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FED ER A L R E S E R V E BANK OF RICHMOND
General Business and Agricultural Conditions in the
Fifth Federal Reserve District
B y C A LD W ELL H A R D Y, Chairman and Federal Reserve Agent

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA, FEBRUARY 28, 1923.
DISTRICT SUMMARY
January reports indicate a continued gradual im­
provement in business conditions. Even in the sec­
tions of the Fifth District that have suffered most
from the ravages of the boll weevil, a better feeling
prevails and organized plans are being made with
a view to reducing its ravages as much as possible
in the coming season. As a result more mules,
fertilizer and farm machinery are being bought
than was the case last year.
Member banks reporting from thirteen of the
District’s leading cities show decreased loans and
rediscounts, indicating some little further streng­
thening of financial conditions. Savings bank de­
posits, in both member and non-member banks,
show an increase during January over December,
and reached record totals for the reporting insti­
tutions. Loans to member banks were reduced and
Federal Reserve Notes in circulation declined with a
resulting rise in cash reserves of the Federal Reserve
Bank. The reserve ratio of the Richmond Reserve
Bank was 76.51 % on February 14th, in contrast
with 73.87% on January 17th this year and 52.04%
on February 15, 1922. Debits to individual ac­
counts in twenty-three of the District's leading trade
centers considerably exceeded debits in the same
cities during January 1922, and fell comparatively
little below the debits during December, in spite
of the absence of end-of-year payments in the Jan­
uary figures. Business failures in the Fifth Dis­
trict as well as in the United States at large were
fewer than in January 1922, and the total of lia­
bilities involved in the insolvencies was also smaller
during January 1923 than in January 1922. Labor
is fully employed, wages have ceased declining and
show tendencies upward slightly, and good weather
has permitted out-door work to progress unusually
well for this season of the year. Sufficient coal is
obtainable to supply the District’s pressing needs,
and no further price increases were made during
January and early February. Textile mills con­
tinue full operations, January being one of the most




active months in the history of the textile industry
in the Fifth District, the mills in the two Carolinas
and Virginia consuming 36.8% of the cotton used
in the entire United States during that month.
Some new mills are being built, especially in North
Carolina, and other mills are adding new units,
building additional houses for operatives, and mak­
ing extensive improvements in other ways around
their plants. January cotton consumption was the
third highest monthly record, according to the con­
sumption report of the Census Bureau, and ex­
ceeded any previous January. Cotton prices have
continued upward, and farmers are now receiving
the highest prices obtained since the spring and
early summer of 1920. Tobacco prices are con­
siderably above those of 1922, and the crop is much
larger, the two factors yielding the tobacco growers
handsome returns. Building operations continue
to break records for the season of the year under
review. Building material dealers are naturally
prospering as a result of the extensive building
program being carried out everywhere. Retail trade
is much better than a year ago, twenty-three of the
twenty-five department stores sending us reports for
January showing larger sales during the month
than during January 1922. Wholesale trade is
picking up rapidly after the inventory season, all
of the six reporting lines for which statistics are
given in this Review showing gains in sales in Jan ­
uary over sales in January 1922, and all of them
except shoes and furniture showing larger sales
in January than in December 1922. In the case
of furniture, January sales were smaller than those
in December, but the reporting factories have a
much larger volume of orders for future delivery
than they had a month ago, good business having
been secured at the January Expositions held in
Grand Rapids, Chicago, and High Point. Collec­
tions in both retail and wholesale business are
steadily improving, and on all new accounts pay­
ments are promptly made, the only trouble arising
from slow accounts carried over from previous
seasons.

The National Summary will be found on pages 10 and 11.

CONDITION OF SEVENTY-EIGHT REPORTING MEMBER BANKS IN SELECTED CITIES.
ITEMS

February 7, 1923

1. Total Loans and Discounts (including
all rediscounts) ............................... $
2. Total Investments in Bonds and Securi­
ties ....................................................
3. Total Loans and Investments..................
4. Reserve Balance with Federal Reserve
Bank..................................................
5. Cash in Vaults..........................................
6. Demand Deposits....................................
7. Time Deposits..........................................
8. Borrowed from Federal Reserve Bank....

444,969,000

January 10, 1923
$

451,421,000

February 8, 1922
$

420,216.000*

135.317.000
580.286.000

128.427.000
579.848.000

123.286.000
543.502.000

37.886.000
13.305.000
341.210.000
149.495.000
21.754.000

37.427.000
14.945.000
346.762.000
148.102.000
23.550.000

32.168.000
13.992.000
305.076.000
130.516.000
38.264.000

*Does not include Rediscounts.

