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A U. 3 2 ,/S Z ’ Children of Working Mothers U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics March 1983 Special Labor Force Report Bulletin 2158 m j v # ^ 3y to n & Z Z W 83 [\a „ Children of Working mothers U.S. Department of Labor Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner March 1983 Bulletin 2158 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D .C . 20402 - Price $3.00 ■& U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1983 0 - 3 8 1 - 6 0 8 (4260) p This bulletin on children of working mothers in March 1981 is part of the Special Labor Force Report series. It discusses the increase in the number of children with working mothers and the two major reasons for this growth. This bulletin consists of an article first published in th q Monthly Labor Review, February 1982, additional tables providing more detailed data, and ex planatory notes. The data were compiled from supplementary ques tions to the March 1981 Current Population Survey, conducted and tabulated for the Bureau of Labor Sta tistics by the Bureau of the Census. Material in this publication is in the public domain and may, with appropriate credit, be reproduced without permission. m ©©mtemts Page More than half of all children have working m others........................................................................ 1 Appendixes: A. B. Explanatory n o t e .......................................................................................................................... Supplementary tables: B-l. Number of own children under 18 by age of children, type of family, employment status of parents, race, and Hispanic origin, March 1981, and median family income in 1980 ...................................................................................... 4 7 B-2. Number of families with own children under 18 by age of children, type of family, employment status of mother, race, and Hispanic origin, March 1981, and median family income in 1980.................................................................................. 11 B-3. Number of own children under 18 by age of children, type of family, employment status of mother, race, and Hispanic origin, March 1980, and median family income in 1979 ........................................................................................ 12 B-4. Number of families with own children under 18 by age of children, type of family, employment status of mother, March 1980, and median family income in 1979 .................................................................................................................. 13 v More than half of all children have working mothers A l l y s o n Sh e r m a n G r o s s m a n ally become mothers have spent more years in the labor force than many of their predecessors, and they often choose to remain in the work force or return to it soon after childbearing. In contrast, the early marriage and prolific childbearing patterns of a generation ago result ed in the almost automatic and prolonged withdrawal of young mothers from the labor force.3 Because of these trends, the traditional concept of a family with the father as the only earner has changed dramatically. For example, both parents were earners in about 60 percent of all married-couple families with children under 18 years in 1981. (See table 2.) On aver age, these dual-earner families were smaller than compa rable single-earner families. Fewer than 6 of 10 had more than one child, compared with nearly 7 of 10 of the one-earner families. Among families maintained by women, the presence of earners was affected by the number of children. For instance, of families with chil dren, 65 percent of those without earners had more than one child compared with less than half of those with earners. Other sociological changes of the 1970’s also contrib uted to the growing number of children with working mothers. Two of these were the increase in the divorce rate and the growing occurrence of unwed mothers. In 1981, 11.6 million youngsters— 1 of every 5— Were liv ing with their mother or their father only. This was al most 60 percent more than in 1970, when 1 of every 9 youngsters lived with only one parent. Most lived with their mothers; however, small increases have been posted in the number of children living only with their father. Black children were far more likely than white children to be living with one parent (50 percent of black children, compared with 15 percent of white chil dren). Despite the recent surge into the labor force of moth ers with younger children, older children remain more likely than younger ones to have working mothers. For example, of all children between the ages of 14 through 17 who lived in two-parent families in March 1981, 60 percent had mothers in the labor force, compared with 56 percent of the 6-to-13-year-olds and 45 percent of More children than ever before have mothers who are in the labor force. In March 1981, 31.8 million young sters below age 18 — 54 percent of the Nation’s total — had mothers who were either employed or looking for work. (See table 1.) Since 1970, the number of children with working mothers has grown by 6.2 million despite a 6.6-million decline in the children’s population.1 By March 1981, a record 8.2 million children below age 6—45 percent of all preschoolers— had working mothers. A year earlier, these figures were 7.7 million or 43 percent. Two major factors accounted for this growth. First, the long-term increase in labor force ac tivity among mothers below age 35 accelerated over the year. Their participation rate advanced by more than 2 percentage points, to reach 49 percent. Second, as the number of births among these women increased,2 the population below age 6 grew by nearly 400,000. At the same time, the population of school-age children (6to-17-year-olds) dropped substantially over the year, and the number of these children with working mothers also declined. Thus, preschoolers accounted for all of the year’s net increase in the number of children with working mothers. More young mothers working Reflected in these patterns are the changing work and marital profiles of women born during the post-World War II baby boom. For instance, between March 1980 and March 1981, the number of working mothers in creased by 600,000 to reach 18.4 million, and those with children below age 6 were responsible for 60 per cent of the gain. Within this group, women between the ages of 25 and 34 registered the greatest increases. These women have generally been showing a propensity to delay marriage, postpone childbearing, and ultimate ly to have fewer children than women of comparable ages in the past. As a result, many of those who eventu- Allyson Sherman Grossman is ah economist in the Division o f Em ployment and Unemployment Analysis, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. 1 Table 1. Wumber of children under 18, by age, type of family, and labor force status of mother, Exarch 1980 and March 1981 [Numbers in thousands] Children 6 to 17 Children under 18 Type of family and labor force status of mother March 1981 Revised 59,148 31,785 26,269 40,688 23,196 16,722 41,788 23,826 17,168 48,155 24,912 23,244 47,542 25,178 22,364 32,150 18,032 14,118 10,327 6,445 3,882 10,582 6,617 3,964 10,513 6,607 3,906 951 978 1,094 Revised Total children1 ................................................... Mother in labor fo rc e ................................. Mother not in labor force ........................... 58,107 30,663 26,493 59,714 31,529 27,208 Married-couple fam ilies...................................... Mother in labor fo rc e ................................. Mother not in labor force ........................... 46,829 24,218 22,611 Families maintained by women2 ...................... Mother in labor f o rc e ................................. Mother not in labor force ........................... Families maintained by men 2 ........................... 