same experience. A worse effect seems to have been among those in occupations other than education where the woman was “working for an employer.” The drop in number of those whose highest salary in the 10-year period was $2,000 or more is terrific, being 40 percent, and the number of those who had received less than $1,500 as the highest salary in that decade was almost doubled in 1934. Of course the worst experience was among those in independent business. Also, the proportion meeting a decrease of 10 percent or more seems to have increased from one age group to the next. 8 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN RESPONSIBILITY FOR DEPENDENTS Considering the salaries received, the extent to which women are supporting dependents, either fully or partially, is a matter of deep concern, 41 percent or 3,618 meeting this obligation. Of the 3,153 women reporting the extent of their responsibility, 36 percent cared entirely for 1 or more persons, and 76 women cared entirely for 3 or more. The situation is complicated by the combination of full and partial responsibility; that is, 3,153 women carried the burden, fully or partially, for 6,328 dependents, or an average of 2 each. Usually the individuals supported were adults, and it was more fre quently the single women than the married women who assumed the obligation. Only 20 percent of those with dependents reported that they were supporting children. That these women have small incomes is shown by the figures: 41 to 52 percent of those with one to four dependents earned less than $2,000, and 61 to 71 percent got less than $2,500. DISCRIMINATIONS REPORTED An important conclusion may be drawn from this investigationWomen suffer serious discrimination. One-third indicated the num ber of instances that had occurred in the period 1929-35 because of sex, marital status, youth, or advanced age. While the last two reasons assigned may apply to men also, the other two could not. And it is sex and marital status that were assigned as causes of discrimination by 79 percent of these women; also many women maintain that they have encountered more than one experience. That is, of the instances cited, 81 percent were given as due to sex and marital status. Al though but 13_ percent of all women were married, 19 percent of the individuals claiming difficulty and 17 percent of the cases of difficulty indicated marital status as a cause. The actual discrimination is equally important. It is not surprising that one-third of the cases caused by sex applied to beginning salarv, nor that one-half should have meant reduction of salary, demotion, or restricted promotion. But this indicates that 80 percent faced smaller returns for the service rendered because they were women. It is indeed serious in the light of low salary and large responsibility for dependents. Not less salary but no salary at all was encountered because of marital status; that is, in 60 percent of these cases it meant loss of a job or refusal of a job. The older women met somewhat the same difficulties as did the married women. Young women encountered refusal of a job, 39 per cent of the instances, but also smaller beginning salary, 32 percent, and restricted promotion, 17 percent. Doubtless young men had great difficulties in securing or in keeping work during the depression and even at all times. To compare the experience of young women and young men would be valuable but apparently the necessary data do not exist. III. EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION OF WOMEN STUDIED ADVANCED DEGREES AND TRAINING The 8,796 women who were employed outside the home or under normal circumstances would have been so engaged, on December 31, 1934, and who contributed to the report, to a remarkable extent were prepared for their profession by 1 or more years of study beyond the Bachelor’s degree, that is, 79 percent of them. Number Percent Total---------------------- .------- ------- ------- -------------------- 8,796 Degree 100.0 One bachelor’s only4 gig More than one bachelor’s ’ 335 One or more master’s *13, 101 Doctor’s degree Ph.D____ M.D_____ Other 2___ 54. 7 3. 8 35. 3 546 431 96 18 6.2 4.9 1.1 .2 All but 21 percent had prepared for professional occupation or for business by study after receiving a bachelor’s degree; 39 percent had taken at least 1 or 2 years of graduate work, and 45 percent from 1 to 4 or more years. Although 55 percent had secured no degree other than the first bachelor’s degree, 62 percent of this group had taken additional grad uate work or training of some sort. Also, 4 percent of the total had more than one bachelor’s degree and 36 percent of them had followed further study. Of the total number, 35 percent had taken one or more master’s degrees, but 56 percent of the Masters went still further in professional preparation. A not inconsiderable number, 545, or 6 percent, held a doctor’s degree, 431 in philosophy, 96 in medicine, and 18 in other fields. Moreover, 284 of the women Doctors, or 52 percent of them, pursued additional courses of study.3 INSTITUTIONS AT WHICH PREPARED . Again, the institutions where these women gained professional train ing are widely representative—121 that are on the A. A. U. W. list and a number that are not so listed. Thirty percent came from Columbia University, including Teachers College, and 25 percent from 8 other universities—Chicago, Wisconsin, Michigan, California, Stanford, Texas, Illinois, and Missouri. 1 Only 7 respondents reported more than one master’s degree. Of these, 5 reported additional graduate study or training, 2 reported that they had no such additional work. 1 Includes D.Sc., LL.D., J.D., D.Ed., D.Litt., D.O, * See table III. 140620°—39-------3 9 10 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN III.—Educational preparation of women studied Table No additi onal graduate work or training beyond specified degree Additional grad uate work or training beyond specified degree Percent Number Percent Number Total with speci fied degree Degree Number Percent ------ 8,796 100.0 3,672 41.7 6,124 58.3 One bachelor’s only------------------------------More than one bachelor’s. ----------------- . One or more master’s 1_________ ______ 4,815 335 3,101 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,824 213 1,374 37.9 63.6 44.3 2,991 122 1,727 62.1 36.4 55. 7 545 114 431 100.0 100.0 100.0 261 37 224 47.9 32.5 52.0 284 77 207 52.1 67.5 48.0 Total------ ----------------------- Doctor’s_____ ____ ______ ____ _______ M. D. and other 3 Ph. D i Only 7 respondents reported more than one master’s degree. Of these, 6 reported additional graduate study or training, 2 reported that they had no such additional work. * Includes D. Sc., LL. D. J. D., D. Ed., D. Litt., D. 0. EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION [Total reporting, 8,796] 0 10 Percent 20 30 40 One A.B. only ___________ ____ A.B. with additional A.B. or graduate work or training One M.A. only r v,' >■■; ' • II.A. with additional M.A. or graduate work or training Doctor's degree only Doctor's degree with additional graduate work or training ".v mm- '■'■4 . 11 EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION OF WOMEN STUDIED Institution at which highest degree (beyond bachelor’s degree) was received Number Percent Total women_____________________ 8, 796 Women with one or more bachelor’s degrees only Women with a higher degree_________________ 5, 150 3, 646 Women reporting name of institution______ 3, 484 100. 0 Boston University___________________ Columbia University________________ Cornell University__________________ Indiana University______________ _ Iowa State College of Agriculture_____ New York University________________ Northwestern University_____________ Ohio State University________________ Radcliffe College____________________ Stanford University_________________ Teachers College (Columbia University) University of California______________ University of Chicago________________ University of Colorado_________ _____ University of Illinois_________________ University of Kansas________________ University of Michigan______________ University of Minnesota_____________ University of Missouri_______________ University of Nebraska______________ University of Pennsylvania___________ University of Pittsburgh_____________ University of Texas_________________ University of Washington____________ University of Wisconsin______ ___ •___ Yale University_____________________ All others 4_________________________ 25 706 46 42 33 31 36 45 35 73 330 103 257 31 58 30 118 52 53 40 49 25 66 35 139 35 991 . 7 20. 3 1.3 1. 2 .9 .9 1. 0 1. 3 1.0 2. 1 9. 5 3. 0 7.4 .9 1. 7 .9 3. 4 1. 5 1. 5 1. 1 1. 4 .7 1. 9 1. 0 4. 0 1. a 28. 4 Not reporting name of institution_________ 162 AGE AND ADVANCED TRAINING The age of the individual, as well as the years out of college, cer tainly influences the extent of professional preparation. A much larger proportion not having taken advanced work than of the total were under 35 years of age, 63 percent. Of those reporting age and training and having a bachelor’s degree only, but with further study, 47 percent were under 35, while only a third of the Masters with no additional study were in this younger group, as compared with 21 percent of them who had gone beyond the M. A. degree. Arid few Doctors were under 35, 18 percent. While 25 percent of those reporting were between 40 and 50 years of age, it is those with addi tional study that swell the group—37 percent of those having had a master’s degree and extra work, and 36 percent of those with a Ph. D., 31 percent of the Masters, and only 22 percent of the Bachelors having had more study. Those with more training but not an ad vanced degree are in this older group. This is true also in the age 4 Covers 91 institutions, each attended by less than 25 members. See appendix table I. 12 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN classes between 35 and 40 and 50 years and over, but not to so marked an extent. Indeed, more than half of those having gone beyond the master’s degree are over 40 years old, 60 percent of the Masters with additional study, and 62 percent of the Doctors.5 Apparently, then, it is in the older groups, those past 35 or indeed past 40 years of age, that women with advanced professional preparation are to be found. Table IV.—Training beyond the bachelor’s degree, related to age Total Under 35 years 35, under 40 years 40, under 50 years 50 years and over Degree Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 8,266 100.0 3,424 41.4 1,331 16.1 2,102 25.4 1,409 17.0 7,751 100.0 3,332 43.0 1,228 15.8 1,934 25.0 1,257 16.2 1,720 100.0 1,086 63.1 202 11.7 251 14.6 181 10.5 3,142 100.0 1,475 46.9 478 15.2 681 21.7 508 16.2 1,273 100.0 427 33.5 253 19.9 397 31.2 196 15.4 1,616 100.0 344 21.3 295 18.3 605 37.4 372 23.0 515 100.0 92 17.9 103 20.0 168 32.6 152 29.5 408 91 100.0 70 18 17.2 79 22 19.4 147 16 36.0 112 35 27.5 Total A. B. and M. A. A. B. with no additional A. B. with additional graduate work, or more M. A. with no additional M. A. with additional graduate work, or more Ph. D M. D D. Sc., LL. D., J. D., D. Ed., D. Litt., D. 0_ 16 4 2 5 5 i Excludes 530 not reporting age, 500 of them holding an A. B. or M. A. degree and 30 holding a doctor’s degree. INTERVAL BETWEEN A. B. AND ADVANCED DECREES It should be noted that only 600, or 7 percent, of those indicating age were less than 25 years old.6 Hence a review of the length of time intervening between receiving the bachelor’s degree and higher degrees shows all Masters in about the same situation. Thirteen percent had attained the degree in less than 2 years. This is surprising. Equally surprising is it that 39 percent took it in less than 5 years. But the largest single group waited from 5 to 10 years before securing it, 32 percent. Fifteen percent waited 10 to 15 years, as seen in the following list. » See table IV. 8 See p. 14. EDUCATIONAL PREDABATION OP WOMEN STUDIED Number of years between receiving first bachelor’s degree and master’s degree Number Total women Bachelor’s degree only___________ Doctor’s degree, no master’s degree Master’s degree_______________ 5, ISO 224 3, 422 Total reporting interval 7___ Under 1 year. Percent 8, 796 ____________ _ 1, under 2 years...I~I.II 2, under 3 years__________ . 3, under 4 years______________ 4, under 5 years_____________ 5, under 10 years__________________ 3,243 _ 12 <>04 Srs 2s? 974 ' ' " ' ' ' ‘ ” " ' ~ 10, under 15 years__ _____ _____ ” 15, under 20 yearsII.III._I I" ' 100. 0 .4 12. 1 8. 8. 8. 31. 15. 8. , ~ ’401; 273 201 20 years and more“ 9 7 4 9 0 4 6. 2 ■ ?tle other hand only a few, 16 percent, took a doctor’s degree within 5 years of graduation from college, but also the largest sinde group wmted until the 5-to-l 0-year period, 35 percent, is signifi-l 'at about half of the Doctors attained the highest degree within 10 years of leaving college and 74 percent in less than 15 years, but 26 percent waited 15 years or more. ^ if Number of years between receiving first bachelor’s degree and doctor’s degree m . , Number l otal women with doctor s degree reporting interval <L . 486 Under 4 years-------------------------------------4, under 5 years..__________ __ __ 10, under 15 years---------------------------15 years and more12g 2g g oq ^ Percent 100. 0 % Z of 6 m?y *hat today women are pursuing graduate work and professional preparation more quickly after leaving college than in former years Certainly they are graduating at a yoSnger Apparently the trend is toward the requirement of special training for business as well as professions, and particularly for teaching jobs.g It is pretty well established, therefore, that our employed members ^TiPPed ur the.ir, occupations and that they take their profes sional preparation within a 5- or 10-year period after graduation, or at least withm 15 years when attammg the most advanced degree. Sifw’nnc lfCmfLrS T not confil’cdto any limited area in the United btates nor have they been prepared m a few colleges and universities histitutimis.rePreSent * ^ ^ nUmber °f o^higher educational ’ Not reporting interval, 179. Not reporting interval, 59. Receiving the degree in less than 3 years, 11 women. IV. AGE AND MARITAL STATUS OF WOMEN REPORTING AGE The women considered in this investigation are a comparatively mature group, an important factor in the consideration of their eco nomic status. Seven percent of the 8,266 who reported their age were under 25 years of age, and only a quarter, 24 percent, were less than 30 years old. But 64 percent were between 25 and 45. Considering 5-year groups, the largest number are between 25 and 30, although almost as many are between 30 and 35. Then, in the next two 5year periods, the numbers are somewhat less, and they drop consider ably after 45. Analysis of 10-year groups shows the largest number to be between 30 and 40 years old, or 33 percent, while a quarter, 26 percent, were between 40 and 50. Or to present the picture other wise: 24 percent were under 30 years of age; 59 percent were between 30 and 50; and 17 percent were 50 and more, as shown in the following statement: Cumulative Cumulative number Age group 600 2, 014 3, 424 4, 755 5, 902 6, 857 7, 499 7, 933 8, 266 Under 25 years. Under 30 years. Under 35 years. Under 40 years. Under 45 years. Under 50 years. Under 55 years Under 60 years. Total1.............. percent 7. 