The above table shows the principal items of condition in seventy-eight regularly reporting member banks,
located in thirteen cities of the Fifth District, as of the close of business February 7 and January 10, 1923,
and February 8, 1922. The table affords opportunity for comparisons between the latest available figures,
those of February 7, 1923, with corresponding figures a month and a year earlier. Because of a change
this year in the method of reporting loans and discounts, the figures in Item 1 for the two 1923 dates are
not comparable with the February 8, 1922 figure, the 1923 loan figures including all rediscounts, but the
1922 figure excluding them. All other items in the table are comparable.
During the four weeks between January 10th and February 7th, of this year, the usual seasonal de­
velopments took place in the reporting banks. Item 1, Total Loans and Discounts (including all redis­
counts) declined from $451,421,000. on January 10th to $444,969,000. on February 7th, the decline being
due chiefly to the settlement of obligations incurred by merchants during the pre-holiday season. A s a
corollary of the decline in outstanding loans, demand deposits show a decrease from $346,762,000. on
January 10th to $341,210,000. on February 7th. A similar decline is shown in Item 8, Borrowed from the
Federal Reserve Bank, discounts and rediscounts decreasing from $23,550,000. on January 10th to $21,754,000. on February 7th. Item 5, Cash in Vault, shows a decline from $14,945,000. to $13,305,000. within
the four weeks. On the other hand, Item 2, Total Investments in Bonds and Securities, increased from
$128,427,000. on January 10th to $135,317,000. on February 7th; Item 4, Reserve Balance with the Federal
Reserve Bank, shows a slight increase from $37,427,000. to $37,886,000. between the same two dates; and
Item 7, Time Deposits, increased from $148,102,000. to $149,495,000.
A comparison of the February 7, 1923, figures with those reported for February 8, 1922, shows the
decided strengthening that has taken place in the condition of the reporting banks. As stated above, the
figures for Item 1, Total Loans and Discounts, are not comparable, but it is certain that if the rediscounts
that were outstanding at the time could be ascertained and added to the $420,216,000. of Loans reported
for February 8, 1922, the resulting total would materially exceed the $444,969,000. in combined Loans and
Discounts reported for February 7, 1923. A considerable reduction in outstanding loans to customers
has therefore occurred during the year, and this lessened pressure on the banks for accommodation enabled
them to reduce their borrowings from the Reserve Bank from $38,264,000. on February 8, 1922 to $21,754,
000. on February 7, 1923. Cash in Vault shows a small decrease during the year, hardly more than a
daily fluctuation, but all other items show increases. Total Investments in Bonds and Securities increased
from $123,286,000. on February 8, 1922 to $135,317,000. on February 7, 19 23; Reserve with Federal R e­
serve Bank rose from $32,168,000 to $37,886,000. between the same dates; Demand Deposits increased
from $305,076,000. to $341,210,000.; and Time Deposits grew from $130,516,000 to $149,495,000. The
gains of $36,134,000. in Demand Deposits and $18,979,000. in Time Deposits, together with the decrease in
Loans previously pointed out, clearly indicate the improvement in the financial position of the banks dur­
ing the past year.

SAVINGS BANK DEPOSITS
Reports from fifteen mutual savings banks in Baltimore giving total deposits at the end of January
show an increase over the December 31, 1922 and the January 3 1, 1922 deposits that corresponds with the
increase mentioned for reporting member banks. A t the close of business January 3 1, 1923 the fifteen
savings banks had on deposit an aggregate of $133,835,731, compared with $123,885,687. on deposit January
3 1, 1922, $122,749,845. on deposit January 3 1, 1921, and $118,733,466. on deposit January 31, 1920. Only
two of the fifteen banks reported a smaller volume of deposits 011 January 3 1, 1923 than on January 3 1,
1922, and these two were both small institutions. It is interesting to note that the amount on deposit in
these identical banks on January 31, 1923 was $15,102,265. greater than the total of deposits on January 3 1,
1920, when wages were at their highest point and employees believed that they were exceedingly prosperous.




2

FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OPERATIONS
During the four weeks from January 17, 1923 to February 14, 1923, Cash Reserves held by the Federal
Reserve Bank of Richmond rose from $114,386,915.75 to $117,753,753.04, and Member Bank Reserve De­
posits increased from $61,769,090.07 to $62,424,579.24. Between the same two dates, Total Bills on Hand
increased from $38,620,897.98 to $38,818,335.26, the increase being no more than a daily fluctuation. Federal
Reserve Notes in Actual Circulation amounted to $92,103,795. on January 17th, but declined to $89,033,215.
on February 14th. As a result of the changes in the items referred to, the ratio of Total Reserves to De­
posit and Federal Reserve Note Liabilities combined rose from 73.87% on January 17th to 76 .51% on
February 14th.
On February 15, 1922, the Cash Reserves of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond amounted to
$79,252,613.05; Bills on Hand amounted to $79,186,215.87; Federal Reserve Notes in Actual Circulation
totaled $97,494,194; and Member Bank Reserve Deposits amounted to $53,485,873.25. The reserve ratio
was 52.04% .

