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Race and Hispanic Origin Chapter 3 Race and Hispanic Origin ncreasing racial and ethnic diversity character Figure 3-1. ized the population of the United States during Percent of Population by Race, 1900 to 2000 I the latter half of the twentieth century. Largescale immigration between 1970 and 2000, primarily 10 0 from Latin America and Asia, has fueled the increase in diversity. In the last two decades of the century, the 80 Asian and Pacific Islander population tripled, and the Hispanic population more than doubled. Every decennial census of population in the 60 United States has collected data on race, beginning with the first national enumeration in 1790. The num 40 ber of specific groups identified generally increased over time, and Census 2000 was the first U.S. census to allow individuals to identify themselves as being of 20 more than one race. lllllllllli- iiiiiiim r Races other than White or Black Black White This atlas generally uses six groups in showing Census 2000 data by race: White, Black, American 1900 Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian and 1910 1920 1930 1940 19S0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Note: In 2000, the percent distribution is based on the reporting o f race alone for Whites and Blacks. Other Pacific Islander, and Two or More Races. (See the glossary for more detailed information on the racial data categories used, including the Some Other Race census was the first to include a question about was 69.1 percent. The Black population also increased group.) The data collected by Census 2000 on race Hispanic origin; it was asked of a 5-percent sample of steadily throughout the century, from 8.8 million in can be divided into two broad categories: people who the population. Beginning with the 1980 census, infor 1900 to about 4 times as large in 2000 (34.7 million responded to the question on race by indicating only mation on Hispanic origin was collected on a 100- people reported the single race Black, and 36.4 million one race, referred to as the single-race or as the race- percent basis. alone population, and those who reported more than people reported Black only or Black in combination with one or more other races). The single-race Black popula one race, referred to as the race-in-combination popu Racial Composition tion in 2000 was 12.3 percent of the population. lation. The maps and figures in this book refer to the The White population, which includes White Hispanics, Compared with the combined population of races other single-race populations, unless otherwise indicated. continues to be the largest race group in the United than White or Black, the Black population in I 960 was However, this does not imply that it is the preferred States. As recently as 1970, nearly the entire U.S. more than 10 times as large, in 1980 it was slightly method of presenting or analyzing data; the U.S. population was either White or Black, as the popula more than double, and in 2000 it was of comparable Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. tion of other races was 2.9 million, or 1.4 percent of size, reflecting the rapid growth of the population of the population. By 2000, the number of people in the other races in the United States. The federal government considers race and eth nicity to be separate concepts. People of a specific United States who were races other than White or race may have any ethnic origin, and people of a Black (including all people of two or more races) had American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian, specific ethnic origin may be any race. The Hispanic- grown to 35 million, comparable in size to the Black Other Pacific Islander, Two or More Races, and Some origin population is defined as an ethnic group for fed population. Other Race. Hereafter, AIAN is sometimes used to refer eral statistical purposes, and Hispanics may be any race. Prior to 1970, determinations of Hispanic origin Numerically, the White population more than Race groups other than White or Black include to people who reported being American Indian or tripled in the twentieth century, from 66.8 million in Alaska Native and the term “Pacific Islander” to refer to were made indirectly, such as through information on 1900 to over 100 million by 1930 and 211.5 million in people who reported being Native Hawaiian or Other Spanish surname or by tabulating data on people who 2000. The proportion single-race White in 2000 was Pacific Islander. The number of people reporting two or reported Spanish as their “mother tongue." The 1970 75.1 percent, while the proportion non-Hispanic White more races in 2000 was 6.8 million. 