1 Children are defined as “ own” children of the family. Included are never-married daughters, sons, stepchildren and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, cousins, and unrelated children. Table 2. Families by presence and number of children under 18, number and relationship of earners in 1980, and family type, March 1981 [Numbers in thousands] With children under 181 2 4 or more 4,635 313 1,807 2,514 2,275 294 842 1,139 Total families ............................. No earners............................. One earner............................. Two earners or m o re ............. 29,140 6,406 ■8,033 14,701 31,562 1,957 11,369 18,234 Married-couple fam ilies............. 24,381 5,492 6,375 4,581 1,341 453 12,514 10,637 24,935 411 7,525 7,039 366 119 16,998 14,919 9,739 121 2,376 2,172 154 50 7,242 6,317 9,526 147 3,058 2,875 144 38 6,322 5,717 3,843 62 1,406 1,341 46 19 2,374 2,068 1,828 82 685 650 22 12 1,062 817 1,511 365 1,868 211 804 119 546 59 289 18 229 14 Families maintained by women2 . No earners............................. One earner............................. Two earners or m ore............. 3,482 728 1,246 1,508 5,935 1,488 3,366 1,081 2,839 519 1,740 580 1,949 518 1,132 299 728 246 353 129 419 204 141 173 Families maintained by men 2 .. No earners............................. One earner............................. Two earners or m o re ............. 1,278 186 412 679 692 58 478 155 407 37 267 103 193 9 148 36 64 5 48 11 28 8 16 4 One earner............................. Husband ............................. W ife .................................... Other ................................. Two earners or m o re ............. Husband and w if e ............. Husband and other(s) not wife ............................... Husband nonearner........... 12,984 11,688 677 674 4,383 4,338 7,925 6,657 3 ' Children are defined as “ own” children of the family. Included are never-married daugh ters, sons, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, cousins, and unrelated children. 2 includes only divorced, separated, widowed, or never-married persons. N ote: Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Revised 40,842 23,569 16,398 17,418 7,467 9,771 17,927 7,703 10,040 18,306 8,216 9,871 33,032 18,525 14,507 32,111 18,307 13,804 14,679 6,186 8,493 15,123 6,386 8,737 15,431 6,871 8,560 7,768 5,164 2,604 7,961 5,300 2,661 7,857 5,262 2,595 2,559 1,281 1,278 2,620 1,317 1,303 2,656 1,345 1,311 771 794 875 180 184 219 Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals, This difference has been narrowing in recent years as white mothers have joined the work force at a faster pace than black mothers. Nevertheless, at every age lev el, black children in 2-parent families were still more likely than white children to have a working mother. In one-parent families, however, the situation was reversed; a larger share of white than black children had a work ing mother. Hispanic children were less apt than either white or black children to have working mothers. Regardless of race, ethnic origin, or family type, chil dren with a working mother were in families with con siderably higher incomes, on average, than were children whose mother was out of the labor force. The median income in 1980 for all two-parent families with children was $26,500 when the mother worked and $21,300 when she did not. Generally, white children live in families with higher incomes than black children. Family income for white, two-parent families with children averaged $26,900 when the mother was in the labor force and $21,700, when she was not. Comparable median incomes for black families were $23,000 when the mother worked and $14,900 when she did not. (See table 4.) For some mothers, work is a necessity. It provides economic benefits that may constitute a major share of their offspring’s support. In March 1981, one-fourth of all children— 14.8 million in all— were living in families in which their father was absent (10.5 million), unem ployed (2.4 million), or out of the labor force (1.9 mil lion). More than half of all black children and nearly one-fifth of all white children lived in one of these cir cumstances. Between March 1980 and 1981, the total number of children in these situations remained steady as the increase in the number with unemployed fathers was offset by a decline in the numbers whose fathers were absent or out of the labor force. In each of these Proportionately more black (59 percent) than white children (53 percent) had working mothers in 1981. 1 March 1981 Original N ote: Socioeconomic characteristics Total March 1981 2 Includes only divorced, separated, widowed, or never-married persons, the children under 6. Among children living with their mother only, the proportion whose mothers worked was two-thirds for those between the ages of 6 and 17 and one-half for those below age 6. (See table 3.) No children under 18 March 1980 Original Original Number and relationship of earners by family type Children under 6 March 1980 March 1980 2 Table 4. Children under 18 by age, type off family, labor fore© status off mother, race and Hispanic origin, March 1981, and median family income, 1980 Tafei© 3= Children umd]©r 1© by age, type off family, and ©mpBoymsimt status off parents, March 1981 [Numbers in thousands] Item [Numbers in thousands] Children under 18 Total 14 to 17 6 to 13 One-parent families maintained by w om en1 Two-parent families Under 6 Item Total children1 ........................... Mother in labor fo rc e ............. Em ployed........................... Unemployed...................... Mother not in labor force . . . . 59,148 31,785 29,269 2,516 26,269 14,607 8,698 8,193 505 5,498 26,235 14,871 13,688 1,183 10,900 18,306 8,216 7,388 828 9,871 Married-couple fam ilies............. Mother in labor fo rc e ............. Employed........................... Unemployed...................... Mother not in labor force . . . . 47,542 25,178 23,516 1,662 22,364 11,329 6,763 6,426 337 4,566 20,782 11,544 10,800 744 9,238 15,431 6,871 6,290 581 8,560 Father in labor fo r c e ............. Mother in labor fo rc e ......... Employed ...................... Unemployed .................. Mother not in labor force .. 44,763 24,042 22,462 1,580 20,721 10,490 6,372 6,060 312 4,119 19,605 11,080 10,349 711 8,544 14,669 6,610 6,053 557 8,058 Father em ployed............... Mother in labor force . . . Employed .................. Unemployed ............. Mother not in labor force 42,376 22,744 21,383 1,361 19,632 10,003 6,086 5,813 273 3,917 18,632 10,485 9,865 620 8,147 13,741 6,173 5,704 468 7,569 Father unemployed........... Mother in labor force . . . Employed .................. Unemployed ............. Mother not in labor force 2,387 1,298 1,079 219 1,089 487 285 246 39 202 973 575 484 91 397 927 438 348 89 490 Father not in labor force . . . . Mother in labor f o rc e ......... Employed ...................... Unemployed .................. Mother not in labor force .. 1,918 730 667 63 1,188 736 325 304 22 410 804 282 256 26 521 379 122 107 15 256 Father in armed forces ......... Mother in labor f o rc e ......... Employed ...................... Unemployed .................. Mother not in labor force .. 861 407 388 19 454 103 66 62 4 37 373 201 195 7 172 384 139 131 8 245 Other families: Maintained by women2 ......... Mother in labor fo rc e ......... Employed ...................... Unemployed .................. Mother not in labor force .. 10,513 6,607 5,753 854 3,906 2,867 1,935 1,768 167 932 4,990 3,327 2,888 439 1,663 2,656 1,345 1,098 247 1,311 Maintained by men2 ............. 1,094 411 464 219 White Total children2 ................ Mother in labor force .. Mother not in labor fo rc e ......................... Hispanic White Black Hispanic 1,074 423 42,129 21,865 3,960 2,520 3,688 1,571 6,583 4,375 3,698 2,090 20,264 1,441 2,117 2,208 1,608 651 Children 14 to 17 years .. Mother in labor force .. Mother not in labor fo rc e ......................... 10,024 5,916 987 649 744 350 1,867 1,356 947 549 230 110 4,108 338 393 511 398 121 Children 6 to 13 years . . . Mother in labor force .. Mother not in labor fo rc e ......................... 