DEBITS TO INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNT IN LEADING TRADE ICENTERS
TOTAL DEBITS FOR THE FIVE WEEKS ENDING

CITIES

February 14, 1923
Asheville, N. C................................................
Baltimore, Md.................................................
Charleston, S. C...............................................
Charleston, W. Va...........................................
Charlotte, N. C......... ......................................
Columbia, S. C.................................................
Cumberland, Md..............................................
Danville, Va.................................. ..................
Durham, N. C.................................................
Greensboro, N. C.............................................
Greenville, S. C................................................
Hagerstown, Md..............................................
Huntington, W. Va..........................................
Lynchburg, Va.................................................
Newport News, Va..........................................
Norfolk, Va.............................................. .......
Raleigh, N. C...................................................
Richmond, Va..................................................
Roanoke, Va....................................................
Spartanburg, S. C............................................
Washington, D. C............................................
Wilmington, N. C.............................................
Winston-Salem, N. C.......................................

$

Totals for 11 cities................................
Totals for 23 cities................................

$

January 10, 1923

24,265,000
424,200,000
45.221.000
43.375.000
43.191.000
29.054.000
8.780.000
13.751.000
22.065.000
27.256.000
27.500.000
10.139.000
29.458.000
24.317.000
8.742.000
81.267.000
35.950.000
160.460.000
26.336.000
12.318.000
220.238.000
24.358.000
36.974.000

$

1,120,897,000
1,379,215,000

$

February 15, 1922

21,563,000
440.590.000
31.063.000
48.254.000
45.446.000
27.626.000
10.254.000
15.636.000
23.293.000
25.759.000
22.500.000
10.751.000
33.105.000
27.631.000
8,973,000
89.485.000
40.800.000
167.455.000
30.603.000
12.854.000
224.643.000
27.156.000
38.246.000

$

1,149,869,000
1,423,686,000

$

377.485.000
30.188.000
30.616.000
25.633.000

16^015*000
20.975.000
67.696.000
21.530.000
127.967.000
192.372.000
21.228.000
931,705,000

Accompanying this paragraph, we show in tabular form the volume of debits to individual, firm and
corporation accounts in twenty-three leading centers of trade and industry in the Fifth Reserve District,
the figures included covering five weeks ending February 14, 1923 and the five weeks ending January 10,
1923. In addition, we include figures from eleven of the twenty-three cities for the five weeks ending Feb­
ruary 15, 1922. These figures picture the volume of transactions by bank check in the reporting cities, and
form a valuable barometer of trade activity. In our next Review we will be able to give 1922 figures for
twenty-one of the twenty-three cities, thus increasing the value of the table as a business index.
Comparing the figures reported by the eleven cities for which 1922 figures are available, the total re­
ported for the five weeks ending February 14, 1923 show's a very substantial increase over the total reported
by the same cities for the five weeks ending February 15, 1922, the amount having grown from $931,705,
000. reported last year to $1,120,897,000. reported for the corresponding period this year. Every one of
the eleven cities show larger figures for the 1923 period, and, considering the time of the year included,
indicate an exceptionally large volume of check transactions in comparison with other five weeks’ periods
during the past two years.
An examination of the totals reported by twenty-three cities for the five weeks’ periods ending Feb­
ruary 14th and January 10, 1923, shows perhaps even more clearly the justification for the confidence with
which business has begun this year. The total reported for the five weeks ending February 14th amounted
to $1,379,215,000., compared with a total of $1,423,686,000. reported for the five weeks ending January 10th,
a decrease of only $44,471,000., or 3 .1 % . Considering that the period ending January 10th contained the
first of the year, with its large volume of annual, semi-annual and quarterly payments of interest, dividends,




3

etc., the smallness of the decrease during the period ending February 7th is encouraging, and justifies the
general belief that business is now on the upgrade.

BUSINESS FAILURES IN THE TWELVE FEDERAL RESERVE DISTRICTS
JANUARY, 1923 AND 1922.
Per Cent of
Increase or
Decrease

1923

1922

Per Cent
Increase or
Decrease

Boston, First....................................
New York, Second............................
Philadelphia Third..........................
Cleveland, Fourth.............................
Richmond, Fifth................................
Atlanta, Sixth...................................
Chicago, Seventh..............................
St. Louis, Eighth...............................
Minneapolis, Ninth...........................
Kansas City, Tenth...........................
Dallas, Eleventh...............................
San Francisco, Twelfth....................

172
441
114
182
173
186
283
97
108
81
117
172

209
429
136
242
233
283
362
177
109
112
207
224

—17.7
2.8
—16.2
—24.8
—25.8
—34.3
—21.8
—45.2
— 0.9
—27.7
—43.5
—23.2

$ 2,716,407
14,478,212
2,767,619
7,235,898
3,623,783
2,689,396
6,250,185
1,855,028
2,655,679
1,491,314
1,524,107
1,922,869

$ 2,600,442
22,885,754
2,561,559
6,238,303
4,696,036
5,012,931
10,314,358
4,013,092
2,597,637
3,400,430
4,326,594
5,148,644

4.5
— 36.7
8.0
16.0
— 22.8
— 46.4
— 39.4
— 53.8
2.2
— 56.1
— 64.8
— 62.7

Totals........................................