3 24. 4 41. 4 57. 5 71. 4 83. 0 90. 7 96. 0 100. 0 MARITAL STATUS Marriage may account for the decrease in number after 35 years of age, but one might have expected it to have resulted at an earlier period. However, the appearance of the highest percent among married women in the group between 30 and 35 may explain this situation. Doubtless women continue to work after marriage until the birth of children occurs and family cares withdraw them from occupations outside the home. The increase in the number of those widowed, separated, or divorced between 35 and 45 years of age, 31 percent of them being so reported, may account for the large numbers in the total at such ages. Indeed, the proportion of single women drops gradually, but increas ingly, after 35 years of age. Naturally those who were widowed, separated, or divorced tended to be older than those who were single; and those married, younger.i i Excludes 630 not reporting age. Includes 333 at 60 years and over. 14 AGE AND MARITAL STATUS OF WOMEN REPORTING 15 A very large proportion of women employed between 1925 and 1935 were single, 82 percent, and 5 percent were widowed, separated, or divorced. That is, 87 percent were self-dependent, and 13 percent were married and presumably not dependent solely on their own earnings. It is the large proportion of those married who were between 30 and 40 years of age, 45 percent, that helped to magnify that group m the total figures; and also that between 40 and 50, for 22 percent of them were of that age, as shown by the accompanying list.2 Percent— Single, widowed, separated, or divorced Age group Total __ 20, under 30 years 30, under 40 years40, under 50 years 50, under 60 years. ___ 60 years and over____ _ _ Married 19. 45. 22. 11. 1. 3 1 4 4 7 AGE AND MARITAL STATUS 20, under 25 599 25, under 30 1,413 30, under 35 1.410 35, under 40 1,330 40, under 45 1,147 45, under 50 955 50, under 55 640 55, under 60 434 60 and over 333 5® U..19 1,222 1,142 1,108 1,015 843 393 314 “H 1.19 J Single, and Widowed, separated, and divorced A Married a See also table V. ia W/mm 16 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN Table V.—Age and marital status of members Total Single Married Widowed, sep arated, and divorced Age group Num ber Per cent Num ber Per cent Num ber Per cent Num ber Per cent 8,791 100.0 7,187 81.7 1,151 13.1 453 5.2 Total reporting age ».............-.................. 8,261 100.0 6,752 100.0 1,087 100.0 422 100.0 599 1,413 1,410 1, 330 1,147 955 640 434 333 7.3 17.1 17.1 16.1 13.9 11.6 7.7 5.3 4.0 577 1,207 1,106 1,047 944 773 497 335 266 8.5 17.9 16.4 15.5 14.0 11.4 7.4 5.0 3.9 19 191 268 222 132 112 83 41 19 1.7 17.6 24. 7 20.4 12. 1 10.3 7.6 3.8 1.7 3 15 36 61 71 70 60 58 48 .7 3.6 8. 5 14.5 16.8 16.6 14.2 13.7 11.4 Total reporting marital status 1 20, under 25 years____ _____ -........ ......... 25, under 30 years------------------------------------30, under 35 years------------------------------------35, under 40 years-------------------- ---------------40, under 45 years-------- ------------------------45, under 50 years---------------- ----------------50, under 55 years 55, under 60 years 60 years and over.------- ------------------- --------- 1 Members not reporting marital status, 5. 2 Not reporting age, 530; of these 435 were single, 64 were married, and 31 were widowed, separated, or divorced. Sixty-seven percent of the married women were between 30 and 50 years old, compared with 57 percent of the single women and 56 per cent of the widowed, separated, or divorced. The latter group, how ever, included fewer women under 30, only 4 percent; and 39 percent were 50 or more years of age, as compared with 13 percent of those married and 16 percent of those single. On the whole, then, the women here studied represent all ages, but more than two-thirds of them are under 45. A small proportion are married, 13 percent. Almost one-half of those married are 30 to 40 years old and only about one-fifth are over 45 years._ Those widowed, separated, or divorced are in the older groups, that is, over 35, almost evenly distributed, but a much larger proportion than of the single or married women are as much as 50 years of age. V. EMPLOYMENT, MAJOR JOB IN 1934,1 AND UNEMPLOYMENT On December 31, 1934, almost all of the 8,796 women here studied were employed, that is, 8,273, or 94 percent; and 7,845, or 89 percent, were working full time. It is a striking fact that only 6 percent were unemployed. The contention might be made that those of our mem bers who were unemployed did not send in a return, but a careful review of the questionnaires does not support this conclusion. TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT Now, of the 8,202 who were employed and who told what was their occupation, 97 percent, or 7,993, were working for an employer, and only 209 were in independent business. Of the former, as might be expected, a very large proportion, 69 percent, or 5,674, were in educa tion, either as teachers or as executives.2 The next largest number were librarians, 5 percent or 446, while another 5 percent, 415, were in social, health, or religious work. The others were, in order of number, secretaries, home economists, clerks, research workers, personnel workers, managers, editors, physicians (including psychiatrists); and 8 were lawyers, while 214 are grouped together as “other.” Naturally, secretarial or clerical workers accounted for a large number, 6 percent or 515. These figures are given in detail below. Major position in 1934 Number Total reporting occupation3 8, 202 100. 0 For an employer 7, 993 Education, elementary and junior high school__ 1, 015 Education, senior high school 1, 768 Education, college____ 1,412 Education, normal school and other__________ 170 Education, not reporting type 1, 309 Clerical worker 224 Editorial worker 66 Home economist 226 Lawyer 8 Librarian 446 Manager 67 Personnel 139 Physician, psychiatrist 48 Research worker 175 Secretary 291 Social, health, or religious worker_____________ 415 Other1______ 214 In independent business Education 42 Other professional Other 65 209 102 Percent 97. 5 12.4 21.6 17.2 2.1 16.0 2.7 .8 2.8 .1 5.4 .8 1.7 .6 2.1 3.5 5.1 2.6 2,5 .5 1.2 .8* * * The occupation from which the largest proportion of 1934 earnings were received. * This situation precludes comparison with the study by Margaret Elliott and Grace E. Manson, Earnings of Women in Business and the Professions, 1930, in Michigan Business Studies. Only 19.7 percent of the women reported in that study were teachers and only 26.8 percent had attended a university, college, or professional school. * Excludes 337 not employed in 1934 and 257 not reporting occupation. Includes 154 who received com pensation in lieu of salary or in addition to salary. ‘ This number includes artists, nurses, sales, advertising and publishing executives, and other. 140620°—39-------4 17 18 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN TEACHERS AND EXECUTIVES IN EDUCATION The large number of those listed under educational work for an employer should be subdivided into two groups so far as is known, those who held the position of teachers, 80 percent, and those who held executive jobs, 20 percent. The greatest number of the teachers were giving instruction in senior high schools, 1,542, and in colleges, 981. A very small number were in normal schools, 24, but almost the same number were in elementary and junior high schools combined as were in colleges. These figures are given below: Teaching positions in which there are— Less than 100: Normal schools 24 400 and less than 500: Junior high schools Elementary schools 400 464 900 and less than 1,000: Colleges--— 981 1,000 and less than 2,000: Senior high schools 1, 542 Other types 66 Not reporting type 1, 049 Total__________________ _________ -............... 4,526 That a fifth of the teachers are executives in schools and colleges indicates the responsibility of college graduates. And it is significant that, of these 1,148, so far as known, over three-fourths of those reporting the type of institution are in the higher schools—colleges, normal schools, and senior high schools, 669, as compared with 151 in junior high or elementary schools. Executive-educational positions in which there are— Less than 200: Administrative departments___________________ Junior high schools 31 Normal schools and others-------------------------------Elementary schools 120 200 and less than 450: Not reporting type Senior high schools Colleges 431 27 53 260 226 Total_________________ _______________ ____1, 148 OCCUPATIONS OTHER THAN IN EDUCATION Of the 2,319 members reporting the positions other than educational in which they are employed, the largest single number are librarians, the next largest are in social, health, and religious organizations. EMPLOYMENT, MAJOR JOB IN 19 34, AND UNEMPLOYMENT 19 Secretarial and clerical service combined claim an even greater group than do the libraries, but considering them separately, the secretaries form the third group. Practically the same number are home econo mists as are clerks. It is interesting that so many are to be found in research or in personnel work and only 8 are lawyers. The details follow. Occupations other than education in which there are— Less than 100: Lawyer Artist-----------------------------------------------------------Physician or psychiatrist---------------------------------Nurse 60 Editorial 66 Manager____________________ —------------------Sales 81 8 17 48 67 100 and less than 200: Personnel 139 Research 176 200 and less than 300: Clerical 224 Home economics Secretary 291 226 400 and less than 500: Social, health, religious------------------------------------Librarian_________________________ Other occupations 56 415 446 Total____ _____ 2,319 To sum up, not far from three-fourths of our members who reported their jobs in 1934 were engaged in educational work, and one out of five of these held executive jobs. Of the teachers, about three-fourths were holding positions in senior high schools or colleges, and a similar proportion of the executives were in institutions of this advanced type. The numbers of women in other occupations are not great, but they represent a widely representative list. During the entire 10year period 1925-35, a very large proportion of those reporting, or 71 percent, had encountered no periods of enforced idleness, and 21 per cent met this difficulty but once, as seen from the following statement: Number of periods not working Women Number Percent Total_____ __________________________ 8,398 None_________ One period 1, 765 Two periods 507 Three or more periods 5,963 163 100.0 71.0 21. 0 6.0 1.9 UNEMPLOYMENT Only 6 percent of the entire number of women studied were unem ployed on December 31, 1934, and only 4 percent were employed part time. Of the 523 not holding a job, 135 had been out of work less 20 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN than a year, but 211 had been out 1 to 5 years, and 75 had been idle 5 years or more, as seen from the following list: Status of employment, December SI, 19Si Number Percent Total______________________ 8, 796 100. 0 Employed________________________ . 8,273 94. 1 Full time_____________________ Part time_____________________ Not reporting time____________ . 7,845 . 360 . 68 89. 2 4. 1 .8 Unemployed______________________ . 523 5.9 Under 1 year__________________ 1, under 5 years_______________ 5 years or more_______________ Not reporting time____________ . . . . 135 211 75 102 1. 5 2. 4 . 9 1. 2 However, more startling is the revelation that of the 415 unem ployed who gave the reasons for surrendering their last job, 238 stated that their unemployment was voluntary and 205 of them claimed that personal reasons caused them to leave. One-half of the 177 giving up the last job involuntarily reported that changes in the status of business had caused them to do so. A third of them attributed their unemployed status to marriage or age, but most of these had been out of work 1 or more years. Curiously enough the type of occupation seems to have had little to do with the reasons assigned for voluntary or involuntary idleness.5 Marital status seems to have affected unemployment and part-time employment. Thus, on December 31, 1934,'one-quarter of the married women were unemployed as compared with 5 percent of those not living with husbands and 3 percent of the single women. Also, very few employed single women were on part time, only 2 per cent, as compared with 20 percent who were married. This certainly is to be_ expected. More of the widowed, separated, or divorced than of the single women were only partially employed, but a much smaller proportion than of those married, only 5 percent. Similarly, married women, whether living with their husbands or not, had been unemployed for a longer time than had single women. Of the “married” who were unemployed, at least 40 percent had been out of work 3 or more years and 30 percent for 1 to 3 years; of the single women, only 21 percent for the longer period and 14 percent for the shorter time.6 LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE Of those unemployed, 405 gave the length of their experience. The younger or less experienced women were those who were idle. Thus 40 percent of the unemployed had had less than 5 years’ ex perience as compared with 17 percent of the total number, and 72 percent less than 10 years’ experience as compared with 36 percent of the total number. This is to be expected. The percentage drops 5 See appendix table II. EMPLOYMENT, MAJOR JOB IN 1934, AND UNEMPLOYMENT 21 sharply with the 10-to-l 5-year group for the unemployed, although not for the total number. It is significant that among women who were employed about the same number had been at work in each 5year experience group up to the 15-to-20-year period, 16 to 19 percent of those reporting. But 21 percent had worked 20 to 30 years, and 10 percent 30 years or more. Apparently, the proportions of those in each experience group employed but working part time follow closely those of the total.7 On the whole, then, actual unemployment or only part-time employ ment, even in the period of the worst depression in our history, seems not to have been serious among university women except among married women.. The effect of the depression in other ways remains to be discussed in later sections. Table VI.—Employment and unemployment, related to marital status Marital status Employment status Dec. 31, 1934 Total Single Widowed, separated, and divorced Married Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total1............................. Employed Full time_____________ Part time____________ _ Not reporting time___ Unemployed Under 1 year 1, under 3 years 3 years or more_______ Not reporting time 8, 791 100.0 7,187 100.0 1,151 100.0 453 100.0 8,268 94.1 6,976 97.1 860 74.7 432 95.4 7, 840 360 68 89.2 4.1 .8 6,755 170 51 94.0 2.4 .7 680 169 11 59.1 14.7 1.0 405 89.4 6 1.3 523 5.9 211 2.9 291 25.3 21 4.6 135 121 165 102 1.5 1.4 1.9 1.2 72 30 44 65 1.0 .4 .6 .9 58 87 115 31 5.0 7.6 10.0 2.7 5 4 1.1 .9 6 1.3 1 Marital status was not reported by 5 persons who were employed full time. 7 See appendix table III. VI. OCCUPATION AND TRAINING The preparation of university women for their profession is ex tremely important; 7,937 reported what training they had had. A small number of the entire group, 177, reported advanced study that could hardly be characterized as professional, inasmuch as the subjects were not related to their job in 1934. If those that reported their occupation in 1934 and their training are divided into two classes—those who were in positions other than teaching and those who were teachers, both executive and nonexecutive—it appears that 29 percent were holding jobs outside the field of education. OCCUPATIONS OTHER THAN EDUCATION What had been the preparation of these 2,263 women who were in the professions other than education? 