28 U.S. Census Bureau book, these two groups are combined.) In 1970, the throughout the twentieth century. In 1900, about 1 (who are primarily Hispanic) populations experienced The Asian, Pacific Islander, and Some Other Race population other than White or Black was 0.5 million, out of 8 Americans was of a race other than White. By large increases during the period from 1970 to 2000. whereas in 2000 the Some Other Race population was 2000, that proportion had increased to about 1 out of The Asian and Pacific Islander population was 1.4 mil 15.4 million (5.5 percent of the U.S. population). 4. As recently as 1970, the White population’s share of lion in 1970; in 2000, the Asian population stood at International migration contributed to these rapid pop the U.S. total was just slightly smaller than it had been 10.2 million (3.6 percent of the population), and the ulation increases. at the beginning of the century. The Black population also represented a slightly smaller share of the total Pacific Islander population was 399,000 (0.1 percent of the U.S. population). (In Census 2000, the Asian and Increasing Diversity From 1900 to 2000 U.S. population in 1970 than in 1900, and at the century’s close, its share was less than 1 percentage Pacific Islander group was split into “Asian” and In general, Blacks, Asians, Pacific Islanders, American “Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander.” When Indians and Alaska Natives, and Hispanics represented point higher than in 1900. The decline since 1970 in showing comparisons with earlier decades in this increasing shares of the national population the proportion of the U.S. population that is White resulted mainly from faster growth of the Asian, Pacific Islander, and Some Other Race populations. PercentAsian, 1900 Percent Black, 1900 Regional Racial Patterns The geographic distributions by race and Hispanic ori Chinese and Japanese as a Blacks as a percentage of total population gin also changed between 1900 and 2000 as a result of trends in both international migration and migration among the states. In 1900, for instance, the Asian population (0.3 percent of the U.S. population) was primarily located in the West. All 1 1 states and territo ries with percentages exceeding that of the United States were located in that region (map 03-01), and the percentage Asian was higher in the western state of Nevada than in New York. In 2000, 3.6 percent of the U.S. population was Asian, and states with per centages exceeding the U.S. figure were located in the Northeast, South, and West (map 03-02). The Black population in 1900, 1 1.6 percent of the U.S. total, had a strong regional presence in the South (map 03-03), which had nearly 90 percent of the Black population. Large Black outmigration from the South to metropolitan areas in the Northeast and Midwest during much of the twentieth century resulted in lower percentages Black for some states in 41.6 (HI) 10.9 (CA) 3.6 to 5.7 1.0 to 3.5 0.2 to 0.9 the South and higher percentages Black for a number of states outside the South (map 03-04). In Michigan, for example, Blacks increased from 0.7 percent of the population in 1900 to 13.9 percent in 2000. The number of states with less than 1 percent Black in their population dropped from 18 in 1900 to 9 in 2000. U.S. Census Bureau 29 Chapter 3. Race and Hispanic Origin Population Growth Rates by Race and Hispanic Origin Considering race without regard to Hispanic origin, Figure 3-2. Percent Change in Population by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1980 to 2000 the White population grew more slowly from 1980 to 2000 than every other group in percentage terms Total population (Figure 3-2). The rapid growth of the Some Other White Race population reflects the large number of people Black in this group who are Hispanic, a group with a high growth rate. The large percentage change of the American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) Asian and Pacific Islander AIAN population in part may be attributed to a Some Other Race higher tendency among respondents to report as this race in 2000 than in 1980, as well as changes in cen Hispanic sus procedures and improvements in census cover White non-Hispanic age of this population. Minority population Considering both race and Hispanic origin, the non-Hispanic White population grew by 7.9 percent between 1980 and 2000, while the aggregate minor Note: In 2000, the percent distribution is based on the reporting of race alone. ity population (people of races other than White plus those of Hispanic origin) increased 1 1 times as fast which Hispanics represented at least one-fourth of the Midwest and in smaller numbers of counties in the (88 percent) during the 20-year period. Among all population. By 2000, Hispanics made up at least 2 5 South and Northeast. The Two or More Races popula the population groups shown in Figure 3-2, only the percent of the population in three additional states tion and the Asian population were the prevalent White and the non-Hispanic White populations grew (California, Arizona, and Texas). All four of these minority groups for a scattering of counties across the at a slower rate than the total population. The higher states are on the U.S.