2,126

2,723

—21.9#>

$ 49,210,497

$ 73,795,780

— 33.3%

Number
City and District

Liabilities
1923

1922

The figures on business failures given in the table herewith were furnished by Dun’s Review, and show
both the number of insolvencies and the total of liabilities involved for January 1923 in comparison with
January 1922. Statistics for all of the twelve Federal Reserve Districts are included. January 1923 wit­
nessed a total of 2,126 bankruptcies, with liabilities of $49,210,497. compared with 2,723 failures reported in
January 1922, with liabilities of $73,795,780., a decrease of 21.9 % in the number of failures and a decline
of 33.3 % in the total of liabilities involved. All of the Reserve Districts show fewer failures this year than
last except in New York, where the increase was small. Eight of the twelve districts show lower liabilities,
the four showing greater liabilities being the Boston, Philadelphia, Cleveland and Minneapolis districts. The
number of failures was larger in January 1923 than in December 1922, but this is a seasonal increase.
Nearly every year witnesses a number of insolvencies soon after the Christmas holidays, especially in the
number of voluntary bankruptcies. The weak firms try to hold on through the Christmas trade, and in
addition to this some firms find themselves insolvent when January inventories are taken. Every District
reports more failures in January 1923 than in December 1922 except Dallas and San Francisco.
In the Fifth District, January 1923 shows a gratifying decrease in the number of failures in comparison
with January 1922, the current month this year having witnessed only 173 insolvencies in comparison with
233 in January last year, a decline of 25.8% . In the total of liabilities involved, also, the Fifth District
shows distinct improvement, the January 1923 total o f $3,623,783. being 22.8% lower than the total of
$4,696,036. reported in January 1922.
The average liability per failure in the Fifth District was $20,947. during January 1923, compared
with $20,155. in January 1922, and the average liability in the United States was $23,147. during January
1923 compared with $27,10 1. in January 1922.

LABOR— Perhaps nothing else in industry or trade quite so clearly shows the improvement in gen­
eral conditions as the contrast in employment statistics this year with those of a year ago. In January 1922
there was a great deal of unemployment in the United States, including the territory embraced in the Fifth
Reserve District, and in addition to the absence of demand for workers, the weather during January and
early February was cold and wet, with snow on the ground much of the time in the upper half of the
Fifth District. This year, however, it is doubtful if there is any involuntary unemployment, and the
weather has been almost ideal for outside work. Instead of a serious surplus of labor, there are now
shortages of satisfactory workmen in some lines, demands for brick masons, and plasterers, and, to a less
degree, farm hands being especially noted. Good domestic help is also very scarce in the cities. Employ­
ment agencies report no trouble in placing all applicants of good character. The Public Employment Bureau
of Richmond, which may be taken as typical of all the cities of the District, reports that during January
it placed 333 common laborers in comparison with 30 placed in January 1922. Last year 703 persons ap­
plied for work during January but the Bureau succeeded in placing only 279 of the workers, while this year
during January the Bureau placed 763 workers out of 1,416 applicants. The report states that the only
surplus exists in the number of unskilled men who want clerical positions, but this is a surplus that nearly
always exists, office work appearing very attractive and desirable to most young men, though the oppor­
tunities in industry and trade are probably greater for the average untrained man.




4

FOOD PRICES— The monthly report of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, released on
February 10, 1923, states that retail food prices declined in sixteen of nineteen reporting cities between
December 15, 1922 and January 15, 1923. The increases were in Little Rock and Manchester, the rise
amounting to 1 % , and in Chicago, which reported an increase of less than five-tenths of 1 % . The declines
ranged downward from 4 % in Denver, decreases of 3 % being reported for Peoria and St. Louis, 2 %
for Butte, Richmond, St. Paul, Salt Lake City, Seattle and Washington, 1 % for Baltimore, Cleveland,
Omaha and Providence, and less than five-tenths of 1 % for Detroit and Portland, Maine. For the year
which ended January 15th, the report revealed that fifteen of the cities experienced increases, ranging from
less than five-tenths of 1 % at Omaha to 6% at Cleveland. At Peoria the level of prices declined 3 %
during the year, at Richmond and Scranton there was a drop of 2 % , and at Manchester a decrease of
1 % . As compared with the average cost in the year 19 13, the retail cost of foods on January 15th ranged
from 24% higher at Salt Lake City to 54% higher at Richmond.
COAL— The United States Geological Survey, in its weekly report on coal production in the United
States, states that “ preliminary estimates place the output of soft coal, including lignite and coal coked at
the mines, during the month of January 1923 at 50,123,000 net tons, an increase over December 1922 of
approximately 8 % .
A canvass of a selected list of consumers of coal indicated that on January 1, 1923, there was in com­
mercial storage approximately 36,000,000 net tons of bituminous coal. This was an increase over the reserve
on November 1st of 4,000,000.tons. During November and December 1922 the rate of consumption, includ­
ing exports, was nearly 10,000,000 tons per week. The trend in the rate of production was slightly down­
ward during the latter part of January, but the total output exceeded consumption and coal flowed into
storage.”
The survey’s report under date of February 17th has the following to say in reference to the production
of anthracite: “ Receipt of final data on the shipments of anthracite permits a revision of the estimates of
anthracite production in January. The total output, including mine fuel, local sales, and barge and washery
output, is placed at 8,713,000 net tons. Accumulated production during the present coal year to date stands
at a little less than 39,500,000 tons. This is approximately 49% less than the average production during
the corresponding periods of the past nine coal years.”
According to the official reports quoted above, the tendency in the production of bituminous coal dur­
ing January and early February has been slightly downward each week. This decline in shipments is prob­
ably due to local weather disturbances, which delayed the prompt return of coal cars to the mines. In the
Fifth District, coal is obtainable in sufficient quantities to meet actual needs, though anthracite is hard to
secure, and many domestic consumers have been obliged to use soft coal in their furnaces. Prices of coal
at retail have been stationery in the District since our last month’s Review was written, though there has
been considerable talk among the coal dealers of prospective increases, especially in bituminous coal prices.
The District as a whole has enjoyed mild weather during the winter months, with little snow or ice, which
has naturally helped overcome the threatened coal shortage that resulted from the long strike last summer.