18,416 10,057 1,754 1,147 1,572 714 3,157 2,200 1,708 1,040 512 217 8,359 606 858 957 668 295 Children under 6 years .. Mother in labor force .. Mother not in labor force ......................... 13,688 5,892 1,220 723 1,372 507 1,558 818 1,043 501 331 96 7,794 496 865 740 541 236 $6,300 8,900 $6,300 8,900 Median family income, 1289 Total c h ildren.................. Mother in labor force .. Mother not in labor fo rc e ......................... $24,200 26,900 21,700 14,900 14,000 5,000 4,400 5,400 Children 14 to 17 years .. Mother in labor force .. Mother not in labor fo rc e ......................... 29,000 31,100 21,400 24,500 19,700 24,400 12,500 14,900 7,600 10,600 8,200 11,400 25,400 13,600 15,600 6,800 5,400 6,400 24,800 27,200 21,100 23,700 18,000 22,400 9,000 11,700 6,600 8,900 6,400 8,400 22,400 16,100 14,200 5,100 4,600 5,600 21,000 22,800 18,400 20,300 15,000 18,500 5,300 8,200 4,600 7,300 5,300 8,000 19,500 14,100 13,200 4,200 3,600 4,600 Children 6 to 13 years . . . Mother in labor force .. Mother not in labor force ......................... Children under 6 years .. Mother in labor force .. Mother not in labor fo rc e ........................ $20,200 23,000 $17,100 21,400 $8,800 11,900 11ncludes only divorced, separated, widowed, or never-married persons. 2 Children are defined as “ own” children of the family. Included are never-married daugh ters, sons, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, cousins, and unrelated children. N ote: 1Children are defined as “ own" children of the family. Included are never-married daugh ters, sons, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, cousins, and unrelated children. 2 Includes only divorced, separated, widowed, or never-married persons. N ote: Hack Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. About 4.6 million families with children were in poverty during 1980. About 7 percent of married couples with children were poor as were 44 percent of the fami lies maintained by women. For both family types, the incidence of poverty increased as family size grew. Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. cases, family income in 1980 was substantially greater when the mother was in the labor force. FOOTNOTES ' Unless otherwise indicated, the data in this report are from infor mation collected in the March supplement to the Current Population Survey conducted and tabulated for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census. The data have been inflated using population weights based on results from the 1980 census of population. The March 1980 data also have been re vised to bring them in line with the new population weights and to make them comparable with the March 1981 data. Previously published 1980 data reflected population weights projected forward from the 1970 Census. The effect of the revision on the 1980 data is shown in table 1, which presents the original as well as the revised es timates for 1980. As the table shows, the number of children with working mothers in March 1980 was revised upward by 866,000. Despite this, and sim ilarly significant changes in other data for 1980, the various relation ships and percentages based on the new estimates are nearly the same as those based on the previously published estimates. 2 Final Natality Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Di vision of Vital Statistics, Natality Statistics. ' See Howard Hayghe, “Families and the rise of working wives— an overview,” Monthly Labor Review, May 1976, pp. 12-19; Janet L. Norwood and Elizabeth Waldman, “Women in the Labor Force: Some New Data Series,” U.S. Department of Labor, Report 575; and George Masnich and Mary Jo Bane, “The Nation’s Families 19601990,” (Massachusetts, Joint Center for Urban Studies of the Massa chusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 1980), pp. 52-85. 3 Appendix A. Explanatory Not® Estimates in this bulletin are based on Supplementary questions in the March 1981 and 1980 Current Popula tion Survey conducted and tabulated for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census. Basic la bor force concepts, sample design, estimating methods, and reliability of the data are described briefly in the following sections.1 Children. Data on children refer to “own” children of the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family and include sons and daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children, such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and unrelated children. Age. The age classification is based on the age of the person at his/her last birthday. Definitions and e©ine@pts Population coverage. In March 1980 and 1981, trained interviewers collected information from a sample of about 65,000 households in 629 areas in 1,133 counties and independent cities with coverage in every State and the District of Columbia. Estimates in this bulletin in clude persons 16 years old and over in the civilian noninstitutional population in the calendar week ended March 14, 1981. Male members of the Armed Forces living off post or with their families on post (817,000 in March 1981) were also included, but all other members of the Armed Forces were excluded. Race. The population is divided into three groups on the basis of race: White, black, and “other races.” The last category includes Indians, Japanese, Chinese, and any other race except white and black. Hispanic origin. Persons of Hispanic origin in this bul letin are those persons who indicated that their origin was Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or some other Hispanic origin. The latter category includes persons from Spain as well as per sons with combinations of types of Spanish origins. Per sons who reported that they were of one of the specific Hispanic-origin categories and a non-Hispanic category were included in the specific category. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Marital status. Persons are classified into the follow ing categories according to their marital status at the time of interview: Single; married, spouse present; and other marital status. The classification “married, spouse present,” applies to husband and wife if both are re ported as members of the same household even though one may be temporarily absent on business, vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, or the like at the time of the iri1 terview. The term “ other marital status” applies to per sons who are married, spouse absent; widowed; or divorced. Employed. Employed persons are all those who dur ing the survey week (a) did any work at all as paid employees or in their own business or profession, or on their own farm, or worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family; or (b) did not work but had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent because of illness, bad weather, vacations, labor-management dis pute, or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid by their employers for the time off, or were seek ing other jobs. Family. A family is a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption. The number of families as shown in this report includes both primary families and unrelated sub families. A primary family includes among its members the married couple or person maintaining the house hold and all other related individuals within the house hold. An unrelated subfamily includes no members re lated to the person or persons maintaining the house hold and includes lodgers, guests, or resident employees. Unemployed. Unemployed persons are all those who did not work during the survey week, made specific efforts to find a job within the preceding 4 weeks, and were available for work during the survey week or would have been available except for temporary illness. Also included as unemployed are those who did not work at all, were available for work, and (a) were wait ing to be called back to a job from which they had been laid off, or (b) were waiting to report to a new wage or salary job within 30 days. 1 For a more complete description o f methodology, see Concepts and Methods Used in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey. U.S. Department o f Commerce and U.S. Depart ment o f Labor, BLS Report 463, October 1976. 