-Mexico border. country, with Asians particularly noticeable in the upper Midwest. percentage increases for each individual race other than White and for the Hispanic population produced This Chapter’s Maps a high percentage growth for the minority popula In addition to map 03-05, the diversity of the U.S. tion, resulting in an increase in the minority share of population by race and Hispanic origin in 2000 is counties was Mexican (map 03-43). In the Northeast the U.S. population from 20 percent in 1980 to 31 evidenced in other ways in this chapter. The map of and some counties in Florida, the prevalent Hispanic percent in 2000 and a corresponding decrease in the the White a n d AIAN population in 2000 (map 03-1 5) group was Puerto Rican. This pattern is also reflected non-Hispanic White share. The Hispanic population has grown rapidly in With respect to the most common Hispanic group, the prevalent Hispanic group in 2000 for most shows strong regional presence in Alaska and parts in the tract-level metropolitan area maps 03-52 of Oklahoma, as does the subset map for children of through 03-60, where Puerto Rican was the most com recent decades, more than doubling in size between these two races (map 03-23). (The race-in- mon Hispanic group for many tracts in metropolitan 1980 and 2000. In every state except Hawaii, the combination categories use the conjunction a n d in areas in the Northeast. percentage of the population that was Hispanic italicized and bold-face print to link the race groups increased during the 20-year period from 1980 to that compose the combination.) 2000. In 1980, New Mexico was the only state in For a majority of counties, the prevalent group in 2000 was non-Hispanic White (map 03-28). Maps 03-34 through 03-42 reveal the top metro politan areas of residence for each of the nine largest Asian groups. In general, the metropolitan areas that were home to the largest Asian groups in 2000 were Predominantly Hispanic counties are found in the Race and Hispanic Diversity, 2000 located in California or New York— the two states with southwest, close to the Mexican border, while predom the largest Asian populations in 2000—and they usu inantly Black counties are generally found in the ally had large overall populations. For the Hmong, a South, especially along the Mississippi River. different pattern emerged. The metropolitan area with Predominantly AIAN counties are present across much Probability that two randomly selected people in a state would be of different races or that only one of the two would be Hispanic the largest Hmong population in 2000 was the of Alaska and in counties containing sizable American Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI metropolitan statistical Indian and Alaska Native reservations. area (MSA). Smaller Hmong populations existed in two The map of prevalent minority groups in 2000 smaller metropolitan areas in Wisconsin— the (map 03-29) shows distinct regional patterns in identi Wl MSA. The fact that relatively large populations of a In the South and much of the Northeast, the prevalent small Asian group are located in these less populous minority group was Black, while Hispanics were the metropolitan areas demonstrates the geographic dis prevalent minority group across much of the West and 30 Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah, Wl MSA and the Wausau, fying the largest group other than non-Hispanic White. persal of our country’s race groups. U.S. Census Bureau Chapter 3. Race and Hispanic Origin Race and Hispanic Diversity, 2000 Higher diversity 0.70 to 0.77 0.60 to 0.69 U.S. diversity index 0.49 0.49 to 0.59 0.40 to 0.48 0.30 to 0.39 0.20 to 0.29 0.10 to 0.19 Lower diversity The diversity index displayed on this map reflects the probability that two randomly selected people in a state would be of different races or that only one of the two would be Hispanic. The index is calculated by summing the squares of the proportion of the total population in each of the selected groups and subtracting the sum from 