TEXTILES— Since our January 31st Review was written no material change has been noted in the
textile industry in the Fifth District. Mills are busy, with forward orders on hand for several months’ out­
put, and a considerable number of them are operating at night, and thus giving employment to additional
operatives. The past year witnessed the construction or projection of several finishing plants for cotton
textiles in the Fifth District, making it possible to finish and bleach the cloth woven in the South without
the necessity of long hauls from Southern mills to Northern finishers and bleachers.
In January the cotton growing states consumed 384,019 bales of lint cotton, compared with 324,437
bales consumed in December 1922 and 325,104 in January last year. O f the 384,019 bales consumed in
January 1923, North Carolina used 120,129 bales, South Carolina 93,175 bales, and Virginia 11,15 9 bales, a
total of 224,463 bales for the three textile manufacturing states of the Fifth District. The consumption in
the District in January was 58.5% of total consumption in the cotton growing states, and 36.8% of the nat­
ional consumption for the month under review.
Active spindles during January in the United States numbered 35,240,835 and in the cotton growing
states numbered 15,966,294, compared with 34,441,419 active spindles in the nation and 15,631,678 in the
cotton growing states during January 1922. Of the active spindles in the cotton growing states, 11,001,527
spindles, or 68.9% , were located in the two Carolina s and Virginia.

COTTON— In our January 31st Review, we quoted spot cotton prices in the two Carolinas through
the week ending January 20th. The price for that week averaged 27.54 cents per pound, middling basis
and 7/8 inch staple. The following week, ending January 27th, the price slumped slightly, the week av­
eraging 27.45 cents per pound, and during the week ending February 3rd there was a further decline to
an average of 27.41 cents. These declines were perhaps only temporary reactions against a somewhat




5

too sudden advance during the preceding weeks, since during the week ending February ioth the slight
declines of the two previous weeks were more than made up, the average price for the week being 27.70
cents. The latest week for which figures are available, ending February 17th, shows an average of 28.02
cents, with scattered sales being made at still higher figures. The rise in prices has not stimulated much
selling, however, and indications are that spots are becoming depleted. As we pointed out last month, all
of the so-called distress cotton has been sold, and the remaining supply is largely in the hands of co-operative
associations or farmers who are able to make financial arrangements to hold their crop.
On February 14th, the Census Bureau gave out the cotton consumption figures for January 1923. The
report showed 610,375 bales of lint consumed in January, in comparison with 527,945 bales used in De­
cember 1922 and 526,698 bales used in January 1922. The January consumption has been exceeded only
twice heretofore, once in March 1916, when 612,754 bales were used, and again in May 1917, .when 615,412
bales were consumed. The report states that the growth of the textile industry in the South is largely
responsible for the increased activity. Cotton on hand at consuming establishments at the end of January
totaled 1,986,605 bales, compared with 1,668,668 bales on hand January 31, 1922. Cotton held in public
storage and at compresses January 31st amounted to 3,841,689 bales, compared with 4,621,708 bales held
in the same places January 3 1, 1922.