1 Seventy percent had pur sued additional study and almost a quarter had taken an advanced degree. _ Of those who had pursued higher study related to their occupation compared with the total number in order of proportion, as far as known, research workers rank highest, 29 percent, followed by home economists, the social worker group, physicians, and personnel workers, but only 18 to 10 percent of these. However, the classifica tion “additional training not related,” and especially “additional train ing unspecified,” may well signify valuable or professional preparation. Table VII.—Occupation other than educational, related to advanced training 1 Total Occupation in 1934 Degree beyond A. B. and major A. B. degree A. B. degree subject of study— but addi with no tional train Not Related to Not related ing unspeci additional training re occupation to occupation ported fied • Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Num Per Num Per ber cent ber cent ber cent ber ber ber cent cent Totali2___ _______ 2,263 100.0 Librarian 446 19.7 Social, health, and rcligious work 415 18.3 Secretary._____________ 291 13.3 Home economist ... _ _ 226 10.0 9.9 224 175 7. 7 Personnel work... _ ____ 139 6.1 Sales, advertising and pub3.5 81 Manager ______________ 2.9 67 Editorial work. ___ ___ 2.9 66 Nurse ... _____________ 2.6 60 Physician, psychiatrist___ 48 2.1 17 .7 Lawyer_______ ___ ___ 8 .3 364 100.0 31 8.5 52 5 65 2 105 37 14.3 1.4 17.9 .5 28.8 10.2 5 6 6 5 42 3 177 100.0 21 11.9 40 3 993 100.0 211 21.2 689 180 100.0 26.1 229 154 91 100 38 30 23.1 15.5 9.2 85 108 57 12.3 15.7 8.3 3.0 18 2.6 25 25 23 50 5 10 2 2. 5 2.5 2.3 5.1 .5 1. 0 .2 44 20 27 3 2.9 3.9 .4 2 .3 39 20 8 9 22.0 11.3 4.5 5.1 10 4 5 46 26.0 4 8 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.4 11.5 7 15 7 1 4.0 8.5 4.0 .6 .8 3 1 1. 7 .6 1 3 1 1 * This means occupation from which the largest proportion of 1934 earnings were received. 2 Of the 8,796 women studied, 5,939 were in educational or other employments, 257 did not report occupa tion, and 337 were not employed. i See tables VII and VIII. 22 OCCUPATION AND TRAINING 23 In the group last named are, in order of proportion, social workers, librarians, secretaries, and clerical workers, 23 to 10 percent. They also appear in the former group, except that personnel workers rank first and clerical workers are few. The picture shown in table VII is well worth careful consideration. As might be expected, it was the physicians, 42 of the 48, and those conducting research, 105 of the 175, who had secured a degree closely related to their profession; but almost three-tenths of the home economists and of those in personnel work took related degrees; however, 43 percent of the former and 55 percent of the latter followed additional study unrelated or unspecified. Naturally training, but not an advanced degree, characterized preparation of those in fields where professional schools offering a degree have not yet been devel oped or have grown up recently. In this group is to be found a large number of the nurses, social, health, and religious workers, librarians, and secretaries. EDUCATION Of the 5,674 listed under education, 20 percent held executive posi tions and 80 percent were giving classroom instruction.2 The professional preparation of the educators is remarkable. Of those reporting, all the executives but 113 had had additional training after graduation from college, that is, 90 percent, and 65 percent had taken a higher degree; of the so-called teachers, 78 percent had pur sued further study and 45 percent had received an advanced degree. It is not surprising that 60 percent of the executives reporting who had taken an advanced degree were employed in colleges and 8 per cent in normal schools or other higher institutions. Twenty-one percent were in. senior high schools. Also a large percent of the teachers with higher degrees were in colleges, 52 percent, and 36 percent were in senior high schools and 11 percent in lower schools. All of this relationship is significant, when the ratio in each group is compared with that in the total number as given above.1 1 See table VIII. Table VIII.—Type of position in educational work (major job, 1934), related to higher degree1 Teachers, executive Training Total num ber Total with type of position reported Num ber Per cent Elementary junior and senior high Num ber Per cent Teachers, not executive College, nor mal, and other Num ber Total num ber Per cent Total with type of position reported Num ber Elementary junior and senior high Per cent Num ber Per cent College, nor mal, and other Num ber Per cent Total K-......................................... 5,674 1,148 888 100.0 377 42.5 511 57.5 4,526 3,477 100.0 2,406 69.2 1,071 A. B., no additional work... _ A. B., additional work but no higher degree______ ________ __________ Higher degree—Total reporting subject Education English____ ____________ _______ History___ Language (modern).......... .............. . Home economics._ ______ ____ Social science, economics, political sciences, etc„____ ______ ______ Biology____ _____ ___________ 1,093 113 83 100.0 64 77.1 19 22.9 980 692 100.0 644 93.1 48 6.9 1,802 2,569 671 451 250 214 150 284 690 262 88 44 40 47 196 560 207 69 36 37 41 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 117 181 92 25 12 10 6 59. 7 32.3 44.4 36.2 33.3 27.0 14.6 79 379 115 44 24 27 35 40.3 67.7 55.6 63.8 66. 7 73.0 85.4 1, 518 1, 879 409 363 206 174 103 1,115 1, 551 325 293 172 152 87 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 990 722 188 167 110 48 21 88.8 46.6 57.8 57.0 64.0 31.6 24.1 125 829 137 126 62 104 66 11.2 53.4 42.2 43.0 36.0 68.4 75.9 131 126 115 107 78 53 49 48 31 23 22 19 14 10 4 3 210 38 24 26 20 26 10 17 12 7 10 8 4 3 3 31 21 20 16 19 10 15 12 5 9 4 3 2 2 100.0 7 1 9 7 5 22.6 77.4 100.0 100 0 * 22 30.1 51 69.9 1 61 1 49 15 1 34 93 102 89 87 52 43 32 36 24 13 14 15 11 7 4 2 149 73 92 1 24 20 11 9 14 10 14 12 3 7 4 2 2 1 Psychology. Public speaking____ ... Philosophy and religion Music______ ____ ______________ Public health______ ________ Business, commercial, secretarial _ Law, medicine, dentistry, pharmacy Journalism_________ _____ ______ Library................................................. Higher degree, subject not reported... 1 2 2 1 71 41 35 27 33 22 13 12 12 7 7 3 2 119 30.8 100 0 100.0 20.0 80.0 100.0 27.3 72.7 7 5 7 4 1 3 6 50 1 This means the occupation from which the largest proportion of 1934 earnings were received. 2 Of the 8,796 women studied, 2,528 were in occupations other than education, 257 did not report occupation, and 337 were not employed. Percents not computed where base is less than 30. ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN Grand total to 25 OCCUPATION AND TRAINING A more telling comparison is shown in the ratio of those holding various types of positions to the total with higher degrees or advanced training or both. It is, of course, the college executives and college teachers that took advanced degrees; of the former, 87 percent, of the latter, 88 percent. The senior-high-school workers seem to have had similar preparation, 57 percent of the high-school executives and 39 percent of the teachers having taken an advanced degree, and 85 per cent of the executives and 81 percent of the teachers continuing study after graduation. It is necessary to realize that both high-school and normal executives and teachers have had professional preparation but that normal and specialized schools do not offer degrees. The subjects reported for the higher degree are interesting. In order of frequency they are (1) education, (2) English, (3) history, (4) modem language, (5) home economics, (6) social science, (7) biology, (8) mathe matics, (9) ancient language—each represented by over 100 women. Two hundred and ten did not report the subject. The first three constitute over 50 percent and the first six 73 percent of those with advanced degrees. And this order holds in general regardless of type of position. Whether the subject taught is related to the subject of the degree is not indicated in the returns. Certainly, not considering subject, increased preparation takes women into more advanced positions, especially of an executive nature. The number with preparation in specific subjects is too small to reveal which one offers the greatest opportunity; but the variation seems to indicate that the subject studied makes little difference. CHANCE IN OCCUPATION, 1925-35 Somewhat under one-third of the women reported that they had changed their occupations between 1925 and 1935. Those in education seem to have shifted to about the same extent as have those in other lines of work, as is seen in the accompanying list. That is, 80 per cent of the changes affected so-called teachers and 70 percent of those whose occupation in 1934 is known were teachers. A half have left teaching or entered it, and almost a third simply have changed the type of educational work. Only 20 percent of those shifting their type of employment have never taught. Number Percent Total reporting changes in occupation, 1925-35 s_ 2, 103 100. 0 Teaching to other 423 Other to teaching 288 Varied types of teaching 628 Never taught, other changes 424 Other changes of teachers **________ 340 20.1 13.7 29.9 20.2 16.2 Women with a master’s degree or more advanced study have changed from one type of teaching to another considerably more than those with no work beyond the bachelor’s degree or even those with graduate training but not a degree. It may be that women have 3 Teaching is here used to indicate work in education. * In this group are the following changes: (1) Teaching to other occupation to teaching, 177; (2) teaching to other to teaching to other, 35; (3) other to teaching to other, 66; (4) other to teaching to other to teaching, 31; (6) 2 or more positions held at the same time, 31. 26 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN changed occupation in the course of advanced study, and it is proper to hope that the training has resulted in a change for the better. Members who have not taught but have made other changes are in exactly the reverse position. It may well be that women in other occupations have found experience their best source of learning or that an additional A. B. or other type of training was necessary.6 The number of women with a doctor’s degree who had made occupa tional changes (144) is too small to yield significant differences. The largest number have shifted about in various employments, here classified as “other,” and the second largest among various types of teaching. The list follows: Total with doctor’s degree reporting changes in occupation, 1925-35 144 Teaching to other 22 Other to teaching 24 Varied types of teaching 36 Never taught, other changes 23 Other 39 Marital status doubtless affected the occupational status of women in their last job. Also, it seems to have influenced changing of jobs and especially the reason for giving up employment outside the home. A somewhat larger proportion, 8 percent, of married women were working independently, as compared with 2 percent of single women. Of those who were widowed, separated, or divorced, the percent is 6, approaching more nearly the status of married women. Curiously enough, in the last job held the actual occupations of married women vary but little from those of single women. However, of those who were married, the proportion is somewhat larger in certain occupa tions, notably in sales, advertising and publishing executives, in editorial work, in research, and in social, health, and religious work. It is smaller among librarians, nurses, educational executives, and teachers. One may question whether exclusion of married women from schools and colleges or from libraries has taken place.6 REASONS FOR LEAVING JOBS Why those reporting had left their positions at any time is of great importance. That 46 percent should not have given up a position at any time in the 10-year period may be significant, although no doubt many of them have held the job for a short time only. Personal reasons only far outweigh any other reason or combination of reasons, for each marital status. Thus, 74 percent of the entire group assigned a personal reason only, while among those married it is somewhat less than in other groups, 67 percent as compared with 75 and 76 percent. Even the total cases involving personal reasons where more than one reason is given show 70 percent by married women, 77 percent by single women, and 79 percent by those widowed, separated, or di vorced. The next important explanation includes business with per sonal reasons, but by only 12 percent of the women, followed in order by fl See appendix table IV. ® See appendix table V. OCCUPATION AND TRAINING 27 business only, personal and reduction in force, reduction in force only, personal and reduction and business, and, finally, business and reduc tion in force. Tbe difference in reason for surrendering or losing a position between one marital status and another is negligible, except that those involving reduction in force seem to affect the married women more seriously.7 Table IX.—Reasons for leaving jobs, related to marital status Marital status Reasons for leaving jobs Tc tal Num ber Per cent 4,168 Personal reasons only____________ 3,070 Reduction in force only 95 Business conditions only___ 299 Personal and reduction in force 134 Personal and business. 483 Personal, reduction, and business. 57 Business conditions and reduction in force... 30 Total i___ _____ __________ Total cases2. ___________ Involving personal reasons.._ . Involving reduction in force... Involving business conditions Single Married Widowed, separated, and divorced Num ber Per cent 100.0 3,289 100.0 706 100.0 173 100.0 73.7 2.3 7.2 3.2 11.6 1.4 .7 2,465 51 242 82 389 39 21 74.9 1.6 7.4 2.5 11.8 1.2 .6 473 41 44 48 74 18 8 67.0 5.8 6.2 6.8 10.5 2.5 1.1 132 3 13 4 20 76.3 1.7 7.5 2.8 11.6 1 .6 4,929 100.0 3,859 100.0 872 100.0 198 100.0 3,744 316 869 76.0 6.4 17.6 2,975 193 691 77.1 5.0 17.9 613 115 144 70.3 13.2 16.5 156 8 34 78.8 4.0 17.2 Num ber Per cent Num ber Per cent 1 Women not having left a position, 4,011. Of the 4,785 who had left a position, 613 did not renort the reason, and of the 4,172 assigning a reason, 4 did not report marital status. 2 in these groups many cases appear 2 or more times. 