4 Labor force. The labor force comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed according to the above definitions. these figures were added the male members of the Armed Forces living off post or with their families on post. Not in the labor force. All persons not classified as em ployed or unemployed are defined as “not in the labor force.” Persons doing only incidental, unpaid family work (less than 15 hours) are also classified as not in the civilian labor force. Variability. Since the estimates are based on a sample, they may differ somewhat from the figures that would have been obtained if a complete census had been taken using the same schedules and procedures. As in any survey, the results are also subject to errors of response and reporting. These may be relatively large in the case of persons with irregular attachment to the labor force. Particular care should be exercised in the interpretation of figures based on relatively small estimates as well as small differences between estimates. The standard error is primarily a measure of sampling variability; that is, of the variations that might occur by chance because a sample rather than the entire popu lation is surveyed. As calculated for this report, the standard error also partially measures the effect of re sponse and enumeration errors but does not measure any systematic biases in the data. The chances are about 68 out of 100 that an estimate differs from a complete census by less than the standard error. The chances are about 95 out of 100 that the difference would be less than twice the standard error. Income. Income is the total amount of money received in the preceding calendar year from (1) money wages and salaries; (2) net income from self-employment; (3) social security; (4) dividends, interest (on savings and bonds), net rental income, and income from estates and trusts; (5) public assistance; (6) unemployment and workers’ compensation, government employee pen sions, and veterans’ payments; and (7) private pensions, annuities, alimony, regular contributions from persons not living in the same household, net royalties, and other periodic income. The amount received represents income before deductions for personal taxes, social se curity, savings bonds, union dues, health insurance, and the like. The total income of a family is the algebraic sum of the amount received by all persons in the family. Earnings. Earnings are all money income of $1 or more from wages and salaries, and net money income of $1 or more from farm and nonfarm self-employment. Note when using small estimates. Summary measures (such as medians, means, and percent distributions) are shown in this bulletin only when the base of the meas ure is 75,000 or greater. Because of the large standard errors involved, there is little chance that summary measures would reveal useful information when com puted on a smaller base. Estimated numbers are shown, however, even though the relative standard errors of these numbers are larger than those for corresponding percentages. These smaller estimates are provided pri marily to permit such combinations of the categories as serve each user’s needs. Median. The median is the value which divides the distribution into two equal parts, one part having val ues above the median, and the other having values be low the median. The medians as shown in this bulletin are calculated from the corresponding distributions by linear interpo lation within the interval in which the median falls. Therefore, because of this interpolation, the median value depends not only on the distribution of income but also on the income intervals used in calculating the median. Computation o f standard errors. The figures presented in tables A-l and A-2 provide approximations of the standard errors of estimated numbers and percentages. Standard errors for intermediate values may be found by interpolation. Estimated standard errors for specific characteristics cannot be obtained from tables A-l and A-2 without the use of factors in table A-3. These fac tors must be applied to the standard errors in order to adjust for the combined effect of sample design and estimating procedure on the value of the characteristics. The determination of the proper factor for a percentage depends upon the subject matter of the numerator of the percentage, not the denominator. The following ex amples illustrate the use of the standard error tables. An estimated 31,785,000 children had mothers who were in the labor force in March 1981. Two steps, using both tables A-l and A-3, are required to derive an estimate of Sums o f distribution. Sums of individual items, whether absolute numbers or percentages, may not equal totals because of independent rounding of totals and compo nents. Percentage totals, however, are always shown as 100 percent. Reliability ©f the estimate® Estimating procedure. The estimating procedure used in this survey inflates weighted sample results to inde pendent estimates of the civilian noninstitutional popu lation by age, sex, and race. These independent esti mates are based on statistics from the 1980 Census of Population and other data on births, deaths, immigra tion, emigration, and strength of the Armed Forces. To 5 population. The standard error for this percent is found by multiplying the standard error (0.38) from table A-2 by the appropriate factor from table A-3 (0.63): 0.38 x 0.63 = 0.24. Thus, the chances are 68 out of 100 that a complete census count would have resulted in a figure between 53.9 and 53.5 percent, and 95 out of 100 that the figure would have been between 54.9 and 53.2 per cent. the standard error for this figure. First, from table A -l, a preliminary estimate of the error (301,000) is found by interpolation. Next, this estimate is multiplied by the factor 0.63 from table A-3. Thus, the changes are about 68 out of 100 that the difference between the sample estimate and a complete census count would be less than 190,000. The chances are about 95 out of 100 that the difference would be less than 379,000. The 31,785,000 children represented 53.7 percent of all children in the labile A-1. Standard errors ©It estimated numbers (68 chances out of 100. Numbers in thousands) Size of estimate Standard error Size of estimate Standard error 25 50 100 250 500 1 000 2,5 00............................ 9 13 19 30 42 59 93 5,000.......................... 10,000........................ 15,000........................ 25,000........................ 50,000........................ 100,000...................... 131 182 221 277 364 424 NOTE: For a particular characteristic, see table A-3 for the appropriate factor to apply to the above standard errors. labile A-2. Standard errors of estimated percentages (68 chances out of 100) Base of estimated percentage (thousands) Estimated percentage 1 or 99 2 or 98 5 or 95 10 or 90 25 or 75 50 7 5 .......................... 1 0 0 ........................ 250 ........................ 500 ........................ 1,000 ................... 2,500 ................... 5,000 ................... 10,000 ................. 15,000 ................. 25,000 ................. 50,000 ................. 100,000 ............... 2.1 1.9 1.2 .8 .6 .4 .3 .2 .15 .12 .08 .06 3.0 2.6 1.7 1.2 .8 .5 .4 .3 .2 .2 .12 .08 4.7 4.1 2.6 1.8 1.3 .8 .6 .4 .3 .3 .2 .13 6.5 5.6 3.5 2.5 1.8 1.1 .8 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2 9.4 8.1 5.1 3.6 2.6 1.6 1.1 .8 .7 .5 .4 .3 10.8 9.4 5.9 4.2 3.0 1.9 1.3 .9 .8 .6 .4 .3 NOTE: For a particular characteristic, see table A-3 for the appropriate fac tor to apply to the above standard errors. Table A-3. Factors to be applied to generalized standard errors in tables A-1 and A-2 CPS data collected January 1967 to present Persons Characteristic Some household members secondary individuals All household members Families and u n re la te d individuals, households, householders, or primary individuals Total or white Black Hispanic origin Total or white Black Hispanic origin Total or white Black Hispanic origin Total or nonfarm: Total, regional or metropolitan .. N onm etropolitan.......................... Education, te n u r e ........................ Employment status and occupation ................................ 1.00 1.22 1.0 1.20 1.47 1.0 1.13 1.38 1.0 1.10 1.35 1.0 1.45 1.78 1.0 1.60 1.95 1.0 0.63 .77 .63 0.60 .73 .60 0.64 .78 .64 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 F a rm ...................................................... 1.38 1.66 1.56 1.52 2.01 2.21 1Apply this factor to table A-2 to obtain standard errors of estimated per centages; for standard errors of estimated levels, use a =0.000481, b = 1096, and formula (2). 6 .85 .81 .86 Appendix B. Supplementary Tables Table B-1. dumber of own children under 18 by age of children, type of family, employment status of parents, race, and Hispanic origin, March 1981, and median family income in 1880 Number of children (in thousands) Item Median family income in 1980 6 to 17 years Total under 18 years 6 to 17 years Under 6 years Total 14 to 17 6 to 13 years years Under 6 years Total under 18 years Total 14 to 17 6 to 13 years years Al! children Total own children4 ......... . Mother in labor force, total........ Employed.... ...... .............. Unemployed....................... Mother not in labor force............ 59,148 31,785 29,269 2,516 26,269 40,842 23,569 21,882 1,687 16,398 14,607 8,698 8,193 505 5,498 26,235 14,871 13,688 1,183 10,900 18,306 8,216 7,388 828 9,871 $21,111 23,163 23,847 14,127 18,708 $22,391 24,242 24,856 14,878 19,925 $24,234 26,507 27,094 17,697 21,230 $21,458 23,141 23,796 13,948 19,331 $18,584 20,468 21,336 12,644 17,040 In married-couple families, total...... Mother in labor force, total........ Employed........... ...... ....... Unemployed......... ...... . Mother not in labor force........... 47,542 25,178 23,516 1,662 22,364 32,111 18,307 17,226 1,081 13,804 11,329 6,763 6,426 337 4,566 20,782 11,544 10,800 744 9,238 15,431 6,871 6,290 581 8,560 23,930 26,459 26,987 19,371 21,253 25,753 28,126 28,526 21,477 22,680 28,241 30,496 30,841 22,989 24,407 24,536 26,804 27,221 20,656 21,958 20,806 22,662 23,218 16,738 19,147 Father in civilian labor force...... Mother in labor force.............. Employed................... . Unemployed..................... Mother not in labor force......... 44,763 24,042 22,462 1,580 20,721 30,095 17,432 16,409 1,023 12,663 10,490 6,372 6,060 312 4,119 19,605 11,060 10,349 711 8,544 14,669 6,610 6,053 557 8,058 24,474 26,864 27,384 19,565 22,048 26,503 28,550 28,935 21,801 23,588 29,188 31,117 31,442 23,230 25,821 25,061 27,146 27,545 21,071 22,738 21,284 22,922 23,489 16,808 19,800 Father employed........... . Mother in labor force........... Employed..................... Unemployed................... Mother not in labor force....... 42,376 22,744 21,383 1,361 19,632 28,635 16,571 15,679 893 12,064 10,003 6,086 5,813 273 3,917 18,632 10,485 9,865 620 8,147 13,741 6,173 5,704 468 7,569 24,945 27,382 27,817 20,598 22,578 26,991 28,960 29,281 22,688 24,056 29,636 31,478 31,749 23,880 26,424 25,581 27,583 27,913 22,147 23,200 21,856 23,467 23,957 17,715 20,423 Father unemployed................ Mother in labor force........... Employed................. . Unemployed................. . Mother not in labor force....... 2,387 1,298 1,079 219 1,089 1,460 860 730 130 599 487 285 246 39 202 973 575 484 91 397 927 438 348 89 490 14,655 17,679 18,671 13,724 12,316 16,756 19,561 20,516 14,977 13,357 19,824 22,517 23,209 (s) 14,771 15,420 18,179 19,180 14,049 12,689 12,673 14,523 15,598 11,842 10,519 Father not In civilian labor force... Mother in labor force....... . Employed ....... ............. . Unemployed..................... Mother not in labor force......... 1,918 730 667 63 1,188 1,539 608 560 48 932 736 325 304 22 410 804 282 256 26 521 379 122 107 15 256 11,391 16,819 17,150 <*) 8,838 12,153 17,550 17,849 (?) 9,291 13,473 19,409 19,563 (s) 10,763 10,659 16,082 16,425 (*> 8,310 8,834 13,480 13,670 C3) 7,740 Father in Armed Forces............... Mother in labor force............. Employed....................... Unemployed..................... Mother not in labor force......... 861 407 388 19 454 477 268 257 11 209 103 66 62 4 37 373 201 195 7 172 384 139 131 8 245 16,608 20,977 21,062 (5) 12,794 20,862 23,343 23,388 (s) 17,160 23,313 (*> (*) (3) (3) 20,122 23,176 23,467 (3) 16,128 12,153 15,932 15,819 (3) 11,116 In families maintained by women, total2 ............................ Mother in labor force, total........ Employed............. ......... . Unemployed....................... Mother not in labor force........... 10,513 6,607 5,753 854 3,906 7,857 5,262 4,656 606 2,595 2,867 1,935 1,768 167 932 4,990 3,327 2,888 439 1,663 2,656 1,345 1,098 247 1,311 7,652 10,910 11,775 5,343 4,790 8,857 11,763 12,461 6,034 5,294 10,708 13,421 13,960 8,526 5,969 7,891 10,777 11,644 5,554 4,942 5,046 7,853 9,088 3,424 3,984 1,094 954 872 82 127 12 875 767 709 58 106 2 411 355 329 26 55 1 464 412 380 32 51 1 219 187 162 24 21 11 14,249 15,765 16,657 7,713 7,708 (3) 15,613 17,175 17,938 7,824 6,907 (?) 16,404 18,359 19,246 (3) (3) (3) 15,087 16,421 17,134 (*) (?) (?) 11,229 11,530 12,370 (3) (3) (3) In families maintained by men, total2 . Father in civilian labor force....... Employed......................... Unemployed....................... Father not in civilian labor force... Father in Armed Forces.............. See fo o tn o te s a t end o f ta b le 7 Table B-1. C©nt5nued=W umber of own cbiSdren under 18 by age of children, type of family, employment status of parents, race, and Hispanic origin, March 1981, and median family Income in 1980 Median family income in 1980 Number of children (in thousands) 6 to 17 years 6 to 17 years Item Total under 18 years Under 6 years Total 14 to 17 6 to 13 years years Total under 18 years Under 6 years Total 14 to 17 6 to 13 years years White Mother not in labor force........... 49,579 26,240 24,573 1,667 22,472 34,171 19,529 18,412 1,118 13,935 12,231 7,272 6,921 351 4,619 21,940 12,257 11,490 767 9,316 15,408 6,711 6,162 549 8,536 $22,315 24,257 24,717 17,301 20,200 $23,736 25,561 26,027 18,914 21,590 $26,051 28,058 28,458 20,550 23,454 $22,674 24,280 24,664 18,271 20,799 $19,511 21,274 21,862 15,114 18,214 In married-couple families, total..... Mother in labor force, total...... .. Employed ......................... Unemployed....................... Mother not in labor force........... 42,129 21,865 20,569 1,297 20,264 28,440 15,973 15,128 845 12,467 10,024 18,416 5,916 • 10,057 5,652 9,476 264 581 4,108 8,359 13,688 5,892 5,441 452 7,796 24,245 26,854 27,299 20,433 21,705 26,260 28,567 28,888 22,605 23,236 28,962 31,080 31,361 23,790 25,373 24,829 27,150 27,478 22,026 22,382 20,993 22,803 23,290 17,132 19,468 Father in civilian labor force...... Mother in labor force............. Employed....................... . Unemployed..................... Mother not in labor force......... 39,996 20,966 19,729 1,237 19,030 26,891 15,258 14,459 799 11,632 9,377 5,588 5,347 241 3,789 17,513 9,670 9,112 558 7,843 13,105 5,708 5,270 437 7,397 24,689 27,211 27,640 20,742 22,304 26,867 28,950 29,251 23,019 23,907 29,758 31,673 31,923 24,364 26,532 25,300 27,442 27,752 22,414 22,949 21,388 23,020 23,508 17,327 19,996 Father employed................. Mother in labor force...... . Employed........... . Unemployed..................... Mother not in labor force........ 38,019 19,933 18,867 1,066 18,087 25,694 14,586 13,881 704 11,109 8,982 5,369 5,154 215 3,614 16,712 9,217 8,728 489 7,495 12,325 5,347 4,985 362 6,978 25,171 27,677 28,021 21,862 22,796 27,318 29,307 29,544 23,969 24,352 30,159 31,964 32,157 25,430 27,119 25,793 27,844 28,085 23,480 23,378 21,923 23,538 23,949 18,344 20,572 Father unemployed.................. Mother in labor force............ Employed ......... ............ Unemployed................. . Mother not in labor force........ 1,976 1,033 863 171 943 1,196 673 578 95 524 395 219 193 26 175 801 453 385 69 348 780 361 285 76 420 14,729 17,533 18,566 13,938 12,852 16,871 19,723 20,808 15,464 14,013 20,543 23,926 25,143 (s) 15,955 15,163 17,673 18,807 (3) 13,277 12,907 14,491 15,398 12,599 11,029 Father not in civilian labor force... Mother in labor force............ Employed........................ Unemployed...................... Mother not in labor force......... 1,417 576 528 48 841 1,135 489 452 37 646 550 266 248 18 284 585 223 204 19 362 282 87 76 11 195 12,348 17,364 17,850 (3) 9,474 13,107 17,948 18,354 (3) 10,211 14,934 19,946 20,288 (s) 11,628 11,830 16,347 16,710 (3) 8,587 9,172 14,303 14,749 (3) 7,820 Father in Armed Forces.............. Mother in labor force............. Employed ........... ........... . Unemployed..................... Mother not in labor force......... 716 323 312 12 393 415 226 217 8 189 97 62 58 4 35 318 164 160 4 154 301 97 94 3 203 17,279 22,238 22,315 (S) 13,509 21,830 24,396 24,337 (s) 17,639 23,028 (3) (3) (3) (s) 21,440 24,595 24,773 (s) 16,808 12,185 14,474 14,748 (3) 11,504 In families maintained by women, total2 ........................... Mother in labor force, total........ Employed........................ . Unemployed....................... Mother not in labor force........... 6,583 4,375 4,004 370 2,208 5,024 3,556 3,284 273 1,468 1,867 1,356 1,269 87 511 3,157 2,200 2,015 186 957 1,558 818 721 98 740 8,822 11,905 12,408 5,498 4,990 10,315 12,793 13,293 6,207 5,526 12,527 14,911 15,429 9,092 6,846 8,957 11,725 12,237 5,494 5,105 5,311 8,226 9,061 3,845 4,204 867 784 717 68 75 8 706 643 596 47 62 1 340 302 281 20 38 0 366 341 314 27 24 1 161 141 121 20 12 8 15,916 16,917 17,831 (3) 8,842 (3) 17,153 18,163 18,952 (3) (3) (3) 18,682 20,106 21,048 (3) (3) (3) 16,061 16,838 17,543 (3) (3) (3) 11,147 11,465 12,463 (3) (3) (3) Total own children! ............... ... Mother in labor force, total........ Employed...................... ... In families maintained by men, total2 . Father in civilian labor force....... Employed....................... . Unemployed.................. . Father not in civilian labor force... Father in Armed Forces........ . See footnotes at end of table. 8 Table B-1. Co nil nued=W umber of own children under 18 by age of children, type of family, employment status of parents, race, and Hispanic origin, SVIarch 1981, and median family income in 1980 Number of children (in thousands) Item Median family income in 1980 6 to 17 years Total under 18 years 6 to 17 years Under 6 years Total 14 to 17 6 to 13 years years Total under 18 years Total Under 6 years 14 to 17 6 to 13 years years Black Total own children! ......... . „„0 0 0. 0 0 Mother in labor force, total.... .„.. Employed....... .................. Unemployed................... . Mother not in labor force........... 7,851 4,610 3,819 790 3,049 5,542 3,385 2,851 534 2,011 1,198 1,056 142 736 3,548 2,187 1,795 392 1,275 2,310 1,224 968 256 1,038 $11,883 15,286 17,089 8,149 6,974 $12,403 15,473 17,170 8,500 7,477 $12,770 16,390 17,222 12,256 7,737 $1 1 , 9 9 9 14,991 17,143 7,455 7,281 $10,587 14,863 16,909 6,303 6,143 In married-couple families, total..... Mother in labor force, total........ Employed......................... Unemployed....................... Mother not in labor force........... 3,960 2,520 2,200 320 1,441 2,741 1,797 1,585 211 944 987 649 586 63 338 1,754 1,147 999 148 606 1,220 723 615 108 496 20,233 22,954 23,971 15,474 14,863 21,179 24,040 24,950 16,202 15,350 21,395 24,541 25,380 21,054 23,741 24,745 15,174 16,102 18,414 20,317 21,704 14,528 14,066 Father in civilian labor force....... Mother in labor force......... Employed.... ............ ...... Unemployed.......... ........... Mother not in labor fbrce.......... 3,542 2,342 2,033 309 1,200 2,430 1,669 1,462 208 761 848 596 533 63 252 1,582 1,073 929 144 509 1,111 672 571 101 439 21,429 23,436 24,555 15,175 17,339 22,477 24,577 25,665 16,032 18,082 23,007 25,329 26,413 22,175 24,147 25,272 14,944 18,277 19,168 20,739 22,214 14,095 15,705 Father employed.................. Mother in labor force........... Employed..................... Unemployed................... Mother not In labor force....... 3,213 2,132 1,869 264 1,081 2,215 1,521 1,345 176 694 769 543 489 54 226 1,446 978 856 122 468 998 611 523 88 387 22,115 24,012 25,148 15,619 18,484 22,991 25,018 26,213 16,276 18,968 23,577 26,092 27,235 22,668 24,516 25,658 15,267 19,159 20,097 21,609 22,967 14,800 17,419 Father unemployed............... Mother in labor force........... Employed..................... Unemployed .............. ..... Mother not in labor force........ 329 210 164 46 119 215 148 116 32 67 79 53 44 9 26 136 95 73 22 41 113 61 48 14 52 12,894 17,200 18,205 15,321 19,101 19,823 15,461 15,252 19,149 9,433 (3) (3) (3) (s) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 7,567 (3) (3) (3) (*) Father not in civilian labor force... Mother in labor force............. Employed....................... Unemployed..................... Mother not in labor force......... 312 120 113 7 192 267 98 95 3 169 133 49 49 0 84 134 49 46 3 85 45 22 18 4 23 9,762 14,769 14,012 (*) 7,375 9,789 14,614 14,172 10,433 9,386 (3) (3) (3) C3 ) (3) (3) (3) (3) (S) (3) (3) 8,007 8,655 6,066 (3) Father in Armed Forces.............. Mother in labor force............. Employed....................... Unemployed..................... Mother not in labor force......... 107 58 54 4 49 43 29 28 0 15 6 4 4 0 2 37 25 24 0 13 63 29 26 3 34 13,176 (3) (3) (») (3) (3) (3) (3) In families maintained by women, total.2 ...................... . Mother in labor force, total........ Employed......................... Unemployed....................... Mother not in labor force........... 3,698 2,090 1,619 470 1,608 2,655 1,589 1,266 323 1,067 947 549 470 78 398 1,708 1,040 796 244 668 1,043 501 354 148 541 6,309 8,927 10,483 5,206 4,384 6,937 9,505 10,767 5,930 4,992 193 146 134 13 43 3 146 109 100 9 36 0 60 46 41 5 14 0 86 63 59 4 23 0 47 37 34 3 7 3 10,807 11,935 13,019 (3) 10,703 12,711 13,340 (») (3) (3) In families maintained by men, total2 . Father in civilian labor force...... Employed.......... Unemployed....................... Father not in civilian labor force... Father in Armed Forces.............. 1,994 See footnotes at end of table. 9 (3) (3) 13,632 (3) 17,641 (3) 18,536 (3) (») (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (s) (3) (3) (3) (3) (S) (3) (*) (S) (3) 7,556 10,649 11,320 8,449 5,434 6,643 8,855 10,566 5,563 4,587 4,630 7,285 9,407 3,035 3,589 (3) 11,221 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (S) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Table B-1. Confinuedl^Wymber of own children under 18 by age of children, type of family, employment status of parents, race, and Hispanic origin, March 1981, and median family income in 1980 Number of children (in thousands) Item Median family income in 1980 6 to 17 years Total under 18 years 6 to 17 years Under 6 years Total 14 to 17 6 to 13 years years Total under 18 years Under 6 years Total 14 to 17 6 to 13 years years H isp a n ic Total own children1 .............. Mother in labor force, total......... Employed............. ............ Unemployed................. . Mother not in labor force........... 4,884 1,994 1,787 207 2,768 3,150 1,391 1,263 128 1,667 1,022 460 419 41 514 2,128 931 844 87 1,153 1,735 603 524 79 1,101 $14,138 18,866 19,819 12,016 11,299 $15,021 19,874 20,895 11,462 11,611 $16,493 20,965 22,074 (3 ) 12,445 $14,464 19,423 20,369 11,176 11,225 $12,631 16,828 17,737 12,504 10,834 In married-couple families, total..... Mother in labor force, total........ Employed............. ....... . Unemployed......................... Mother not in labor force........... 3,688 1,571 1,429 143 2,117 2,316 1,064 986 78 1,252 744 350 326 25 393 1,572 714 661 53 858 1,372 507 442 65 865 17,113 21,367 22,216 13,937 13,992 18,482 23,005 23,670 14,617 14,553 19,671 24,382 24,999 (3) 15,586 17,926 22,413 23,080 (3) 14,221 14,972 18,452 19,363 (s) 13,159 Father in civilian labor force....... Mother in labor force............. Employed....................... Unemployed....................... Mother not in labor force.......... 