TOBACCO— January weather was, on the whole, favorable for the marketing of tobacco, and prices
continued firm, the average for the month being higher in the Fifth District than during December, grades
considered. The offerings during the month under review were of fairly good grades in Virginia, but the
North Carolina markets are more nearly reaching the end of the season and are receiving a large amount
of common grades and scrap.
The independent Virginia markets sold 4,668,601 pounds of bright tobacco during January, at an av­
erage price of $29.36 per hundred pounds, compared with 9,543,411 pounds sold in January 1922 at an
average price of $18.95 per hundred pounds. In addition to the sales reported for January 1923, the To­
bacco Growers Co-operative Association received a considerable amount of tobacco for future disposal,
but no exact figures on the Association receipts are yet available. Dark tobacco sales in Virginia during
January totaled 6,293,794 pounds, at an average price of $20.13 per hundred pounds, compared with 5,306,
046 pounds sold in January 1922, at an average of $20.00 per hundred. Danville again led the bright mar­
kets in the number of pounds sold, January sales in the warehouses of that city aggregating 1,991,095
pounds. The price of the tobacco sold at Brookneal averaged $ 3 1.5 1 per hundred during the month.
Lynchburg, with sales of 1,945,391 pounds, led the dark markets; but the highest average price for tobacco
sold was at Drakes Branch, the price averaging $25.50, compared with the average of $22.16 for tobacco
sold in Lynchburg.
North Carolina markets sold 9,263,919 pounds of producers’ tobacco during January, but the average
prices on the several markets during the month are not shown in the monthly bulletin of the North Carolina
Co-operative Crop Reporting Service. Winston-Salem warehouses sold 2,327,696 pounds during the month,
and have sold 26,200,523 pounds this season. The season sales of Wilson amount to 35,258,585 pounds.
The average price for the entire season in North Carolina this year is $27.72 per hundred pounds, com­
pared with an average of $24.18 per hundred pounds to the same date last year.
Previous to January 1, 1923, the Tobacco Growers Co-operative Association received 56,771,454
pounds of tobacco in North Carolina, 39,025,676 pounds in Virginia, and 15,356,949 pounds in South Caro­
lina, these figures including bright tobacco only. The Association has made its third payment to South
Carolina growers, and the second payment in some other sections of the District.

BUILDING OPERATIONS FOR THE MONTHS OF JANUARY, 1923 AND 1922.
The great activity in building work of all kinds continued during January, the total number of permits
for new construction breaking all former records for that month in the year in twenty-four reporting
cities in the Fifth Reserve District. The month witnessed a total of 1,525 permits for new work, esti­
mated to cost $10,453,472. Housing corporations are taking out many permits, under each of which a num­
ber of houses are built, and therefore the number of permits fails to show the actual number of new struc­
tures that are being provided. In January 1922 the total number of permits for new work reached only
973, estimated to cost $8,240,668, and these permits did not cover as many buildings per permit as the ones
now being issued. Charleston, W. Va. and Charleston, S. C. are the only cities of the twenty-four in­
cluded in the accompanying table that report fewer permits issued in January 1923, but nine of the twentyfour cities show lower valuation figures this year. Nine of the reporting cities show increases in valuation
amounting to more than one hundred percent in comparison with January 1922, Spartanburg, S. C., lead­
ing with an increase of 770.4% . The combined valuation for the twenty-four reporting cities during Jan ­
uary 1923 was 32.7% greater than combined valuation during January 1922.




6

Permits Issued
New Construction
CITIES

i

New

Alterations

Repairs

1923 1922

1923

1922

1922

1923

1922

1923

Cent
Increase or Perof
Decrease Increase
Total
or
Valuation Decrease
0
Z

MARYLAND

1 Baltimore............
2 Cumberland........
3 Frederick.............

318
12
2

233
6
1

773
6
0

4
5
6
7

22
83
143
74

7
23
59
*71

20
64
58
36

5
53
55

70,575
260,320
1,549,148
192,430

168,250
241,600
349,030
*245,340

9,432
26,247
157,880
10,736

5,650
43,340
88,176

93,893 — 54.0
0.6
1,627
1,269,822 290.4
— 42,174 — 17.2

4
5
6
7

11
50
20
99

10
65
20
65

3
28
9
10

1
15
7
7

28,900
217,020
38,900
272,232
75,000

76,275
162,836
31,830
135,770
20,000

1,350
38,882
3,780
5,295
20,000

800
7,050
2,315
1,525
10,000

—

46,825 — 60.8
50.6
86,016
25.0
8,535
140,232 102.1
65,000 216.7

8
9
10
11
12

46
35
18
18
*36
9
52

34
28
16
18
26
6
25

11
14
3
19

269,363
159,675
162,800
238,825
*225,550
25,400
233,850

354,450
302,200
42,405
144,000
69,185
70,000
51,175

4,742
47,990
850
11,802

2
63

9
3
4
6
3
2
37

2,500
46,855

1,556
7,150
15,100
2,375
2,800
1,000
6,830

— 81,901 — 23.0
— 101,685 — 32.9
106,145 184.6
104,252
67.2
153,565 213.3
— 43,100 — 60.7
222,700 383.9

13
14
15
16
17
18
19

10
55
25
27

24
12
20
22

13
58
18
30

23
58
15
28

8,715
95,880
67,255
194,913

82,417
60,900
90,675
15,220

5,423
9,786
32,620
23,995

10,324
48,859
16,190
9,930

—
—
—

78,603 — 84.8
4,093 — 3.7
6,990 — 6.5
193,758 770.4

20
21
22
23

360

182

197

326

2,155,706

2,069,465

361,195

176,432

271,007

24

973 1,435 1,325 $10,453,472

$8,240,668

$1,328,388

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

VIRGINIA
Lynchburg...........
Norfolk................
Richmond............
Roanoke..............
WEST VIRGINIA
Bluefield..............
Charleston...........
Clarksburg...........
Huntington..........
Parkersburg........
NORTHCAROLINA
Asheville..............
Charlotte..............
Durham...............
Greensboro..........
High Point..........
Wilmington..........
Winston-Salem
SOUTHCAROLINA
Charleston...........
Columbia.............
Greenville............
Spartanburg........
DIST. OF COLUMBIA
Washington.........