7 See table IX. VII. HIGHEST SALARIES RECEIVED, 1925-35, AND EARNINGS IN 1934 Analysis of earnings by any group of women who are employed outside the home involves so many factors that it becomes a difficult subject. Age, experience, preparation, and type of professional occupation all enter into consideration. AGE AND EXPERIENCE AND EARNINGS IN 1934 However, age and experience have proven to be so closely related that age alone is here presented in relation to salary. For example, first, the number found with less than 6 years’ experience corresponds very closely to that for 20 to 30 years of age; second, the number of those with 6 to 10 years’ experience is fairly comparable to that for 30 to 40 years old; and third, the number with 10 or more years of experience follows closely that for 40 to 60 years of age and over. Furthermore, the number in the experience groups between 6 and 8 years is three-fourths of the number in the group 30 to 35 years of age, and in the experience group of 8 to 10 years it is very little greater than that for 35 to 40 years of age. This relation is more clearly seen in the accompanying list. It is not conclusive, but it is suggestive and permits the analysis of salary related to age as a basis of dis cussion. The analysis does not allow a study related to years of experience. Experience related to age Number Experience Under 5 years 5, under 6 years Under 6 years----- . — Number Age _ 1,657 20, under 25 years. . 408 25, under 30 years - _ 2,065 20, under 30 years ___ . __ 600 1,414 ___ 2,014 6, under 8 years.- 483 546 ------------ _ 1,029 30, under 35 years____ . ___ 1,410 8, under 10 years. 758 660 . 1,418 35, under 40 years__ __ ___ 1,331 . . 6, under 10 years___ __ ... . . . 2,447 30, under 40 years . . ___ 2,741 ___ 1, 147 40, under 45 years . ___ 955 45, under 50 years . ___ 642 50, under 55 years _ ___ 434 55, under 60 years.__ 333 60 years and over _______ ___ Entire 10-year period or more. . 3,924 40 to 60 years and over. . _ ___ 3,511 Total1 * Not reporting experience, 34. * Not reporting age, 390. 28 . 8,436 Total2_____________ ___ 8,266 HIGHEST SALARIES RECEIVED AND 1934 EARNINGS 29 When age or experience is considered, the salaries are low. One may not expect the woman to earn a high salary in the first years of her experience and especially in those years under 25, when she prob ably had not had professional training. But that the greatest number and that one-half between the ages of 25 and 30 had been unable to secure more than $1,000 to $1,500 in 1934 seems serious. Even more serious are the modal and median salaries of those 35 to 40 years of age, namely, $1,500 to $2,000, and also that the mode and median do not go beyond $2,500 among those 40 to 60 years or more of age.3 Table Age group Number report ing Total.................. 7,566 20, under 25 years___ 25, under 30 years___ 30, under 35 years___ 35, under 40 years___ 40 years and more___ 535 1,276 1,267 1,213 3, 275 X.—Earnings in 1984, related to age 1 Salary range of— Greatest concentration Modal number Median number Less than $1,000_____ $500, less than $1,500... $1,000, less than $2,000. $1,000, less than $2,500. $1,500, less than $2,500. $500, less than $1,000.. $1,000, less than $1,500. $1,000, less than $2,000. $1,500, less than $2,000. $1,500, less than $2,500. $500, less than $1,000. $1,000, less than $1,500. $1,000, less than $1,500. $1,500, less than $2,000. $2,000, less than $2,500. i Thei total used is of those giving sufficient information. These figures include some women who also received compensation in addition to cash salary or in lieu of salary. Supplementary income, however is not sufficient to invalidate conclusions. HIGHEST SALARY, 1925 TO 1935, AND TRAINING Certainly, in consideration of salary, the extent to which these women have carried on study beyond the bachelor’s degree is of very great significance. The information following relates to the highest earnings reported during the 10-year period 1925 to 1935. It must be remembered that of the 452 members holding a doctor’s degree and reporting earnings, by far the largest number, 86 percent, had received the Ph. D. degree, and only 12 percent the M. D., while 9 members had been awarded a D. Sc., J. D., D. Ed , D Litt D O or LL. D. ’’ ' ’’ The largest single group of those with the most advanced degree had attained a maximum of $2,000 and less than $3,000, that is, 37 percent, but 55 percent got $3,000 or more. The second largest group falls in the $3,000-$3,500 class, or 23 percent, and almost as many, 22 percent, were earning $4,000 or more. The Doctors of Medicine surpassed the Doctors of Philosophy in the maximum class of $4,000 or more, but they also had a larger proportion earning less than $2,000.4 . Evidently training counts. Even though age is not here con sidered, the variation of salaries between those with a doctor’s degree, a master’s degree with additional training, a master’s degree only, a bachelor’s degree with additional training, and a bachelor’s degree only, is significant. While 55 percent of the Doctors receive $3,000* * 3 See table X. * See table XI. 30 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN or more, only 20 percent of those with M. A. degrees and additional work get that amount, comparatively few, only 6 percent, of those with no advanced work attaining it. Again, it is the Masters having further study that reach $2,500 or more, 41 percent, the percent of the other three groups dropping precipitately. Indeed, 57 percent of the Bachelors with more work and 73 percent without it secure less than $2,000.5 Classifying by 500-dollar groups, the largest number of women, the modal group, appear in the following classes, each advancing with additional preparation: A. B. only- $1,000 to $1,500 A. B. with added work_________________ $1,500 to $2,000 M. A. only$2,000 to $2,500 M. A. with added work$2,000 to $2,500 The median falls, for each given class, as follows: A. B. only and A. B. with added work$1,500 to $2,000 M. A. only and M. A. with added work$2,000 to $2,500 Table XI.—Highest salary received by doctors, 1925-85 M. D. and D. Sc., LL. D., J. D., D. Ed. D. Litt., D. O. Ph. D. Total Salary Number Total1 Under $2,000 $2,000, under $3,000 $3,000, under $3,500 $3,500, under $4,000 __ ___ $4,000 and more 2______________ ____ _ Percent Number Percent Number 452 100.0 387 100.0 65 36 168 104 44 100 8.0 37.2 23.0 9.7 22.1 23 155 95 39 75 5.9 40.1 24.5 10.1 19.4 13 13 9 5 25 1 Includes 8 receiving compensation in addition to cash; excludes 82 not reporting earnings^and 11 with no full-time job. a One M. I>. reported $13,300 as received. 5 See table XII. HIGHEST SALARIES RECEIVED AND 19 34 EARNINGS Table 31 XII.—Highest salary received, 1925-35, related to degree and training, except doctors Total i Earnings One A. B. with no additional graduate work or training One A. B. with addi tional gradu ate work or training, or more than one A. B. One M. A. with no additional graduate work or training One M. A. with addi tional gradu ate work or training, or more than one M. A. Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber cent ber cent ber ber cent cent ber cent Total_______________ _ Under $1,000 . ____ $1,000, under $1,500............. $1,600, under $2,000.............. $2,000, under $2,500_____ $2,500, under $3,000............ $3,000, under $3,500________ $3,500 or more ... . 6.918 100.0 365 1,281 1, 903 1,652 892 448 377 5.3 18.5 27. 5 23.9 12.9 6. 5 5.4 1,417 100.0 188 451 398 212 84 37 47 13.3 31.8 28.1 15.0 5.9 2.6 3.3 2,760 100.0 139 603 844 601 311 130 132 1,208 100.0 5.0 21.8 30.6 21.8 11.3 4.7 4.8 18 128 341 368 184 90 79 1.5 10.6 28. 2 30.5 15.2 7.5 6.5 1, 533 100.0 20 99 320 471 313 191 119 1.3 6.5 20.9 30.7 20.4 12.5 7.8 1 Includes 99 receiving compensation in addition to cash and 5 receiving compensation in lieu of salary Excludes 1,153 not reporting salary and 180 with no full-time job. y HIGHEST SALARY RECEIVED, 1925-35 BACHELORS AND MASTERS Highest salary Under $1,000 365 81,000, under $1,500 1,281 81,500, under 82,000 1,903 $2,000, under $2,500 1,652 $2,500, under $3,000 892 $3,000, under $3,500 448 $3,500 or more 377 DOCTORS Under $2,000 36 $2,000, under $3,000 168 1 $3,000, under $4,000 148 $4,000 or more 100 I 32 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN HIGHEST SALARY, 1925 TO 1935, AND OCCUPATION What is the highest salary our members have earned in the various occupations during the 10-year period? Here as elsewhere those who are in education, the largest group, may be studied together, and then those in other occupations. The former constitute 73 percent of those reporting, the latter 27 percent. In this connection, income other than salary is disregarded. It is not sufficient to invalidate conclusions here or elsewhere in the report. IN EDUCATION Naturally, executives in educational work attained higher salaries than teachers, the mode of the former falling at $3,000 or more, the median being in the $2,500 to $3,000 class. It was the executives in colleges that brought this figure up, 41 percent receiving $3,000 or more and 66 percent $2,500 or more; but in senior high schools the rating is also high. Elementary-school and other school executives drop to lower standing, the mode and median being $2,000 to $2,500 although a quarter attained $3,000 or more.6 Teachers in colleges approach executives in earnings, but are still considerably lower. The mode and median both drop to the $2,000 to $2,500 class. Only 19 percent attain $3,000 or more, and 21 per cent $2,500 to $3,000. Those in the group, “normal and other schools” earn much less. The modal salary for high-school teachers is only $1,500 to $2,000, and 58 percent earn less than $2,000. Only 6 percent earn $3,000 or more and 17 percent $2,500 or more. In elementary schools the earnings are very low indeed, considering the investment the woman has made in her college education, 72 percent getting less than $2,000 and 49 percent less than $1,500. 6 See table XIII. T T ? Table f f XIII.—Highest salary in 1925-85 reported by members, related to occupations in education 1 Number and percent receiving— Total i $1,500, under $2,000 $2,000, under $2,500 $2,500, under $3,000 Percent Number Percent Number 1,063 100.0 74 7.0 173 112 278 421 42 210 100.0 100.0 100.0 9.8 9.4 2.6 100.0 11 26 11 8 18 8.6 24 58 42 9 40 . 4,227 100.0 1,054 24.9 1,206 Elementary................................................. High school, junior and senior-----... . College_____ _____ _____ ____________ 452 1,919 905 72 879 100.0 100.0 100.0 222 495 56 19 262 49.1 25.8 6.2 105 616 183 22 280 Number Total executives Elementary ___________________ _____ High school, junior and senior____ ____ College and administration____ _______ Not reporting type Total teachers. _ ----------- Not reporting type............. .............. ........... 100.0 29.8 Number Percent Number Percent Number 16.3 251 23.6 213 20.0 352 33.1 21.4 20.9 10.0 25.9 23.4 21.6 16.7 28 76 174 9 65 25.0 27.3 41.3 24.8 20 53 103 2 35 17.9 19.1 24.5 19.0 29 65 91 14 52 31.0 28.5 1,076 25.5 548 13.0 343 8.1 23.2 32.1 20.2 73 481 304 17 201 16.2 25.1 33.6 43 222 190 6 87 9.5 11.6 21.0 9 105 172 8 49 2.0 5.5 19.0 Percent 31.9 22.9 1 Excludes 480 not reporting earnings, 43 witli compensation in addition to salary, and 2 with compensation in lieu of salary. $3,000 or more 9.9 Percent 5.6 HIGHEST SALARIES RECEIVED AND 19 34 EARNINGS Under $1,500 Type of school CO CO 34 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN IN OCCUPATIONS OTHER THAN EDUCATION Occupations other than those in educational institutions vary exceedingly in financial remuneration. The best-paid groups seem to be in order of returns on the highest salary reported in the 10-year period: lawyers, independent business, personnel workers, and physi cians and psycliiatrists; that is, in those occupations from almost onehalf to two-thirds earned $3,000 or more. Between 20 and 30 percent of the home economists, the sales and advertising group, the nurses, research workers, editorial workers, “other,” and managers also attained $3,000 or more. For home economists the mode was $2,000 to $2,500; for editorial workers, librarians, managers, nurses, secretaries, and the social-worker group it was $1,500 to $2,000. The group in which 50 percent or more earn less than $1,500 includes only clerical workers. Groups in which 50 percent earn less than $2,000 include also librarians, the social-worker group, the sales group, secretaries, and artists. It follows that 50 percent or more of all other groups had earnings of at least $2,000; four of them—■ personnel workers, physicians, lawyers, and those in independent business—had 50 percent or more at $2,500 and over, and the last two had at least 50 percent earning $3,000 and over.7 Table XIV.—Highest salary in 1925-85 reported in occupations other than education Number receiving— Occupation For an employer________ ___ 1,891 Artist........ .................... .......... Clerical worker______ _ Editorial worker Home economist Lawyer. _ . ... __ Librarian Manager Nurse________ ___ ... Personnel worker_____ . Physician, psychiatrist Research worker _. _ _ _ Sales, advertising and publishing executive_______ Secretary _______________ Social, health, religious worker ______________ Other... 8 169 53 184 6 373 64 44 118 44 165 Independent business.. Teacher ____ ___ Other professional ... ___ Other_____________ _____ Under $1,000 $1,000, under $1,500 $1,500, under $2,000 $2,000, under $2,500 III Total number1 $3,000 and more 171 316 508 371 206 319 56 3 4 2 49 8 19 48 15 36 9 6 52 5 7 34 2 14 39 17 1 1 1 2 6 59 4 4 9 5 18 137 20 13 14 5 34 92 18 10 21 4 36 35 3 6 15 7 29 33 18 10 58 21 42 45 261 12 38 8 72 6 75 7 36 2 22 10 18 313 44 25 5 56 3 92 10 72 6 30 8 38 12 72 7 8 5 6 5 41 11 31 30 2 3 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 4 16 22 1 Excludes 297 not reporting earnings, 63 with compensation in addition to salary, and 3 with compen sation in lieu of salary. Supplementary income is not sufficient to invalidate conclusions. ' See tablo XIV. HIGHEST SALARIES RECEIVED AND 19 34 EARNINGS 35 EFFECT OF THE DEPRESSION The depression seems to have hit our members, if it is sound to compare the highest salary reported with the salary in 1934. For example, the percent of all executives in education at the $3,000-andmore level was 14 points lower in 1934, and in colleges and administra tion it was 17 points less. Among the high-school executives, the percent earning less than $1,500 was greater by 12 points. But it was the group of normal and other schools where the penalty was heaviest, the percent of those earning less than $1,500 being larger, those in the $2,000 to $2,500 class being much smaller. Teachers seem to have had much the same serious experience as executives. Of the members working for an employer but in occupations other than teaching, the percent earning $1,500 to $2,000 is only 5 points less in 1934 than of those with the highest salary reported. But the drop in number of those who had $2,000 or more in the 10-year period is terrific, being 40 points. The number who reported less than $1,500 as the highest salary received is almost doubled in 1934 and is almost 50 percent of the whole number. But of course those in independent business were most seriously affected, the percent earning $3,000 or more falling from 57 to 20, and the percent of those with income less than $1,500 increasing from 21 to 58.8 TEN-PERCENT INCREASE OR DECREASE IN 10-YEAR PERIOD RELATED TO AGE Perhaps a study of fluctuation in salary during the 10-year period 1925-35 will give a better measure of the effects of the depression, especially when considered in relation to age and to advanced degree and training received. The fluctuation in salary as related to age but disregarding the training received, as might be expected, affected most seriously the younger group, those under 30, and the older groups, _ where the largest proportion had no change or had decreases in earnings during those years.9 Apparently the largest proportion securing a 10-percent-or-more increase were in the group between 30 and 40 years of age, 54 percent. The next largest group were between 40 and 50 years old, 43 percent. Then came those under 30 and those between 50 and 55 years of age, 36 and 38 percent, respectively. Only a quarter of those between 55 and 60, and over 60, gained in salary to this extent. On the other hand, naturally, the proportion in each age class ex periencing the unfortunate decrease of 10 percent or more grew greater from the younger to the older groups, beginning with 17 per cent, increasing to 36 percent of those 55 to 60 years of age, and dropping to 33 percent after 60 years. A small proportion in all groups met an increase or a decrease of less than 10 percent.