3,390 1,506 1,365 141 1,884 2,136 1,021 943 78 1,115 672 331 306 25 341 1,464 690 637 53 775 1,254 485 422 64 769 17,838 21,724 22,600 14,034 14,683 19,140 23,355 24,061 14,617 15,298 20,714 24,860 25,637 ( s) 16,717 18,521 22,702 23,411 (3) 14,789 15,815 18,821 19,756 (3) 13,886 Father employed................... Mother in labor force.... . Employed...................... Unemployed................... Mother not in labor force........ 3,163 1,388 1,286 102 1,775 2,007 960 897 63 1,048 630 318 296 23 312 1,378 641 601 40 736 1,156 428 389 40 727 18,302 22,367 22,932 16,430 14,946 19,611 23,881 24,421 (3) 15,727 21,495 25,238 25,938 (*) 17,469 18,951 23,305 23,811 (3) 14,977 16,218 19,501 19,970 (3 ) 14,094 Father unemployed................ Mother in labor force........... Employed...................... Unemployed................... Mother not in labor force....... 227 118 79 39 109 129 61 46 15 68 42 13 10 2 29 87 48 36 12 38 98 57 33 24 42 12,402 13,908 16,713 (* ) 10,711 12,385 (s) (s) (3 ) (s) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 12,074 (3 ) (3) (3) (3) 12,432 (3) (3) (3) (3 ) Father not in civilian labor force... Mother in labor force....... . Employed....................... Unemployed..................... Mother not in labor force......... 233 49 47 2 184 156 32 32 0 124 65 12 12 0 53 91 20 20 0 72 76 17 15 2 59 7,856 (» ) (3 ) (* ) 7,579 8,106 (3) (3) (3) 7,432 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 7,778 (3) (3) (3) (3 ) 7,549 (3) (3) (3) (3) Father in Armed Forces.............. Mother in labor force.............. Employed....................... Unemployed..................... Mother not in labor force......... 65 16 16 0 49 23 11 11 0 12 7 7 7 0 0 16 4 4 0 12 42 5 5 0 37 (s) (s) (s) (3) (3) (3) (3 ) (3 ) (3) (3 ) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3 ) (3 ) C3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3 ) (3) (3) In families maintained by women, total2 ............................. Mother in labor force, total........ Employed................... ..... Unemployed................. ..... Mother not in labor force.... ...... 1,074 423 358 65 651 743 327 277 51 415 230 110 93 16 121 512 217 183 34 295 331 96 82 14 236 6,262 8,886 10,219 (3) 5,394 6,834 9,511 11,008 (3 ) 5,779 8,195 11,433 12,517 (3) 6,393 6,354 8,407 9,804 (» ) 5,615 5,260 7,960 8,469 (3) 7,128 122 108 93 15 14 0 92 78 70 8 14 0 48 37 35 2 11 0 44 41 35 6 3 0 31 30 23 7 0 0 11,273 11,184 11,749 (3) (» ) (3) 12,164 12,097 (3 ) (3) (3) (*) (3) <») ( 3) ( S) (3) (3) (3) (3 ) (3) (3) ( S) (» ) (3) (s) (3) (3) (3) (3) In families maintained by men, total2 . Father in civilian labor force....... Employed................... ..... Unemployed....................... Father not in civilian labor force... Father in Armed Forces..... ...... . 1Own children include never-married daughters and sons, step-children, and adopted children. Excluded are other children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, cousins, and unrelated children. 2Widowed, divorced, separated, and never-married persons, 3 Median not shown where base is less than 75,000. 10 Table B-2. Number of families with own children under 18 by age of children, type of family, employment status of mother, race, and Hispanic origin, March 1981, and median family Income In 1980 Median family income in 1980 Number of families (in thousands) Item With children under 18, total1 Children 6 to 17 only Total 14 to 17 6 to 13 only years With Children children under 6 under years 18, total1 Children 6 to 17 only Total 14 to 17 6 to 13 only years Children under 6 years A ll fa m ilie s Married-couple families, total..,,....... Mother in labor force.................. Employed...... ............ . Unemployed.................. ...... Mother not in labor force............ 24,935 13,902 13,017 886 11,033 13,427 8,392 7,951 441 5,034 4,259 2,696 2,583 113 1,564 9,167 5,697 5,369 328 3,470 11,509 5,510 5,066 445 5,998 $24,345 26,870 27,360 19,925 21,521 $27,794 29,634 29,923 23,743 24,257 $30,459 32,718 32,967 25,562 26,189 $26,662 28,373 28,664 23,335 23,580 $21,313 23,118 23,645 17,297 19,498 Families maintained by women, total2 .... Mother in labor force................ Employed........................... Unemployed............... .......... Mother not in labor force............ 5,935 4,030 3,553 478 1,904 3,823 2,888 2,600 288 935 1,257 931 861 70 326 2,566 1,957 1,739 218 609 2,112 1,143 953 190 969 8,343 11,165 11,889 5,410 4,538 10,493 12,382 12,921 6,427 5,299 12,202 14,286 14,822 (3) 5,979 9,698 11,548 12,188 5,977 4,967 5,358 8,258 9,288 3,777 3,999 Families maintained by men, total2 ..... 692 513 241 272 179 14,763 16,663 17,509 16,164 11,418 Married-couple families, total.......... Mother in labor force................ Employed............................ Unemployed......................... Mother not in labor force............. 22,299 12,197 11,490 708 10,102 12,086 7,476 7,112 363 4,610 3,845 2,417 2,323 94 1,428 8,241 5,059 4,790 269 3,182 10,213 4,722 4,377 345 5,491 24,622 27,230 27,660 20,859 21,917 28,262 30,021 30,273 24,431 24,838 31,062 33,207 33,410 26,863 27,061 27,043 28,673 28,925 23,984 24,084 21,453 23,240 23,704 17,704 19,774 Families maintained by women, total2 .... Mother in labor force................ Employed.................... ....... Unemployed......................... Mother not in labor force............. 3,945 2,786 2,550 236 1,159 2,676 2,083 1,925 158 593 890 687 647 40 203 1,786 1,396 1,278 118 390 1,269 703 625 78 566 9,390 11,945 12,400 5,672 4,746 11,524 13,105 13,590 6,684 5,643 13,400 15,529 15,946 7,447 10,560 12,212 12,664 6,031 5,213 5,574 8,683 9,354 3,953 4,171 Families maintained by men, total2 ..... 552 421 197 224 131 16,465 18,210 20,374 16,987 11,391 Married-couple families, total.......... Mother in labor force................ Employed..... ............... ...... Unemployed......................... Mother not in labor force.... ..... . 1,944 1,296 1,1.45 151 648 1,033 707 640 67 326 314 210 197 13 104 720 497 443 54 222 910 589 504 84 322 20,797 23,403 24,263 16,120 15,692 22,288 25,482 26,097 22,188 25,530 26,296 22,331 25,468 26,037 (3) (3) (3) 16,201 15,773 16,422 19,259 21,079 22,360 15,317 14,960 Families maintained by women, total2 .... Mother in labor force................ Employed.............. ............. Unemployed..... ........... . Mother not in labor force.... . 1,863 1,159 926 233 703 1,063 743 620 123 320 341 227 198 29 114 721 515 421 94 206 800 417 306 111 383 6,597 9,534 10,775 5,163 4,079 7,981 10,503 11,402 6,198 4,783 8,728 11,474 12,168 (3) 5,237 7,707 10,171 11,158 5,902 4,521 5,039 7,696 9,457 3,515 3,663 Families maintained by men, total2 ..... 117 77 38 39 40 10,595 10,020 (*) (3) (3) Married-couple families, total....... . Mother in labor force................ Employed.......................... . Unemployed................... -.... Mother not in labor force............ 1,672 767 698 68 905 692 362 343 19 329 191 102 94 9 89 500 260 250 10 240 980 404 355 49 576 17,837 21,687 22,560 21,439 25,664 26,116 (») 16,852 22,269 27,901 28,224 22,218 25,033 25,541 15,881 19,062 19,993 (3) (3) (3) 16,569 16,980 13,702 Families maintained by women, total2 .... Mother in labor force....... . Employed..... ............. . Unemployed..................... . Mother not in labor force............. 547 249 216 33 298 298 166 145 21 132 84 49 43 7 34 215 117 103 14 98 248 83 71 12 165 6,289 9,247 10,468 (s) 4,846 7,395 10,226 11,716 9,022 6,667 9,373 11,002 Families maintained by men, total2 ..... 68 45 23 22 23 W hite fa m ilie s B la c k fam ilie s (3) - H is p a n ic fam ilies 1 O w n c h ild re n in c lu d e neve r-m a rrie d d a u g h te rs and s o n s , s te p -c h ild re n , and a d o p te d c h ild re n . E x c lu d e d are o th e r c h ild re n s u c h as g ra n d c h ild re n , n ie c e s , n e p h e w s, c o u s in s , a n d u n re la te d c h ild re n . (3) 14,595 (») (3) (3) (3) 5,484 (3) 5,346 5,364 8,412 (3) (*) 4,467 (3) (*) (3) (3) (3) (3) 2 W id o w e d , d iv o rc e d , s e p a ra te d , and ne v e r-m a rrie d pe rs o n s , 3 M e d ia n n o t s h o w n w h e re base is le ss th a n 75,000. 