Totals........ 1,525

♦Includes both new work and repairs.

661 $ 3,881,640 $ 3,448,100
6
22,875
9,245
1
6,500
300

$ 502,200
4,825
0

$ 179,700 $
1,930
600

756,040
16,525
5,600

20.8% 1
147.9
2
622.2
3

—

$ 639,632 $ 2,901,560

12.1
32.7%

—Denotes Decrease.

It follows as a natural result of the large volume of building work being undertaken that dealers in
building materials of all kinds are active, and doing a profitable business. We have received letters from
a number of building supply dealers, and without exception they are optimistic as to the year’s outlook for
them. Prices of material are gradually working higher.

WHOLESALE TRADE
Percentage Increase (or Decrease) in Net Sales During Jan., 1923, as Compared With Dec., 1922
and January, 1922.

Number of reporting firms in each line...........

Groceries

Dry Goods

44

14

Shoes
21

Hardware

Furniture

Drugs

17

9

14

Net sales (selling price) during Jan., 1923,
compared with December, 1922....................

1.4

74.2

— 1.4

27.2

— 1.8

33.2

Net sales (selling price) during Jan., 1923,
compared with January, 1922.....................

18.5

64.0

30.9

46.3

57.4

25.0

—Denotes Decrease.

The accompanying table shows in percentage form the increase or decrease in the dollar amount of
sales made in January 1923 by representative firms dealing in groceries, dry goods, shoes, hardware, fur­
niture and drugs, in comparison with ( 1 ) sales made in December 1922, and (2) sales made in January
1922. Increases in sales in January 1923 over sales in December 1922 are shown in groceries, dry goods,
hardware and drugs, while shoes and furniture show slight declines. Of the nine furniture factories in­
cluded in the table, six showed larger January sales in comparison with December, but the average for the




7

month fell below the previous month. However, the furniture factories have a much larger volume of
orders for future delivery than they had a month ago, and these will show up as sales during later months
this year. In comparison with January 1922 sales, January 1923 shows increases in every line reported
upon, the gains ranging from 18.5% for groceries up through 25.0% for drugs, 30.9% for shoes, 46.3%
for hardware, and 57.4% for furniture, to the maximum increase of 64.0% for dry goods. Price changes
account for a small percentage of some of the increases, but for the most part the figures reflect genuine
increases in the volume of goods sold.
One hundred and nineteen firms classified their collections for January as Good, Fair, Slow, or Poor,
and of this number n o firms rated them as either Good or Fair, a total of 92.5% of all reporting firms.
In December 1922 the same firms reported 93.2% Good or Fair, but in January 1922 only 6 1.1% were
placed in either of those classifications. We give below the classified reports by lines for January 1923,
and for reference we have added the totals for December 1922 and January 1922. No drug firms were
reporting in January 1922, and therefore for that month only five lines are included in the totals given
herewith.
Collections reported as
Fair
Slow
Poor
0
3i
5
10
1
0
2
0
17
11
0
0
8
0
0
1
0
4
81
0
9
8
0
83
61
11
33

Lines
Good
Groceries ...................................................... ....................... 8
Shoes ............................................................. ..................... 3
Dry g o o d s...................................................... ...................... 2
H a rd w a re ........................................ .................................... 6
Furniture ...................................................... ........................ 1
Drugs ............................................................. ....................... 9
January 1923 totals ....................... ....................... 29
December 1922 to ta ls ..................... ....................... 27
January 1922 to ta ls......................... ....................... 8

Total
44

14
21
*7
9

14
119
118

113

FIGURES ON RETAIL TRADE
As Indicated By Reports from Twenty-seven Representative Department Stores
for the Month of January, 1923.
Baltimore

Richmond

Washington

Other
Cities

District

Percentage increase in net sales during
January, 1923, compared with January, 1922..

14.8

29.1

4.8

15.7

12.2

Percentage increase in net sales from
January 1, through January 31, compared
with sales during the same one month
of 1922.................... .......................................

14.8

29.1

4.8

15.7

12.2

Percentage increase in net sales during
January, 1923, over sales in Dec., 1922.........

— 44.6

— 55.5

— 59.3

— 55.1

— 53.1

Percentage increase in stocks on hand at
the end of January, 1923, over stocks on
hand at the end of January, 1922..............

2.1

7.0

8.1

— 1.4

4.6

4.0

— 7.0

— 2.8

— 0.5

— 3.3

356.0

451.5

518.8

418.8

12.5

8.1

8.5

8.9

Percentage increase in stocks on hand at
the end of January, 1923, over stocks on
hand at the end of December, 1922...........

—

Percentage of average stocks on hand at
the end of each month since Jan. 1,
to average net sales each month during
the same period, one month.....................

379.8

Percentage of outstanding orders at the end
of January, 1923, to total purchases of
merchandise during the year 1922..............

8.7

'

—Denotes decrease.

