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Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction ill T his volume is the first comprehensive atlas Figure 1-1. produced by the U.S. Census Bureau since U.S. Population (m illions), 1 790 to 20 0 0 the early twentieth century. It highlights demographic, social, and economic conditions and changes for both people and housing in the United States and Puerto Rico. The atlas illustrates the wide range of data collected by the U.S. decennial censuses of population from the first in 1790 to the latest III ..I iiiE innni 250 200 150 100 50 in 2000. The census is conducted every ten years to 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 I860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 apportion representatives among the states for the largest metropolitan areas are approximately maps when the populations are concentrated in local Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The 1790 popula 1:2,900,000 scale. Showing the city or metropolitan communities. Special maps illustrate the distribution tion of 3.9 million resided on 860,000 square miles; in area maps across two pages and using the same scale of these populations. 2000 the population was 281 million distributed over for all of the maps in each series reveals the differ The scales of the maps are appropriate to 3.5 million square miles (Figure 1-1). In addition to the ences in total land area among the most populous emphasize the geographic distribution of the popula House of Representatives, as required by Article 1, population count required for apportionment, popula cities and metropolitan areas. Among the cities, for tion and housing characteristics but are not large tion statistics on the geographic distribution of the instance, Houston, with 579 square miles of land area, enough to include place labels. Reference maps for population are available for 21 decades. Data on is more than 4 times as large as Philadelphia, which states and selected cities and metropolitan areas demographic, social, and economic characteristics are has 135 square miles. showing geographic names and other features are in available for varying numbers of decades, depending U.S. maps by county and by state are presented the section beginning on page 2 58. Detailed county on when topics were first included in the census. Since at multiple scales, but the scale relationship of map maps that identify each of the 3,141 counties and 1940, a census of housing has been conducted in con components is constant: Alaska is half the scale, county equivalents and 78 Puerto Rican municipios at junction with the census of population. Puerto Rico twice the scale, and Hawaii the same scale the time of Census 2000 are on eleven pages begin as the conterminous United States. ning on page 265. This atlas reflects access to the full range of data for Census 2000 and earlier censuses, both digital and The relative size of the American Indian and in print. These resources enable the atlas to demon Alaska Native population is seen on maps of reserva Organization and Content strate in graphic form the continuous record of the tions and smaller cities, while it often does not come The atlas is arranged in topical chapters, grouped into changing population of the United States. to light on maps of the United States by county and three general themes: who we are (Chapters 2 through on largest-city maps. Similarly, some Asian groups Geographic Coverage 5), where we come from (Chapters 6 through 9), and have small national totals but are visible on small-area what we do (Chapters 10 through 14). All chapters Most maps in the atlas feature county-level detail for the United States and Puerto Rico. Territories prior to statehood are also included, in the case of maps for Population Density, 1850 1950 and earlier. Small state-level maps are frequently used to present topical series as well as time series Average population per square mile when detailed historical data are not available. Where 891.2 (DC) 80.0 to 138.3 40.0 to 79.9 20.0 to 39.9 7.9 to 19.9 5.0 to 7.8 0.1 to 4.9 it is useful to provide detail at the level of the neigh borhood, a topic is covered in a series of maps based on census tracts in selected cities or metropolitan areas. The selected cities are those with populations of 1 million people or more in 2000. The metropolitan ■ areas are those with 4 million or more people in 2000. Data not available The maps of the 9 largest cities are shown at a scale of approximately 1:550,000. Maps of the 1 1 2 01-02 U.S. Census Bureau except this introduction begin with one large map remaining chapters are typically based on sample data. focusing on a primary aspect of the topic covered in Data collected on a 100-percent basis—from every per Additional Information to Assist Understanding of the Maps the chapter. Within each chapter, pages presenting son—are subject to nonsampling error, while those col The geographic boundaries on Census 2000 maps are two, three, or four county-level maps (or up to 12 lected on a sample basis are subject to both sampling as of January 1, 2000, the geographic reference date state-level maps) encourage visual comparison, either and nonsampling error. The Notes section provides for that census. Historical base maps were developed between points in time or groups of the population. information concerning the effects of sampling and specifically for this publication to reflect the geo Some chapters include a set of state-level maps that nonsampling error on the accuracy of the data. graphic boundaries of states, territories, and counties may present a longer historical time series than is Changes in census questions or concepts can (or equivalent areas) that were used to conduct shown in the county maps. Alternatively, such state- affect comparability of data in time series. For exam selected decennial censuses. See the Notes section for level maps may illustrate more information about spe ple, race-group terminology has changed over time. additional information. cific population groups or more specific categories of Starting with Census 2000, the U.S. Office of variables or characteristics covered within the chapter. Management and Budget (OMB) required federal agen households received the same questionnaire as those cies to collect and report data for a minimum of five in the United States. For 1990 and earlier, maps show On map pages, map titles and key titles usually Census 2000 was the first time Puerto Rican provide the explanatory text. A glossary of key terms race categories: White, Black or African American, information for