1.00, so more diversity is represented by a higher index value. The groups included in this calculation are U.S. Census Bureau Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, Black, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic Two or More Races, and non-Hispanic Some Other Race. While the diversity index for the United States in 2000 was 0.49, the diversity index of individual counties varied, as seen in the above map. Higher values of the index—the darker-shaded counties in the map— are pres ent in some areas in the West, for instance California, 0.01 to 0.09 Hawaii, and New Mexico. The South shows numerous counties in the middle range of the diversity index, with a solid band of such counties stretching from Maryland through much of the South across to Texas. Lower values of the diversity index are seen in much of the Northeast and the Midwest. Pockets of higher diversity indexes are visible in counties in the New York and Chicago metropolitan areas. 31 Chapter 3. Race and Hispanic Origin White Non-Hispanic Population, 2000 c Black Population, 2000 • d> -' 3 90.0 to 99.6 70.0 to 86.5 69.1 to 89.9 40.0 to 69.0 Non-Hispanic W h ites as a percentage of total population 20.0 to 39.9 40.0 to 69.9 Blacks as a percentage of total population 10.0 to 19.9 20.0 to 39.9 U.S. percent 12.3 3.0 to 9.9 12.3 to 19.9 3.0 to 12.2 0.0 to 2.9 0.2 to 2.9 American Indian and Alaska Native Population, 2000 90.0 to 94.2 70.0 to 89.9 40.0 to 46.0 40.0 to 69.9 A m erican Indians and Alaska N atives as a percentage of total population 20.0 to 39.9 10.0 to 19.9 3.0 to 9.9 U.S. percent 0.9 32 0.9 to 2.9 20.0 to 39.9 A sians as a percentage of total population 10.0 to 19.9 U.S. percent 3.6 to 9.9 3 .6 0.0 to 3.5 0.0 to 0.8 U.S. Census Bureau Chapter 3. Race and Hispanic Origin 40.0 to 48.3 20.0 to 39.9 Pacific Islanders as a percentage of total population 10.0 to 19.9 3.0 to 9.9 U.S. percent 0.1 0.1 to 2.9 20.0 to 28.4 Two or M ore Races population as a percentage of total population 10.0 to 19.9 U.S. 2.4 to 9.9 2.4 0.0 to 2.3 Less than 0.1 90.0 to 99.7 70.0 to 89.9 40.0 to 69.9 Hispanics as a percentage of total population 20.0 to 39.9 U.S. percent 12.5 12.5 to 19.9 3.0 to 12.4 0.1 to 2.9 U.S. Census Bureau 33 Chapter 3. Race and Hispanic Origin 2.0 or m ore Percentage of population w h o reported race com bination of W h ite a n d Black 2.0 or m ore Percentage of population w h o reported race com bination of W h ite a n d A m erican Indian and Alaska Native 1.0 to 1.9 U.S. percent 0.3 0.3 to 0.9 1.0 to 1.9 0.4 to 0.9 Less than 0.3 Less than 0.4 White and Asian Population, 2000 I E 3 2.0 or m ore Percentage of population w h o reported race com bination of W h ite a n d Asian 1.0 to 1.9 0.3 to 0.9 Less than 0.3 34 2.0 or m ore Percentage of population w h o reported race com bination of W h ite a n d Pacific Islander 1.0 to 1.9 0.3 to 0.9 U.S. percent (0.04) rounds to 0.0 0.0 to 0.2 U.S. Census Bureau Chapter 3. Race and Hispanic Origin 70.0 or m ore Percentage of couples with a non-Hispanic W h ite partner in w hich the other partner w a s Hispanic or a race other than W h ite 45.0 to 69.9 30.0 to 44.9 15.0 to 29.9 U.S. percent 7.9 7.9 to 14.9 70.0 or m ore 45.0 to 69.9 Percentage of couples with a non-Hispanic Black partner in w h ich the other partner w a s Hispanic or a race other than Black 30.0 to 44.9 15.0 to 29.9 7.0 to 14.9 Less than 7.0 Less than 7.9 No couples with a non-Hispanic Black partner 70.0 or m ore Percentage of couples with a non-Hispanic Asian partner in w hich the other partner w a s Hispanic or a race other than Asian 45.0 to 69.9 U.S. 30.2 to 44.9 15.0 to 30.1 30.2 7.0 to 14.9 70.0 or m ore Percentage of couples with an Hispanic partner in w hich the other partner w a s non-Hispanic or a different race 45.0 to 69.9 U.S. 34.2 to 44.9 15.0 to 34.1 34.2 7.0 to 14.9 Less than 7.0 □ U.S. Census Bureau No couples with a non-Hispanic Asian partner Less than 7.0 1 I ___ I _ No couples with an Hispanic partner 35 Chapter 3. Race and Hispanic Origin 8.0 to 13.8 8.0 to 10.5 4.0 to 7.9 Percentage of population under 18 w h o reported race com bination of W h ite a n d Am erican Indian and Alaska Native 2.0 to 3.9 1.0 to 1.9 4.0 to 7.9 Percentage of population under 18 w h o reported race com bination of W h ite a n d Asian 2.0 to 3.9 1.0 to 1.9 U.S. U.S. percent 0.6 to 0.9 0.5 36 0.5 to 0.9 0.0 to 0.4 0.6 0.0 to 0.5 U.S. Census Bureau Chapter 3. Race and Hispanic Origin Percentage of population under 18 w h o reported race com bination of W h ite a n d Black 8.0 to 16.5 4.0 to 7.9 2.0 to 3.9 U.S. percent - 0.8 0.8 to 1.9 0.0 to 0.7 Percentage of population under 18 w h o reported race com bination