* * Compare tables XIII and XIV with appendix tables VI and VII. ® See table XV. 36 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN Table XV.—Fluctuation in salary, 1925-85, related to age Under 30 years Total Fluctuation, first to last salary, 1925-35 30, under 40 years 40, under 50 years 50 years and over Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per Num Per ber ber ber cent cent ber ber cent cent cent Total reporting on fluctuation in salary1__________ ____________ 6,711 100.0 1,025 100.0 Increase of 10 percent or more.._ Increase of less than 10 percent___ 2,929 559 43.6 8. 3 598 132 36.1 8.0 1,268 194 54. 4 8.3 738 164 43.4 9.6 325 69 31.7 6.7 No change________________ ____ 1,241 18.5 538 32.5 255 10.9 232 13.6 216 21.1 Decrease of less than 10 percent. __ 517 Decrease of 10 percent or more... 1,465 7.7 21.8 101 287 6.1 17.3 172 440 7.4 18.9 157 410 9.2 24.1 87 328 8.5 32.0 1,656 100.0 2,329 100.0 1,701 100.0 1 Excludes 630 not reporting age, 184 with no full-time job, and 1,371 reporting salary on a different basis or had 2 jobs at the same time. FLUCTUATION RELATED TO ADVANCED DEGREE In the 10-year period, including the period of the depression, women with more advanced study more frequently tended to receive greater returns. A larger proportion of Doctors of Philosophy than of any other group, 60 percent, secured a 10-percent or higher increase in salary, while among all others it was 38 to 47 percent, the smallest group being Bachelors with no other training, and the largest group the M. D.’s. On the other hand, a loss was met by 19 to 27 percent of the women, the smallest group being those with least training and the largest group the Masters with additional training. Also it is the women with bachelor’s degree only who met no change whatever, 28 percent, while a decrease of less than 10 percent affected all groups to a small degree, and without much variation between groups.10 Table XVI.—Fluctuation in salary of doctors, 1925-35 Fluctuation, first to last salary, 1925-35 Total Ph. D. M. D. Number Percent Number Percent Number D. Sc., LL.D., J. D„ D. Ed., D. Litt., D. O. Number Total reporting on fluctuation in salary L 422 100.0 359 100.0 54 9 Increase of 10 percent or more. ........... 245 23 58.1 5.5 215 19 59.9 5.3 26 4 4 No change_____________________ ____ _ 50 11.8 37 10.3 12 1 Decrease of 10 percent or more.- 18 86 4.3 20.4 15 73 4.2 20.3 3 9 4 i Excludes 123 with no full-time job, whose salaries were on a different basis, or who held two positions at the same time. io See tables XVI and XVII. 37 HIGHEST SALARIES RECEIVED AND 1934 EARNINGS Table XVII.—Fluctuation in salary, 1925-S5, related to training (doctors excepted) Total Fluctuation, first to last salary, 1925-35 Total reporting on fluctuation in salary i____________ One A. B. A. B. with ad M. A. with no M. A. with ad with no addi ditional gradu additional ditional gradu ate work, or tional gradu ate work, or graduate more than more than ate work work one A. B. one M. A. Num ber Per cent Num ber Per cent Num ber Per cent Num ber Per cent Num ber Per cent 6, 679 100.0 1,424 100.0 2,669 100.0 1,153 100.0 1,433 100.0 Increase of 10 percent or more. 2,814 Increase of less than 10 percent. 563 42.1 8.4 645 122 38.3 8.6 1,116 229 41.8 8.6 543 101 47.1 8.8 610 111 42. 6 7.7 1, 286 19. 3 399 28.0 499 18.7 177 15.4 211 14.7 Decrease of less than 10 percent_____ 526 Decrease of 10 percent or more. 1,490 7.9 22.3 92 266 6.5 18.7 236 589 8.8 22.1 90 242 7.8 21.0 108 393 7.6 27.4 1 Excludes 1,572 who had no full-time position, whose salaries were reported on a different basis, or who held 2 positions at the same time. VIII. DEPENDENTS SUPPORTED, FULLY AND PARTIALLY NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS AND DEGREE OF DEPENDENCY Certainly a large number of our members are caring for one or more dependents; 41 percent—that is, 3,618 out of 8,796—reported that they had this obligation. And 36 percent of the total number indicated the extent of their responsibility. In many cases the woman was supporting entirely one or more persons. Thus, 36 per cent of the 3,153 who indicated the extent of their responsibility took full care of one or more persons—22 percent of one and 9 percent of two dependents. Then, too, 53 women were wholly responsible for 3; 17, for 4; and 6, for 5 or more persons. However, the number of women who were partially supporting dependents was in every case about twice as great as the number with full responsibility, and the situation is furthermore complicated by the combination of full and partial responsibility, as seen from the following summary and text list: 1,364 women supported 1,364 dependents, of whom 450 were wholly dependent. 1,005 women supported 2,010 dependents, of whom 552 were wholly dependent. 393 women supported 1,179 dependents, of whom 283 were wholly dependent. 180 women supported 720 dependents, of whom 198 were wholly dependent. 211 women supported 1,055 or more dependents, of whom at least 111 were wholly dependent. Extent to which women were supporting dependents in 1934 Number of women Total reporting number of dependents A . 3, 153 One dependent----------------------- -------- ---------- 1, 364 Wholly dependent 450 Partially dependent 914 Two dependents 1 Both wholly dependent One wholly__________________________ _ Neither wholly---------------------------- IIIIII Three dependents 393 All wholly dependent_____________ 33 Two wholly __ _ One wholly-------------------------- 1111111111 None wholly.____ ________ ’Excludes 465 who reported dependents but Jailed to indicate number. 38 Percent 100. 0 43. 3 14, 3 29! 0 005 31.9 202 143 655 64 47 20^8 12. g 45 79 231 12 14 2 5 7 3 39 DEPENDENTS SUPPORTED, FULLY AND PARTIALLY Extent to which women were supporting dependents in 1934—Continued Number of women Four dependents 180 All wholly dependent__________________ Three wholly 15 Two wholly 33 One wholly 19 None wholly 96 Five and more dependents 211 All wholly dependent__________________ Some wholly, some partially 2___________ None wholly 124 17 6 81 Percent 5. 7 .5 .5 1.0 .6 3. 0 6. 7 .2 2.6 3.9 It is very largely adults for whom these women were responsible, but 727, or 20 percent of those with dependents, reported that they were supporting children. Of the 709 reporting age of children, 54 percent were responsible only for children under 16 years of age; in 36 percent of the cases all of the children were 16 or older; in the remaining 10 percent the dependent children were both under and over 16. Where the woman cared for one child, it was under 16 in 66 percent of the cases; for two children, in 50 percent. Where she sup ported three or more children, their ages varied greatly.3 RESPONSIBILITY OF MARRIED WOMEN One might assume that care of dependents rested chiefly upon married women, but this is not so. A little over three-fourths of those having this obligation were single. Also more than three-fourths of those supporting two persons were single. This proportion falls only to two-thirds where there were three or four dependents, and rises again for one and for five or more persons. Were those not living with husbands added, the proportions here given would be still higher.4 The percentage of married women among the persons supporting or sharing in the support of three or more persons is much higher than could be expected from the percent of married women in the entire group with dependents. Furthermore, of the women reporting num ber of dependents, 36 percent of the married women in contrast to 23 percent of those single and 24 percent of the other marital group had three or more dependents. RESPONSIBILITY OF SINGLE WOMEN Three-fifths of the single women with dependents maintain their own homes; only 40 percent live with their families. And this situation does not seem to be affected by the.number being supported. As so many women are caring for adults, it is not surprising that the num ber of dependents is not much less among those living with their families than among those not living with them.5 2 The degree of dependency was not tabulated for these 81. * See table XVIII. 4 See table XIX. 5 See appendix table VIII. 40 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN Table XVIII.—Responsibility of members for support of own children in 1934, related to age of children Women whose children were of given age having— Total Age of children 1 child 2 children 3 or more children Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total i.................... ......... All 22 years and over All 16 and under 22 All under 16____ ___ _ . 16 and under 22 and 22 and over_______ ___________ Under 16, 16 and under 22, 709 100.0 333 100.0 242 100.0 134 100.0 115 95 381 16.2 13.4 53.7 54 59 220 16.2 17.7 66.1 35 32 122 14.5 13.2 50.4 26 4 39 19.4 3.0 29.1 48 6.8 22 9.1 26 19.4 70 9.9 31 12.8 39 29.1 • Excludes 18 not reporting age of children. XIX.—Responsibility for dependents in 1934, related to marital status Table Women supporting given number of dependents who were— Total Number of dependents Single Widowed, sep arated, and divorced Married Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total with dependents1____ 3,617 100.0 2,799 77.4 546 15.1 272 7.5 One dependent___________ Two dependents Three dependents Four dependents_________ _ Five or more dependents___ Not reporting number 1,363 1,005 393 180 211 465 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,099 766 263 120 167 384 80.6 76.2 66. 9 66.7 79.1 82.6 169 150 95 46 35 51 12.4 14.9 24.2 25.6 16.6 11.0 95 89 35 14 9 30 7.0 8.9 8.9 7.8 4.3 6.5 1 Excludes 1 woman who reported number of dependents but did not report marital status. DEPENDENTS AND MARITAL STATUS OF WOMEN Dependents Women One 1,363 Two 1,005 1,194 Y///A Three 393 Four 180 134 Five or more 211 176 Number not reported 465 I 298 V////A 1 I Single, end Widowed, separated, and divorced Married DEPENDENTS SUPPORTED, FULLY AND PARTIALLY INCOME or 41 WOMEN RESPONSIBLE FOR DEPENDENTS The women meeting this responsibility have small incomes. Of the 3,249 who reported care of dependents, almost one-quarter are earn ing less than $1,500, almost one-half less than $2,000, and slightly over two-thirds less than $2,500. The proportions run almost as above for those supporting one person; they are a little higher for those with two. In the following summary the income is seen to be a little higher among women caring for three or more dependents, but still very low considering the burden, thus: Percent of women earning— Number of dependents One dependent____ ______ _________ .. Two dependents............. __ _ _ Three dependents _________ __ Four dependents__________ ______ __________ Five or more dependents___ Less than $1,500 Less than $2,000 24.7 27.0 25.3 21.3 20.1 49.6 51.6 41.4 40.7 44.4 Less than $2,500 69.0 70.6 60.6 62.0 61.4 However, the picture is not quite so drab as it seems. It is difficult to discover to what extent the responsibility is lessened by the woman’s not having to meet the full burden for some of those dependent upon her. A much larger proportion in each salary group and in each group indicating the number of dependents were giving partial rather than whole support, especially among those with lower salaries.6 Nevertheless, the responsibility is there. 6 See appendix table IX. While supplementary income is omitted, it is not sufficient to invalidate conclusions. IX. DISCRIMINATION WOMEN HAVE SUFFERED AND THE CAUSES ASSIGNED About one-third of the total number of women considered in this study claimed that between 1929 and 1935 they had been discrimi nated against, either in relation to salary or in relation to the jobs they could get or could hold. But a little over one-fourth again as many cases of discrimination were reported, indeed sometimes more than two by an individual. Hence the following discussion applies not only to 3,061 women but also to 3,880 occasions of unfair treatment. CAUSES AND RESULTS OF DISCRIMINATION The causes of discrimination fall into four groups. By far the greatest proportion, about 60 percent both of individuals and of cases, were due to sex; the second largest, to marital status; the third, to youth; and the fourth, to advanced age, as indicated in the following table: Table XX.—Causes of discrimination, 1929-85, related to persons and the instances cited Women Discriminations1 Causes of discrimination Number Percent Number Total1............................... ............. ............................................... 3,061 100.0 3,880 100.0 Marital status Youth... -----... ------ ------------------------------------------------Advanced age---------------------------------- _ --------------- .. 1,841 676 412 232 60.1 18.8 13.5 7.6 2,476 673 491 240 63.8 17.3 12.7 6.2 Percent 1 Excludes 144 discriminations with result not reported. Six types of discrimination are indicated, namely (1) smaller beginning salary, (2) reduction in salary or demotion in duties, (3) restriction in promotion, (4) loss of job, (5) refusal of job, and (6) other results. The largest number of all cases of discrimination, 26 percent, ap plied to the beginning salary. This might well be expected in the years 1929-35, the time being one-half of the period of the great de pression. Next came, about equally, refusal of job, salary reduction or demotion, and restricted promotion, 22 percent, 21 percent, and 19 percent, respectively. Then, to a much smaller degree, loss of job, 7 percent. Unclassified were 5 percent of the cases. 42 DISCRIMINATION AND THE CAUSES ASSIGNED 43 DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE OF SEX That 57 percent of the cases reported by women who believed they had been penalized because of sex involved a smaller first salary, a reduction in earnings, or a demotion is surprising; but when to that number are added the 23 percent where promotion had been re stricted—that is, 80 percent causing reduced incomes—it is dis turbing. And another 15 percent meant loss of all income through dismissal from a job or refusal of a job. Five percent more instances of discrimination occurred, classified as “other.” The effect was about the same for women who were employed full time on Decem ber 31, 1934, as for the whole number; but, as might be expected, those occupied part time and those unemployed, whether for one or more years, suffered more instances of refusal of a job than those employed.1 Table XXI.