Puerto Rico when the data are avail pertaining to specific subject matter areas is provided American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, and Native able and comparable. Puerto Rico data, however, are beginning on page 294. In a few cases, comparisons Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. In addition, specif not included in data totals for the United States, of the historical usage and the Census 2000 defini ically for Census 2000, OMB approved a sixth cate which comprises the 50 states and the District of Columbia. tions of terms are included. Details of data sources gory, “Some Other Race.” A question on Hispanic or and particulars of maps and figures are contained in Latino origin was asked separately from the question the Notes section beginning on page 278. on race. Census 2000 data on race are available for or among those in series, the same data classes are people who indicated one race category only (termed used across the maps whenever possible. The class To facilitate comparisons between maps in pairs Census Data that race “alone”) and for people who indicated a race breaks on the maps were chosen using a combination The census data used in this atlas were obtained from category regardless of whether they also reported one of national rates and rounded breaks shared among published sources, from digital data sets available to or more other races (this group is sometimes termed maps for each topic. Class breaks may differ on the public, and from special tabulations. The data the “race alone or in combination” population). Maps in county-level maps depending on whether they were used are consistent with the population totals this publication show data for the single-race or race- classed alone, with other county-level maps, or with recorded at the time the census data were released, alone population. All respondents who indicated more tract-level data in a city or metropolitan area series. and they do not reflect adjustments or corrections to than one race are included in the Two or More Races the original data. category, which, combined with the six “alone" cate consistent format from one map to the next. Map gories, yields seven mutually exclusive and exhaustive components and symbolization types are shown on categories. the following two pages. Maps in the first four chapters use data collected from the entire population, while maps in the U.S. Census Bureau Map titles, legends, and other notations follow a 3 Chapter 1. Introduction HOW TO USE THE ATLAS Map Elements Illustrated below is a typical map from the atlas. Notes in red provide orientation to map elements and what they mean. Refer to the Notes section (page 278) for information on the data and mapping techniques for each map. A laska inset at half scale o f the l U.S. map Change in Minority Homeownership, 1990 to 2000 Data ye ars show n in the title Key caption w ith explanation of the variab les m apped Percentage-point change between 1990 and 2000 in the share of m inority householders w h o lived in owner-occupied housing; U.S. percentage 44.5 in 1990 and 47.4 in 2000 < 2 30.0 or m ore :.R U.S. percentage point change 2.9J 9 Value for the U.S. as a class break 2.9 to 29.9 0.0 to 2.8 -2.9 to -0.1 -30.0 to -3.0 Less than -30.0 No minority householders in 1990 or 2000 Data not available Special d ata conditions Puerto Rico inset at tw ice the scale o f the main U.S. map Haw aii inset at the sam e scale as the main U.S. map Map identification numbe Scale for main map Census Tract Maps Chicago-G ary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI Census tracts are used in maps for both largest metropolitan areas and largest cities. Because of the differ ence in scale between the two sets of maps, the tracts appear smaller on the metropolitan areas maps and larger on the cities maps. ^ jC E E C hicago, IL T rac ts e n la rg e d 5x T rac ts e n la rg e d 5x Scale in atlas: 1 :2 ,9 00 ,0 0 0 Scale in atlas: 1:550,000 Population Density, 2000; 4 Population Density, 2000; C hicago-G ary-Kenosha m etro p o litan area C h icag o city U.S. Census Bureau Chapter 1. Introduction HOW TO USE THE ATLAS Choropleth Map (Quantitative) Choropleth Map (Qualitative) Choropleth maps show derived values such as percentages and medians. Colors fill geographic areas to represent data values. Colors fill geographic areas to show data organized into categories. Areas are colored by the most commonly occurring category. Areas are shaded so that as the data value increases— or on some maps decreases— the color becomes darker and more intense. Different hues are used rather than shades of one color to avoid the impression of higher and lower values for the categories. (Federal Government Employment, 2000) (Prevalent Household Heating Fuel, 2000) Graduated Symbol Map Dot Location Map Graduated symbol maps show numbers of people or other quantities. Symbol size is larger for higher data values. Symbols also are shaded so that the highest numbers are shown in the darkest colors. Dots are centered on specific locales to represent a point of data at a point in time at that location. Symbols show geographic area totals and are placed at the center of those areas. Smaller circles are placed on top of larger circles. In areas of high symbol density, some circles may be hidden. (College Dormitory Population, 2000) Dot Density Map Isoplethic Map Each dot represents a specified number of people. The number per dot is noted on the map. An isoplethic map gives an impression of continuous population distribution with varying densities. The distribution of dots provides a visual sense of population density. Dots coalesce where population is densest and form areas of color. Lines connecting equal values are drawn between points of data. Darker shades represent areas with higher values. (Population Distribution, 2000) (Population Density, 2000) Flow Map Proportioned Bar Map Flow maps in the atlas use arrows to show migration of people. The height of the bar indicates magnitude of the population phenomenon at a specified location. The width of the flow arrow is proportional to the number of migrants. In this example, arrows coming from the same states are grouped by color. In this example, bars show data for American Indian reservations with the largest American Indian and Alaska Native populations. Color gradients fill bars and show high values with a different hue compared to low values. (Outmigration o f the Foreign Born, 1995 to 2000: California, New York, and Texas) U.S. Census Bureau (Number o f American Indians and Alaska Natives, 2000: Reservations With Largest AIAN Populations) 5