11 Table B-3. Wumber ©f ©wo ©biSdren under 18 by age ©f children, type ©f family, employment status ©f parents, March 1980, and median family income in 1979 Number of children (in thousands) Median family income in 1979 6 to 17 years 6 to 17 years Item under 18 years Total 14 to 17 years 6 to 13 years Under 6 years Total under 18 years Total 14 to 17 6 to 13 years years Under 6 years All children $20,991 22,489 22,942 14,635 18,944 $23,006 24,674 24,993 17,386 20,503 $19,945 21,310 21,837 13,338 18,338 $17,564 18,967 19,613 11,659 16,485 22,465 24,390 24,677 19,125 20,172 23,960 25,799 26,080 20,675 21,521 26,463 28,326 28,461 24,573 23,351 22,869 24,407 24,667 19,127 20,692 19,581 21,190 21,562 16,579 18,340 19,969 14,278 11,010 6,077 10,389 5,573 621 505 8,959 8,200 23,022 24,794 25,075 19,884 20,924 24,589 26,332 26,574 21,782 22,417 27,396 28,895 28,999 25,873 24,516 23,424 24,796 25,037 19,898 21,473 20,021 21,523 21,871 17,148 18,866 19,079 13,459 10,519 5,771 9,971 5,336 548 435 8,559 7,688 23,376 25,094 25,391 20,823 21,384 24,918 26,652 26,858 22,568 22,835 27,729 29,157 29,255 26,188 24,867 23,751 25,066 25,324 20,868 21,922 20,425 21,788 22,068 17,959 19,355 819 307 237 70 512 14,756 18,389 19,370 14,240 11,991 16,255 19,384 20,219 15,521 12,867 17,966 19,787 20,018 (?) 15,780 15,519 19,230 20,287 (?) 12,516 12,765 16,603 17,777 (») 10,866 912 365 324 41 547 421 136 124 12 285 10,838 15,361 16,163 11,459 8,257 11,475 15,905 16,723 (*) 8,703 12,845 17,248 17,734 (3) 9,569 10,387 14,591 15,565 (?) 7,551 8,261 12,663 13,110 (3) 6,778 122 71 71 1 50 409 206 195 11 203 424 172 154 19 251 15,666 17,226 17,826 (?) 13,910 18,278 18,640 18,992 (*) 17,599 23,482 (?) (?) (3) (S) 16,831 17,064 17,429 (?) 16,354 12,890 15,201 16,137 (?) 12,132 7,961 5,300 4,737 563 2,661 2,905 1,986 1,818 168 919 5,057 3,314 2,919 395 1,743 2,620 1,317 1,060 257 1,303 7,386 10,031 10,695 5,239 4,623 8,373 10,662 11,234 5,811 5,185 10,240 12,449 12,880 6,699 5,979 7,468 9,619 10,286 5,533 4,852 4,835 7,460 8,283 4,201 3,705 794 702 659 43 87 5 401 349 328 21 49 393 353 331 184 154 130 24 18 12 15,406 16,805 17,038 16,512 17,716 17,863 (3) 6,020 (3) 18,298 19,794 20,004 (3) (?) (3) 14,935 16,057 16,281 (?) (?) (?) 11,809 12,738 12,991 (?) (s) (3) Total own children* ..... ................ Mother in labor force, total............ Employed .............................. Unemployed ......................... ... Mother not in labor force.............. 59,714 31,529 29,224 2,305 27,208 41,788 23,826 22,313 1,513 17,168 15,048 8,931 8,486 445 5,717 26,739 17,927 $19,818 14,895 7,703 21,532 13,827 6,911 22,068 1,067 792 13,345 11,451 10,040 17,946 In married-couple families, total......... Mother in labor force, total............. Employed.............................. Unemployed............................ Mother not in labor force............... 48,155 24,912 23,427 1,485 23,244 33,032 18,525 17,576 950 14,507 11,743 6,945 6,668 277 4,798 21,290 15,123 11,581 6,386 10,908 5,851 673 535 9,709 8,737 Father in civilian labor force.......... Mother in labor force................. Employed...... ..................... Unemployed .......................... Mother not in labor force............. 45,086 23,634 22,255 1,379 21,452 30,808 17,556 16,682 874 13,251 10,839 6,546 6,293 253 4,293 Father employed....................... Mother in labor force................ Employed................... . Unemployed........................ Mother not in labor force........... 43,009 22,617 21,400 1,217 20,392 29,550 16,846 16,063 783 12,704 10,471 6,327 6,092 235 4,144 Father unemployed..................... Mother in labor force............... Employed.......................... Unemployed................. . Mother not in labor force........... 2,077 1,017 856 161 1,060 1,258 710 619 91 548 368 220 201 18 148 890 491 418 73 400 Father not in civilian labor force....... Mother in labor force................. Employed............................. Unemployed.................... ..... Mother not in labor force............. 2,115 828 752 76 1,288 1,694 691 627 64 1,003 782 327 303 23 456 Father in Armed Forces.................. Mother in labor force..... ........... Employed............................ Unemployed.... ..................... Mother not in labor force.... ........ 954 450 420 30 504 531 278 266 12 253 In families maintained by women, total2 ... Mother in labor force, total............ Bnployed.............................. Unemployed........................... Mother not in labor force............... 10,582 6,617 5,797 820 3,964 In families maintained by men, total2 .... Father in civilian labor force.......... Employed.... ......................... Unemployed...................... ..... Father not in civilian labor force...... Father in Armed Forces................. 978 856 789 67 105 17 2 1 O w n c h ild re n in c lu d e ne v e r-m a rrie d d a u g h te rs and s o n s , s te p -c h ild re n , and a d o p te d c h ild re n . E x c lu d e d are o th e r c h ild re n s u c h as g ra n d c h ild re n , n ie c e s , n e p h e w s, c o u s in s , and u n re la te d c h ild re n . 22 38 3 (S) 5,812 (?) 2 W id o w e d , d iv o rc e d , s e p a ra te d , and n e v e r-m a rrie d pe rs o n s . 3 M e d ia n n o t s h o w n w h e re ba s e is less th a n 75,000. 12 Table B-4. dumber of families with own children under 18 by age of children, type of family, employment status of mother, IViarch 1980, and median family Income in 1979___________ Number of children (in thousands) Median family income in 1979 6 to 17 years only Item Total under 18 years 1 Total 6 to 17 years only 14 to 17 6 to 13 years years only Under 6 years Total under 18 yearsl Total 14 to 17 6 to 13 years years only Under 6 years Married-couple families..... . Mother in labor force....... . Employed...................... . Unemployed...................... Mother not in labor force.......... 24,974 13,558 12,777 781 11,416 13,575 8,391 8,021 370 5,184 4,368 2,643 2,558 85 1,724 9,208 5,748 5,464 284 3,460 11,398 5,166 4,755 411 6,232 $22,799 24,707 25,023 18,644 20,351 $25,695 27,331 27,546 21,919 22,903 $28,149 30,233 30,354 26,158 24,176 $24,664 26,066 26,309 20,712 22,303 $20,006 21,557 21,952 16,647 18,644 Families maintained by women2 ....... Mother in labor force.............. Employed.......... ....... . Unemployed................. ..... Mother not in labor force.......... 5,718 3,833 3,412 421 1,885 3,638 2,692 2,459 232 946 1,190 877 822 55 313 2,448 1,815 1,637 177 633 2,080 1,141 953 188 938 8,008 10,497 11,076 5,216 4,354 10,041 11,682 12,091 6,568 5,270 11,933 13,643 13,886 (3) 6,403 9,120 10,847 11,339 6,129 4,932 5,114 7,623 8,370 4,101 3,719 Families maintained by men2 ......... 633 480 238 242 153 15,224 16,758 18,714 15,407 11,538 1 O w n c h ild re n in c lu d e ne v e r-m a rrie d d a u g h te rs and s o n s , s te p -c h ild re n , and a d o p te d c h ild re n . E x c lu d e d are o th e r c h ild re n s u c h as g ra n d c h ild re n , n ie c e s , ne p h e w s, c o u s in s , and u n re la te d c h ild re n . 2 W id o w e d , d iv o rc e d , s e p a ra te d , a n d ne v e r-m a rrie d p e rs o n s , 3 M e d ia n n o t s h o w n w h ere b a s e is le s s th a n 75,000. 13 cs iegoomal c@s Region I 1603 JFK Federal Building Government Center Boston, Mass. 02203 Phone: (617) 223-6761 Region SW 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E. Atlanta, Ga. 30367 Phone: (404) 881-4418 Region ¥ Region il Suite 3400 1515 Broadway New York, N.Y. 10036 Phone: (212) 944-3121 Region BIB 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309 Philadelphia, Pa. 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 9th Floor Federal Office Building 230 S. Dearborn Street Chicago, III. 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Region VS Second Floor 555 Griffin Square Building Dallas, Tex. 75202 Phone: (214) 767-6971 Regions VIS and VBII 911 Walnut Street Kansas City, Mo. 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 Regions IX and X 450 Golden Gate Avenue Box 36017 San Francisco, Calif. 94102 Phone: (415) 556-4678
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