—Discrimination because of sex, 1929-35, and its results, related to employment, December 31, 1934 Employed Dec. 31,1934 Total Total Results since 1929 Total reporting discrimination_____ Total reporting results____ Total discriminations reported 1_____ Full time Not Part report time ing time Num ber Per cent Num ber Per cent Num ber Per cent 1,841 1, 770 100.0 100.0 1,707 1, 643 92.7 92.8 1,619 1, 560 87. 9 88.1 75 70 13 13 2,476 100.0 2, 298 100.0 2,167 100.0 109 22 781 641 563 85 282 124 31.5 25.9 22. 7 3.4 11.4 5.0 747 620 541 59 212 119 32.5 27.0 23.5 2.6 9. 2 5.2 722 596 517 45 176 111 33.3 27.5 23.9 2. 1 8. 1 5.1 18 20 20 12 34 5 7 4 4 2 2 3 Smaller beginning salary__ Salary reduction, demotion _ Restricted promotion______ Loss of job_____ ... Refusal of job___ Other______ .. Num Num ber ber Unemployed Dec. 31,1934 Results since 1929 Total Num ber Total reporting discrimination. Total reporting results______ Total discriminations reported i Smaller beginning salary... Salary reduction, demotion.. _ Restricted promotion_______ Loss of job______ Refusal of job2____ _ Other_______ _____ * Unemployed ByeMS?'2 m°re tllan °ne rosuIt‘ 1 See table XXI. 134 127 178 34 21 22 26 70 5 Per cent 7.3 7.2 100.0 19.1 11.8 12.4 14.6 39.3 2.8 1, 3 years Not Under and report 1 year 3under ing years more time Num Num Num Num ber ber ber ber 43 41 64 14 9 9 9 21 2 27 25 38 7 4 6 6 13 2 48 45 56 10 4 5 8 28 1 ElcIu<ies 71 with result of discrimination not reported. 16 16 20 3 4 2 3 8 44 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN A larger proportion of cases cited where occupation was changed during the 10-year period was due to beginning with a smaller salary because they were women than those continuing in the same position, the percentage being 34 for the former and 30 for the latter. Of the entire number of instances involving a change, 74 percent had a smaller beginning salary, a salary reduction, or met with demotion or restricted promotion, as compared with 83 percent of those not chang ing. That is, women who had not changed occupations tended to start with lower salaries and also to suffer reductions or restricted promo tions. Women who were in occupations other than teaching and then entered that field, and those who had never taught but had other changes, although few in number, had suffered even more from dis criminations that affected income—77 percent; and this percent seems to hold roughly for other phases of change, whether among teachers or those not having taught. The next largest difficulty in all groups reporting a change was that of refusal of a job, about the same propor tion throughout, 17 percent.3 DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE OF MARITAL STATUS About a third as many women felt that marriage had been a handi cap as those that claimed sex as the restraining factor. But as all of our 8,796 members reporting are women and therefore subject to dis crimination because of sex, and only 13 percent are married, this com parison certainly reveals an ominous situation. That is, 21 percent of the entire group reported discrimination because of sex, and 50 percent of the married women because of marital status. However, 673 cases of discrimination due to marital status were reported. Here it is refusal of job that comprised the largest number, 37 percent, and the next most serious result was loss of job, 23 percent—that is, exclusion from work appeared in 60 percent of the cases, as compared with 15 percent of discriminations being based on sex. It was not less salary but no salary at all in 406 instances among married women—213 of them among women unemployed at the close of 1934. But, whether holding a job or not at that time, very large proportions of the cases reported were loss or refusal of work due to marital status; in fact, of the 239 cases reported by women unemployed at the time of the return, 89 percent were of these types. When once on the job, apparently, the married woman tends to hold her own, although it should be noted that 45 percent of the discrimina tions reported by employed women had been in the form of loss or refusal of work. Among these women, 27 percent of the restrictions came in form of smaller beginning salary, demotion, or restricted promotion, but 16 percent were of earnings reduced. The propor tion of salary limitations among those unemployed is very small, only 9 percent, but that means that 89 percent had comprised loss or refusal of job.3 Furthermore, one-third of the married women changed their jobs during the 10-year period, either within the teaching profession or to 8 See appendix table X. 8 See table XXII. DISCRIMINATION' AND THE CAUSES ASSIGNED 45 other jobs or from. them. Again, the changes in occupation indicated the result of discrimination as being very largely failure to have any job at all, 65 percent, as compared with 56 percent where the woman had remained in the same type of work. And changes, whether within the teaching profession or not, had largely this result.4 Table XXII — Discrimination because of marital status, 1929-35, and its results, related, to employment, December 31, 1934 Employed Dec. 31,1934 Part time Not re port ing time ber Total Total Results since 1929 Full time Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Total reporting discrimination______ Total reporting results______________ 576 542 100.0 100.0 368 342 63.9 63.1 278 256 48.3 47.2 84 80 6 6 Total discriminations reported i. 673 100.0 434 100.0 330 100.0 97 7 Smaller beginning salary____________ Salary reduction__________ ______ Demotion in duties________________ Restricted promotion_______________ Loss of job_________________________ Refusal of job_____________________ Other......................... ............................. 47 77 19 66 157 249 58 7.0 11.4 2.8 9.8 23. 3 37.0 8.6 41 69 18 59 69 124 54 9.4 15.9 4.1 13.6 15.9 28.6 12.4 36 54 14 55 45 81 45 10. 9 16.4 4.2 16. 7 13.6 24.5 13.6 5 14 4 4 23 39 8 1 1 4 1 Unemployed Dec. 31, 1934 Results since 1929 Total 1 year, 3 Under under years 1 year 3 and years more Not re port ing time Number Percent 208 200 36.1 36.9 38 37 60 58 90 87 20 18 Total discriminations reported. 239 100.0 45 74 100 20 Smaller beginning salary___________ Salary reduction__________________ Demotion in duties_______________ Restricted promotion______________ Loss of job________________________ Refusal of job_____________________ Other.......................................................... 6 8 1 7 88 125 4 2.5 3.3 .4 2.9 36.8 52.3 1:7 3 2 3 1 2 35 30 1 1 3 2 3 23 68 2 4 14 Total reporting discrimination_____ Total reporting results____ ________ Num- Num- Num- Number ber ber ber 2 26 13 1 1 Some women reported more than one result. Excludes 34 with results of discrimination not reported. DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE OF ADVANCED AGE Two hundred and thirteen of the older women met somewhat the same difficulties as did those that were married. Of the discrimina tions because of advanced age, 57 percent had caused loss of job or failure to get a job. Indeed, in 53 percent of the instances a job had actually been refused because of age. 4 See appendix table X. 46 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN Discrimination because of advanced age, 1989-35, and its results Results since 1929 Number Total Percent Total reporting discrimination 232 Total reporting results213 Total discriminations reported * 240 100. 0 Smaller beginning salary 12 Salary reduction, demotion 31 Restricted promotion 40 Loss of job 10 Refusal of job____________________ 126 Other 21 5.0 12.9 16.7 4.2 62.5 8.7 As might be expected, women who were employed at the time of the report had suffered somewhat less, but still 51 percent of the difficulties had been due to similar problems and 49 percent had resulted in refusal of opportunity to earn a living. Among those unemployed on that date, three-fourths of the discriminations had meant that the job was refused and 86 percent that the job was lost or refused.6 It is to be expected that the woman of advanced age who, in the 10-year period, changed her occupation would meet difficulties. Two-thirds of the results had been refusal of a job. But, what seems extraordinary, 20 percent of the instances had been salary reduction, demotion, or restricted promotion. Even those who did not change their type of profession felt their disadvantages, a job being refused or taken away in 51 percent of the cases and discriminations affecting salary in 40 percent.7 DISCRIMINATION BECAUSE OF YOUTH Certainly, men encounter discrimination because of advanced age as well as youth, but no figures for comparison are available. The definition of “youth” as here employed is not clear. In seeking information with regard to discrimination because of youth, the questionnaire used the term “because you were too young.” Mani festly, it would have been difficult to be more specific. The age groups used were in 5-year intervals from 20 to 35, and 35 and over. The percents under 25 and under 30 years of all our members who were under 35 on December 31, 1934, and the corresponding percents among those claiming discrimination in 1929-35 because of youth, follow: Percent of members under 85 years of age— Of all reporting in. this study Age group Under 26years Under 30years Under 36years 17. 58. 100. 5 8 0 Of all claiming discrimination because of youth 39.8 88.9 100.0 «A number of women reported more than one result. Excludes 19 with result of discrimination not reported. 8 See appendix table XI. 7 See appendix table XII. DISCRIMINATION AND THE CAUSES ASSIGNED 47 The number reporting discrimination because of youth was 412. However, only 58 of the 412 were 30 years old or more on December 31, 1934.8 As might be expected, about one-third, 32 percent, of all instances cited indicated a smaller beginning salary than legitimate because of youth; 39 percent, refusal of a job; and 17 percent, re stricted promotion. The other effects were inconsiderable, as seen below. Discrimination because of youth, 1929-35, and its results Total Results since 1929 Total reporting discrimination Total reporting results 392 I'Jumber Percent 412 Total discriminations reported9 Smaller beginning salary________________________ Salary reduction, demotion 37 Restricted promotion 81 Loss of job 14 Refusal of job 191 Other------------------------------------- 491 100. 0 159 32. 4 7’ 5 16. 5 2. 9 3^ 9 1. 8 9 Those under 25 years of age considered the restrictions on beginning salary and refusal of job most important—36 and 46 percent of inci dents, respectively; but those 25 to 30 years old stressed restricted promotion, 18 percent, and lessened the emphasis on beginning salary, 33 percent, and refusal of job, 36 -percent. In the later age groups, 30 to 35 and older, restricted promotion became even more significant.10 Almost all of the 412 stated that they were employed on Decem ber 31, 1934, 91 percent, and only 41 of the 491 discriminations were reported by women who were at that time unemployed. Further more, only 26 were by those working part time. Considering the 421 who reported full time, the results were largely, and almost as above, a smaller salary at first, 34 percent, and refusal of a job, 35 percent, while restriction on promotion was claimed in 18 percent of the cases. Refusal of a job rather than a smaller beginning salary became much more frequent among those unemployed, 27 of the 41 instances.*11 It is surprising to find such an amount of change in occupation in this group, of young, women, 37 percent of the 390 reporting. The result of discrimination for those not changing, of cases cited, was a smaller.beginning salary, 36 percent, refusal of job, 34 percent, and restriction in promotion, 17 percent, as given in the following list. » Nineteen did not report age, but distributing this number in proportion as reported would not increase this number over 30 to more than 61. • Many women reported more than one result. Excludes 20 with result of discrimination not reported 19 See appendix table XIH. 11 See appendix table XI. 48 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN Discrimination because of youth 1929-36, and its results, related to change in occupa tion 1925-35 Results since 1929 Cases of no change Number Percent Total reporting discrimination_______ Total reporting results______________ . 244 230 62. 6 61. 5 Total discriminations reported a. 280 100. 0 Smaller beginning salary____________ Salary reduction, demotion__________ Restricted promotion_______________ Loss of job________________________ Refusal of job_____________________ Other_____________________________ 102 23 47 7 96 5 36. 8. 16. 2. 34. 1. 4 2 8 5 3 8 Among those who did transfer from one type of position to another, a larger number of cases met refusal of job, 46 percent, reducing the proportion with smaller first salary to 26 percent. This was apparent especially in the emphasis on refusal of a job where the women had changed from teaching to another occupation, while shifting from one type of teaching to another increased the proportion of discriminations resulting in a smaller beginning salary, or restricted promotion or salary reduction, and refusal of work was not so frequent as in the preceding cases. Among those who had always been in other types of work, the emphasis was on refusal, smaller beginning salary, and restricted promotion. SUMMARY About one-third, or 3,061, of the women reporting in this study indicated that they had met with discriminations. They reported 4,024 discriminations, some indicating more than one occasion. The difficulties met between 1929 and 1935 are classified as (1) smaller beginning salary, 26 percent, (2) refusal of a job, 22 percent, (3) reduction in salary or demotion in duties, 21 percent, (4) restriction in promotion, 19 percent, (5) loss of job, 7 percent, and (6) other difficulties, 5 percent. The causes of discrimination, as classified in the questionnaire, were (1) sex, 64 percent, (2) marital status, 17 percent, (3) youth, 13 percent, (4) advanced age, 6 percent. Discrimination because of sex resulted very largely—that is, in 80 percent of the cases—in reduced incomes, i. e., smaller initial salary, reduction in salary, demotion in duties, or restricted promotion! Women employed part time on December 31, 1934, and those unem ployed on that date.suffered more instances of refusal of a job than those employed full time. One-half of those who were married reported discrimination. The effects, however, were quite different from those indicated where sex was the cause. In 60 percent of the cases it meant the refusal of a job or loss of a job; that is, no salary rather than lower salary. Over 18 Some women reported more than one result. Excludes 14 with result of discrimination not reported. DISCBIMINATION AND THE CAUSES ASSIGNED 49 one-third of the women discriminated against because they were married were unemployed on the given date. The women of advanced age, like the married women, suffered heavily by refusal of a job, but the proportion deprived of the job they held was small. Much larger proportions of the unemployed older women had experienced discriminations of these types. For youth, on the other hand, the discriminations caused refusal of work, lower returns than normal in the first job, or restricted pro motion. ' .. h,yj S2®» I i'l'vV y ,r’ >, •tm fa*. > '■: *. r ■ “SsI BftV,' '£ir=; -.