of Black a n d Am erican Indian and Alaska Native U.S. Census Bureau 1.0 to 1.2 U.S. 0.1 0.1 to 0.9 Less than 0.1 Percentage of population under 18 w h o reported race com bination of Black a n d Asian U.S. percent 0.1 0.1 to 0.7 Less than 0.1 37 Chapter 3. Race and Hispanic Origin Am erican Indian and Alaska Native Asian Black Hispanic Pacific Islander W h ite non-Hispanic Non-Hispanic Some Other Race and Two or More Races groups were not the most common in any county; Pacific Islander was most common in Kalawao County, HI 38 U.S. Census Bureau Chapter 3. Race and Hispanic Origin U.S. Census Bureau 39 Chapter 3. Race and Hispanic Origin 40 U.S. Census Bureau Chapter 3. Race and Hispanic Origin LARGEST ASIAN GROUPS, 2000 Asian Indian, 2000 Ten metropolitan areas with the Key to metropolitan areas 1 Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah, Wl 2 Atlanta, GA 3 Boston-Worcester-Lawrence-LowellBrockton, MA-NH 4 Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI 5 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX 6 Detroit-Ann Arbor Flint, Ml 7 Fresno, CA 8 Hickory-Morganton-Lenoir, NC 9 Honolulu, HI 10 Houston-Galveston Brazoria, TX U.S. Census Bureau 11 Las Vegas, NV-AZ 12 Los Angeles-RiversideOrange County, CA 13 Merced, CA 14 Milwaukee-Racine, Wl 15 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI 16 New York-Northern New JerseyLong Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA 17 Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD 18 Portland-Salem, OR-WA 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Providence-Fall River-Warwick, RI-MA Sacramento-Yolo, CA San Diego, CA San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA Stockton-Lodi, CA Washington Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV Wausau, Wl 41 Chapter 3. Race and Hispanic Origin Mexican, 2000 * O Central Am erican Cuban Dominican Mexican Percentage of population Mexican Puerto Rican South Am erican Other Hispanic 20.0 to 98.8 20.0 to 28.9 7.0 to 19.9 Percentage of population Puerto Rican 7.0 to 19.9 3.0 to 6.9 3.0 to 6.9 U.S. percent 1.2 0.5 to 1.1 0.0 to 0.4 42 Percentage of population Cuban 1.2 to 2.9 1.0 to 2.9 U.S. percent 0.4 0.4 to 0.9 0.0 to 0.3 U.S. Census Bureau Chapter 3. Race and Hispanic Origin 7.0 to 10.0 3.0 to 6.9 Percentage of population Dominican 1.0 to 2.9 U.S. 1.0 to 2.9 0.6 to 0.9 0.6 0.0 to 0.2 U.S. 0.0 to 0.5 0.3 to 0.9 0.3 3.0 to 6.0 Percentage of population Central Am erican 20.0 to 70.9 3.0 to 6.9 Percentage of population South Am erican 1.0 to 2.9 U.S. 0.5 to 0.9 0.5 0.0 to 0.4 7.0 to 19.9 Percentage of population Hispanic, Latino, Span ish, or Spaniard U.S. percent 2.2 2.2 to 6.9 1.0 to 2.1 0.5 to 0.9 0.0 to 0.4 U.S. Census Bureau 43 Chapter 3. Race and Hispanic Origin METROPOLITAN AREAS San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA Prevalent Hispanic Group, 2000 Largest Metropolitan Areas Central Am erican Cuban Dom inican U .S . m ap b y county; m etropolitan area m aps by census tract Mexican Puerto Rican South Am erican Other Hispanic No Hispanic population Boston-WorcesterLawrence-LowellBrockton PhiladelphiaW ilm ingtonA tla n tic C ity Detroit-Ann _ _ A rb o r- F lin t/^ ) Chicago-Gary-| \ Kenosha S a n FranciscoO akland-San Jo s e ’ N ewYorkNorthern N e w Je r s e y Long Island W ashington.Baltim o re Lo s Angeles-Riverside- ^ O range C o u n ty % A tla n ta' DallasFort W orth| HoustonGalvestonBrazoria Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA 44 Houston-Galveston-Brazoria,TX U.S. Census Bureau Chapter 3. Race and Hispanic Origin METROPOLITAN AREAS Boston-Worcester-Lawrence-Lowell-Brockton, MA-NH VERMONT NEW MAI NE HAMPSHIRE MASSAC Boston Worcester CONNECTICUT Dallas-Fort Worth, TX New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA TEX M A S S A NEW Fort Worth U S E TT S YORK Dallas CONNECT 03-58 Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD New York P E N NS Y 'ilmington RY L> Vt ’Atlantic City Atlanta, GA WEST VIRGINIA D ELA W A R E Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV U.S. Census Bureau 03-59 45 Chapter 3. Race and Hispanic Origin CITIES Race and Hispanic Diversity, 2000 Largest Cities Higher diversity 0.70 to 0.82 0.60 to 0.69 Probability that tw o random ly selected people in an area w ould be of different races or that o nly one of the tw o w o u ld be Hispanic; U.S. m ap by county, city m aps by census tract U.S. diversity index 0.49 0.49 to 0.59 0.40 to 0.48 0.30 to 0.39 0.20 to 0.29 0.10 to 0.19 Lower diversity 0.01 to 0.09 No population 46 U.S. Census Bureau Chapter 3. Race and Hispanic Origin CITIES U.S. Census Bureau 47
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