January normally witnesses a big drop in retail sales in comparison with the four or five preceding
months, and January 1923 was no exception, reports received from twenty-seven department stores showing




8

a decrease in sales during that month of 53.1 % in comparison with sales in December 1922. O11 the other
hand, January 1923 sales exceeded January 1922 sales by 12 .2 % , the Richmond stores leading with a gain
during the month of 2 9 .1% . All of the four groups of stores show increases in comparison with the cor­
responding month a year ago. Stock on hand at the end of January 1923 was reported to be 4.6% larger
in selling value than stocks on hand January 31, 1922, this increase probably being largely accounted for by
increased prices for cloth goods. In comparison with stocks on hand at the end of 1922, those on hand at
the end of January 1923 show a decline of 3 .3 % . The ratio of stocks on hand at the end of the month
to net sales during the month stood at 418.8% at the end of January. Outstanding orders for merchan­
dise at the end of January amounted to 8.9% of total purchases during the calendar year 1922.
The figures in the table were calculated from twenty-seven reports, twenty-five of them being stores
that have reported in previous years, and two of them being firms that have just joined the reporting list.
One of the new stores is a leading Washington firm, and the other is one of the largest stores in Charleston,
S. C. The addition of these two stores distinctly increases the value of the averages, the Washington store
satisfactorily completing the representative character of the reporting firms in that city, and the Charleston
store reflecting conditions in the extreme Southern section of the District.




(Compiled February 17, 1923)
9

Summary of Business Conditions in the United States.
PRICES
The index number of the Bureau of Labor Sta­
tistics, computed from the wholesale prices of about
400 commodities, including finished and semi-finish­
ed products as well as raw materials, showed the
same average level of prices in January as in No­
vember and December. Between December and
January the prices of clothing, fuel, metals, build­
ing materials, chemicals and house furnishings ad| vanced, but these advances were accompanied by
declines in farm products and food, so that the
combined index remained unchanged. During re­
cent weeks the prices of a number of basic com­
modities advanced rapidly and in many cases reached
the highest points since 1920 or the early part of
1921. Among commodities reaching new high levels
for the current movement were corn, beef, cotton,
wool, silk, hides, lumber, rubber, linseed oil, copper,
lead and pig iron.

TRADE
An active distribution of goods for this season
of the year is indicated by reports to the Reserve
Banks both by wholesale and retail dealers for the
month of January. Sales of department stores in
over 100 cities were 12 % larger than in January
1922. Inventories for January show that there
has been no large increase in stocks of goods held
by department stores, and the rate of turnover con­
tinued rapid. In wholesale lines there were par­
ticularly large sales during January of dry goods,
drugs, hardware and farm implements.

Further increase in the volume of production in
basic industries to a level higher than in 1919 or
1920, a continued advance in the prices of many
basic commodities, additional borrowing from Banks
for commercial purposes, and somewhat higher
money rates are the principal recent developments
in the business situation.

BANK CREDIT
The larger volume of commercial borrowing at
member banks in recent weeks has been contrary
to the usual trend of the season. Commercial loans
of reporting member banks on February 14 were
$243,000,000 or 3 % larger than at the end of De­
cember and 7 % above the level at the end of July,
when the general demand for credit first showed
an upward turn. This increased demand for credit
at the member banks has resulted recently in an
increased volume of borrowing by the member
banks at the Reserve Banks, chiefly Boston, New
York and Philadelphia. On February 21 the loans
to member banks were $628,000,000 or $248,000,000
higher than in midsummer. During the same period
the volume of Government securities and Bankers
acceptances held by all Federal Reserve Banks de­
clined $160,000,000, resulting therefore in a net
increase of $87,000,000 in the loans and security
holdings of the Reserve Banks. The volume of
Federal Reserve Notes in circulation, which showed
the usual post holiday decline in January began
to increase on January 3 1, a week earlier than last
year. Money rates also showed a tendency to
become firmer, especially in recent wreeks. The open
market rate for commercial paper, which was 4%
last summer, rose during February from a range
of 4% -4/4 % to a range of 4K ~ 5 %- On February
23 the discount rate on all classes of paper at the
Boston and New York Reserve Banks was advanced
from 4 to 4.y2 % .

PRODUCTION
Production in basic industries, as measured by
the Federal Reserve Board's index, was 6% higher
in January than in December, and reached a volume
exceeded only once in the past, in May 19 17. Pro­
duction of steel ingots and of anthracite coal, and
mill consumption of cotton, showed particularly
large advances, and most other important industries
increased their output. Building operations have
been maintained on a large scale. The expansion
in production during January was accompanied by
a substantial increase in freight shipments. Car
loadings of forest products, reflecting the continued
building activity, reached the highest monthly total
on record and loadings of merchandise and miscel­
laneous commodities were higher than in any Jan ­
uary of the past four years. Industrial employment
continued to increase during January, and shortages
of both skilled and unskilled labor were reported
by textile mills, steel mills and anthracite coal mines.
More wage increases at industrial establishments
were announced than in December. There is still
some unemployment in states west of the Missis­
sippi. In industrial and commercial centers there
has recently been a larger demand for office workers,
although throughout the country there is much un­
employment in this group.




10




11