■ •. ■**u Hi ::,j • - iil £v> ^Strlp '!, ,.i7T; for FRASER Digitized ;; APPENDIX Form of Questionnaire List of Colleges and Universities General Tables APPENDIX A (Page 1) UNITED STATES WOMEN’S BUREAU DEPARTMENT OP LABOR WASHINGTON In cooperation with the AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN Questionnaire on the Economic Status of Women [Submitted by the National Committee on the Economic and Legal Status of Women, American Associa tion of University Women, and by the Women’s Bureau of the United States Department of Labor, for the purpose of discovering the changing economic status and occupational opportunities and the responsi bility for dependents of women in professions and business as revealed during the course of the depression] To the Members op the Association: The committee seeks the cooperation of every national member of the associa tion in filling out the questionnaire, in order that the study may become of value to college women. If you are now employed, or are in business for yourself, or under usual oppor tunities probably would be employed, you can help to make this survey a success by answering every question carefully. Be sure to answer page 4, and note instructions carefully. Do not sign this questionnaire. No names of individuals will be recorded or used in connection with the study. Enclose it in a plain envelope, seal, and return to your chairman. Mary Anderson, Director, Women’s Bureau, U. S. Department of Labor. Susan M. Kingsbury, Chairman of the A. A. U. W. Committee on the Economic and Legal Status ofWomen. Elizabeth Brandeib. Sophonisba Breckinridge. January Lillian M. Gilbreth. Pauline Goldmark. 15, 1935. 52 Dorothy Kenyon. Iva L. Peters. Kathryn McHale, ex officio. 53 APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRE Date A. PERSONAL DATA 1. 2. 3. 4. Address: City or town State-----------------------------------Do you live with your family?-------- Or independently? Date of birth (o) Are you single?_____ Married?_____ Widowed? Separated or divorced?_________________________ (&) Date of marriage________________________________ (c) Date widowed, separated, or divorced--------------------5. (a) Have you had any children? Yes_________ No __ How many?__________________________________ (ib) How many are living?___________________________ Give sex and date of birth of each living child____ Education: (a) College (&) University _ Degree _ _ Advanced degree._ _ (c) Professional school___ _ _ _ _ _ (d) Technical school_____ _ (e) Special additional training (describe) Date. _ Major _ Date ... Degree _ . Certificate___ Subject, Dates. Dates. _ __ [Page 2] B. FINANCIAL STATUS AND RESPONSIBILITY 1. (a) Are you employed full time?or part time?or unemployed? 2. 3. 4. 5. (&) Do you work for an employer?or are you in independent profession or business? (c) If employed, do you regard your position as reasonably permanent? or obviously of temporary character? (a) Were you wholly self-supporting before 1930? Yes_____ No (6) Were you during the past year? Yes_____ No___ (c) Have you ever been self-supporting? Yes-------- No State total amount received, January 1 to December 31, 1934, as salary commissionor net earnings from independent profession or business State amount of income from other sources for same period: (a) Investments _________ (5) Husband’s salary _______ _ (c) Fees from ac tivities not connected with regular occupation_________ (d) Other (specify source and amount) (a) Do you have any dependents? Yes_____ No-------(b) How many are dependent on you for full support?_________ Partial support? 54 Enter numbers in following table to indicate to what extent others have been dependent on you for support. Number of own children 22 years of age or over .... 1930_____ 1929_____ 1928_____ 1927_____ Female Female 1934____ 1933_____ 1932____ Male Female Full Partial Full Partial support support support support Male 1 Under 22 years of age Female jy as •a Male 'a a CD Male •a Female Total amounts ex pended (insert Full Pai tial Full Partial (e) after amount support sup port support support if an estimate) Female Calendar year Number of other persons 22 years of age or over Male Under 22 years of age Male 6. ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN —- —:::: 1925_____ 7. (a) Are any of your dependents in college? Yes_____ No___ (6) How many such receiving full support? Males_____ Females (c) How many receiving partial support? Males_____ Females C. EMPLOYMENT STATUS 1. (a) Were you employed January 1, 1925? Yes_____ No_____ If not, were you able to work and desirous of work? Yes_____ No__ (b) Was the work for an employer?-------- or your independent profession or business? (c) How many years of experience did you have before January 1, 1925? [Page 3] (d) How many years did you work for an employer?________________ How many in independent business?__________________ (e) How many positions did you have in those years?_____________ _ How many were for an employer?_____________ 2. If at present unemployed or “temporarily” employed, give the following information: (o) If you are unemployed, why? (See list 3, p. 4)___ _________________ (6) Name of last “permanent” position. (See list 1, and col. 4, p. 4)............. (c) Reason for leaving last “permanent” position. fSeelist,2 n 41 (d) Date____________________________________________ (e) Have earnings from “temporary” employment been adequate for your customary standard of living? Yes_____ No_......... For ne cessities? Yes_____ No APPENDIX 55 (f) What resources have you drawn on or what other help have you had since your last “permanent” position? (Use the following categories if they apply, or indicate others specifically: Investments, Savings account, Sale of securities, Borrowing on insurance policy, Mortgages, Unem ployment benefits, Loans from banks or other organizations, Credit unions, Friends or relatives.) (g) What cuts in expenditure have you found necessary because of reduced income? (Use the following categories if they apply, or indicate others specifically: Housing, Maid service, Food, Personal service, Dress, Travel, Education, Clubs, Medical and dental care, Church and charities, Books and periodicals, Theater, concerts, or movies, Savings.) (h) Has your financial responsibility for others shifted to someone else while you have been unemployed? No_____ Yes_____ In full? In part? (*) What has been the most serious result of your unemployment? 3. (a) Have you met with discrimination since 1929 because you were a woman? Yes_____ No (6) Has this discrimination resulted in (1) Smaller beginning salary? (2) Reduced salary?_____ (3) Demotion in duties?______ (4) Restricted promotion?_____ (5) Loss of job? ......... (6) Refusal of job?_____ (7) Other? 4. (a) Have you met with discrimination since 1929 because of your marital status? Yes_____ No (6) Has this discrimination resulted in (1) Smaller beginning salary? (2) Reduced salary?_____ (3) Demotion in duties?______ (4) Restricted promotion?-------- (5) Loss of job?_____ (6) Refusal of job?_____ (7) Other? 5. (a) Have you met with discrimination since 1929 because you were too young? Yes-------- No __----- Or too old? Yes_____ No (5) Has this discrimination resulted in (1) Smaller beginning salary? (2) Reduced salary? (3) Demotion in duties?_____ (4) Re stricted promotion?-------- __(5) Loss of job?_____ (6) Refusal of job?-------- (7) Other? [Page 4] Cg D. OCCUPATIONAL HISTORY It is necessary to have the following information on your occupational experience for the 10 years beginning January 1, 1925, and ending December 31, 1934, both from women steadily employed and also from those out of work: (2) Date entering Date leaving position position 1 (Mo.-Yr.) (Mo.-Yr.) (3) Type or title of position (select from list 1) (4) (5) Yearly sal Nature of business or profession (store, ary or earn bank, college, primary school, hos ings from pital, welfare society, settlement) this posi tion J (6) Full or part time 8 (7) (8) (9) Number Reason for leav of months Cause of delayed reemployment ing (select fi om unem (select from list 3) list 2) ployed ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN (1) T f LIST 1 ▼ I LIST 2 Enter number in column 3 indicating type of position which applies in your case.4 Enter number in column 7 indicating Indicate if independent business by letters I. B. reason which applies in your case. Artist, designer, worker in museum. Clerical worker. Department manager, commercial. Editorial executive. Editorial worker. Executive, commercial. Home-economics specialist. Household management. Lawyer or lawyer’s clerk. Librarian. Musician, actress. Nurse, supervisor. Nurse, not supervisor. Office manager or supervisor. Personnel. Physician, psychiatrist. Research or other scientific worker. Sales, advertising, and publishing, executive. 19. Sales, advertising, publishing, not executive. 20. Secretary. 21. Worker in social, health, or religious organization. 22. Teacher, executive. 23. Teacher, not executive. 24. Telegraph or telephone operator. 25. Other (specify). Lost position because of— 1. Dissolving of business. 2. Merger or change of manage ment. 3. Department or job discon tinued. Reduction in force: laid off because of— 4. Marital status. 5. Age. 6. Shortness of service. 7. Other (specify). Withdrew because of— 8. Inadequate payment. 9. Reduction in pay. 10. Lack of advancement. 11. Better opportunity. 12. Marriage. 13. Pregnancy. 14. Young children. 15. Other personal reasons. LIST 3 Enter number in column 9 indicating cause which applies in your case. 1. Suitable position not available. 2. No work available in own special field. 3. Further education. 4. Illness of self. 5. Desire for leisure. 6. Marriage. 7. Care of children. 8. Other home duties. 1 Count as a new position one after a period of unemployment, even if it means a return to a former position. (Exception, school teacher on summer vacation, etc.) 2 If change in salary, give first and last salary in this position. 3 Part time is a few hours each day, or 2 or 3 days a week. 4 Classification of type of position through the courtesy of the American Woman’s Association. APPENDIX 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. ▼ * Or 58 Table ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN I.—Colleges and universities from which respondents received graduate degrees Name of school Number of wom en re porting Total reporting grad uate degree 3, 646 Total reporting institu tion------------------------ 3, 484 Columbia University 1 Teachers College (Columbia University) University of Chicago University of Wisconsin University of Michigan University of California Stanford University University of Texas University of Illinois University of Missouri University of Minnesota University of Pennsylvania___ Cornell University Ohio State University Indiana University University of Nebraska Northwestern University Radcliffe College Yale University University of Washington____ Iowa State College of Agri culture University of Colorado New York University University of Kansas University of Pittsburgh-------Boston University Brown University George Washington University. Syracuse University 1 Exclusivo of Teachers College. 706 330 257 139 118 103 73 66 58 53 52 49 46 45 42 40 36 35 35 35 33 31 31 30 25 25 23 21 21 Name of school University of Denver Washington University (St. Louis) Harvard University Bryn Mawr College University of Cincinnati University of North Carolina. . Johns Hopkins University____ University of Iowa Kansas State College Clark University George Peabody College University of Oregon Colorado State Teachers Col lege----- ------ -------------------Rutgers University Western Reserve University__ Indiana State Teachers Col lege— Tulane University University of Southern Cali fornia University of Oklahoma Southern Methodist Uni versity University of Virginia Duke University Pennsylvania State College___ New Jersey College for Women. University of Hawaii University of South Dakota__ Wellesley College Bucknell University Montana State University____ Ohio Wesleyan University____ University of Alabama Number of wom en re porting 21 20 19 19 19 19 17 15 14 13 13 12 11 11 10 9 9 9 8 77 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 APPENDIX 59 Table I.—Colleges and universities from which respondents received graduate degrees—Continued Name of school University of Maine University of North Dakota__ Vanderbilt University Women’s College of the Uni versity of North Carolina... Cornell College Dickinson College Louisiana State University___ New York State College for Teachers Pomona College Purdue University University of Buffalo University of New Mexico____ University of Rochester Bates College Michigan State College of Agri culture and Applied Science. Montana State College Oberlin College Oregon State College of Agri culture University of Arkansas University of California at Los Angeles University of Mississippi University of Tennessee Wittenburg College Allegheny College__________ Baylor College Carleton College Carnegie Institute of Tech nology— College of William and Mary.. Colorado College Denison University Number of wom en re porting 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 I 1 x Name of school DePauw University _ Florida State College for Women _ Fordham University . __ Grove City College.. Hunter College.__ Illinois College. _ _ Kansas State Teachers College.. __________ _. Knox College . _ __ __ _ Lawrence College___ __ McGill University___ ___ Miami University. __ .. Mississippi State' College. St. Lawrence University Simmons College Smith College____ State University of Ohio ___ State College of Washington__ Texas State College for Women. Transylvania College_____ University of Akron. ___ __ University of Georgia __ University of Kentucky _ University of Maryland. University of New Hampshire. _ University of Vermont University of Wyoming .. . Vassar College _. __ Winthrop College . Number of wom en re porting i i i i i i i i i i i i i T 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 Other colleges and universities (including foreign) not on A. A. U. W. list. 498 1 Not reported ._ _______ 162 Table II.—Unemployment, Dec. SI, 1934, related to occupation and reason for leaving last job Number reporting unemployment voluntary Occupation Number reporting unemployment involuntary Reduction in force because of— All women Reasons related to job Total Marriage or age Short service or other Change in sta tus of business 415 412 238 235 205 202 33 33 177 177 58 58 31 31 88 88 404 231 200 31 173 58 31 84 211 46 24 20 103 130 28 12 13 48 116 24 7 10 43 14 4 5 3 5 81 18 12 7 55 46 6 12 2 3 3 11 23 10 9 4 38 8 4 2 2 4 > Of 523 women reporting that they were unemployed Dec. 31, 1934, 111 did not report the reason for leaving their last job. 6 4 Of these, 108 did not report occupation. ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN Personal reasons Total O V W A Table T f f w III.— Unemployment, Dec. 81, 1934, related to years of experience Unemployed Employed All women Years of experience prior to Dec. 31, 1934 Total Part time Full time Total Less than 1 year 1, less than 3 years 3 years and over Number Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Number 8,320 100.0 7,915 100.0 7,601 100.0 314 100.0 405 100.0 129 117 159 1,424 1,600 1,480 1,296 1,718 802 17.1 19.2 17.8 15.6 20.6 9.6 1,260 1,472 1,429 1,273 1, 685 796 15.9 18.6 18.1 16.1 21.3 10.1 1,157 1. 409 1,372 1,240 1, 643 780 15.2 18.5 18.1 16.3 21.6 10.3 103 63 57 33 42 16 32.8 20.1 18.2 10.5 13.4 5.1 164 128 51 23 33 6 40.5 31.6 12.6 5.7 8.1 1.5 57 32 17 10 12 1 42 36 18 7 11 3 65 60 16 6 10 2 Total ‘ Less than 5_________ _______ 5, less than 10............... . . 15, less than 20.___ _________ 20, less than 30............. .............. 30 and over__________ ____ APPENDIX 1 Of the 8,796 women reporting, 411 did not report years of experience and 65 did not report the extent of employment or unemployment. Table IV.—Occupational changes related to education—M. A. and additional training—1925 to 1935 A. B., with no addi tional graduate work Total Occupational change Total reporting change in occupation Number Percent Number 1,959 100.0 342 401 264 592 401 301 20.6 13.5 30.2 20.5 15.4 70 51 75 104 42 Percent 100.0 20.5 14.9 21.9 30.4 12.3 A. B., with additional graduate work, or more than 1 A. B. Number 810 192 110 155 223 130 Percent M. A., with no addi tional graduate work Number Percent M. A., with additional graduate work or more than 1 M. A. Number Percent 100.0 336 100.0 471 100.0 23.7 13.6 19.1 27.5 16.0 49 39 164 32 52 14.6 11.6 48.8 9.5 15.5 90 64 198 42 77 19.1 13.6 42.0 8.9 16.3 1 Of the 2,706 reporting change in occupation, 144 held a doctor’s degree and 603 did not report the extent of additional training, if any. C5 62 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN Table V.—Occupation of last job, related to marital statusi Total Single Widowed, sepa rated, divorced Married Occupation of last job Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total reporting1 8,474 100.0 6,963 100.0 1,086 100.0 425 100.0 For an employer___________ 8,263 97.6 6,861 98.5 1,001 92.2 401 94.4 Artist... -------. _. Clerical worker________ Editorial worker Home economist______ _ Lawyer Librarian ... Manager, etc.. _____ . Nurse ... Personnel Physician and psychia trist Research worker___ .. Sales, advertising, pub lishing, executive Secretary Social, health, religious worker Teacher, executive ......... Teacher, not executive... Other------------ ------------- 18 239 65 232 8 460 75 60 143 .2 2.8 .8 2.7 .1 5.4 .9 .7 1.7 14 201 44 187 4 405 60 50 109 .2 2.9 .6 2.7 .1 5.8 .9 .7 1.6 3 32 19 30 2 37 11 4 15 .3 2.9 1.7 2.8 .2 3.4 1.0 .4 1.4 1 6 2 15 2 18 4 6 19 .2 1.4 3.5 .5 4.2 48 187 .6 2.2 37 147 .5 2.1 9 37 .8 3.4 2 .5 84 300 1.0 3.5 58 246 .8 3.5 24 42 2.2 3.9 2 12 .5 2.8 414 1,168 4,704 58 4.9 13.8 56.5 .7 321 983 3,954 41 4.6 14.1 56.8 .6 72 122 530 12 6.6 11.2 48.8 1.1 21 63 220 5 14.8 51.8 1.2 Independently employed----- 211 2.5 102 1.5 85 7.8 24 6.6 Teacher___________ Other professional Other _____ ____ 44 102 65 .5 1.2 .8 23 61 18 .3 .9 .3 19 28 38 1.7 2.6 3.5 2 13 9 .5 3.1 2.1 _ 3 .5 .9 1.4 4.5 .7 4.g i Of the 8,541 women reporting occupation, 62 held more than 1 job and cannot be included here and 5 did not report marital status. t Table VI.—Earnings in education in 1934 Women who earned in 1934— Total Less than $1,000 Type of position Total in education L Teachers, executive______ Teachers, not executive. Elementary school---------Junior high school----------Senior high school----------College_________________ Normal school__________ Other___________ _____ Not reporting type--------- Number Percent Number Number 671 1,340 5,393 1,079 115 31 217 400 25 100.0 100.0 100.0 4, 314 441 381 1,487 928 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 22 58 997 1 Of the 5,674 women in education, 225 did not 111 14 13 15 610 131 65 133 88 4 26 163 31 30 3 36 6 14.3 7.5 14.1 29.7 17.1 8.9 9.5 16.4 1, 202 122 152 457 140 15.6 27.9 27.7 39.9 30.7 15.1 2 11 318 48 84 22.1 21.0 71 1 38 $2,500, less than $3,000 $3,000 and more 376 505 6 6.2 $2,000, less than $2,500 31. t 4 64 1,214 101 95 445 282 6 10 275 26 5 49 95 7 22.6 23.8 28.1 22.9 24.9 29.9 30. 4 14 4 43 83 4 12.2 13.0 19.8 16.1 23.5 20. 8 1 1 26.3 19. 1 186 23. 2 12.8 10 5.1 3.5 $2,000 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 19 5 1 1 11 37 243 138 100.0 $1,500, less than 4 51 21.0 3 34 14.0 799 18.5 319 7.4 15.6 12.9 20.4 22.2 17 16 110 121 3.9 4.2 7.4 13.0 16.0 2 52 49 303 206 4 8 160 16.9 170 3.9 .2 1.0 2.6 APPENDIX Elementary school______ Junior high school----------Senior high school----------College--------------------Administrative department.. Normal school..------ -----Other------------------ -------- Not reporting type--------- $1,000, less than $1,500 9.8 1 report the amount and 56 received compensation in addition to cash salary or in lieu of salary. C5 00 Table VII.—Earnings of members in occupations other than education in 1934 05 Women who earned in 1934— Total Occupation Less than $1,000 $1,000, less than $1,500 $1,500, less than $2,000 $2,000, less than $2,500 $2,500, less than $3,000 $3,000 and more Total reporting * 2, 239 100.0 607 26.8 531 23.4 471 20.8 272 12.0 2,118 100.0 538 25.4 512 24. 2 454 21.5 264 12.5 Librarian__________ _______ Social, health, religious worker Secretary_____________ ____ Clerical worker___ ______ Home economist...................... Research worker.. _____ Personnel.- _ ________ ____ Manager_________ ______ Sales, advertising, publishing, executive. _ Editorial_____________ _ Nurse. _________________ Physician, psychiatrist Artist . Lawyer................................... . Other............ ............... . 427 100.0 60 14.1 127 29.7 135 31. 6 67 15.7 385 273 200 185 170 121 68 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 115 82 112 20 34 9 10 29.9 30.0 56.0 10.8 20.0 7.4 92 98 46 33 28 19 16 23.9 35.9 23.0 17.8 16.5 15.7 87 49 29 47 34 18 12 22.6 17.9 14.5 25.4 20.0 14.9 52 20 8 39 21 19 14 13.5 7.3 4.0 21.1 12.4 15.7 Independent business____ ... _ 153 ......................... Teacher _. Other professional________ Other____________ 33 75 45 For an employer 68 60 47 43 16 8 49 38 22 10 4 8 14 15 7 4 4 1 8 14 100.0 69 24 25 19 45.1 19 6 9 4 2 8 15 6 3 2 7 12.4 17 1 9 7 232 10.2 6.9 201 9.5 24 5. 6 14 3.3 21 11 3 26 23 18 5.5 4.0 1. 5 14.1 13.5 14.9 18 13 2 20 30 38 10 4.7 4.8 1.0 10.8 17.6 31.4 W~ 2 2 4 5 1 6 4 11.1 6.9 156 ’ 8 3 5 18 11 5 5.2 9 5.9 31 1 7 1 1 Of the 2,528 women in occupations other than education, 157 did not report the amount and 102 received compensation in addition to or in lieu of salary. http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of* St. Louis 1 9 20.3 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Table ▼ r -J VIII.—Marital status and living arrangements of women, related to number of their dependents in 1984 Women supporting given number of dependents who were— Single Total Widowed, sepa rated, divorced Married Dependents Living inde pendently Total Living with family Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total reporting i Five wholly or partially dependent 3,091 100.0 2,354 100.0 1,398 100.0 956 100.0 495 100.0 242 100.0 439 897 14.2 29.0 312 760 13.3 32.3 169 467 12.1 33.4 143 293 15.0 30.6 68 101 13.7 20.4 59 36 24.4 14.9 198 786 6.4 25.4 117 628 5.0 26.7 46 384 3.3 27.5 71 244 7.4 25.5 38 112 7.7 22.6 43 46 17.8 19.0 37 348 1.2 11.8 20 235 .8 10.0 9 141 .6 10.1 11 94 1.2 9.8 12 83 2.4 16.8 5 30 2.1 12.4 17 161 .5 5.2 11 107 .5 4.5 4 68 .3 4.9 7 39 .7 4.1 4 42 .8 8.5 2 12 .8 5.0 6 202 .2 6.5 4 160 .2 6.8 2 108 .1 7.7 2 52 .2 5.4 2 33 .4 6.7 9 3.7 APPENDIX One dependent: One wholly dependent___________________ ... One partially dependent.................................. ......... Two dependents: Two wholly dependent Two wholly or partially dependent Three dependents: Three wholly dependent. __ . .. Three wholly or partially dependent Four dependents: Four wholly dependent______________________ Four wholly or partially dependent----------------Five dependents: 1 Of the 3,618 women with dependents, 465 did not report number of dependents, 1 did not give marital status, and 61 did not state living arrangements. Oi Oi Table IX.—Salary of women, related to number of their dependents in 1934 5^ Women supporting given number of dependents with salary of— Total $1,000, less than $1,500 $1,500, less than $2,000 $2,000,less than $2,500 $2,500,less than $3,000 $3,000, less than $3,500 $3,500, $4,000, $5,000 less less and than than $4,000 $5,000 over Num ber Per cent Num ber Per cent Num ber Per cent Num ber Per cent Num ber Per cent Num ber Per cent Num ber Per Num Num Num ber ber ber cent 2,827 100.0 183 100.0 524 too. 0 662 100.0 542 100.0 361 100.0 191 100.0 119 130 115 399 846 14.1 29.9 14 60 7.7 32.8 70 163 13.3 31.1 217 94 14. 2 32.8 88 153 16. 2 28. 2 60 103 16. 6 28. 5 30 65 15.7 34.0 16 30 17 28 10 27 One dependent: Two dep*endents: Two wholly or*partially dcpcnd- 182 6.5 6 3.3 37 7.1 40 6.0 35 6. 5 24 6. 7 11 5.8 8 g 12 713 25.2 55 30.0 144 27.5 180 27.2 135 24.9 91 25.2 34 17.8 31 25 18 32 1.1 2 1.1 2 .4 5 .8 7 1.3 8 2.2 3 1.6 1 2 2 316 11.2 23 12.6 61 11.6 51 7.7 60 11.1 35 9.7 26 13.6 15 21 24 14 .5 2 1.1 2 .3 4 .7 1 .3 1 .5 1 2 1 136 4.8 6 3.3 24 4.6 27 4.1 28 5.2 17 4.7 11 5.8 4 12 7 32 5.9 22 6.1 10 8.2 13 14 14 Three dependents: Three wholly or partially dependFour dependents: Four wholly or partially depend Five dependents: Five wholly or partially depend- 3 .1 1 .5 1 .2 1 .1 186 6.6 14 7.6 22 4.2 45 6.8 1 Of the 3,618 women with dependents, 422 did not report the number of dependents, 306 did not state income, and 63 received income in lieu of cash salary or in addition to it and are not included here. ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN Less than $1,000 Dependents Table X.—Discrimination, 1929-35, and its results, related to change in occupation, 1925 to 1935 Change in occupation in 10-year period Total No change Results since 1929 Total reporting change Teach ing to other Varied Never Other to types of taught, teaching teaching other changes Other Not re porting whether change Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Number Number Number Number Number BECAUSE OF SEX Smaller beginning salary_______ ____ _________ Salary reduction, demotion Restricted promotion ... ___ ________ . Refusal'ofjob.. Other..................... ....................... ... „ 2,476 781 641 563 85 282 124 100.0 31.5 25.9 22.7 3.4 11.4 5.0 1, 564 466 443 391 42 133 89 100.0 29.8 28.3 25.0 2.7 8.5 5.7 735 251 150 142 35 127 30 100.0 34.1 20.4 19.3 4. 8 17.3 4.1 85 84 77 75 186 176 86 81 91 88 117 115 128 92 255 132 128 177 91 57 43 13 41 10 41 29 32 43 64 48 23 1 25 9 22 38 29 25 9 23 4 38 14 19 15 6 23 APPENDIX Total discriminations reported........... ................. ......... 525 504 1,199 1,151 1,841 770 BECAUSE OP MARITAL STATUS Total discriminations reported-------------- --------- — Smaller beginning salary.. _ Reduction in salary------------------- ----------------Restricted promotion ----------------------------------Other............................................................................. 673 47 77 19 66 157 249 58 178 170 335 313 576 542 100.0 7.0 11.4 2. 8 9.8 23.3 37.0 8.6 391 24 57 14 43 96 124 33 100.0 6.1 14.6 3.6 11.0 24.6 31.7 8.4 212 19 16 5 18 45 92 17 100.0 9.0 7.5 2.4 8.5 21.2 43.4 8.0 45 45 17 16 51 48 27 26 38 35 63 59 57 17 60 32 46 70 2 1 3 4 5 4 1 5 6 2 7 15 22 6 3 5 14 5 8 21 5 5 7 1 2 12 29 1 Os “■J Table XI.—Discrimination, 1929-35, and its results, related to employment, Dec. 31, 1934 Employed Dec. 31,1934 Unemployed Dec. 31, 1934 Total Results since 1929 Total Full time o oo Not re porting time Part time Total 1, less than 3 years 3 years and more Not re porting time Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Number Number Number Number Number Number BECAUSE OF ADVANCED AGE 232 213 193 179 27 26 6 6 39 34 11 10 6 6 18 16 4 2 100.0 30 6 36 10 6 18 2 5.4 14.9 23.2 3.0 45.8 7.7 2 5 1 1 1 4 27 3 2 5 2 1 4 1 1 1 16 2 4 4 8 7 160 147 240 100.0 204 100.0 12 31 40 10 126 21 5.0 12.9 16.7 4. 2 52.5 8.7 11 31 39 6 99 18 5.4 15.2 19.1 2.9 48.5 8.8 168 9 25 39 5 77 13 1 19 3 1 3 2 BECAUSE OF YOUTH 376 357 412 392 1 2 women were unemployed 7 years. 349 331 24 23 3 3 36 35 20 20 4 4 3 4 491 100.0 450 100.0 421 100.0 26 41 24 159 37 81 14 191 9 32.4 7.5 16.5 2.9 38.9 1.8 149 37 80 13 164 7 33.1 8.2 17.8 2.9 36.4 1.6 143 37 76 12 146 7 34.0 8.8 18.0 2.8 34.7 1.7 6 10 4 4 1 15 1 1 27 2 1 1 16 2 3 4 5 8 2 4 3 4 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN Less than 1 year Table XII.—Discrimination, 1929-35, and its results, related to change in occupation, 1925 to 1935 Change in occupation in 10-year period Results since 1929 Total No change Total reporting change Teach ing to other Other to teach ing Varied Never types of taught, teach other ing changes Other Not report ing whether change Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Number Number Number Number Number BECAUSE OF ADVANCED AGE 232 213 Total discriminations reported__ 240 100.0 130 100.0 85 100.0 Smaller beginning salary____ Salary reduction, demotion... Restricted promotion_______ Loss of job_________________ Refusal of job_______________ Other.. _______ _____________ 12 31 40 10 126 21 5.0 12.9 16.7 4.2 52.5 8.7 8 18 26 6 60 12 6.2 13.8 20.0 4.6 46.2 9.2 3 8 9 3 55 7 3.5 9.4 10. 6 3. 5 64.7 8.2 126 116 82 76 20 18 12 11 15 13 15 15 20 19 24 21 21 13 15 16 20 25 3 1 2 4 1 1 2 1 15 2 5 1 1 2 3 2 7 14 2 14 2 1 5 5 1 11 2 APPENDIX Women reporting discrimination.. Women reporting results________ BECAUSE OF YOUTH Women reporting discrimination— Women reporting results_________ 412 392 Total discriminations reported___ 491 100.0 280 100.0 189 100.0 159 37 81 14 191 9 32.4 7.5 16.5 2.9 38.9 1.8 102 23 47 7 96 5 36.4 8.2 16.8 2. 5 34.3 1.8 49 12 31 7 86 4 25.9 6. 4 16.4 3. 7 45.5 2.1 Smaller beginning salary_____ Salary reduction, demotion___ Restricted promotion________ Loss of job__________________ Refusual of job______________ Other______________ ____ ____ 244 230 146 144 30 29 33 33 39 39 25 25 22 18 21 37 41 55 35 22 4 1 1 2 13 12 13 5 7 13 5 12 2 22 1 7 1 5 2 20 8 2 3 19 18 6 1 16 2 15 1 9 03 CO Table XIII.—Discrimination, 1929-85, because of youth, and its results, related to age, Dec. 31, 1984 Age, Dec. 31,1934 Total Results since 1929 Total reporting Percent Number Percent Percent Number Percent 185 180 150 140 393 375 412 392 Number 25, under 30 30, under 35 35 and over Number Number Not re porting Number 42 40 16 15 19 17 Total discriminations reported_________ ____ ___ 491 100.0 468 100.0 165 100.0 233 100.0 51 19 23 Smaller beginning salary__________ __________ 159 37 81 14 191 9 32.4 7.5 16.5 2 9 38.9 1.8 154 33 77 14 181 9 32.9 7.0 16.5 3.0 38.7 1.9 60 5 15 6 75 4 36.4 3.0 9.1 3.6 45.5 2.4 76 22 42 6 84 3 32.6 9.4 18.0 2.6 36.1 1.3 12 6 13 2 18 6 5 4 4 Restricted promotion _ _____ Refusal of job___________________________ o 7 4 2 10 ECONOMIC STATUS OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN Number 20, under 25
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